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Table of Contents


UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended: March 31, 2020

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from             to 
Commission file number: 001-31343

Associated Banc-Corp
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Wisconsin 39-1098068
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

433 Main Street
Green Bay, Wisconsin 54301
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(920) 491-7500
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
(not applicable)
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the act:
Title of each class Trading symbol Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share ASB New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shrs, each representing 1/40th intrst in a shr of 6.125% Non-Cum. Perp Pref Stock, Srs C ASB PrC New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shrs, each representing 1/40th intrst in a shr of 5.375% Non-Cum. Perp Pref Stock, Srs D ASB PrD New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shrs, each representing 1/40th intrst in a shr of 5.875% Non-Cum. Perp Pref Stock, Srs E ASB PrE New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes          No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes          No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer 
Non-accelerated filer   Smaller reporting company  
Emerging growth company 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes          No  
APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS:

The number of shares outstanding of registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, at May 7, 2020 was 153,673,563.
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ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP
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ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP
Commonly Used Acronyms and Abbreviations
The following listing provides a reference of common acronyms and abbreviations used throughout the document:

ABS Asset Backed Securities
ACL Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Investments
ACLL Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
ALCO Asset / Liability Committee
ASC Accounting Standards Codification
Associated / Corporation / our / us / we Associated Banc-Corp collectively with all of its subsidiaries and affiliates
Associated Bank / the Bank Associated Bank, National Association
ASU Accounting Standards Update
Basel III International framework established by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision for the regulation of capital and liquidity
bp basis point(s)
CARES Act Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
CDs Certificates of Deposit
CDIs Core Deposit Intangibles
CECL Current Expected Credit Losses
CET1 Common Equity Tier 1
CMOs Collateralized Mortgage Obligations
CRA Community Reinvestment Act
EAR Earnings at Risk
Exchange Act Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal Reserve Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
FFELP Federal Family Education Loan Program
FHLB Federal Home Loan Bank
FHLMC Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
FICO Fair Isaac Corporation, provider of a broad-based risk score to aid in credit decisions
First Staunton First Staunton Bancshares, Incorporated
FNMA Federal National Mortgage Association
FTP Funds Transfer Pricing
GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
GNMA Government National Mortgage Association
GSEs Government-Sponsored Enterprises
Huntington The Huntington National Bank, a subsidiary of Huntington Bancshares Incorporated
LIBOR London Interbank Offered Rate
LTV Loan-to-Value
MBS Mortgage-Backed Securities
MSRs Mortgage Servicing Rights
MVE Market Value of Equity
Net Free Funds Noninterest-bearing sources of funds
NII Net Interest Income
NPAs Nonperforming Assets
3


OCC Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
OREO Other Real Estate Owned
Parent Company Associated Banc-Corp individually
PCD Purchased Credit Deteriorated
PPP Paycheck Protection Program
RAP Retirement Account Plan - the Corporation's noncontributory defined benefit retirement plan
Restricted Stock Awards Restricted common stock and restricted common stock units to certain key employees
S&P Standard & Poor's
SBA Small Business Administration
SEC U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Series C Preferred Stock The Corporation's 6.125% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C, liquidation preference $1,000 per share
Series D Preferred Stock The Corporation's 5.375% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series D, liquidation preference $1,000 per share
Series E Preferred Stock The Corporation's 5.875% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series E, liquidation preference $1,000 per share
TDR Troubled Debt Restructuring






































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Table of Contents
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Financial Statements:

ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP
Consolidated Balance Sheets
  March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
 (In Thousands, except share and per share data)
(Unaudited) (Audited)
Assets
Cash and due from banks $ 480,337    $ 373,380   
Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions 176,440    207,624   
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell 22,455    7,740   
Investment securities held to maturity, net, at amortized cost(a)
2,149,373    2,205,083   
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value 2,928,787    3,262,586   
Equity securities 15,063    15,090   
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stocks, at cost 222,922    227,347   
Residential loans held for sale 366,330    136,280   
Commercial loans held for sale —    15,000   
Loans 24,365,633    22,821,440   
Allowance for loan losses(b)
(337,793)   (201,371)  
Loans, net 24,027,841    22,620,068   
Bank and corporate owned life insurance 674,026    671,948   
Tax credit and other investments 315,909    279,969   
Premises and equipment, net 438,469    435,284   
Goodwill 1,191,388    1,176,230   
Mortgage servicing rights, net 58,289    67,306   
Other intangible assets, net 92,723    88,301   
Interest receivable 92,377    91,196   
Other assets 655,328    506,046   
Total assets $ 33,908,056    $ 32,386,478   
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits $ 6,107,386    $ 5,450,709   
Interest-bearing deposits 19,554,194    18,328,355   
Total deposits 25,661,580    23,779,064   
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase 133,007    433,097   
Commercial paper 33,647    32,016   
FHLB advances 3,214,194    3,180,967   
Other long-term funding 549,644    549,343   
Allowance for unfunded commitments(b)
56,276    21,907   
Accrued expenses and other liabilities(b)
469,236    467,961   
Total liabilities 30,117,584    28,464,355   
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred equity 256,716    256,716   
Common equity
Common stock 1,752    1,752   
Surplus 1,706,516    1,716,431   
Retained earnings(b)
2,296,176    2,380,867   
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (16,974)   (33,183)  
Treasury stock, at cost (453,714)   (400,460)  
Total common equity 3,533,755    3,665,407   
Total stockholders’ equity 3,790,471    3,922,124   
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 33,908,056    $ 32,386,478   
Preferred shares authorized (par value $1.00 per share) 750,000    750,000   
Preferred shares issued and outstanding 264,458    264,458   
Common shares authorized (par value $0.01 per share) 250,000,000    250,000,000   
Common shares issued 175,216,409    175,216,409   
Common shares outstanding 153,690,421    157,171,247   
Numbers may not sum due to rounding.
(a) At March 31, 2020, the investment securities held to maturity are reported net of the related allowance for credit losses on investments. Prior periods were unadjusted due to the modified retrospective application of ASU 2016-13.
(b) At January 1, 2020, the adoption of ASU 2016-13 resulted in an increase to the allowance for loan losses of $112 million and an increase to the allowance for unfunded commitments of $19 million for a total increase to the ACLL of $131 million. A corresponding after tax decrease to common equity of $98 million was recorded along with a deferred tax asset of $33 million, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities. Prior periods were unadjusted due to the modified retrospective application of ASU 2016-13.
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Item 1. Financial Statements Continued:
ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP
Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)
  Three Months Ended March 31,
 (In Thousands, except per share data)
2020 2019
Interest income
Interest and fees on loans $ 224,786    $ 258,853   
Interest and dividends on investment securities
Taxable 20,272    29,053   
Tax-exempt 14,882    13,816   
Other interest 3,304    4,226   
Total interest income 263,244    305,948   
Interest expense
Interest on deposits 36,666    62,773   
Interest on federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase 368    627   
Interest on other short-term funding 39    51   
Interest on FHLB advances 17,626    19,554   
Interest on long-term funding 5,604    7,396   
Total interest expense 60,303    90,401   
Net interest income 202,942    215,547   
Provision for credit losses 53,001    6,000   
Net interest income after provision for credit losses 149,941    209,547   
Noninterest income
Insurance commissions and fees 22,608    25,464   
Wealth management fees(a)
20,816    20,180   
Service charges and deposit account fees 15,222    15,115   
Card-based fees 9,597    9,261   
Other fee-based revenue 4,497    3,983   
Capital markets, net 7,935    3,189   
Mortgage banking, net 6,143    4,712   
Bank and corporate owned life insurance 3,094    3,792   
Asset gains (losses), net (77)   567   
Investment securities gains (losses), net 6,118    1,680   
Other 2,352    3,260   
Total noninterest income 98,306    91,202   
Noninterest expense
Personnel 114,200    120,050   
Technology 20,799    19,012   
Occupancy 16,069    16,472   
Business development and advertising 5,826    6,636   
Equipment 5,439    5,668   
Legal and professional 5,160    3,951   
Loan and foreclosure costs 3,120    2,146   
FDIC assessment 5,500    3,750   
Other intangible amortization 2,814    2,226   
Acquisition related costs(b)
1,721    632   
Other 11,543    11,128   
Total noninterest expense 192,191    191,671   
Income (loss) before income taxes 56,056    109,078   
Income tax expense 10,219    22,392   
Net income 45,838    86,686   
Preferred stock dividends 3,801    3,801   
Net income available to common equity $ 42,037    $ 82,885   
Earnings per common share
Basic $ 0.27    $ 0.50   
Diluted $ 0.27    $ 0.50   
Average common shares outstanding
Basic 154,701    163,928   
Diluted 155,619    165,433   
Numbers may not sum due to rounding.
(a) Includes trust, asset management, brokerage, and annuity fees.
(b) Includes Huntington branch and First Staunton acquisition related costs only.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Item 1. Financial Statements Continued:
ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)
  Three months ended
March 31,
 ($ in Thousands)
2020 2019
Net income $ 45,838    $ 86,686   
Other comprehensive income, net of tax
Investment securities available for sale
Net unrealized gains (losses) 26,419    30,490   
Amortization of net unrealized (gains) losses on available for sale securities transferred to held to maturity securities 556    69   
Reclassification adjustment for net losses (gains) realized in net income (6,118)   (1,680)  
Income tax (expense) benefit (5,225)   (7,301)  
Other comprehensive income (loss) on investment securities available for sale 15,632    21,578   
Defined benefit pension and postretirement obligations
Amortization of prior service cost (38)   (38)  
Amortization of actuarial loss (gain) 808    64   
Income tax (expense) benefit (193)   (7)  
Other comprehensive income (loss) on pension and postretirement obligations 577    20   
Total other comprehensive income (loss) 16,209    21,597   
Comprehensive income $ 62,046    $ 108,283   
Numbers may not sum due to rounding.


See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Item 1. Financial Statements Continued: 
ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
(In Thousands, except per share data) Preferred Equity Common Stock Surplus Retained
Earnings
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
Treasury Stock Total
Balance, December 31, 2019 $ 256,716    $ 1,752    $ 1,716,431    $ 2,380,867    $ (33,183)   $ (400,460)   $ 3,922,124   
Cumulative effect of ASU 2016-13 adoption (CECL) —    —    —    (98,337)   —    —    (98,337)  
Total shareholder's equity at beginning of period, as adjusted 256,716    1,752    1,716,431    2,282,530    (33,183)   (400,460)   3,823,787   
Comprehensive income
Net income —    —    —    45,838    —    —    45,838   
Other comprehensive income (loss) —    —    —    —    16,209    —    16,209   
Comprehensive income 62,046   
Common stock issued
Stock-based compensation plans, net —    —    (20,659)   —    —    23,555    2,896   
Purchase of treasury stock, open market purchases —    —    —    —    —    (71,255)   (71,255)  
Purchase of treasury stock, stock-based compensation plans —    —    —    —    —    (5,555)   (5,555)  
Cash dividends
Common stock, $0.18 per share —    —    —    (28,392)   —    —    (28,392)  
Preferred stock(a)
—    —    —    (3,801)   —    —    (3,801)  
Stock-based compensation expense, net —    —    10,744    —    —    —    10,744   
Balance, March 31, 2020 $ 256,716    $ 1,752    $ 1,706,516    $ 2,296,176    $ (16,974)   $ (453,714)   $ 3,790,471   
Numbers may not sum due to rounding.
(a) Series C, $0.3828125 per share; Series D, $0.3359375 per share; and Series E, $0.3671875 per share.

(In Thousands, except per share data) Preferred Equity Common Stock Surplus Retained
Earnings
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
Treasury Stock Total
Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 256,716    $ 1,752    $ 1,712,615    $ 2,181,414    $ (124,972)   $ (246,638)   $ 3,780,888   
Comprehensive income
Net income —    —    —    86,686    —    —    86,686   
Other comprehensive income (loss) —    —    —    —    21,597    —    21,597   
Comprehensive income 108,283   
Common stock issued
Stock-based compensation plans, net —    —    (32,220)   —    —    39,265    7,045   
Purchase of treasury stock, open market purchases —    —    —    —    —    (29,999)   (29,999)  
Purchase of treasury stock, stock-based compensation plans —    —    —    —    —    (7,468)   (7,468)  
Cash dividends
Common stock, $0.17 per share —    —    —    (28,183)   —    —    (28,183)  
Preferred stock(a)
—    —    —    (3,801)   —    —    (3,801)  
Stock-based compensation expense, net —    —    9,397    —    —    —    9,397   
Other —    —    —    (293)   —    —    (293)  
Balance, March 31, 2019 $ 256,716    $ 1,752    $ 1,689,792    $ 2,235,824    $ (103,375)   $ (244,840)   $ 3,835,870   
Numbers may not sum due to rounding.
(a) Series C, $0.3828125 per share; Series D, $0.3359375 per share; and Series E, $0.3671875 per share.



See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.




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Item 1. Financial Statements Continued:
ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
  Three Months Ended March 31,
 ($ in Thousands)
2020 2019
Cash Flow From Operating Activities
Net income $ 45,838    $ 86,686   
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Provision for credit losses 53,001    6,000   
Depreciation and amortization 14,971    14,358   
Addition to (recovery of) valuation allowance on mortgage servicing rights, net 9,098    121   
Amortization of mortgage servicing rights 3,635    2,693   
Amortization of other intangible assets 2,814    2,226   
Amortization and accretion on earning assets, funding, and other, net 5,728    6,571   
Net amortization of tax credit investments 6,486    5,637   
Losses (gains) on sales of investment securities, net (6,118)   (1,680)  
Asset (gains) losses, net 77    (567)  
(Gain) loss on mortgage banking activities, net (14,274)   (3,174)  
Mortgage loans originated and acquired for sale (310,254)   (162,521)  
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans held for sale 297,265    159,842   
Changes in certain assets and liabilities
(Increase) decrease in interest receivable (1,181)   (12,068)  
Increase (decrease) in interest payable (6,511)   (1,516)  
Increase (decrease) in expense payable (61,924)   (51,247)  
(Increase) decrease in net derivative position (77,369)   (54,411)  
Net change in other assets and other liabilities 18,636    (10,552)  
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities (20,083)   (13,602)  
Cash Flow From Investing Activities
Net increase in loans (1,395,767)   (216,817)  
Purchases of
Available for sale securities (93,487)   (120,282)  
Held to maturity securities (29,463)   (140,670)  
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stocks (49,794)   (88,245)  
Premises, equipment, and software, net of disposals (11,045)   (13,368)  
Other intangibles (200)   —   
Proceeds from
Sales of available for sale securities 365,239    131,122   
Sale of Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stocks 55,000    121,839   
Prepayments, calls, and maturities of available for sale investment securities 186,496    135,541   
Prepayments, calls, and maturities of held to maturity investment securities 84,360    43,953   
Sales, prepayments, calls, and maturities of other assets 10,482    3,179   
Net change in tax credit and alternative investments (17,877)   (18,772)  
Net cash (paid) received in acquisition (31,452)   —   
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities (927,507)   (162,518)  
Cash Flow From Financing Activities
Net increase (decrease) in deposits 1,443,965    635,664   
Net increase (decrease) in short-term funding (324,317)   2,043   
Net increase (decrease) in short-term FHLB advances 30,000    (880,000)  
Repayment of long-term FHLB advances (5,464)   (169)  
Proceeds from long-term FHLB advances —    250,633   
Proceeds from finance lease principal   —   
Proceeds from issuance of common stock for stock-based compensation plans 2,896    7,045   
Purchase of treasury stock, open market purchases (71,255)   (29,999)  
Purchase of treasury stock, stock-based compensation plans (5,555)   (7,468)  
Cash dividends on common stock (28,392)   (28,183)  
Cash dividends on preferred stock (3,801)   (3,801)  
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 1,038,079    (54,235)  
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash 90,488    (230,355)  
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period 588,744    876,698   
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period $ 679,232    $ 646,343   
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information
   Cash paid for interest $ 66,316    $ 91,521   
   Cash paid for (received from) income and franchise taxes 1,373    (5,760)  
   Loans and bank premises transferred to OREO 3,374    2,222   
   Capitalized mortgage servicing rights 3,716    1,247   
   Loans transferred into held for sale from portfolio, net 205,065    1,074   
   Unsettled trades to purchase securities —    11,244   
Acquisition
   Fair value of assets acquired, including cash and cash equivalents 457,448    —   
   Fair value ascribed to goodwill and intangible assets 22,538    (79)  
   Fair value of liabilities assumed 479,985    —   
   Equity issued in (adjustments related to) acquisition —    (79)  
Numbers may not sum due to rounding.
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same sum amounts shown on the consolidated statements of cash flows:
  Three Months Ended March 31,
 ($ in Thousands)
2020 2019
Cash and cash equivalents $ 679,232    $ 489,095   
Restricted cash —    157,248   
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows $ 679,232    $ 646,343   

Amounts included in restricted cash represent required reserve balances with the Federal Reserve Bank, which is included in interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions on the face of the consolidated balance sheets. At March 31, 2020, the Corporation had no restricted cash due to the Federal Reserve reducing the requirement ratios to zero percent.
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Item 1. Financial Statements Continued:
ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

These interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared according to the rules and regulations of the SEC and, therefore, certain information and footnote disclosures normally presented in accordance with GAAP have been omitted or abbreviated. The information contained on the consolidated financial statements and footnotes in Associated Banc-Corp's 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K should be referred to in connection with the reading of these unaudited interim financial statements.
Note 1 Basis of Presentation
In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows of the Corporation and Parent Company for the periods presented, and all such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.
In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include the determination of the ACLL, goodwill impairment assessment, MSRs valuation, and income taxes. Management has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition or disclosure.
Within the tables presented, certain columns and rows may not sum due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes.
Note 2 Acquisitions
First Staunton Acquisition
On February 14, 2020, the Corporation completed its acquisition of First Staunton. The Corporation paid a 4% premium on acquired deposits. The conversion of the branches was completed simultaneously with the close of the transaction, expanding the banks presence into 9 new Metro-East St. Louis communities. As a result of the acquisition and other consolidations, a net of 7 branch locations were added.
The First Staunton acquisition constituted a business combination. The acquisition has been accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting and, accordingly, assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and consideration exchanged were recorded at estimated fair value on the acquisition date. The determination of estimated fair values required management to make certain estimates that are subjective in nature and may require adjustments upon the availability of new information regarding facts and circumstances which existed at the date of acquisition (i.e., appraisals) for up to a year following the acquisition. The Corporation continues to review information relating to events or circumstances existing at the acquisition date. Management anticipates that this review could result in adjustments to the acquisition date valuation amounts presented herein but does not anticipate that these adjustments will be material.
The Corporation recorded approximately $15 million in goodwill related to the First Staunton acquisition during the first quarter of 2020. Goodwill created by the acquisition is not tax deductible. See Note 8 for additional information on goodwill, as well as the carrying amount and amortization of CDI assets related to the First Staunton acquisition.
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The following table presents the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date related to the First Staunton acquisition:
 ($ in Thousands) Purchase Accounting Adjustments February 14, 2020
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents $ —    $ 44,848   
Investment securities available for sale (24)   98,743   
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stocks, at cost —    781   
Loans (4,808)   369,684   
Premises and equipment, net (3,005)   4,865   
Bank owned life insurance   6,770   
Goodwill 15,158   
Core deposit intangibles (included in other intangible assets, net on the face of the consolidated balance sheets) 7,379    7,379   
OREO (included in other assets on the face of the consolidated balance sheets) 670    762   
Other assets 2,486    7,293   
Total assets $ 556,285   
Liabilities
Deposits $ 1,285    $ 438,684   
Other borrowings 61    34,613   
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 179    6,688   
Total liabilities $ 479,985   
Total consideration paid $ 76,300   
For a description of methods used to determine the fair value of significant assets and liabilities presented on the balance sheet above, see Assumptions section of this Note.
The Corporation has purchased loans with the First Staunton acquisition, for which there was, at acquisition, evidence of more than insignificant deterioration of credit quality since origination. The carrying amount of those loans is as follows:
($ in Thousands) February 14, 2020
Purchase price of loans at acquisition $ 77,221   
Allowance for credit losses at acquisition 3,504   
Non-credit discount/(premium) at acquisition (951)  
Par value of acquired loans at acquisition $ 79,774   
There were no PCD securities.
Huntington Wisconsin Branch Acquisition
On June 14, 2019, the Corporation completed its acquisition of the Wisconsin branches of Huntington. The Corporation paid a 4% premium on acquired deposits. The conversion of the branches happened simultaneously with the close of the transaction and the acquisition expanded the Bank's presence into 13 new Wisconsin communities. As a result of the acquisition and other consolidations, a net of 14 branch locations were added.
The Huntington branch acquisition constituted a business combination. The acquisition has been accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting and, accordingly, assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and consideration exchanged were recorded at estimated fair value on the acquisition date. The determination of estimated fair values required management to make certain estimates that are subjective in nature and may require adjustments upon the availability of new information regarding facts and circumstances which existed at the date of acquisition (i.e., appraisals) for up to a year following the acquisition.
The Corporation recorded approximately $7 million in goodwill related to the Huntington branch acquisition during the second quarter of 2019 and approximately $210,000 during the third quarter of 2019. Upon review of information relating to events and circumstances existing at the acquisition date, and in accordance with applicable accounting guidance, the Corporation remeasured select previously reported fair value amounts. The adjustment to goodwill was driven by an update that decreased the fair value of furniture acquired. Goodwill created by the acquisition is tax deductible. See Note 8 for additional information on goodwill.
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The following table presents the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date related to Huntington branch acquisition:
 ($ in Thousands)
Purchase Accounting Adjustments June 14, 2019
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents $ —    $ 551,250   
Loans (1,552)   116,346   
Premises and equipment, net 4,800    22,430   
Goodwill 7,286   
Core deposit intangibles (included in other intangible assets, net on the face of the consolidated balance sheets) 22,630    22,630   
OREO (included in other assets on the face of the consolidated balance sheets) (2,561)   5,263   
Other assets —    559   
Total assets $ 725,764   
Liabilities
Deposits $ 156    $ 725,173   
Other liabilities 70    590   
Total liabilities $ 725,764   
Assumptions
Investment Securities: The fair value of investments on the date of acquisition was determined utilizing an external third party broker opinion of the market value.
Loans: Fair values for loans were based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered factors including the type of loan and related collateral, classification status, fixed or variable interest rate, term of loan, amortization status and current discount rates. For the non-credit (interest and liquidity) premium, loans were grouped together according to similar characteristics when applying various valuation techniques. For the credit discount, loans were also grouped based on whether they had more than insignificant deterioration in credit since origination.
CDIs: This intangible asset represents the value of the relationships with deposit customers. The fair value was estimated based on a discounted cash flow methodology that gave appropriate consideration to expected customer attrition rates, net maintenance cost of the deposit base, alternative cost of funds, and the interest costs associated with customer deposits. The CDIs will be amortized on a straight-line basis over 10 years.
Time Deposits: The fair value for time deposits are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered to the contractual interest rates on such time deposits.
FHLB Borrowings: The fair value of FHLB advances are estimated based on quoted market prices for the instrument if available, or for similar instruments if not available, or by using discounted cash flow analyses, based on current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of instruments.
Note 3 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The accounting and reporting policies of the Corporation conform to U.S. GAAP and to general practice within the financial services industry. A discussion of these policies can be found in Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in the Corporation’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K. As a result of adopting ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), there have been changes to the Corporation's significant accounting policies since December 31, 2019, which are described below.

Investment Securities
Management measures expected credit losses on held to maturity securities on a collective basis by major security type. Accrued interest receivable on held to maturity securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts and is included in investment securities held to maturity, net on the consolidated balance sheets.

For available for sale securities the Corporation evaluates whether any decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the
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security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses on investments is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses on investments is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses on investments are recorded as provision for, or reversal of, credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the available for sale security is uncollectible or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Accrued interest receivable on available for sale debt securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The level of the allowance for loan losses represents management's estimate of an amount appropriate to provide for lifetime credit losses in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The allocation methodology applied by the Corporation, designed to assess the appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses, includes an allocation methodology, as well as management’s ongoing review and grading of the loan portfolio into criticized loan categories. The allocation methodology focuses on evaluation of several factors, including but not limited to: evaluation of facts and issues related to specific loans, management's ongoing review and grading of the loan portfolio using a dual risk rating system leveraging probability of default and loss given default, consideration of historical credit loss and delinquency experience on each portfolio category, trends in past due and nonaccrual loans, the level of potential problem loans, the risk characteristics of the various classifications of loans, changes in the size and character of the loan portfolio, concentrations of loans to specific borrowers or industries, existing economic conditions and economic forecasts, the fair value of underlying collateral, and other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect potential loan losses. The Corporation utilizes the Moody's Baseline economic forecast in the allowance model and applies that forecast over a reasonable and supportable period with reversion to historical losses. For additional detail on the reasonable and supportable period and reversion methodology, see Note 7 Loans. Potential problem loans are generally defined by management to include loans rated as substandard by management. Assessing these numerous factors involves significant judgment. The provision for loan losses is predominantly a function of the result of the methodology and other qualitative and quantitative factors used to determine the allowance for loan losses.

Management individually analyzes loans that do not share similar risk characteristics to other loans in the portfolio. Management has determined that commercial loan relationships that have nonaccrual status or commercial and retail loans that have had their terms restructured in a TDR meet this definition. Probable TDRs are loans the Corporation has reviewed individually to determine whether there is a high likelihood that the loans will default and will require restructuring in the near future. Probable TDRs could be classified as Pass, Special Mention, Substandard or Nonaccrual within the Corporation's credit quality analysis depending on the specific circumstances surrounding the individual credits. Accrued interest receivable on loans is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

The allowance for unfunded commitments leverages the same methodology utilized to measure the allowance for loan losses. The Corporation estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Corporation is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Corporation. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. See Note 7 for additional information on the ACLL and Note 12 for additional information on the allowance for unfunded commitments.

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Impact of adopting ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326)

The following table illustrates the adoption impact:
December 31, 2019 January 1, 2020
($ in Thousands) Allowance for Loan Losses Allowance for Unfunded Commitments CECL Day 1 Adjustment ACLL Beginning Balance
Commercial and industrial $ 91,133    $ 12,276    $ 48,921    $ 152,330   
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 10,284    127    (1,851)   8,560   
Commercial and business lending 101,417    12,403    47,070    160,890   
Commercial real estate - investor 40,514    530    2,287    43,331   
Real estate construction 24,915    7,532    25,814    58,261   
Commercial real estate lending 65,428    8,062    28,101    101,591   
Total Commercial 166,846    20,465    75,171    262,482   
Residential mortgage 16,960    —    33,215    50,175   
Home equity 10,926    1,038    14,240    26,204   
Other consumer 6,639    405    8,520    15,564   
Total consumer 34,525    1,443    55,975    91,943   
Total loans $ 201,371    $ 21,907    $ 131,147    $ 354,425   
The allowance for credit losses on held to maturity securities was approximately $61,000 at January 1, 2020, attributable entirely to the Corporation's municipal securities.
At January 1, 2020, the adoption of ASU 2016-13 resulted in an increase to the allowance for loan losses of $112 million and an increase to the allowance for unfunded commitments of $19 million for a total increase to the ACLL of $131 million. A corresponding after tax decrease to common equity of $98 million was recorded along with a deferred tax asset of $33 million.
New Accounting Pronouncements Adopted
Standard Description Date of adoption Effect on financial statements
ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments


The FASB issued an amendment to replace the current incurred loss impairment methodology. Under the new guidance, entities will be required to measure expected credit losses by utilizing forward-looking information to assess an entity's ACL. The guidance also requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. An entity must use judgment in determining the relevant information and estimation methods that are appropriate in its circumstances. This amendment was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Entities should apply the amendment by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. ASU 2018-19 was issued to clarify that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. Instead, impairment of receivables arising from operating leases should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 842, Leases. ASU 2019-04 was issued and provides entities alternatives for measurement of accrued interest receivable, clarifies the steps entities should take when recording the transfer of loans or debt securities between measurement classifications or categories and clarifies that entities should include expected recoveries on financial assets. ASU 2019-05 was issued to provide entities that have certain instruments within the scope of Subtopic 320-20 with an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option in Subtopic 825-10. ASU 2020-02 was issued to further explain the measurement of current expected credit losses and the development, governance, and documentation of a systematic methodology. Early adoption was permitted. 1st Quarter 2020 The Corporation has adopted the Update using a modified retrospective approach. The Corporation has developed a CECL allowance model which calculates reserves over the life of the loan and is largely driven by portfolio characteristics, risk-grading, economic outlook, and key methodology assumptions. Those assumptions are based upon the existing probability of default and loss given default framework. At adoption, the Corporation utilized a single economic forecast over a 2-year reasonable and supportable forecast period. In the second year, the Corporation used straight-line reversion to historical losses. The Corporation recorded a $131 million adjustment to the ACL related to the adoption of this standard, which includes $61 thousand related to the held to maturity investment securities portfolio. The Corporation has elected to maintain pools accounted for under Subtopic 310-30 at adoption. The Corporation has elected to utilize the 2019 Capital Transition Relief for initial adoption, as well as the 2020 Capital Transition Relief as permitted under applicable regulations. The total impact at adoption equates to an approximately 29 bp net, after tax, reduction in the tangible common equity ratio. Results for the periods after January 1, 2020 are presented in accordance with ASC 326 while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable standards.
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Standard Description Date of adoption Effect on financial statements
ASU 2018-13 Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement The FASB issued an amendment to add, modify, and remove disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, based on the FASB Concepts Statement "Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting," including the consideration of costs and benefits. The amendment is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. Early adoption was permitted. 1st Quarter 2020 The Corporation has evaluated and determined it has an immaterial impact with minor changes in presentation.
ASU 2017-04 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment The FASB issued an amendment to simplify the subsequent quantitative measurement of goodwill by eliminating step two from the goodwill impairment test. Instead, an entity will perform only step one of its quantitative goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, and then recognizing an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. An entity will still have the option to perform a qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative step one impairment test is necessary. This amendment is effective for annual or interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Entities should apply the amendment prospectively. Early adoption is permitted, including in an interim period, for impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. 1st Quarter 2020 There has been no material impact on results of operations, financial position, and liquidity. The Corporation does its annual impairment testing in May.
ASU 2020-03 Codification Improvements to Financial Instruments The FASB issued an amendment to further clarify that all entities are required to provide the fair value option disclosures in paragraphs 825-10-50-24 through 50-32. The amendment also states that paragraphs 820-10-35-2A(g) and 820-10-35-18L are to include the phrase nonfinancial items accounted for as derivatives under Topic 815 to be consistent with the previous amendments to Section 820-10-35 that were made by ASU No. 2018-09, Codification Improvements. The amendment also clarifies that the disclosure requirements in Topic 320 apply to the disclosure requirements in Topic 942 for depository and lending institutions along with improving the understandability of the guidance relating to subtopic 470-50 and subtopic 820-10. Lastly, the amendment clarifies that the contractual term of a net investment in a lease determined in accordance with Topic 842 should be the contractual term used to measure expected credit losses under Topic 326 and that when an entity regains control of financial assets sold, an ACL should be recorded in accordance with Topic 326. 1st Quarter 2020 The Corporation has evaluated and determined it has an immaterial impact.
ASU 2020-04 Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting The FASB issued an amendment to provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendment only applies to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022, except for hedging relationships existing as of December 31, 2022, that an entity has elected certain optional expedients for and that are retained through the end of the hedging relationship. 1st Quarter 2020 The Corporation has evaluated the impact of the Update and determined the expedients provided allow for simpler, more streamlined modifications to the financial instruments referencing LIBOR. A small population of loans have been modified under the new standard.
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Future Accounting Pronouncements
The expected impact of accounting pronouncements recently issued or proposed but not yet required to be adopted are displayed in the table below:
Standard Description Date of anticipated adoption Effect on financial statements
ASU 2018-14
Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans
The FASB issued an amendment to modify the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. The amendments also added requirements to disclose the weighted-average interest crediting rates for cash balance plans and other plans with promised interest crediting rates and an explanation of the reasons for significant gains and losses related to changes in the benefit obligation for the period. The amendment also clarifies the disclosure requirements in paragraph 715-20-50-3, which states that certain information for defined benefit pension plans should be disclosed. The amendments in this Update remove disclosures that no longer are considered cost beneficial, clarify the specific requirements of disclosures, and add disclosure requirements identified as relevant. The amendment is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020. Entities should apply the amendments in this Update on a retrospective basis to all periods presented. Early adoption is permitted. 1st Quarter 2021 The Corporation is currently evaluating the impact on its results of operations, financial position, and liquidity.
ASU 2020-01 Investments-Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815)

Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815
The FASB issued an amendment to clarify the interaction of the accounting for equity securities under Topic 321 and investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting in Topic 323 and the accounting for certain forward contracts and purchased options accounted for under Topic 815. The amendments clarify that an entity should consider observable transactions that require it to either apply or discontinue the equity method of accounting for the purposes of applying the measurement alternative in accordance with Topic 321 immediately before applying or upon discontinuing the equity method. The amendments also clarify that for the purpose of applying paragraph 815-10-15-141(a) an entity should not consider whether, upon the settlement of the forward contract or exercise of the purchased option, individually or with existing investments, the underlying securities would be accounted for under the equity method in Topic 323 or the fair value option in accordance with the financial instruments guidance in Topic 825. An entity also would evaluate the remaining characteristics in paragraph 815-010-15-141 to determine the accounting for those forward contracts and purchased options. 1st Quarter 2021 The Corporation is currently evaluating the impact on its results of operations, financial position, and liquidity.


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Note 4 Earnings Per Common Share
Earnings per common share are calculated utilizing the two-class method. Basic earnings per common share are calculated by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common shareholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per common share are calculated by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common shareholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding adjusted for the dilutive effect of common stock awards (outstanding stock options and unvested restricted stock awards). Presented below are the calculations for basic and diluted earnings per common share:
  Three Months Ended March 31,
 (In Thousands, except per share data) 2020 2019
Net income $ 45,838    $ 86,686   
Preferred stock dividends (3,801)   (3,801)  
Net income available to common equity 42,037    82,885   
Common shareholder dividends (28,264)   (28,080)  
Unvested share-based payment awards (128)   (103)  
Undistributed earnings $ 13,645    $ 54,702   
Undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders $ 13,555    $ 54,410   
Undistributed earnings allocated to unvested share-based payment awards 90    292   
Undistributed earnings $ 13,645    $ 54,702   
Basic
Distributed earnings to common shareholders $ 28,264    $ 28,080   
Undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders 13,555    54,410   
Total common shareholders earnings, basic $ 41,819    $ 82,490   
Diluted
Distributed earnings to common shareholders $ 28,264    $ 28,080   
Undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders 13,555    54,410   
Total common shareholders earnings, diluted $ 41,819    $ 82,490   
Weighted average common shares outstanding 154,701    163,928   
Effect of dilutive common stock awards 918    1,505   
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 155,619    165,433   
Basic earnings per common share $ 0.27    $ 0.50   
Diluted earnings per common share $ 0.27    $ 0.50   
Non-dilutive common stock options of approximately 4 million and 3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, were excluded from the earnings per common share calculation.
Note 5 Stock-Based Compensation
The fair value of stock options granted is estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model, while the fair value of restricted stock awards is their fair market value on the date of grant. The fair values of stock options and restricted stock awards are amortized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the grants. For retirement eligible colleagues, whose employment meets the definitions under the 2017 Incentive Compensation Plan, expenses related to stock options and restricted stock awards are fully recognized on the date the colleague meets the definition of normal or early retirement. Compensation expense recognized is included in personnel expense on the consolidated statements of income.
Assumptions are used in estimating the fair value of stock options granted. The weighted average expected life of the stock option represents the period of time stock options are expected to be outstanding and is estimated using historical data of stock option exercises and forfeitures. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The expected volatility is based on the implied volatility of the Corporation’s stock.
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The following assumptions were used in estimating the fair value for options granted in the first three months of 2020 and full year 2019:
2020 2019
Dividend yield 3.50  % 3.30  %
Risk-free interest rate 1.60  % 2.60  %
Weighted average expected volatility 21.00  % 24.00  %
Weighted average expected life 5.75 years 5.75 years
Weighted average per share fair value of options $2.39 $4.00
A summary of the Corporation’s stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2020 is presented below:
Stock Options
Shares(a)
Weighted Average
Exercise Price
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term
Aggregate Intrinsic Value(a)
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 5,543    $ 20.13    6.25 years $ 16,043   
Granted 1,697    18.43   
Exercised (102)   13.98   
Forfeited or expired (159)   22.52   
Outstanding at March 31, 2020 6,978    $ 19.75    6.96 years $ 19   
Options Exercisable at March 31, 2020 4,090    $ 19.15    5.37 years $ 19   
(a) In thousands

Intrinsic value represents the amount by which the fair market value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the stock option. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, the intrinsic value of stock options exercised was less than $1 million compared to $2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The total fair value of stock options vested was $3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
The Corporation recognized compensation expense for the vesting of stock options of $2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and $1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Included in compensation expense for 2020 was less than $1 million of expense for the accelerated vesting of stock options granted to retirement eligible colleagues. At March 31, 2020, the Corporation had approximately $6 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options that is expected to be recognized over the remaining requisite service periods that extend through the first quarter of 2024.
The Corporation also issues restricted stock awards under the 2017 Incentive Compensation Plan. Performance awards are based on performance goals of earnings per share and total shareholder return with vesting ranging from a minimum of 0% to a maximum of 150% of the target award. Performance awards are valued utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate fair value of the awards at the grant date.

The following table summarizes information about the Corporation’s restricted stock awards activity for the three months ended March 31, 2020:
Restricted Stock Awards
Shares(a)
Weighted Average
Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 2,393    $ 22.39   
Granted 1,018    18.54   
Vested (752)   23.33   
Forfeited (61)   23.12   
Outstanding at March 31, 2020 2,598    $ 20.59   
(a) In thousands
The Corporation amortizes the expense related to restricted stock awards as compensation expense over the vesting period specified in the grant's award agreement. Performance-based restricted stock awards granted during 2019 and 2020 will vest ratably over a period of three years. Service-based restricted stock awards granted during 2019 and 2020 will vest ratably over a period of four years. Expense for restricted stock awards issued of approximately $9 million was recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and $8 million was recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Included in compensation expense for the first three months of 2020 was approximately $2 million of expense for the accelerated vesting of restricted stock awards granted to retirement eligible colleagues. The Corporation had $27 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to restricted stock awards at March 31, 2020 that are expected to be recognized over the remaining requisite service periods that extend through the first quarter of 2024.
The Corporation has the ability to issue shares from treasury or new shares upon the exercise of stock options or the granting of restricted stock awards. The Board of Directors has authorized management to repurchase shares of the Corporation’s common
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stock in the market, to be made available for issuance in connection with the Corporation’s employee incentive plans and for other corporate purposes. The repurchase of shares will be based on market and investment opportunities, capital levels, growth prospects, and regulatory constraints. Such repurchases may occur from time to time in open market purchases, block transactions, private transactions, accelerated share repurchase programs, or similar facilities.

Note 6 Investment Securities
Investment securities are classified as available for sale, held to maturity, or equity on the consolidated balance sheets at the time of purchase. The amortized cost and fair values of securities available for sale and held to maturity at March 31, 2020 were as follows:
($ in Thousands) Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
(Losses)
Fair Value
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. government SBA agency securities $ 10,241    $   $ (5)   $ 10,238   
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) 492,195    16,443    (1)   508,636   
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC 103,576    908    —    104,485   
GNMA 799,983    23,804    —    823,787   
Commercial mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC 19,861    2,912    —    22,773   
GNMA 1,108,336    10,162    (4,055)   1,114,443   
FFELP asset backed securities 360,658    —    (19,234)   341,424   
Other debt securities 3,000    —    —    3,000   
Total investment securities available for sale $ 2,897,851    $ 54,231    $ (23,295)   $ 2,928,787   
Investment securities held to maturity
U. S. Treasury securities $ 999    $ 42    $ —    $ 1,041   
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) 1,426,543    82,382    (475)   1,508,451   
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC 78,125    3,486    —    81,610   
GNMA 245,675    8,124    —    253,799   
GNMA commercial mortgage-related securities 398,092    6,500    (1,939)   402,653   
Total investment securities held to maturity $ 2,149,434    $ 100,534    $ (2,414)   $ 2,247,553   

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The amortized cost and fair values of securities available for sale and held to maturity at December 31, 2019 were as follows:
($ in Thousands) Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
(Losses)
Fair Value
Investment securities available for sale
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) $ 529,908    $ 16,269    $ (18)   $ 546,160   
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC 131,158    1,562    (59)   132,660   
GNMA 982,941    3,887    (1,689)   985,139   
Commercial mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC 19,929    1,799    —    21,728   
GNMA 1,314,836    7,403    (12,032)   1,310,207   
FFELP asset backed securities 270,178    —    (6,485)   263,693   
Other debt securities 3,000    —    —    3,000   
Total investment securities available for sale $ 3,251,950    $ 30,920    $ (20,284)   $ 3,262,586   
Investment securities held to maturity
U. S. Treasury securities $ 999    $ 19    $ —    $ 1,018   
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) 1,418,569    69,775    (1,118)   1,487,227   
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC 81,676    1,759    (15)   83,420   
GNMA 269,523    1,882    (1,108)   270,296   
GNMA commercial mortgage-related securities 434,317    6,308    (6,122)   434,503   
Total investment securities held to maturity $ 2,205,083    $ 79,744    $ (8,363)   $ 2,276,465   
Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. The expected maturities of investment securities available for sale and held to maturity at March 31, 2020 are shown below:
  Available for Sale Held to Maturity
($ in Thousands) Amortized
Cost
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost
Fair
Value
Due in one year or less $ 10,731    $ 10,738    $ 32,555    $ 32,703   
Due after one year through five years 30,829    31,242    77,586    78,683   
Due after five years through ten years 324,501    334,499    153,519    158,843   
Due after ten years 129,134    135,157    1,163,883    1,239,262   
Total debt securities 495,195    511,636    1,427,542    1,509,492   
U.S. government SBA agency securities 10,241    10,238    —    —   
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC 103,576    104,485    78,125    81,610   
GNMA 799,983    823,787    245,675    253,799   
Commercial mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC 19,861    22,773    —    —   
GNMA 1,108,336    1,114,443    398,092    402,653   
FFELP asset backed securities 360,658    341,424    —    —   
Total investment securities $ 2,897,851    $ 2,928,787    $ 2,149,434    $ 2,247,553   
Ratio of fair value to amortized cost 101.1  % 104.6  %
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On a quarterly basis, the Corporation refreshes credit quality of each held to maturity security. The following table summarizes the credit quality indicator of held to maturity securities at amortized cost at March 31, 2020:
($ in Thousands) AAA AA A Total
U. S. Treasury securities $ 999    $ —    $ —    $ 999   
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) 543,620    862,040    20,883    1,426,543   
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA/FHLMC 78,125    —    —    78,125   
GNMA 245,675    —    —    245,675   
GNMA commercial mortgage-related securities 398,092    —    —    398,092   
Total held to maturity securities $ 1,266,510    $ 862,040    $ 20,883    $ 2,149,434   
Investment securities gains (losses), net includes proceeds from the sale of investment securities as well as any applicable write-ups or write-downs of investment securities. The proceeds from the sale of investment securities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 are shown below:
Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in Thousands) 2020 2019
Gross gains on available for sale securities $ 6,198    $ 1,680   
Gross gains on held to maturity securities —    —   
Total gains 6,198    1,680   
Gross (losses) on available for sale securities (80)   —   
Gross (losses) on held to maturity securities —    —   
Total (losses) (80)   —   
Investment securities gains (losses), net $ 6,118    $ 1,680   
Proceeds from sales of investment securities $ 365,239    $ 131,122   
During the first quarter of 2020, the Corporation sold $281 million of primarily prepayment sensitive mortgage-related securities at a gain of $6 million. Additionally, in February 2020, the Corporation sold $84 million of certain securities acquired in the First Staunton acquisition that did not fit the parameters of the Corporation's current investment strategy.
During the first quarter of 2019, the Corporation sold $131 million of taxable ABS, MBS, and CMO securities, with the proceeds utilized to pay down borrowings.
Investment securities with a carrying value of approximately $2.1 billion and $2.6 billion at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, were pledged to secure certain deposits or for other purposes as required or permitted by law.
At March 31, 2020, accrued interest receivable on held to maturity and available for sale securities totaled $14 million and $10 million, respectively, both which are included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets. There was no interest income reversed for investments going into nonaccrual.
A security is considered past due once it is 30 days contractually past due under the terms of the agreement. At March 31, 2020, the Corporation had no past due held to maturity securities.

The allowance for credit losses on held to maturity securities was approximately $61,000 at March 31, 2020, attributable entirely to the Corporation's municipal securities, included in investment securities held to maturity, net, at amortized cost on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation also holds U.S. Treasury and residential mortgage-related securities issued by the U.S. government or a GSE which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government and, as a result, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded related to these securities.

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The following represents gross unrealized losses and the related fair value of investment securities available for sale and held to maturity, aggregated by investment category and length of time individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at March 31, 2020:
  Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total
($ in Thousands) Number
of
Securities
Unrealized
(Losses)
Fair
Value
Number
of
Securities
Unrealized
(Losses)
Fair
Value
Unrealized
(Losses)
Fair
Value
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. government SBA agency securities   $ (5)   $ 4,958    —    $ —    $ —    $ (5)   $ 4,958   
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)   (1)   1,313    —    —    —    (1)   1,313   
GNMA commercial mortgage-related securities 22    (1,111)   259,273      (2,944)   138,611    (4,055)   397,883   
FFELP asset backed securities 16    (10,971)   222,197    10    (8,262)   119,228    (19,234)   341,424   
Other debt securities   —    2,000    —    —    —    —    2,000   
Total 52    $ (12,089)   $ 489,740    18    $ (11,206)   $ 257,838    $ (23,295)   $ 747,578   
Investment securities held to maturity
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) 22    $ (470)   $ 28,779      $ (5)   $ 542    $ (475)   $ 29,321   
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC   —    —    —    —    —    —    —   
GNMA commercial mortgage-related securities   (332)   126,170      (1,607)   126,624    (1,939)   252,794   
Total 31    $ (802)   $ 154,950    10    $ (1,612)   $ 127,166    $ (2,414)   $ 282,116   
For comparative purposes, the following represents gross unrealized losses and the related fair value of investment securities available for sale and held to maturity, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31, 2019:
  Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total
($ in Thousands) Number
of
Securities
Unrealized
(Losses)
Fair
Value
Number
of
Securities
Unrealized
(Losses)
Fair
Value
Unrealized
(Losses)
Fair
Value
Investment securities available for sale
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)   $ (18)   $ 1,225    —    $ —    $ —    $ (18)   $ 1,225   
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC —    —    —      (59)   34,807    (59)   34,807   
GNMA 18    (924)   322,394      (766)   79,461    (1,689)   401,856   
GNMA commercial mortgage-related securities 22    (810)   258,218    42    (11,222)   621,307    (12,032)   879,524   
FFELP asset backed securities 19    (6,092)   250,780      (393)   12,913    (6,485)   263,693   
Other debt securities   —    2,000    —    —    —    —    2,000   
Total 65    $ (7,843)   $ 834,616    51    $ (12,440)   $ 748,487    $ (20,284)   $ 1,583,104   
Investment securities held to maturity
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) 52    $ (1,105)   $ 77,562      $ (13)   $ 2,378    $ (1,118)   $ 79,940   
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC   (6)   1,242      (9)   833    (15)   2,075   
GNMA 12    (1,059)   187,261      (49)   6,587    (1,108)   193,849   
GNMA commercial mortgage-related securities   (29)   26,202    21    (6,093)   357,733    (6,122)   383,935   
Total 67    $ (2,199)   $ 292,267    36    $ (6,164)   $ 367,532    $ (8,363)   $ 659,799   
The Corporation reviews the available for sale investment securities portfolio on a quarterly basis to monitor its credit exposure. A determination as to whether a security’s decline in fair value is the result of credit risk takes into consideration numerous factors and the relative significance of any single factor can vary by security. Some factors the Corporation may consider in the impairment analysis includes the extent to which the security has been in an unrealized loss position, the change in security rating, financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, as well as the security and industry specific economic conditions.
Based on the Corporation’s evaluation, management does not believe any available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2020 represent credit deterioration as these unrealized losses are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and the current market conditions. The unrealized losses reported for municipal securities at March 31, 2020 pertain to various state and local political subdivisions and school districts, and have declined due to the decrease in overall
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interest rates. The unrealized losses at March 31, 2020 for mortgage-related securities have also declined due to the decrease in overall interest rates. The U.S. Treasury 3 year and 5 year rates decreased by 133 bp and 132 bp, respectively, from December 31, 2019. The Corporation does not intend to sell nor does it believe that it will be required to sell the securities in an unrealized loss position before recovery of their amortized cost basis.
FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stocks: The Corporation is required to maintain Federal Reserve Bank stock and FHLB stock as a member of both the Federal Reserve System and the FHLB, and in amounts as required by these institutions. These equity securities are “restricted” in that they can only be sold back to the respective institutions or another member institution at par. Therefore, they are less liquid than other marketable equity securities and their fair value is equal to amortized cost. At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Corporation had FHLB stock of $145 million and $149 million, respectively. The Corporation had Federal Reserve Bank stock of $78 million at both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
Equity Securities
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values: The Corporation's portfolio of equity securities with readily determinable fair values is primarily comprised of CRA Qualified Investment mutual funds. At both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Corporation had equity securities with readily determinable fair values of $2 million.
Equity securities without readily determinable fair values: The Corporation's portfolio of equity securities without readily determinable fair values consists of 77,996 Visa Class B restricted shares, 77,000 of which the Corporation received in 2008 as part of Visa's initial public offering and carried at fair value after the Corporation donated 42,039 Visa Class B restricted shares to the Corporation's Charitable Remainder Trust during the second quarter of 2019, with the subsequent sale of those shares resulting in an observable market price after the shares were previously carried at a zero cost basis. During the first quarter of 2020, the Corporation also acquired 996 Visa Class B restricted shares from the acquisition of First Staunton, and those shares are carried at a zero cost basis due to the lack of an observable market price since the time of acquisition. The Corporation had equity securities without readily determinable fair values of $13 million at both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
Note 7 Loans
The period end loan composition was as follows:
($ in Thousands) March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Commercial and industrial $ 8,517,974    $ 7,354,594   
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 940,687    911,265   
Commercial and business lending 9,458,661    8,265,858   
Commercial real estate — investor 4,038,036    3,794,517   
Real estate construction 1,544,858    1,420,900   
Commercial real estate lending 5,582,894    5,215,417   
Total commercial 15,041,555    13,481,275   
Residential mortgage 8,132,417    8,136,980   
Home equity 844,901    852,025   
Other consumer 346,761    351,159   
Total consumer 9,324,079    9,340,164   
Total loans(a)
$ 24,365,633    $ 22,821,440   
(a) During the first quarter of 2020, the Corporation transferred $200 million of portfolio residential mortgages to residential loans held for sale, which are not included in total loans.

Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $66 million at March 31, 2020, included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets. Interest accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. The amount of accrued interest reversed totaled approximately $327,000 for the period ended March 31, 2020.


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The following table presents commercial and consumer loans by credit quality indicator by vintage year at March 31, 2020:
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year(a)
($ in Thousands)
Rev Loans Converted to Term(a)
Rev Loans Amortized Cost Basis YTD 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Total
Commercial and industrial:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 777    $ 2,027,795    $ 665,843    $ 1,943,817    $ 1,770,838    $ 846,057    $ 392,996    $ 598,104    $ 8,245,450   
Special Mention —    26,674    5,570    17,726    5,255    1,260    7,287    151    63,922   
Potential Problem(b)
685    60,784    134    2,430    21,030    53,915    9,053    2,401    149,747   
Nonaccrual(c)
—    —    231    7,200    550    16,171    17,532    17,171    58,854   
Commercial and industrial $ 1,462    $ 2,115,253    $ 671,779    $ 1,971,173    $ 1,797,672    $ 917,402    $ 426,869    $ 617,827    $ 8,517,974   
Commercial real estate - owner occupied:
Risk rating:
Pass $ —    $ 45,423    $ 33,107    $ 220,821    $ 141,652    $ 133,631    $ 160,435    $ 150,188    $ 885,257   
Special Mention —    86    —    16,438    15,143    139    662    5,321    37,789   
Potential Problem —    230    100    780    1,173    1,463    9,930    2,126    15,802   
Nonaccrual —    —    —    —    88    343    —    1,407    1,838   
Commercial real estate - owner occupied $ —    $ 45,739    $ 33,207    $ 238,039    $ 158,056    $ 135,576    $ 171,026    $ 159,043    $ 940,687   
Commercial and business lending:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 777    $ 2,073,218    $ 698,951    $ 2,164,638    $ 1,912,490    $ 979,688    $ 553,431    $ 748,292    $ 9,130,708   
Special Mention —    26,760    5,570    34,163    20,398    1,399    7,949    5,472    101,711   
Potential Problem(b)
685    61,014    234    3,211    22,204    55,378    18,983    4,527    165,550   
Nonaccrual(c)
—    —    231    7,200    637    16,514    17,532    18,578    60,692   
Commercial and business lending $ 1,462    $ 2,160,992    $ 704,986    $ 2,209,212    $ 1,955,729    $ 1,052,978    $ 597,895    $ 776,869    $ 9,458,661   
Commercial real estate - investor:
Risk rating:
Pass $ —    $ 206,640    $ 499,631    $ 1,253,538    $ 820,547    $ 348,738    $ 405,718    $ 344,191    $ 3,879,003   
Special Mention —    —    —    33,440    15,128    15,239    31,581    1,525    96,913   
Potential Problem —    1,157    20    30,714    3,329    283    12,792    12,734    61,030   
Nonaccrual —    446    570    —    —    —    —    75    1,091   
Commercial real estate - investor $ —    $ 208,244    $ 500,221    $ 1,317,691    $ 839,004    $ 364,261    $ 450,091    $ 358,524    $ 4,038,036   
Real estate construction:
Risk rating:
Pass $ —    $ 80,118    $ 121,768    $ 708,726    $ 438,100    $ 146,967    $ 3,331    $ 25,389    $ 1,524,400   
Special Mention —    —    —    —    18,203    —    —    16    18,219   
Potential Problem —    —    —    148    —    1,557    —    48    1,753   
Nonaccrual —    —    —    —    —    —    —    486    486   
Real estate construction $ —    $ 80,118    $ 121,768    $ 708,875    $ 456,303    $ 148,523    $ 3,331    $ 25,939    $ 1,544,858   
Commercial real estate lending:
Risk rating:
Pass $ —    $ 286,759    $ 621,399    $ 1,962,264    $ 1,258,647    $ 495,705    $ 409,049    $ 369,580    $ 5,403,403   
Special Mention —    —    —    33,440    33,331    15,239    31,581    1,540    115,132   
Potential Problem —    1,157    20    30,862    3,329    1,840    12,792    12,782    62,783   
Nonaccrual —    446    570    —    —    —    —    560    1,577   
Commercial real estate lending $ —    $ 288,362    $ 621,990    $ 2,026,565    $ 1,295,307    $ 512,784    $ 453,422    $ 384,463    $ 5,582,894   
Total commercial:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 777    $ 2,359,976    $ 1,320,350    $ 4,126,902    $ 3,171,136    $ 1,475,393    $ 962,480    $ 1,117,872    $ 14,534,111   
Special Mention —    26,760    5,570    67,603    53,729    16,638    39,530    7,013    216,843   
Potential Problem 685    62,171    255    34,073    25,532    57,217    31,775    17,309    228,333   
Nonaccrual —    446    801    7,200    637    16,514    17,532    19,138    62,269   
Total commercial $ 1,462    $ 2,449,354    $ 1,326,976    $ 4,235,777    $ 3,251,035    $ 1,565,762    $ 1,051,317    $ 1,161,333    $ 15,041,555   
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Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year(a)
($ in Thousands)
Rev Loans Converted to Term(a)
Rev Loans Amortized Cost Basis YTD 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Total
Residential mortgage:
Risk rating:
Pass $ —    $ 92    $ 352,107    $ 1,815,240    $ 874,080    $ 1,474,788    $ 1,321,163    $ 2,226,104    $ 8,063,574   
Special Mention —    —    —    —    37    22    36    572    667   
Potential Problem —    —    —    587    36    992    432    1,274    3,322   
Nonaccrual —    —    619    3,802    5,422    8,949    12,678    33,385    64,855   
Residential mortgage $ —    $ 92    $ 352,726    $ 1,819,630    $ 879,575    $ 1,484,752    $ 1,334,308    $ 2,261,335    $ 8,132,417   
Home equity:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 6,286    $ 738,938    $ 223    $ 1,626    $ 1,869    $ 2,374    $ 2,748    $ 83,567    $ 831,344   
Special Mention 102    1,262    65    39    91    50    97    338    1,942   
Potential Problem —    2,045    —    —    46    —    —    146    2,238   
Nonaccrual 221    916    128    224    284    383    180    7,263    9,378   
Home equity $ 6,609    $ 743,161    $ 417    $ 1,888    $ 2,290    $ 2,807    $ 3,025    $ 91,314    $ 844,901   
Other consumer:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 62    $ 184,495    $ 2,874    $ 16,037    $ 6,843    $ 3,213    $ 2,369    $ 130,073    $ 345,904   
Special Mention   559    —      —    —    78      642   
Potential Problem —    —    —    —    —    —    —    —    —   
Nonaccrual   119    —    34    —    10    —    52    215   
Other consumer $ 75    $ 185,173    $ 2,874    $ 16,072    $ 6,843    $ 3,223    $ 2,447    $ 130,129    $ 346,761   
Total consumer:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 6,348    $ 923,525    $ 355,204    $ 1,832,904    $ 882,791    $ 1,480,375    $ 1,326,279    $ 2,439,744    $ 9,240,821   
Special Mention 106    1,821    65    40    128    71    212    914    3,251   
Potential Problem —    2,045    —    587    83    992    432    1,420    5,559   
Nonaccrual 229    1,036    748    4,060    5,706    9,342    12,857    40,700    74,448   
Total consumer $ 6,683    $ 928,426    $ 356,017    $ 1,837,590    $ 888,708    $ 1,490,781    $ 1,339,780    $ 2,482,777    $ 9,324,079   
Total loans:
Risk rating:
Pass $ 7,125    $ 3,283,501    $ 1,675,554    $ 5,959,806    $ 4,053,928    $ 2,955,768    $ 2,288,760    $ 3,557,616    $ 23,774,932   
Special Mention 106    28,581    5,635    67,642    53,857    16,710    39,741    7,927    220,093   
Potential Problem 685    64,216    255    34,660    25,615    58,210    32,207    18,729    233,892   
Nonaccrual 229    1,482    1,549    11,260    6,343    25,856    30,390    59,838    136,717   
Total loans $ 8,145    $ 3,377,780    $ 1,682,992    $ 6,073,368    $ 4,139,743    $ 3,056,543    $ 2,391,098    $ 3,644,110    $ 24,365,633   
(a) Revolving loans converted to term loans are also reported in their year of origination
(b) Includes $67 million of oil and gas related loans
(c) Includes $29 million of oil and gas related loans
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The following table presents commercial and consumer loans by credit quality indicator at December 31, 2019:
($ in Thousands) Pass Special Mention Potential Problem Nonaccrual Total
Commercial and industrial $ 7,118,448    $ 79,525    $ 110,308    $ 46,312    $ 7,354,594   
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 866,193    25,115    19,889    67    911,265   
Commercial and business lending 7,984,641    104,641    130,197    46,380    8,265,858   
Commercial real estate - investor 3,620,785    139,873    29,449    4,409    3,794,517   
Real estate construction 1,420,374    33    —    493    1,420,900   
Commercial real estate lending 5,041,159    139,906    29,449    4,902    5,215,417   
Total commercial 13,025,800    244,547    159,646    51,282    13,481,275   
Residential mortgage 8,077,122    563    1,451    57,844    8,136,980   
Home equity 841,757    1,164    —    9,104    852,025   
Other consumer 350,260    748    —    152    351,159   
Total consumer 9,269,139    2,475    1,451    67,099    9,340,164   
Total loans $ 22,294,939    $ 247,022    $ 161,097    $ 118,380    $ 22,821,440   
Factors that are important to managing overall credit quality are sound loan underwriting and administration, systematic monitoring of existing loans and commitments, effective loan review on an ongoing basis, early identification of potential problems, and appropriate allowance for loan losses, allowance for unfunded commitments, nonaccrual, and charge off policies.
For commercial loans, management has determined the pass credit quality indicator to include credits exhibiting acceptable financial statements, cash flow, and leverage. If any risk exists, it is mitigated by the loan structure, collateral, monitoring, or control. For consumer loans, performing loans include credits performing in accordance with the original contractual terms. Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. Special mention credits have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the credit. Potential problem loans are considered inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or the collateral pledged. These loans generally have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, which may jeopardize liquidation of the debt, and are characterized by the distinct possibility the Corporation will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Management has determined commercial loan relationships in nonaccrual status and commercial and consumer loan relationships with their terms restructured in a TDR meet the criteria to be individually evaluated. Commercial loans classified as special mention, potential problem, and nonaccrual are reviewed at a minimum on a quarterly basis, while pass and performing rated credits are generally reviewed on an annual basis or more frequently if the loan renewal is less than one year or if otherwise warranted.
The following table presents loans by past due status at March 31, 2020:
Accruing
($ in Thousands) Current 30-59 Days
Past Due
60-89 Days
Past Due
90 Days or
More
Past Due
Nonaccrual(a)(b)
Total
Commercial and industrial $ 8,457,708    $ 508    $ 468    $ 436    $ 58,854    $ 8,517,974   
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 938,798    51    —    —    1,838    940,687   
Commercial and business lending 9,396,506    558    468    436    60,692    9,458,661   
Commercial real estate - investor 4,022,482    14,462    —    —    1,091    4,038,036   
Real estate construction 1,544,194    179    —    —    486    1,544,858   
Commercial real estate lending 5,566,676    14,641    —    —    1,577    5,582,894   
Total commercial 14,963,182    15,200    468    436    62,269    15,041,555   
Residential mortgage 8,057,461    9,492    610    —    64,855    8,132,417   
Home equity 828,523    6,012    988    —    9,378    844,901   
Other consumer 342,950    1,028    749    1,819    215    346,761   
Total consumer 9,228,933    16,531    2,348    1,819    74,448    9,324,079   
Total loans $ 24,192,115    $ 31,731    $ 2,816    $ 2,255    $ 136,717    $ 24,365,633   
(a) Of the total nonaccrual loans, $75 million, or 55%, were current with respect to payment at March 31, 2020.
(b) No interest income was recognized on nonaccrual loans during the three months ended March 31, 2020. In addition, there were $44 million of nonaccrual loans for which there was no related ACLL for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

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The following table presents loans by past due status at December 31, 2019:
Accruing
($ in Thousands) Current 30-59 Days
Past Due
60-89 Days
Past Due
90 Days or
More
Past Due
Nonaccrual(a)
Total
Commercial and industrial $ 7,307,118    $ 576    $ 245    $ 342    $ 46,312    $ 7,354,594   
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 909,828    1,369    —    —    67    911,265   
Commercial and business lending 8,216,947    1,945    245    342    46,380    8,265,858   
Commercial real estate - investor 3,788,296    1,812    —    —    4,409    3,794,517   
Real estate construction 1,420,310    64    33    —    493    1,420,900   
Commercial real estate lending 5,208,606    1,876    33    —    4,902    5,215,417   
Total commercial 13,425,552    3,821    278    342    51,282    13,481,275   
Residential mortgage 8,069,863    8,749    525    —    57,844    8,136,980   
Home equity 837,274    4,483    1,164    —    9,104    852,025   
Other consumer 347,007    1,135    949    1,917    152    351,159   
Total consumer 9,254,144    14,366    2,638    1,917    67,099    9,340,164   
Total loans $ 22,679,696    $ 18,188    $ 2,916    $ 2,259    $ 118,380    $ 22,821,440   
(a) Of the total nonaccrual loans, $48 million, or 41%, were current with respect to payment at December 31, 2019.

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The following table presents impaired loans individually evaluated under ASC Topic 310, excluding $2 million of purchased credit-impaired loans, at December 31, 2019
($ in Thousands) Recorded
Investment
Unpaid
Principal
Balance
Related
Allowance
Average
Recorded
Investment
Interest
Income
Recognized
Loans with a related allowance
Commercial and industrial $ 47,249    $ 63,346    $ 12,010    $ 45,290    $ 1,832   
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 1,676    1,682    19    1,774    88   
Commercial and business lending 48,924    65,028    12,029    47,064    1,919   
Commercial real estate — investor 928    2,104    15    950    15   
Real estate construction 477    559    67    494    30   
Commercial real estate lending 1,405    2,663    82    1,445    45   
Total commercial 50,329    67,691    12,111    48,509    1,965   
Residential mortgage 21,450    22,625    2,740    23,721    856   
Home equity 3,076    3,468    1,190    3,756    191   
Other consumer 1,247    1,249    125    1,250     
Total consumer 25,773    27,342    4,055    28,726    1,047   
Total loans with a related allowance $ 76,102    $ 95,033    $ 16,165    $ 77,235    $ 3,012   
Loans with no related allowance
Commercial and industrial $ 14,787    $ 33,438    $ —    $ 20,502    $ 63   
Commercial real estate — owner occupied —    —    —    —    —   
Commercial and business lending 14,787    33,438    —    20,502    63   
Commercial real estate — investor 3,705    3,705    —    3,980    159   
Real estate construction —    —    —    —    —   
Commercial real estate lending 3,705    3,705    —    3,980    159   
Total commercial 18,491    37,142    —    24,482    222   
Residential mortgage 14,104    14,461    —    10,962    373   
Home equity 1,346    1,383    —    1,017    21   
Other consumer —    —    —    —    —   
Total consumer 15,450    15,845    —    11,979    394   
Total loans with no related allowance $ 33,941    $ 52,987    $ —    $ 36,462    $ 616   
Total
Commercial and industrial $ 62,035    $ 96,784    $ 12,010    $ 65,792    $ 1,895   
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 1,676    1,682    19    1,774    88   
Commercial and business lending 63,711    98,466    12,029    67,566    1,982   
Commercial real estate — investor 4,633    5,808    15    4,931    174   
Real estate construction 477    559    67    494    30   
Commercial real estate lending 5,110    6,367    82    5,425    204   
Total commercial 68,820    104,833    12,111    72,991    2,186   
Residential mortgage 35,554    37,087    2,740    34,683    1,229   
Home equity 4,422    4,851    1,190    4,773    211   
Other consumer 1,247    1,249    125    1,250     
Total consumer 41,223    43,187    4,055    40,706    1,441   
Total loans(a)
$ 110,043    $ 148,020    $ 16,165    $ 113,697    $ 3,628   
(a) The net recorded investment (defined as recorded investment, net of the related allowance) of the impaired loans represented 63% of the unpaid principal balance at December 31, 2019.
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Troubled Debt Restructurings (“Restructured Loans”)
Loans are considered restructured loans if concessions have been granted to borrowers that are experiencing financial difficulty.
The following table presents nonaccrual and performing restructured loans by loan portfolio:
  March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
 ($ in Thousands) Performing
Restructured
Loans
Nonaccrual
Restructured
Loans(a)
Performing
Restructured
Loans
Nonaccrual
Restructured
Loans(a)
Commercial and industrial $ 16,056    $ 6,909    $ 16,678    $ 7,376   
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 2,091    —    1,676    —   
Commercial real estate — investor 281    570    293    —   
Real estate construction 339    176    298    179   
Residential mortgage 4,654    15,097    3,955    13,035   
Home equity 1,719    1,451    1,896    1,904   
Other consumer 1,245      1,246     
   Total restructured loans(b)
$ 26,384    $ 24,204    $ 26,041    $ 22,494   
(a) Nonaccrual restructured loans have been included within nonaccrual loans.
(b) Does not include any restructured loans related to COVID-19 in accordance with regulatory guidance.

The Corporation had a recorded investment of $5 million in loans modified in a TDR during the three months ended March 31, 2020, of which $1 million were in accrual status and $4 million were in nonaccrual pending a sustained period of repayment. Short-term loan modifications made in good faith to help ease the adverse effects of COVID-19 are not categorized as TDRs in accordance with regulatory guidance. The following table provides the number of loans modified in a TDR by loan portfolio, the recorded investment and unpaid principal balance for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:
  Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
 ($ in Thousands) Number
of
Loans
Recorded
Investment(a)
Unpaid
Principal
Balance(b)
Number
of
Loans
Recorded
Investment(a)
Unpaid
Principal
Balance(b)
Commercial and industrial   $ 48    $ 48    —    $ —    $ —   
Commercial real estate — owner occupied   290    321      78    78   
Commercial real estate — investor   570    1,740    —    —    —   
Real estate construction   122    122    —    —    —   
Residential mortgage 18    3,592    3,668    25    4,357    4,374   
Home equity   277    277    13    293    312   
Other consumer —    —    —      11    11   
   Total loans modified 30    $ 4,899    $ 6,175    40    $ 4,739    $ 4,776   
(a) Represents post-modification outstanding recorded investment.
(b) Represents pre-modification outstanding recorded investment.

Restructured loan modifications may include payment schedule modifications, interest rate concessions, maturity date extensions, modification of note structure (A/B Note), non-reaffirmed Chapter 7 bankruptcies, principal reduction, or some combination of these concessions. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, restructured loan modifications of commercial and industrial, and commercial real estate primarily included maturity date extensions and payment schedule modifications. Restructured loan modifications of residential mortgage and home equity loans primarily included maturity date extensions, interest rate concessions, non-reaffirmed Chapter 7 bankruptcies, or a combination of these concessions for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

The following table provides the number of loans modified in a TDR during the previous twelve months which subsequently defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 and the recorded investment in these restructured loans as of March 31, 2020 and 2019:
  Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
 ($ in Thousands) Number of
Loans
Recorded
Investment
Number of
Loans
Recorded
Investment
Residential mortgage   $ 388      $ 613   
Home equity   88      177   
   Total loans modified   $ 476    12    $ 790   
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All loans modified in a TDR are evaluated for impairment. The nature and extent of the impairment of restructured loans, including those which have experienced a subsequent payment default, are considered in the determination of an appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses on loans.
The Corporation analyzes loans for classification as a probable TDR. This analysis includes identifying customers that are showing possible liquidity issues in the near term without reasonable access to alternative sources of capital. At adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020, the Corporation had $114 million in loans meeting this classification compared to $138 million at March 31, 2020. Of the loans classified as probable TDRs at March 31, 2020, $112 million are within the oil and gas portfolio, while one loan with a balance of $27 million, is in general commercial and business lending.
Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
The ACLL is comprised of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded commitments. The level of the ACLL represents management’s estimate of an amount appropriate to provide for expected lifetime credit losses in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. A main factor in the determination of the ACLL is the economic forecast. The Corporation utilized the Moody's baseline forecast, updated at the end of March 2020, in the allowance model. The forecast is applied over a 1 year reasonable and supportable period with immediate reversion to historical long run losses. The Corporation changed the reversion methodology applied from straight-line over 1 year to immediate reversion due to the uncertainty within the economic forecasts due to COVID-19. The allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb expected lifetime losses related to unfunded credit facilities (including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit). See Note 12 for additional information on the change in the allowance for unfunded commitments.
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The following table presents a summary of the changes in the ACLL by portfolio segment for the three months ended March 31, 2020:
($ in Thousands) Dec. 31, 2019 Cumulative effect of ASU 2016-13 adoption (CECL) Jan. 1, 2020 Charge offs Recoveries Net Charge offs Allowance for PCD loans for bank acquisition Provision recorded at acquisition Provision for loan losses March 31, 2020 ACLL / Loans
Allowance for loan losses
Commercial and industrial $ 91,133    $ 52,919    $ 144,052    $ (16,336)   $ 1,288    $ (15,049)   $ 293    $ 408    $ 44,284    $ 173,988   
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 10,284    (1,851)   8,433    —    —    —    890    255    734    10,313   
Commercial and business lending 101,417    51,068    152,485    (16,336)   1,288    (15,048)   1,183    663    45,018    184,301   
Commercial real estate — investor 40,514    2,041    42,555    —    —    —    753    472    (1,664)   42,115   
Real estate construction 24,915    7,467    32,382    (7)   19    11    435    492    (2,573)   30,746   
Commercial real estate lending 65,428    9,508    74,937    (7)   19    11    1,188    964    (4,237)   72,861   
Total commercial 166,846    60,576    227,422    (16,343)   1,307    (15,037)   2,371    1,627    40,781    257,162   
Residential mortgage 16,960    33,215    50,175    (1,003)   91    (912)   651    403    (6,370)   43,947   
Home equity 10,926    11,649    22,575    (526)   598    71    422    374    (1,135)   22,308   
Other consumer 6,639    7,016    13,655    (1,434)   272    (1,162)   61    140    1,681    14,376   
Total consumer 34,525    51,880    86,405    (2,963)   961    (2,003)   1,134    917    (5,824)   80,631   
Total loans $ 201,371    $ 112,457    $ 313,828    $ (19,308)   $ 2,268    $ (17,040)   $ 3,504    $ 2,543    $ 34,957    $ 337,793   
Allowance for unfunded commitments
Commercial and industrial $ 12,276    $ (3,998)   $ 8,278    $ —    $ —    $ —    $ —    $ 61    $ 6,461    $ 14,800   
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 127    —    127    —    —    —    —      109    240   
Commercial and business lending 12,403    (3,998)   8,405    —    —    —    —    65    6,570    15,040   
Commercial real estate — investor 530    246    776    —    —    —    —      (347)   431   
Real estate construction 7,532    18,347    25,879    —    —    —    —    45    9,018    34,942   
Commercial real estate lending 8,062    18,593    26,655    —    —    —    —    47    8,671    35,373   
Total commercial 20,465    14,595    35,060    —    —    —    —    112    15,241    50,413   
Home equity 1,038    2,591    3,629    —    —    —    —    66    241    3,936   
Other consumer 405    1,504    1,909    —    —    —    —    —    17    1,926   
Total consumer 1,443    4,095    5,538    —    —    —    —    66    258    5,862   
Total loans $ 21,907    $ 18,690    $ 40,597    $ —    $ —    $ —    $ —    $ 179    $ 15,500    $ 56,276   
Allowance for credit losses on loans
Commercial and industrial $ 103,409    $ 48,921    $ 152,330    $ (16,336)   $ 1,288    $ (15,049)   $ 293    $ 469    $ 50,745    $ 188,788    2.22  %
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 10,411    (1,851)   8,560    —    —    —    890    259    843    10,553    1.12  %
Commercial and business lending 113,820    47,070    160,890    (16,336)   1,288    (15,048)   1,183    728    51,588    199,342    2.11  %
Commercial real estate — investor 41,044    2,287    43,331    —    —    —    753    474    (2,011)   42,546    1.05  %
Real estate construction 32,447    25,814    58,261    (7)   19    11    435    537    6,445    65,688    4.25  %
Commercial real estate lending 73,490    28,101    101,591    (7)   19    11    1,188    1,011    4,434    108,235    1.94  %
Total commercial 187,311    75,171    262,482    (16,343)   1,307    (15,037)   2,371    1,739    56,022    307,577    2.04  %
Residential mortgage 16,960    33,215    50,175    (1,003)   91    (912)   651    403    (6,370)   43,947    0.54  %
Home equity 11,964    14,240    26,204    (526)   598    71    422    440    (894)   26,244    3.11  %
Other consumer 7,044    8,520    15,564    (1,434)   272    (1,162)   61    140    1,698    16,302    4.70  %
Total consumer 35,968    55,975    91,943    (2,963)   961    (2,003)   1,134    983    (5,566)   86,493    0.93  %
Total loans $ 223,278    $ 131,147    $ 354,425    $ (19,308)   $ 2,268    $ (17,040)   $ 3,504    $ 2,722    $ 50,457    $ 394,069    1.62  %

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The following table presents details of the allowance for loan losses segregated by loan portfolio segment as of December 31, 2019, calculated in accordance with prior incurred loss methodology applicable under ASC Topic 310:
($ in Thousands) December 31, 2018 Charge offs Recoveries Net Charge offs Provision for loan losses December 31, 2019
Allowance for loan losses
Commercial and industrial $ 108,835    $ (63,315)   $ 11,875    $ (51,441)   $ 33,738    $ 91,133   
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 9,255    (222)   2,795    2,573    (1,543)   10,284   
Commercial and business lending 118,090    (63,537)   14,670    (48,868)   32,195    101,417   
Commercial real estate — investor 40,844    —    31    31    (361)   40,514   
Real estate construction 28,240    (60)   302    243    (3,568)   24,915   
Commercial real estate lending 69,084    (60)   333    274    (3,929)   65,429   
Total commercial 187,174    (63,597)   15,003    (48,594)   28,266    166,846   
Residential mortgage 25,595    (3,322)   692    (2,630)   (6,005)   16,960   
Home equity 19,266    (1,846)   2,599    753    (9,093)   10,926   
Other consumer 5,988    (5,548)   868    (4,681)   5,332    6,639   
Total consumer 50,849    (10,716)   4,159    (6,558)   (9,766)   34,525   
Total loans $ 238,023    $ (74,313)   $ 19,161    $ (55,152)   $ 18,500    $ 201,371   

A summary of the individually and collectively evaluated loans by portfolio segment at December 31, 2019, was as follows:
Allowance for loan losses Loans
($ in Thousands) Individually evaluated for impairment Collectively evaluated for impairment Total allowance for loan losses Individually evaluated for impairment Collectively evaluated for impairment
Acquired and accounted for under ASC 310-30(a)
Total loans
Commercial and industrial $ 12,010    $ 79,123    $ 91,133    $ 62,035    $ 7,292,217    $ 342    $ 7,354,594   
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 19    10,265    10,284    1,676    909,010    579    911,265   
Commercial and business lending 12,029    89,388    101,417    63,711    8,201,227    921    8,265,858   
Commercial real estate — investor 15    40,498    40,514    4,633    3,789,755    129    3,794,517   
Real estate construction 67    24,848    24,915    477    1,420,416      1,420,900   
Commercial real estate lending 82    65,346    65,429    5,110    5,210,171    136    5,215,417   
Total commercial 12,111    154,734    166,846    68,821    13,411,398    1,057    13,481,275   
Residential mortgage 2,740    14,220    16,960    35,554    8,100,958    469    8,136,980   
Home equity 1,190    9,737    10,926    4,422    847,577    26    852,025   
Other consumer 125    6,514    6,639    1,247    349,912    —    351,159   
Total consumer 4,055    30,471    34,525    41,223    9,298,447    495    9,340,164   
Total loans $ 16,165    $ 185,205    $ 201,371    $ 110,043    $ 22,709,845    $ 1,552    $ 22,821,440   
(a) Loans acquired in business combinations and accounted for under ASC Subtopic 310-30 "Receivables — Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality."
Loans Acquired in Acquisitions
Loans acquired in a business combination after January 1, 2020 are recorded in accordance with ASC Topic 326. See Note 2 Acquisitions for more information on loans acquired in a business combination. After January 1, 2020, acquired loans were segregated into two types:
PCD loans are loans demonstrating more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination and are accounted for with ASC 326-30. Under this guidance, the credit mark on acquired assets gross up the allowance for loan losses and the amortized cost of the loan.
Non-PCD loans are accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 310-20 "Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs" as these loans do not show evidence of credit deterioration since origination.
Loans acquired in a business combination prior to January 1, 2020 were recorded at estimated fair value on their purchase date without a carryover of the related allowance for loan losses. Prior to January 1, 2020, acquired loans were segregated into two types:
Performing loans were accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 310-20 "Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs" as these loans do not have evidence of credit deterioration since origination.
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Nonperforming loans were accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 310-30 as they displayed significant credit deterioration since origination.
Note 8 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill
Goodwill is not amortized but is instead subject to impairment tests on at least an annual basis, and more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount.
The Corporation conducted its most recent annual impairment testing in May 2019, utilizing a qualitative assessment. Factors that management considered in this assessment included macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall financial performance of the Corporation and each reporting unit (both current and projected), changes in management strategy, and changes in the composition or carrying amount of net assets. In addition, management considered the changes in both the Corporation’s common stock price and in the overall bank common stock index (based on the S&P 400 Regional Bank Sub-Industry Index), as well as the Corporation’s earnings per common share trend over the past year. Based on these assessments, management concluded that it is more likely than not that the estimated fair value exceeded the carrying value (including goodwill) for each reporting unit. Therefore, a step one quantitative analysis was not required. There have been no events since the May 2019 impairment testing that have changed the Corporation's impairment assessment conclusion. A qualitative analysis was performed during the first quarter of 2020 after COVID-19 was declared a national emergency, to determine if a triggering event had occurred. The Corporation determined a triggering event had not occurred, therefore, a step one quantitative analysis was not required during the first quarter of 2020. There were no impairment charges recorded in 2019 or the first three months of 2020.
At both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Corporation had goodwill of $1.2 billion, of which $82 million was related to our insurance operations. There was an increase of $15 million during the first quarter of 2020 related to the First Staunton acquisition.
Other Intangible Assets
The Corporation has other intangible assets that are amortized, consisting of CDIs, other intangibles (primarily related to customer relationships acquired in connection with the Corporation’s insurance agency acquisitions), and MSRs. At March 31, 2020, the Corporation had $19 million of other intangibles, compared to $20 million at December 31, 2019, of which $18 million was related to our insurance operations. For CDIs and other intangibles, changes in the gross carrying amount, accumulated amortization, and net book value were as follows:
($ in Thousands) Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Year Ended December 31, 2019
Core deposit intangibles
Gross carrying amount at the beginning of the year $ 80,730    $ 58,100   
Additions during the period 7,379    22,630   
Accumulated amortization (14,597)   (12,456)  
Net book value $ 73,512    $ 68,274   
Amortization during the year $ 2,141    $ 7,130   
Other intangibles
Gross carrying amount at the beginning of the year $ 38,970    $ 44,887   
Additions during the period 200    —   
Reductions due to sale (343)   (217)  
Accumulated amortization (19,616)   (24,643)  
Net book value $ 19,211    $ 20,027   
Amortization during the year $ 673    $ 2,818   
Mortgage Servicing Rights
The Corporation sells residential mortgage loans in the secondary market and typically retains the right to service the loans sold. MSRs are amortized in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income and assessed for impairment at each reporting date.
The Corporation evaluates its MSRs asset for impairment at minimum on a quarterly basis. Impairment is assessed based on fair value at each reporting date using estimated prepayment speeds of the underlying mortgage loans serviced and stratifications based on the risk characteristics of the underlying loans (predominantly loan type and note interest rate). As mortgage interest
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rates fall, prepayment speeds are usually faster and the value of the MSRs asset generally decreases, requiring additional valuation reserve. Conversely, as mortgage interest rates rise, prepayment speeds are usually slower and the value of the MSRs asset generally increases, requiring less valuation reserve. A valuation allowance is established, through a charge to earnings, to the extent the amortized cost of the MSRs exceeds the estimated fair value by stratification. During the first quarter of 2020, the Corporation recognized temporary impairment of $9 million driven by decreasing interest rates. If it is later determined that all or a portion of the temporary impairment no longer exists for a stratification, the valuation is reduced through a recovery to earnings. An other-than-temporary impairment (i.e., recoverability is considered remote when considering interest rates and loan pay off activity) is recognized as a write-down of the MSRs asset and the related valuation allowance (to the extent a valuation allowance is available) and then against earnings. A direct write-down permanently reduces the carrying value of the MSRs asset and valuation allowance, precluding subsequent recoveries. See Note 12 for a discussion of the recourse provisions on sold residential mortgage loans. See Note 13 which further discusses fair value measurement relative to the MSRs asset.
A summary of changes in the balance of the MSRs asset and the MSRs valuation allowance is as follows:
($ in Thousands) Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Year Ended December 31, 2019
Mortgage servicing rights
Mortgage servicing rights at beginning of period $ 67,607    $ 68,433   
Additions from acquisition 1,357    —   
Additions 2,359    11,606   
Amortization (3,635)   (12,432)  
Mortgage servicing rights at end of period $ 67,688    $ 67,607   
Valuation allowance at beginning of period $ (302)   $ (239)  
(Additions) recoveries, net (9,098)   (63)  
Valuation allowance at end of period $ (9,399)   $ (302)  
Mortgage servicing rights, net $ 58,289    $ 67,306   
Fair value of mortgage servicing rights $ 58,311    $ 72,532   
Portfolio of residential mortgage loans serviced for others (“servicing portfolio”) $ 8,548,600    $ 8,488,969   
Mortgage servicing rights, net to servicing portfolio 0.68  % 0.79  %
Mortgage servicing rights expense(a)
$ 12,733    $ 12,494   
(a) Includes the amortization of mortgage servicing rights and additions / recoveries to the valuation allowance of mortgage servicing rights, and is a component of mortgage banking, net on the consolidated statements of income.
The projections of amortization expense are based on existing asset balances, the current interest rate environment, and prepayment speeds as of March 31, 2020. The actual amortization expense the Corporation recognizes in any given period may be significantly different depending upon acquisition or sale activities, changes in interest rates, prepayment speeds, market conditions, regulatory requirements, and events or circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The following table shows the estimated future amortization expense for amortizing intangible assets:
($ in Thousands) Core Deposit Intangibles Other Intangibles Mortgage Servicing Rights
Nine Months Ending December 31, 2020 $ 6,608    $ 2,008    $ 9,609   
2021 8,811    2,653    13,307   
2022 8,811    2,629    10,456   
2023 8,811    2,610    8,279   
2024 8,811    2,591    6,632   
2025 8,811    2,302    5,372   
Beyond 2025 22,849    4,418    14,032   
Total Estimated Amortization Expense $ 73,512    $ 19,211    $ 67,688   

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Note 9 Short and Long-Term Funding
The following table presents the components of short-term funding (funding with original contractual maturities of one year or less), long-term funding (funding with original contractual maturities greater than one year), and FHLB advances (funding based on original contractual maturities):
($ in Thousands) March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Short-Term Funding
Federal funds purchased $ 24,480    $ 362,000   
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 108,527    71,097   
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase 133,007    433,097   
Commercial paper 33,647    32,016   
Total short-term funding $ 166,654    $ 465,113   
Long-Term Funding
Bank senior notes, at par, due 2021 $ 300,000    $ 300,000   
Corporation subordinated notes, at par, due 2025 250,000    250,000   
Finance leases 2,210    2,209   
Capitalized costs (2,565)   (2,866)  
Total long-term funding 549,644    549,343   
Total short and long-term funding, excluding FHLB advances $ 716,299    $ 1,014,456   
FHLB Advances
Short-term FHLB advances $ 550,000    $ 520,000   
Long-term FHLB advances 2,664,194    2,660,967   
Total FHLB advances $ 3,214,194    $ 3,180,967   
Total short and long-term funding $ 3,930,493    $ 4,195,422   
Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase ("Repurchase Agreements")
The Corporation enters into agreements under which it sells securities subject to an obligation to repurchase the same or similar securities. Under these arrangements, the Corporation may transfer legal control over the assets but still retain effective control through an agreement that both entitles and obligates the Corporation to repurchase the assets. The obligation to repurchase the securities is reflected as a liability on the Corporation’s consolidated balance sheets, while the securities underlying the repurchase agreements remain in the respective investment securities asset accounts (i.e., there is no offsetting or netting of the investment securities assets with the repurchase agreement liabilities). See Note 11 for additional disclosures on balance sheet offsetting.
The Corporation utilizes securities sold under agreements to repurchase to facilitate the needs of its customers. As of March 31, 2020, the Corporation pledged agency mortgage-related securities with a fair value of $202 million as collateral for the repurchase agreements. Securities pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements are maintained with the Corporation's safekeeping agents and are monitored on a daily basis due to the market risk of fair value changes in the underlying securities. The Corporation generally pledges excess securities to ensure there is sufficient collateral to satisfy short-term fluctuations in both the repurchase agreement balances and the fair value of the underlying securities.
The remaining contractual maturity of the securities sold under agreements to repurchase on the consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are presented in the following table:
Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
($ in Thousands) Overnight and Continuous Up to 30 days 30-90 days Greater than 90 days Total
March 31, 2020
Repurchase agreements
Agency mortgage-related securities $ 108,527    $ —    $ —    $ —    $ 108,527   
Total $ 108,527    $ —    $ —    $ —    $ 108,257   
December 31, 2019
Repurchase agreements
Agency mortgage-related securities $ 71,097    $ —    $ —    $ —    $ 71,097   
Total $ 71,097    $ —    $ —    $ —    $ 71,097   

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Long-Term Funding
Senior Notes 
In August 2018, the Bank issued $300 million of senior notes, due August 2021, and callable July 2021. The senior notes have a fixed coupon interest rate of 3.50% and were issued at a discount.
Subordinated Notes 
In November 2014, the Corporation issued $250 million of 10-year subordinated notes, due January 2025, and callable October 2024. The subordinated notes have a fixed coupon interest rate of 4.25% and were issued at a discount.
Finance Leases
In connection with the construction of a new branch in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, the Corporation entered into a 40-year land lease, maturing August 2059, with an option to purchase the underlying land in August 2022 for a fixed price of $1.2 million. The finance lease has a fixed interest rate of 3.99%. See Note 18 for additional disclosure regarding the Corporation’s leases.
Note 10 Derivative and Hedging Activities
The Corporation is exposed to certain risk arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Corporation principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Corporation manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Corporation enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. The Corporation's derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Corporation's known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to the Corporation's assets.
The contract or notional amount of a derivative is used to determine, along with the other terms of the derivative, the amounts to be exchanged between the counterparties. The Corporation is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to financial instruments. To mitigate the counterparty risk, contracts generally contain language outlining collateral pledging requirements for each counterparty. For non-centrally cleared derivatives, collateral must be posted when the market value exceeds certain mutually agreed upon threshold limits. Securities and cash are often pledged as collateral. The Corporation pledged $80 million of investment securities as collateral at March 31, 2020, and pledged $57 million of investment securities as collateral at December 31, 2019. At March 31, 2020, the Corporation posted $36 million of cash collateral compared to $14 million at December 31, 2019.
Federal regulations require the Corporation to clear all LIBOR interest rate swaps through a clearing house, if possible. For derivatives cleared through central clearing houses the variation margin payments are legally characterized as daily settlements of the derivative rather than collateral. The Corporation's clearing agent for interest rate derivative contracts that are centrally cleared through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) and the London Clearing House (LCH) settles the variation margin daily. As a result, the variation margin payment and the related derivative instruments are considered a single unit of account for accounting and financial reporting purposes. Depending on the net position, the fair value is reported in other assets or accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The daily settlement of the derivative exposure does not change or reset the contractual terms of the instrument.
Fair Value Hedges of Interest Rate Risk
The Corporation is exposed to changes in the fair value of certain of its pools of prepayable fixed-rate assets due to changes in benchmark interest rates. The Corporation used interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to changes in fair value on these instruments attributable to changes in the designated benchmark interest rate. Interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges involved the payment of fixed-rate amounts to a counterparty in exchange for the Corporation receiving variable-rate payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. For derivatives designated and that qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk were recognized in interest income. During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Corporation terminated the outstanding fair value hedges.
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Derivatives to Accommodate Customer Needs
The Corporation also facilitates customer borrowing activity by entering into various derivative contracts which are designated as free standing derivative contracts. Free standing derivative products are entered into primarily for the benefit of commercial customers seeking to manage their exposures to interest rate risk, foreign currency, and commodity prices. These derivative contracts are not designated against specific assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets or forecasted transactions and, therefore, do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. Such derivative contracts are carried at fair value in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in the fair value recorded as a component of capital markets, net, and typically include interest rate-related instruments (swaps and caps), foreign currency exchange forwards, and commodity contracts. See Note 11 for additional information and disclosures on balance sheet offsetting.
Interest rate-related instruments: The Corporation provides interest rate risk management services to commercial customers, primarily forward interest rate swaps and caps. The Corporation’s market risk from unfavorable movements in interest rates related to these derivative contracts is generally economically hedged by concurrently entering into offsetting derivative contracts. The offsetting derivative contracts have identical notional values, terms, and indices.
Foreign currency exchange forwards: The Corporation provides foreign currency exchange services to customers, primarily forward contracts. The Corporation's customers enter into a foreign currency exchange forward with the Corporation as a means for them to mitigate exchange rate risk. The Corporation mitigates its risk by then entering into an offsetting foreign currency exchange derivative contract.
Commodity contracts: Commodity contracts are entered into primarily for the benefit of commercial customers seeking to manage their exposure to fluctuating commodity prices. The Corporation mitigates its risk by then entering into an offsetting commodity derivative contract.
Mortgage Derivatives
Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans are considered derivative instruments, and the fair value of these commitments is recorded in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with the changes in fair value recorded as a component of mortgage banking, net.
The following table presents the total notional amounts and gross fair values of the Company’s derivatives, as well as the balance sheet netting adjustments as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The derivative assets and liabilities are presented on a gross basis prior to the application of bilateral collateral and master netting agreements, but after the variation margin payments with central clearing organizations have been applied as settlement, as applicable. Total derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements and cash collateral received or paid as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The resulting net derivative asset and liability fair values are included in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets.
  March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Asset Liability Asset Liability
($ in Thousands) Notional Amount Fair Value Notional Amount Fair Value Notional Amount Fair Value Notional Amount Fair Value
Not designated as hedging instruments
Interest rate-related instruments $ 3,430,859    $ 220,445    $ 3,430,859    $ 30,449    $ 3,029,877    $ 77,024    $ 3,029,877    $ 13,073   
Foreign currency exchange forwards 322,066    9,272    295,774    9,215    272,636    4,226    264,653    4,048   
Commodity contracts 208,621    69,241    203,955    67,592    255,089    20,528    255,165    19,624   
Mortgage banking(a)
343,193    12,454    471,000    10,972    255,291    2,527    263,000    710   
Gross derivatives before netting $ 311,413    $ 118,228    $ 104,305    $ 37,455   
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements 2,847    2,847    10,410    10,410   
Less: Cash collateral pledged/received 69,654    30,645    1,408    11,365   
Total derivative instruments, after netting $ 238,912    $ 84,736    $ 92,487    $ 15,680   
(a) Mortgage derivative assets include interest rate lock commitments and mortgage derivative liabilities include forward commitments.


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The Corporation terminated its $500 million fair value hedge during the fourth quarter of 2019. At March 31, 2020, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios which had previously been used in the terminated hedging relationship was $829 million and is included in loans and investment securities, available for sale, at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. This amount includes $5 million of hedging adjustments on the discontinued hedging relationships.

The table below identifies the effect of fair value hedge accounting on the Corporation's consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:
Location and Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on
Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
($ in Thousands) Interest Income Other Income (Expense) Interest Income Other Income (Expense)
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented on the consolidated statements of income in which the effects of the fair value hedge is recorded $ (322)   $ (262)   $ 166    $ —   
The effects of fair value hedging: Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships in Subtopic 815-20
Interest contracts
Hedged items (322)   (262)   2,057    —   
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments(a)
—    —    (1,891)   —   
(a) Includes net settlements on the derivatives.
The table below identifies the effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Corporation's consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:
Consolidated Statements of Income Category of
Gain / (Loss) 
Recognized in Income
Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in Thousands) 2020 2019
Derivative Instruments   
Interest rate-related instruments — customer and mirror, net Capital markets, net $ (3,090)   $ (672)  
Foreign currency exchange forwards Capital markets, net (122)   26   
Commodity contracts Capital markets, net 746    (567)  
Interest rate lock commitments (mortgage) Mortgage banking, net 9,928    824   
Forward commitments (mortgage) Mortgage banking, net (10,262)   247   

Note 11 Balance Sheet Offsetting
Interest Rate-Related Instruments, Commodity Contracts, and Foreign Exchange Forwards (“Interest, Commodity, and Foreign Exchange Agreements”)
The Corporation enters into interest rate-related instruments to facilitate the interest rate risk management strategies of commercial customers, commodity contracts to manage commercial customers' exposure to fluctuating commodity prices, and foreign exchange forwards to manage customers' exposure to fluctuating foreign exchange rates. The Corporation mitigates these risks by entering into equal and offsetting agreements with highly rated third-party financial institutions. The Corporation is party to master netting arrangements with its financial institution counterparties that create single net settlements of all legal claims or obligations to pay or receive the net amount of settlement of the individual interest, commodity, and foreign exchange agreements. Collateral, usually in the form of investment securities and cash, is posted by the counterparty with net liability positions in accordance with contract thresholds. Derivatives subject to a legally enforceable master netting agreement are reported on a net basis, net of cash collateral, in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities, on the face of the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 10 for additional information on the Corporation’s derivative and hedging activities.
Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase (“Repurchase Agreements”)
The Corporation enters into agreements under which it sells securities subject to an obligation to repurchase the same or similar securities. These repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing arrangements (i.e., secured borrowings) and not as a sale and subsequent repurchase of securities (i.e., there is no offsetting or netting of the investment securities assets with the repurchase agreement liabilities). The right of set-off for a repurchase agreement resembles a secured borrowing, whereby the collateral would be used to settle the fair value of the repurchase agreement should the Corporation be in default (e.g., fails to make an interest payment to the counterparty). In addition, the Corporation does not enter into reverse repurchase
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agreements; therefore, there is no such offsetting to be done with the repurchase agreements. See Note 9 for additional disclosures on repurchase agreements.
The following table presents the interest rate, commodity, and foreign exchange assets and liabilities subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement. The interest, commodity and foreign exchange agreements the Corporation has with its commercial customers are not subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement and are therefore excluded from this table:
  Gross Amounts Recognized Gross Amounts Subject to Master Netting Arrangements Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets Investment Securities Received  
 ($ in Thousands) Derivative
Assets Offset
Cash Collateral Received Net amount
Derivative assets
March 31, 2020 $ 72,501    $ (2,847)   $ (69,654)   $ —    $ —    $ —   
December 31, 2019 11,864    (10,410)   (1,408)   45    —    45   
  Gross Amounts Recognized Gross Amounts Subject to Master Netting Arrangements Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets Investment Securities Pledged  
 ($ in Thousands) Derivative Liabilities Offset Cash Collateral Pledged Net amount
Derivative liabilities
March 31, 2020 $ 34,014    $ (2,847)   $ (30,645)   $ 523    $ —    $ 523   
December 31, 2019 22,189    (10,410)   (11,365)   413    —    413   

Note 12 Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Legal Proceedings and Regulatory Matters
The Corporation utilizes a variety of financial instruments in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of its customers and to manage its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments include lending-related and other commitments (see below) as well as derivative instruments (see Note 10). The following is a summary of lending-related commitments:
($ in Thousands) March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Commitments to extend credit, excluding commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale(a)(b)
$ 8,483,952    $ 9,024,412   
Commercial letters of credit(a)
7,966    7,081   
Standby letters of credit(c)
265,406    277,969   
(a) These off-balance sheet financial instruments are exercisable at the market rate prevailing at the date the underlying transaction will be completed and, thus, are deemed to have no current fair value, or the fair value is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements and was not material at March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.
(b) Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale are considered derivative instruments and are disclosed in Note 10.
(c) The Corporation has established a liability of $3 million for both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, as an estimate of the fair value of these financial instruments.
Lending-related Commitments
As a financial services provider, the Corporation routinely enters into commitments to extend credit. Such commitments are subject to the same credit policies and approval process accorded to loans made by the Corporation, with each customer’s creditworthiness evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require the payment of a fee. The Corporation’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to these financial instruments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Corporation upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer. Since a significant portion of commitments to extend credit are subject to specific restrictive loan covenants or may expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash flow requirements. An allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb expected lifetime losses related to unfunded commitments (including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit). The following table presents a summary of the changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments:
($ in Thousands) Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Year Ended December 31, 2019
Allowance for Unfunded Commitments
Balance at beginning of period $ 21,907    $ 24,336   
Cumulative effect of ASU 2016-13 adoption (CECL) 18,690    N/A   
Balance at beginning of period, adjusted 40,597    24,336   
Provision for unfunded commitments 15,500    (2,500)  
Amount recorded at acquisition 179    70   
Balance at end of period $ 56,276    $ 21,907   
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The increase is a result of the Day 1 modified retrospective adjustment of $19 million for the adoption of ASU 2016-13. In addition, there was a $16 million increase to the provision for unfunded commitments driven by the expected impact of the COVID-19 pandemic within the economic models used in the new expected credit loss methodology. See Note 3 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 7 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information on the adoption of ASU 2016-13 and the allowance for unfunded commitments.
Lending-related commitments include commitments to extend credit, commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale, commercial letters of credit, and standby letters of credit. Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements to lend to customers at predetermined interest rates, as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contracts. Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans are considered derivative instruments, and the fair value of these commitments are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation’s derivative and hedging activity is further described in Note 10. Commercial and standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Commercial letters of credit are issued specifically to facilitate commerce and typically result in the commitment being drawn on when the underlying transaction is consummated between the customer and the third party, while standby letters of credit generally are contingent upon the failure of the customer to perform according to the terms of the underlying contract with the third party.
Other Commitments
The Corporation invests in qualified affordable housing projects, federal and state historic projects, new market projects, and opportunity zone funds for the purpose of community reinvestment and obtaining tax credits and other tax benefits. Return on the Corporation's investment in these projects and funds comes in the form of the tax credits and tax losses that pass through to the Corporation and deferral or elimination of capital gain recognition for tax purposes. The aggregate carrying value of these investments at March 31, 2020 was $282 million, compared to $248 million at December 31, 2019, included in tax credit and other investments on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation utilizes the proportional amortization method to account for investments in qualified affordable housing projects.
Under the proportional amortization method, the Corporation amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits. The Corporation recognized additional income tax expense attributable to the amortization of investments in qualified affordable housing projects of $6 million and $5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Corporation's remaining investment in qualified affordable housing projects accounted for under the proportional amortization method totaled $268 million at March 31, 2020 and $234 million at December 31, 2019.
The Corporation’s unfunded equity contributions relating to investments in qualified affordable housing, federal and state historic projects, and new market projects are recorded in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation’s remaining unfunded equity contributions totaled $148 million and $123 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019, the Corporation did not record any impairment related to qualified affordable housing investments.
The Corporation has principal investment commitments to provide capital-based financing to private and public companies through either direct investments in specific companies or through investment funds and partnerships. The timing of future cash requirements to fund such principal investment commitments is generally dependent on the investment cycle, whereby privately held companies are funded by private equity investors and ultimately sold, merged, or taken public through an initial offering, which can vary based on overall market conditions, as well as the nature and type of industry in which the companies operate. The Corporation also invests in loan pools that support CRA loans. The timing of future cash requirements to fund these pools is dependent upon loan demand, which can vary over time. The aggregate carrying value of these investments was $28 million and $26 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, included in tax credit and other investments on the consolidated balance sheets.
Legal Proceedings
The Corporation is party to various pending and threatened claims and legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business activities, some of which involve claims for substantial amounts. Although there can be no assurance as to the ultimate outcomes, the Corporation believes it has meritorious defenses to the claims asserted against it in its currently outstanding matters and intends to continue to defend itself vigorously with respect to such legal proceedings. The Corporation will consider settlement of cases when, in management’s judgment, it is in the best interests of the Corporation and its shareholders.
On at least a quarterly basis, the Corporation assesses its liabilities and contingencies in connection with all pending or threatened claims and litigation, utilizing the most recent information available. On a matter by matter basis, an accrual for loss
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is established for those matters which the Corporation believes it is probable that a loss may be incurred and that the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. Once established, each accrual is adjusted as appropriate to reflect any subsequent developments. Accordingly, management’s estimate will change from time to time, and actual losses may be more or less than the current estimate. For matters where a loss is not probable, or the amount of the loss cannot be estimated, no accrual is established.
Resolution of legal claims is inherently unpredictable, and in many legal proceedings various factors exacerbate this inherent unpredictability, including where the damages sought are unsubstantiated or indeterminate, it is unclear whether a case brought as a class action will be allowed to proceed on that basis, discovery is not complete, the proceeding is not yet in its final stages, the matters present legal uncertainties, there are significant facts in dispute, there are a large number of parties (including where it is uncertain how liability, if any, will be shared among multiple defendants), or there is a wide range of potential results.
The Corporation does not believe it is presently subject to any legal proceedings the resolution of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows.
Regulatory Matters
A variety of consumer products, including mortgage and deposit products, and certain fees and charges related to such products, have come under increased regulatory scrutiny. It is possible that regulatory authorities could bring enforcement actions, including civil money penalties, or take other actions against the Corporation and the Bank in regard to these consumer products. The Bank could also determine of its own accord, or be required by regulators, to refund or otherwise make remediation payments to customers in connection with these products. It is not possible at this time for management to assess the probability of a material adverse outcome or reasonably estimate the amount of any potential loss related to such matters.
Mortgage Repurchase Reserve
The Corporation sells residential mortgage loans to investors in the normal course of business. Residential mortgage loans sold to others are predominantly conventional residential first lien mortgages originated under the Corporation's usual underwriting procedures, and are most often sold on a nonrecourse basis, primarily to the GSEs. The Corporation’s agreements to sell residential mortgage loans in the normal course of business usually require certain representations and warranties on the underlying loans sold, related to credit information, loan documentation, collateral, and insurability. Subsequent to being sold, if a material underwriting deficiency or documentation defect is discovered, the Corporation may be obligated to repurchase the loan or reimburse the GSEs for losses incurred (collectively, “make whole requests”). The make whole requests and any related risk of loss under the representations and warranties are largely driven by borrower performance.
As a result of make whole requests, the Corporation has repurchased loans with principal balances of $2 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019. There were no loss reimbursement and settlement claims paid for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and were negligible for the year ended December 31, 2019. Make whole requests during 2019 and the first three months of 2020 generally arose from loans sold during the period of January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2019. Since January 1, 2012, loans sold totaled $12.7 billion at the time of sale, and consisted primarily of loans sold to GSEs. As of March 31, 2020, approximately $7.4 billion of these sold loans remain outstanding.

The balance in the mortgage repurchase reserve at the balance sheet date reflects the estimated amount of potential loss the Corporation could incur from repurchasing a loan, as well as loss reimbursements, indemnifications, and other settlement resolutions. The mortgage repurchase reserve was $1 million as of March 31, 2020 and $795,000 as of December 31, 2019.

The Corporation may also sell residential mortgage loans with limited recourse (limited in that the recourse period ends prior to the loan’s maturity, usually after certain time and / or loan paydown criteria have been met), whereby repurchase could be required if the loan had defined delinquency issues during the limited recourse periods. At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, there were approximately $44 million and $39 million, respectively, of residential mortgage loans sold with such recourse risk. There have been limited instances and immaterial historical losses on repurchases for recourse under the limited recourse criteria.
The Corporation has a subordinate position to the FHLB in the credit risk on residential mortgage loans it sold to the FHLB in exchange for a monthly credit enhancement fee. The Corporation has not sold loans to the FHLB with such credit risk retention since February 2005. At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, there were $42 million and $45 million, respectively, of such residential mortgage loans with credit risk recourse, upon which there have been negligible historical losses to the Corporation.
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Note 13 Fair Value Measurements
Fair value represents the estimated price at which an orderly transaction to sell an asset or to transfer a liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions (i.e., an exit price concept).
Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for the Corporation’s more significant instruments measured on a recurring basis at fair value, including the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Investment Securities Available for Sale: Where quoted prices are available in an active market, investment securities are classified in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. If quoted market prices are not available for the specific security, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, or discounted cash flows, with consideration given to the nature of the quote and the relationship of recently evidenced market activity to the fair value estimate, and are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Lastly, in certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the estimated fair value, securities are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. To validate the fair value estimates, assumptions, and controls, the Corporation looks to transactions for similar instruments and utilizes independent pricing provided by third party vendors or brokers and relevant market indices. While none of these sources are solely indicative of fair value, they serve as directional indicators for the appropriateness of the Corporation’s fair value estimates. The Corporation has determined that the fair value measures of its investment securities are classified predominantly within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 6 for additional disclosure regarding the Corporation’s investment securities.
Equity Securities with Readily Determinable Fair Values: The Corporation's portfolio of equity securities with readily determinable fair values is primarily comprised of CRA Qualified Investment mutual funds. Since quoted prices for the Corporation's equity securities are readily available in an active market, they are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 6 for additional disclosure regarding the Corporation’s equity securities.
Residential Loans Held for Sale: Residential loans held for sale, which consist generally of current production of certain fixed-rate, first-lien residential mortgage loans, are carried at estimated fair value. Management has elected the fair value option to account for all newly originated mortgage loans held for sale, which results in the financial impact of changing market conditions being reflected currently in earnings as opposed to being dependent upon the timing of sales. Therefore, the continually adjusted values better reflect the price the Corporation expects to receive from the sale of such loans. The estimated fair value is based on what secondary markets are currently offering for portfolios with similar characteristics, which the Corporation classifies as a Level 2 fair value measurement.
Derivative Financial Instruments (Interest Rate-Related Instruments): The Corporation offers interest rate-related instruments (swaps and caps) to service its customers’ needs, for which the Corporation simultaneously enters into offsetting derivative financial instruments (i.e., mirror interest rate-related instruments) with third parties to manage its interest rate risk associated with these financial instruments. The valuation of the Corporation’s derivative financial instruments is determined using discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative and also includes a nonperformance / credit risk component (credit valuation adjustment). See Note 10 for additional disclosure regarding the Corporation’s interest rate-related instruments.
The discounted cash flow analysis component in the fair value measurement reflects the contractual terms of the derivative financial instruments, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. More specifically, the fair values of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts (or payments) with the variable cash payments (or receipts) based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. Likewise, the fair values of interest rate options (i.e., interest rate caps) are determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts that would occur if variable interest rates fall below (or rise above) the strike rate of the floors (or caps), with the variable interest rates used in the calculation of projected receipts on the floor (or cap) based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves and volatilities.
The Corporation also incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative financial instruments for the effect of nonperformance risk, the Corporation has considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts, and guarantees.
While the Corporation has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its interest rate-related derivative financial instruments fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments utilize Level 3 inputs, such as
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estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. The Corporation has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, and has determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of its derivative financial instruments. Therefore, the Corporation has determined that the fair value measures of its derivative financial instruments in their entirety are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Derivative Financial Instruments (Foreign Currency Exchange Forwards): The Corporation provides foreign currency exchange services to customers. In addition, the Corporation may enter into a foreign currency exchange forward to mitigate the exchange rate risk attached to the cash flows of a loan or as an offsetting contract to a forward entered into as a service to its customer. The valuation of the Corporation’s foreign currency exchange forwards is determined using quoted prices of foreign currency exchange forwards with similar characteristics, with consideration given to the nature of the quote and the relationship of recently evidenced market activity to the fair value estimate, and is classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 10 for additional disclosures regarding the Corporation’s foreign currency exchange forwards.
Derivative Financial Instruments (Commodity Contracts): The Corporation enters into commodity contracts to manage commercial customers' exposure to fluctuating commodity prices, for which the Corporation simultaneously enters into offsetting derivative financial instruments (i.e., mirror commodity contracts) with third parties to manage its risk associated with these financial instruments. The valuation of the Corporation’s commodity contracts is determined using quoted prices of the underlying instruments, and also includes a nonperformance / credit risk component (credit valuation adjustment). See Note 10 for additional disclosures regarding the Corporation’s commodity contracts.
The Corporation also incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative financial instruments for the effect of nonperformance risk, the Corporation has considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings.
While the Corporation has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivative financial instruments fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments utilize Level 3 inputs, such as probability of default and loss given default of the underlying loans to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. The Corporation has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, and has determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of its derivative financial instruments. Therefore, the Corporation has determined that the fair value measures of its derivative financial instruments in their entirety are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
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The table below presents the Corporation’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall:
 ($ in Thousands) Fair Value Hierarchy March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Assets
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. government SBA agency securities Level 2    $ 10,238    $ —   
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities) Level 2    508,636    546,160   
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC  Level 2    104,485    132,660   
GNMA  Level 2    823,787    985,139   
Commercial mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC Level 2    22,773    21,728   
GNMA  Level 2    1,114,443    1,310,207   
FFELP asset backed securities  Level 2    341,424    263,693   
Other debt securities  Level 2    3,000    3,000   
Total investment securities available for sale  Level 2    2,928,787    3,262,586   
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values  Level 1    1,618    1,646   
Residential loans held for sale  Level 2    366,330    136,280   
Interest rate-related instruments(a)
 Level 2    220,445    77,024   
Foreign currency exchange forwards(a)
 Level 2    9,272    4,226   
Commodity contracts(a)
 Level 2    69,241    20,528   
Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale  Level 3    12,454    2,527   
Liabilities
Interest rate-related instruments(a)
 Level 2    $ 30,449    $ 13,073   
Foreign currency exchange forwards(a)
 Level 2    9,215    4,048   
Commodity contracts(a)
 Level 2    67,592    19,624   
Forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans  Level 3    10,972    710   
(a) Figures are presented gross before netting. See Note 10 and Note 11 for information relating to the impact of offsetting derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place.

The table below presents a rollforward of the consolidated balance sheets amounts for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019, for the Corporation's mortgage derivatives measured on a recurring basis and classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy:
($ in Thousands) Derivative Financial
Instruments
Balance December 31, 2018 $ 140   
Total net gains (losses) included in income
Mortgage derivative gain (loss) 1,681   
Balance December 31, 2019 $ 1,817   
Total net gains (losses) included in income
Mortgage derivative gain (loss) (334)  
Balance March 31, 2020 $ 1,482   

For Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2020, the Corporation utilized the following valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs:
Derivative Financial Instruments (Mortgage Derivative — Interest Rate Lock Commitments to Originate Residential Mortgage Loans Held for Sale):  The fair value is determined by the change in value from each loan’s rate lock date to the expected rate lock expiration date based on the underlying loan attributes, estimated closing ratios, and investor price matrix determined to be reasonably applicable to each loan commitment. The closing ratio calculation takes into consideration historical experience and loan-level attributes, particularly the change in the current interest rates from the time of initial rate lock. The closing ratio is periodically reviewed for reasonableness and reported to the Associated Mortgage Risk Management Committee. At March 31, 2020, the closing ratio was 83%.
Derivative Financial Instruments (Mortgage Derivative — Forward Commitments to Sell Mortgage Loans): Mortgage derivatives include forward commitments to deliver closed-end residential mortgage loans into conforming Agency MBS or conforming Cash Forward sales. The fair value of such instruments is determined by the difference of current market prices for
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such traded instruments or available from forward cash delivery commitments and the original traded price for such commitments.     

The Corporation also relies on an internal valuation model to estimate the fair value of its forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans (i.e., an estimate of what the Corporation would receive or pay to terminate the forward delivery contract based on market prices for similar financial instruments), which includes matching specific terms and maturities of the forward commitments against applicable investor pricing available. While there are Level 2 and 3 inputs used in the valuation models, the Corporation has determined that the majority of the inputs significant in the valuation of both of the mortgage derivatives fall within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 10 for additional disclosure regarding the Corporation’s mortgage derivatives.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for the Corporation’s more significant instruments measured on a nonrecurring basis at the lower of amortized cost or estimated fair value, including the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Commercial Loans Held for Sale: Commercial loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value. The estimated fair value is based on a discounted cash flow analysis, which the Corporation classifies as a Level 2 nonrecurring fair value measurement.

OREO: Certain OREO, upon initial recognition, was re-measured and reported at fair value through a charge off to the allowance for loan losses based upon the estimated fair value of the OREO, less estimated selling costs. The fair value of OREO, upon initial recognition or subsequent impairment, was estimated using appraised values or a broker opinion of value, which the Corporation classifies as a Level 2 nonrecurring fair value measurement.

For Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2020, the Corporation utilized the following valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs:

Individually Evaluated Loans: The Corporation individually evaluates loans when a commercial loan relationship is in nonaccrual status or when a commercial and consumer loan relationship has its terms restructured in a TDR or when a loan meets the Corporation's definition of a probable TDR. Prior to January 1, 2020, management considered a loan impaired when it was probable that the Corporation would be unable to collect all amounts due according to the original contractual terms of the note agreement, including both principal and interest. See Note 7 for additional information regarding the Corporation’s individually evaluated loans.
Mortgage Servicing Rights: MSRs do not trade in an active, open market with readily observable prices. While sales of MSRs do occur, the precise terms and conditions typically are not readily available to allow for a “quoted price for similar assets” comparison. Accordingly, the Corporation utilizes an independent valuation from a third party which uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of its MSRs. The valuation model incorporates prepayment assumptions to project MSRs cash flows based on the current interest rate scenario, which is then discounted to estimate an expected fair value of the MSRs. The valuation model considers portfolio characteristics of the underlying mortgages, contractually specified servicing fees, prepayment assumptions, discount rate assumptions, delinquency rates, late charges, other ancillary revenue, costs to service, and other economic factors. The Corporation periodically reviews and assesses the underlying inputs and assumptions used in the model. In addition, the Corporation compares its fair value estimates and assumptions to observable market data for MSRs, where available, and to recent market activity and actual portfolio experience. Due to the nature of the valuation inputs, MSRs are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The Corporation uses the amortization method (i.e., lower of amortized cost or estimated fair value measured on a nonrecurring basis), not fair value measurement accounting, for its MSRs assets.
The discounted cash flow analyses that generate expected market prices utilize the observable characteristics of the MSRs portfolio, as well as certain unobservable valuation parameters. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Corporation’s MSRs are the weighted average constant prepayment rate and weighted average discount rate. Significant increases (decreases) in either of those inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.
These parameter assumptions fall within a range that the Corporation, in consultation with an independent third party, believes purchasers of servicing would apply to such portfolios sold into the current secondary servicing market. Discussions are held with members from Treasury and the Community, Consumer, and Business segment to reconcile the fair value estimates and the key assumptions used by the respective parties in arriving at those estimates. The Associated Mortgage Risk Management Committee is responsible for providing control over the valuation methodology and key assumptions. To assess the
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reasonableness of the fair value measurement, the Corporation also compares the fair value and constant prepayment rate to a value calculated by an independent third party on an annual basis. See Note 8 for additional disclosure regarding the Corporation’s MSRs.
Equity Securities Without Readily Determinable Fair Values: The Corporation measures equity securities without readily determinable fair values at cost less impairment (if any), plus or minus observable price changes from an identical or similar investment of the same issuer, with such changes recognized in earnings. Included in equity securities without readily determinable fair values are 77,996 Visa Class B restricted shares, 77,000 of which the Corporation received in 2008 as part of Visa's initial public offering, carried at fair value after the Corporation donated 42,039 Visa Class B restricted shares to the Corporation's Charitable Remainder Trust during the second quarter of 2019, with the subsequent sale of those shares resulting in an observable market price after the shares were previously carried at a zero cost basis. During the first quarter of 2020, the Corporation also acquired 996 Visa Class B restricted shares from the acquisition of First Staunton, and those shares are currently carried at a zero cost basis due to the lack of an observable market price since the time of acquisition. The Visa Class B restricted shares are currently subject to certain transfer restrictions and will be convertible into Visa Class A shares upon final resolution of certain litigation matters involving Visa. Based on the current conversion factor, the Corporation expects 77,996 shares of Visa Class B to convert to 126,572 shares of Visa Class A upon the litigation resolution.
In its determination of the new carrying values upon observable price changes, the Corporation will adjust the prices if deemed necessary to arrive at the Corporation's estimated fair values. Such adjustments may include adjustments to reflect the different rights and obligations of similar securities and other adjustments. See Note 6 for additional disclosure regarding the Corporation’s equity securities without readily determinable fair values.
The following table presents the carrying value of equity securities without readily determinable fair values still held as of March 31, 2020 that are measured under the measurement alternative and the related adjustments recorded during the periods presented for those securities with observable price changes. These securities are included in the nonrecurring fair value tables when applicable price changes are observable. Also shown are the cumulative upward and downward adjustments for the Corporation's equity securities without readily determinable fair values as of March 31, 2020:
 ($ in Thousands)
Equity securities without readily determinable fair values
Carrying value as of December 31, 2019
$ 13,444   
Carrying value changes —   
Carrying value as of March 31, 2020
$ 13,444   
Cumulative upward carrying value changes between January 1, 2018 and March 31, 2020
$ 13,444   
Cumulative downward carrying value changes/impairment between January 1, 2018 and March 31, 2020
$ —   
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The table below presents the Corporation’s assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall:
Consolidated Statements of Income
Category of Adjustment 
Recognized in Income
Adjustment Recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income
($ in Thousands) Fair Value Hierarchy Fair Value
March 31, 2020
Assets
Individually evaluated loans(a)
Level 3    $ 103,108    Provision for credit losses $ (23,840)  
OREO(b)
Level 2    1,382    Other noninterest expense (806)  
Mortgage servicing rights Level 3    58,311    Mortgage banking, net (9,098)  
Equity securities Level 3    13,444    Investment securities gains (losses), net —   
December 31, 2019
Assets
Impaired loans(c)
Level 3    $ 45,792   
Provision for credit losses(d)
$ (66,172)  
OREO(b)
Level 2    3,565    Other noninterest expense (1,860)  
Mortgage servicing rights Level 3    72,532    Mortgage banking, net (63)  
Equity securities Level 3    13,444    Investment securities gains (losses), net 13,444   
(a) Includes probable TDRs which are individually analyzed, net of the related allowance for loan losses.
(b) If the fair value of the collateral exceeds the carrying amount of the asset, no charge off or adjustment is necessary, the asset is not considered to be carried at fair value, and is therefore not included in the table.
(c) Represents individually evaluated impaired loans, net of the related allowance for loan losses.
(d) Represents provision for credit losses on individually evaluated impaired loans.

Certain nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include the fair value analysis in the goodwill impairment test, and intangible assets and other nonfinancial long-lived assets measured at fair value for impairment assessment.

The Corporation's significant Level 3 measurements which employ unobservable inputs that are readily quantifiable pertain to MSRs and individually evaluated loans.
The table below presents information about these inputs and further discussion is found above:
March 31, 2020 Valuation Technique Significant Unobservable Input Range of Inputs Weighted Average Input Applied
Mortgage servicing rights Discounted cash flow Discount rate 9% - 14% 9%
Mortgage servicing rights Discounted cash flow Constant prepayment rate 7% - 31% 15%
Individually evaluated loans Appraisals / Discounted cash flow Collateral / Discount factor 5% - 67% 44%
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Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Corporation is required to disclose estimated fair values for its financial instruments.
Fair value estimates are set forth below for the Corporation’s financial instruments:
  March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
  Fair Value Hierarchy Level Carrying Amount Fair Value Carrying Amount Fair Value
 ($ in Thousands)
Financial assets
Cash and due from banks  Level 1    $ 480,337    $ 480,337    $ 373,380    $ 373,380   
Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions  Level 1    176,440    176,440    207,624    207,624   
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell  Level 1    22,455    22,455    7,740    7,740   
Investment securities held to maturity, net Level 1    999    1,041    999    1,018   
Investment securities held to maturity, net Level 2    2,148,373    2,246,451    2,204,084    2,275,447   
Investment securities available for sale Level 2    2,928,787    2,928,787    3,262,586    3,262,586   
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values Level 1    1,618    1,618    1,646    1,646   
Equity securities without readily determinable fair values Level 3    13,444    13,444    13,444    13,444   
FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stocks Level 2    222,922    222,922    227,347    227,347   
Residential loans held for sale Level 2    366,330    366,330    136,280    136,280   
Commercial loans held for sale Level 2    —    —    15,000    15,000   
Loans, net Level 3    24,027,841    24,072,251    22,620,068    22,399,621   
Bank and corporate owned life insurance Level 2    674,026    674,026    671,948    671,948   
Derivatives (other assets)(a)
Level 2    298,958    298,958    101,778    101,778   
Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale (other assets) Level 3    12,454    12,454    2,527    2,527   
Financial liabilities
Noninterest-bearing demand, savings, interest-bearing demand, and money market accounts Level 3    $ 23,028,235    $ 23,028,235    $ 21,156,261    $ 21,156,261   
Brokered CDs and other time deposits(b)
Level 2    2,633,345    2,650,937    2,622,803    2,622,803   
Short-term funding(c)
Level 2    166,654    166,654    465,113    465,113   
Long-term funding Level 2    549,644    606,233    549,343    588,774   
FHLB advances Level 2    3,214,194    3,394,222    3,180,967    3,207,793   
Standby letters of credit(d)
Level 2    2,644    2,644    2,710    2,710   
Derivatives (accrued expenses and other liabilities)(a)
Level 2    107,255    107,255    36,745    36,745   
Forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans (accrued expenses and other liabilities)  Level 3    10,972    10,972    710    710   
(a) Figures are presented gross before netting. See Note 10 and Note 11 for information relating to the impact of offsetting derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place.
(b) When the estimated fair value is less than the carrying value, the carrying value is reported as the fair value.
(c) The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value for existing short-term funding.
(d) The commitment on standby letters of credit was $265 million at March 31, 2020 and $278 million at December 31, 2019. See Note 12 for additional information on the standby letters of credit and for information on the fair value of lending-related commitments.
Note 14 Retirement Plans
The Corporation has a noncontributory defined benefit retirement account plan, the RAP, covering substantially all employees who meet participation requirements. The benefits are based primarily on years of service and the employee’s compensation paid. Employees of acquired entities generally participate in the RAP after consummation of the business combinations. Any retirement plans of acquired entities are typically merged into the RAP after completion of the mergers, and credit is usually given to employees for years of service at the acquired institution for vesting and eligibility purposes.
The Corporation also provides legacy healthcare access to a limited group of retired employees from a previous acquisition in the Postretirement Plan. There are no other active retiree healthcare plans.
The Huntington branch acquisition closed on June 14, 2019, and the employees gained as a result of the transaction became eligible to participate in the RAP on the same date, with their vesting service credit based on their prior hours of service with Huntington. See Note 2 for additional information on the Huntington branch acquisition.
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The First Staunton acquisition closed on February 14, 2020, and the employees who met the required criteria as a result of the transaction became eligible to participate in the RAP on February 15, 2020, with their vesting service credit based on their prior hours of service with First Staunton. See Note 2 for additional information on the First Staunton acquisition.
The components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic benefit cost for the RAP and Postretirement Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:
Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in Thousands) 2020 2019
Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost
RAP
Service cost $ 2,165    $ 1,925   
Interest cost 2,008    2,413   
Expected return on plan assets (6,405)   (6,075)  
Amortization of prior service cost (19)   (19)  
Amortization of actuarial loss (gain) 808    65   
Total net periodic pension cost $ (1,444)   $ (1,691)  
Postretirement Plan
Interest cost $ 20    $ 26   
Amortization of prior service cost (19)   (19)  
Amortization of actuarial loss (gain) —    (1)  
Total net periodic benefit cost $   $  

The components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic benefit cost, other than the service cost component, are included in the line item other of noninterest expense on the consolidated statements of income. The service cost components are included in personnel on the consolidated statements of income.
The Corporation’s funding policy is to pay at least the minimum amount required by federal law and regulations, with consideration given to the maximum funding amounts allowed. The Corporation regularly reviews the funding of its RAP. There were no contributions during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.
Note 15 Segment Reporting
The Corporation utilizes a risk-based internal profitability measurement system to provide strategic business unit reporting. The profitability measurement system is based on internal management methodologies designed to produce consistent results and reflect the underlying economics of the units. Certain strategic business units have been combined for segment information reporting purposes where the nature of the products and services, the type of customer and the distribution of those products and services are similar. The three reportable segments are Corporate and Commercial Specialty; Community, Consumer, and Business; and Risk Management and Shared Services. The financial information of the Corporation’s segments has been compiled utilizing the accounting policies described in the Corporation’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K and Note 3 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, with certain exceptions. The more significant of these exceptions are described herein.
The reportable segment results are presented based on the Corporation's internal management accounting process. The management accounting policies and processes utilized in compiling segment financial information are highly subjective and, unlike financial accounting, are not based on authoritative guidance similar to U.S. GAAP. As a result, reported segments and the financial information of the reported segments are not necessarily comparable with similar information reported by other financial institutions. Furthermore, changes in management structure or allocation methodologies and procedures may result in changes in previously reported segment financial data. Additionally, the information presented is not indicative of how the segments would perform if they operated as independent entities.
To determine financial performance of each segment, the Corporation allocates FTP assignments, the provision for credit losses, certain noninterest expenses, income taxes, and equity to each segment. Allocation methodologies are subject to periodic adjustment as the internal management accounting system is revised, the interest rate environment evolves, and business or product lines within the segments change. Also, because the development and application of these methodologies is a dynamic process, the financial results presented may be periodically reviewed.
The Corporation allocates net interest income using an internal FTP methodology that charges users of funds (assets) and credits providers of funds (liabilities, primarily deposits) based on the maturity, prepayment and / or repricing characteristics of the assets and liabilities. The net effect of this allocation is offset in the Risk Management and Shared Services segment to
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ensure consolidated totals reflect the Corporation's net interest income. The net FTP allocation is reflected as net intersegment income (expense) in the accompanying tables.
A credit provision is allocated to segments based on the expected long-term annual net charge off rates attributable to the credit risk of loans managed by the segment during the period. In contrast, the level of the consolidated provision for credit losses is determined based on an allowance model using the methodologies described in Note 3 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The net effect of the credit provision is recorded in Risk Management and Shared Services. Indirect expenses incurred by certain centralized support areas are allocated to segments based on actual usage (for example, volume measurements) and other criteria. Certain types of administrative expense and bank-wide expense accruals (including amortization of CDIs and other intangible assets associated with acquisitions and acquisition-related costs) are generally not allocated to segments. Income taxes are allocated to segments based on the Corporation’s estimated effective tax rate, with certain segments adjusted for any tax-exempt income or non-deductible expenses. Equity is allocated to the segments based on regulatory capital requirements and in proportion to an assessment of the inherent risks associated with the business of the segment (including interest, credit and operating risk).
A brief description of each business segment is presented below. A more in-depth discussion of these segments can be found in the Segment Reporting footnote in the Corporation’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The Corporate and Commercial Specialty segment serves a wide range of customers including larger businesses, developers, not-for-profits, municipalities, and financial institutions by providing lending and deposit solutions as well as the support to deliver, fund, and manage such banking solutions. In addition, this segment provides a variety of investment and fiduciary products and services to individuals and small to mid-sized businesses. The Community, Consumer, and Business segment serves individuals, as well as small and mid-sized businesses by providing lending, deposit solutions, and ancillary financial services, primarily insurance and risk consulting. The Risk Management and Shared Services segment includes key shared operational functions and also includes residual revenue and expenses, representing the difference between actual amounts incurred and the amounts allocated to operating segments, including interest rate risk residuals (FTP mismatches) and credit risk and provision residuals (long-term credit charge mismatches). All First Staunton and Huntington branch acquisition related costs are included in the Risk Management and Shared Services segment.
During the first quarter of 2020, the Corporation reassigned goodwill of approximately $4 million to the Corporate and Commercial Specialty segment from the Community, Consumer and Business segment as a result of a reorganization of the investment and fiduciary businesses. The goodwill reassigned was attributable to the Corporation's acquisition of Whitnell & Co. in 2017. Also effective in the first quarter of 2020, the marketing business unit, formerly part of the Risk Management and Shared Services segment, was reorganized under the Community, Consumer and Business segment.
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Information about the Corporation’s segments is presented below:
Corporate and Commercial Specialty
Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in Thousands) 2020 2019
Net interest income $ 113,478    $ 124,294   
Net intersegment interest income (expense) (12,336)   (19,927)  
Segment net interest income 101,141    104,368   
Noninterest income 34,802    27,394   
Total revenue 135,943    131,762   
Credit provision 13,174    13,833   
Noninterest expense 52,598    56,340   
Income (loss) before income taxes 70,172    61,589   
Income tax expense (benefit) 13,126    11,920   
Net income $ 57,046    $ 49,669   
Allocated goodwill $ 530,144    $ 528,832   

Community, Consumer, and Business
Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in Thousands) 2020 2019
Net interest income $ 74,927    $ 79,686   
Net intersegment interest income (expense) 18,685    20,747   
Segment net interest income 93,612    100,433   
Noninterest income 57,650    58,275   
Total revenue 151,262    158,708   
Credit provision 5,108    4,685   
Noninterest expense 116,431    112,917   
Income (loss) before income taxes 29,723    41,106   
Income tax expense (benefit) 6,242    8,632   
Net income $ 23,481    $ 32,473   
Allocated goodwill $ 661,244    $ 640,112   

  Risk Management and Shared Services
Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in Thousands) 2020 2019
Net interest income $ 14,537    $ 11,567   
Net intersegment interest income (expense) (6,349)   (821)  
Segment net interest income 8,188    10,746   
Noninterest income 5,854    5,533   
Total revenue 14,042    16,280   
Credit provision 34,719    (12,518)  
Noninterest expense(a)
23,162    22,414   
Income (loss) before income taxes (43,838)   6,384   
Income tax expense (benefit) (9,149)   1,840   
Net income $ (34,689)   $ 4,543   
Allocated goodwill $ —    $ —   

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Consolidated Total
Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in Thousands) 2020 2019
Net interest income $ 202,942    $ 215,547   
Net intersegment interest income (expense) —    —   
Segment net interest income 202,942    215,547   
Noninterest income 98,306    91,202   
Total revenue 301,248    306,749   
Credit provision 53,001    6,000   
Noninterest expense 192,191    191,671   
Income (loss) before income taxes 56,056    109,078   
Income tax expense (benefit) 10,219    22,392   
Net income $ 45,838    $ 86,686   
Allocated goodwill $ 1,191,388    $ 1,168,944   
(a) For the three months ended both March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Risk Management and Shared Services segment included $2 million and approximately $632,000 of acquisition related noninterest expense.
Note 16 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following tables summarize the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at March 31, 2020 and 2019, including changes during the preceding three month periods as well as any reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
($ in Thousands) Investment
Securities
Available
For Sale
Defined Benefit
Pension and
Postretirement
Obligations
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
Balance December 31, 2019
$ 3,989    $ (37,172)   $ (33,183)  
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 26,419    —    26,419   
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Investment securities losses (gains), net (6,118)   —    (6,118)  
Personnel expense —    (38)   (38)  
Other expense —    808    808   
Interest income 556    —    556   
Income tax (expense) benefit (5,225)   (193)   (5,418)  
Net other comprehensive income (loss) during period 15,632    577    16,209   
Balance March 31, 2020 $ 19,620    $ (36,595)   $ (16,974)  
Balance December 31, 2018
$ (75,643)   $ (49,330)   $ (124,972)  
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 30,490    —    30,490   
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Investment securities losses (gains), net (1,680)   —    (1,680)  
Personnel expense —    (38)   (38)  
Other expense —    64    64   
Interest income 69    —    69   
Income tax (expense) benefit (7,301)   (7)   (7,308)  
Net other comprehensive income (loss) during period 21,578    20    21,597   
Balance March 31, 2019 $ (54,065)   $ (49,310)   $ (103,375)  


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Note 17 Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with the Corporation's customer are satisfied. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. We do not have any material significant payment terms as payment is received at or shortly after the satisfaction of the performance obligation.
The Corporation's disaggregated revenue by major source is presented below:
Corporate and Commercial Specialty
Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in Thousands) 2020 2019
Insurance commissions and fees $ 76    $ 125   
Wealth management fees(a)
15,806    15,099   
Service charges and deposit account fees 3,551    3,498   
Card-based fees(b)
515    434   
Other revenue 788    293   
   Noninterest Income (in-scope of Topic 606) $ 20,736    $ 19,449   
   Noninterest Income (out-of-scope of Topic 606) 14,066    7,945   
  Total Noninterest Income $ 34,802    $ 27,394   
Community, Consumer, and Business
Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in Thousands) 2020 2019
Insurance commissions and fees $ 22,529    $ 25,336   
Wealth management fees(a)
5,010    5,080   
Service charges and deposit account fees 11,665    11,599   
Card-based fees(b)
9,045    8,812   
Other revenue 2,286    2,271   
   Noninterest Income (in-scope of Topic 606) $ 50,535    $ 53,098   
Noninterest Income (out-of-scope of Topic 606) 7,115    5,177   
  Total Noninterest Income $ 57,650    $ 58,275   

Risk Management and Shared Services
Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in Thousands) 2020 2019
Insurance commissions and fees $   $  
Wealth management fees(a)
—    —   
Service charges and deposit account fees   19   
Card-based fees(b)
47    49   
Other revenue 23    120   
Noninterest Income (in-scope of Topic 606) $ 77    $ 191   
Noninterest Income (out-of-scope of Topic 606) 5,777    5,342   
  Total Noninterest Income $ 5,854    $ 5,533   
Consolidated Total
Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in Thousands) 2020 2019
 Insurance commissions and fees $ 22,608    $ 25,464   
Wealth management fees(a)
20,816    20,180   
Service charges and deposit account fees 15,222    15,115   
Card-based fees(b)
9,607    9,295   
Other revenue 3,096    2,684   
Noninterest Income (in-scope of Topic 606) $ 71,348    $ 72,738   
Noninterest Income (out-of-scope of Topic 606) 26,958    18,465   
  Total Noninterest Income $ 98,306    $ 91,202   
(a) Includes trust, asset management, brokerage, and annuity fees.
(b) Certain card-based fees are out-of-scope of Topic 606.

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Below is a listing of performance obligations for the Corporation's main revenue streams:
Revenue Stream Noninterest income in-scope of Topic 606
Insurance commissions and fees The Corporation's insurance revenue has two distinct performance obligations. The first performance obligation is the selling of the policy as an agent for the carrier. This performance obligation is satisfied upon binding of the policy. The second performance obligation is the ongoing servicing of the policy which is satisfied over the life of the policy. For employee benefits, the payment is typically received monthly. For property and casualty, payments can vary, but are typically received at, or in advance, of the policy period.
Service charges and deposit account fees Service charges and deposit account fees consist of monthly service fees (i.e. business analyzed fees and consumer service charges) and other deposit account related fees. The Corporation's performance obligation for monthly service fees is generally satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, over the period in which the service is provided. Other deposit account related fees are largely transactional based, and therefore, the Corporation's performance obligation is satisfied, and related revenue recognized, at a point in time. Payment for service charges and deposit account fees are primarily received immediately or in the following month through a direct charge to customers’ accounts.
Card-based fees(a)
Card-based fees are primarily comprised of debit and credit card income, ATM fees, and merchant services income. Debit and credit card income is primarily comprised of interchange fees earned whenever the Corporation's debit and credit cards are processed through card payment networks. ATM and merchant fees are largely transactional based, and therefore, the Corporation's performance obligation is satisfied, and related revenue recognized, at a point in time. Payment is typically received immediately or in the following month.
Trust and asset management fees(b)
Trust and asset management income is primarily comprised of fees earned from the management and administration of trusts and other customer assets. The Corporation's performance obligation is generally satisfied over time and the resulting fees are recognized monthly, based upon the month-end market value of the assets under management and the applicable fee rate. Payment is generally received a few days after month end through a direct charge to the customers’ accounts. The Corporation's performance obligation for these transactional-based services is generally satisfied, and related revenue recognized, at a point in time (i.e., as incurred). Payment is received shortly after services are rendered.
Brokerage commissions and fees(b)
Brokerage commissions and fees primarily consist of investment advisory, brokerage, retirement services, and annuities. The Corporation's performance obligation for investment advisory services and retirement services is generally satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, over the period in which the services are provided. The performance obligation for annuities is satisfied upon sale of the annuity, and therefore, the related revenue is primarily recognized at the time of sale. Payments for these services are typically received immediately or in advance of the service.
(a) Certain card-based fees are out-of-scope of Topic 606.
(b) Trust and asset management fees and brokerage commissions and fees are included in wealth management fees.

Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations
The Corporation's contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, we allocate revenue to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. We generally determine standalone selling prices based on the expected cost plus margin.
Practical Expedients
We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less.
Using the practical expedient, for contracts with a term of one year or less, the Corporation recognizes incremental costs of obtaining those contracts as an expense when incurred.
Note 18 Leases

The Corporation has operating leases for retail and corporate offices, land, and equipment. The Corporation also has a finance lease for land.
These operating leases have original terms of 1 year or longer with remaining maturities up to 43 years, some of which include options to extend the lease term. An analysis of the lease options has been completed and any purchase options or optional periods that the Corporation is reasonably likely to extend have been included in the capitalization.
The discount rate used to capitalize the operating leases is the Corporation's FHLB borrowing rate on the date of lease commencement. When determining the rate to discount specific lease obligations, the repayment period and term are considered.

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Operating and finance lease costs and cash flows resulting from these leases are presented below:
($ in Thousands) Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Operating Lease Costs $ 2,623    $ 2,905   
Finance Lease Costs 36    —   
Operating Lease Cash Flows 2,731    2,809   
Finance Lease Cash Flows 21    —   
The lease classifications on the consolidated balance sheets were as follows:
March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
($ in Thousands) Consolidated Balance Sheets Category Amount
Operating lease right-of-use asset Premises and equipment $ 43,321    $ 45,381   
Finance lease right-of-use asset Other assets 2,174    2,188   
Operating lease liability Accrued expenses and other liabilities 47,136    49,292   
Finance lease liability Other long-term funding 2,210    2,209   
The lease payment obligations, weighted-average remaining lease term, and weighted-average discount rate were as follows:
March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
($ in Thousands) Lease payments Weighted-average lease term (in years) Weighted-average discount rate Lease payments Weighted-average lease term (in years) Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases
Equipment $ 37    0.81 2.72  % $ 46    0.83 2.72  %
Retail and corporate offices 46,476    6.37 3.34  % 48,940    6.49 3.34  %
Land 6,533    9.32 3.20  % 6,594    9.57 3.21  %
Total operating leases $ 53,046    6.71 3.33  % $ 55,580    6.83 3.32  %
Finance leases
Land $ 4,805    39.42 3.99  % $ 4,827    39.67 3.99  %
Total finance leases $ 4,805    39.42 3.99  % $ 4,827    39.67 3.99  %
Contractual lease payment obligations for each of the next five years and thereafter, in addition to a reconciliation to the Corporation’s lease liability, were as follows:
($ in Thousands) Operating Leases Finance Leases Amount
Nine Months Ending December 31, 2020 $ 7,992    $ 64    $ 8,056   
2021 10,203    85    10,288   
2022 7,914    85    7,999   
2023 5,696    85    5,781   
2024 5,058    88    5,147   
Beyond 2024 16,183    4,398    20,581   
Total lease payments 53,046    4,805    57,851   
Less: interest 5,910    2,595    8,506   
Present value of lease payments $ 47,136    $ 2,210    $ 49,345   

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, additional operating leases, primarily retail and corporate offices, that have not yet commenced total $18 million and $16 million, respectively. In addition, finance leases that had not yet commenced at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 total $2 million. These operating and finance leases will commence between April 2020 and October 2023 with lease terms of 2 years to 6 years.
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ITEM 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This report contains statements that may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the safe-harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, such as statements other than historical facts contained or incorporated by reference into this report. These forward-looking statements include statements with respect to the Corporation’s financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance and business, including statements preceded by, followed by or that include the words “believes,” “expects,” or “anticipates,” references to estimates or similar expressions. Future filings by the Corporation with the SEC, and future statements other than historical facts contained in written material, press releases and oral statements issued by, or on behalf of the Corporation may also constitute forward-looking statements.
All forward-looking statements contained in this report or which may be contained in future statements made for or on behalf of the Corporation are based upon information available at the time the statement is made and the Corporation assumes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements, except as required by federal securities law. Forward-looking statements are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, and the Corporation’s actual results may differ materially from the expected results discussed in such forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause actual results to differ from the results discussed in forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the risk factors in Item 1A, Risk Factors, in the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and as may be described from time to time in the Corporation’s subsequent SEC filings.
Overview
The following discussion and analysis is presented to assist in the understanding and evaluation of the Corporation’s financial condition and results of operations. It is intended to complement the unaudited consolidated financial statements, footnotes, and supplemental financial data appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and should be read in conjunction therewith. Management continually evaluates strategic acquisition opportunities and various other strategic alternatives that could involve the sale or acquisition of branches or other assets, or the consolidation or creation of subsidiaries. Within the tables presented, certain columns and rows may not sum due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes.
On March 13, 2020, the President of the United States declared a national emergency in response to the global pandemic caused by COVID-19 which has led to stay-at-home orders around the country, including the three state footprint the Corporation does business. On March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was enacted to provide economic stimulus to impacted areas of the country. In response to this unprecedented declaration, the Corporation took the following actions to protect and support its customers, colleagues and communities:
Customers:
The Corporation utilized the PPP to originate SBA loans designated to help businesses maintain their workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic.
For consumers, the Corporation suspended certain transaction and late fees, initiated consumer and mortgage loan payment deferral and credit card payment relief programs, and suspended foreclosures and repossessions.
For small businesses, the Corporation initiated loan payment deferral and credit card payment relief programs and suspended certain loan late fees.

Colleagues:
Associated was one of the first banks to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic by transitioning to primarily online, mobile, and drive-thru service, with its lobbies available by appointment only, and suspending operations at 29 branches without drive-thrus.

About 3,200 colleagues (68% of the Corporation's workforce) are working from home.

Associated is continuing to pay colleagues whose work is affected by changes to its services and is offering disaster relief payments to non-exempt employees whose work requires them to be in the Corporation's facilities.

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The Corporation has also expanded its leave policies to accommodate personal or family health circumstances caused by COVID-19.

Communities:
The Corporation donated $150,000 to local United Way chapters in Wisconsin, Illinois and Minnesota to fund community-based programs.

The Corporation made a commitment of $50,000 each to the Give to MKE Responds Fund, the Chicago Community COVID-19 Response Fund and the Minnesota Disaster Recovery Fund (MDRF) to assist with housing and small business relief efforts.

See Recent Developments for an update on the current status of the Corporation's COVID-19 Relief Program efforts.

Performance Summary

Average loans of $23.3 billion increased $205 million, or 1%, compared to the first three months of 2019. Average deposits of $24.3 billion decreased $264 million, or 1%, from the first three months of 2019. For 2020, the Corporation expects to maintain a loan to deposit ratio under 100%, excluding PPP loans.
Net interest income of $203 million decreased $13 million, or 6%, from the first three months of 2019.
Net interest margin was 2.84% compared to 2.90% for the first three months of 2019.
Provision for credit losses was $53 million, compared to provision of $6 million for the first three months of 2019.
Noninterest income of $98 million was up $7 million, or 8%, from the first three months of 2019. For 2020, the Corporation expects mortgage banking to remain solid due to elevated refinancing. The Corporation also anticipates lower service charges and other fee-based revenue due to the Corporation's COVID-19 Relief Program and expects lower wealth management fees resulting from weak market conditions for assets under management.
Noninterest expense of $192 million was up $1 million from the first three months of 2019. For 2020, the Corporation anticipates the noninterest expense run rate to be flat from the first quarter of 2020 through the remainder of 2020.
On January 1, 2020, the Corporation adopted ASU 2016-13 using the modified retrospective approach which resulted in an increase to the allowance for loan losses of $112 million and an increase to the allowance for unfunded commitments of $19 million for a total increase to the ACLL of $131 million. A corresponding after tax decrease to common equity of $98 million was recorded along with a deferred tax asset of $33 million, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities.
Table 1 Summary Results of Operations: Trends
($ in Thousands, except per share data) 1Q20 4Q19 3Q19 2Q19 1Q19
Net income $ 45,838    $ 72,103    $ 83,339    $ 84,661    $ 86,686   
Net income available to common equity 42,037    68,303    79,539    80,860    82,885   
Earnings per common share - basic 0.27    0.43    0.50    0.49    0.50   
Earnings per common share - diluted 0.27    0.43    0.49    0.49    0.50   
Effective tax rate 18.23  % 19.41  % 20.09  % 18.34  % 20.53  %

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Table 2 Net Interest Income Analysis
  Three Months Ended
  March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 March 31, 2019
 ($ in Thousands) Average
Balance
Interest
Income /
Expense
Average
Yield /
Rate
Average
Balance
Interest
Income /
Expense
Average
Yield /
Rate
Average
Balance
Interest
Income /
Expense
Average
Yield /
Rate
Assets
Earning assets
Loans(a)(b)(c)
Commercial and business lending $ 8,380,113    $ 80,217    3.85  % $ 8,208,076    $ 85,418    4.13  % $ 8,376,163    $ 100,298    4.85  %
Commercial real estate lending 5,329,568    57,499    4.34  % 5,195,025    59,490    4.55  % 5,117,926    65,512    5.19  %
Total commercial 13,709,681    137,716    4.04  % 13,403,101    144,908    4.29  % 13,494,089    165,810    4.98  %
Residential mortgage 8,404,351    69,961    3.33  % 8,167,795    66,805    3.27  % 8,366,452    73,981    3.54  %
Retail 1,194,586    17,473    5.86  % 1,212,438    18,422    6.06  % 1,242,973    19,355    6.26  %
Total loans 23,308,618    225,149    3.88  % 22,783,334    230,135    4.02  % 23,103,514    259,147    4.53  %
Investment securities
Taxable 3,460,224    20,272    2.34  % 3,624,465    21,056    2.32  % 4,977,866    29,053    2.34  %
Tax-exempt(a)
1,974,247    18,603    3.77  % 1,929,374    18,269    3.79  % 1,845,352    17,270    3.74  %
Other short-term investments 473,604    3,304    2.81  % 445,869    3,556    3.17  % 468,449    4,226    3.65  %
Investments and other 5,908,075    42,179    2.86  % 5,999,708    42,881    2.86  % 7,291,666    50,549    2.78  %
Total earning assets 29,216,693    $ 267,329    3.67  % 28,783,042    $ 273,015    3.78  % 30,395,180    $ 309,695    4.11  %
Other assets, net(d)
3,360,311    3,399,141    3,028,702   
Total assets $ 32,577,005    $ 32,182,183    $ 33,423,882   
Liabilities and Stockholders' equity
Interest-bearing liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits
Savings $ 2,868,840    $ 1,800    0.25  % $ 2,714,191    $ 2,086    0.30  % $ 2,098,834    $ 1,150    0.22  %
Interest-bearing demand 5,307,230    8,755    0.66  % 5,138,116    11,458    0.88  % 4,739,662    13,920    1.19  %
Money market 6,538,658    10,806    0.66  % 6,594,681    13,959    0.84  % 7,388,174    20,786    1.14  %
Network transaction deposits 1,434,128    4,601    1.29  % 1,438,908    6,295    1.74  % 2,225,027    13,626    2.48  %
Time deposits 2,636,231    10,703    1.63  % 2,746,978    12,080    1.74  % 3,121,960    13,291    1.73  %
Total interest-bearing deposits 18,785,088    36,666    0.79  % 18,632,874    45,877    0.98  % 19,573,656    62,773    1.30  %
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase 194,406    368    0.76  % 176,999    521    1.17  % 177,361    627    1.43  %
Other short-term funding 51,278    39    0.30  % 27,708    28    0.40  % 41,640    51    0.50  %
FHLB advances 3,231,999    17,626    2.19  % 2,909,462    16,623    2.27  % 3,639,660    19,554    2.18  %
Long-term funding 549,465    5,604    4.08  % 585,024    5,918    4.05  % 795,757    7,396    3.72  %
Total short and long-term funding 4,027,149    23,637    2.36  % 3,699,192    23,090    2.48  % 4,654,418    27,628    2.40  %
Total interest-bearing liabilities 22,812,237    $ 60,303    1.06  % 22,332,066    $ 68,967    1.23  % 24,228,074    $ 90,401    1.51  %
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits 5,506,861    5,470,496    4,982,553   
Other liabilities(d)
416,107    465,081    398,125   
Stockholders’ equity 3,841,800    3,914,539    3,815,130   
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 32,577,005    $ 32,182,183    $ 33,423,882   
Interest rate spread 2.61  % 2.55  % 2.60  %
Net free funds 0.23  % 0.28  % 0.30  %
Fully tax-equivalent net interest income and net interest margin ("NIM") $ 207,026    2.84  % $ 204,048    2.83  % $ 219,294    2.90  %
Fully tax-equivalent adjustment 4,084    3,906    3,747   
Net interest income $ 202,942    $ 200,142    $ 215,547   
(a) The yield on tax-exempt loans and securities is computed on a fully tax-equivalent basis using a tax rate of 21% and is net of the effects of certain disallowed interest deductions.
(b) Nonaccrual loans and loans held for sale have been included in the average balances.
(c) Interest income includes amortization of net deferred loan origination costs and net accreted purchase loan discount.
(d) During the third quarter of 2019, the Corporation made a change in accounting policy to offset derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where it has a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place. Adoption of this change was voluntary and has been adopted retrospectively with March 31, 2019 restated.


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Notable Contributions to the Change in Net Interest Income

• Net interest income on the consolidated statements of income (which excludes the fully tax-equivalent adjustment) was $203 million for the first three months of 2020 compared to $216 million for the first three months of 2019. Fully tax-equivalent net interest income of $207 million for the first three months of 2020 was $12 million, or 6%, lower than the first three months of 2019. The net interest margin for the first three months of 2020 was 2.84% compared to 2.90% for the first three months of 2019. The decreases were attributable to a lower interest rate environment. See sections Interest Rate Risk and Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk for a discussion of interest rate risk and market risk.
• Average earning assets of $29.2 billion for the first three months of 2020 were $1.2 billion, or 4%, lower than the first three months of 2019. Average loans of $23.3 billion for the first three months of 2020 increased $205 million, or 1%, from the first three months of 2019, primarily due to a $212 million, or 4%, increase in commercial real estate loans, while taxable investment securities decreased $1.5 billion, or 30%, as the Corporation used its investment portfolio as a source of funds in 2019 to reposition the balance sheet for a declining rate environment.
• Average interest-bearing liabilities of $22.8 billion for the first three months of 2020 were down $1.4 billion, or 6%, versus the first three months of 2019. On average, interest-bearing deposits decreased $789 million, or 4%, primarily driven by decreases in higher cost deposits such as network, time and money market accounts. Long-term funding decreased $246 million or 31%, primarily due to the redemption of $250 million of senior notes in October 2019.
• The cost of interest-bearing liabilities was 1.06% for the first three months of 2020, which was 45 bp lower than the first three months of 2019. The decrease was primarily due to a 51 bp decrease in the cost of average interest-bearing deposits to 0.79%, primarily due to the federal funds rate decreases that occurred since the first quarter of 2019.
The Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds target interest rate twice in March 2020, totaling 150 bp, to a range of 0.00% to 0.25%, compared to a range of 2.25% to 2.50% at the end of the first quarter of 2019.
Provision for Credit Losses
The provision for credit losses is predominantly a function of the Corporation’s reserving methodology and judgments as to other qualitative and quantitative factors used to determine the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded commitments, which focuses on changes in the size and character of the loan portfolio, changes in levels of individually evaluated and other nonaccrual loans, historical losses and delinquencies in each portfolio category, the level of loans sold or transferred to held for sale, the risk inherent in specific loans, concentrations of loans to specific borrowers or industries, existing economic conditions and economic forecasts, the fair value of underlying collateral, and other factors which could affect potential credit losses. The forecast the Corporation used for March 31, 2020 was the Moody's baseline scenario from March 27, 2020 over a 1 year reasonable and supportable period with immediate reversion to historical losses. See additional discussion under the sections titled, Loans, Credit Risk, Nonperforming Assets, and Allowance for Credit Losses.
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Noninterest Income
Table 3 Noninterest Income
1Q20 Change vs
($ in Thousands) 1Q20 4Q19 3Q19 2Q19 1Q19 4Q19 1Q19
Insurance commissions and fees $ 22,608    $ 19,701    $ 20,954    $ 22,985    $ 25,464    15  % (11) %
Wealth management fees(a)
20,816    21,582    21,015    20,691    20,180    (4) % %
Service charges and deposit account fees 15,222    16,032    16,561    15,426    15,115    (5) % %
Card-based fees 9,597    9,906    10,456    10,131    9,261    (3) % %
Other fee-based revenue 4,497    4,696    5,085    5,178    3,983    (4) % 13  %
Total fee-based revenue 72,740    71,918    74,071    74,411    74,003    % (2) %
Capital markets, net 7,935    7,647    4,300    4,726    3,189    % 149  %
Mortgage servicing fees, net(b)
2,062    2,104    2,473    2,787    2,777    (2) % (26) %
Gains (losses) and fair value adjustments on loans held for sale 9,756    4,542    4,043    6,704    2,056    115  % N/M   
Fair value adjustment on portfolio loans transferred to held for sale 3,423    —    4,456    —    —    N/M    N/M   
Mortgage servicing rights (impairment) recovery (9,098)   114    (31)   (24)   (121)   N/M    N/M   
Mortgage banking, net 6,143    6,760    10,940    9,466    4,712    (9) % 30  %
Bank and corporate owned life insurance 3,094    3,364    4,337    3,352    3,792    (8) % (18) %
Other 2,352    2,822    2,537    2,547    3,260    (17) % (28) %
Subtotal 92,264    92,510    96,185    94,504    88,956    —  % %
Asset gains (losses), net(c)
(77)   398    877    871    567    N/M    N/M   
Investment securities gains(losses), net 6,118    26    3,788    463    1,680    N/M    N/M   
Total noninterest income $ 98,306    $ 92,934    $ 100,850    $ 95,837    $ 91,202    % %
Mortgage loans originated for sale during period $ 310,254    $ 266,503    $ 365,108    $ 296,660    $ 162,521    16  % 91  %
Mortgage loan settlements during period $ 297,265    $ 268,348    $ 616,630    $ 272,257    $ 159,842    11  % 86  %
Mortgage portfolio loans transferred to held for sale during period $ 199,587    $ —    $ 242,382    $ —    $ —    N/M    N/M   
Assets under management, at market value(d)
$ 10,454    $ 12,104    $ 11,604    $ 11,475    $ 11,192    (14) % (7) %
N/M = Not Meaningful
(a) Includes trust, asset management, brokerage, and annuity fees.
(b) Includes mortgage origination and servicing fees, net of mortgage servicing rights amortization.
(c) 2Q19 includes less than $1 million of Huntington related asset losses.
(d) $ in millions. Excludes assets held in brokerage accounts.
        
Notable Contributions to the Change in Noninterest Income

Capital markets, net was up $5 million from the first three months of 2019, driven by interest rate swap fees.
Mortgage banking, net was up $1 million, or 30%, from the first three months of 2019. During the quarter, the Corporation recognized a $3 million fair value adjustment on $200 million of portfolio loans transferred to held for sale and an $8 million increase in gains and fair value adjustments on loans held for sale, the latter due to higher refinance activity, partially offset by an increase of $9 million in MSRs impairment driven by rates.
Investment securities gains (losses), net was up $4 million from the first three months of 2019, as the Corporation sold prepayment sensitive mortgage-related securities for a gain of $6 million during the quarter.
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Noninterest Expense
Table 4 Noninterest Expense
1Q20 Change vs
($ in Thousands) 1Q20 4Q19 3Q19 2Q19 1Q19 4Q19 1Q19
Personnel $ 114,200    $ 120,614    $ 123,170    $ 123,228    $ 120,050    (5) % (5) %
Technology 20,799    22,731    20,572    20,114    19,012    (8) % %
Occupancy 16,069    16,933    15,164    13,830    16,472    (5) % (2) %
Business development and advertising 5,826    8,316    7,991    6,658    6,636    (30) % (12) %
Equipment 5,439    5,970    6,335    5,577    5,668    (9) % (4) %
Legal and professional 5,160    5,559    5,724    4,668    3,951    (7) % 31  %
Loan and foreclosure costs 3,120    3,262    1,638    1,814    2,146    (4) % 45  %
FDIC assessment 5,500    4,000    4,000    4,500    3,750    38  % 47  %
Other intangible amortization 2,814    2,712    2,686    2,324    2,226    % 26  %
Acquisition related costs(a)
1,721    1,325    1,629    3,734    632    30  % 172  %
Other 11,543    12,187    12,021    11,331    11,128    (5) % %
Total noninterest expense $ 192,191    $ 203,609    $ 200,930    $ 197,779    $ 191,671    (6) % —  %
Average full-time equivalent employees(b)
4,631    4,696    4,782    4,666    4,660    (1) % (1) %
(a) Includes Huntington branch and First Staunton acquisition related costs only
(b) Average full-time equivalent employees without overtime


Notable Contributions to the Change in Noninterest Expense
Personnel expense decreased $6 million, or 5%, from the first three months of 2019, primarily driven by a decrease in funding for the management incentive plan.
Technology expense increased $2 million, or 9%, from the first three months of 2019, reflecting the Corporation's continuous investment in new technology.
The Corporation's FDIC assessment increased $2 million, or 47%, from the first three months of 2019, due to expected increases resulting from asset growth.
Income Taxes

The Corporation recognized income tax expense of $10 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to income tax expense of $22 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The Corporation's effective tax rate was 18.23% for the first three months of 2020, compared to an effective tax rate of 20.53% for the first three months of 2019. The lower effective tax rate and income tax expense during the first three months of 2020 was primarily due to a decrease in income before taxes.

Income tax expense recorded on the consolidated statements of income involves the interpretation and application of certain accounting pronouncements and federal and state tax laws and regulations, and is, therefore, considered a critical accounting policy. The Corporation is subject to examination by various taxing authorities. Examination by taxing authorities may impact the amount of tax expense and / or reserve for uncertainty in income taxes if their interpretations differ from those of management, based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examinations. See section Critical Accounting Policies, in the Corporation’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on income taxes.
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Balance Sheet Analysis
At March 31, 2020, total assets were $33.9 billion, up $1.5 billion, or 5%, from December 31, 2019 and up $227 million, or 1%, from March 31, 2019.
Investment securities, net at March 31, 2020 were $5.1 billion, down $390 million, or 7%, from December 31, 2019 and down $1.6 billion, or 24%, from March 31, 2019. During 2019, the Corporation used its investment portfolio as a source of funds and sought to reposition its investments for the declining interest rate environment. During the first quarter of 2020, the Corporation sold $281 million of primarily prepayment sensitive mortgage-related securities at a gain of $6 million.
Loans of $24.4 billion at March 31, 2020 were up $1.5 billion, or 7%, from December 31, 2019 and were up $1.2 billion or 5%, from March 31, 2019. During the first quarter of 2020, commercial loans were up as customers drew on lines of credit. The Corporation added $370 million in loans from the First Staunton acquisition during the first quarter of 2020.
Residential loans held for sale at March 31, 2020 were $366 million, up $230 million from December 31, 2019 and up $285 million from March 31, 2019. During March 2020, the Corporation transferred $200 million of portfolio residential mortgages related to a portfolio loan sale that settled in April 2020.
At March 31, 2020, total deposits of $25.7 billion were up $1.9 billion, or 8%, from December 31, 2019 and were up $129 million, or 1%, from March 31, 2019. During the first quarter of 2020, the Corporation assumed $439 million of deposits from the First Staunton acquisition and deposit inflows from customers likely building cash in March in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. See section Deposits and Customer Funding for additional information on deposits.
On January 1, 2020, the Corporation adopted ASU 2016-13 using the modified retrospective approach which resulted in an increase to the allowance for loan losses of $112 million and an increase to the allowance for unfunded commitments of $19 million for a total increase to the ACLL of $131 million. A corresponding after tax decrease to common equity of $98 million was recorded along with a deferred tax asset of $33 million, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities.
Loans
Table 5 Period End Loan Composition
  March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 September 30, 2019 June 30, 2019 March 31, 2019
 ($ in Thousands) Amount % of
Total
Amount % of
Total
Amount % of
Total
Amount % of
Total
Amount % of
Total
Commercial and industrial $ 8,517,974    35  % $ 7,354,594    32  % $ 7,495,623    33  % $ 7,579,384    33  % $ 7,587,597    33  %
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 940,687    % 911,265    % 915,524    % 942,811    % 932,393    %
Commercial and business lending 9,458,661    39  % 8,265,858    36  % 8,411,147    37  % 8,522,194    37  % 8,519,990    37  %
Commercial real estate — investor 4,038,036    17  % 3,794,517    17  % 3,803,277    17  % 3,779,201    16  % 3,809,253    16  %
Real estate construction 1,544,858    % 1,420,900    % 1,356,508    % 1,394,815    % 1,273,782    %
Commercial real estate lending 5,582,894    23  % 5,215,417    23  % 5,159,784    23  % 5,174,016    22  % 5,083,035    22  %
Total commercial 15,041,555    62  % 13,481,275    59  % 13,570,932    60  % 13,696,210    59  % 13,603,025    59  %
Residential mortgage 8,132,417    33  % 8,136,980    36  % 7,954,801    35  % 8,277,479    36  % 8,323,846    36  %
Home Equity 844,901    % 852,025    % 879,642    % 916,213    % 868,886    %
Other consumer 346,761    % 351,159    % 349,335    % 360,065    % 352,602    %
Total consumer 9,324,079    38  % 9,340,164    41  % 9,183,778    40  % 9,553,757    41  % 9,545,333    41  %
Total loans(a)
$ 24,365,633    100  % $ 22,821,440    100  % $ 22,754,710    100  % $ 23,249,967    100  % $ 23,148,359    100  %
(a) During the first quarter of 2020, the Corporation transferred $200 million of portfolio residential mortgages to residential loans held for sale, which are not included in total loans.

The Corporation has long-term guidelines relative to the proportion of Commercial and Business, Commercial Real Estate, and Consumer loans within the overall loan portfolio, with each targeted to represent 30-40% of the overall loan portfolio. The targeted long-term guidelines were unchanged during 2019 and the first three months of 2020. Furthermore, certain sub-asset classes within the respective portfolios are further defined and dollar limitations are placed on these sub-portfolios. These guidelines and limits are reviewed quarterly and approved annually by the Enterprise Risk Committee of the Corporation’s Board of Directors. These guidelines and limits are designed to create balance and diversification within the loan portfolios.
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The Corporation’s loan distribution and interest rate sensitivity as of March 31, 2020 are summarized in the following table.
Table 6 Loan Distribution and Interest Rate Sensitivity
($ in Thousands)
Within 1 Year(a)
1-5 Years After 5 Years Total % of Total
Commercial and industrial $ 7,928,324    $ 464,440    $ 125,210    $ 8,517,974    35  %
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 490,057    259,502    191,128    940,687    %
Commercial real estate — investor 3,548,559    391,528    97,948    4,038,036    17  %
Real estate construction 1,491,885    50,400    2,574    1,544,858    %
Residential Mortgage - Adjustable(b)
645,758    2,588,545    1,995,692    5,229,995    21  %
Residential Mortgage - Fixed 32,133    92,691    2,777,599    2,902,422    12  %
Home Equity 38,967    116,455    689,479    844,901    %
Other Consumer 150,970    64,056    131,735    346,761    %
Total Loans $ 14,326,654    $ 4,027,615    $ 6,011,364    $ 24,365,633    100  %
Fixed rate $ 6,326,872    $ 1,125,198    $ 3,307,421    $ 10,759,490    44  %
Floating or adjustable rate 7,999,782    2,902,418    2,703,944    13,606,143    56  %
Total $ 14,326,654    $ 4,027,615    $ 6,011,364    $ 24,365,633    100  %
(a) Demand loans, past due loans, overdrafts, and credit cards are reported in the “Within 1 Year” category.
(b) Based on contractual loan terms for adjustable rate mortgages; does not factor in early prepayments or amortization.
At March 31, 2020, $19.9 billion, or 82%, of the loans outstanding were floating rate, adjustable rate, re-pricing within one year, or maturing within one year.
Credit Risk
An active credit risk management process is used for commercial loans to ensure that sound and consistent credit decisions are made. Credit risk is controlled by detailed underwriting procedures, comprehensive loan administration, and periodic review of borrowers’ outstanding loans and commitments. Borrower relationships are formally reviewed and graded on an ongoing basis for early identification of potential problems. Further analysis by customer, industry, and geographic location are performed to monitor trends, financial performance, and concentrations. See Note 7 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements, for additional information on managing overall credit quality.
The loan portfolio is widely diversified by types of borrowers, industry groups, and market areas within the Corporation's branch footprint. Significant loan concentrations are considered to exist when there are amounts loaned to numerous borrowers engaged in similar activities that would cause them to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions. At March 31, 2020, no significant concentrations existed in the Corporation’s portfolio in excess of 10% of total loans.
Commercial and business lending: The commercial and business lending classification primarily includes commercial loans to large corporations, middle market companies, small businesses, and lease financing.
Table 7 Largest Commercial and Business Lending Industry Group Exposures
March 31, 2020 % of Total Loans % of Total Commercial and Business Lending
Manufacturing and Wholesale Trade % 19  %
Power and Utilities % 17  %
Real Estate % 15  %
Finance and Insurance % 15  %
The remaining commercial and business lending portfolio is spread over a diverse range of industries, none of which exceed 2% of total loans.
The credit risk related to commercial loans is largely influenced by general economic conditions and the resulting impact on a borrower’s operations or on the value of underlying collateral, if any. Currently, a higher risk segment of the commercial and business lending portfolio is loans to borrowers supporting oil and gas exploration and production, which are further discussed under oil and gas lending below.
Oil and gas lending: The Corporation provides reserve based loans to oil and gas exploration and production firms. At March 31, 2020, the oil and gas portfolio was comprised of 35 credits, totaling $466 million of outstanding balances, which represents less than 2% of the Corporation's total loans. The decrease in balances from March 31, 2019 continue to be driven by a purposeful reduction in exposure to the Corporation's higher-leveraged borrowers.
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The Corporation's oil and gas lending team is based in Houston and focuses on serving the funding needs of small and mid-sized companies in the upstream oil and gas business. The oil and gas loans are first lien, reserve-based, and borrowing base dependent lines of credit. The portfolio is diversified across all major U.S. geographic basins and is diversified by product line with approximately 62% in oil and 38% in gas at March 31, 2020. Borrowing base re-determinations for the portfolio are generally completed twice a year and are based on detailed engineering reports and discounted cash flow analysis.
The following table summarizes information about the Corporation's oil and gas loan portfolio.
Table 8 Oil and Gas Loan Portfolio
($ in Millions) March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
September 30,
2019
June 30,
2019
March 31,
2019
Pass $ 361    $ 408    $ 493    $ 589    $ 677   
Special mention 10      20    —    —   
Potential problem 67    43    32      27   
Nonaccrual 29    23    36    63    51   
Total oil and gas related loans $ 466    $ 484    $ 582    $ 657    $ 754   
Quarter net charge offs/(recoveries) $   $ 10    $ 21    $ 10    $  
Oil and gas related allowance for loan losses 75    12    21    25    11   
Oil and gas related ACLL on loans 78    13    22    25    12   
Oil and gas allowance for loan losses to total oil and gas loans N/A    2.6  % 3.7  % 3.8  % 1.5  %
Oil and gas ACLL to total oil and gas loans 16.6  % 2.7  % 3.8  % 3.9  % 1.6  %
The ACLL attributable to oil and gas related credits (included within the commercial and industrial ACLL) was $78 million at March 31, 2020, compared to $13 million at December 31, 2019 and $12 million at March 31, 2019. The increase is primarily the result of the adoption of ASU 2016-13, which leverages the price of oil and gas in the determination of both the ACLL and the allowance associated with probable TDRs.
The adoption impact of ASU 2016-13 for oil and gas loans was included within the commercial and industrial line item of the adoption table in Note 3 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. The following table provides a summary of the changes in the ACLL in the Corporation's oil and gas loan portfolio as a result of adopting ASU 2016-13.
Table 9 Oil and Gas Impact of Adopting ASU 2016-13
December 31, 2019 January 1, 2020
($ in Millions) Allowance for Loan Loss Allowance for Unfunded Commitment CECL Day 1 Adjustment ACLL
Oil and Gas $ 12    $   $ 55    $ 69   
The following tables provides a summary of the changes in ACLL in the Corporation's oil and gas loan portfolio at March 31, 2020 and a summary of the changes in allowance for loan losses in the Corporation's oil and gas loan portfolio at December 31, 2019.
Table 10 Allowance for Credit Losses on Oil and Gas Loans
($ in Millions) Dec. 31, 2019 Cumulative effect of ASU 2016-13 adoption (CECL) Jan. 1, 2020 Charge offs Recoveries Net Charge offs Provision for loan losses Mar. 31,
2020
ACLL / Loans
Allowance for loan losses $ 12    $ 53    $ 66    $ (9)   $ —    $ (9)   $ 19    $ 75   
Allowance for unfunded commitments       —    —    —    (1)    
Allowance for credit losses on loans $ 13    $ 55    $ 69    $ (9)   $ —    $ (9)   $ 18    $ 78    16.6  %
Table 11 Allowance for Loan Losses on Oil and Gas Loans
($ in Millions) Dec. 31, 2018 Charge offs Recoveries Net Charge offs Provision for loan losses Dec. 31, 2019
Allowance for loan losses $ 12    $ (50)   $   $ (44)   $ 45    $ 12   
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Commercial real estate - investor: Commercial real estate-investor is comprised of loans secured by various non-owner occupied or investor income producing property types.
Table 12 Largest Commercial Real Estate Investor Property Type Exposures
March 31, 2020 % of Total Loans % of Total Commercial Real Estate - Investor
Multi-Family % 30  %
Office % 24  %
Retail % 22  %
Industrial % 16  %
The remaining commercial real estate-investor portfolio is spread over various other property types, none of which exceed 2% of total loans.
Credit risk is managed in a similar manner to commercial and business lending by employing sound underwriting guidelines, lending primarily to borrowers in local markets and businesses, periodically evaluating the underlying collateral, and formally reviewing the borrower’s financial soundness and relationship on an ongoing basis.
Real estate construction: Real estate construction loans are primarily short-term or interim loans that provide financing for the acquisition or development of commercial income properties, multi-family projects or residential development, both single family and condominium. Real estate construction loans are made to developers and project managers who are generally well known to the Corporation and have prior successful project experience. The credit risk associated with real estate construction loans is generally confined to specific geographic areas but is also influenced by general economic conditions. The Corporation controls the credit risk on these types of loans by making loans in familiar markets to developers, reviewing the merits of individual projects, controlling loan structure, and monitoring project progress and construction advances.
Table 13 Largest Real Estate Construction Property Type Exposures
March 31, 2020 % of Total Loans % of Total Real Estate Construction
Multi-Family % 37  %

The remaining real estate construction portfolio is spread over various other property types, none of which exceed 2% of total loans.
The Corporation’s current lending standards for commercial real estate and real estate construction lending are determined by property type and specifically address many criteria, including: maximum loan amounts, maximum LTV, requirements for pre-leasing and / or presales, minimum borrower equity, and maximum loan-to-cost. Currently, the maximum standard for LTV is 80%, with lower limits established for certain higher risk types, such as raw land that has a 50% LTV maximum. The Corporation’s LTV guidelines are in compliance with regulatory supervisory limits. In most cases, for real estate construction loans, the loan amounts include interest reserves, which are built into the loans and sized to fund loan payments through construction and lease up and / or sell out.
Residential mortgages: Residential mortgage loans are primarily first lien home mortgages with a maximum loan-to-collateral value without credit enhancement (e.g. private mortgage insurance) of 80%. The residential mortgage portfolio is focused primarily in the Corporation's three-state branch footprint, with approximately 87% of the outstanding loan balances in the Corporation's branch footprint at March 31, 2020. The majority of the on balance sheet residential mortgage portfolio consists of hybrid, adjustable rate mortgage loans with initial fixed rate terms of 3, 5, 7, or 10 years.
The Corporation generally retains certain fixed-rate residential real estate mortgages in its loan portfolio, including retail and private banking jumbo mortgages and CRA-related mortgages. As part of management’s historical practice of originating and servicing residential mortgage loans, generally the Corporation’s 30 year, agency conforming, fixed-rate residential real estate mortgage loans have been sold in the secondary market with servicing rights retained. Subject to management’s analysis of the current interest rate environment, among other market factors, the Corporation may choose to retain 30 year mortgage loan production on its balance sheet. During the first quarter of 2020, the Corporation transferred $200 million of portfolio residential mortgages to residential loans held for sale related to a portfolio loan sale that settled in April 2020, in order to reduce the Corporation's exposure to prepayment risk in the current low risk environment. See section Loans for additional information on loans.
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The Corporation’s underwriting and risk-based pricing guidelines for residential mortgage loans include minimum borrower FICO and maximum LTV of the property securing the loan. Residential mortgage products generally are underwritten using FHLMC and FNMA secondary marketing guidelines.
Home equity: Home equity consists of both home equity lines of credit and closed-end home equity loans. The Corporation’s credit risk monitoring guidelines for home equity is based on an ongoing review of loan delinquency status, as well as a quarterly review of FICO score deterioration and property devaluation. The Corporation does not routinely obtain appraisals on performing loans to update LTV ratios after origination; however, the Corporation monitors the local housing markets by reviewing the various home price indices and incorporates the impact of the changing market conditions in its ongoing credit monitoring process. For junior lien home equity loans, the Corporation is unable to track the performance of the first lien loan if it does not own or service the first lien loan. However, the Corporation obtains a refreshed FICO score on a quarterly basis and monitors this as part of its assessment of the home equity portfolio.
The Corporation’s underwriting and risk-based pricing guidelines for home equity lines and loans consist of a combination of both borrower FICO and the original cumulative LTV against the property securing the loan. Subsequent to the end of the quarter, in the volatile economic environment, the Corporation reduced its exposure by reducing its maximum LTV on home equity lines of credit from 90% to 80%, among other changes, while maintaining the minimum acceptable FICO at 670. The Corporation's current home equity line of credit offering is priced based on floating rate indices and generally allows 10 years of interest-only payments followed by a 20-year amortization of the outstanding balance. The Corporation has significantly curtailed its offerings of fixed-rate, closed-end home equity loans. The loans in the Corporation's portfolio generally have an original term of 20 years with principal and interest payments required. See section Loans for additional information on loans.
Other consumer: Other consumer consists of student loans, short-term and other personal installment loans and credit cards. The Corporation had $130 million and $136 million of student loans at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, the majority of which are government guaranteed. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the passage of the CARES Act, government guaranteed student loans have been placed on an administrative forbearance through September 30, 2020. Credit risk for non-government guaranteed student loans, short-term, personal installment loans, and credit cards is influenced by general economic conditions, the characteristics of individual borrowers, and the nature of the loan collateral. Risks of loss are generally on smaller average balances per loan spread over many borrowers. Once charged off, there is usually less opportunity for recovery of these smaller consumer loans. Credit risk is primarily controlled by reviewing the creditworthiness of the borrowers, monitoring payment histories, and taking appropriate collateral and guarantee positions. The student loan portfolio is in run-off and no new student loans are being originated.
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Nonperforming Assets
Management is committed to a proactive nonaccrual and problem loan identification philosophy. This philosophy is implemented through the ongoing monitoring and review of all pools of risk in the loan portfolio to ensure that problem loans are identified quickly and the risk of loss is minimized. Table 14 provides detailed information regarding NPAs, which include nonaccrual loans, OREO, and other NPAs:
Table 14 Nonperforming Assets
 ($ in Thousands) March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
September 30,
2019
June 30,
2019
March 31,
2019
Nonperforming assets
Commercial and industrial $ 58,854    $ 46,312    $ 56,536    $ 84,151    $ 73,379   
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 1,838    67    68    571    890   
Commercial and business lending 60,692    46,380    56,604    84,722    74,269   
Commercial real estate — investor 1,091    4,409    4,800    1,485    776   
Real estate construction 486    493    542    427    739   
Commercial real estate lending 1,577    4,902    5,342    1,912    1,516   
Total commercial 62,269    51,282    61,946    86,634    75,784   
Residential mortgage 64,855    57,844    57,056    68,166    67,323   
Home equity 9,378    9,104    9,828    11,835    12,300   
Other consumer 215    152    109    72    149   
Total consumer 74,448    67,099    66,993    80,073    79,772   
Total nonaccrual loans 136,717    118,380    128,939    166,707    155,556   
Commercial real estate owned 3,105    3,530    3,603    3,314    3,434   
Residential real estate owned 5,994    5,696    4,791    3,508    3,740   
Bank properties real estate owned 13,431    11,874    11,230    11,533    5,112   
OREO 22,530    21,101    19,625    18,355    12,286   
Other nonperforming assets 6,004    6,004    6,004    —    —   
Total nonperforming assets $ 165,251    $ 145,485    $ 154,568    $ 185,062    $ 167,843   
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more
Commercial $ 436    $ 342    $ 266    $ 293    $ 287   
Consumer 1,819    1,917    1,720    1,795    1,931   
Total accruing loans past due 90 days or more $ 2,255    $ 2,259    $ 1,986    $ 2,088    $ 2,218   
Restructured loans (accruing)(a)
Commercial $ 18,767    $ 18,944    $ 17,842    $ 19,367    $ 19,480   
Consumer 7,618    7,097    6,487    26,114    27,068   
Total restructured loans (accruing) $ 26,384    $ 26,041    $ 24,329    $ 45,481    $ 46,548   
Nonaccrual restructured loans (included in nonaccrual loans) $ 24,204    $ 22,494    $ 16,293    $ 24,332    $ 24,172   
Ratios
Nonaccrual loans to total loans 0.56  % 0.52  % 0.57  % 0.72  % 0.67  %
NPAs to total loans plus OREO 0.68  % 0.64  % 0.68  % 0.80  % 0.72  %
NPAs to total assets 0.49  % 0.45  % 0.47  % 0.56  % 0.50  %
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans N/A    170.10  % 166.30  % 140.16  % 151.12  %
Allowance for credit losses on loans to nonaccrual loans 288.24  % 188.61  % 184.07  % 153.30  % 167.73  %
(a) Does not include any restructured loans related to COVID-19 in accordance with regulatory guidance.
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Table 14 Nonperforming Assets (continued)
 ($ in Thousands) March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
September 30,
2019
June 30,
2019
March 31,
2019
Accruing loans 30-89 days past due
Commercial and industrial $ 976    $ 821    $ 426    $ 4,909    $ 3,295   
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 51    1,369    2,646    2,018    6,066   
Commercial and business lending 1,027    2,190    3,073    6,926    9,361   
Commercial real estate — investor 14,462    1,812    636    1,382    1,090   
Real estate construction 179    97    595    151    6,773   
Commercial real estate lending 14,641    1,909    1,232    1,532    7,863   
Total commercial 15,668    4,099    4,304    8,459    17,224   
Residential mortgage 10,102    9,274    8,063    9,756    13,274   
Home equity 7,001    5,647    4,798    5,827    6,363   
Other consumer 1,777    2,083    2,203    1,838    2,364   
Total consumer 18,879    17,005    15,063    17,422    22,001   
Total accruing loans 30-89 days past due $ 34,547    $ 21,104    $ 19,367    $ 25,881    $ 39,225   
Potential problem loans
Commercial and industrial $ 149,747    $ 110,308    $ 59,427    $ 58,658    $ 111,772   
Commercial real estate — owner occupied 15,802    19,889    22,624    24,237    48,929   
Commercial and business lending 165,550    130,197    82,051    82,895    160,701   
Commercial real estate — investor 61,030    29,449    49,353    77,766    70,613   
Real estate construction 1,753    —    544    3,166    4,600   
Commercial real estate lending 62,783    29,449    49,897    80,932    75,213   
Total commercial 228,333    159,646    131,948    163,828    235,914   
Residential mortgage 3,322    1,451    1,242    1,983    5,351   
Home equity 2,238    —    —    32    91   
Total consumer 5,559    1,451    1,242    2,014    5,443   
Total potential problem loans $ 233,892    $ 161,097    $ 133,189    $ 165,842    $ 241,357   

Nonaccrual loans: Nonaccrual loans are considered to be one indicator of potential future loan losses. See Note 7 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional nonaccrual loan disclosures. See also Allowance for Credit Losses.
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more: Loans past due 90 days or more but still accruing interest are classified as such where the underlying loans are both well secured (the collateral value is sufficient to cover principal and accrued interest) and are in the process of collection.
Restructured loans: Loans are considered restructured loans if concessions have been granted to borrowers that are experiencing financial difficulty. See also Note 7 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional restructured loans disclosures.
Potential problem loans: The level of potential problem loans is another predominant factor in determining the relative level of risk in the loan portfolio and in determining the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses. Potential problem loans are generally defined by management to include loans rated as substandard by management but that are not individually evaluated (i.e., nonaccrual loans and accruing TDRs); however, there are circumstances present to create doubt as to the ability of the borrower to comply with present repayment terms. The decision of management to include performing loans in potential problem loans does not necessarily mean that the Corporation expects losses to occur, but that management recognizes a higher degree of risk associated with these loans.
OREO: Management actively seeks to ensure OREO properties held are monitored to minimize the Corporation’s risk of loss. OREO properties increased $1 million, or 7%, from December 31, 2019, primarily driven by the pending disposition of recently consolidated First Staunton branches, and increased $10 million, or 83%, from March 31, 2019, primarily driven by the pending disposition of consolidated Huntington and First Staunton branches.
Other nonperforming assets: The asset balance as of March 31, 2020 represents the Bank's units of ownership interest in an oil and gas limited liability company as a result of a partial settlement of a debt.
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Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
Credit risks within the loan portfolio are inherently different for each loan type. Credit risk is controlled and monitored through the use of lending standards, a thorough review of potential borrowers, and ongoing review of loan payment performance. Active asset quality administration, including early problem loan identification and timely resolution of problems, aids in the management of credit risk and the minimization of loan losses. Credit risk management for each loan type is discussed in the section entitled Credit Risk. See Note 7 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures on the ACLL.
To assess the appropriateness of the ACLL, an allocation methodology is applied by the Corporation which focuses on evaluation of many factors, including but not limited to: evaluation of facts and issues related to specific loans, management’s ongoing review and grading of the loan portfolio, credit report refreshes, consideration of historical loan loss and delinquency experience on each portfolio category, trends in past due and nonaccrual loans, the level of potential problem loans, the risk characteristics of the various classifications of loan segments, changes in the size and character of the loan portfolio, concentrations of loans to specific borrowers or industries, existing economic conditions and economic forecasts, the fair value of underlying collateral, funding assumptions on lines and other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect potential credit losses. The Corporation utilized the Moody's baseline forecast, updated at the end of March, in the allowance model. The forecast is applied over a 1 year reasonable and supportable period with immediate reversion to historical long run losses. Assessing these factors involves significant judgment. Because each of the criteria used is subject to change, the ACLL is not necessarily indicative of the trend of future credit losses on loans in any particular segment. Therefore, management considers the ACLL a critical accounting policy, see section Critical Accounting Policies for additional information on the ACLL. See section Nonperforming Assets for a detailed discussion on asset quality. See also Note 7 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional ACLL disclosures. Table 5 provides information on loan growth and period end loan composition, Table 14 provides additional information regarding NPAs, and Table 15 and Table 16 provide additional information regarding activity in the ACLL.
The methodology used for the allocation of the ACLL at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was generally comparable. The allocation methodology consists of the following components: First, a valuation allowance estimate is established for specifically identified commercial and consumer loans determined by the Corporation to be individually evaluated, using discounted cash flows, estimated fair value of underlying collateral, and / or other data available. Second, management allocates the ACLL with loss factors by loan segment. Loans are segmented for criticized loan pools by loan type as well as for non-criticized loan pools by loan type, primarily based on historical loss rates after considering loan type, historical loss and delinquency experience, credit quality, and industry classifications. Loans that have been criticized are considered to have a higher risk of default than non-criticized loans, as circumstances were present to support the lower loan grade, warranting higher loss factors. The loss factors applied in the methodology are periodically re-evaluated and adjusted to reflect changes in historical loss levels or other risks. Additionally, management allocates ACLL to absorb losses that may not be provided for by the other components due to qualitative factors evaluated by management, such as limitations within the credit risk grading process, known current economic or business conditions that may not yet show in trends, industry or other concentrations with current issues that impose higher inherent risks than are reflected in the loss factors, and other relevant considerations. The total allowance is available to absorb losses from any segment of the loan portfolio.

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Table 15 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
($ in Thousands) March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
September 30,
2019
June 30,
2019
March 31,
2019
Allowance for Loan Losses
Balance at beginning of period $ 201,371    $ 214,425    $ 233,659    $ 235,081    $ 238,023   
Cumulative effect of ASU 2016-13 adoption (CECL) 112,457    N/A    N/A    N/A    N/A   
Balance at beginning of period, adjusted 313,828    214,425    233,659    235,081    238,023   
Provision for loan losses 34,957    1,000    1,000    12,000    4,500   
Provision for loan losses recorded at acquisition 2,543    N/A    N/A    N/A    N/A   
Allowance for PCD loans for bank acquisition 3,504    N/A    N/A    N/A    N/A   
Charge offs (19,308)   (16,752)   (26,313)   (15,761)   (15,486)  
Recoveries 2,268    2,699    6,079    2,339    8,044   
Net (charge offs) recoveries (17,040)   (14,054)   (20,234)   (13,421)   (7,442)  
Balance at end of period $ 337,793    $ 201,371    $ 214,425    $ 233,659    $ 235,081   
Allowance for Unfunded Commitments
Balance at beginning of period $ 21,907    $ 22,907    $ 21,907    $ 25,836    $ 24,336   
Cumulative effect of ASU 2016-13 adoption (CECL) 18,690    N/A    N/A    N/A    N/A   
Balance at beginning of period, adjusted 40,597    22,907    21,907    25,836    24,336   
Provision for unfunded commitments 15,500    (1,000)   1,000    (4,000)   1,500   
Amount recorded at acquisition 179    —    —    70    —   
Balance at end of period $ 56,276    $ 21,907    $ 22,907    $ 21,907    $ 25,836   
Allowance for credit losses on loans $ 394,069    $ 223,278    $ 237,331    $ 255,566    $ 260,917   
Provision for credit losses on loans(a)
53,000    —    2,000    8,000    6,000   
Net loan (charge offs) recoveries
Commercial and industrial $ (15,049)   $ (11,917)   $ (19,918)   $ (12,177)   $ (7,428)  
Commercial real estate — owner occupied —    —    1,483    (104)   1,193   
Commercial and business lending (15,048)   (11,917)   (18,435)   (12,281)   (6,235)  
Commercial real estate — investor —    —    (3)     31   
Real estate construction 11    72    20    151    —   
Commercial real estate lending 11    72    17    153    31   
Total commercial (15,037)   (11,845)   (18,418)   (12,127)   (6,203)  
Residential mortgage (912)   (1,415)   (393)   (365)   (457)  
Home equity 71    480    (275)   239    309   
Other consumer (1,162)   (1,274)   (1,148)   (1,169)   (1,090)  
Total consumer (2,003)   (2,208)   (1,816)   (1,294)   (1,239)  
Total net (charge offs) recoveries $ (17,040)   $ (14,054)   $ (20,234)   $ (13,421)   $ (7,442)  
Ratios
Allowance for loan losses to total loans N/A    0.88  % 0.94  % 1.00  % 1.02  %
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans 1.62  % 0.98  % 1.04  % 1.10  % 1.13  %
Allowance for loan losses to net charge offs (annualized) N/A    3.6x    2.7x    4.3x    7.8x   
Allowance for credit losses on loans to net charge offs (annualized) 5.7x    4.0x    3.0x    4.7x    8.6x   
(a) Includes the provision for loan losses and the provision for unfunded commitments.
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Table 16 Annualized net (charge offs) recoveries(a)
(In basis points) March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
September 30,
2019
June 30,
2019
March 31,
2019
Net loan (charge offs) recoveries
Commercial and industrial (81)   (65)   (104)   (64)   (40)  
Commercial real estate — owner occupied —    —    63    (4)   53   
Commercial and business lending (72)   (58)   (86)   (57)   (30)  
Real estate construction —          —   
Commercial real estate lending —      —      —   
Total commercial (44)   (35)   (53)   (35)   (19)  
Residential mortgage (4)   (7)   (2)   (2)   (2)  
Home equity   22    (12)   11    14   
Other consumer (134)   (145)   (129)   (132)   (123)  
Total consumer (8)   (9)   (8)   (5)   (5)  
Total net (charge offs) recoveries (29)   (24)   (35)   (23)   (13)  
(a) Annualized ratio of net charge offs to average loans by loan type.

The following table illustrates the effect of the Day 1 adoption of ASU 2016-13 as well as the quarterly increase in the ACLL as of March 31, 2020:
Table 17 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans by Loan Portfolio

 ($ in Thousands) December 31,
2019
CECL Day 1 Adjustment ACLL Beginning Balance Net ACLL Build March 31,
2020
ACLL / Loans
Commercial and industrial $ 103,409    $ 48,921    $ 152,330    $ 36,458    $ 188,788    2.22  %
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 10,411    (1,851)   8,560    1,993    10,553    1.12  %
Commercial and business lending 113,820    47,070    160,890    38,451    199,342    2.11  %
Commercial real estate - investor 41,044    2,287    43,331    (785)   42,546    1.05  %
Real estate construction 32,447    25,814    58,261    7,428    65,688    4.25  %
Commercial real estate lending 73,490    28,101    101,591    6,643    108,235    1.94  %
Total Commercial 187,311    75,171    262,482    45,094    307,577    2.04  %
Residential mortgage 16,960    33,215    50,175    (6,227)   43,947    0.54  %
Home equity 11,964    14,240    26,204    39    26,244    3.11  %
Other consumer 7,044    8,520    15,564    737    16,302    4.70  %
Total consumer 35,968    55,975    91,943    (5,450)   86,493    0.93  %
Total allowance for credit losses on loans $ 223,278    $ 131,147    $ 354,425    $ 39,643    $ 394,069    1.62  %
Notable Contributions to the Change in the Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
Total loans increased $1.5 billion, or 7%, from December 31, 2019 and increased $1.2 billion, or 5%, from March 31, 2019. During the first quarter of 2020, commercial loans were up as customers drew on lines of credit. In addition, the Corporation added $370 million in loans from the First Staunton acquisition during the first quarter of 2020. See section Loans for additional information on the changes in the loan portfolio and see section Credit Risk for discussion about credit risk management for each loan type.

Potential problem loans increased $73 million, or 45%, from December 31, 2019 primarily due to increases in potential problem commercial and industrial and commercial real estate - investor loans. See Table 14 for additional information on the changes in potential problem loans.

Total nonaccrual loans increased $18 million, or 15%, from December 31, 2019, primarily due to an increase in nonaccrual commercial and industrial and residential mortgage loans, but decreased $19 million, or 12%, from March 31, 2019, primarily due to a decrease in commercial and industrial loans. See Note 7 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements and Table 14 for additional disclosures on the changes in asset quality.

Year-to-date net charge offs increased $10 million from March 31, 2019, primarily driven by an increase in commercial and industrial charge offs. See Table 15 and Table 16 for additional information regarding the activity in the ACLL.
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Management believes the level of ACLL to be appropriate at March 31, 2020.
Deposits and Customer Funding
The following table summarizes the composition of our deposits and customer funding:
Table 18 Period End Deposit and Customer Funding Composition
March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 September 30, 2019 June 30, 2019 March 31, 2019
 ($ in Thousands) Amount % of
Total
Amount % of
Total
Amount % of
Total
Amount % of
Total
Amount % of
Total
Noninterest-bearing demand $ 6,107,386    24  % $ 5,450,709    23  % $ 5,503,223    23  % $ 5,354,987    21  % $ 5,334,154    21  %
Savings 3,033,039    12  % 2,735,036    12  % 2,643,950    11  % 2,591,173    10  % 2,215,857    %
Interest-bearing demand 6,170,071    24  % 5,329,717    22  % 5,434,955    22  % 6,269,035    25  % 5,226,362    20  %
Money market 7,717,739    30  % 7,640,798    32  % 7,930,676    32  % 7,691,775    30  % 9,005,018    35  %
Brokered CDs 65,000    —  % 5,964    —  % 16,266    —  % 77,543    —  % 387,459    %
Other time 2,568,345    10  % 2,616,839    11  % 2,893,493    12  % 3,289,709    13  % 3,364,206    13  %
   Total deposits $ 25,661,580    100  % $ 23,779,064    100  % $ 24,422,562    100  % $ 25,274,222    100  % $ 25,533,057    100  %
Customer funding(a)
142,174    103,113    108,369    104,973    146,027   
Total deposits and customer funding $ 25,803,754    $ 23,882,177    $ 24,530,932    $ 25,379,195    $ 25,679,083   
Network transaction deposits(b)
$ 1,731,996    $ 1,336,286    $ 1,527,910    $ 1,805,141    $ 2,204,204   
Net deposits and customer funding (total deposits and customer funding, excluding Brokered CDs and network transaction deposits)
$ 24,006,758    $ 22,539,927    $ 22,986,756    $ 23,496,510    $ 23,087,421   
Time deposits of more than $250,000 $ 756,195    $ 861,183    $ 1,074,990    $ 1,433,516    $ 1,634,965   
(a) Securities sold under agreement to repurchase and commercial paper.
(b) Included above in interest-bearing demand and money market.


Deposits are the Corporation’s largest source of funds.
Total deposits increased $1.9 billion, or 8%, from December 31, 2019 and increased $129 million, or 1%, from March 31, 2019. On February 14, 2020, the Corporation assumed $439 million in deposits from the acquisition of First Staunton. Additionally in March 2020, the Corporation saw deposit inflows from customers likely building cash in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Savings accounts increased $298 million, or 11%, from December 31, 2019 and increased $817 million, or 37%, from March 31, 2019, primarily due to the addition of a premium savings deposit product.
Money market deposits increased $77 million, or 1%, from December 31, 2019, but decreased $1.3 billion, or 14%, from March 31, 2019. The change from March 31, 2019 was primarily due to the reduction in higher cost network deposits as well as a migration of certain customers to a premium savings product.
Non-maturity deposit accounts comprised of savings, money market, and demand (both interest and noninterest-bearing) accounts comprised 90% of the Corporation's total deposits at March 31, 2020.
Included in the above amounts were $1.7 billion of network deposits, primarily sourced from other financial institutions and intermediaries. These represented 7% of the Corporation's total deposits at March 31, 2020. Network deposits increased $396 million, or 30%, from December 31, 2019, but decreased $472 million, or 21%, from March 31, 2019.
Liquidity
The objective of liquidity risk management is to ensure that the Corporation has the ability to generate sufficient cash or cash equivalents in a timely and cost effective manner to satisfy the cash flow requirements of depositors and borrowers and to meet its other commitments as they become due. The Corporation’s liquidity risk management process is designed to identify, measure, and manage the Corporation’s funding and liquidity risk to meet its daily funding needs in the ordinary course of business, as well as to address expected and unexpected changes in its funding requirements. The Corporation engages in
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various activities to manage its liquidity risk, including diversifying its funding sources, stress testing, and holding readily-marketable assets which can be used as a source of liquidity, if needed.

The Corporation performs dynamic scenario analysis in accordance with industry best practices. Measures have been established to ensure the Corporation has sufficient high quality short-term liquidity to meet cash flow requirements under stressed scenarios. In addition, the Corporation also reviews static measures such as deposit funding as a percentage of total assets and liquid asset levels. Strong capital ratios, credit quality, and core earnings are also essential to maintaining cost effective access to wholesale funding markets. At March 31, 2020, the Corporation was in compliance with its internal liquidity objectives and has sufficient asset-based liquidity to meet its obligations under a stressed scenario.

The Corporation maintains diverse and readily available liquidity sources, including:

Investment securities, which are an important tool to the Corporation’s liquidity objective and can be pledged or sold to enhance liquidity, if necessary. See Note 6 Investment Securities of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information on the Corporation's investment securities portfolio, including pledged investment securities.
Pledgeable loan collateral, which is eligible collateral with both the Federal Reserve Bank and the FHLB under established lines of credit. Based on the amount of collateral pledged, the FHLB established a collateral value from which the Bank may draw advances against the collateral. The collateral is also used to enable the FHLB to issue letters of credit in favor of public fund depositors of the Bank. As of March 31, 2020, the Bank had $3.6 billion available for future advances. The Federal Reserve Bank also establishes a collateral value of assets to support borrowings from the discount window. As of March 31, 2020, the Bank had $1.3 billion available for discount window borrowings.
A $200 million Parent Company commercial paper program, of which $34 million was outstanding as of March 31, 2020.
Dividends and service fees from subsidiaries, as well as the proceeds from issuance of capital, which are also funding sources for the Parent Company.
Equity issuances by The Parent Company; the Corporation has filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC under which the Parent Company may, from time to time, offer shares of the Corporation’s common stock in connection with acquisitions of businesses, assets, or securities of other companies.
Other issuances by the Parent Company; the Corporation also has filed a universal shelf registration statement with the SEC, under which the Parent Company may offer the following securities, either separately or in units: debt securities, preferred stock, depositary shares, common stock, and warrants.
Bank issuances; the Bank may also issue institutional CDs, network transaction deposits, and brokered CDs.
Global Bank Note Program issuances; the Bank has implemented the program pursuant to which it may from time to time offer up to $2.0 billion aggregate principal amount of its unsecured senior and subordinated notes. In August 2018, the Bank issued $300 million of senior notes, due August 2021, and callable July 2021.

Credit ratings relate to the Corporation’s ability to issue debt securities and the cost to borrow money, and should not be viewed as an indication of future stock performance or a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold securities. Adverse changes in these factors could result in a negative change in credit ratings and impact not only the ability to raise funds in the capital markets but also the cost of these funds. The credit ratings of the Parent Company and the Bank at March 31, 2020 are displayed below:
Table 19 Credit Ratings
  Moody’s S&P
Bank short-term deposits P-1 -
Bank long-term deposits/issuer A1 BBB+
Corporation commercial paper P-2 -
Corporation long-term senior debt/issuer Baa1 BBB
Outlook Stable Stable

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, net cash used in operating activities and investing activities was $20 million and $928 million, respectively, while net cash provided by financing activities was $1.0 billion for a net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash of $90 million since year-end 2019. At March 31, 2020, assets of $33.9 billion increased $1.5 billion, or 5%, from year-end 2019, primarily driven by a $1.4 billion, or 6%, increase in loans, net. On February 14, 2020, the Corporation added $370 million in loans from the First Staunton acquisition. On the funding side, deposits of $25.7 billion increased $1.9 billion, or 8%, from year-end. On February 14, 2020, the Corporation assumed $439 million of deposits from the
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First Staunton acquisition. Additionally in March 2020, the Corporation saw deposit inflows from customers likely building cash in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net cash used in operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities was $14 million, $163 million, and $54 million, respectively, for a net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash of $230 million since year-end 2018. At March 31, 2019, assets of $33.7 billion increased $66 million, or less than 1%, from year-end 2018. On the funding side, deposits of $25.5 billion increased $636 million, or 3%, from year-end 2018.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Market risk and interest rate risk are managed centrally. Market risk is the potential for loss arising from adverse changes in the fair value of fixed income securities, equity securities, other earning assets and derivative financial instruments as a result of changes in interest rates or other factors. Interest rate risk is the potential for reduced net interest income resulting from adverse changes in the level of interest rates. As a financial institution that engages in transactions involving an array of financial products, the Corporation is exposed to both market risk and interest rate risk. In addition to market risk, interest rate risk is measured and managed through a number of methods. The Corporation uses financial modeling simulation techniques that measure the sensitivity of future earnings due to changing rate environments to measure interest rate risk.
Policies established by the Corporation’s ALCO and approved by the Board of Directors are intended to limit these risks. The Board has delegated day-to-day responsibility for managing market and interest rate risk to ALCO. The primary objectives of market risk management is to minimize any adverse effect that changes in market risk factors may have on net interest income and to offset the risk of price changes for certain assets recorded at fair value.
Interest Rate Risk
The primary goal of interest rate risk management is to control exposure to interest rate risk within policy limits approved by the Board of Directors. These limits and guidelines reflect the Corporation's risk appetite for interest rate risk over both short-term and long-term horizons. No interest rate limit breaches occurred during the first three months of 2020.
The major sources of the Corporation's non-trading interest rate risk are timing differences in the maturity and re-pricing characteristics of assets and liabilities, changes in the shape of the yield curve, and the potential exercise of explicit or embedded options. We measure these risks and their impact by identifying and quantifying exposures through the use of sophisticated simulation and valuation models which are employed by management to understand NII at risk, interest rate sensitive EAR, and MVE at risk. The Corporation’s interest rate risk profile is such that a higher or steeper yield curve adds to income while a flatter yield curve is relatively neutral, and a lower or inverted yield curve generally has a negative impact on earnings. The Corporation's EAR profile is asset sensitive at March 31, 2020.
For further discussion of the Corporation's interest rate risk and corresponding key assumptions, see the Interest Rate Risk section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in the Corporation’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The sensitivity analysis included below is measured as a percentage change in NII and EAR due to gradual moves in benchmark interest rates from a baseline scenario over 12 months. We evaluate the sensitivity using: 1) a dynamic forecast incorporating expected growth in the balance sheet, and 2) a static forecast where the current balance sheet is held constant.
While a gradual shift in interest rates was used in this analysis to provide an estimate of exposure under a probable scenario, an instantaneous shift in interest rates would have a much more significant impact.
Table 20 Estimated % Change in Rate Sensitive Earnings at Risk Over 12 Months
  Dynamic Forecast
March 31, 2020
Static Forecast
March 31, 2020
Dynamic Forecast
December 31, 2019
Static Forecast
December 31, 2019
Gradual Rate Change
100 bp increase in interest rates 6.9  % 6.1  % 4.0  % 3.7  %
200 bp increase in interest rates 12.9  % 11.2  % 7.4  % 6.7  %

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At March 31, 2020, the MVE profile indicates an increase in net balance sheet value due to instantaneous upward changes in rates.

Table 21 Market Value of Equity Sensitivity
March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Instantaneous Rate Change
100 bp increase in interest rates 3.6  % (0.5) %
200 bp increase in interest rates 4.9  % (2.2) %

Since MVE measures the discounted present value of cash flows over the estimated lives of instruments The change in MVE does not directly correlate to the degree that earnings would be impacted over a shorter time horizon (i.e., the current year). Further, MVE does not take into account factors such as future balance sheet growth, changes in product mix, changes in yield curve relationships, and changes in product spreads that could mitigate the adverse impact of changes in interest rates.

The above NII, EAR, and MVE measures do not include all actions that management may undertake to manage this risk in response to anticipated changes in interest rates.
Contractual Obligations, Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, and Contingent Liabilities
The following table summarizes significant contractual obligations and other commitments at March 31, 2020, at those amounts contractually due to the recipient, including any unamortized premiums or discounts, hedge basis adjustments, or other similar carrying value adjustments.
Table 22 Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments
($ in Thousands) One Year
or Less
One to
Three Years
Three to
Five Years
Over
Five Years
Total
Time deposits $ 2,046,235    $ 485,580    $ 101,250    $ 279    $ 2,633,345   
Short-term funding 166,654    —    —    —    166,654   
FHLB advances 637,872    521,228    450,633    1,604,461    3,214,194   
Long-term funding 29    298,867    248,725    2,023    549,644   
Operating leases 9,178    14,835    9,224    13,899    47,136   
Commitments to extend credit 4,166,252    3,144,826    1,492,103    151,771    8,954,952   
Total $ 7,026,221    $ 4,465,337    $ 2,301,935    $ 1,772,433    $ 15,565,926   
The Corporation utilizes a variety of financial instruments in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of its customers and to manage its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments include lending-related commitments and derivative instruments. A discussion of the Corporation’s derivative instruments at March 31, 2020 is included in Note 10 Derivative and Hedging Activities of the notes to consolidated financial statements. A discussion of the Corporation’s lending-related commitments is included in Note 12 Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Legal Proceedings and Regulatory Matters of the notes to consolidated financial statements. See Note 9 Short and Long-Term Funding of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information on the Corporation’s short-term funding, FHLB advances, and long-term funding. See also Note 18 Leases for additional information on the Corporation's operating leases.
Capital
Management actively reviews capital strategies for the Corporation and each of its subsidiaries in light of perceived business risks, future growth opportunities, industry standards, and compliance with regulatory requirements. The assessment of overall capital adequacy depends on a variety of factors, including asset quality, liquidity, stability of earnings, changing competitive forces, economic condition in markets served, and strength of management. At March 31, 2020, the capital ratios of the Corporation and its banking subsidiaries were in excess of regulatory minimum requirements. The Corporation’s capital ratios are summarized in the following table.
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Table 23 Capital Ratios
 ($ in Thousands)
March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
September 30,
2019
June 30,
2019
March 31,
2019
Risk-based Capital(a)
CET1 $ 2,421,135    $ 2,480,698    $ 2,482,394    $ 2,481,334    $ 2,484,941   
Tier 1 capital 2,676,951    2,736,776    2,738,708    2,737,607    2,741,159   
Total capital 3,249,807    3,208,625    3,224,538    3,241,597    3,250,428   
Total risk-weighted assets 25,866,140    24,296,382    24,312,727    24,465,973    24,120,876   
CET1 capital ratio 9.36  % 10.21  % 10.21  % 10.14  % 10.30  %
Tier 1 capital ratio 10.35  % 11.26  % 11.26  % 11.19  % 11.36  %
Total capital ratio 12.56  % 13.21  % 13.26  % 13.25  % 13.48  %
Tier 1 leverage ratio 8.50  % 8.83  % 8.57  % 8.49  % 8.50  %
Selected Equity and Performance Ratios
Total stockholders’ equity / assets 11.18  % 12.11  % 12.03  % 11.73  % 11.39  %
Dividend payout ratio(b)
66.67  % 41.86  % 34.00  % 34.69  % 34.00  %
(a) The Federal Reserve establishes regulatory capital requirements, including well-capitalized standards for the Corporation. The Corporation follows Basel III, subject to certain transition provisions. These regulatory capital measurements are used by management, regulators, investors, and analysts to assess, monitor and compare the quality and composition of the Corporation's capital with the capital of other financial services companies.
(b) Ratio is based upon basic earnings per common share.
See Part II, Item 2, Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds, for information on the shares repurchased during the first quarter of 2020.
In February 2019, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued a final rule (the "2019 CECL Rule") that revised certain capital regulations to account for changes to credit loss accounting under GAAP. The rule included a transition option that allows banking organizations to phase in, over a three-year period, the day-one impact of CECL adoption on regulatory capital ratios. In March 2020, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued an interim final rule that maintains the three-year transition option of the 2019 CECL Rule and also provides an option to delay for two years an estimate of the effect of CECL on regulatory capital, relative to the incurred loss methodology's effect on regulatory capital, followed by a three- year transition period. The Corporation has elected to utilize the CECL Transition Provision granted by the banking regulators. Under these provisions, the Day 1 capital impact relating to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 and 25% of the difference between the period end ACL and the Day 1 ACL will be 100% deferred for 2 years, and then phased in over the next 3 years. At March 31, 2020, the Corporation had a modified CECL transitional amount of $108 million.
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Non-GAAP Measures
Table 24 Non-GAAP Measures
Quarter Ended
($ in Thousands) March 31,
2020
December 31,
2019
September 30,
2019
June 30,
2019
March 31,
2019
Selected Equity and Performance Ratios(a)(b)
Tangible common equity / tangible assets 6.90  % 7.71  % 7.65  % 7.42  % 7.20  %
Return on average equity 4.80  % 7.31  % 8.47  % 8.81  % 9.21  %
Return on average tangible common equity 7.31  % 11.33  % 13.27  % 13.81  % 14.52  %
Return on average common equity Tier 1 6.84  % 10.94  % 12.78  % 13.09  % 13.58  %
Return on average assets 0.57  % 0.89  % 1.00  % 1.02  % 1.05  %
Return on average tangible assets 0.59  % 0.93  % 1.04  % 1.05  % 1.09  %
Average stockholders' equity / average assets 11.79  % 12.16  % 11.77  % 11.52  % 11.41  %
Tangible Common Equity Reconciliation(a)
Common equity $ 3,533,755    $ 3,665,407    $ 3,664,139    $ 3,643,077    $ 3,579,153   
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net (1,284,111)   (1,264,531)   (1,267,319)   (1,269,935)   (1,242,554)  
Tangible common equity $ 2,249,644    $ 2,400,876    $ 2,396,820    $ 2,373,142    $ 2,336,600   
Tangible Assets Reconciliation(a)
Total assets $ 33,908,056    $ 32,386,478    $ 32,596,460    $ 33,246,869    $ 33,681,329   
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net (1,284,111)   (1,264,531)   (1,267,319)   (1,269,935)   (1,242,554)  
Tangible assets $ 32,623,944    $ 31,121,947    $ 31,329,141    $ 31,976,934    $ 32,438,775   
Average Tangible Common Equity and Average Common Equity Tier 1 Reconciliation(a)(b)
Common equity $ 3,585,083    $ 3,657,823    $ 3,646,758    $ 3,596,178    $ 3,558,414   
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net (1,272,175)   (1,266,117)   (1,268,960)   (1,247,209)   (1,244,007)  
Tangible common equity 2,312,908    2,391,706    2,377,798    2,348,969    2,314,406   
Modified CECL transitional amount 101,340    N/A    N/A    N/A    N/A   
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (income) 10,398    36,810    42,224    82,142    115,767   
Deferred tax assets (liabilities), net 46,635    47,774    48,772    46,195    45,132   
Average common equity Tier 1 $ 2,471,281    $ 2,476,290    $ 2,468,794    $ 2,477,306    $ 2,475,305   
Average Tangible Assets Reconciliation(a)
Total assets $ 32,577,005    $ 32,182,183    $ 33,154,000    $ 33,438,818    $ 33,423,882   
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net (1,272,175)   (1,266,117)   (1,268,960)   (1,247,209)   (1,244,007)  
Tangible assets $ 31,304,829    $ 30,916,066    $ 31,885,039    $ 32,191,609    $ 32,179,875   
Pre-Tax Pre-Provision Income(c)
Income before income taxes $ 56,056    $ 89,467    $ 104,286    $ 103,678    $ 109,078   
Provision for credit losses 53,001    —    2,000    8,000    6,000   
Pre-tax pre-provision income $ 109,057    $ 89,467    $ 106,286    $ 111,678    $ 115,078   
Efficiency Ratio Reconciliation(d)
Federal Reserve efficiency ratio 70.37  % 69.14  % 66.55  % 62.71  % 63.32  %
Fully tax-equivalent adjustment (0.96) % (0.91) % (0.90) % (0.84) % (0.77) %
Other intangible amortization (0.95) % (0.93) % (0.89) % (0.75) % (0.73) %
Fully tax-equivalent efficiency ratio 68.47  % 67.32  % 64.78  % 61.13  % 61.83  %
Acquisition related costs adjustment(e)
(0.58) % (0.45) % (0.53) % (1.21) % (0.20) %
Provision for unfunded commitments adjustment (5.18) % 0.34  % (0.33) % 1.28  % (0.49) %
Fully tax-equivalent efficiency ratio, excluding acquisition related costs and provision for unfunded commitments (adjusted efficiency ratio) 62.72  % 67.21  % 63.92  % 61.19  % 61.14  %
(a) The ratio tangible common equity to tangible assets excludes goodwill and other intangible assets, net, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. This financial measure has been included as it is considered to be a critical metric with which to analyze and evaluate financial condition and capital strength.
(b) The Federal Reserve establishes regulatory capital requirements, including well-capitalized standards for the Corporation. The Corporation follows Basel III, subject to certain transition provisions. These regulatory capital measurements are used by management, regulators, investors, and analysts to assess, monitor and compare the quality and composition of the Corporation's capital with the capital of other financial services companies.
(c) This is a non-GAAP financial measure. Management believes these measures are meaningful because they reflect adjustments commonly made by management, investors, regulators, and analysts to evaluate the adequacy of earnings per common share and provide greater understanding of ongoing operations and enhanced comparability of results with prior periods.
(d) The efficiency ratio as defined by the Federal Reserve guidance is noninterest expense (which includes the provision for unfunded commitments) divided by the sum of net interest income plus noninterest income, excluding investment securities gains / losses, net. The fully tax-equivalent efficiency ratio is noninterest expense (which includes the provision for unfunded commitments), excluding other intangible amortization, divided by the sum of fully tax-equivalent net interest income plus noninterest income, excluding investment securities gains / losses, net. The adjusted efficiency ratio is noninterest expense, which excludes the provision for unfunded commitments, other intangible amortization, and acquisition related costs, divided by the sum of fully tax-equivalent net interest income plus noninterest income, excluding investment securities gains / losses, net and acquisition related costs. Management believes the adjusted efficiency ratio is a meaningful measure as it enhances the comparability of net interest income arising from taxable and tax-exempt sources and provides a better measure as to how the Corporation is managing its expenses by adjusting for acquisition related costs and provision for unfunded commitments.
(e) The quarter ended March 31, 2020 includes First Staunton acquisition related costs, while 2019 periods include Huntington branch and First Staunton acquisition related costs.
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Sequential Quarter Results
The Corporation reported net income of $46 million for the first quarter of 2020, compared to net income of $72 million for the fourth quarter of 2019. Net income available to common equity was $42 million for the first quarter of 2020, or $0.27 for both basic and diluted earnings per common share. Comparatively, net income available to common equity for the fourth quarter of 2019 was $68 million, or $0.43 for both basic and diluted earnings per common share (see Table 1).
Fully tax-equivalent net interest income for the first quarter of 2020 was $207 million, $3 million higher than the fourth quarter of 2019. The net interest margin in the first quarter of 2020 was up 1 bp to 2.84%. Average earning assets increased $434 million to $29.2 billion in the first quarter of 2020. On the funding side, average interest-bearing deposits were up $152 million, or 1% and FHLB advances increased $323 million, or 11% (see Table 2). The favorable results in the first quarter of 2020 were primarily driven by higher loan volumes, LIBOR - fed funds expansion, and interest-bearing deposit cost reductions.
Average total deposits for the first quarter of 2020 increased $189 million, or 1%, compared to the fourth quarter of 2019. On February 14, 2020, the Corporation assumed $439 million in deposits from the First Staunton acquisition.
The provision for credit losses was $53 million for the first quarter of 2020, compared to zero in the fourth quarter of 2019 (see Table 15). The increase was a result of inflows in probable TDRs and the expected impact of the COVID-19 pandemic within the economic models used in the new expected credit loss methodology. See discussion under sections: Provision for Credit Losses, Nonperforming Assets, and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans.
Noninterest income for the first quarter of 2020 increased $5 million, or 6%, to $98 million compared to the fourth quarter of 2019, primarily due to a $6 million gain on investment securities sales as the Corporation sold prepayment sensitive mortgage-related securities (see Table 3).
Noninterest expense decreased $11 million, or 6%, to $192 million, primarily driven by a decrease in funding for the management incentive plan (see Table 4).
For the first quarter of 2020, the Corporation recognized income tax expense of $10 million, compared to income tax expense of $17 million for the fourth quarter of 2019. The effective tax rate was 18.23% and 19.41% for the first quarter of 2020 and the fourth quarter of 2019, respectively. The lower tax expense in the first quarter of 2020 was primarily driven by the decrease in income before tax. See Income Taxes section for a detailed discussion on income taxes.
Segment Review
As discussed in Note 15 Segment Reporting of the notes to consolidated financial statements, the Corporation’s reportable segments have been determined based upon its internal profitability reporting system, which is organized by strategic business unit. Certain strategic business units have been combined for segment information reporting purposes where the nature of the products and services, the type of customer, and the distribution of those products and services are similar. The reportable segments are Corporate and Commercial Specialty; Community, Consumer and Business; and Risk Management and Shared Services.
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Table 25 Selected Segment Financial Data
Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in Thousands) 2020 2019 % Change
Corporate and Commercial Specialty
Total revenue $ 135,943    $ 131,762    %
Credit provision 13,174    13,833    (5) %
Noninterest expense 52,598    56,340    (7) %
Income tax expense (benefit) 13,126    11,920    10  %
Average earning assets 13,454,418    13,340,901    %
Average loans 13,506,551    13,388,248    %
Average deposits 9,028,016    9,654,881    (6) %
Average allocated capital (Average CET1)(a)
1,428,193    1,317,093    %
Return on average allocated capital (ROCET1)(a)
16.06  % 15.29  % (-77) bp  
Community, Consumer, and Business
Total revenue $ 151,262    $ 158,708    (5) %
Credit provision 5,108    4,685    %
Noninterest expense 116,431    112,917    %
Income tax expense (benefit) 6,242    8,632    (28) %
Average earning assets 9,390,271    9,262,136    %
Average loans 9,329,349    9,202,437    %
Average deposits 13,691,417    12,298,012    11  %
Average allocated capital (Average CET1)(a)
582,315    556,385    %
Return on average allocated capital (ROCET1)(a)
16.22  % 23.67  % N/M   
Risk Management and Shared Services
Total revenue $ 14,042    $ 16,280    (14) %
Credit provision 34,719    (12,518)   N/M   
Noninterest expense (b)
23,162    22,414    %
Income tax expense (benefit) (9,149)   1,840    N/M   
Average earning assets 6,372,005    7,792,143    (18) %
Average loans 472,719    512,830    (8) %
Average deposits 1,572,516    2,603,316    (40) %
Average allocated capital (Average CET1)(a)
460,773    601,827    (23) %
Return on average allocated capital (ROCET1)(a)
(33.60) % 0.50  % N/M   
Consolidated Total
Total revenue $ 301,248    $ 306,749    (2) %
Return on average allocated capital (ROCET1)(a)
6.84  % 13.58  % N/M   
N/M = Not meaningful
(a) The Federal Reserve establishes capital adequacy requirements for the Corporation, including common equity Tier 1. For segment reporting purposes, the return on common equity Tier 1 ("ROCET1") reflects return on average allocated common equity Tier 1. The ROCET1 for the Risk Management and Shared Services segment and the Consolidated Total is inclusive of the annualized effect of the preferred stock dividends. Please refer to Table 24 for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP financial measures.
(b) For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Risk Management and Shared Services segment included approximately $2 million and approximately $632,000 of acquisition related noninterest expense.

Notable Changes in Segment Financial Data
The Corporate and Commercial Specialty segment consists of lending and deposit solutions to larger businesses, developers, not-for-profits, municipalities, and financial institutions, and the support to deliver, fund, and manage such banking solutions. In addition, this segment provides a variety of investment and fiduciary products and services to individuals and small to mid-sized businesses.
Revenue increased $4 million, or 3%, from the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to an increase in capital market fees of $7 million partially offset by decreased segment net interest income of $3 million.
Noninterest expenses decreased $4 million, or 7%, from the three months ended March 31, 2019 due to a $4 million decrease in personnel expense primarily driven by a decrease in funding for the management incentive plan.
Average deposits were down $627 million, or 6%, from the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to a decrease in money market and time deposit accounts.
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The Community, Consumer, and Business segment consists of lending, deposit solutions, and ancillary financial services, primarily insurance and risk consulting, to individuals and small to mid-sized businesses.
Revenue decreased $7 million, or 5%, from the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily due to a decrease in segment net interest income of $7 million.
Noninterest expense were up $4 million, or 3%, from the three months ended March 31, 2019. The increase was primarily driven by higher technology, legal, and card issuance expenses.
Average deposits were up $1.4 billion, or 11%, from the three months ended March 31, 2019, driven by increases in savings and demand (interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing) deposits.
The Risk Management and Shared Services segment includes key shared Corporate functions, Parent Company activity, intersegment eliminations, and residual revenues and expenses.
Revenues decreased $2 million, or 14%, from the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily driven by a decrease in segment net interest income of $3 million.
Credit provision increased $47 million from the three months ended March 31, 2019 as a result of inflows in probable TDRs and the expected impact of the COVID-19 pandemic within the economic models used in the new expected credit loss methodology.
Average deposits were down $1.0 billion, or 40%, from the three months ended March 31, 2019, due to decreases in network transaction deposits and time deposit accounts.
Average earning assets were down $1.4 billion, or 18%, from the three months ended March 31, 2019, driven by the Corporation's investment securities portfolio restructuring and deleveraging strategy in 2019.
Critical Accounting Policies
In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include the determination of the ACLL, goodwill impairment assessment, MSRs valuation, and income taxes. A discussion of these policies can be found in the Critical Accounting Policies section in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in the Corporation’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There has been one change in the Corporation's application of critical accounting policies since December 31, 2019 driven by the adoption of ASU 2016-13.
Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans: Management’s evaluation process used to determine the appropriateness of the ACLL is subject to the use of estimates, assumptions, and judgments. The evaluation process combines many factors: management’s ongoing review and grading of the loan portfolio using a dual risk rating system leveraging probability of default and loss given default, consideration of historical loan loss and delinquency experience, trends in past due and nonaccrual loans, risk characteristics of the various classifications of loans, concentrations of loans to specific borrowers or industries, existing economic conditions and forecasts, the fair value of underlying collateral, and other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect future credit losses. Because current economic conditions and forecasts can change and future events are inherently difficult to predict, the anticipated amount of estimated credit losses on loans, and therefore the appropriateness of the ACLL, could change significantly. The Corporation uses Moody's baseline economic forecast within its model. As an integral part of their examination process, various regulatory agencies also review the ACLL. Such agencies may require additions to the ACLL or may require that certain loan balances be charged off or downgraded into criticized loan categories when their credit evaluations differ from those of management, based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. The Corporation believes the level of the ACLL is appropriate. See Note 3 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 7 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements as well as the Allowance for Credit Losses section.
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Recent Developments
On May 4, 2020, the Corporation announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to sell its Associated Benefits & Risk Consulting business to USI Insurance Services LLC (USI). Under the terms of the agreement, the purchase price is $265.755 million in cash, subject to adjustments for, among other things, transaction expenses and working capital changes. Subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals, the transaction is expected to close late in the second quarter or early in the third quarter of 2020.
On April 28, 2020, the Corporation’s Board of Directors declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.18 per common share, payable on June 15, 2020 to shareholders of record at the close of business on June 1, 2020. The Board of Directors also declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.3828125 per depositary share on Associated's 6.125% Series C Perpetual Preferred Stock, payable on June 15, 2020 to shareholders of record at the close of business on June 1, 2020. The Board of Directors also declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.3359375 per depositary share on Associated's 5.375% Series D Perpetual Preferred Stock, payable on June 15, 2020 to shareholders of record at the close of business on June 1, 2020. The Board of Directors also declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.3671875 per depositary share on Associated's 5.875% Series E Perpetual Preferred Stock, payable on June 15, 2020 to shareholders of record at the close of business on June 1, 2020.
COVID-19 Update:
Beginning on April 3, 2020, the Corporation began originating SBA loans under the PPP, which are included in commercial and industrial loans, to help businesses keep their workforce employed and cover other working capital needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. All complete eligible applications for the PPP have been processed in the order in which they have been received, and nearly all loans approved through May 1, 2020 have been closed and funded. The Corporation has fully funded the PPP loans as of May 6, 2020 by drawing from the PPP Lending Facility, established under the CARES Act, and anticipates that most of these loans will be forgiven by the SBA by September 30, 2020.
The following table summarizes the balance segmentation of the PPP loans through May 6, 2020.
Table 26 Paycheck Protection Program Loan Segmentation
($ in Thousands) Number of Loans Originated Balance Outstanding Balance Impacted Jobs
>=$2,000,000 99    $ 335,534    $ 306,930    26,688   
< $2,000,000 And > $350,000 467    374,695    367,491    35,200   
<=$350,000 5,856    308,937    307,748    44,479   
Total 6,422    $ 1,019,166    $ 982,169    106,367   

The Corporation initiated a loan payment deferral and credit card payment relief program. The following table summarizes loans deferred in response to COVID-19 through May 6, 2020.

Table 27 COVID-19 Loan Deferrals
($ in Thousands) Number of Loans Number of Relationships Outstanding Balance
Commercial and business lending 452 286 $ 245,287   
Commercial real estate 175 147 554,177   
Total consumer(a)
1,918 1,744 519,206   
Total 2,545 2,177 $ 1,318,670   
(a) Over 800 consumer portfolio loan deferral requests in process are not included in the consumer loan totals

In addition, as of May 6, 2020, approximately $670,000 in fees have been waived.


ITEM 3.     Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Information required by this item is set forth in Item 2 under the captions Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk and Interest Rate Risk.

ITEM 4.     Controls and Procedures
The Corporation maintains disclosure controls and procedures as required under Rule 13a-15 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Corporation's Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and
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forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Corporation’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
As of March 31, 2020, the Corporation’s management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures. Based on the foregoing, its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2020.
No changes were made to the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act of 1934) during the last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION


ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings
The information required by this item is set forth in Part I, Item 1 under Note 12 Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Legal Proceedings and Regulatory Matters of the notes to consolidated financial statements.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors
The following risk factors supplements the Risk Factors described in the Corporation’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K and should be read in conjunction therewith.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in significant deterioration and disruption in national and local economic conditions and record levels of unemployment, which may have a material impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations. The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused a global and national health emergency, resulting in the President declaring a national emergency and, for the first time in history, the issuance of a major disaster declaration for all 50 states. Federal and state governments have taken, and continue to take, unprecedented actions to slow the spread of the disease, including stay-at-home orders, travel restrictions and quarantines and shutdowns of schools and businesses. The vast majority of states are currently operating under stay-at-home orders, including the states in which the Corporation does business. Wisconsin's stay-at-home order has been extended until May 26, 2020 and Illinois’ and Minnesota’s stay-at-home orders have been extended until May 30 and May 18, 2020, respectively. While all three states have also announced some easing of restrictions on non-essential businesses and, in Illinois, an expansion of the types of businesses considered essential, public health experts have cautioned that re-opening the economy too soon could result in a resurgence of COVID-19.

The uncertain economic conditions and stay-at home orders due to COVID-19 have resulted in an extremely challenging operating environment for many businesses, and the complete shutdown of others, as well as record levels of unemployment. The national unemployment rate increased to 14.7% in April 2020, from 3.6% in January 2020. The national unemployment level has increased with unprecedented speed as more than 30 million people have filed for unemployment assistance in the wake of the economic shutdown due to COVID-19.

The timing for any re-opening of the economy is unclear and could be delayed longer than as indicated by recent public statements from the White House. In addition, the governors of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio have agreed to coordinate their states’ economic re-openings. And while there have been trillions of dollars in economic stimulus packages initiated by the Federal Reserve and the federal government, including the $2 trillion CARES Act, as expanded by the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Act, in an effort to counteract the significant economic disruption from COVID-19, there can be no assurance that these packages will be sufficient, or work quickly enough, to stimulate the economy, and additional governmental stimulus may be needed. Accordingly, the Corporation will be operating under uncertain economic conditions for a lengthy period of time.

Additionally the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the financial markets and has resulted in a number of Federal Reserve actions. Market interest rates have declined significantly. In March 2020, the Federal Reserve reduced the target federal funds rate to a range of 0.00% to 0.25%, the lowest since the 2008 economic crisis, and announced a $700 billion quantitative easing program in response to the expected economic downturn caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the Federal Reserve reduced the interest that it pays on excess reserves. At its April meeting, the Federal Reserve continued its commitment to these policies. These reductions in interest rates, especially if prolonged, could adversely affect our net interest income, net interest spread and net interest margin. Further, the overall impact of COVID-19 on the financial markets could result in a significant decline in the market value of the Corporation's common stock, which may cause us to perform a goodwill impairment test in between annual tests. If that impairment test indicates that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than its carrying amount, we may be required to record a goodwill impairment charge, which could adversely affect our results of operations. The full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business activities as a result of new government and regulatory policies, programs and guidelines, as well as market reactions to such activities, remains uncertain.

Regulatory and governmental actions to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on borrowers, including required loan forbearances and restrictions on evictions, could result in a material decline in our earnings. There have been a number of recent bank regulatory actions and legislative changes intended to help mitigate the adverse economic impact of COVID-19 on borrowers, including mandates requiring financial institutions to work constructively with borrowers affected by COVID-19. In addition, the governors of many states in which we do business or in which our borrowers and loan collateral are located have issued temporary bans on evictions and foreclosures. In Wisconsin, the Governor has issued a temporary ban on all residential
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and commercial evictions and foreclosures until May 26, 2020. In addition, we have implemented the following programs to assist our borrowers and other customers in mitigating the impact of COVID-19: consumer and commercial loan and credit card deferral programs, suspension of certain transaction and late fees, and the suspension of foreclosures and repossessions.

At the federal level, Section 4022 of the CARES Act allows, until the earlier of December 31, 2020 or the date the national emergency declared by the President terminates, borrowers with federally-backed one-to-four family mortgage loans experiencing a financial hardship due to COVID-19 to request forbearance, regardless of delinquency status, for up to 360 days. Section 4022 also prohibits servicers of federally-backed mortgage loans from initiating foreclosures during the 60-day period beginning March 18, 2020. In addition, under Section 4023 of the CARES Act, until the earlier of December 31, 2020 and the date the national emergency declared by the President terminates, borrowers with federally-backed multifamily mortgage loans whose payments were current as of February 1, 2020, but who have since experienced financial hardship due to COVID-19, may request a forbearance for up to 90 days. Borrowers receiving such forbearance may not evict or charge late fees to tenants for its duration.

As a result of the forbearance and mitigation programs described above, we expect a significant decline in borrower loan payments, which may have a material impact on our earnings, as well as a reduction in fee income.

We expect our loan portfolios to be significantly affected by the response to COVID-19 and our allowance for credit losses on loans may not be sufficient to cover losses in our portfolios. The economic shutdown in response to COVID-19 may result in a significant increase in delinquencies across all of our loan portfolios, particularly our commercial loan portfolio as stay-at-home orders and travel restrictions have caused many businesses to close, either temporarily or permanently, or substantially reduce operations, which will adversely affect the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans. In particular, our commercial loan portfolio includes $2.2 billion, representing 9% of total loans, to borrowers in key industries which may see elevated risk as a result of the current economic dynamics. These key exposures include: $1.1 billion of loans to retailers and shopping centers, $466 million to oil & gas producers, $211 million of loans to borrowers in the hotel industry, $119 million to restaurant related borrowers, and approximately $260 million across various exposures, which have been significantly impacted by the stay-at-home orders and travel restrictions. The substantial increase in unemployment will also have a significant adverse impact on the ability of our residential and multi-family borrowers to repay their loans.

As a result of our evaluation of the current and expected impacts of COVID-19 on our loan portfolios, we believe that our loan losses and delinquencies will significantly exceed what we anticipated when our ACLL was established at the end of 2019. As a result, we have increased our ACLL by $171 million to $394 million for the first quarter of 2020, compared to $223 million at the end of 2019. As the economic impact due to COVID-19 has been experienced in recent weeks and there are no assurances as to how long it will be before the COVID-19 pandemic abates and economic activity can begin to resume to pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels, there is no assurance that we will not need to significantly add to our loan loss reserves in future periods.

The stay-at-home orders in the states in which we do business have created operational challenges for our business, and our ability to conduct our business could be further adversely affected if a significant number of our management or employees or their families become ill due to COVID-19. Under the stay-at-home orders in place in the states in which we conduct business, all individuals generally must stay at home except to perform certain essential activities or governmental functions or to operate essential businesses. While banks are considered essential and our branches and offices are permitted to remain open, we have taken a number of actions to help ensure the safety of our employees and customers, including suspending all lobby access at most of our branch locations and conducting branch business through our drive thru windows and ATMs, and requiring employees with certain job functions to work from home. We also have contingency plans in place to ensure continuity of management and operations in the event that members of our senior management or employees become ill due to COVID-19. However, notwithstanding the protective measures and plans we have in place, our employees and their families may still be affected by COVID-19. If a significant number of our employees or if key individuals become unable to work or to perform their jobs properly due to COVID-19, our ability to conduct our business could be negatively impacted. In addition, we rely on third party vendors to provide key components of our business infrastructure. If any of these third party vendors experience significant disruption as a result of COVID-19, they may not be able to provide their services properly or in a timely manner, which could also adversely affect our ability to conduct our business. We also face an increased risk of cyber-attacks or other security breaches due to the increase in the number of our employees working from home, as well as an increase in online banking activity.

We have originated a significant number of loans under the SBA’s Paycheck Protection Program, which may result in a large number of such loans remaining on our consolidated balance sheets at a very low yield for an extended period of time. We participated as a lender under the SBA’s PPP established under the CARES Act. The PPP authorizes financial institutions to make federally-guaranteed loans to qualifying small businesses and non-profits organizations. These loans carry a maturity of two years and an interest rate of 1% per annum. The PPP provides that such loans may be forgiven if the borrowers meet certain requirements with respect to maintaining employee headcount and payroll and the use of the loan proceeds after the loan is originated. If not forgiven, these loans will be guaranteed by the SBA under the SBA’s section 7(a) program. As of May 6,
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2020, we had originated $1.0 billion of PPP loans. In light of the speed at which the PPP was implemented, particularly due to the “first come first served” nature of the program, the loans originated under this program may present potential fraud risk, increasing the risk that loan forgiveness may not be obtained by the borrowers and that the guaranty may not be honored. In addition, there is risk that the borrowers may not qualify for the loan forgiveness feature due to the conduct of the borrower after the loan is originated. These factors may result in us having to hold a significant amount of these low-yield loans on our books for a significant period of time.

The OCC has also recently issued guidance encouraging banks to follow prudent banking practices consistent with safety and soundness principles in making PPP loans, including by thoroughly documenting the bank's decisions when setting eligibility criteria, establishing a process for considering applications and approving or denying PPP loan applications, as well as identifying and tracking PPP loan volumes. The guidance also states that, in exercising supervisory and enforcement responsibilities in this area, the OCC will take into account the unique circumstances resulting from the national emergency and good faith efforts to comply with applicable legal requirements. Thus, while the PPP guidelines provide that lenders may rely on borrower representations and certifications regarding eligibility with respect to PPP loans and do not need to verify information provided, the OCC guidance makes clear that banks are still expected to prudently underwrite, document and track PPP loans in a manner consistent with safe and sound banking practices and could face supervisory or enforcement risks in failing to do so. Further, recent statements by members of Congress and the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States make clear that compliance with the PPP requirements likely will become the subject of investigations and potentially enforcement actions by various government agencies.

Risks Related to Oil and Gas Industry

We may be adversely affected by declines in oil prices. Ongoing volatility in the oil and gas markets has compressed margins for many U.S.-based oil producers and others in the oil and gas industry. Our oil and gas portfolio is comprised of 35 credits made to small and mid-sized companies. These borrowers are likely to be adversely affected by price volatility or a downturn in oil and gas prices. During the first quarter of 2020, there has been a drastic decrease in crude oil prices as a result of the reported dispute between Russia and Saudi Arabia regarding oil production levels, which could result in a material adverse impact on such borrowers. As of March 31, 2020, our oil and gas loan exposure was $703 million of commitments with $466 million outstanding, representing less than 2% of our loan portfolio. The ACLL related to this portfolio was 16.6% at March 31, 2020, compared to 2.7% at December 31, 2019. A significant deterioration in our oil and gas loans could cause a significant increase in nonaccrual loans. An increase in nonaccrual loans could result in a loss of interest income from these loans, one or more additional increases in the provision for credit losses, and an increase in loan charge offs, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.


ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
During the first quarter of 2020, the Corporation repurchased $77 million, including $71 million of open market purchases and $6 million of repurchases related to tax withholding on equity compensation, or approximately 4.5 million shares, of common stock. The repurchase details are presented in the table below:
Common Stock Purchases
Total Number  of
Shares Purchased(a)
Average Price
Paid per Share
Total Number of
Shares Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs
Maximum Number of
Shares that May Yet
Be Purchased Under
the Plans
or Programs(b)
Period
January 1, 2020 - January 31, 2020 909,990    $ 20.61    900,000    —   
February 1, 2020 - February 29, 2020 1,069,369    18.98    831,991    —   
March 1, 2020 - March 31, 2020 2,562,723    14.73    2,531,721    —   
Total 4,542,082    $ 16.91    4,263,712    8,803,836   
(a) During the first quarter of 2020, the Corporation repurchased 278,370 common shares for minimum tax withholding settlements on equity compensation. These purchases do not count against the maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the Board of Directors’ authorization.
(b) On December 10, 2019, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $150 million of the Corporation's common stock. The repurchase authorization was in addition to the previous authorized repurchases. At March 31, 2020, there remained approximately $113 million authorized to be repurchased in the aggregate. Approximately 8.8 million shares of common stock remained available to be repurchased under this Board authorization given the closing share price on March 31, 2020.

Repurchases under such authorizations are subject to any necessary regulatory approvals and other limitations and may occur from time to time in open market purchases, block transactions, private transactions, accelerated share repurchases, or similar facilities. On March 13, 2020, the Corporation suspended the share repurchase program and expects the program to remain
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Table of Contents
suspended for the remainder of 2020.

Preferred Stock Purchases
During the first quarter of 2020, the Corporation did not repurchase any shares of preferred stock.
On August 28, 2015, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $10 million of depositary shares of the Corporation's Series C Preferred Stock, of which all of such depository shares remained available to repurchase as of March 31, 2020. Using the closing stock price on March 31, 2020 of $24.45, a total of approximately 409,000 shares remained available to be repurchased under the previously approved Board authorizations.
On July 25, 2017, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $15 million of depositary shares of the Corporation's Series D Preferred Stock, of which approximately $14 million remained available to repurchase as of March 31, 2020. Using the closing stock price on March 31, 2020 of $21.70, a total of approximately 666,000 shares remained available to be repurchased under the previously approved Board authorizations.
The repurchase of depositary shares is based on market and investment opportunities, capital levels, growth prospects, and regulatory constraints. Such repurchases may occur from time to time in open market purchases, block transactions, private transactions, accelerated share repurchase programs, or similar facilities.
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ITEM 6. Exhibits
(a)    Exhibits:
Exhibit (101), Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T: (i) Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity, (v) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.
ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP
(Registrant)
Date: May 11, 2020 /s/ Philip B. Flynn
Philip B. Flynn
President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: May 11, 2020 /s/ Christopher J. Del Moral-Niles
   Christopher J. Del Moral-Niles
Chief Financial Officer
Date: May 11, 2020 /s/ Tammy C. Stadler
Tammy C. Stadler
Principal Accounting Officer

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EX-2 EXECUTION VERSION MEMBERSHIP INTEREST PURCHASE AGREEMENT by and between ASSOCIATED BANK, N.A. and USI INSURANCE SERVICES LLC Dated the 4TH day of May, 2020. US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ARTICLE I DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................... 1 Section 1.1 Definitions ................................................................................................................... 1 Section 1.2 Other Definitions ....................................................................................................... 11 Section 1.3 Construction .............................................................................................................. 13 ARTICLE II PURCHASE AND SALE ................................................................................................. 14 Section 2.1 Purchase and Sale of Equity Interests ......................................................................... 14 Section 2.2 Purchase Price and Payment ...................................................................................... 14 Section 2.3 Closing ...................................................................................................................... 15 Section 2.4 Deliveries by Seller ................................................................................................... 15 Section 2.5 Deliveries by Buyer ................................................................................................... 16 Section 2.6 Post-Closing Purchase Price Adjustment .................................................................... 16 Section 2.7 Method of Payment ................................................................................................... 19 Section 2.8 Purchase Price Allocation .......................................................................................... 19 Section 2.9 Withholding .............................................................................................................. 19 ARTICLE III REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES RELATING TO THE COMPANY........... 20 Section 3.1 Organization .............................................................................................................. 20 Section 3.2 Capitalization ............................................................................................................ 20 Section 3.3 Subsidiaries and Other Equity Rights ......................................................................... 20 Section 3.4 Consents and Approvals; No Violations ..................................................................... 20 Section 3.5 Financial Statements .................................................................................................. 21 Section 3.6 No Undisclosed Liabilities ......................................................................................... 22 Section 3.7 Absence of Certain Changes ...................................................................................... 22 Section 3.8 Title To Assets .......................................................................................................... 22 Section 3.9 Real Property ............................................................................................................. 22 Section 3.10 Intellectual Property; Privacy and Data Security......................................................... 23 Section 3.11 Litigation ................................................................................................................... 24 Section 3.12 Compliance with Applicable Law .............................................................................. 24 Section 3.13 Business Contracts and Insurance Contracts ............................................................... 24 Section 3.14 Taxes ......................................................................................................................... 26 Section 3.15 Environmental Matters .............................................................................................. 28 Section 3.16 Licenses and Permits ................................................................................................. 28 Section 3.17 Employee Benefit Plans ............................................................................................. 28 Section 3.18 Labor Relationships ................................................................................................... 30 Section 3.19 Certain Fees ............................................................................................................... 32 Section 3.20 Bank Accounts .......................................................................................................... 32 Section 3.21 Material Clients ......................................................................................................... 33 Section 3.22 Insurance ................................................................................................................... 33 Section 3.23 Related Person Transactions ...................................................................................... 33 Section 3.24 Underwriting Risk ..................................................................................................... 34 Section 3.25 Fiduciary and Third-Party Funds ................................................................................ 34 Section 3.26 Certain Regulatory Matters ........................................................................................ 34 Section 3.27 Anti-Corruption and Anti-Bribery Laws ..................................................................... 35 Section 3.28 Competing Business .................................................................................................. 35 Section 3.29 NO OTHER REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES .......................................... 35 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) ARTICLE IV REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF SELLER ............................................ 36 Section 4.1 Authorization............................................................................................................. 36 Section 4.2 Equity Interests Ownership ........................................................................................ 36 Section 4.3 Consents and Approvals ............................................................................................ 36 Section 4.4 Certain Fees ............................................................................................................... 36 Section 4.5 Litigation ................................................................................................................... 36 ARTICLE V REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF BUYER .............................................. 37 Section 5.1 Organization .............................................................................................................. 37 Section 5.2 Authorization............................................................................................................. 37 Section 5.3 Consents and Approvals; No Violations ..................................................................... 37 Section 5.4 Litigation ................................................................................................................... 37 Section 5.5 Financial Capability ................................................................................................... 37 Section 5.6 Solvency.................................................................................................................... 38 Section 5.7 Independent Review .................................................................................................. 38 Section 5.8 Purchase for Investment ............................................................................................. 39 Section 5.9 Certain Fees ............................................................................................................... 39 ARTICLE VI COVENANTS ................................................................................................................ 39 Section 6.1 Conduct of the Business............................................................................................. 39 Section 6.2 Access to Information ................................................................................................ 42 Section 6.3 Consents and Regulatory Filings ................................................................................ 43 Section 6.4 Reasonable Best Efforts; Further Assurances ............................................................. 45 Section 6.5 Public Announcements .............................................................................................. 45 Section 6.6 Prior Knowledge ........................................................................................................ 45 Section 6.7 Supplemental Disclosure............................................................................................ 46 Section 6.8 Tax Matters ............................................................................................................... 46 Section 6.9 Preservation of Records ............................................................................................. 49 Section 6.10 Employees; Employee Benefits .................................................................................. 49 Section 6.11 Use of Names and Trademarks .................................................................................. 53 Section 6.12 Non-Solicitation ........................................................................................................ 53 Section 6.13 Guarantees; Commitments; Misdirected Payments ..................................................... 56 Section 6.14 Termination of Intercompany Arrangements; Intercompany Balances ........................ 56 Section 6.15 Contact with Customers, Suppliers and Other Business Relations............................... 56 Section 6.16 Release and Directors’ and Officers’ Indemnification ................................................ 57 Section 6.17 Insurance ................................................................................................................... 58 Section 6.18 Distributions and Transfers Prior to Closing ............................................................... 60 Section 6.19 Exclusivity ................................................................................................................ 61 Section 6.20 Interim Financial Statements ...................................................................................... 61 Section 6.21 Restrictive Covenant Enforcement ............................................................................. 61 Section 6.22 Financing Cooperation ............................................................................................... 62 Section 6.23 Cooperation ............................................................................................................... 63 Section 6.24 Invoices ..................................................................................................................... 63 Section 6.25 Seller Bonus Arrangements........................................................................................ 63 ARTICLE VII CONDITIONS TO OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES................................................ 63 Section 7.1 Conditions to Each Party’s Obligations ...................................................................... 63 Section 7.2 Conditions to Obligations of Seller ............................................................................ 64 Section 7.3 Conditions to Obligations of Buyer ............................................................................ 64 ii US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) ARTICLE VIII TERMINATION .......................................................................................................... 65 Section 8.1 Termination ............................................................................................................... 65 Section 8.2 Procedure and Effect of Termination .......................................................................... 65 ARTICLE IX SURVIVAL; INDEMNIFICATION; DAMAGES ........................................................... 66 Section 9.1 Survival ..................................................................................................................... 66 Section 9.2 Indemnification ......................................................................................................... 67 Section 9.3 Procedures ................................................................................................................. 68 Section 9.4 Damages; Limitations ................................................................................................ 70 Section 9.5 Exclusive Remedies ................................................................................................... 72 ARTICLE X MISCELLANEOUS ......................................................................................................... 72 Section 10.1 Fees and Expenses ..................................................................................................... 72 Section 10.2 Notices ...................................................................................................................... 72 Section 10.3 Severability ............................................................................................................... 73 Section 10.4 Binding Effect; Assignment ....................................................................................... 73 Section 10.5 No Third Party Beneficiaries...................................................................................... 73 Section 10.6 Section Headings ....................................................................................................... 74 Section 10.7 Entire Agreement....................................................................................................... 74 Section 10.8 Consent to Jurisdiction............................................................................................... 74 Section 10.9 Waiver of Jury Trial................................................................................................... 74 Section 10.10 Governing Law ......................................................................................................... 74 Section 10.11 Waiver of Conflicts; Privilege ................................................................................... 74 Section 10.12 Specific Performance ................................................................................................ 75 Section 10.13 Counterparts ............................................................................................................. 76 Section 10.14 Amendment; Modification; Waiver ........................................................................... 76 Section 10.15 Schedules .................................................................................................................. 76 Section 10.16 Non-Party Affiliates .................................................................................................. 76 Section 10.17 Financing Related Parties .......................................................................................... 76 EXHIBITS Exhibit 1.1(a)-A Accounting Principles and Net Working Capital Methodology Exhibit 1.1(a)-B Seller Marks Exhibit 1.1(b) Knowledge Exhibit 1.1(c) Form of Transition Services Agreement Exhibit 1.1(d) Form of Assignment of Equity Interests Exhibit 1.1(e) Form of Referral Agreement Exhibit 1.1(f)-A Form of New Real Estate Lease (Kimberly, WI) Exhibit 1.1(f)-B Form of New Real Estate Lease (Minnetonka, MN) Exhibit 1.1(g)-A Form of Service Fee Agreement – P&C Exhibit 1.1(g)-B Form of Service Fee Agreement – EBS Exhibit 1.1(h) Historical Production Spreadsheets Exhibit 2.2(d) Specified Producer Base Purchase Price Adjustment Calculation Exhibit 6.10(d) Communication Parameters (Retention Payments) Exhibit 6.10(g) Pre-Closing Arrangements (Severance Payments and Benefits) Exhibit 6.18(c) Transfer Structure Options iii US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
MEMBERSHIP INTEREST PURCHASE AGREEMENT This MEMBERSHIP INTEREST PURCHASE AGREEMENT dated the 4th day of May, 2020 (this “Agreement”), is made and entered into by and between ASSOCIATED BANK, N.A., a national banking association (“Seller”), and USI INSURANCE SERVICES LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Buyer”). Seller and Buyer are sometimes individually referred to in this Agreement as a “Party” and collectively as the “Parties”. RECITALS WHEREAS, Seller owns 100% of the equity membership interests the (“Equity Interests”) of Associated Financial Group, LLC, a Wisconsin limited liability company (d/b/a Associated Benefits and Risk Consulting) (the “Company”); WHEREAS, the Company is in the business of selling business insurance and providing employee benefits consulting, human resources and compliance consulting, retirement plan consulting and advance planning consulting to its customers (collectively, the “Covered Business”); provided however, for the avoidance of doubt, (i) the Covered Business includes the retirement plan business conducted through the LPL Networking Contract, and support activities incidental thereto (the “Retirement Plan Consulting Business”), (ii) but does not include any fiduciary, trust, custodial, or similar products or services provided by the Seller or its Affiliates (including, without limitation, any such activities or business conducted by Associated Trust Company, N.A.), other than the Company, as of the date hereof; WHEREAS, the Parties desire to enter into this Agreement pursuant to which Seller will sell to Buyer, and Buyer will purchase from Seller, the Equity Interests, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein. AGREEMENT NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing and the respective representations, warranties, covenants, agreements and conditions set forth in this Agreement, and intending to be legally bound hereby, each Party hereby agrees: ARTICLE I DEFINITIONS Section 1.1 Definitions. The following terms, as used in this Agreement, have the following meanings: “Accounting Principles” means those accounting principles attached as Exhibit 1.1(a)-A. “Action” means any action, mediation, suit, litigation, arbitration, claim, proceeding or investigation. “Advanced Planning Business” means the advanced planning business of the Company, which is part of the Covered Business and facilitated by Seller through the LPL Networking Contract, together with the books and records of such business (including the required records of such business under applicable Law). US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
“Affiliate” of any specified Person means any other Person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by, or under common control with, such specified Person. “Ancillary Agreements” means the Transition Services Agreement, the Referral Agreement, the Assignment of Equity Interests, the New Real Estate Leases, and the Service Fee Agreements. “Anderson Merger Agreement” means that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger dated May 1, 2018, by and among Associated Banc-Corp, the Company, The Anderson Insurance Investment Agency and Shaun J. Irwin. “Antitrust Clearances” means the requisite clearances, approvals, or expirations of waiting periods, as applicable, under the Antitrust Laws of the U.S. related to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. “Antitrust Laws” means any national, regional, domestic or foreign Law designed or intended to prohibit, restrict or regulate actions for the purpose or effect of monopolization or restraint of trade or the significant impediment of effective competition. “Applicable Employment Agreement” means that certain Employment Agreement identified as Item 3 in subsection (xii) of Schedule 3.13(a). “Assignment of Equity Interests” means the Assignment of Equity Interests executed by Seller in favor of Buyer, substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 1.1(d). “Associated Benefit Plan” means each Employee Benefit Plan currently sponsored or maintained by Associated Banc-Corp. “Balance Sheet Date” means March 31, 2020. “Benefit Advisors Network” means Benefit Advisors Network, LLC, an Ohio limited liability company. “Business Day” means any day except Saturday, Sunday or any days on which banks in Milwaukee, Wisconsin or New York, New York are required by Law to close. “Buyer Fundamental Representations and Warranties” means those (and only those) representations and warranties expressly set forth in Section 5.2 (Authorization), Section 5.3(a) (Consents and Approvals; No Violations) and Section 5.9 (Certain Fees). “Cash” means, other than Trust Cash, all cash and cash equivalents (calculated in accordance with GAAP and measured in U.S. Dollars), as of the Valuation Time; provided, however that Cash shall (a) be increased by, to the extent not already included, (i) checks received but not cleared, wire transfers and drafts deposited or pending deposit for the account of the Company, in each case to the extent actually cleared, and (ii) deposits in money market accounts or other interest-bearing accounts, (b) be reduced by any issued but uncleared checks, wire transfers and drafts written or issued by the Company, and (c) exclude all credit card receivables and debit card receivables. “Charter Documents” means, (a) with respect to a limited liability company, the articles or certificate of organization or formation, and limited liability company agreement or operating agreement, as applicable, (b) with respect to a corporation, the certificate or articles of incorporation and bylaws, (c) with respect to a limited partnership, the certificate of limited partnership and the agreement of limited 2 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
partnership and (d) with respect to any other entity, documentation of similar substance to any of the foregoing. “Client Accounts” shall mean all business accounts with clients of the Covered Business. “Code” means the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. “Combined Tax Return” means any Tax Return of any affiliated group within the meaning of Section 1504(a) of the Code or any other affiliated, combined, unitary or similar group defined under any state, local, or non-U.S. Law that includes Seller or any of its Affiliates that are not being transferred pursuant to this Agreement, on the one hand, and the Company, on the other hand. “Company Benefit Plan” means each Employee Benefit Plan sponsored or maintained by the Company that pertains to any current or former employee, director or independent contractor of the Company or with respect to which the Company may otherwise have any Liability. “Company Indebtedness” means the aggregate amount of Indebtedness of the Company as of immediately prior to Closing. “Company Intellectual Property” means, other than the Seller Marks, all Intellectual Property (i) owned or purported to be owned or controlled by the Company, or (ii) otherwise used or held for use by the Company and material to the Covered Business, including Company Registered Intellectual Property. “Company Registered Intellectual Property” means, except for any Seller Marks, all of the Registered Intellectual Property that is (i) owned or purported to be owned by the Company, or (ii) otherwise used or held for use by the Company and material to the Covered Business. “Company Transaction Expenses” means, without duplication, the sum of all unpaid (as of immediately prior to Closing) fees, costs and expenses that are incurred by the Company in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including (a) all fees, costs and expenses of any brokers, investment bankers, financial advisors, consultants, accountants, attorneys or other professionals or advisors engaged by or paid by the Company in connection with the structuring, negotiation or consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, (b) all transaction-related bonuses, change-in-control payments, severance payments, termination payments, retention payments, or similar payments or benefits that become payable or due to any current or former director, employee, independent contractor or other service providers of the Company as a result of or in connection with the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, excluding, in the case of this clause (b), the retention payments which are the subject of Section 6.10(d) and (c) the aggregate amount of the employer share of any payroll, social security, unemployment, excise or similar Taxes related to the items described in clause (b) above (excluding any Taxes relating to the retention payments which are the subject of Section 6.10(d)). “Confidential Information Memorandum” means the Confidential Information Memorandum prepared by Goldman Sachs and dated April 2020, regarding the Company and the Covered Business delivered to Buyer and its Affiliates or agents. “Confidentiality Agreement” means that certain Project Aspen – Confidentiality Agreement, dated April 2, 2020, by and between the Company (and/or its Affiliates) and Buyer. “Consultant” means any employee or other service provider of the Covered Business primarily engaged in the marketing of, or consulting with respect to, insurance and/or other products of the Covered 3 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Business, as identified on Schedule 3.18(a)(i) by the title “Consultant I,” “Consultant II” or “Consultant III.” “Contracts” means all agreements, contracts, leases, subleases, purchase orders, licenses, sublicenses, instruments and legally enforceable commitments, in each case whether written or oral. “Covered Taxes” means (a) all Taxes imposed on Seller with respect to any Taxable period; (b) all Pre-Closing Taxes; (c) all Taxes of any member of an affiliated, consolidated, combined or unitary group of which the Company (or any predecessor thereof) is or was a member on or prior to the Closing Date, including pursuant to Treasury Regulations Section 1.1502-6 or any analogous or similar state, local or non-U.S. Law; (d) all Taxes of any Person (other than the Company) imposed on the Company as a transferee or successor; by contract, agreement or arrangement; or otherwise; which Taxes are imposed on the Company as a result of an event, transaction or agreement occurring or entered into before the Closing (excluding any Taxes that are not for a Taxable period (or portion thereof) ending on or prior to the Closing Date and that arise pursuant to a standard commercial agreement entered into in the ordinary course of business and with respect to which Taxes is not a primary purpose); and (e) all Transfer Taxes for which Seller is responsible pursuant to Section 6.8(e). “Current Assets” means the current assets of the Company as of the Valuation Time, determined in accordance with the Accounting Principles and the methodology set forth on Exhibit 1.1(a)-A. “Current Liabilities” means the current liabilities of the Company as of the Valuation Time, determined in accordance with the Accounting Principles and the methodology set forth on Exhibit 1.1(a)- A. “Employee Benefit Plan” means, with respect to any Person, each plan that provides employee benefits, money, services, property or other benefits for the employees, former employees, directors, or independent contractors of such Person or the dependents of any of them, including (a) each profit sharing, 401(k), stock purchase, stock option, equity and equity-based compensation, deferred compensation, cash incentive compensation, severance pay, employment, excess or supplemental benefit, vacation, fringe benefit, change in control, retention or other compensatory plan, contract, scheme, program, commitment or arrangement of any kind, (b) each “welfare” plan (within the meaning of Section 3(1) of ERISA, determined without regard to whether such plan is subject to ERISA) and (c) each “pension” plan (within the meaning of Section 3(2) of ERISA, determined without regard to whether such plan is subject to ERISA). “Environmental Laws” means all Laws relating to pollution control, protection of the environment, including surface or ground water, drinking water supply, soil, surface or subsurface strata or medium, or ambient air and Laws related to Hazardous Substances. “Environmental Permits” means all Licenses issued pursuant to Environmental Laws. “Equity Rights” means with respect to any Person, any and all shares, interests, participations, rights in, or other equivalents (however designated and whether voting or non-voting) of, such Person’s capital stock or other equity interests (including partnership or membership interests in a partnership or limited liability company or any other interest or participation that confers on a Person the right to receive a share of the profits and losses, or distributions of assets, of the issuing Person, and options, warrants and other securities exercisable or convertible into capital stock or other equity interests of the issuing Person). “ERISA” means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended. 4 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
“Excess Cash” means the aggregate amount of Cash of the Company as of the Valuation Time. For the avoidance of doubt, Excess Cash shall never be less than zero. “Excluded Assets” means each of the assets listed on Schedule 1.1. “Final Adjusted Base Purchase Price” means an amount equal to (a) the Base Purchase Price, minus (b) any Specified Producer Base Purchase Price Adjustment required by Section 2.2(d), plus (c) any Specified Producer Base Purchase Price Adjustment Reversal Amount required by Section 2.6(e). “Financial Statements” means (a) the unaudited balance sheet of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and the unaudited statement of profit and loss for the Company for the year then ended, (b) the pro forma unaudited statement of profit and loss for the Covered Business for the year then ended, and (c) the pro forma unaudited balance sheet of the Covered Business as of March 31, 2020. “Fundamental Representations and Warranties” means the Seller Fundamental Representations and Warranties and the Buyer Fundamental Representations and Warranties. “GAAP” means generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. applied on a consistent basis. “Governmental Entity” means any foreign, federal, state, provincial or local government, any political subdivision thereof or any court, administrative or regulatory agency, department, instrumentality, or other governmental authority, self-regulatory organization, quasi-governmental or arbitral authority or agency. “Hazardous Substance” means any waste, pollutant, contaminant, hazardous substance, toxic or corrosive substance, hazardous waste, special waste, industrial substance, by-product, process-intermediate product or waste, petroleum or petroleum-derived substance or waste, chemical liquids or solids, liquid or gaseous products, or any constituent of any such substance or waste, the use, handling or disposal of which by the Company is governed by or subject to applicable Law. “Historical Production Spreadsheets” means, collectively, those certain spreadsheets delivered by Seller identified on Exhibit 1.1(h), which spreadsheets provide certain historical production information for each employee or other service provider who is a Consultant II or Consultant III. “HSR Act” means the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976. “Income Tax Return” means a Tax Return for Income Taxes. “Income Taxes” means any Tax based upon, measured by, or calculated with respect to (a) net income or profits or overall gross income or gross receipts or (b) multiple bases if one or more of the bases on which that Tax may be measured or calculated is described in clause (a) of this definition (including franchise Tax). “Indebtedness” means (a) all indebtedness or obligations for borrowed money or for the deferred purchase price or conditional sale of property or services (including reimbursement and all other obligations with respect to surety bonds, letters of credit, bankers’ acceptances and similar transactions, in each case to the extent drawn upon or payable and not contingent, but excluding accounts payable incurred in the Ordinary Course and to the extent included in Closing Net Working Capital), (b) all obligations evidenced by notes, bonds, debentures or other similar instruments, (c) all obligations under interest rate swap Contracts, swap Contracts, foreign currency exchange Contracts or other hedging or similar Contracts (including any breakage or associated fees), (d) all obligations with respect to any earn-out, purchase price, post-closing adjustment or other similar contingent payments under any acquisition or similar agreements 5 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
(excluding the earn-out and deferred purchase price payable pursuant to the Anderson Merger Agreement), (e) lease obligations that are required to be accounted for as a finance or capital lease in accordance with GAAP, (f) all obligations of such Person to make or pay any dividend, distribution or equityholder bonus to any other Person, (g) all obligations in respect of sale-leaseback transactions, synthetic leases or similar items, (h) any post-employment or severance/termination pay obligations of the Company or the Covered Business incurred prior to the Closing, plus the employer share of any payroll, social security, unemployment, excise or similar Taxes related thereto, (i) the amount of any Loss Contingencies required to be accrued in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification 450 (which shall, for the avoidance of doubt, include unpaid, incurred and estimated to be incurred attorneys’ fees), which amount shall be included as Indebtedness regardless of whether such accruals would be made under the Accounting Principles, (j) all obligations of the type referred to in (a) through (i), of any Person for which the Company is responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, as obligor, guarantor, surety or otherwise, (k) all obligations of the type referred to in clauses (a) through (j), secured by any Lien on any property or asset of the Company, and (l) accrued but unpaid interest, prepayment and redemption premiums or penalties breakage costs, unpaid fees and expenses or similar charges associated with any of the foregoing obligations (other than Indebtedness described in clauses (e) ˗ (i)) or that would arise in connection with the discharge of any of the foregoing obligations (other than Indebtedness described in clauses (e) ˗ (i)) in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby as of immediately prior to Closing, regardless if any of such amounts are actually paid. “Insurance Policies” means policies and programs of or agreements for insurance and interests in insurance pools and programs (in each case including self-insurance and insurance from Affiliates). “Intellectual Property” means any or all of the following, and all rights, arising out of or associated therewith: (a) all patents and applications therefor and all reissues, divisions, renewals, extensions, provisionals, continuations and continuations-in-part thereof; (b) all inventions (whether patentable or not), invention disclosures, improvements, trade secrets, proprietary information, know-how, technology, technical data and customer lists and all documentation relating to any of the foregoing; (c) all works of authorship (whether copyrightable or not), all copyrights, copyright registrations and applications therefor and all other rights corresponding thereto, moral rights, database rights, and rights in confidential information; (d) all industrial designs and any registrations and applications therefor; and (e) all internet uniform resource locators, trade names, social media account identifiers, slogans, designs, and other Trademarks. “Knowledge” with respect to Seller, means all facts actually known by any of those individuals listed on Exhibit 1.1(b), and all such facts as any of those individuals would have become aware after conducting a reasonable inquiry. “Law” or “Laws” means any statutes, rules, codes, regulations or ordinances of, or issued by, Governmental Entities. “Leased Real Property” means the premises and the parcels of real property currently leased by the Company, together with all fixtures and improvements thereon. “Legal Dispute” means any Action between or among the Parties arising in connection with any disagreement, dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Agreement or any related document. “Liabilities” means all liabilities and obligations of every kind and nature, whether accrued, fixed or contingent, mature or inchoate, known or unknown, reflected on a balance sheet or otherwise, including, 6 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
but not limited to, those arising under any Law or any judgment of any court of any kind or any award of any arbitrator of any kind, and those arising under any Contract, commitment or undertaking. “Licenses” means all licenses, permits, certificates, exemptions, variances, and approvals issued by any Governmental Entity. “Liens” means mortgages, liens, pledges, security interests, charges, claims, restrictions and encumbrances. “Loss Contingencies” means any loss contingencies as defined by FASB Accounting Standards Codification 450, which shall include (a) any Action against the Company not listed on Schedule 3.11 or circumstances that could give rise to an Action, and (b) any asserted claims of errors or omissions or other professional liability claims. “Losses” means any claims, Liabilities, damages, losses, costs, expenses, penalties, fines and judgments (at equity or at law, including statutory and common) and damages whenever arising or incurred (including reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses, but not including any such fees or expenses in connection with investigating or pursuing any claim hereunder), but excluding punitive or exemplary damages except to the extent actually required to be paid in relation to a Third Party Claim. Losses shall be reduced to the extent of any insurance proceeds and other recoveries actually received by a Party with respect to such Losses. “LPL Networking Contract” means the Financial Institution Services Agreement, between Seller and LPL Financial LLC, dated July 1, 2013, as modified by that certain Addendum to Financial Institution Services Agreement, dated March 31, 2018. “Material Adverse Effect” means any event, change, circumstance or effect that has occurred that (i) has had, or would reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate with any other event, change, circumstance or effect, a material adverse effect upon the Company or the Covered Business, in each case, taken as a whole or (ii) would prevent, materially impair or delay Seller’s ability to perform or comply with its obligations under this Agreement or to consummate any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, other than events, changes, circumstances or effects resulting from or relating to (a) general economic or market conditions affecting the industry or markets in which the Company operates, (b) the announcement of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, (c) (i) the execution of or the taking of any action expressly required by this Agreement or the taking of any action requested in writing by Buyer or (ii) the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, (d) any change or proposed change in GAAP or other accounting requirements or principles or the interpretation thereof or any change or proposed change in applicable Laws or the interpretation thereof, (e) any national or international political conditions, including the engagement by any jurisdiction in which the Company operates in hostilities, whether or not pursuant to the declaration of a national emergency or war, or the occurrence or escalation of any military or terrorist attack, (f) pandemics, epidemics, or outbreaks (including, without limitation, the COVID-19 pandemic and any Orders enacted in connection therewith or in response thereto, any actions required to be taken pursuant to such Orders, any conditions arising as a result thereof and any other actions taken by the Company in response to the COVID-19 pandemic that are of a nature and scale consistent with the types of actions taken by similarly situated businesses in response to the COVID-19 pandemic), (g) earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes or other natural disasters, (h) general financial, banking, securities or capital market conditions, including interest rates or market prices, or changes therein, or (i) any failure by the Company to meet any internal or published projections, forecasts or revenue or earnings predictions for any period ending on or after the date of this Agreement (it being understood that any underlying facts giving rise or contributing to such failure that are not otherwise excluded from the definition of “Material Adverse Effect” may be taken into account in determining 7 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
whether there has been a Material Adverse Effect), unless in the case of each of clauses (a) and (d)-(h) such changes have had or would reasonably be expected to have a disproportionate impact upon the Company or the Covered Business, in each case, taken as a whole, relative to other participants in the industries in which the Covered Business conducts business. “Net Working Capital” means Current Assets minus Current Liabilities, determined as of the Valuation Time in accordance with the Accounting Principles and the methodology set forth on Exhibit 1.1(a)-A. “Net Working Capital Adjustment” means the amount by which Net Working Capital is less than the Net Working Capital Target. The Net Working Capital Adjustment may only be a positive number. “Net Working Capital Target” means $0.00. “New Real Estate Leases” means each of the following: (a) a lease in the form attached as Exhibit 1.1(f)-A between Seller, as landlord, the Company, as tenant, and Buyer, as guarantor, pertaining to the Kimberly, WI location and (b) a lease in the form attached as Exhibit 1.1(f)-B between Seller, as landlord, the Company, as tenant, and Buyer, as guarantor, pertaining to the Minnetonka, MN location. “NLRB” means the U.S. National Labor Relations Board. “Order” means any award, order, judgment, writ, injunction, ruling or decree entered, issued, made or rendered by any Governmental Entity of competent jurisdiction. “Ordinary Course” means the ordinary course of business of the Covered Business consistent with past practice. “Permitted Liens” means (a) Liens imposed by Law for Taxes not yet due and payable or for Taxes that are being properly contested in good faith and for which appropriate reserves have been established and accrued in the financial statements of the Covered Business in accordance with GAAP, (b) statutory Liens of landlords under the Real Property Leases, (c) Liens of carriers, warehousemen, mechanics, materialmen, landlords, repairmen and other like Liens imposed by Law or Contract incurred in the Ordinary Course that are not overdue or that are overdue and are being properly contested and for which appropriate reserves have been established in the financial statements of the Covered Business in accordance with GAAP, (d) easements, zoning restrictions, rights-of-way, Licenses, covenants, conditions, minor defects, encroachments or irregularities in title and similar encumbrances on or affecting any real property that do not secure any monetary obligations and do not materially interfere with the ordinary conduct of the Covered Business at any real property subject to such Liens, (e) (i) any interest or title of a lessor or sublessor, or lessee or sublessee under any lease, (ii) restriction or encumbrance that the interest or title of such lessor or sublessor, or lessee or sublessee may be subject to or (iii) subordination of the interest of the lessee or sublessee under such lease to any restriction or encumbrance referred to in the preceding clause (ii), (f) Liens on goods held by suppliers arising in the Ordinary Course for sums not yet delinquent or being properly contested in good faith and for which appropriate reserves have been established in the financial statements of the Covered Business in accordance with GAAP and as long as such Lien remains unperfected, (g) with respect to any real property in which the Company, the Seller or one of their respective Affiliates owns a leasehold estate, any defect or encumbrance caused by or arising out of the failure to record the lease or a memorandum thereof in the applicable real property records in the jurisdiction where such real property is located and (h) the effect of any moratorium, eminent domain or condemnation proceedings; provided, that notwithstanding the foregoing, the term “Permitted Liens” will not include any Lien securing indebtedness for money borrowed by the Company. 8 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
“Person” means any individual, partnership, joint venture, corporation, trust, limited liability company, unincorporated organization or other entity or any Governmental Entity. “Personal Information” means any data or information that (a) identifies, relates to, describes, is reasonably capable of directly or indirectly being associated with a particular individual or household or (b) which is otherwise defined as “personally identifiable information,” “personal information,” “personal data” or other similar term (as applicable), within the meaning of any applicable Laws. “Pre-Closing Taxes” means all Taxes imposed on or with respect to the Company (or any predecessor thereof) for any Taxable period that ends on or prior to the Closing Date and, for any Straddle Period, the portion of such Straddle Period through the end of the Closing Date (determined in accordance with Section 6.8(c)). For purposes of this definition, any penalties or additions to Tax accruing after the Closing Date with respect to Pre-Closing Taxes shall be deemed to be attributable to a Taxable period (or portion thereof) ending on or prior to the Closing Date. “Privacy Obligations” means, collectively, all: (a) applicable Laws, (b) the Company’s rules, policies, procedures and terms of use (including all applicable privacy policies), and (c) contractual requirements or obligations binding on the Company, as each may be amended from time to time, that in each case pertains to privacy or restrictions or obligations related to the collection or other processing of Personal Information. “Referral Agreement” means that certain Referral Agreement executed by Buyer and Seller (or its Affiliates), substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 1.1(e). “Registered Intellectual Property” means all (a) patents and patent applications (including provisional applications), (b) registered Trademarks and any applications related to Trademarks, (c) registered copyrights and applications for copyright registration, (d) domain names registered with any domain name registrar, and (e) other Intellectual Property that is the subject of any registration or application therefor with any Governmental Entity. “Release” means any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, dumping or disposing into the environment. “Retirement Plan Consulting Business” has the meaning ascribed to such term in the recitals hereto, and includes the books and records of such business (including the required records of such business under applicable Law). “Retirement Plan Consulting Business Spreadsheet” means that certain spreadsheet delivered by Seller to Buyer on May 3, 2020 (with receipt acknowledged in writing on the date hereof by an authorized representative of Buyer) and labeled as the “Retirement Plan Consulting Business Spreadsheet Dated March 31, 2020”, which spreadsheet identifies each of the Client Accounts of the Retirement Plan Consulting Business as of the date thereof. “Sales Consultant Incentive Plan” means the incentive compensation arrangements between Seller and/or the Company and the Consultants. “Schedules” means the schedules to this Agreement. “Seller Fundamental Representations and Warranties” means those (and only those) representations and warranties expressly set forth in Section 3.1(a) (Organization), Section 3.2 (Capitalization), Section 3.3 (Subsidiaries and Other Equity Rights), Section 3.4(a) (Consents and Approvals; No Violations), 9 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Section 3.14 (Taxes), Section 3.19 (Certain Fees), Section 3.26 (Certain Regulatory Matters), Section 4.1 (Authorization), Section 4.2 (Equity Interests Ownership), Section 4.3(a) (Consents and Approvals) and Section 4.4 (Certain Fees). “Seller Marks” means the marks attached hereto as Exhibit 1.1(a)-B. “SERP” means that certain Associated Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan for Dallas Oldre, effective April 1, 2003. “Service Fee Agreements” means each of the following: (a) a service fee agreement in the form attached as Exhibit 1.1(g)-A between Seller’s parent and the Company pertaining to property and casualty related products or services and the agreement of Seller’s parent to continue to use the Company as its insurance broker of record for a specified period of time after the Closing and (b) a service fee agreement in the form attached as Exhibit 1.1(g)-B between Seller’s parent and the Company pertaining to employee benefits related products or services and the agreement of Seller’s parent to continue to use the Company as its insurance broker of record for a specified period of time after the Closing. “Solvent” when used with respect to any Person or group of Persons on a combined basis, means that, as of any date of determination, (a) the amount of the “fair saleable value” of the assets of such Person (or group of Persons on a combined basis), determined on a going-concern basis, will, as of such date, exceed (i) the value of all “liabilities of such Person, including contingent and other liabilities,” as of such date, as such quoted terms are generally determined in accordance with applicable Laws governing determinations of the insolvency of debtors, and (ii) the amount that will be required to pay the probable liabilities of such Person (or group of Persons on a combined basis) on its existing debts (including contingent liabilities) as such debts become absolute and matured, (b) such Person (or group of Persons on a combined basis) will not have, as of such date, an unreasonably small amount of capital for the operation of the businesses in which it is engaged and (c) such Person (or group of Persons on a combined basis) will be able to pay their respective debts in the ordinary course of business as they become due. “Subsidiary” or “Subsidiaries” means any and all corporations, partnerships, limited liability companies, joint ventures and other entities, whether incorporated or incorporated, of which at least a majority of the securities, or other interests having by their terms voting power to elect a majority of the board of directors or others performing similar functions with respect to such corporation or other organization, is directly or indirectly, owned by any Person or by any one or more of such Person’s subsidiaries. “Tax Return” means any original or amended report, return, declaration, claim for refund or information return or statement required to be supplied to a Governmental Entity in connection with Taxes, including any schedule or attachment thereto. “Taxes” (and with a correlative meaning, “Taxable”) means (a) all federal, state, local or non-U.S. taxes, charges, duties, fees, levies or other assessments, including income, gross receipts, License, payroll, employment, excise, stamp, occupation, premium, windfall profits, environmental, customs duties, escheat, capital stock, franchise, profits, withholding, social security (or similar), unemployment, disability, real property, personal property, sales, use, transfer, registration, value added, alternative or add-on minimum, estimated or other tax of any kind whatsoever, imposed by any Governmental Entity, and (b) any interest, penalty or addition in respect of any item described in clause (a), in each case, whether disputed or not. “Trademarks” means all registered trademarks and service marks, logos, internet domain names, trade names, corporate names and doing business designations and all registrations and applications for registration of the foregoing, common law trademarks and service marks and trade dress. 10 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
“Transfer Taxes” means all transfer, notarial, filing, recordation, goods, services, sales, use, real or personal property transfer, documentary, value-added, stamp and all other similar Taxes or other like charges imposed by any Governmental Entity in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, together with interest, penalties or additional amounts imposed with respect thereto. “Transition Services Agreement” means the Transition Services Agreement between Seller or one or more of its Affiliates and the Company, substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 1.1(c). “Treasury Regulations” means the final and temporary regulations promulgated under the Code. “Trust Cash” means cash collected and held (as cash or cash equivalents) on behalf of insurance carriers for premium payments from client insureds for the Covered Business. Trust Cash is calculated as follows: (a) insurance company payables (including any surplus lines taxes payable) minus (b) agency bill receivables (in the case of this clause (b), calculated exclusive of agency fees and net of (i) any reserves for uncollected receivables and (ii) advances where payments have been made to a carrier prior to the collection of the receivable). “U.S.” means the United States of America. “Valuation Time” means 11:59 p.m. Central time on the Closing Date, without giving effect to the transactions occurring as part of the Closing. Section 1.2 Other Definitions. Each of the following terms is defined in the Section set forth opposite such term: Term Section Active Client ................................ ................................ .. Section 6.12(a) Adjustment Amount ................................ ....................... Section 2.6(d) Agreement ................................ ................................ ..... Preamble Allocation Schedule ................................ ....................... Section 2.8 Antitrust Concession ................................ ...................... Section 6.3(d) Base Purchase Price ................................ ....................... Section 2.2 Business Contracts ................................ ......................... Section 3.13(a) Buyer ................................ ................................ ............. Preamble Buyer Benefit Plans ................................ ...................... Section 6.10(g) Buyer Closing Statement ................................ ................ Section 2.6(a) Buyer Confidential Information ................................ ..... Section 6.12(e) Buyer Financing ................................ ............................ Section 6.22(a) Buyer Ind emnified Parties ................................ .............. Section 9.2(a) Buyer New Hire Documents ................................ .......... Section 6.10(l) Cap ................................ ................................ ................ Section 9.4(b) Closing ................................ ................................ .......... Section 2.3 Closing Date ................................ ................................ .. Section 2.3 Company ................................ ................................ ....... Recitals Company Insurance Policy ................................ ............. Section 3.22 Competing Business ................................ ...................... Section 6.12(b) Continuing Employees ................................ .................. Section 6.10(b) Covered Business ................................ ........................... Recitals Deductible ................................ ................................ ..... Section 9.4(b) Direct Claim ................................ ................................ .. Section 9.3(d) Equity Interests ................................ .............................. Recitals 11 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Term Section Estimated Company Indebtedness ................................ .. Section 2.2(c) Estimated Company Transaction Expenses ..................... Section 2.2(c) Estimated Closing Statement ................................ .......... Section 2.2(c) Estimated Excess Cash ………………………………… Section 2.2(c) Estimated Net Working Capital ................................ ...... Section 2.2(c) Estimated Net Working Capital Adjustment ................... Section 2.2(c) Final Closing Statement ................................ ................. Section 2.6(c) Financing Related Parties ................................ ............... Section 10.17 government official ................................ ........................ Section 3.27 HB ................................ ................................ ................. Section 10.11(a) Indemnified Guarantees ................................ ................. Section 6.13(a) Indemnified Party ................................ .......................... Section 9.3(a) Indemnifying Party ................................ ........................ Section 9.3(a) Independent Accountant ................................ ................. Section 2.6(b) Initial Purchase Price ................................ ..................... Section 2. 2(b) Insurance Claim ................................ ............................. Section 6.17(f) IRS ................................ ................................ ................ Section 3.17(a) Material Client ................................ ............................... Section 3.21 Material Insurance Companies ................................ ....... Section 3.13(c) Material Insurance Contracts ................................ .......... Section 3.13(c) Non -Assignable House Account Amount ....................... Section 3.5(d) Non -Recourse Party ................................ ....................... Section 10.16 Objections Notice ................................ .......................... Section 2.8 Outside Date ................................ ................................ .. Section 8.1(e) Owned Real Property ................................ ..................... Section 3.9(b) Parties ................................ ................................ ............ Preamble Party ................................ ................................ .............. Preamble Privileged Deal Communications ................................ ... Section 10.11(b) Prospective Client ................................ .......................... Section 6.12(a) Purchase Price ................................ ............................... Section 2.2 Real Property Lease ................................ ....................... Section 3.9(b) Related Person Transaction ................................ ............ Section 3.23 Releasors ................................ ................................ ....... Section 6.16(a) Resolved Matters ................................ ........................... Section 2.6(b) Response Period ................................ ............................ Sectio n 2.8 Retirement Plan Consulting Business ............................. Recitals Review Period ................................ ............................... Section 2.6(b) Securities Act ................................ ................................ . Section 5.8(a) Seller Bonus Arrangements ................................ ............ Section 6.25 Seller Counterparty ................................ ........................ Section 3.13(b) Seller Indemnified Parties ................................ .............. Section 9.2(b) Seller Parties ................................ ................................ .. Section 10.11(a) Seller ................................ ................................ ............. Preamble Seller Releasors ................................ ............................. Section 6.16(c) Seller 401(k) Plan ................................ ......................... Section 6.10(i) Specified Producer ................................ ......................... Section 2.2(d) Specified Producer Base Purchase Price Adjustment ...... Section 2.2(d) Specified Producer Base Purchase Price Adjustment Reversal Amount ................................ ........................... Section 2.6(e) 12 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Term Section Straddle Period ................................ .............................. Section 6.8(c) Supplement ................................ ................................ .... Section 6.7 Supporting Documentation ................................ ............. Sec tion 6.8(d) Termination Date ................................ ........................... Section 8.1 Third Party Claim ................................ .......................... Section 9.3(b) Total House Account Amount ................................ ........ Section 3.5(d) Transacted ................................ ................................ ..... Section 3.26(a) Transferred Employees ................................ ................. Section 6.10(a) Unresolved Matters ................................ ........................ Section 2.6(b) WARN ................................ ................................ .......... Section 3.18(f) Section 1.3 Construction. (a) Unless the context of this Agreement otherwise clearly requires, (i) references to the plural include the singular and references to the singular include the plural, (ii) references to one gender include the other gender, (iii) the words “include,” “includes” and “including” do not limit the preceding terms or words and will be deemed to be followed by the words “without limitation”, (iv) the terms “hereof”, “herein”, “hereunder”, “hereto” and similar terms in this Agreement refer to this Agreement as a whole and not to any particular provision of this Agreement, (v) the terms “day” and “days” mean and refer to calendar day(s), (vi) the terms “year” and “years” mean and refer to calendar year(s) and (vii) the term “made available” as applied to information or documents made available to Buyer means that such information or documents have been made available to Buyer and its representatives at least 24 hours prior to the execution of this Agreement in the virtual data room for “Project Aspen” maintained by Seller or for which Buyer has otherwise specifically acknowledged receipt in writing of such document or material in writing. (b) Unless otherwise set forth in this Agreement, references in this Agreement, including the Exhibits and Schedules, to any document, instrument or agreement (including this Agreement) (i) includes and incorporates all exhibits, schedules and other attachments thereto, (ii) includes all documents, instruments or agreements issued or executed in replacement thereof and (iii) means such document, instrument or agreement, or replacement or predecessor thereto, as amended, modified or supplemented from time to time in accordance with its terms and in effect at any given time. All Article, Section, Exhibit and Schedule references herein are to Articles, Sections, Exhibits and Schedules of this Agreement, unless otherwise specified. (c) References to statutes include all rules and regulations promulgated thereunder and references to statutes, rule or regulations will be construed as including all statutes, rules and regulatory provisions consolidating, amending or replacing the statute, rule or regulation. (d) Each of the Parties acknowledges that it has been represented by independent counsel of its choice throughout all negotiations that have preceded the execution of this Agreement and that it has executed the same with consent and upon the advice of said independent counsel. Each Party and its counsel cooperated in the drafting and preparation of this Agreement, the documents referred to herein and this Agreement will not be construed as if prepared by one of the Parties, but rather according to its fair meaning as a whole, as if all Parties had prepared it. Accordingly, any rule of Law or any legal decision that would require interpretation of any ambiguities in this Agreement against the party that drafted it is of no application and is hereby expressly waived. 13 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
ARTICLE II PURCHASE AND SALE Section 2.1 Purchase and Sale of Equity Interests. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, at the Closing, Seller will sell, convey, assign, transfer and deliver to Buyer, and Buyer will purchase, acquire and accept from Seller, all of Seller’s right, title and interest in and to the Equity Interests, free and clear of all Liens other than restrictions on transfer arising under state or federal securities laws. Section 2.2 Purchase Price and Payment. (a) The aggregate purchase price for all of the Equity Interests will be an amount (the “Purchase Price”) equal to (i) Two Hundred Sixty Five Million Seven Hundred Fifty Five Thousand and 00/100ths Dollars ($265,755,000.00) (the “Base Purchase Price”), minus (ii) any Specified Producer Base Purchase Price Adjustment required by Section 2.2(d) below, plus (iii) any Specified Producer Base Purchase Price Adjustment Reversal Amount required by Section 2.6(e) below, minus (iv) Company Indebtedness, minus (v) Company Transaction Expenses, minus (vi) the Net Working Capital Adjustment, plus (vii) the Excess Cash, in each case of clauses (iv)-(vii) as such amounts are finally determined pursuant to Section 2.6. (b) Payment of Initial Purchase Price. At the Closing, and subject to the terms set forth in this Agreement, Buyer will pay to Seller an amount (the “Initial Purchase Price”) equal to: (i) the Base Purchase Price; minus (ii) any Specified Producer Base Purchase Price Adjustment required by Section 2.2(d) below; minus (iii) the Estimated Company Indebtedness; minus (iv) the Estimated Company Transaction Expenses; minus (v) the Estimated Net Working Capital Adjustment; plus (vi) the Estimated Excess Cash. (c) Estimated Closing Statement. At least five (5) Business Days prior to the Closing Date, Seller will deliver to Buyer a statement (as may, but need not, be revised by Seller pursuant to the last sentence hereof, the “Estimated Closing Statement”), setting forth in reasonable detail the Seller’s good faith estimates of (i) Company Indebtedness; (ii) Net Working Capital; (iii) the resulting Net Working Capital Adjustment; (iv) the aggregate amount of Company Transaction Expenses (itemized by payee), and (v) the Excess Cash. The Estimated Closing Statement and the component items thereof will be prepared and calculated in accordance with the definitions set forth in this Agreement. The “Estimated Company Indebtedness,” “Estimated Net Working Capital,” “Estimated Net Working Capital Adjustment,” “Estimated Company Transaction Expenses,” and “Estimated Excess Cash” will be the estimates of Company Indebtedness, Net Working Capital, the Net Working Capital Adjustment, Company Transaction Expenses, and Excess Cash, respectively, as determined in accordance with this Section 2.2(c). Seller will consider in good faith any comments Buyer may have to the Estimated Closing Statement and thereafter determine, in Seller’s sole discretion, whether to amend the Estimated Closing Statement as a result thereof. (d) Specified Producer Base Purchase Price Adjustment. In the event that any of the individuals listed on Exhibit 2.2(d) hereto (each a “Specified Producer”) fail to execute the Buyer 14 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
New Hire Documents on or before the Closing Date, or executes such Buyer New Hire Documents but subsequently repudiates or disavows such Buyer New Hire Documents prior to the Closing Date, the Purchase Price shall be reduced by the amount set forth in Exhibit 2.2(d) pertaining to that Specified Producer (a “Specified Producer Base Purchase Price Adjustment”) as provided in Section 2.2(a)(ii). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement, the reduction in the Purchase Price pursuant to Section 2.2(a)(ii) is the only remedy available to Buyer for the failure to obtain executed Buyer New Hire Documents from one or more of the Specified Producers prior to the Closing Date, and for the avoidance of doubt, it shall not be a condition to closing that any Specified Producer shall have signed or not disavowed or repudiated any Buyer New Hire Document. For the avoidance of doubt, and notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, there shall be no Specified Producer Base Purchase Price Adjustment for any Specified Producer who (i) executes and delivers the Buyer New Hire Documents on or before the Closing Date and who does not repudiate or disavow such Buyer New Hire Documents on or before the Closing Date, or (ii) fails to execute and deliver, or is prevented from executing and delivering, the Buyer New Hire Documents on or before the Closing Date as a result of any action or omission by Buyer, the primary purpose of which is to prevent, hinder, or delay the execution of the Buyer New Hire Documents by any Specified Producer until after the Closing Date. Section 2.3 Closing. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, the closing of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement (the “Closing”) will occur on (a) the last Business Day of the calendar month in which both of the following shall have occurred: (i) three Business Days shall have elapsed following the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions to the obligations of the Parties set forth in Article VII (other than those conditions that by their nature are to be fulfilled at the Closing, but subject to the satisfaction or waiver of such conditions) and (ii) forty-five calendar days shall have elapsed after the date hereof; or (b) such other date as Seller and Buyer may agree in writing. The date of the Closing will be referred to herein as the “Closing Date.” The Closing will take place by remote exchange of signatures and documents. The Closing will be deemed effective as of 11:59 p.m. on the Closing Date, or at such other place or at such other time as Seller and Buyer may agree in writing. Section 2.4 Deliveries by Seller. At the Closing, Seller will deliver or cause to be delivered to Buyer (unless delivered previously) the following: (a) the Assignment of Equity Interests; (b) the Ancillary Agreements, duly executed by Seller (and, in the case of the Service Fee Agreements, duly executed by Seller’s parent); (c) written resignations in a customary form reasonably satisfactory to Buyer, effective as of the Closing Date, of the officers and directors of the Company; (d) evidence reasonably satisfactory to Buyer of (i) the termination of all agreements required to be terminated pursuant to Section 6.14 and (ii) the full settlement of all intercompany balances between the Company, on the one hand, and Seller and its Affiliates, on the other hand, as of immediately prior to the Valuation Time; (e) a valid and duly executed IRS Form W-9, dated as of the Closing Date, from Seller; (f) a certificate of an authorized officer of Seller as to compliance with the conditions set forth in Section 7.3(a), Section 7.3(b) and Section 7.3(d). 15 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Section 2.5 Deliveries by Buyer. (a) At the Closing, Buyer will deliver or cause to be delivered to Seller the following: (i) the Ancillary Agreements, duly executed by Buyer; and (ii) a certificate of an authorized officer of Buyer as to compliance with the conditions set forth in Section 7.2(a) and Section 7.2(b). (b) At the Closing, Buyer will pay and deliver to Seller an amount equal to the Initial Purchase Price in accordance with Section 2.2(b). Section 2.6 Post-Closing Purchase Price Adjustment. (a) As soon as reasonably practicable after the Closing Date, and in any event within 60 days thereof, Buyer will prepare and deliver to Seller a statement setting forth in reasonable detail the Buyer’s calculation of (i) the Company Indebtedness, (ii) Net Working Capital, (iii) the resulting Net Working Capital Adjustment, (iv) the aggregate amount of Company Transaction Expenses, and (v) the Excess Cash (such statement being referred to as the “Buyer Closing Statement”). The Buyer Closing Statement shall also include a certification, signed by an officer of Buyer, as to whether a Specified Producer Base Purchase Price Adjustment Reversal Amount is due to Seller pursuant to Section 2.6(e) below. The Buyer Closing Statement, the Final Closing Statement and the component items thereof will be prepared and calculated in accordance with the definitions set forth in this Agreement. Buyer will (1) permit, and will cause the Company to permit, Seller and its advisors and representatives such access to the books, records, properties, premises, work papers, personnel and other information of the Company as is reasonably necessary to permit Seller and its advisors and representatives to review the Buyer Closing Statement or to address any dispute described in this Section 2.6 and (2) reasonably cooperate, and will cause the Company to reasonably cooperate, with Seller and its advisors and representatives in connection with such review or any dispute, including providing as soon as practicable all such information necessary in connection with the review of the Buyer Closing Statement as is reasonably requested by Seller or its advisors or representatives, in each case subject to the limitations set forth in Section 6.2(d). The Parties agree that the purpose of preparing and calculating the Net Working Capital is to measure changes in such amount from the Net Working Capital Target without the introduction of new or different accounting methods, policies, practices, procedures, classifications, judgments or estimation methodologies from the Accounting Principles or the methodology set forth on Exhibit 1.1(a)-A. The Buyer Closing Statement and the calculation of the amounts therein will entirely disregard (x) any and all effects on the assets and liabilities of the Company or the Covered Business as a result of the transactions contemplated hereby or of any financing or refinancing arrangements entered into at any time by Buyer or any other transaction entered into by Buyer in connection with the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and (y) any of the plans, transactions or changes that Buyer intends to initiate or make or cause to be initiated or made after the Closing with respect to the Company or the Covered Business. (b) Seller will, within 45 days following its receipt of the Buyer Closing Statement (the “Review Period”), accept or reject the Buyer Closing Statement submitted by Buyer. If Seller disagrees with the Buyer Closing Statement or any calculation therein, then Seller will give written notice to Buyer of such dispute, setting forth, in reasonable detail, those items and amounts as to which Seller disagrees, the basis for Seller’s objections and Seller’s calculation of the amount of each disputed item within such 45-day period. Should Seller fail to provide Buyer with a written notice of dispute within such 45-day period, Seller will be deemed to agree with the Buyer Closing Statement 16 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
(including the calculations included therein) delivered by Buyer, which shall be final, binding and conclusive for all purposes hereunder. In the event there is a dispute, Buyer and Seller will attempt in good faith to reconcile their differences, and any written resolution by them as to any disputed amounts will be final, binding and conclusive on the Parties. Any items agreed to by Seller and Buyer in writing, together with any items not disputed or objected to by Seller in a dispute notice, are collectively referred to herein as the “Resolved Matters”. If Seller and Buyer are unable to reach a resolution with such effect within 30 days after the receipt by Buyer of Seller’s written notice of dispute, Seller and Buyer will submit the items remaining in dispute (the “Unresolved Matters”) for resolution to the Chicago, Illinois office of PricewaterhouseCoopers or, if the Chicago, Illinois office of PricewaterhouseCoopers is unwilling or unable to serve, to a nationally recognized accounting firm mutually agreed upon by Seller and Buyer (which shall not be the primary auditor of either Buyer or Seller) (such identified or selected firm, the “Independent Accountant”). The Independent Accountant will act as an expert, and not an arbitrator, and will use commercially reasonable efforts to issue its report as to all Unresolved Matters (and only such matters) and the determination of the Adjustment Amounts within 30 days after such dispute is referred to the Independent Accountant. The Independent Accountant will not have the power to modify or amend any term or provision of this Agreement. All communications between a party and the Independent Accountant shall be in writing and shall be transmitted to the other party at the same time they are transmitted to the Independent Accountant and neither Buyer nor Seller shall have ex parte communications with the Independent Accountant. The Independent Accountant’s determination shall be based solely on the written submissions of the parties and not an independent investigation. With respect to each Unresolved Matter, the Independent Accountant’s determination, if not in accordance with the position of either Seller or Buyer, will not be in excess of the higher, nor less than the lower, of the amounts advocated by Seller or Buyer with respect thereto. The Independent Accountant’s final written determination will be conclusive and binding upon the Parties. Buyer on the one hand, and Seller on the other hand, will bear all costs and expenses incurred by them in connection with such arbitration, except that the fees and expenses of the Independent Accountant hereunder will be borne by Buyer, on the one hand, and Seller, on the other hand, in the same proportion that the aggregate amount of Unresolved Matters submitted to the Independent Accountant that is unsuccessfully disputed by each such Party (as finally determined by the Independent Accountant) bears to the total amount of such disputed items submitted. This provision will be specifically enforceable by the Parties, and the decision of the Independent Accountant in accordance with the provisions hereof will be final and binding with respect to the matters so arbitrated and there will be no right of appeal therefrom. (c) The “Final Closing Statement” will be (i) in the event that no dispute notice is delivered by Seller to Buyer, or Seller notifies Buyer that it has no such disputes or objections to the Buyer Closing Statement, in each case prior to the expiration of the Review Period, the Buyer Closing Statement delivered by Buyer to Seller pursuant to Section 2.6(a); (ii) in the event that a dispute notice is delivered by Seller to Buyer prior to the expiration of the Review Period, the Buyer Closing Statement delivered by Buyer to Seller pursuant to Section 2.6(a), as adjusted pursuant to the agreement of Seller and Buyer in writing; or (iii) in the event that a dispute notice is delivered by Seller to Buyer prior to the expiration of the Review Period and Seller and Buyer are unable to agree on all matters set forth in such dispute notice, the Buyer Closing Statement delivered by Buyer to Seller pursuant to Section 2.6(a), as adjusted by the Independent Accountant to be consistent with the Resolved Matters and the final determination of the Independent Accountant of the Unresolved Matters in accordance with Section 2.6(b). In the event the Final Closing Statement is determined (x) pursuant to clauses (i) or (ii) of the immediately preceding sentence, Buyer will prepare the Final Closing Statement and calculate the Adjustment Amounts, if any, in each case in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, and deliver such items to Seller within three (3) Business Days following the determination thereof or (y) pursuant to clause (iii) of the immediately preceding sentence, Buyer 17 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
and Seller shall cause the Independent Accountant to prepare the Final Closing Statement and calculate the Adjustment Amounts, if any, based on the Final Closing Statement, in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, and deliver such items to Seller and Buyer within three (3) Business Days following the delivery of the final written determination of the Independent Accountant to Seller and Buyer. (d) The parties agree to make the following payments (each, an “Adjustment Amount”) based upon the respective amounts set forth in the Final Closing Statement: (i) if the Company Indebtedness is greater than the Estimated Company Indebtedness, Seller will pay to Buyer the difference between the Company Indebtedness and the Estimated Company Indebtedness; (ii) if the Company Indebtedness is less than the Estimated Company Indebtedness, Buyer will pay to Seller the difference between the Estimated Company Indebtedness and the Company Indebtedness; (iii) if the Net Working Capital Adjustment is less than the Estimated Net Working Capital Adjustment, Seller will pay to Buyer the difference between the Estimated Net Working Capital Adjustment and the Net Working Capital Adjustment; (iv) if the Net Working Capital Adjustment is greater than the Estimated Net Working Capital Adjustment, Buyer will pay to Seller the difference between the Net Working Capital Adjustment and the Estimated Net Working Capital Adjustment; (v) if the Company Transaction Expenses are greater than the Estimated Company Transaction Expenses, Seller will pay to Buyer the difference between the Company Transaction Expenses and the Estimated Company Transaction Expenses; (vi) if the Company Transaction Expenses are less than the Estimated Company Transaction Expenses, Buyer will pay to Seller the difference between the Estimated Company Transaction Expenses and the Company Transaction Expenses; (vii) if the Excess Cash is greater than the Estimated Excess Cash, Buyer will pay to Seller the difference between the Excess Cash and the Estimated Excess Cash; and (viii) if the Excess Cash is less than the Estimated Excess Cash, Seller will pay to Buyer the difference between the Excess Cash and the Estimated Excess Cash. (e) If a Specified Producer Base Purchase Price Adjustment was made to the Purchase Price at Closing pursuant to Section 2.2(b)(ii) with respect to any Specified Producer, and such Specified Producer executes and delivers to Buyer the Buyer New Hire Documents within the thirty (30) day period after the Closing Date and does not repudiate or disavow such Buyer New Hire Documents within such thirty (30) day period, then the Specified Producer Base Purchase Price Adjustment attributable to such Specified Producer, as set forth on Exhibit 2.2(d), shall be paid within five (5) Business Days following the determination and delivery of the Final Closing Statement (such amount, if any, the “Specified Producer Base Purchase Price Adjustment Reversal Amount”). (f) The Adjustment Amount to be paid pursuant to Section 2.6(d)(i)-(viii) and Section 2.6(e) will be netted so that only Seller, on the one hand, or Buyer, on the other hand, is required to make a payment hereunder. Any payment required pursuant to Section 2.6(d) or Section 2.6(e) will 18 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
be made within five (5) Business Days following the determination and delivery of the Final Closing Statement. This Section 2.6 will be the sole and exclusive remedy of the Parties with respect to the determination of the Purchase Price; provided, however, that in no event will Buyer or Seller be entitled to any duplicative recovery as a result of the rights and remedies afforded herein. Section 2.7 Method of Payment. All payments required under this Article II or any other provision of this Agreement will be made in cash by wire transfer of immediately available funds to such bank account or bank accounts designated in writing by the Person to which the applicable payment is due. Section 2.8 Purchase Price Allocation. Within 90 days after the Purchase Price has been deemed to be final pursuant to this Article II, Seller will deliver to Buyer a schedule that reasonably allocates the Purchase Price (together with any assumed Liabilities and any other items required to be taken into account as purchase consideration for U.S. federal income Tax purposes) among the assets of the Company in accordance with Sections 1060 and 338 of the Code and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder (the “Allocation Schedule”). The Allocation Schedule will be consistent with the methodology set forth in Schedule 2.8. Buyer will have a period of 20 days after the delivery of the Allocation Schedule (the “Response Period”) to present in writing to Seller notice of any objections Buyer may have to the allocation set forth therein (an “Objections Notice”). Unless Buyer timely objects, such Allocation Schedule will be binding on the Parties, absent manifest error. If Buyer delivers an Objections Notice within the Response Period, Buyer and Seller will negotiate in good faith and use all reasonable best efforts to resolve such dispute in a manner consistent with the methodology set forth in Schedule 2.8. If the Parties fail to agree within 15 days after the delivery of the Objections Notice, then the disputed items will be resolved by the Independent Accountant in a manner consistent with the methodology set forth in Schedule 2.8, whose determination will be final and binding on the Parties. The Independent Accountant will resolve the dispute within 30 days after the item has been referred to it. For purposes of this Section 2.8, the costs, fees and expenses of the Independent Accountant will be borne equally by Buyer and Seller. Except as otherwise required by a final determination (within the meaning of Section 1313(a) of the Code or similar provision of applicable Tax Law), (a) Buyer and Seller will (and will cause their respective Affiliates to) report the national, federal, state, and local income and other Tax consequences of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement in a manner consistent with the purchase price allocation, as finally determined pursuant to this Section 2.8, and (b) neither Buyer nor Seller will (and neither party will permit its respective Affiliates to) take a position inconsistent with the purchase price allocation, as finally determined pursuant to this Section 2.8 on any Tax Return or filings (including any forms required to be filed pursuant to Section 1060 or 338 of the Code); provided, however, that nothing in this Agreement will prevent a Party from settling any proposed deficiency or adjustment by any Governmental Entity, or require a Party to litigate before any court any proposed deficiency or adjustment by any Governmental Entity, in each case, arising out of or challenging such purchase price allocation, as applicable. A final Allocation Schedule shall be reflected in writing by the Parties no later than 180 days from the final Purchase Price determination date or within 15 days of the above Independent Accountant determination. Each of Buyer and Seller will cooperate with the other in preparing IRS Form 8594 or any equivalent statements required by any Governmental Entity charged with the collection of any income Tax for filing within a reasonable period before its filing due date for the 2020 tax year. Section 2.9 Withholding. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, Buyer shall be entitled to deduct and withhold from any amounts payable pursuant to this Agreement such amounts as Buyer is required to deduct and withhold under applicable Tax Law. To the extent amounts are so deducted and withheld by Buyer, such deducted and withheld amounts (a) shall be remitted to the applicable Governmental Entity and (b) shall be treated for all purposes of this Agreement as having been paid to the Person in respect of which such deduction and withholding was made. 19 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
ARTICLE III REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES RELATING TO THE COMPANY Seller hereby represents and warrants to Buyer as follows: Section 3.1 Organization. (a) The Company is duly organized, validly existing and in current status under the Laws of the State of Wisconsin. The Company has all requisite power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and to carry on its business as conducted on the date hereof. The Company is duly qualified or registered as a foreign business organization, as applicable, to transact business under the Laws of each jurisdiction where the character of its activities or the location of the properties owned or leased by it requires such qualification or registration, except where the failure of such qualification or registration would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. Seller has made available to the Buyer true and complete copies of the Charter Documents of the Company, as in effect on the date hereof. (b) Except for the Excluded Assets, and as set forth on Schedule 3.1(b), (i) the Company does not engage in any activities and does not have assets or liabilities arising out of, any business other than the Covered Business, and (ii) Seller does not own any beneficial interest in, is not a party to any Contract or transaction with, and does not otherwise have a financial interest in any Client Account, except as set forth in Schedule 3.23. Section 3.2 Capitalization. The Equity Interests constitute all of the issued and outstanding Equity Rights of the Company, are validly issued, fully paid, nonassessable and free of preemptive rights and are owned of record and beneficially by Seller free and clear of any Lien other than restrictions on transfer arising under state or federal securities laws. There are no options, warrants, convertible securities or other rights or Contracts of any character relating to the Equity Rights of the Company or obligating Seller to issue or sell any Equity Rights of the Company. There are no outstanding obligations of the Company to repurchase, redeem or otherwise acquire any Equity Rights of the Company or to make any investment (in the form of a loan, capital contribution or otherwise) in any other Person. Section 3.3 Subsidiaries and Other Equity Rights. The Company does not have any Subsidiaries. Except as set forth in Schedule 3.3, the Company does not own, of record or beneficially, any Equity Rights in any Person. With respect to any Equity Right in any Person owned of record or beneficially by the Company, Schedule 3.3 sets forth (a) the type and class of such Equity Right, (b) the name of the issuer of such Equity Right and (c) to the extent Known by the Seller, the percentage ownership of all Equity Rights of the applicable issuer represented by such Equity Right (delineated by type and/or class of Equity Right, to the extent applicable). Seller has made available to Buyer true and complete copies of the Charter Documents in the possession of Seller or the Company for each entity in which the Company owns of record or beneficially an Equity Right, and has made reasonable efforts to obtain from the issuer of such Equity Right copies of any Charter Documents not in Seller’s or the Company’s possession. Section 3.4 Consents and Approvals; No Violations. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.4 and for the Antitrust Clearances, the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the other Ancillary Agreements to which it is a party and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby do not and will not: (a) conflict with or result in any breach of any provision of the Charter Documents of the Seller or the Company; (b) require any filing with, or the obtaining of any permit, authorization, consent, waiver or approval of, any Governmental Entity; (c) violate, conflict with or result 20 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
in a default (with or without due notice or lapse of time or both) under, or give rise to any right of modification, consent, approval, termination, cancellation or acceleration under, or a loss of any benefits by the Company under, any of the terms, conditions or provisions of any Business Contract, Insurance Contract or License; (d) violate any Law or Order applicable to the Company, by which or to which any portion of the Company’s properties or assets is bound, or to the Covered Business and (e) result in the creation or imposition of any Lien on any asset of the Company, (or the Covered Business) except for any Permitted Liens; excluding from the foregoing clauses (b) – (e), such requirements, violations, conflicts, defaults or rights which would not be material to the Company or the Covered Business, taken as a whole, and would not materially and adversely affect the ability of Seller to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Section 3.5 Financial Statements (a) The Financial Statements are attached as Schedule 3.5(a)(i). Except as set forth on Schedule 3.5(a)(ii), the Financial Statements have been prepared in all material respects in accordance with GAAP from the books and records of the Company consistently applied throughout the periods indicated. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.5(a)(iii), each balance sheet included in such Financial Statements (including any related notes and schedules) fairly presents in all material respects the financial position of the Company or the Covered Business (as applicable) as of the date of such balance sheet, and each statement of income included in the Financial Statements (including any related notes and schedules) fairly presents in all material respects the results of operations, as the case may be, of the Company or the Covered Business (as applicable) for the periods set forth therein, in each case in accordance with GAAP consistently applied during the periods involved, except as otherwise noted therein and subject to normal and recurring year-end adjustments (none of which are material) and the absence of notes. (b) The Trust Cash as of the Balance Sheet Date (including reasonable detail regarding the significant components thereof) is as set forth on Schedule 3.5(b). All Trust Cash is held in accounts owned by the Company. (c) The information contained in each Historical Production Spreadsheet is true and correct in all material respects as of March 31, 2020, subject to de minimis deviations for each individual Consultant covered thereby (which deviations are not material in the aggregate, in any event). (d) Schedule 3.5(d) sets forth the aggregate revenue assigned to the “house accounts” (i.e. the Client Accounts not assigned to any Consultant) as of March 31, 2020, which aggregate amount was $21,811,451 (the “Total House Account Amount”). Of the Total House Account Amount, $7,841,638 has been, or after the date hereof may be, coded or assigned to a Consultant. The remaining amount of the Total House Account Amount (equal to $13,969,814) has not been coded or assigned to a Consultant as of the date hereof (the “Non-Assignable House Account Amount”). (e) The information contained in the Retirement Plan Consulting Business Spreadsheet is true and correct in all material respects as of the date thereof, subject to de minimis deviations (which deviations are not material in the aggregate, in any event). (f) The Company and Seller maintain, and have each at all times since June 30, 2018, maintained, a system of internal accounting controls sufficient for a business such as the Covered Business, including to provide reasonable assurance that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific authorizations and (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary 21 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
to permit preparation of financial statements for the Covered Business in conformity with GAAP. Neither the Company nor Seller (with respect to the Covered Business) has ever identified any fraud by any management or other employees who have a significant role in internal controls and, to Seller’s Knowledge, no such fraud has been alleged. Section 3.6 No Undisclosed Liabilities. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.6, the Company does not have any Liabilities required to be shown in the Financial Statements in accordance with GAAP, except (a) to the extent set forth on, reflected in, reserved against or disclosed in the most recent balance sheet included in the Financial Statements, (b) those Liabilities arising under this Agreement, (c) those Liabilities incurred in the Ordinary Course since the date of the most recent balance sheet included in the Financial Statements and (d) other Liabilities that are not material to the Company or to the Covered Business. Section 3.7 Absence of Certain Changes. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.7, since the Balance Sheet Date and through the date hereof, (a) the Covered Business has been conducted in the Ordinary Course, (b) there has not been any event, circumstance, change or effect that has had or could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect and (c) the Company has not taken any of the actions contrary to the obligations described in clauses (d), (e), (g), (i), (j), (m), (n), (p) of Section 6.1. Section 3.8 Title To Assets. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.8, the Company has good and valid title, or in the case of leased property has valid leasehold interests in, all property and assets (whether real or personal), reflected in the Financial Statements or acquired after the Balance Sheet Date (including, without limitation, all Client Accounts and all records, files, data and other records related thereto, subject in all respects to the rights of the underlying clients of such Client Accounts), other than obsolete equipment sold or otherwise disposed of in the Ordinary Course since the Balance Sheet Date. All such properties and assets are free and clear of any Liens other than Permitted Liens. As of Closing, the assets of the Company, together with the services or rights to be provided by Seller or its Affiliates pursuant to the Transition Services Agreement and the New Real Estate Leases, will constitute all the assets that will be necessary for Buyer to continue to operate and conduct the Covered Business immediately following the Closing as currently conducted. Section 3.9 Real Property. (a) Schedule 3.9(a) lists the street address of each parcel of real property owned by the Company as of the date hereof (the “Owned Real Property”). As of the Closing, the Company will not own any real property, including the Owned Real Property. (b) Schedule 3.9(b) sets forth a correct and complete list of (i) all Contracts to which the Company is a party as of the date hereof pertaining to the lease of the Leased Real Property (each such Contract, a “Real Property Lease”) and (ii) each office location used in the Covered Business as of the date hereof. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.9(b) or as otherwise would not be material to the Company or the Covered Business taken as a whole, the Company has a valid leasehold interest in the Leased Real Property, free and clear of any Liens other than Permitted Liens. (c) With respect to each Real Property Lease, (i) the Company has not subleased, licensed or otherwise granted anyone the right to use or occupy any of the real property subject thereto, (ii) the Company has not collaterally assigned or granted any other security interest in any such leasehold estate or any interest therein (iii) the Company enjoys peaceful and undisturbed possession of the premises thereunder. (d) Except in the Ordinary Course or as set forth on Schedule 3.9(d), there are no condemnation or appropriation or similar proceedings pending or, to the Knowledge of Seller, 22 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
threatened against any of the Owned Real Property or Leased Real Property or the improvements thereon, which, if occurring, pertain to the Leased Real Property or would have a Material Adverse Effect. The use and operation of the Owned Real Property and Leased Real Property in the conduct of the Covered Business do not violate in any material respect any Law, covenant, condition, restriction, easement, license, permit or agreement. Section 3.10 Intellectual Property; Privacy and Data Security. (a) Schedule 3.10(a) sets forth a list of all Company Registered Intellectual Property, the owner of such item, and the jurisdictions where each is registered (if any). To the Knowledge of Seller, all Company Registered Intellectual Property and Seller Marks are valid, subsisting, and enforceable, except as would not reasonably be expected to be material to the Company or the Covered Business. (b) Except set forth on Schedule 3.10(b), the Company is the exclusive owner of the material Company Intellectual Property, free and clear of all Liens other than Permitted Liens, or possesses adequate and valid rights to use the Company Intellectual Property and Seller Marks in the Covered Business. The Company has paid all maintenance fees, renewal fees or annuity expenses due for payment prior to the Closing Date for maintenance of the Company Registered Intellectual Property. (c) The Company has not granted any licenses or other agreements granting any rights with respect to any Company Intellectual Property to any Affiliate or third party, except in the Ordinary Course. (d) To the Knowledge of Seller, neither the use of Company Intellectual Property or Seller Marks by the Company nor the conduct of the Covered Business during the three (3) year period prior to the Closing Date has misappropriated, infringed upon or conflicted with any Intellectual Property rights of any third party in any material respect. No Person has asserted a written claim (or, to the Knowledge of Seller, otherwise threatened a claim) during the three (3) year period prior to the Closing Date against the Company alleging that it has violated, infringed on or otherwise improperly used the Intellectual Property rights of such party. (e) To the Knowledge of Seller, no infringement, misappropriation, or other violation of any material Company Intellectual Property by any third party is occurring. To the Knowledge of Seller, each Person who contributed to or was involved in the creation or development of any material Company Intellectual Property has signed a valid and binding agreement sufficient to transfer to the Company ownership of all right, title and interest of such Persons in such Intellectual Property. (f) Since June 30, 2018, except as would not be material to the Company or the Covered Business, taken as a whole, the Company and Seller (with respect to the Covered Business) have (i) implemented, enforced, and maintained appropriate safeguards, policies and procedures related to the privacy and security of Personal Information under applicable Laws, (ii) to Seller’s Knowledge, complied with all Privacy Obligations in all material respects, (iii) not received any notice or been subject to any action or complaints from any Person, including a Governmental Entity, asserting that the Company or the Covered Business is not in compliance with applicable Privacy Obligations, and (iv) not experienced any material loss, damage, or unauthorized access, modification, disclosure, use or breach of security of any database containing Personal Information that is or previously has been possessed or otherwise controlled by or on behalf of the Company or the Covered Business, and (v) not received any notices, inquiries, or complaints from any Person regarding any of the foregoing. 23 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
(g) The Company and Seller (with respect to the Covered Business) (i) use commercially reasonable measures to appropriately protect the confidentiality, integrity and security of all Personal Information contained in any data systems possessed or otherwise controlled by the Company or Seller (with respect to the Covered Business) against any unauthorized use, access, interruption, modification, or corruption, and (ii) maintain commercially reasonable security, disaster recovery and business continuity plans, procedures to protect Personal Information. Section 3.11 Litigation. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.11, since June 30, 2018, there has been no Action pending or, to the Knowledge of Seller, threatened in writing against the Company or relating to the Covered Business by or before any Governmental Entity, which, if decided adversely would reasonably be likely to have a material impact on the Company or the Covered Business. To Seller’s Knowledge, neither the Company nor the Covered Business has ever been the subject of a verdict or judgment for punitive or exemplary damages in any Action. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.11, as of the date of this Agreement, neither the Company nor the Covered Business is subject to any outstanding material Order. Section 3.12 Compliance with Applicable Law. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.12, the Company and the Covered Business are and have since June 30, 2018 been in compliance in all material respects with all applicable Laws, and neither the Company nor the Seller has, since June 30, 2018, received any written notice from a Governmental Entity alleging such a violation by the Company or the Covered Business of any applicable Laws. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.12, to the Knowledge of Seller, no investigation or review by any Governmental Entity concerning any material violation of Law is pending or threatened against the Company or the Covered Business. Section 3.13 Business Contracts and Insurance Contracts. (a) Schedule 3.13(a) sets forth a correct and complete list of the following Contracts to which the Company is a party, or to which Seller or an Affiliate thereof is a party which relates to the Covered Business, (together, with the Real Property Leases, the “Business Contracts”) (other than the Seller Bonus Arrangements and the Material Insurance Contracts set forth on Schedule 3.13(c)): (i) all Contracts that individually involve contractually obligated payments to or from the Company, the Seller and/or an Affiliate of the Seller reasonably expected to be in excess of $300,000 on an annual basis; (ii) all Company Benefit Plans and material Associated Benefit Plans; (iii) all bonds, debentures, notes, loans, credit or loan Contracts or loan commitments, mortgages, indentures, guarantees or other Contracts relating to the borrowing of money or other Indebtedness; (iv) all leases (other than the Real Property Leases) involving any tangible personal property assets involving a contractually obligated payment of more than $300,000 individually by the Company on an annual basis; (v) all Contracts that provide payment, compensation or benefit, or accelerated vesting, upon or as a result of the execution of this Agreement or the Closing or in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; (vi) all Contracts (A) restricting the Company from, and/or imposing any limitations or penalties on the Company with respect to, engaging in or competing with 24 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
any business activity in any geographic area or soliciting, accepting or hiring clients, employees, vendors or suppliers or other business relationships, (B) requiring the Company to deal exclusively with any Person with respect to any matter or that provide “most favored nation” pricing or terms to the other party to such Contract or any third party or (C) containing a right of first refusal or right of first offer, right of first negotiation or similar right in favor of a third party or otherwise; (vii) all Contracts relating to the acquisition or disposition of any Person or business pursuant to which the Company has ongoing economic obligations (including with respect to any continuing contingent earn-out or acquisition consideration to any seller(s) of businesses acquired by the Company prior to the date hereof) or any other material ongoing obligations; (viii) all Contracts by which the Company licenses Intellectual Property from or to any Person that individually involve contractually obligated payments to or from the Company in excess of $500,000 on an annual basis or which are otherwise material to the Company or the Covered Business, taken as a whole, excluding any Contracts licensing generally available mass market software under a click-wrap or shrink-wrap license or subscription service; (ix) all Contracts that provide for the assumption of any Tax, environmental or other Liability of any Person; (x) all Contracts with any Governmental Entity other than client Contracts entered into in the Ordinary Course; (xi) all Contracts that provide for any joint venture, partnership or similar arrangement; (xii) all Contracts that provide for the sharing of commissions, or require the Company, or Seller or any Affiliate of Seller as part of the Covered Business, to guarantee any amount or make any minimum payment; (xiii) all Contracts containing guarantees of performance at pre-defined service levels by the Company or the Covered Business; (xiv) all Contracts required to be listed in Schedule 3.23; (xv) all Contracts relating to the settlement, release, compromise or waiver of any material rights or Liabilities; and (xvi) all performance bonds, letters of credit or surety agreements and Contracts relating to any swap, forward, futures, warrant, option or other derivative transactions. (b) Seller has made available to Buyer true and correct copies of the Business Contracts, or in the case of oral Business Contracts, a summary of the material terms thereof. All Business Contracts and Material Insurance Contracts are in full force and effect and to the Knowledge of Seller, assuming the due authorization, execution and delivery by any other party thereto, are currently enforceable against the Company, Seller or Affiliate of the Seller, as applicable, party thereto (the “Seller Counterparty”) and, to the Knowledge of Seller, the other party thereto and, as of the Closing will be, if not previously terminated or expired, enforceable against the other party thereto in 25 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
accordance with the express terms thereof, subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and similar Laws of general applicability relating to or affecting creditors’ rights and to general principles of equity, except for such failures that would not be material to the Company and/or the Covered Business, taken as a whole. There does not exist under any Business Contract or Material Insurance Contract any event of default, event or condition that, after notice or lapse of time or both, would constitute a violation, breach or event of default thereunder as of the date hereof, on the part of the Company or any other Seller Counterparty, except as set forth on Schedule 3.13(b) and except for such events of default, events, conditions, violations or breaches that would not be material to the Company and/or the Covered Business, taken as a whole. No party to any Business Contract has given written, or to Seller’s Knowledge, oral notice of an intention to exercise any termination rights with respect thereto. (c) Schedule 3.13(c) sets forth a list of the top 20 insurance companies or carriers for employee benefits and property and casualty insurance (measured by aggregate revenue of the Covered Business from such insurance companies or carriers for the year ended December 31, 2019) (the “Material Insurance Companies”) for which the Company or Seller, as part of the Covered Business, sells insurance policies, benefits, or coverage, along with a list of all Contracts relating to those relationships (the “Material Insurance Contracts”). The Company has not received any notice, and the Seller does not have any Knowledge, that any of the Material Insurance Companies has terminated, or intends to terminate, its relationship with the Company. (d) Except as would not be expected to be material to the Company and/or the Covered Business, taken as a whole, (i) the Company and each Consultant and Account Executive has an appointment to act as an agent for each insurance company from which such an appointment is used by the Company or such Consultant or Account Executive to conduct the Covered Business, (ii) each such appointment is valid and binding in accordance with its terms on the parties thereto, (iii) the Company is not a party to any Contract which, pursuant to its terms, prevents it from doing business with any insurance company or carrier, (iv) neither the Company nor, to the Knowledge of Seller, any insurance company or carrier has bound, or committed to bind, any insurance coverage for any liability, risk, cost, or expense, or in any amount of liability, risk, cost, or expense, or upon any terms or conditions, which exceeds its binding authority, and (v) neither the Company nor any Consultant or Account Executive is in default under any Contract with any insurance company or carrier with or through which it places insurance. Section 3.14 Taxes. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.14: (a) All Tax Returns of the Company required to have been filed with any taxing authority in accordance with any applicable Law have been duly filed, and all such Tax Returns are true, correct and complete in all material respects. No written claim has been received from any Governmental Entity in a jurisdiction where the Company does not file Tax Returns that such Company is, or may be, subject to taxation or to a requirement to file Tax Returns in such jurisdiction. The Company is not currently the beneficiary of any extension of time within which to file any Tax Return. (b) All Taxes required to be paid by the Company (whether or not shown on any Tax Return) have been paid. All Taxes required to be withheld and paid, or collected and paid, by the Company in connection with any amounts paid or owing to, or received or owing from, any employee, independent contractor, creditor, stockholder or other third party, have been timely withheld or collected, as applicable, and timely paid over to the proper Governmental Entity, and the Company has complied in all material respects with any reporting or documentation requirements in connection thereto. The Company has materially complied with applicable Laws that require the Company to 26 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
receive and maintain certificates, forms, and other documents for exemption from withholding and remitting Taxes or collecting and remitting Taxes, as applicable. (c) There are no Liens for Taxes against any asset of the Company (other than for Taxes not yet due and payable). (d) The Company has been a disregarded entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes for its entire existence. Neither the Seller, the Company, nor any other Person has made an election under Law to have the Company treated as a corporation for federal, state or local income tax purposes. (e) The Company has not waived any statute of limitations in respect of Taxes or agreed to any extension of time with respect to a Tax assessment or deficiency which remains open. (f) The Company is not currently the subject of an audit, investigation, action, inquiry or other proceeding regarding any Tax or Tax Return by any Governmental Entity. The Company has not received any written notice from any Governmental Entity of an assessment or of an intent to open an audit or other review, and, to the Knowledge of the Seller, no such assessments, audits, or reviews have been proposed or threatened. (g) The Company is not a party to, or bound by, any Tax allocation, indemnity or sharing agreement that will have any effect after the Closing, other than, in each case, standard commercial agreements with third parties that are entered into in the ordinary course of business and are not primarily about Taxes. (h) The Company (i) has not been a member or a part of an affiliated group filing a consolidated U.S. federal income Tax Return (other than being included in a group the common parent of which is Associated Banc-Corp; and (ii) has no liability for the Tax of any Person under Treasury Regulation Section 1.1502-6 (or any similar provision of state, local or non-U.S. Law), as a transferee or successor, by contract (other than (a) any contract that will be terminated prior to, and have no effect after, Closing, and (b) standard commercial contracts with third parties that are entered into in the ordinary course of business and are not primarily about Taxes); or otherwise. (i) The Company will not be required to include any item of income or gain in, or be required to exclude any item of deduction or loss from, Taxable income for any Taxable period ending after the Closing Date as a result of any: (i) change in accounting method for a Taxable period (or portion thereof) ending on or prior to the Closing Date; (ii) use of an improper method of accounting for a Taxable period (or portion thereof) ending on or prior to the Closing Date; (iii) closing or similar agreement described in Section 7121 of the Code (or similar provision of state, local or non-U.S. Tax Law) executed on or prior to the Closing Date; or (iv) installment sale or open transaction made on or prior to the Closing Date; (v) prepaid amount on or prior to the Closing Date. The Company does not currently use the cash method of accounting for Tax purposes. (j) The Company has not engaged in a “reportable transaction” as defined in Treasury Regulations Section 1.6011-4(b) or any comparable provision of state, local or non-U.S. Law. (k) The Company does not own an interest in any (i) controlled foreign corporation, (ii) deferred foreign income corporation or (iii) passive foreign investment company, in each case, as defined under the Code. The Company does not own an interest in any entity other than Benefit Advisors Network. The Company does not have a permanent establishment (within the meaning of 27 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
an applicable Tax treaty) or otherwise have an office or fixed place of business in a country other than the United States. (l) No Person holds a power of attorney to act on behalf of Company with respect to Tax matters other than in connection with routine payroll and benefits matters entered into in the ordinary course of business. (m) The Company does not have any written requests for rulings or determinations in respect of any Tax pending with any Governmental Entity and has not received a ruling from any Governmental Entity with respect to any Tax. (n) The representations and warranties made in this Section 3.14 and, to the extent applicable to Taxes, Section 3.17 are the exclusive representations and warranties of Seller with respect to Taxes. (o) Seller makes no representation or warranty with respect to the existence, availability, amount, usability or limitations (or lack thereof) of any net operating loss, net operating loss carryforward, business interest carryforward, capital loss, capital loss carryforward, existing basis amount or other Tax attribute (whether federal, state, local or non-U.S.) of the Company after the Closing Date. Section 3.15 Environmental Matters. (a) To the Knowledge of Seller and except as set forth on Schedule 3.15, (i) the Company holds, and the Company is in material compliance with, all material Environmental Permits applicable to the Company required under Environmental Laws, and (ii) the Company is otherwise in compliance with applicable Environmental Laws as of the date hereof, except where the failure to be in compliance would not have a Material Adverse Effect. (b) To the Knowledge of Seller, during the last three years, the Company has not received written notice from any Governmental Entity that the Company is subject to any pending claim (i) based upon any provision of any Environmental Law and arising out of any act or omission of the Company or (ii) arising out of the ownership, use, control or operation by the Company of any facility, site, area or property from which there was a Release of any Hazardous Substance, which claim, if adversely resolved, would have a Material Adverse Effect. Section 3.16 Licenses and Permits. Except for such Licenses obtained in the Ordinary Course, Schedule 3.16 sets forth a correct and complete list of all material Licenses held by the Company. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.16, other than licenses required to be held by individual Consultants, the Company owns or possesses all Licenses that are necessary to enable it to carry on its operations and the operation of the Covered Business as presently conducted, except, in each case, where the failure to have a particular License would not be material to the Company and/or the Covered Business, taken as a whole. There are no Actions pending or, to the Knowledge of Seller, threatened, that would reasonably be expected to result in the revocation or termination of any License held by the Company, except as would not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect. The Company is in compliance in all material respects with all such Licenses. Section 3.17 Employee Benefit Plans. (a) As of the date hereof, Schedule 3.17(a) sets forth a correct and complete list of each Company Benefit Plan and material Associated Benefit Plan. With respect to each Company Benefit 28 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Plan and each material Associated Benefit Plan, Seller has made available to Buyer (i) the current plan document and any amendments thereto, (ii) the most recent determination, opinion or advisory letter from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), (iii) the current summary plan description and any summary of material modifications and (iv) the most recently filed annual report. (b) Except as set forth on Schedule 3.17(b): (i) No Company Benefit Plan or Associated Benefit Plan is a “multiple employer plan” described in Section 413(c) of the Code, and the Company has not, within the last five years, contributed to, been required to contribute to, or otherwise had any Liability in connection with any “multiemployer pension plan” (as defined in Sections 3(37) or 4001(a)(3) of ERISA) or “multiple employer plan”; (ii) No Company Benefit Plan or Associated Benefit Plan is an “employee pension benefit plan” within the meaning of Section 3(2) of ERISA that is subject to Title IV of ERISA or Section 412 of the Code, and neither the Company nor Seller has incurred any Liability under Title IV of ERISA that has not been paid in full; (iii) Each Company Benefit Plan and material Associated Benefit Plan has been established and administered in all material respects in accordance with its terms and in compliance with applicable Laws, including ERISA and the Code; (iv) Each Company Benefit Plan and Associated Benefit Plan intended to be “qualified” within the meaning of Section 401(a) of the Code that is intended to be exempt from taxation under Section 501(a) of the Code has received a favorable determination letter from the IRS or other letter indicating that it is so qualified, or is in the process of obtaining such a letter. Nothing has occurred since the issuance of the IRS determination letters referred to in this Section 3.17(b)(iv) that would result in the revocation of any such IRS determination letters; (v) There is no pending or, to the Knowledge of Seller, threatened, Action (other than a routine claim for benefits) with respect to any Company Benefit Plan or Associated Benefit Plan that would result in any Liability to the Company; (vi) Payment as of the Closing Date has been fully made or adequately provided for on the books and consolidated financial statements of the Company or Seller, as applicable, with respect to: (i) all amounts and premiums which the Company or Seller is required, under the terms of all Associated Benefit Plans and Company Benefit Plans that pertain to the service providers of the Covered Business to have paid as contributions to such Associated Benefit Plans and Company Benefit Plans as of the last day of the most recent fiscal year prior to the Closing Date and (ii) all pro rata amounts which the Company or Seller is required to pay as contributions to each such Associated Benefit Plan or Company Benefit Plan for the fiscal year that includes the Closing Date; (vii) Neither the Company nor Seller provides, nor have they at any time provided, coverage under any welfare plan (including, but not limited to, life insurance, disability, medical, dental, prescription drugs, or accidental death or dismemberment) to any of the Company’s retirees, other than any continuation or conversion coverage which any such Company retiree may have purchased at his or her own expense; 29 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
(viii) There have been no statements, either written or oral, or communications made or materials provided to any employee or former employee of the Covered Business by any Person that provide for or could be construed as a contract or promise (i) by the Company or Seller to provide for any pension, welfare, or other insurance-type benefits to any such employee or former employee of the Covered Business, whether before or after retirement, other than benefits under the Company Benefit Plans or Associated Benefit Plans or (ii) regarding continued employment or terms and conditions of employment with Buyer or the Company following the Closing; (ix) Each Company Benefit Plan that is a “nonqualified deferred compensation plan” within the meaning of Section 409A(d)(1) of the Code and any award thereunder, in each case that is subject to Section 409A of the Code, (i) has at all times been operated in compliance in all material respects with Section 409A of the Code and all applicable IRS guidance promulgated thereunder and (ii) either (A) has at all times been in a form which complies with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code or (B) has been timely amended under guidance issued pursuant to Section 409A of the Code so that its terms and provisions comply with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code; and (x) Neither the execution and performance of this Agreement nor the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby could (either alone or in conjunction with any other event) (i) constitute a stated triggering event under any Company Benefit Plan or Associated Benefit Plan that will result in any payment (whether of severance pay or otherwise) becoming due to any employee of the Covered Business, (ii) accelerate the time of payment or vesting or increase the amount of compensation due to any employee of the Covered Business under any Company Benefit Plan or Associated Benefit Plan, (iii) cause any employee of the Covered Business to accrue or receive additional benefits, service or accelerated rights to payment of benefits under any Company Benefit Plan or Associated Benefit Plan, (iv) directly or indirectly cause the Company or Seller to transfer or set aside any assets to fund or otherwise provide for benefits for any employee of the Covered Business or (v) subject any Person to Liability for Tax under Section 4999 of the Code or cause the loss of a deduction to Seller or the Company under Section 280G of the Code. Section 3.18 Labor Relationships. (a) (i) Schedule 3.18(a)(i) sets forth the following: a true, complete and accurate list, as of the date hereof and updated from time to time through the Closing, of each employee, independent contractor and director of the Covered Business, his or her date(s) of hire, position and title (and with respect to each Consultant I, Consultant II, and Consultant III, grouping such levels together (i.e., all Consultant I’s grouped together, all Consultant II’s grouped together, and all Consultant III’s grouped together)), current rate of compensation (including base salary, variable incentive compensation, annual discretionary bonuses and Sales Consultant Incentive Plan commissions, if any, and excluding any Seller Bonus Arrangements, which need not be set forth on Schedule 3.18(a)(i)), and payment received for the calendar year prior to the calendar year in which the Closing Date occurs under (A) any variable incentive compensation in the form of a formulaic incentive with the Covered Business (other than under a Sales Consultant Incentive Plan), (B) annual discretionary bonus arrangement of the Covered Business or (C) the Sales Consultant Incentive Plan. In the case of an employee, Schedule 3.18(a)(i) shall also list whether such employee is hourly or salaried, whether such employee is exempt or non-exempt, the number of such employee’s accrued sick days and vacation days, whether such employee is absent from active employment and, if so, the date such employee became inactive, the reason for inactive status and, if applicable, the anticipated date of return to 30 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
active employment. (ii) Schedule 3.18(a)(ii) includes a list of employees of the Covered Business whose employment has been involuntarily terminated within the ninety (90) day period preceding the date hereof and includes such employees’ positions and titles and the then-current rate of compensation as of his or her termination date. (iii) Except as disclosed on Schedule 3.18(a)(iii), neither the Company nor Seller has any unsatisfied Liability to any such previously terminated employee or independent contractor of the Covered Business. Seller has made available to Buyer all written employee handbooks, policies, programs and arrangements applicable to employees of the Covered Business. No Consultant is entitled to receive commissions (excluding any equity based compensation) in respect of renewal business at a rate that exceeds 30%. (b) None of the employees of the Covered Business are represented by a labor organization or group that was either voluntarily recognized or certified by any labor relations board (including the NLRB). (c) None of the employees of the Covered Business is a signatory to a collective bargaining Contract with any trade union, works council, labor organization or group. (d) No labor dispute, walk out, strike, hand billing, picketing or work stoppage involving the employees of the Covered Business has occurred, is in progress or, to the Knowledge of Seller, has been threatened in the last two years. (e) No Consultant, Account Executive, member of the Specialized Resources group, executive officer of the Company and/or the Covered Business has informed the Company or Seller, either orally or in writing, of any plans to terminate his, her or their employment with the Covered Business generally or as a result of the transaction contemplated hereby. (f) The Company has complied in all material respects with all applicable Laws, rules and regulations relating to labor, labor relations or employment, including, without limitation, any provisions thereof relating to equal employment opportunity, wages, hours, overtime regulation, employee safety and health, immigration control, drug testing, termination pay, paid sick leave, vacation pay, fringe benefits, collective bargaining and the payment and/or accrual of the same and all Taxes, insurance and all other costs and expenses applicable thereto, and the Company is not liable for any arrearage, or any Taxes, costs or penalties for failure to comply with any of the foregoing. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company has not incurred a violation of Part 6 of Subtitle B of Title I of ERISA or other applicable state insurance continuation Law, nor will any such violation occur as a result of the transactions contemplated hereby. As of the Closing Date, the Company will not incur, nor will it ever have incurred, Liabilities, penalties or other charges under the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (“WARN”) or any similar state, local or foreign Law, and neither Seller nor the Company reasonably expects to conduct a layoff of any employees of the Covered Business as of or following the Closing Date (other than individual terminations for just cause), regardless of whether such layoff shall be deemed to effectuate or cause to be effectuated a “plant closing” or “mass layoff” (each as defined under WARN) or to trigger any statutory notice requirements under similar state Law. (g) Except as set forth on Schedule 3.18(g), Since June 30, 2018, there have not been any allegations, charges or complaints concerning employment discrimination, wage payment, overtime obligations or other issues pertaining to unlawful employment practices pending against the Covered Business or, to the Knowledge of Seller, threatened, nor to the Knowledge of Seller, is there any basis for any such allegation, charge or complaint. 31 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
(h) To the Knowledge of Seller, no employee, director or independent contractor of the Covered Business is a party to, or is otherwise bound by, any agreement or arrangement, including any confidentiality, noncompetition, nonsolicitation, or proprietary rights agreement between such employee, director or independent contractor and any other Person that in any way adversely affects or will affect the performance of his or her duties as an employee, director or independent contractor of the Covered Business or the ability of the Company to conduct the Covered Business in the Ordinary Course. True and correct copies of any confidentiality, noncompetition, nonsolicitation, or proprietary rights agreements currently in force between Seller and/or the Company and each Consultant, Account Executive, member of the Specialized Resources group, executive officer of the Company and/or the Covered Business or any other service provider who has significant client-facing activities, as well as the form of any such agreement with any other employees, directors or independent contractors of the Covered Business, and any material variances therefrom, have been made available to Buyer. (i) All employees of the Covered Business are employees at will or otherwise employed such that the Covered Business may lawfully terminate their employment at any time, with or without cause, without creating any material cause of action against the Covered Business or otherwise giving rise to any material Liability of the Covered Business for wrongful discharge, breach of contract or tort or any other similar cause at law or in equity. (j) No current or former employee of the Covered Business or any other Person (including any current or former Consultant or Account Executive): (i) is party to any Contract or other arrangement with the Covered Business pursuant to which such Person has any direct or indirect right to acquire, purchase or otherwise obtain the right to provide insurance brokerage services to any client or prospective client of the Covered Business in exchange for the payment or delivery to the Covered Business of any consideration, whether such right currently exists or may exist in the future following the termination of such Person’s employment or service with the Covered Business or upon the passage of time or the occurrence of any other event, or who claims to have any ownership interest in the Covered Business as it relates to any client or former client; or (ii) is party to any Contract or arrangement with the Covered Business that specifies an amount (or a formula for an amount) that may be payable by such employee of the Covered Business or other Person, whether in the form of liquidated damages or otherwise, if such employee or other Person directly or indirectly solicits, calls upon or accepts any business form any client or prospective client. (k) During the 24-month period preceding the date of this Agreement, (i) to the Seller’s Knowledge, neither the Company nor Seller (with respect to the Covered Business) or any of its Affiliates have hired any employee or independent contractor in violation of any restrictive covenant, non-compete agreement or non-solicitation agreement to which such employee or independent contractor is a party and (ii) no Person has made a written allegation or asserted a written claim that any Seller Party has hired any employee or independent contractor in violation of any such restrictive covenant, non-compete agreement or non-solicitation agreement. Section 3.19 Certain Fees. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.19, neither the Company nor Seller has employed any broker, finder, investment banker, or other intermediary or incurred any Liability for any investment banking fees, financial advisory fees, brokerage fees, finders’ fees, or other similar fees in connection with this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby. Section 3.20 Bank Accounts. Schedule 3.20 lists each bank or depository account used by the Company in connection with its business operations, along with a list of each signatory or Person authorized to access or transact business with respect to such accounts. 32 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Section 3.21 Material Clients. Schedule 3.21(a) is a list of the top twenty clients based on revenue generated for the Covered Business for the twelve-month periods ended on December 31, 2019 and on March 31, 2020 (each, a “Material Client”), including the amount of revenue generated and the commissions and/or fees received from or with respect to each such Material Client for such twelve-month periods. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.21(b), since January 1, 2019, no Material Client has discontinued or materially reduced, or provided written notice of its intention to discontinue or materially reduce, its business relationship with the Covered Business. Section 3.22 Insurance. Schedule 3.22 sets forth a list, as of the date hereof, of each insurance policy currently in effect to which the Company is an insured party or is named as an additional insured party or that provides insurance coverage for the Covered Business (each, a “Company Insurance Policy”), identifying for each such policy the holder thereof. True, correct and complete copies of each Company Insurance Policy held by the Company and a summary of the coverage provided under any Company Insurance Policy held by Seller or any of its Affiliates under which the Company or the Covered Business is covered (which summary will be limited to the type of coverage, name of the insurer, term, limits and deductible or underlying limits of each such Company Insurance Policy) has been made available to Buyer. With respect to each such Company Insurance Policy: (a) the Company Insurance Policy is valid, binding and in full force and effect; (b) since April 30, 2017, there have been no changes in any material respect in the coverage, limits or other terms of any Company Insurance Policy; (c) all premiums with respect each Company Insurance Policy covering all current periods have been paid to the extent due; (d) since April 30, 2017, neither Seller nor the Company have received any written notice of cancellation, non-renewal of, premium increase with respect to, or alteration of coverage under, any of such Company Insurance Policies to the extent relating to the Company or the Covered Business; (e) since April 30, 2017, neither Seller nor the Company have received a written reservation of rights or a written notice that any material claim for coverage relating to the Company or the Covered Business has been denied other than routine notices acknowledging claims or setting forth a standard reservation of rights; (f) such Company Insurance Policies do not provide for any retrospective premium adjustment or other experience-based liability on the part of the Company; and (g) except as set forth on Schedule 3.22(g), since the last renewal of the each Company Insurance Policy (other than any Company Insurance Policy held by LPL and made available to the Covered Business in connection with the LPL Networking Contract), the Company has notified the applicable insurer of any Action or other matter Known by Seller as of the date hereof for which insurance coverage could be available thereunder. With respect to each Company Insurance Policy: (w) Seller and its Affiliates (including the Company) are in compliance in all material respects with the terms of each Company Insurance Policy, (x) the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby will not affect or impair the availability of insurance coverage for the Company or the Covered Business under any such Company Insurance Policy, (y) each such Company Insurance Policy names the Company as an insured on that Company Insurance Policy or contains an endorsement naming the Company as a named or additional insured and (z) the coverage limits under each Company Insurance Policy have not been exhausted or impaired. Section 3.23 Related Person Transactions. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.23, neither Seller, its Affiliates, nor any director or officer of the Company or any spouse, domestic partner, parent, stepparent, child, stepchild, sibling, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, sister- in-law or Affiliate of any director or officer of the Company (a) is party to any agreement or arrangement with the Company or has any interest in any property (real, personal or mixed, tangible or intangible) used in or pertaining to the Company or the Covered Business, except for employment agreements with officers entered into in the Ordinary Course (each a “Related Person Transaction”) or (b) owns, directly or indirectly, any interest in any Person which is a competitor, vendor or client of the Company or the Covered Business other than, if such Person is a public company, the ownership of less than 3% of the outstanding equity interests of such Person. 33 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Section 3.24 Underwriting Risk. The Company does not own, or have any investment or interest in, any captive insurance company or insurance carrier or underwriter. The Company is not a party to any Contract which would require the Company to assume any underwriting risk and has not otherwise done so. Section 3.25 Fiduciary and Third-Party Funds. The Trust Cash held by the Company in a fiduciary capacity to meet the obligations of the Covered Business to clients or insurance companies or carriers is at least equal to the amounts required to be held in a fiduciary capacity pursuant to premium trust and other applicable Laws (including, for the avoidance of doubt, as required by state regulatory authorities and other Governmental Entities) or pursuant to any Contracts with such carriers and insurance companies relating to the Covered Business. The assets held by the Company on behalf of third parties with respect to which it has check writing or electronic funds transfer authority are held, administered and disbursed in accordance with the terms of applicable Contracts with third parties and all applicable Laws. All accounts (including trust accounts) of the Company at banks or other financial accounts have been reconciled to the books and records of the Company. Section 3.26 Certain Regulatory Matters. (a) As the Covered Business is currently conducted, the Company is not required to be registered as (i) an “investment company” as such term is defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, (ii) an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 or (iii) a broker-dealer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Except as would not be expected to be material to the Company, taken as a whole, (A) since June 30, 2018 each producer who has marketed, sold, negotiated, serviced, administered, managed, provided advice with respect to or otherwise transacted (“Transacted”) business for the Company or as part of the Covered Business, at the time such producer Transacted any such business was duly and appropriately licensed or registered as a producer (for the type of business Transacted by such producer), in each case, in the particular jurisdiction in which such producer Transacted such business, (B) there have been no material violations by any producer of any applicable Laws in connection with the marketing, purchase, offer or sale of products for the Company, including with respect to material omissions or representations, conflicts of interest, churning, twisting, suitability, conservation, surrender, investment or allocation of funds, market timing, late trading, replacement, fictitious bids or quotes and (C) all compensation paid to each such producer was in all material respects paid in accordance with applicable Laws. There are no disciplinary proceedings or investigations by any Governmental Entity pending, or to Seller’s Knowledge, threatened against any of the producers or employees of the Covered Business with respect to any licenses or registrations held by them. To Seller’s Knowledge, there has been no occurrence or set of circumstances that may give rise to any disciplinary proceeding or investigation of the nature described in the preceding sentence. (b) Each client to which the Covered Business provides investment management, advisory, subadvisory or other services that is (i) an employee benefit plan, as defined in Section 3(3) of ERISA that is subject to Title I of ERISA or any other plan or account subject to Section 4975 of the Code, (ii) a person acting on behalf of such a plan or account or (iii) an entity whose assets include the assets of such a plan or account within the meaning of Section 3(42) of ERISA, has been managed by the Company such that (A) the exercise of such management or provision of any services is in compliance in all material respects with the applicable requirements of ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code and (B) none of the Company or any of its representatives have engaged in a “prohibited transaction” within the meaning of Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975(c) of the Code that would subject it to liability or Taxes under Section 502(i) of ERISA or Section 4975(a) of the Code, in the case of clauses (A) and (B) above, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to be material to the Company or the Covered Business, taken as a whole. 34 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Section 3.27 Anti-Corruption and Anti-Bribery Laws. (a) During the five (5) years preceding the date of this Agreement, neither the Company, Seller (with respect to the Covered Business) nor, any of their respective directors, officers, employees, or, to the Knowledge of the Seller, any other Persons acting for or on behalf of the Company or Seller has, directly or indirectly, in connection with the Covered Business: (i) improperly made, offered or promised to make or offer any payment, loan or transfer of anything of value, including any reward, advantage or benefit of any kind, to or for the benefit of any government official, candidate for public office, political party or political campaign for the purpose of (A) influencing any act or decision of such government official, candidate, party or campaign, (B) inducing such government official, candidate, party or campaign to do or omit to do any act in violation of a lawful duty, (C) obtaining or retaining business for or with any Person, (D) expediting or securing the performance of official acts of a routine nature or (E) otherwise securing any improper advantage; (ii) paid, offered or promised to pay or offer any unlawful payment of any nature; or (iii) otherwise violated any provision of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, 15 U.S.C. §§ 78dd-1, et seq., or any other applicable anti-bribery Law in any material respect. For purposes of this Section 3.27, “government official” includes any officer or employee of a government or any department, agency or instrumentality thereof (including wholly or partially owned enterprises or institutions), or of a public international organization or any other Governmental Entity, or any person acting in an official capacity for or on behalf of any such government or department, agency or instrumentality, or for or on behalf of any such public international organization or any other Governmental Entity. (b) No investigation or review by any Governmental Entity with respect to the Company, Seller, any of their respective directors, officers, employees, or other Persons acting for or on behalf of the Company, in each case, in respect of the Covered Business, is pending or, to the Knowledge of the Seller, threatened. Neither the Company nor the Seller has received any written notice or communication of any currently existing noncompliance of the Covered Business in any material respect with any applicable Law that has not been cured as of the date of this Agreement. Section 3.28 Competing Business. Schedule 3.28 sets forth a description of any Competing Business engaged in by Seller and its Affiliates as of the date hereof (other than the Covered Business). Section 3.29 NO OTHER REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES. EXCEPT FOR THE REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES CONTAINED IN THIS ARTICLE III AND IN ARTICLE IV, SELLER DOES NOT MAKE ANY REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED BY THIS AGREEMENT. SELLER MAKES NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY TO BUYER WITH RESPECT TO, AND BUYER WILL NOT BE ENTITLED TO RELY ON: (a) ANY PROJECTIONS, ESTIMATES OR BUDGETS HERETOFORE DELIVERED TO OR MADE AVAILABLE TO BUYER OR ANY INFORMATION REGARDING FUTURE REVENUES, EXPENSES OR RESULTS OF OPERATIONS OF THE BUSINESS; OR 35 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
(b) EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY COVERED BY A REPRESENTATION AND WARRANTY CONTAINED IN THIS ARTICLE III OR ARTICLE IV, ANY OTHER INFORMATION OR DOCUMENTS (FINANCIAL OR OTHERWISE) MADE AVAILABLE TO BUYER OR ITS COUNSEL, ACCOUNTANTS OR ADVISERS WITH RESPECT TO THE COMPANY OR THE COVERED BUSINESS, INCLUDING THE CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION MEMORANDUM. ARTICLE IV REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF SELLER Seller hereby represents and warrants to Buyer as follows: Section 4.1 Authorization. The Seller is duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the United States. Seller has the requisite power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements to which it is a party and to perform its obligations hereunder and thereunder and to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements to which it is a party by Seller and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby have been duly authorized by all required action on the part of Seller. This Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements to which it is a party have been duly executed and delivered by Seller, and do, when duly executed by all other parties thereto and delivered by Seller, constitute the valid and binding agreements of Seller enforceable against Seller in accordance with their respective terms, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and other similar Laws affecting the enforceability of creditors’ rights generally, general equitable principles and the discretion of courts in granting equitable remedies. Section 4.2 Equity Interests Ownership. Seller is the record and beneficial owner of all the Equity Interests. The Seller has, and at the Closing will have, good title to the Equity Interests free and clear of any Lien other than restrictions on transfer arising under state or federal securities laws. The Equity Interests will be transferred to Buyer at the Closing free and clear of any Liens, other than restrictions on transfer arising under state or federal securities laws. Section 4.3 Consents and Approvals. Except as set forth on Schedule 4.3 and for the Antitrust Clearances, the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements to which it is a party, the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby and the fulfillment of and compliance with the terms and conditions hereof and thereof do not and will not (a) violate or conflict with any provision of the Charter Documents of Seller, or with any resolution or authorization adopted by the governing body or equity holders of Seller, (b) violate or conflict with any Order applicable to Seller or by which Seller or any of its properties or assets is bound, (c) violate or conflict with any Law or arbitration award applicable to Seller, (d) require any filing with, or the obtaining of any permit, authorization, consent, waiver or approval of, any Governmental Entity, excluding from the foregoing clauses (b)-(d) such requirements, violations, conflicts, defaults or rights which would not materially adversely affect the ability of Seller to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or any Ancillary Agreement to which it is a party. Section 4.4 Certain Fees. The Company will not be responsible for any broker, finder or investment banker fee or commission or other similar fees in connection with this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby based on any commitments made by or on behalf of Seller. Section 4.5 Litigation. There is no Action pending or, to the Knowledge of Seller, threatened against or by or affecting Seller or any Affiliate of Seller by or before any Governmental Entity or by any 36 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
third party which: (a) relates to the Equity Interests, (b) challenges or seeks to prevent, enjoin or otherwise delay the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or the Ancillary Agreements or (c) would, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to materially adversely affect, delay or restrict Seller’s performance under this Agreement or the Ancillary Agreements to which it is a party or its ability to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby. ARTICLE V REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF BUYER Buyer hereby represents and warrants to Seller as follows: Section 5.1 Organization. Buyer is a limited liability company duly incorporated, validly existing and in good standing under the Laws of its jurisdiction of Delaware, and has the corporate power and authority to own, lease and operate its assets and to carry on its business as now being conducted. Section 5.2 Authorization. Buyer has the corporate power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements to which it is a party, to perform its obligations hereunder and thereunder and to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby. This Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements to which it is a party have been duly authorized, executed and delivered by Buyer and do, when duly executed by all parties thereto and delivered by Buyer, constitute the valid and binding agreements of Buyer, enforceable against Buyer in accordance with their respective terms, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and other similar Laws affecting the enforceability of creditors’ rights generally, general equitable principles and the discretion of courts in granting equitable remedies. Section 5.3 Consents and Approvals; No Violations. Except for the Antitrust Clearances, the execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements to which it is a party, the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby will not: (a) conflict with or result in any breach of any provision of the Charter Documents of Buyer; (b) require any filing with, or the obtaining of any permit, authorization, consent, waiver or approval of, any Governmental Entity; (c) violate, conflict with or result in a default (or any event which, with notice or lapse of time or both, would constitute a default) under, or give rise to any right of termination, cancellation or acceleration under, any of the terms, conditions or provisions of any note, mortgage, other evidence of indebtedness, guarantee, License, agreement, lease or other contract, instrument or obligation to which Buyer is a party or by which Buyer or any of its assets may be bound; or (d) violate any Law or Order applicable to Buyer, excluding from the foregoing clauses (b)-(d) such requirements, violations, conflicts, defaults or rights which would not materially adversely affect the ability of Buyer to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or any Ancillary Agreement to which it is a party. Section 5.4 Litigation. There is no Action pending or, to the knowledge of Buyer, threatened against or by or affecting Buyer or any Affiliate of Buyer by or before any Governmental Entity or by any third party which: (a) challenges or seeks to prevent, enjoin or otherwise delay the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or the Ancillary Agreements or (b) would, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to materially adversely affect, delay or restrict Buyer’s performance under this Agreement or the Ancillary Agreements or ability to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby. Section 5.5 Financial Capability. Buyer has, and will have available as of the Closing Date, cash on hand, available lines of credit or other sources of funding sufficient to fully fund all of Buyer’s obligations under this Agreement, including the payment of (a) the Purchase Price, as adjusted, and any other amounts required to be paid pursuant to this Agreement, and (b) all fees and expenses and other 37 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
payment obligations required to be paid or satisfied by Buyer in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Section 5.6 Solvency. Buyer is not entering into the transactions contemplated by this Agreement with the actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud either present or future creditors of the Company. Buyer is Solvent as of the date of this Agreement and, assuming (a) the satisfaction of the conditions to Seller’s obligation to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, (b) that the representations and warranties set forth in Articles III and IV are true and correct, and (c) that any estimates, projections or forecasts made available by Seller and/or the Company with respect to the Covered Business have been prepared in good faith based upon assumptions that were and continue to be reasonable, and after giving effect to the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, at the Closing, Buyer and the Company (on both a stand-alone and on a combined basis) will, after giving effect to all of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including the payment of the Purchase Price, be Solvent as of immediately after the Closing Date. Section 5.7 Independent Review. Buyer has conducted its own independent review and analysis of the Company and the Covered Business and its condition, cash flow and prospects, and acknowledges that Buyer has been provided access to the properties, premises and records of the Company and the Covered Business as Buyer has deemed necessary for this purpose, including to certain projections, including projected statements of operating revenues and income from operations of the Company and the Covered Business and certain business plan information. Buyer acknowledges that there are uncertainties inherent in attempting to make such estimates, projections and other forecasts and plans, that Buyer is familiar with such uncertainties and that Buyer is taking full responsibility for its own evaluation of the adequacy and accuracy of all estimates, projections and other forecasts and plans so furnished to it, including the reasonableness of the assumptions underlying such estimates, projections and forecasts. Buyer is knowledgeable about the industries and sectors in which the Company and the Covered Business operates and is capable of evaluating the merits and risks of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and is able to bear the substantial economic risk of such investment for an indefinite period of time. In entering into this Agreement, Buyer has relied exclusively upon its own investigation and analysis and the representations and warranties contained herein, and Buyer: (a) acknowledges that: (i) it has had the opportunity to visit with the Company and meet with its officers and other representatives to discuss the Covered Business and its condition, cash flow and prospects and (ii) materials and information requested by Buyer have been provided to Buyer to Buyer’s reasonable satisfaction; (b) acknowledges that it has undertaken such due diligence (including a review of the assets and liabilities of the Company) as Buyer deems adequate; (c) acknowledges that, except as set forth in Article III and Article IV, none of Seller, the Company, nor any of their respective partners, officers, employees, Affiliates, agents or representatives makes, and that Buyer has not relied on, any representation or warranty, either express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of any of the information provided or made available to Buyer or its agents or representatives prior to the execution of this Agreement; (d) agrees, to the fullest extent permitted by Law, that none of Seller, the Company, nor any of their respective partners, directors, officers, employees, Affiliates, agents or representatives will have any Liability or responsibility whatsoever to Buyer on any basis (including in contract or tort, under federal or state securities Laws or otherwise) based upon any information provided or made available, or statements made, to Buyer prior to the execution of this Agreement; and 38 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
(e) acknowledges that, none of Seller, the Company, nor any of their respective partners, officers, employees, Affiliates, agents or representatives makes, has made or will be deemed to have made, and that Buyer has not relied on, any representation, warranty, covenant or agreement, express or implied, with respect to the Company or the Covered Business, other than the representations, warranties, covenants and agreements of Seller that are expressly set forth in this Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Section 5.7 shall not apply to any Legal Disputes based on fraud. Section 5.8 Purchase for Investment. (a) Buyer is acquiring the Equity Interests solely for investment for its own account and not with the view to, or for resale in connection with, any “distribution” (as such term is used in Section 2(11) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”)) thereof. Buyer understands that the Equity Interests have not been registered under the Securities Act or any state or foreign securities Laws. (b) Buyer is an “accredited investor” within the meaning of Rule 501 of Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act. Section 5.9 Certain Fees. Buyer has not employed any broker, finder, investment banker, or other intermediary or incurred any Liability for any investment banking fees, financial advisory fees, brokerage fees, finders’ fees or other similar fees in connection with this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby. ARTICLE VI COVENANTS Section 6.1 Conduct of the Business. Seller agrees that, during the period from the date of this Agreement to the Closing, except as otherwise expressly contemplated by this Agreement, including with respect to the Seller Bonus Arrangements, or as consented to by Buyer in writing (which consent will not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed), except with respect to clauses (a)-(c), (f) (with respect to Owned Real Property), (g) (h), (l), (o), (r), (v) and (w) in respect of which Buyer may grant or withhold its consent in its sole discretion, Seller will (with respect to the Covered Business) and will cause the Company to: (a) not amend the Company’s Charter Documents; (b) not authorize for issuance, issue, sell, pledge, encumber or deliver or agree or commit to issue, sell, pledge, encumber or deliver any of the Company’s Equity Rights, or issue any securities convertible into, exchangeable for or representing a right to purchase or receive, or enter into any Contract with respect to the issuance of, the Company’s Equity Rights; (c) not (i) split, combine or reclassify any of the Company’s Equity Rights, (ii) redeem or otherwise acquire any of the Company’s Equity Rights or (iii) make any dividends or distributions in respect of its Equity Rights; provided, that the Company may pay in full prior to the Closing (A) Cash distributions in respect of its equity interests that do not result in the Company having a negative amount of Cash and (B) distributions of the Excluded Assets; (d) conduct the Covered Business and the business of the Company in the Ordinary Course and use commercially reasonable efforts to maintain and preserve intact the present business 39 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
operations and good will related to the Covered Business, including not terminating the services of the key officers and key employees of the Covered Business and preserving its relationships with, and the good will of, vendors, carriers, clients and other Persons with whom it has a material business relationship relate to the Covered Business in a manner consistent with past practice; (e) not mortgage, pledge or subject to any Lien or security interest (other than Permitted Liens) any material asset of the Company or the Covered Business, or in the case of the Company, incur any Indebtedness; (f) not cancel or terminate, or modify or amend any existing Real Property Lease enter into any new leases or subleases of real property or acquire an ownership interest in any real property; (g) in the case of the Company, other than with respect to any Combined Tax Return, not (i) make, amend or revoke any material Tax election; (ii) adopt, amend or revoke any Tax accounting method, (iii) file any amended Tax Return, (iv) enter into any “closing agreement” regarding Taxes with any Governmental Entity, (v) settle any Tax claim or assessment, or (vi) surrender any right to claim a refund of Taxes; (h) not enter into any Contracts or arrangement (i) restricting the Company from, and/or imposing any limitations or penalties on the Company with respect to, engaging in or competing with any business activity in any geographic area or soliciting, accepting or hiring clients, employees, vendors or suppliers or other business relationships, (ii) requiring the Company to deal exclusively with any Person with respect to any matter or that provide “most favored nation” pricing or terms to the other party to such Contract or any third party or (iii) containing a right of first refusal or right of first offer, right of first negotiation, most favored nation or similar right in favor of a third party or otherwise; (i) not enter into guarantee, lease, indemnity, surety bond, letter of credit or letter of comfort or any other obligation that would become an Indemnified Guarantee; (j) not make any change to its methods of accounting policies or practices, except as required by changes in GAAP or other applicable Law; (k) not (i) amend in a manner adverse to the Covered Business or terminate (prior to its expiration) any Business Contract or Material Insurance Contract, (ii) waive, release or assign any material rights or claims under any Business Contract or Material Insurance Contract or (iii) other than in the Ordinary Course, enter into any Contract that would have been a Business Contract had it been entered into prior to the date of this Agreement; (l) not enter into any Contract, arrangement or transaction constituting a Related Person Transaction; (m) in the case of the Company, not make capital expenditures in excess of $200,000 in the aggregate; (n) not acquire or dispose of (whether by merger, consolidation, acquisition of Equity Rights or assets or otherwise), directly or indirectly, any business, line of business or material assets, or dispose of any assets other than the disposition of obsolete equipment in the Ordinary Course; (o) not adopt a plan or agreement of complete or partial liquidation or dissolution, merger, consolidation or recapitalization of the Company; 40 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
(p) in the case of the Company, not make any material loans, advances or capital contribution to, or investments in, any other Person or acquire Equity Rights of any other Person; (q) other than as required by the terms of any Company Benefit Plan or Associated Benefit Plan or applicable Law or with respect to base salary increases in connection with promotions in the Ordinary Course, not (i) grant or increase any severance or termination entitlement to any employee of the Covered Business (or amend any such existing severance or termination pay arrangement), (ii) enter into any employment, deferred compensation or other similar agreement with any employee of the Covered Business (or amend any such existing agreement), (iii) increase compensation, bonus or other benefits payable to any employee of the Covered Business or (iv) adopt, amend or terminate any Company Benefit Plan or Associated Benefit Plan unless such adoption, amendment or termination is equally applicable to the employees of Seller and its Affiliates and Company Employees alike; (r) terminate the employment of any Consultant, Account Executive, Specialized Resource or other employees of the Covered Business with significant client-facing activities, except in circumstances that require immediate termination for cause consistent with Seller’s personnel policies and customary practice; provided, that Seller shall provide reasonable notice to Buyer of the termination of any such employee of the Covered Business or, to the extent such disclosure is not prohibited by applicable Law in reasonable opinion of Seller’s counsel, and, for the avoidance of doubt, reasonable notice may be given by Seller promptly after the termination has occurred depending on the circumstances; (s) in the case of the Company, not enter into, amend or terminate any collective bargaining agreement; (t) (i) not initiate or commence any material claim or Action or (ii) settle any material claim or Action except for monetary settlements paid before the Valuation Time which do not impose any continuing obligations on the Company after the Closing other than confidentiality obligations or other obligations that (A) are not reasonably expected to have any effect on the Company’s ability or right to solicit, acquire, retain or service clients or prospective clients and (B) will not have an effect on the ongoing operations of the Covered Business; (u) not cancel, modify, terminate or transfer, or agree to the cancellation, modification, termination or transfer of, any Company Insurance Policy that is held by Company as of the date hereof, or any other Company Insurance Policy or other liability insurance policy covering the Company or the Covered Business that is owned, maintained or controlled by an entity other than the Seller or any Affiliate, without obtaining comparable substitute insurance coverage, and with respect to each such Company Insurance Policy that is a “claims made” policy, securing the extension of the reporting terms for each such Company Insurance Policy to a date at least three years subsequent to the Closing Date or taking whatever steps the Buyer may reasonably request in connection with the purchase of a “tail” policy providing for continued coverage of the Company and the Covered Business for a period extending at least three years following the Closing Date, covering all liabilities accruing with respect to the Company and the Covered Business prior to the Closing Date; (v) except for those Actions set forth as Items 3 and 5 on Schedule 3.22(g) (to the extent the facts and circumstances underlying such Actions have not changed materially), fail to provide notice under any Company Insurance Policy of any Action or other matter that is Known by Seller prior to Closing and for which insurance coverage may be available under any Company Insurance Policy (other than any Company Insurance Policy held by LPL and made available to the Covered 41 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Business in connection with the LPL Networking Contract), it being understood, for the avoidance of doubt, that those Actions set forth as Items 1, 2 and 4 on Schedule 3.22(g) shall be so notified; (w) not code to any Consultant any Client Account that comprises the revenue included in the Non-Assignable House Account Amount; or (x) not agree in writing, or otherwise, to take any action described in this Section 6.1. Section 6.2 Access to Information. (a) Subject to the last sentence of this Section 6.2(a) and to Section 6.10(l), between the date of this Agreement and the Closing, Seller will (i) give Buyer and its authorized representatives reasonable access to the books, records, work papers, representatives, offices and other facilities and properties of the Company and of Seller (to the extent relating to the Covered Business), (ii) permit Buyer to make such inspections thereof as Buyer may reasonably request, (iii) and will cause the officers of the Company to furnish Buyer with such financial and operations data and other information with respect to the Company and the Covered Business as Buyer may reasonably request and (iv) and will cause the employees, counsel, financial advisors and other representatives of the Company and Seller to cooperate with Buyer in its investigation of the Company and the Covered Business; provided, however, that any such investigation will be conducted during normal business hours under the supervision of the applicable personnel of Seller or its Affiliates and in such a manner as to maintain the confidentiality of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement in accordance with the Confidentiality Agreement and not interfere unreasonably with the operations of the Company. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Buyer and its counsel, environmental consultants, investment bankers, financial sources, lenders and other representatives will not, prior to the Closing, conduct any environmental assessments, studies, investigations, monitoring, or other inquiries pertaining to Environmental Laws or Hazardous Substances and relating to the Leased Real Property, including any Phase I environmental site assessment, Phase II environmental site assessment, or invasive sampling of soil, groundwater, air, any other environmental media, or building materials or equipment. Further, notwithstanding the foregoing, (A) Buyer will not have access to personnel records of the Company relating to individual performance or evaluation records, medical history, or other similar information the disclosure of which is not permitted under applicable Law and which could subject Seller or its Affiliates to risk of Liability and (B) Seller shall not be required to provide or cause to be provided access to or disclose or cause to be disclosed information where such access or disclosure would jeopardize the attorney-client or other privilege, contravene any applicable Law after taking into account whether the Buyer is willing to enter into a customary joint defense agreement or similar arrangement, or with respect to competitively sensitive information, whether a clean-team approach could resolve any issues under applicable Law with disclosing such information. In the event Seller does not provide access or information pursuant to (B) above, Seller will provide notice to the Buyer that such information is being withheld and Seller will cause the Company to use its reasonable best efforts to communicate, to the extent feasible, the applicable information in a way that will not violate the applicable privilege or applicable Law. (b) For the avoidance of doubt, Buyer’s access to any information provided to it under Section 6.2(a) shall be subject to Section 5.7. (c) All information furnished or provided by Seller, the Company, or any of their respective Affiliates or representatives to Buyer or its representatives in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby (whether furnished before or after the date of this Agreement) will be held subject to the Confidentiality Agreement, and Buyer (and its Affiliates) shall at all times comply with all applicable securities Laws in connection with its use of any such information. 42 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
(d) Following the Closing, Buyer agrees to (i) provide reasonable access to the personnel of the Company to Seller and its authorized representatives and (ii) give Seller and its authorized representatives reasonable access to the books, records, work papers, offices and other facilities and properties of the Company, in each case to the extent necessary for Seller to satisfy any legal, accounting or regulatory obligation or similar reasonable business purpose relating to the period on or before the Closing Date; provided, however, that any such access to the personnel of the Company will be conducted during normal business hours under the supervision of the applicable personnel of Buyer or its Affiliates and in such a manner as to maintain the confidentiality of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement in accordance with the Confidentiality Agreement and not interfere unreasonably with the operations of the Company; provided, further, that Buyer shall not be required to provide or cause to be provided access to or disclose or cause to be disclosed information where such access or disclosure would jeopardize the attorney-client or other privilege, contravene any applicable Law after taking into account whether the Seller is willing to enter into a customary joint defense agreement or similar arrangement. In the event Buyer does not provide access or information pursuant to the preceding sentence, Buyer will provide notice to the Seller that such information is being withheld and Buyer will use its reasonable best efforts to communicate, to the extent feasible, the applicable information in a way that will not violate the applicable privilege or applicable Law. For the avoidance of doubt, all information made available to Seller or its authorized representatives under this Section 6.2(d) shall be subject to Section 6.12(e). Section 6.3 Consents and Regulatory Filings. (a) The Parties will cooperate and use their respective reasonable best efforts to obtain all Licenses, consents, approvals, authorizations, qualifications and Orders of Governmental Entities and other third parties necessary, as promptly as practicable, to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including (i) making or causing to be made all notifications, filings and submissions required to obtain the Antitrust Clearance and (ii) obtaining the approvals required under Sections 4001.253 and 4151.211 of the Texas Insurance Code. The Parties will use their respective reasonable best efforts to supply any additional information, including requests for production of documents and production of witnesses for interviews or depositions, that may be requested by any Governmental Entity for the purpose of obtaining Antitrust Clearances and obtaining the approvals required under the Texas Insurance Code. In addition to the foregoing, Buyer agrees to provide such information as to financial capability, resources and creditworthiness as may be reasonably requested by any third party whose consent or approval is sought in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby. (b) Seller and Buyer will use their best efforts to make all initial filings required under the HSR Act with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement as soon as reasonably practicable following the date of this Agreement, and in all events such filings shall be made within seven (7) Business Days following the date of this Agreement, and will make any other appropriate filings pursuant to other applicable Antitrust Laws, if any, with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement as promptly as practicable. Each of Seller and Buyer will promptly furnish to the other such necessary information and reasonable cooperation as the other may reasonably request in connection with its preparation of any filing or submission that is necessary under the HSR Act or any other applicable Antitrust Laws. Each of Seller and Buyer will promptly provide the other with copies of all written communications (and memoranda setting forth the substance of all oral communications) between each of them, any of their respective Affiliates or any of its or their respective representatives, on the one hand, and any Governmental Entity, on the other hand, with respect to this Agreement or the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, each of Seller and Buyer will promptly notify the other of the receipt and content of any oral or written communication, inquiries or requests for additional 43 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
information it receives from any Governmental Entity in connection therewith and will promptly (i) reasonably cooperate with each other in connection with any filing or submission and in connection with any investigation or any inquiry; (ii) provide the other with a description of the information provided to any Governmental Entity with respect to any such oral or written communication, inquiry or request; (iii) permit the other Party to review and consider in good faith the other Party’s reasonable comments in any communication given by it to any Governmental Entity; and (iv) to the extent practicable and permitted by such applicable Governmental Entity, give the other Party or its counsel the opportunity to attend and participate in all meetings, substantive telephone calls or conferences with any Governmental Entity. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement (including this Section 6.3), nothing contained herein shall require any party to disclose to the other party (A) documents filed pursuant to Item 4(c) and 4(d) of the Notification and Report Form under the HSR Act or communications regarding the same documents, (B) information submitted in response to any request for additional information or documents which reveal such party’s negotiating objectives or strategies regarding the transactions contemplated hereby, (C) information relating to business and investments of Buyer’s Affiliates other than USI Advantage Corp. and its Subsidiaries, (D) any information for which disclosure is prohibited by any Governmental Entity or (E) any information for which disclosure would waive applicable legal privilege. (c) Neither Buyer nor Seller will, and each will cause its respective Affiliates not to, take any action that could reasonably be expected to adversely affect the approval of any Governmental Entity of any of the aforementioned filings. (d) Notwithstanding any provision of this Agreement to the contrary, Buyer will use its reasonable best efforts to obtain all necessary consents, approvals, Orders or waivers of Governmental Entities, and to avoid or eliminate each and every impediment under any Antitrust Laws that may be asserted by any Governmental Entity so as to enable the Parties to close the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including (i) supplying promptly any additional information and documentary material that may be requested by a Governmental Entity pursuant to the HSR Act or any other Antitrust Laws and (ii) agreeing to any restrictions or limitations on any businesses, operations, assets or contractual freedoms of any such businesses or operations (provided, that any such commitment or transaction involving the Company (or any of its assets or business) may be subject to the occurrence of the Closing). For the avoidance of doubt, Buyer will take any and all actions necessary in order to remedy or otherwise address the concerns (whether or not formally expressed) of any Governmental Entity under the HSR Act or any other Antitrust Laws, including divesting, disposing of, restricting, or holding separate all or a material portion of the businesses or assets of Buyer or any of its Affiliates or the Covered Business (each of the actions described in this Section 6.3(d), an “Antitrust Concession”); provided, however, that notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement (including Section 6.3(c) and Section 6.3(d)), nothing contained in this Agreement shall be construed to require Buyer to cause any Person to take any action other than USI Advantage Corp. and its controlled Affiliates. (e) In connection with this Section 6.3, if any Action is instituted (or threatened to be instituted) challenging the transactions contemplated by this Agreement as violative of any Antitrust Laws, the Parties will jointly (to the extent practicable) use their respective reasonable best efforts to (i) oppose or defend against such Action and (ii) take such action as necessary to have vacated, lifted, reversed or overturned any Order, whether temporary, preliminary or permanent, that is in effect and that prohibits, prevents or restricts consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including by appeal if necessary of any Order that makes illegal or prohibits the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; provided, that any commitment 44 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
or transaction involving the Company (or any of its assets or business) may be subject to the occurrence of the Closing. (f) If requested by Buyer, Seller shall cause the Company to agree to any Antitrust Concession; provided that (i) none of Seller’s Affiliates (other than the Company) shall be required to make any Antitrust Concession and (ii) neither Seller nor the Company shall be required to agree to any Antitrust Concession that is not conditioned upon consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Seller shall not, and shall not permit any of its Affiliates or the Company to, make or agree to any Antitrust Concession, without Buyer’s prior written consent. (g) Buyer shall have the responsibility for, and shall pay, 50% of filing fees associated with filings pursuant to the HSR Act and any other applicable Antitrust Laws, and Seller shall have responsibility for, and shall pay, the other 50% of such filing fees. (h) Within five (5) days after the date of this Agreement, Seller shall, or Seller shall cause the Company to, deliver the written notices required as a result of, or requests for consents in connection with, the transactions contemplated by this Agreement under those insurance company or carrier Contracts set forth on Schedule 6.3(h), which notices and requests for consent shall be in form and substance reasonably acceptable to Buyer. Section 6.4 Reasonable Best Efforts; Further Assurances. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, each of the Parties will cooperate, and use their respective reasonable best efforts to take, or cause to be taken, all actions, and to do, or cause to be done, all things necessary, proper or advisable under applicable Laws for such Party to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement as promptly as practicable after the date hereof. The Parties agree, with respect to a threatened or pending, preliminary or permanent Law or Order that would adversely affect the ability of the Parties to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby, to use their respective reasonable best efforts to prevent or lift the entry, enactment or promulgation thereof, as the case may be. The Parties further agree to execute and deliver such documents and other papers, as may be required to carry out the provisions of this Agreement and consummate and make effective the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Section 6.5 Public Announcements. Except as otherwise agreed to by the other Party, neither Party will issue any report, statement or press release or otherwise make any public statements or filings with respect to this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; provided, however, (i) each Party and its respective Affiliates may issue a report, statement or press release or otherwise make a public statement or filing with respect to this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement (including, without limitation, filing this Agreement with the Securities and Exchange Commission) as required, in such Party’s reasonable discretion, by applicable Law or the rules of any stock exchange, and (ii) Buyer or its Affiliates may issue a report, statement or press release or otherwise make a public statement or filing with respect to this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement as required, in Buyer’s reasonable discretion, by any credit agreement, indenture or other debt instrument to which the Buyer or any of its Subsidiaries is subject, and in each case the disclosing Party shall use its reasonable efforts to give the other Party advance opportunity to review and comment on such release or announcement (and the disclosing Party will consider in good faith the comments received from the other Party). The Parties acknowledge and agree that without prior consultation with or approval of Seller, Buyer may provide on a confidential basis general information about the subject matter of this Agreement and the Company in connection with Buyer and its Affiliates’ fund raising, marketing, informational or reporting activities. Section 6.6 Prior Knowledge. If Buyer obtains actual knowledge on or prior to the Closing Date of the existence or occurrence of any fact or event which has caused, or is reasonably expected to 45 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
cause, any inaccuracy or breach by Seller of any representation or warranty contained in Article III or Article IV hereof that is reasonably likely to cause the failure of any condition set forth in Section 7.3(a), then Buyer will as soon as practicable after obtaining such actual knowledge notify Seller of such matter in writing. No failure by Buyer to inform Seller of such fact or event as provided herein will constitute a waiver and release by Buyer of any rights it may have hereunder to delay the Closing or terminate this Agreement or otherwise as a result of such representation or warranty being untrue or inaccurate because of such fact and Buyer shall have no obligation to conduct any investigation. Section 6.7 Supplemental Disclosure. Seller shall, from time to time prior to the Closing, by notice in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, supplement or amend any Schedule or add a Schedule with a corresponding reference to be added to this Agreement (each, a “Supplement”), including one or more Supplements to correct any material matter that would have been required to be set forth or described in the Schedules. Each Supplement shall be accompanied by reasonably detailed factual supporting information relating to all matters disclosed therein. In the event that any Supplement includes a certification from the Seller that the matters disclosed in such Supplement are reasonably likely to cause the failure of the condition set forth in Section 7.3(a) to be satisfied, then Buyer will be entitled to terminate this Agreement pursuant to Section 8.1(d) by delivery of a written termination notice to Seller within five (5) Business Days after delivery by Seller of such Supplement. If Buyer does not provide a written termination notice pursuant to and in accordance with Section 8.1(d) within five (5) Business Days after receiving any such Supplement referred to in the immediately preceding sentence, then Buyer will be deemed to have waived for all purposes of this Agreement all rights and remedies (including its right not to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement due to the failure of the condition set forth in Section 7.3(a)) hereunder or under applicable Law arising out of the breach of any representations and warranties of Seller disclosed in the applicable Supplement; provided, that if the time period during which Buyer has the right to terminate this Agreement pursuant to Section 8.1(d) would extend beyond the Closing Date, Buyer may, at any time, by providing written notice thereof to Seller, extend the Closing Date to the fifth (5 th ) Business Day that follows the last day on which such right is permitted to be exercised. For the avoidance of doubt, if a Supplement is delivered without a certification from Seller that the matters disclosed in such Supplement are reasonably likely to cause the failure of the condition set forth in Section 7.3(a) to be satisfied, then the Supplement shall neither cure any breaches by the Seller of this Agreement nor affect the rights and remedies of the Buyer set forth in this Agreement. Section 6.8 Tax Matters. (a) Tax Sharing Agreements. Any Tax sharing agreement between the Company, on the one hand, and Seller (or any Affiliate of Seller), on the other hand, will be terminated as of the Closing Date and will have no further effect for any Taxable year (whether the current year, a future year, or a past year). As of the Closing, the Company will not have any further obligations to Seller or its Affiliates, or have any liability, under any such Tax sharing agreement. (b) Responsibility for Filing Income Tax Returns for Periods Ending on or Before the Closing Date and Combined Tax Returns. Seller will be responsible for preparing and filing, and remitting any Taxes due with (except to the extent such Taxes were reflected as a Liability in the Final Closing Statement), (i) all Income Tax Returns of the Company for all periods ending on or prior to the Closing Date and (ii) all Combined Tax Returns. (c) Responsibility for Filing Other Tax Returns. Except for the Tax Returns described in Section 6.8(b), Buyer will, at its own expense, prepare or cause to be prepared and timely file or cause to be timely filed all Tax Returns of the Company that have not yet been filed and are required to be filed after the Closing Date. Seller will remit to the Buyer any Taxes owed by the Company with respect to any such Tax Returns for Taxable periods (or portions thereof) ending on or before 46 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
the Closing Date no later than three days prior to the date such Tax Returns are filed, except to the extent such Taxes were reflected as a Liability in the Final Closing Statement. For purposes of this Section 6.8(c), in the case of any Taxes that are imposed on a periodic basis and are payable for a Taxable period that includes (but does not end on) the Closing Date (a “Straddle Period”), the portion of such Tax that relates to the portion of such Taxable period ending on the Closing Date will (i) in the case of any Taxes other than Taxes based upon or related to income, receipts or transactions, be deemed to be the amount of such Tax for the entire Straddle Period multiplied by a fraction the numerator of which is the number of days in the Straddle Period ending on the Closing Date and the denominator of which is the number of days in the entire Straddle Period and (ii) in the case of any Tax based upon or related to income, receipts or transactions (including income Taxes, withholding Taxes and sales and use Taxes), be deemed equal to the amount which would be payable if the relevant Taxable period ended on the Closing Date; provided, that, exemptions, allowances or deductions that are calculated on an annual basis (including, but not limited to, depreciation and amortization deductions) will be allocated between the period ending on the Closing Date and the period beginning after the Closing Date in proportion to the number of days in each period to the extent permitted by applicable Law. Any credits or estimated Tax payments relating to a Straddle Period will be taken into account as though the relevant Taxable period ended on the Closing Date. (d) Finalization of Other Returns. With respect to any Tax Return required to be filed after the Closing Date by Seller pursuant to Section 6.8(b)(i) or by Buyer pursuant to Section 6.8(c), in each case, for any Taxable period (or portion thereof) ending on or prior to the Closing Date, the preparing party will prepare the Tax Return in a manner consistent with past practice, unless otherwise required by applicable Law. The preparing Party will provide the other Party with copies of any such Income Tax Return and other material Tax Return, along with all material schedules, statements, workpapers and supporting documentation (the “Supporting Documentation”) promptly after the preparing Party has prepared such Tax Return and Supporting Documentation. The non- preparing Party will have the right to review any such Income Tax Return, other material Tax Return and Supporting Documentation; provided, that the preparing Party will not be required to request an extension of time for the filing of such Tax Return and the preparing Party will have the right to file such Tax Return even if the non-preparing Party has not completed its review of such Tax Return and Supporting Documentation or objects to any such Tax Return. If the non-preparing Party disputes any items shown on any such Income Tax Return or other material Tax Return, the non-preparing Party will notify the preparing Party within 20 Business Days after receiving such Tax Return and the Supporting Documentation. Buyer and Seller will negotiate in good faith and use commercially reasonable efforts to resolve any disputed items. If Buyer and Seller are unable to resolve any disputed items within 30 days after the receipt by the non-preparing Party of the Tax Return filed or proposed to be filed, such dispute will be resolved by the Independent Accountant, which will resolve any issue in dispute as promptly as practicable. Upon resolution of any dispute by Buyer and Seller or by the Independent Accountant’s delivery of its determination to Buyer and Seller, appropriate amendments will be made to the Tax Return and appropriate adjustments will be made to the Tax amount previously paid by Seller to Buyer in order to reflect the resolution by Buyer and Seller or the Independent Accountant’s determination, as the case may be. If such determination reflects an overpayment by Seller, Buyer will promptly pay, or will cause the Company to promptly pay to Seller an amount equal to such overpayment amount. The determination by the Independent Accountant will be final, conclusive and binding on the Parties. The fees and expenses of the Independent Accountant will be shared equally by Buyer and Seller. (e) Certain Taxes. All Transfer Taxes incurred in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will be borne 50% by Buyer and 50% by Seller, except for Transfer Taxes incurred in connection with the transactions contemplated by Section 6.18, which will be borne solely by Seller. Seller will prepare and timely file all Transfer Tax Returns and promptly provide a 47 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
copy of such Tax Return to Buyer. Buyer and Seller will, and will cause their respective Affiliates to, reasonably cooperate to timely prepare and file any Tax Returns or other filings relating to such Transfer Taxes, including any claim for exemption or exclusion from the application or imposition of any Transfer Taxes. (f) Refunds. Any Tax refunds that are received by Buyer or the Company, and any amounts credited against Taxes to which Buyer or the Company becomes entitled (including any interest paid or credited with respect thereto), that relate to Tax periods or portions thereof ending on or before the Closing Date will be for the account of Seller except to the extent such refund was (i) included as a Current Asset in the calculation of Net Working Capital, or (ii) attributable to any carryback of a loss or credit generated in a Taxable period (or portion thereof) beginning after the Closing Date. Buyer will pay over to Seller an amount equal to such refund or amount of any such credit, net of any reasonable out-of-pocket costs (including Taxes) incurred in connection with the receipt thereof, within 15 days after receipt of such refund or claiming of such credit. Any such refunds or credits relating to any Straddle Period will be equitably apportioned between Buyer and Seller in accordance with Section 6.8(c). (g) Amendments to Returns. Following the Closing, Buyer will not (i) file any amended Tax Return for the Company for a Tax period (or portion thereof) ending on or before the Closing Date, or (ii) make, change or revoke any Tax election or change any accounting period or method of the Company with retroactive effect to any Tax period (or portion thereof) ending on or before the Closing Date, in each case, except (a) with the Seller’s consent (not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed), or if such action could not result in a Tax liability to Seller or form the basis for an indemnity claim against the Seller hereunder. (h) Tax Cooperation. Buyer and Seller will cooperate fully, as and to the extent reasonably requested by the other Party, in connection with the filing of Tax Returns relating to the operations of the Company and any Action with respect to Taxes. Cooperation includes (i) the retention and (on the other Party’s request and at such Party’s expense) the provision of records and information that are reasonably relevant to the filing of any Tax Returns and any Action and (ii) making employees available on a mutually convenient basis to provide additional information and explanation of any material provided under this Agreement. Each of Seller and Buyer agree (A) to retain all books and records of the Company with respect to Tax matters pertinent to the Company relating to any Taxable period beginning before the Closing Date until the expiration of the statute of limitations (and, to the extent notified by Buyer, any extensions thereof) of the respective Taxable periods, and (B) to abide by all record retention agreements entered into with any Governmental Entity. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, Seller shall not be required to provide Buyer any Combined Tax Returns or any Tax Returns or related work papers of Seller or any of its Affiliates that are not being transferred pursuant to this Agreement. (i) Tax Treatment. Buyer and Seller agree that the purchase and sale of the Equity Interests shall, for U.S. federal, state and local income tax purposes be treated as a purchase and sale of the assets of the Company, unless otherwise required by applicable Law. Buyer and Seller will (and will cause their respective Affiliates to) report the U.S. federal, state, and local income and other Tax consequences of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement in a manner consistent therewith. (j) Benefit Advisors Network. (i) To the extent permissible under applicable Law (including Section 706 of the Code) and the applicable governing documents of Benefits Advisors Network, the 48 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Parties shall use their reasonable best efforts to ensure that all items of income, gain, loss, deduction or credit of Benefit Advisors Network for the taxable year in which the Closing occurs that are attributable to the interests in such entity being transferred pursuant to this Agreement are allocated between Seller and Buyer based on an interim closing of such entity’s books as of the Closing. (ii) At Buyer’s request, Seller shall reasonably cooperate in requesting the agreement of Benefit Advisors Network to have in effect or make an election under Section 754 of the Code for the taxable year that includes the Closing Date so as to adjust the basis of the assets of such entity in accordance with Section 743(b) of the Code; provided that such an election is permitted under the terms of the applicable governing documents of Benefits Advisor Network. (k) Purchase Price Adjustment. Any amounts paid pursuant to this Section 6.8 will be treated as an adjustment to the Purchase Price for all Tax purposes to the extent permitted by applicable Law. (l) Transaction Expense Deductions. To the extent permitted by applicable Law, all Company Transaction Expenses will be deducted on Tax Returns for Tax periods, or portions thereof, that end on or prior to the Closing Date. Section 6.9 Preservation of Records. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, Buyer agrees that it will, and it will cause the Company to, (a) preserve and keep the records (including all accounting records) of the Company for a period of seven (7) years from the Closing, or for any longer periods as may be required by Law, and (b) make such records available to Seller as may be reasonably required by Seller in accordance with Section 6.2(d). This Section 6.9 shall not apply to Tax records, which are governed by Section 6.8(h). Section 6.10 Employees; Employee Benefits. (a) Buyer agrees that each employee of Seller listed on Schedule 6.10(a) who is not otherwise identified as a “Consultant” on Schedule 3.18(a)(i) who accepts an offer of employment from Buyer (the “Transferred Employees”) will, for a period of one year following the Closing Date, be provided with (i) employment at a location within a reasonable commuting distance not to exceed 25 miles from the primary location at which the employee worked immediately prior to the Closing, (ii) target total cash compensation opportunities (inclusive of base salary or wages and cash bonus opportunities, as applicable) substantially equal to those to which such Transferred Employees were entitled immediately prior to the Closing Date and (iii) other benefits that are of substantially similar benefit levels in the aggregate to the benefits provided by Buyer to its employees generally (excluding the Transferred Employees) who are similarly situated to such Transferred Employees (with the comparison of benefits under this clause (iii) determined with reference to benefits other than annual bonuses, deferred compensation arrangements and incentive and equity-based compensation plans). Notwithstanding the above, Seller shall provide Buyer a correct and complete list on the Closing Date of any employee described in this subsection who is absent on the Closing Date due to coverage under a short-term disability arrangement of the Seller or an Affiliate, and each such employee shall become a “Transferred Employee” on the date such employee is both (i) no longer covered under such short- term disability arrangement, and (ii) willing and able to return to active employment status with Buyer; provided, however, Buyer shall have no obligation to hire any such employee who has transitioned to a long-term disability arrangement of the Seller or an Affiliate as of or following the Closing Date. Seller may, from time to time prior to or at the Closing, by notice in accordance with 49 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
the terms of this Agreement and advance written consent by Buyer, supplement or amend Schedule 6.10(a). (b) Commencing on the Closing Date, Buyer will, or will cause the Company to continue to, employ each employee of the Company who is not otherwise identified as a Consultant on Schedule 3.18(a)(i) (the “Continuing Employees”) (including each such employee who is absent due to vacation, holiday, illness or leave of absence). Notwithstanding the above, Seller shall provide Buyer a correct and complete list on the Closing Date of any employee described in this subsection who is absent on the Closing Date due to coverage under a short-term disability arrangement of the Seller or an Affiliate, and each such employee shall become a “Continuing Employee” on the date such employee is both (i) no longer covered under such short-term disability arrangement, and (ii) willing and able to return to active employment status with Buyer; provided, however, Buyer shall have no obligation to hire any such employee who has transitioned to a long-term disability arrangement of the Seller or an Affiliate as of or following the Closing Date. Buyer agrees that each Continuing Employee will, for a period of one year following the Closing Date, be provided with (i) target total cash compensation opportunities (inclusive of base salary or wages and cash bonus opportunities, as applicable) substantially equal to those to which such Continuing Employees were entitled immediately prior to the Closing Date and (ii) other benefits that are of substantially similar benefit levels in the aggregate to the benefits provided by Buyer to its employees generally (excluding the Continuing Employees) who are similarly situated to such Continuing Employees (with the comparison of benefits under this clause (ii) determined with reference to benefits other than annual bonuses, deferred compensation arrangements and incentive and equity-based compensation plans). (c) Buyer agrees to provide Consultants for one year following the Closing Date with other benefits that are of substantially similar benefit levels in the aggregate to the benefits provided by Buyer to its employees generally who are similarly situated to such Consultants (with the comparison of benefits determined with reference to benefits other than annual bonus, deferred compensation arrangements and incentive and equity-based compensation plans). (d) In connection with the employee communications and other actions contemplated by Section 6.10(l), Buyer shall offer and communicate the retention payments consistent with the parameters described on Exhibit 6.10(d) to such Consultants, Transferred Employees and Continuing Employees as are identified therein, which shall include each of the Specified Producers. Without limiting the foregoing, Buyer shall make the offers described in the preceding sentence to each of the Specified Producers within ten (10) calendar days after the date hereof. (e) On the Closing Date, Seller or the Company, as applicable, shall pay out to each Consultant an amount in cash equal to all paid time off entitlements earned by such Consultant prior to the Closing Date. (f) Immediately prior to the Closing Date, the Company shall transfer all assets and Liabilities associated with the SERP to Seller, if any, such that, as of and following the Closing Date, neither Buyer nor any its Affiliates shall assume or be responsible for any obligations or Liabilities under or with respect to the SERP. (g) To the extent permissible under the terms of the applicable Buyer Benefit Plans (as hereinafter defined) and in accordance with applicable Law, Buyer agrees to use commercially reasonable efforts to: (i) provide continuation coverage pursuant to Section 4980B of the Code and Section 601 of ERISA to Persons whose “qualifying event” occurs following the Closing Date with respect to any Consultant, Transferred Employee or Continuing Employee who primarily performed services for the Company following the Closing Date and his or her “qualified beneficiaries,” with 50 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
“qualifying event” and “qualified beneficiaries” defined under Section 4980B of the Code and Section 601 of ERISA; (ii) to the extent permitted by applicable Law, assume, honor and be solely responsible for paying, providing or satisfying when due all vacation, sick pay and other paid time off for the Transferred Employees and Continuing Employees accrued but unused as of the Closing Date, on the terms and conditions applicable thereto that are in effect immediately prior to the Closing Date; (iii) cause the benefit plans, programs, practices, policies or arrangements maintained by Buyer following the Closing Date and in which any of the Consultants, Transferred Employees and Continuing Employees participate (the “Buyer Benefit Plans”) to recognize all costs and expenses incurred by the Consultants, Transferred Employees and Continuing Employees (and their respective dependents and beneficiaries) up to (and including) the Closing Date, for purposes of satisfying applicable deductible, co-payment, coinsurance, maximum out-of-pocket provisions and like adjustments or limitations on coverage under any such Buyer Benefit Plan, and to waive any preexisting condition, evidence of insurability, good health or actively-at-work exclusions for the Consultants, Transferred Employees and Continuing Employees; (iv) continue to provide paid time off for the remainder of the calendar year in which the Closing occurs and for the succeeding year under the vacation and holiday plan offered to Transferred Employees and Continuing Employees as of immediately prior to the Closing Date, to the extent more favorable than the vacation and holiday benefits provided under the applicable Buyer Benefit Plan, in which any such employee may instead be entitled to participate following the Closing Date; and (v) offer severance to the Transferred Employees and Continuing Employees upon termination during the one-year period starting on the Closing Date equal to the greater of (A) the severance payments and benefits that would have been offered pursuant to arrangements applicable to the Transferred Employees and Continuing Employees that were in effect immediately before the Closing Date as set forth on Exhibit 6.10(g) or (B) the severance payments and benefits offered pursuant to the applicable Buyer Benefit Plan; provided that if any such Transferred Employee or Continuing Employee either (1) has entered into an individual employment agreement containing a contractual severance component with the Company or Seller, as applicable, prior to the date hereof and does not enter into the Buyer New Hire Documents (as hereinafter defined), or (2) enters into any Buyer New Hire Documents containing a contractual severance component containing greater severance payments and benefits than what would be provided under clause (A) and (B) above, such Transferred Employee or Continuing Employee shall instead be entitled to receive the contractual severance payments and benefits offered pursuant to the applicable Contract. (h) Effective after the Closing Date, Buyer or its Affiliates will use commercially reasonable efforts to recognize, for purposes of determining eligibility to participate and vesting and accrual purposes under the Buyer Benefit Plans, as permitted by the terms of each such Buyer Benefit Plan, for the benefit of the Consultants, Transferred Employees and the Continuing Employees, all previous service with Seller and its Affiliates, including the Company, prior to the Closing Date to the extent such service was recognized under the corresponding Company Benefit Plan or Associated Benefit Plan covering such Consultants, Transferred Employees or Continuing Employees, except where credit would result in duplication of benefits. (i) Following the Closing and pursuant to Section 401(a)(31)(D) of the Code, Buyer shall permit its or an Affiliate’s tax-qualified defined contribution plan to accept rollover contributions of “eligible rollover distributions” (within the meaning of Section 401(a)(31) of the Code) in cash in an amount equal to the total value of the account balances distributed to the Consultants, Transferred Employees and Continuing Employees from any Associated Benefit Plan that is a tax-qualified defined contribution plan (a “Seller 401(k) Plan”). For purposes of this Section 6.10(i), the term “eligible rollover distribution” shall include (i) the amount of any unpaid balance of loans made to a Consultant, Transferred Employee or Continuing Employee, as applicable, under a Seller 401(k) Plan and (ii) the promissory note evidencing such loans, but shall expressly exclude 51 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
any portion of an account balance that is comprised of Equity Rights in Seller. Seller and its Affiliates shall take all actions necessary to ensure that any Seller 401(k) Plan allows the Consultants, Transferred Employees and Continuing Employees to rollover distributions of their respective account balances (in cash and in loan notes, if any, evidencing loans to such employees as of the date of distribution). (j) Buyer and Seller agree to utilize or cause their respective Affiliates to utilize, the standard procedure set forth in Revenue Procedure 2004-53, 2004-2 C.B. 320, with respect to wage reporting. (k) Except as otherwise specifically provided herein, neither Buyer nor any its Affiliates shall assume any obligations or Liabilities under or with respect to, or receive any right or interest in any trusts relating to, any assets of or any insurance, administration or other contracts pertaining to, any of the Associated Benefit Plans. Except as otherwise specifically provided herein, all Consultants, Transferred Employees and Continuing Employees will cease, effective as of the Closing Date, any participation in and any benefit accrual under each of the Associated Benefit Plans, except as required by applicable Law. The Consultants, Transferred Employees and Continuing Employees shall continue participation under the Associated Benefit Plans which provide health, disability, severance, life insurance or similar benefits with respect to claims incurred by such employees and their eligible spouses, dependents or qualified beneficiaries, as applicable, on or prior to the Closing Date. (l) Buyer shall from the date hereof to the Closing Date, upon reasonable advance notice to Seller, be allowed to meet with Consultants and any other employee of Seller or the Company who becomes a Transferred Employee or Continuing Employee, as applicable, for the purpose of coming to terms of continued employment. The Company shall permit Buyer reasonable access to such Consultants, Transferred Employees and Continuing Employees to enable Buyer to present and discuss terms of employment, including requesting that each employee sign Buyer’s new hire documents for similarly situated employees of Buyer and its Affiliates (the “Buyer New Hire Documents”). Buyer shall not distribute templates of any Buyer New Hire Documents to any Consultants, Transferred Employees and/or Continuing Employees without Seller’s prior consent (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed). Buyer shall provide reasonable advance notice to Seller of, and Seller shall have the right to attend, any in-person, on-site meeting, and any phone calls or online presentations, in each case between Buyer and any group of Consultants, Transferred Employees and/or Continuing Employees. Seller agrees, on behalf of itself and the Company, to facilitate any communications with any such employees as reasonably requested by Buyer, subject to Seller’s prior review, comment and consent (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed) with respect to any broad-based communications. (m) To the extent that any current or former Consultant or other employee of the Covered Business has agreed to be bound by any employment agreement, offer letter, confirmation letter, equity or equity-based award agreement, confidentiality agreement, or severance or separation agreement with Seller or any of its Affiliates (other than the Company), in each case with restrictive covenants binding upon such Consultant or employee, (i) Seller agrees, at Buyer’s request, to cause Seller and its Affiliates to assign the rights intended to be rights of the Company, including rights with respect to restrictive covenants, and the obligations intended to be obligations of the Company (for the avoidance of doubt, excluding obligations under any Associated Benefit Plan, such as equity or equity-based incentive plans), under the applicable documents to the Company within a reasonable time period following such request, and/or (ii) Seller agrees, at Buyer’s request and expense, to seek to enforce the terms of such restrictive covenants in an appropriate forum, whether through injunctive relief or other form of available remedy. 52 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
(n) To the extent permitted under applicable Law, if and to the extent that the Company is not already in possession and control of the personnel files for any Consultant or other employee of Seller or the Company who becomes a Transferred Employee or Continuing Employee, respectively, or any former employee of the Company who was employed by the Covered Business on or after October 1, 2018, prior to the Closing Seller shall cause such personnel files to be transferred to the Company. With respect to any former employee of the Covered Business whose employment with the Covered Business terminated before October 1, 2018, solely to the extent that Seller or any of its Affiliates have possession of the applicable files and records, Seller shall transfer such individual’s personnel files to the Company promptly if and when the Company notifies Seller in writing that such records are relevant to any Action or audit. (o) Nothing in this Agreement (i) shall require Buyer to continue to employ any particular Consultant, Transferred Employee or Continuing Employee following the Closing Date for any particular period of time, (ii) shall be construed to prohibit Buyer from amending or terminating any Buyer Benefit Plan or any other employee benefit program, plan, policy or arrangement, (iii) shall constitute or be construed as an amendment of any Buyer Benefit Plan or any other employee benefit program, plan, policy or arrangement or (iv) shall create or be intended to create any third- party beneficiary rights. Section 6.11 Use of Names and Trademarks. The Parties acknowledge that Seller and its Affiliates are retaining all rights with respect to the Seller Marks. As soon as reasonably practicable after the Closing Date, but in any event within 90 days after the Closing Date, Seller will, at its own expense and in cooperation and coordination with the Company, remove any and all exterior signs and other identifiers located on or attached to the Company’s property, building, vehicles, signs or premises that refer or pertain to or that include the Seller Marks. Additionally, as soon as reasonably practicable after the Closing Date, but in any event within 90 days after the Closing Date, Buyer will remove from all of the Company’s letterhead, envelopes, invoices, supplies, labels, product packaging and inserts, web sites, web site publications, promotional materials, marketing collateral, advertisements and other communications media of any kind, all references to the Seller Marks. Buyer acknowledges and agrees that it will have no right to use any of the Seller Marks or any derivative thereof after the conclusion of the 90-day period immediately following the Closing Date. Seller, on behalf of itself and its Affiliates, hereby grants to the Company a nonexclusive, fully-paid, royalty-free license to reproduce, display and otherwise use the Seller Marks solely (a) to the extent necessary to allow the Company to operate the Covered Business during such 90- day period and in a manner consistent with this Section 6.11, and (b) to the extent necessary to allow the Company to comply with the terms of any Contract relating to the Covered Business in effect as of Closing during the term thereof (excluding any renewal term). Section 6.12 Non-Solicitation. (a) For three (3) years after the Closing Date, Seller shall not, and shall cause its Affiliates not to, directly or indirectly: (i) solicit, service or accept any Active Client or Prospective Client (as defined below) for the purpose of providing products or services that are substantially similar to, within or competitive with the Covered Business; or (ii) request, induce or advise any Active Client or Prospective Client, or any Person who currently has, or has had, material business relationships with the Company or, solely with respect to relationships related to the Covered Business, Seller, during the two (2) year period preceding the Closing Date, to withdraw, curtail or cancel any of their business or relations with the Company or such business or relations with Seller. 53 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
As used herein, the term “Active Client” shall mean any customer or client of the Company or Seller who purchased any products or services from the Company or Seller pertaining to the Covered Business within the two (2) year period preceding the Closing Date. “Prospective Client” means any Person, or a group of Persons, (x) who or which had been identified with reasonable particularity by the Company or Seller (or any of their respective representatives) in the business records of the Company or Seller within the two (2) year period preceding the Closing Date, as a possible client or customer of the Covered Business, (y) to whom a representative of the Company or Seller (with respect to the Covered Business) had communicated within the two (2) year period preceding the Closing Date in writing (including by e-mail) with respect to the provision of any services of the Covered Business. (b) Subject to Section 6.12(c), Seller agrees that, for three (3) years after the Closing Date, Seller shall not, and shall cause its Affiliates not to, engage, directly or indirectly in, or own an interest in, or manage, operate or control any Person engaged in, any business that is similar to, within or competitive with, the Covered Business (a “Competing Business”), in each case in Illinois, Wisconsin or Minnesota. (c) Nothing contained in Section 6.12(b) shall be construed to prohibit Seller and its Affiliates from: (i) acquiring or holding all or any portion of the assets or equity interests of any Person engaged in a Competing Business; provided, that if the Competing Business accounts for more than 10% of the revenues of such assets or such Person (based on the latest relevant annual financial statements), Seller will, or, if applicable, will cause its Affiliates to (A) limit such Covered Business or (B) divest a portion of the assets that constitute such Competing Business, in each case, within 12 months after the consummation of the acquisition such that following such limitation or divestment, the applicable Competing Business accounts for less than 10% of the revenues of such assets or such Person (based on the latest relevant financial statements); provided that, following such acquisition, the acquired business engages in the Competing Business (1) only in compliance with Section 6.12(a) and (2) only under a name that is not confusingly similar to the name “Associated Benefits and Risk Consulting”; (ii) acquiring, holding of investments or owning, directly or indirectly, any voting stock, capital stock or other voting equity interest of any Person engaged in a Competing Business, so long as such ownership interest represents not more than (A) 3% of the aggregate voting power of such Person if such Person is listed on any national securities exchange or national quotation system or (B) 5% of any private equity fund or alternative investment vehicle in which Seller or its Affiliates is a passive investor; provided, however, that in the case of (A) or (B) Seller and its Affiliates do not directly or indirectly participate in any way in the operation or management of the Competing Business; or (iii) continuing to engage in any business other than the Covered Business. (d) Seller agrees that, for three (3) years after the Closing Date, Seller and Affiliates shall not solicit for employment or hire any current or former Consultant or any Transferred Employee or Continuing Employee; provided that this Section 6.12(d) shall not prohibit Seller or its Affiliates from (i) conducting a general solicitation or advertisement that is not specifically directed at any of such individuals or groups of individuals, (ii) soliciting for employment or hiring any Transferred Employees or Continuing Employees who have not been employed or engaged by the 54 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Company or Seller for a period of six months prior to the date such individuals were first solicited for employment or (iii) soliciting for employment or hiring any Consultants, Transferred Employees or Continuing Employees whose employment or engagement with the Company is terminated by the Company. (e) Seller and its Affiliates shall treat and hold as confidential (i) any and all confidential or proprietary information, knowledge and data to the extent relating to the Company and/or the Covered Business and shall use commercially reasonable efforts to prevent the unauthorized use, dissemination or disclosure of such confidential or proprietary information, knowledge and data, and (ii) all confidential or proprietary information relating to the business of Buyer and its Affiliates that becomes known to Seller or its Affiliates in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements, and not otherwise use such confidential or proprietary information (the confidential or proprietary information, knowledge and data set forth in clauses (i) and (ii), collectively, the “Buyer Confidential Information”), in each of clauses (i) and (ii), unless Buyer provides its prior written consent to such use or disclosure; provided, that Seller shall be permitted to disclose Buyer Confidential Information (A) to its respective representatives to whom such disclosure is necessary in the conduct of the business of Seller if such Persons are informed by Seller of the confidential nature of such Buyer Confidential Information and are directed by Seller to comply with the provisions of this Section 6.12(e) and (B) subject to the last sentence of this Section 6.12(e), as may be required by applicable Law. Seller shall be liable to Buyer for any breach by its Affiliates and representatives of this Section 6.12(e). The term “Buyer Confidential Information” shall not include any information that (1) at the time of disclosure is publicly available through no act or omission of Seller, (2) becomes available on a non-confidential basis from a third party source, so long as such source is not known by Seller to be bound by a confidentiality agreement with or other obligations of secrecy to Buyer, or (3) is developed independently by Seller without the use of Buyer Confidential Information, as evidenced by the internal records of Seller. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if Seller or its Affiliates or their respective representatives becomes legally compelled by Order or is required by the rules and regulations or any action of any applicable Governmental Entity or stock exchange to disclose any such Buyer Confidential Information, Seller shall, and shall direct its applicable Affiliates or representatives, (x) to the extent reasonably practicable and permitted by applicable Law, provide Buyer with reasonable prior written notice of such requirement so that Buyer may seek a protective order or other remedy (at Buyer’s expense), (y) if such protective order or other remedy is not obtained, furnish only that portion of such Buyer Confidential Information that is legally required to be provided and exercise its commercially reasonable efforts to obtain assurances that confidential treatment will be accorded to such Buyer Confidential Information, and (z) use commercially reasonable efforts to promptly furnish to Buyer a copy (in whatever form or medium) of such Buyer Confidential Information it intends to furnish or has furnished. (f) The undertakings in Section 6.12(a) through Section 6.12(e) are given to Buyer and to each of its Affiliates. Seller acknowledges that such undertakings are entirely independent restrictions and are no greater than is reasonably necessary to protect the interests of Buyer and its Affiliates. If the final judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction declares that any term or provision of Section 6.12(a), Section 6.12(b), Section 6.12(c), Section 6.12(d) or Section 6.12(e) is invalid or unenforceable, the Parties agree that such court making the determination of invalidity or unenforceability will have the power to reduce the scope, duration or area of the term or provision, to delete specific words or phrases or to replace any invalid or unenforceable term or provision with a term or provision that is valid and enforceable and that comes closest to expressing the intention of the invalid or unenforceable term or provision, and this Agreement will be enforceable as so modified after the expiration of the time within which the judgment may be appealed. 55 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Section 6.13 Guarantees; Commitments; Misdirected Payments. (a) After the Closing, Buyer and the Company, jointly and severally, will forever indemnify, defend and hold harmless Seller and any of its Affiliates against any Liabilities, that Seller or any of its Affiliates suffers, incurs or is liable for by reason of or arising out of or in consequence of: (i) Seller or any of its Affiliates issuing, making required payment under, being required to pay or reimburse the issuer of, or being a party to, any guarantee, indemnity, surety bond, letter of credit, letter of comfort or other similar credit support obligation in the nature of a financial obligation to the extent relating to the Covered Business (collectively, the “Indemnified Guarantees”); (ii) any claim or demand for payment made on Seller or any of its Affiliates with respect to any of the Indemnified Guarantees; or (iii) any Action by any Person who is or claims to be entitled to the benefit of or claims to be entitled to payment, reimbursement or indemnity with respect to any Indemnified Guarantees. (b) Buyer will use its reasonable best efforts to cause Seller and its Affiliates to be released, effective as of the Closing, in respect of all obligations of Seller and any of its Affiliates under each of the guarantees, leases, indemnities, letters of credit, surety bonds, letters of comfort, commitments, understandings, Contracts and other similar credit support obligations in the nature of a financial obligation of such Persons related to the Covered Business that would constitute Indemnified Guarantees if such obligations remain in effect at Closing through the delivery of replacement letters of credit or other credit support in favor of third party creditors who are beneficiaries of such obligations, or by Buyer or any of its Affiliates agreeing to provide replacement guarantees, in each case as shall be determined by Buyer or the Company with each such third party creditor. To the extent Seller and its Affiliates are not so released effective as of the Closing, Buyer will continue to use its reasonable best efforts and will cause the Company to use its reasonable best efforts to effect such release after the Closing. (c) Following the Closing, Seller and Buyer covenant and agree to promptly remit to the other Party (or Affiliate thereof) any payments received that are owed to the other Party (or Affiliate thereof). From and after the Closing, Seller will (and will cause its Affiliates to) forward promptly to Company any monies, checks or instruments received by Seller or any of its Affiliates after the Closing to the extent constituting any assets of the Company or the Covered Business. From and after the Closing, Buyer will (and will cause Company to) forward promptly to Seller any monies, checks or instruments received by Company after the Closing to the extent constituting any assets of the Seller or any of its Affiliates. Section 6.14 Termination of Intercompany Arrangements; Intercompany Balances. Except for the Ancillary Agreements or as set forth on Schedule 6.14, each Contract and other arrangement between the Company, on the one hand, and Seller or any of its Affiliates, on the other hand, will be terminated prior to or as of the Closing, without further liability or obligation (contingent or otherwise) of any party thereunder. At or prior to Closing, Seller shall provide Buyer with reasonably satisfactory evidence of the termination of all agreements required to be terminated pursuant to the preceding sentence. Prior to the Valuation Time, Seller shall, and shall cause its Affiliates to, settle all intercompany balances between the Company, on the one hand, and the Seller or any Affiliate of the Seller, on the other hand. Section 6.15 Contact with Customers, Suppliers and Other Business Relations. During the period from the date of this Agreement until the earliest of the Closing Date or the termination of this Agreement in accordance with its terms, Buyer hereby agrees that it is not authorized to and will not (and will not permit any of its employees, agents, representatives or Affiliates to) contact any employee (excluding executive officers and except as otherwise provided in Section 6.10(l)), customer, supplier or other material business relation of the Company or the Covered Business regarding the Company, the 56 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Covered Business or the transactions contemplated by this Agreement without the prior written consent of Seller. For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6.15 shall not in any way limit the activities of Buyer’s or its Affiliates’ businesses where such activities do not relate to the Company, this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby. Section 6.16 Release and Directors’ and Officers’ Indemnification. (a) Effective as of the Closing, Buyer on behalf of itself and its past, present or future successors, assigns, employees, agents, equityholders, partners, Affiliates (including, following the Closing, the Company) and representatives (including their past, present or future officers and directors) (the “Releasors”) hereby irrevocably and unconditionally releases, acquits and forever discharges Seller and its predecessors, successors, parents, Subsidiaries and other Affiliates, and all of their respective current and former officers, directors, members, managers, shareholders, employees, agents and representatives, and each individual who was an officer or director of the Company at or prior to the Closing, of and from any and all Actions, damages, accounts and Liabilities (including attorneys’ fees) held by any Releasor, whether known or unknown, matured or unmatured, suspected or unsuspected, liquidated or unliquidated, absolute or contingent, direct or derivative, to the extent arising out of or relating to Seller’s or its Affiliates’ ownership of the Company or such officer’s or director’s service as an officer or director of the Company, except for any of the foregoing set forth in, pursuant to, or arising out of this Agreement and any agreement, certificate or instrument delivered or executed in connection herewith, the transactions contemplated hereby and for any fraud. The Releasors irrevocably covenant to refrain from, directly or indirectly, asserting any claim, or commencing, instituting or causing to be commenced, any Action of any kind against any released party, based upon any matter released hereby. (b) Without limiting the release set forth in Section 6.16(a), Buyer agrees, on behalf of itself and the Company following the Closing, that all rights to indemnification, advancement of expenses and exculpation by the Company now existing in favor of each Person who is now, or has been at any time prior to the date hereof or who is or becomes prior to the Closing Date an officer or director of the Company as provided in the Company’s Charter Documents, in each case as in effect on the date of this Agreement, or pursuant to any other Contracts in effect on the date hereof or as otherwise provided by applicable Law, shall remain in full force and effect in accordance with their terms following the Closing Date. (c) Effective as of the Closing, Seller on behalf of itself and its past, present or future successors, assigns, employees, agents, equityholders, partners, Affiliates and representatives (including their past, present or future officers and directors) (the “Seller Releasors”) hereby irrevocably and unconditionally releases, acquits and forever discharges the Company and its predecessors, successors, parents, Subsidiaries and other Affiliates, and all of their respective current and former officers, directors, members, managers, shareholders, employees, agents and representatives, and each individual who was an officer or director of the Company at or prior to the Closing, of and from any and all Actions, damages, accounts and Liabilities (including attorneys’ fees) held by any Seller Releasor, whether known or unknown, matured or unmatured, suspected or unsuspected, liquidated or unliquidated, absolute or contingent, direct or derivative, to the extent arising out of or relating to Seller’s or its Affiliates’ ownership of the Company, except for any of the foregoing set forth in, pursuant to, or arising out of this Agreement and any agreement, certificate or instrument delivered or executed in connection herewith, the transactions contemplated hereby and for any fraud. The Seller Releasors irrevocably covenant to refrain from, directly or indirectly, asserting any claim, or commencing, instituting or causing to be commenced, any Action of any kind against any released party, based upon any matter released hereby. 57 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Section 6.17 Insurance. (a) With respect to each Company Insurance Policy held by the Company that is a “claims made” policy, Seller will, and will cause the Company to, cooperate with Buyer at its request (and at its expense) in securing the extension of the reporting terms for each such Company Insurance Policy to a date at least three years subsequent to the Closing Date or in taking whatever actions Buyer may reasonably request in connection with the purchase of a “tail” policy, which policy premiums shall be paid by Buyer, providing for continued coverage of the Company and the Covered Business for a period extending at least three years following the Closing Date, with respect to all liabilities accruing with respect to the Company or the Covered Business prior to the Closing Date. (b) From and after the Closing Date, except with respect to any Company Insurance Policy held by the Company, the Company Insurance Policies may be terminated or modified by the Seller or any of its Affiliates (including by allowing a Company Insurance Policy to expire) to exclude coverage of the Company or the Covered Business and the assets, liabilities, employees or operations of the Company or the Covered Business with respect to all liabilities accruing solely during the time period on and after the Closing Date, except that in all cases with respect to each such Insurance Policy that is a “claims made” policy, either, at Buyer’s request (and at its expense with respect to the portion of the premium that is attributable to the Covered Business) (i) the reporting terms for each such Insurance Policy must have been extended to a date at least three years subsequent to the Closing Date, or (ii) Seller and/or an Affiliate must have taken whatever steps the Buyer may reasonably have requested prior to such termination, modification or expiration to allow Buyer to obtain a “tail” policy providing for continued coverage of the Company and the Covered Business for a period extending at least three years following the Closing Date with respect to all liabilities accruing with respect to the Company or the Covered Business prior to the Closing Date. (c) With respect to each Company Insurance Policy that is held by a Person other than the Company: (i) the Company will be solely responsible for notifying any and all insurance companies of any claims by or on behalf of the Company or the Covered Business, and complying with all policy terms and conditions for pursuit and collection of such claims and the Company will not, without the written consent of Seller or one or more of its Affiliates, or such other Person that holds such Company Insurance Policy, as applicable, amend, modify or waive any rights of Seller, one or more of its Affiliates, or other insureds under any such Company Insurance Policies. The Company will exclusively bear and be liable (and Seller and its Affiliates will have no obligation to repay or reimburse the Company) for all uninsured, uncovered, unavailable or uncollectible amounts relating to or associated with all such claims (including any deductible, self-insured retention and similar concepts); and (ii) with respect to coverage claims or requests for benefits asserted by the Company under the Company Insurance Policies, Seller and its Affiliates, or such other Person that holds such Company Insurance Policy, as applicable, will have the right but not the duty to monitor or associate with such claims at the sole expense of Seller or any of its Affiliates, or such other Person that holds such Company Insurance Policy, as applicable. The Company will be liable for any fees, costs or expenses awarded on or after the Closing Date against Seller and its Affiliates for the benefit, directly or indirectly, of the insurers or reinsurers of such Company Insurance Policies relating to any unsuccessful coverage claims asserted solely by the Company. The Company will not assign any such Company Insurance Policies or any rights or claims under such Company Insurance 58 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Policies except with respect to any Company Insurance Policy held by the Company, and otherwise with the consent of Seller, which shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed. (d) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement, except with respect to any Company Insurance Policy held by the Company, or any Company self-insurance policy or program, nothing in this Agreement will limit, waive or abrogate in any manner any rights of Seller or its Affiliates to insurance coverage for the Seller or its Affiliates under any Company Insurance Policy for any matter, whether relating to the Company, the Covered Business or otherwise. (e) For the avoidance of doubt, and notwithstanding anything in the contrary contained in this Agreement, on and subsequent to the Closing Date, the Company shall have the exclusive right to control, cancel, modify, terminate, renew or extend any Company Insurance Policy held by the Company or any Company self-insurance policy or program. (f) To the extent that any claim is made against the Company or the Covered Business arising out of any act, omission, occurrence, fact or circumstance existing or occurring prior to the Closing Date and any Company Insurance Policy (for the avoidance of doubt, excluding (i) any Company Insurance Policy held by the Company or (ii) any self-insurance policy or program) by its terms covers such claim (any such claim, an “Insurance Claim”), upon the Company’s written request to Seller and at the sole cost and expense of the Company, Seller shall reasonably cooperate with the Company in making such Insurance Claim unless Seller reasonably believes that such Insurance Claim is frivolous and utterly devoid of merit. In the event that (i) Seller receives any proceeds of the coverage afforded by the Company Insurance Policy with respect to any Insurance Claim and (ii) the amount of such Insurance Claim has been paid by the Company, Seller shall promptly pay such proceeds (net of any actual out-of-pocket costs or expenses paid by Seller or any of its Affiliates in connection with such Insurance Claim) to the Company to the extent of the amount so paid by the Company. The Company hereby acknowledges and agrees that (A) any Insurance Claims shall be subject to (and recovery thereon shall be reduced by the amount of) any applicable deductibles, retentions or co-insurance provisions, (B) any out-of-pocket costs incurred to pursue Insurance Claims shall be borne solely by the Company, (C) the Insurance Claims shall be subject to exhaustion of existing sublimits and aggregate limits, (D) neither Seller nor any of its Affiliates shall have any obligation to pay any additional premiums or other amounts due to any insurer under any Company Insurance Policy in connection with any Insurance Claims and (E) neither Seller nor any of its Affiliates shall be liable or otherwise responsible for the failure of any insurer or other provider of insurance to pay any Insurance Claim for any reason, except that in the event of any such failure to pay an Insurance Claim, Seller and its Affiliates shall cooperate with any reasonable request by the Company for assistance in pursuing the payment of such Insurance Claim. (g) With respect to all open, closed, new and re-opened claims covered under Seller and its Affiliates’ workers’ compensation and employers’ liability Insurance Policies or comparable workers’ compensation self-insurance programs relating to employees of the Company or the Covered Business arising from occurrences prior to the Closing Date, Buyer will, or will cause the Company to, promptly reimburse Seller and its Affiliates for all claim payments, costs and expenses relating to such claims, as well as any catastrophic coverage charges, overhead, claim handling and administrative costs, Taxes, surcharges, state assessments and other related costs, in each case irrespective of whether such claims are made by the Company, Transferred Employees, Continuing Employees, or by third parties with respect to the conduct and operation of the Company or the Covered Business, and in each case limited to actual out-of-pocket costs or charges paid by Seller or any of its Affiliates. Any payments, costs and adjustments required to be made pursuant to this 59 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Section 6.17 or any other provisions of this Section 6.17 will be billed quarterly and payable within 30 days from receipt of invoice. (h) No payments due under this this Section 6.17 will affect, be affected by, or be subject to set off against any adjustment to the Purchase Price. Whenever this Section 6.17 requires the Company to take any action after the Closing, such requirement will be deemed to constitute an undertaking on the part of Buyer to take such action or to cause the Company to take such action. Section 6.18 Distributions and Transfers Prior to Closing. (a) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the Company shall be permitted to distribute its Cash to Seller prior to the Closing; provided that such distribution does not result in the Company having a negative amount of Cash. (b) Seller shall take, and cause to be taken, all actions necessary, proper or advisable under applicable Law to effect the following transactions at or before the Valuation Time: (i) the Owned Real Property shall be transferred, assigned or distributed by the Company to Seller or its designee pursuant to a quitclaim deed in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Buyer; (ii) all other Excluded Assets shall be transferred, assigned or distributed by the Company to Seller or its designee pursuant to assignment and transfer documents in all cases in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Buyer, which documents shall provide for no ongoing payments or continuing Liabilities of the Company that are not fully satisfied and discharged as of immediately prior to the Valuation Time; and (iii) all right, title and interest of Seller and any of its Affiliates in any assets comprising part of the Covered Business listed on Schedule 6.18(b), shall be contributed assigned and transferred to the Company, free and clear of all Liens (other than Permitted Liens), pursuant to contribution, assignment and transfer documents in all cases in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Buyer, which documents shall provide for no ongoing payments or continuing Liabilities of the Company that are not fully satisfied and discharged as of immediately prior to the Valuation Time. (c) (i) Seller and Buyer shall cooperate in good faith and use their respective reasonable best efforts to mutually agree upon, establish and implement, such arrangements and transactions as shall be reasonably necessary to effectuate the transfer of both the Retirement Plan Consulting Business and the Advanced Planning Business conducted through the LPL Networking Contract to Buyer (or its designee) on the basis described in such transfer structure option as shall be elected from time to time prior to Closing by Buyer for each such business among the transfer structure options set forth on Exhibit 6.18(c) (each, a “Transfer Structure Option”). All such arrangements shall be established and implemented by the Parties (A) in good faith and acting reasonably, (B) in a manner designed to provide Buyer with the economic and other benefits of ownership of the Retirement Plan Consulting Business and Advanced Planning Business conducted through the LPL Networking Contract from and after Closing, (C) in a manner compliant with applicable Laws, and (D) in a manner that does not create any material Liability to Seller (excluding, for the avoidance of doubt, any liabilities arising from the gross negligence, fraud or willful misconduct of Seller or its representatives). For the avoidance of doubt, the consummation of any Transfer Structure Option shall not be a condition to Closing. 60 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
(ii) Buyer shall notify Seller in writing of its initial Transfer Structure Option election within five (5) Business Days after the date hereof. If, in Buyer’s sole discretion, the continued pursuit by the Parties of the Transfer Structure Option then being pursued under this Section 6.18(c) has becomes impractical or Buyer determines that such option will not provide it with the economic and other benefits of ownership of the Retirement Plan Consulting Business or the Advanced Planning Business conducted through the LPL Networking Contract from and after the Closing in an effective manner, it may at any time thereafter (and prior to Closing) notify Seller in writing of its election of another Transfer Structure Option with respect to the applicable business. (iii) For the avoidance of doubt, Seller’s reasonable best efforts to pursue a Transfer Structure Option as provided in this Section 6.18(c) will include the obligation to use its reasonable best efforts to obtain the agreement, cooperation and/or consent of LPL Financial LLC as may be necessary or desirable to implement the applicable option and to facilitate such calls, meetings and other communications between Buyer and LPL Financial LLC as Buyer may reasonably request. Without limiting the foregoing and notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, Buyer shall be permitted to directly contact and communicate with LPL Financial LLC in furtherance of this Section 6.18(c) in its discretion. (iv) In connection with the transfer from LPL Financial LLC to Buyer (or its designee) of client account registrations as part of the implementation of any Transfer Structure Option, as between Buyer and Seller, Buyer shall have the sole right to select whether client consent for such transfer will be solicitated through an affirmative or customary “negative consent” procedure. Section 6.19 Exclusivity. Seller agrees that it will not and will cause its Affiliates and representatives not to, directly or indirectly (a) solicit, entertain, initiate or encourage any inquiries, proposals or offers from any Person relating to any acquisition of any Equity Rights in the Company, or acquisition, license or other transfer of all or any significant portion of the Covered Business or the assets or business of the Company, or any divestiture, merger, share exchange, consolidation, business combination, recapitalization, redemption or similar transaction involving the Company, or (b) with respect to any effort or attempt by any other Person to do or seek any of the foregoing, (i) participate in any discussions or negotiations with such other Person, (ii) furnish to any other Person any information with respect to the Company or the Covered Business in connection with any such effort or (iii) otherwise cooperate in any way with, or assist or participate in, or facilitate or encourage any such effort, in any such case described in clause (a) or (b), other than with Buyer and its controlled, its Affiliates. If any Person makes any such effort described in clause (b) of the immediately preceding sentence, Seller will promptly thereafter notify Buyer thereof and provide Buyer with the terms or content of such effort and the identity of the applicable Person. Section 6.20 Interim Financial Statements. Within thirty days following the end of each calendar month prior to the Closing Date, Seller will deliver to Buyer the unaudited balance sheet of the Covered Business as of the last day of each month and the related statements of profit and loss, and cash flows for the month and fiscal year-to-date period then ended. Such monthly financial statements shall fairly present, in all material respects, in conformity with GAAP applied on a consistent basis (subject to the absence of footnote disclosures), the financial position of the Covered Business as of the dates thereof and its results of operations for the periods then ended. Section 6.21 Restrictive Covenant Enforcement. Prior to the Closing, Seller shall, and Seller shall cause the Company to, (a) provide Buyer with written notice of any voluntary or involuntary 61 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Consultant termination within three (3) days following the date of termination, (b) consult with Buyer regarding enforcement of any ABRC Noncompetition and Confidentiality Agreement (or any other agreement with the Company and/or Seller with restrictive covenants binding upon the Consultant, as applicable) with any Consultant who is terminated by, or resigns employment with, the Company or Seller prior to Closing and take all steps reasonably requested by Buyer, at Buyer’s expense, including asserting a claim or Action against a Consultant and (c) not waive, release or compromise any rights of the Company or Seller to prohibit the violation of any such restrictive covenant under the ABRC Noncompetition and Confidentiality Agreement (or any other agreement with the Company and/or Seller with restrictive covenants binding upon the Consultant, as applicable) with any Consultant whose employment with the Company or Seller has terminated. Section 6.22 Financing Cooperation. (a) In the period between the date hereof and the Closing Date or earlier termination of this Agreement, Seller will use commercially reasonable efforts to provide, and cause the Company and it and their respective representatives to use their commercially reasonable efforts to provide, subject to Section 6.2, at Buyer’s sole expense, to Buyer such cooperation as may be reasonably requested by Buyer that is customary in connection with any effort by Buyer to obtain debt or other financing in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby (the “Buyer Financing”), including (i) furnishing Buyer and its actual and potential financing sources with financial and other pertinent information regarding the Company and the Covered Business as required by the definitive documents governing the Buyer Financing, (ii) participation in a reasonable number of meetings, drafting sessions, due diligence presentations, ratings agency sessions and road shows in connection with the Buyer Financing to the extent customary and reasonable and not unreasonably interfering with the business of the Seller, (iii) assisting with the preparation of marketing materials for rating agency presentations, offering documents, private placement memoranda, confidential and customary bank information memoranda and similar documents used in connection with such Buyer Financing, (iv) executing and delivering, as of the Closing Date, any pledge and security documents, other definitive financing documents, or other certificates or documents, in each case as applicable and to the extent reasonably requested by the Buyer; provided that the effectiveness thereof shall be conditioned upon, or become operative after, the occurrence of the Closing, and (v) as of the Closing Date, taking all corporate actions necessary to satisfy the conditions to consummation of the Buyer Financing and to permit the proceeds thereof to be made available to Buyer. Notwithstanding the above, all organizational actions shall be deemed to become effective only if and when the Closing occurs and shall be derived exclusively from the authority of, and shall only be taken by, the board of directors or other equivalent governing body of the Company as constituted after giving effect to the Closing. All non-public information or other confidential information provided pursuant to this Section 6.22(a), shall be kept confidential in accordance with the Confidentiality Agreement, except that Buyer and its Affiliates shall be permitted to disclose such information to potential syndicate members during syndication (and allow such potential syndicate members to use such information in connection with such syndication), subject to customary confidentiality undertakings by such potential syndicate members. (b) Until the Closing, the Company shall not be required to pay any commitment or other similar fee or incur any other liability or obligation in connection with the Buyer Financing, and for the avoidance of doubt, such fees shall not constitute Company Transaction Expenses. Buyer shall, upon the earlier to occur of the Closing and the termination of this Agreement, reimburse Seller and the Company for all reasonable documented out-of-pocket costs (including reasonable attorneys’ fees) incurred by them in connection with the cooperation of the Company with the Buyer Financing and shall indemnify and hold harmless Seller and the Company and their respective directors, officers, employees and representatives from and against any and all Losses suffered or incurred by 62 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
any of them in connection with the arrangement of the Buyer Financing and any information used in connection therewith (other than to the extent such Losses arise from the willful breach, bad faith or gross negligence of Seller or the Company). The foregoing indemnification obligation shall survive the Closing and any termination of this Agreement. (c) Notwithstanding anything in this Section 6.22 or any other provision of this Agreement to the contrary, Buyer acknowledges and agrees that the obtaining of the Buyer Financing is not a condition to the Closing. Section 6.23 Cooperation. For a period of six (6) years after the Closing Date (or for any longer period as may be required by any Governmental Entity or established by any applicable statute of limitations), to comply with the terms of this Agreement, any applicable Law or Order or if and for so long as any party is actively responding to any investigation or request from any Governmental Entity, or contesting or defending against any third-party Action, in each case in connection with (a) any transaction contemplated under this Agreement or the Ancillary Agreements or (b) any fact, situation, circumstance, status, condition, activity, practice, plan, occurrence, event, incident, action, failure to act, or transaction on, prior to or after the Closing Date involving the Company or the Covered Business, each Party shall cooperate in the investigation, request, contest or defense, make available its personnel and provide such testimony and access to its books and records as shall be necessary in connection with such applicable Law, Order, investigation, request, contest or defense, all at the sole cost and expense of the responding, contesting or defending Party (unless the responding, contesting or defending party is entitled to indemnification therefor under Article IX). This Section 6.23 shall not apply to Legal Disputes. Section 6.24 Invoices. By no later than the third (3rd ) Business Day prior to the Closing Date, Seller shall deliver to Buyer customary final invoices or pay-off statements from each Person entitled to receive Company Transaction Expenses of the type described in clause (a) of the definition thereof. Section 6.25 Seller Bonus Arrangements. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, nothing in this Agreement shall prohibit the Seller from granting to, or otherwise entering into arrangements providing for, incentive bonus, vesting of awards, enhanced severance or similar arrangements with those individuals set forth on Schedule 6.25 following the date hereof and prior to the Closing for purposes of incentivizing such individuals to assist the Seller and the Company with consummating the transactions contemplated hereby (the “Seller Bonus Arrangements”); provided that any and all Liabilities under the Seller Bonus Arrangements shall be the sole and exclusive responsibility of the Seller and not the Buyer, the Company, or the Covered Business. ARTICLE VII CONDITIONS TO OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES Section 7.1 Conditions to Each Party’s Obligations. The respective obligations of each Party to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are subject to the satisfaction (or written waiver by such Party) at or prior to the Closing of the following conditions: (a) Injunction; Prohibition . No Order or applicable Law preventing or prohibiting the consummation of the Closing shall be in effect and no Action shall have been commenced and remain pending by any Governmental Entity seeking to enjoin, restrain or otherwise prohibit the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; and (b) Antitrust Clearances . The Antitrust Clearances shall have been obtained. 63 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Section 7.2 Conditions to Obligations of Seller. The obligations of Seller to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are further subject to the satisfaction (or written waiver by Seller) at or prior to the Closing of the following conditions: (a) Representations and Warranties . The representations and warranties of Buyer contained in Article V (i) that are not Buyer Fundamental Representations and Warranties, shall be true and correct, disregarding all qualifiers as to materiality, in all material respects both when made and as of the Closing as if made at and as of such time (other than representations and warranties that speak as of a specific date prior to the Closing Date which only need be true and correct in all material respects as of such earlier date) and (ii) that are Buyer Fundamental Representations and Warranties shall be true and correct in all material respects both when made and as of Closing as if made at and as of such time (other than representations and warranties that speak as of a specific date prior to the Closing Date which only need be true and correct in all respects as of such earlier date); (b) Performance of Obligations . Buyer shall have performed in all material respects its obligations under this Agreement required to be performed by it at or prior to the Closing pursuant to the terms hereof; (c) Buyer Officer’s Certificate . An authorized officer of Buyer shall have executed and delivered to Seller a certificate as to satisfaction of the conditions set forth in Section 7.2(a) and Section 7.2(b); and (d) Buyer Deliverables . Seller shall have received all of the documents and other items described in Section 2.5. Section 7.3 Conditions to Obligations of Buyer. The obligations of Buyer to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are further subject to the satisfaction (or written waiver by it) at or prior to the Closing of the following conditions: (a) Representations and Warranties . The representations and warranties of Seller contained in Article III and Article IV (i) that are not Seller Fundamental Representations and Warranties shall be true and correct, disregarding all qualifiers as to materiality and Material Adverse Effect, in all respects both when made and as of the Closing as if made at and as of such time (except for representations and warranties that speak as of a specific date prior to the Closing Date which only need be true and correct as of such earlier date), except in each case for inaccuracies that would not individually or in the aggregate have a Material Adverse Effect, (ii) that are Seller Fundamental Representations and Warranties (other than those contained in Section 3.2 (Capitalization), Section 3.3 (Subsidiaries and Other Equity Rights), Section 3.4(a) (Consents and Approvals), Section 4.2 (Equity Interests Ownership) and Section 4.3(a) (Consents and Approvals) shall be true and correct, disregarding all qualifiers as to materiality and Material Adverse Effect, in all material respects both when made and as of the Closing as if made at and as of such time (except for representations and warranties that speak as of a specific date prior to the Closing Date which only need be true and correct as of such earlier date) and (iii) that are Seller Fundamental Representations and Warranties contained in Section 3.2 (Capitalization), Section 3.3 (Subsidiaries and Other Equity Rights), Section 3.4(a) (Consents and Approvals), Section 4.2 (Equity Interests Ownership) and Section 4.3(a) (Consents and Approvals) shall be true and correct in all respects both when made and as of the Closing as if made at and as of such time (except for representations and warranties that speak as of a specific date prior to the Closing Date which only need be true and correct as of such earlier date). 64 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
(b) Performance of Obligations . Seller shall have performed in all material respects its obligations under this Agreement required to be performed by Seller at or prior to the Closing pursuant to the terms hereof; (c) Seller’s Officer’s Certificate . An authorized officer of Seller shall have executed and delivered to Buyer a certificate as to Seller’s compliance with the conditions set forth in Section 7.3(a), Section 7.3(b) and Section 7.3(d); (d) No Material Adverse Effect. Since the date hereof, there shall not have been any event, change or circumstance that has had or would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; and (e) Seller Deliverables . Buyer shall have received all of the documents and other items described in Section 2.4. ARTICLE VIII TERMINATION Section 8.1 Termination. This Agreement may be terminated at any time at or prior to the Closing (the “Termination Date”): (a) in writing, by mutual consent of Buyer and Seller; (b) by written notice from Buyer to Seller if any of the conditions set forth in Section 7.1 or Section 7.3 will have become incapable of fulfillment and will not have been waived in writing by Buyer, so long as such failure to satisfy the conditions is not the result of a breach by Buyer of this Agreement; (c) by written notice from Seller to Buyer if any of the conditions set forth in Section 7.1 or Section 7.2 will have become incapable of fulfillment and will not have been waived in writing by Seller, so long as such failure to satisfy the conditions is not the result of a breach by Seller of this Agreement; (d) by written notice from Buyer to Seller within five (5) Business Days of receipt by Buyer of a Supplement delivered pursuant to Section 6.7 that includes a certification from the Seller that the matters disclosed in such Supplement are reasonably likely to cause the failure of the condition set forth in Section 7.3(a) to be satisfied; or (e) by written notice by Buyer or Seller if the Closing has not occurred on or prior to the date that is four (4) months after the date of this Agreement (the “Outside Date”); provided that the right to terminate this Agreement pursuant to this Section 8.1(e) shall not be available to any Party whose breach of any provision of this Agreement results in the failure of the Closing to have occurred by such time. Section 8.2 Procedure and Effect of Termination. In the event of the termination of this Agreement and the abandonment of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement pursuant to Section 8.1, written notice thereof will forthwith be given by the Party so terminating to the other Party, and this Agreement will terminate and the transactions contemplated hereby will be abandoned without further action by any Party. If this Agreement is terminated pursuant to Section 8.1: 65 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
(a) promptly upon a written request by or on behalf of other Party, but no later than seven (7) Business Days thereafter, each Party shall destroy (and certify to such destruction in writing by an authorized signatory) all documents, work papers and other materials related to this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby in such Party’s or its representatives’ possession or to which either such Party or its representatives have access. Notwithstanding the foregoing, such Party’s representatives shall (i) be permitted to retain a copy of such documents, work papers and other materials to the extent required to comply with applicable Law or Governmental Entity, and (ii) not be required to destroy, delete or modify any backup tapes or other medial pursuant to automated electronic archival processes in such Party’s ordinary course of business, provided in each case (i) and (ii) herein, any such documents, work papers and other materials retained shall remain subject to the confidentiality obligations of the Confidentiality Agreement and Section 6.2(c) for so long as such documents, work papers and other materials are retained; (b) all filings, applications and other submissions made pursuant hereto will, at the option of the Party making the application filing, application or submission, and to the extent practicable, be withdrawn from the agency or other Person to which made; and (c) notwithstanding any provision in this Agreement to the contrary, there will be no Liability hereunder on the part of any Party hereto, except that (i) if the basis of termination is a breach by Seller or Buyer, as the case may be, of one or more of the provisions of this Agreement, then the breaching Party will be liable to the non-breaching Party, and (ii) the obligations provided for in this Section 8.2 and Section 6.2(c) (Access to Information), Section 6.5 (Public Announcements), Section 10.1 (Fees and Expenses), Section 10.2 (Notices), Section 10.3 (Severability), Section 10.8 (Consent to Jurisdiction), Section 10.9 (Waiver of Jury Trial) and Section 10.10 (Governing Law) hereof and in the Confidentiality Agreement will survive any such termination. ARTICLE IX SURVIVAL; INDEMNIFICATION; DAMAGES Section 9.1 Survival. The Parties, intending to modify any applicable statute of limitations, agree that (a) the representations and warranties in this Agreement and in any certificate or other writing delivered pursuant or in connection herewith shall survive the Closing for a period of twelve (12) months following the Closing Date; provided that (i) the Fundamental Representations and Warranties (other than those contained in Section 3.14 (Taxes)) shall survive until the three (3) year anniversary of the Closing Date, and (ii) the representations and warranties contained in Section 3.14 (Taxes) shall survive for the applicable statute of limitations (giving effect to any waiver, mitigation or extension thereof) plus 30 days; and (b) the covenants and agreements of the parties hereto contained in this Agreement which by their terms contemplate performance prior to the Closing Date shall survive the Closing until the date that is one (1) year after the Closing Date, and each other covenant and agreement shall survive the Closing until one (1) year after performance of such covenant or agreement was required. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, any breach of covenant, agreement, representation or warranty in respect of which indemnity may be sought under this Agreement shall survive the time at which it would otherwise terminate pursuant to the preceding sentence if written notice of the inaccuracy thereof giving rise to such right of indemnity shall have been given to the party against whom such indemnity may be sought prior to such time in accordance with Section 9.3. 66 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Section 9.2 Indemnification. (a) Subject to the other terms and conditions of this Article IX, from and after the Closing the Seller shall indemnify and defend the Buyer and its Affiliates and each of their respective officers, managers, directors, employees, equityholders, agents and representatives (the “Buyer Indemnified Parties”) against, and shall hold the Buyer Indemnified Parties harmless from and against, and shall pay and reimburse the Buyer Indemnified Parties for, any and all Losses actually incurred or sustained by, or imposed upon, the Buyer Indemnified Parties based upon or arising out of: (i) any failure of any of the representations and warranties of Seller contained in this Agreement to be true and correct as of the date hereof or as of the Closing Date; (ii) any breach of any covenant or agreement made or to be performed by Seller pursuant to this Agreement; (iii) any Covered Taxes; (iv) the transactions contemplated by Section 6.18(b) (including any Tax liabilities arising in connection therewith); (v) the Excluded Assets; (vi) the conduct of any business of the Company divested or discontinued prior to the Closing, including through any former Subsidiary of the Company, and the transactions through which such divestment or discontinuation occurred; (vii) any grant, award or issuance of Equity Rights of any Person to any Consultant or other current or former employee, officer, director or other representative of the Covered Business at any time prior to Closing; (viii) any pension or deferred compensation plan or program that is an Associated Benefit Plan; (ix) the Retirement Plan Consulting Business and the Advanced Planning Business prior to Closing (other than Losses based upon or arising out of any selection or decision made by Buyer pursuant to Section 6.18(c)(iv) to solicit client consent through a “negative consent” procedure or any action taken by Seller or its Affiliates at the direction of Buyer in connection with such a “negative consent” procedure); (x) Section 7.4 of the Applicable Employment Agreement, including as a result of the exercise by the Company of any its rights thereunder (which exercise shall be within the Company’s sole discretion, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Article IX); (xi) (A) the acts or omissions of Seller and its Affiliates and representatives in connection with the continued operation of the Retirement Plan Consulting Plan Business and/or the Advanced Planning Business (as applicable) under the LPL Networking Contract following the Closing as part of, and prior to the consummation of, any Transfer Structure Option that constitute gross negligence, fraud, or willful misconduct and (B) any actual or purported status of any of Seller’s or its Affiliates’ employees, contractors or other 67 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
personnel as an employee of Buyer or any of its Affiliates (including without limitation the Company) as a result of the continued operation of the Retirement Plan Consulting Business and/or Advanced Planning Business (as applicable) under the LPL Networking Contract following the Closing as part of, and prior to the consummation of, any Transfer Structure Option, or any other claims asserted by any of Seller’s or its Affiliates’ personnel arising out of such personnel’s engagement with Seller or its Affiliates relating to the continued operation of the Retirement Plan Consulting Business and/or Advanced Planning Business (as applicable) under the LPL Networking Contract following the Closing as part of, and prior to the consummation of, any Transfer Structure Option, other than as a result of the gross negligence, fraud, or willful misconduct of Buyer or any of its Affiliates or representatives; or (xii) the Seller Bonus Arrangements. (b) Subject to the other terms and conditions of this Article IX, from and after the Closing the Buyer shall indemnify and defend the Seller and its Affiliates and each of their respective officers, managers, directors, employees, equityholders, agents and Representatives (the “Seller Indemnified Parties”) against, and shall hold the Seller Indemnified Parties harmless from and against, and shall pay and reimburse the Seller Indemnified Parties for, any and all Losses actually incurred or sustained by, or imposed upon, the Seller Indemnified Parties based upon or arising out of: (i) any failure of any of the representations and warranties of Buyer contained in this Agreement to be true and correct as of the date hereof or as of the Closing Date; (ii) any breach of any covenant or agreement made or to be performed by Buyer pursuant to this Agreement; (iii) any selection or decision made by Buyer pursuant to Section 6.18(c)(iv) to solicit client consent through a “negative consent” procedure or any action taken by Seller or its Affiliates at the direction of Buyer in connection with such a “negative consent” procedure, in each case, whether before or after Closing; and (iv) the continued operation of the Retirement Plan Consulting Business and/or the Advanced Planning Business (as applicable) by Seller and its Affiliates under the LPL Networking Contract following the Closing as part of, and prior to the consummation of, any Transfer Structure Option, except to the extent arising from the gross negligence, fraud or willful misconduct of Seller or any of its Affiliates or representatives in connection therewith. Section 9.3 Procedures. (a) Generally. The party making a claim under this Article IX is referred to as the “Indemnified Party”, and the party against whom such claims are asserted under Article IX is referred to as the “Indemnifying Party”. (b) Third Party Claims. If any Indemnified Party receives notice of the assertion or commencement of any Action made or brought by any Person who is not a party to this Agreement or an Affiliate of a party to this Agreement or a Representative of the foregoing (a “Third Party Claim”) against such Indemnified Party with respect to which the Indemnifying Party is obligated to provide indemnification under this Agreement, the Indemnified Party shall give the Indemnifying 68 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Party reasonably prompt written notice thereof, but in any event not later than 30 calendar days after receipt of such notice of such Third Party Claim. The failure to give such prompt written notice shall not, however, relieve the Indemnifying Party of its indemnification obligations, except and only to the extent that such failure materially prejudices the defense of such Action. Such notice by the Indemnified Party shall describe the Third Party Claim in reasonable detail, shall include copies of available material written evidence thereof and shall indicate the estimated amount, if reasonably practicable, of the Loss that has been or may be sustained by the Indemnified Party. The Indemnifying Party shall have the right to participate in, or by giving written notice to the Indemnified Party within 30 days after receiving notice of such Third Party Claim, at the Indemnifying Party’s expense and by the Indemnifying Party’s own counsel, to assume the defense of any Third Party Claim for so long as the Indemnifying Party prosecutes and vigorously defends the Third Party Claim, and (i) such Third Party Claim is not a criminal Action made by or on behalf of any Governmental Entity and does not seek an injunction or other equitable relief, (ii) the Indemnifying Party shall have agreed in writing for the benefit of the Indemnified Party that the indemnification provisions of Section 9.2(a) or Section 9.2(b) (as applicable), cover such Third Party Claim, (iii) there are no actual or potential conflicts of interest between the Indemnified Party and Indemnifying Party such that representation by the same counsel or control by the Indemnifying Party would be inappropriate, (iv) if the Indemnifying Party is Seller, the Third Party Claim is not a claim adverse to any insurance company or carrier who has a material business relationship with Buyer or its Affiliates, and the Indemnified Party shall cooperate in good faith in such defense and (v) such claim does not involve the determination by the Company whether to exercise its rights under Section 7.4 of the Applicable Employment Agreement, which determination and right to exercise shall remain in the Company’s sole discretion; provided, however, that in the case of any Third-Party Claim relating to any Tax where the Seller is the Indemnifying Party, the Indemnifying Party shall only be entitled to assume the defense of such Third Party Claim if it relates solely to a Taxable period ending on or before the Closing Date. In the event that the Indemnifying Party assumes the defense of any Third Party Claim, subject to Section 9.3(c), it shall have the right to take such action as it deems necessary to avoid, dispute, defend, or appeal any such Third Party Claim, and make defensive counterclaims that would negate the existence or magnitude of such Third Party Claim (and excluding, for the avoidance of doubt, any other counterclaims that might be available to the Indemnified Party, including those relating to the same facts and circumstances that do not negate the existence or magnitude of the Third Party Claim), in each case in the name and on behalf of the Indemnified Party. The Indemnified Party shall have the right to participate in the defense of any Third Party Claim with counsel selected by it subject to the Indemnifying Party’s right to control the defense thereof. The fees and disbursements of such counsel shall be at the expense of the Indemnified Party, provided that the Indemnifying Party shall be liable for the reasonable fees and expenses of the Indemnified Party’s counsel for any period during which the Indemnifying Party has not assumed such defense or after the Indemnifying Party fails to diligently defend such Third Party Claim. For the avoidance of doubt, unless and until the Indemnifying Party has validly elected to defend a Third Party Claim as provided in this Agreement, the Indemnified Party may, subject to Section 9.3(c) pay, compromise and defend such Third Party Claim. Seller and Buyer shall cooperate with each other in all reasonable respects in connection with the defense of any Third Party Claim, including making available records relating to such Third Party Claim and furnishing, without expense (other than reimbursement of actual out- of-pocket expenses) to the defending party, management employees of the non-defending party as may be reasonably necessary for the preparation of the defense of such Third Party Claim. (c) Settlement of Third Party Claims. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the Indemnifying Party shall not enter into settlement of any Third Party Claim without the prior written consent of the Indemnified Party, except as provided in this Section 9.3(c). If the Indemnifying Party shall have validly assumed the defense of a Third Party Claim as provided in Section 9.3(b) and be diligently prosecuting such defense, and a firm offer is made to settle a Third 69 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Party Claim which does not (i) impose injunctive or other equitable relief against the Indemnified Party or any of its Affiliates, (ii) relate to anything other than monetary damages that will be paid by the Indemnifying Party in full, (iii) relate to any Tax, and (iv) contain any admission of liability, or violation of the rights of any Person on the part of the Indemnified Party or any of its Affiliates or representatives and provides, in customary form, for the express, unconditional release of each Indemnified Party from all liabilities and obligations in connection with such Third Party Claim and the Indemnifying Party desires to accept and agree to such offer, the Indemnifying Party shall give written notice to that effect to the Indemnified Party. If the Indemnified Party fails to consent to such firm offer within ten (10) days after its receipt of such notice, the maximum liability of the Indemnifying Party as to such Third Party Claim shall not exceed the amount of such settlement offer. The Indemnified Party shall not agree to any settlement of any Third Party Claim in respect of which it has or intends to seek indemnification under this Article IX without the written consent of the Indemnifying Party (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed). (d) Direct Claims. Any Action by an Indemnified Party on account of a Loss which does not result from a Third Party Claim (a “Direct Claim”) shall be asserted by the Indemnified Party giving the Indemnifying Party reasonably prompt written notice thereof, but in any event not later than 30 days after the Indemnified Party becomes aware of such Direct Claim. The failure to give such prompt written notice shall not, however, relieve the Indemnifying Party of its indemnification obligations, except and only to the extent that the Indemnifying Party forfeits rights or defenses by reason of such failure. Such notice by the Indemnified Party shall describe the Direct Claim in reasonable detail, shall include copies of available material written evidence thereof and shall indicate the estimated amount, if reasonably practicable, of the Loss that has been or may be sustained by the Indemnified Party. The Indemnifying Party shall have 30 days after its receipt of such notice to respond in writing to such Direct Claim. The Indemnified Party shall allow the Indemnifying Party and its professional advisors to investigate the matter or circumstance alleged to give rise to the Direct Claim, and whether and to what extent any amount is payable in respect of the Direct Claim and the Indemnified Party shall assist the Indemnifying Party’s investigation by giving such information and assistance (including access to the Company’s premises and personnel and the right to examine and copy any accounts, documents or records) as the Indemnifying Party or any of its professional advisors may reasonably request in each case subject to the limitations set forth in Section 6.2(d). If the Indemnifying Party does not so respond within such 30 day period, the Indemnifying Party shall be deemed to have accepted such claim. (e) Payment Protocol. Once a Loss is agreed to by the Indemnifying Party or finally adjudicated to be payable pursuant to this Section 9.3, the Indemnifying Party shall satisfy its obligations within ten (10) Business Days of such agreement or final, non-appealable adjudication by wire transfer of immediately available funds. (f) Tax Treatment of Indemnification Payments. All indemnification payments made under this Section 9.3 shall be treated by the parties as an adjustment to the Purchase Price for Tax purposes, unless otherwise required by Law. Section 9.4 Damages; Limitations. (a) In no event will a Party be liable to another Party for (i) any speculative or remote damages that would not otherwise be recoverable for breach of a contract under Law or (ii) punitive or exemplary damages, except to the extent actually required to be paid in relation to a Third Party Claim or in respect of Seller’s obligations under Section 6.12. 70 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
(b) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, Seller shall not have any liability for indemnification under Section 9.2(a)(i) (excluding Seller Fundamental Representation and Warranties) unless the aggregate of all Losses under such Section exceed One Half of One Percent (0.5%) of the Final Adjusted Base Purchase Price (the “Deductible”) and then only for Losses in excess of the Deductible up to a maximum indemnification obligation for such Losses equal to Seven and One Half Percent (7.5%) of the Final Adjusted Base Purchase Price (the “Cap”). For the avoidance of doubt, the limitations set forth in this Section 9.4(b) shall not apply to any indemnification obligations arising in connection with Seller Fundamental Representations and Warranties. (c) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, Buyer shall not have any liability for indemnification under Section 9.2(b)(i) (excluding Buyer Fundamental Representation and Warranties) unless the aggregate of all Losses under such Section exceed the Deductible then only for Losses in excess of the Deductible up to a maximum indemnification obligation for such Losses equal to the Cap. For the avoidance of doubt, the limitations set forth in this Section 9.4(c) shall not apply to any indemnification obligations arising in connection with Buyer Fundamental Representations and Warranties. (d) The maximum liability of either Party for indemnification of Losses for breaches of such Party’s representations and warranties, including but not limited to breaches of such Party’s Fundamental Representations and Warranties, shall not exceed 50% of the Final Adjusted Base Purchase Price. For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 9.4(d) shall not be interpreted to increase the amount of the Cap for any Losses to which the Cap relates. (e) For purposes of determining whether there has been a breach of any representation or warranty and the amount of any Losses that are the subject matter of a claim for indemnification hereunder for breach of any representation or warranty, each representation and warranty shall be read without regard and without giving effect to any materiality or Material Adverse Effect standard or qualification contained in such representation or warranty (as if such standard or qualification were deleted from such representation and warranty); provided, that (i) any qualification relating to materiality or Material Adverse Effect to the extent it qualifies an affirmative requirement to list specified items on a section of the Schedule shall not be disregarded and (ii) the qualification relating to Material Adverse Effect in Section 3.7(b) (Absence of Certain Changes) shall not be disregarded. (f) In addition to the limitation set forth above, payments by an Indemnifying Party pursuant to this Article IX in respect of any Losses shall be limited to the amount of any liability or damage that remains after deducting therefrom any insurance proceeds actually received in respect of any such claim, net of any costs incurred in connection with obtaining such insurance proceeds (including any increased premiums resulting therefrom). In the event that the Indemnified Party maintains insurance that would cover any Loss for which it has sought indemnification under this Article IX, such Indemnified Party agrees to make a claim under the applicable insurance police(ies) in a timely manner to the extent reasonably possible under the circumstances, and to provide the applicable carrier with such additional information as it may request with respect to such claim. Nothing contained in this Article IX or otherwise shall require the Indemnified Party to assert or threaten to assert any Action against any insurance carrier in connection with seeking insurance recovery in respect of any Loss for which it has sought indemnification from the Indemnifying Party hereunder. (g) Each of the Parties acknowledges and agrees that the right to indemnification or any other remedy based on the representations, warranties, covenants and agreements contained in this Agreement will not be affected by any investigation conducted with respect to, or any knowledge 71 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
acquired (or capable of being acquired) at any time, whether before or after the execution and delivery of this Agreement or the Closing, with respect to the accuracy or inaccuracy of or compliance with, any such representation, warranty, covenant or agreement. The waiver of any condition based on the accuracy of any representation or warranty, or on the performance of or compliance with any covenant or agreement, will not affect the right to indemnification or any other remedy based on such representations, warranties, covenants and agreements. (h) None of the limitations contained in this Article IX shall apply to fraud. Section 9.5 Exclusive Remedies. The Parties acknowledge and agree that their sole and exclusive remedy with respect to any and all claims (except in the case of fraud and except for any specific performance or other injunctive relief to which a Party may be entitled under the Agreement) for any breach of any representation, warranty, covenant, agreement or obligation set forth herein or otherwise relating to the subject matter of this Agreement, shall be pursuant to the indemnification provisions set forth in this Article IX. In furtherance of the foregoing, each Party hereby waives, to the fullest extent permitted under Law, any and all rights, claims and causes of action for any breach of any representation, warranty, covenant, agreement or obligation set forth herein or otherwise relating to the subject matter of this Agreement it may have against the other Party hereto and their Affiliates and each of their respective representatives arising under or based upon any Law, except pursuant to the indemnification provisions set forth in this Article IX (and excluding any remedy a Party may have for fraud or specific performance or other injunctive relief to which a Party may be entitled under this Agreement). ARTICLE X MISCELLANEOUS Section 10.1 Fees and Expenses. Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, each Party to this Agreement will bear and pay all fees, costs and expenses (including legal and accounting fees) that have been incurred or that are incurred by such Party in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; provided, however, that Seller will be responsible for all Company Transaction Expenses. Section 10.2 Notices. All notices, requests, demands, waivers and other communications required or permitted to be given under this Agreement will be in writing and will be given by any of the following methods: (a) personal delivery; (b) registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, return receipt requested; (c) overnight mail; or (d) email transmission (as long as electronic confirmation of delivery is obtained). Notices will be sent to the appropriate Party at its address given below (or at such other address for such Party as will be specified by notice given hereunder): If to Buyer, to: USI Insurance Services LLC 100 Summit Lake Drive, Suite 400 Valhalla, New York 10595 Attention: Ernest J. Newborn, II and Mary Curley Email: ernest.newborn@usi.com , mary.curley@usi.com 72 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
with a copy (which will not constitute notice) to: Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP 250 West 55 th Street New York, NY 10019 Attention: Thomas Yadlon and Tracy Belton Email: Thomas.Yadlon@arnoldporter .com, Tracy.Belton@arnoldporter .com If to Seller, to: Associated Bank, N.A. 330 East Kilbourn Av., Suite 200 Milwaukee, WI 53202 Attention: Randall J. Erickson, General Counsel Email: randy.erickson@associatedbank.com with a copy (which will not constitute notice) to: Husch Blackwell LLP 555 East Wells St. Suite 1900 Milwaukee, WI 53202 Attention: Philip R. Koutnik and Eric E. Lenzen Email: philip.koutnik@huschblackwell.com, eric.lenzen@huschblackwell.com All such notices, requests, demands, waivers and communications will be deemed received upon (i) actual receipt thereof by the addressee, (ii) actual delivery thereof to the appropriate address or (iii) refusal of the addressee to accept delivery thereof. Section 10.3 Severability. If any term or other provision of this Agreement is invalid, illegal or incapable of being enforced by any rule of Law or public policy, all other terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement will nevertheless remain in full force and effect so long as the economic or legal substance of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement is not affected in any manner materially adverse to any Party. Upon such determination that any term or other provision is invalid, illegal or incapable of being enforced, the Parties will negotiate in good faith to modify this Agreement so as to effect the original intent of the Parties as closely as possible in a mutually acceptable manner in order that the transactions contemplated by this Agreement be consummated as originally contemplated to the fullest extent possible. Section 10.4 Binding Effect; Assignment. This Agreement and all of the provisions hereof will be binding upon and will inure to the benefit of the Parties and their respective successors and permitted assigns. Neither this Agreement nor any of the rights, interests or obligations hereunder will be assigned, directly or indirectly, including by operation of Law, by any Party without the prior written consent of the other Parties; provided, however, that Buyer may, without the consent of Seller, (a) assign the right to acquire all or part of its rights and interests hereunder to one or more Affiliates, or (b) designate one or more of its Affiliates to perform its obligations hereunder, but Buyer will not be relieved of any of its Liabilities under this Agreement. Section 10.5 No Third Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement is exclusively for the benefit of Seller, and its successors and permitted assigns, with respect to the obligations of Buyer under this Agreement, and for the benefit of Buyer, and its respective successors and permitted assigns, with respect 73 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
to the obligations of Seller, under this Agreement, and this Agreement will not be deemed to confer upon or give to any other third party any remedy, claim, Liability, reimbursement, Action or other right. Section 10.6 Section Headings. The Article and Section headings contained in this Agreement are exclusively for the purpose of reference, are not part of the agreement of the Parties and will not in any way affect the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement. Section 10.7 Entire Agreement. This Agreement (including the Schedules and Exhibits attached hereto), the Confidentiality Agreement, the Ancillary Agreements and the other documents delivered pursuant to this Agreement constitute the entire agreement among the Parties with respect to the subject matter of this Agreement and supersede all other prior agreements and understandings, both written and oral, between the Parties with respect to the subject matter of this Agreement. Section 10.8 Consent to Jurisdiction. Each Party hereby irrevocably agrees that any Legal Dispute will be brought only in the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the State of Wisconsin or the federal courts located in the State of Wisconsin, and each Party hereby consents to the jurisdiction of such courts (and of the appropriate appellate courts therefrom) in any such Legal Dispute and irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by Law, any objection that it may now or hereafter have to the laying of the venue of any such Legal Dispute in any such court or that any such Legal Dispute that is brought in any such court has been brought in an inconvenient forum. During the period a Legal Dispute that is filed in accordance with this Section 10.8 is pending before a court, all Actions with respect to such Legal Dispute or any other Legal Dispute, including any counterclaim, cross-claim or interpleader, will be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of such court. Each Party hereby waives, and will not assert as a defense in any Legal Dispute, that (a) such Party is not subject thereto, (b) such Legal Dispute may not be brought or is not maintainable in such court, (c) such Party’s property is exempt or immune from execution, (d) such Legal Dispute is brought in an inconvenient forum or (e) the venue of Legal Dispute is improper. A final judgment in any Legal Dispute described in this Section 10.8 following the expiration of any period permitted for appeal and subject to any stay during appeal will be conclusive and may be enforced in other jurisdictions by suit on the judgment or in any other manner provided by applicable Laws. Any dispute, claim, cause of action or proceeding relating to a claim for indemnifiable Losses pursuant to Section 9.2 may be commenced at any time during the period permitted by Section 8106€ of the Delaware Code. For avoidance of doubt, the foregoing sentence shall not negate the requirement for the giving of notice of claims within the periods specified in this Agreement. Section 10.9 Waiver of Jury Trial. EACH OF THE PARTIES HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES ALL RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY ACTION OR COUNTERCLAIM (WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, OR OTHERWISE) ARISING OUT OF, RELATING TO OR IN CONNECTION WITH ANY MATTER WHICH IS THE SUBJECT OF THIS AGREEMENT OR THE ACTIONS OF ANY PARTY HERETO IN THE NEGOTIATION, ADMINISTRATION, PERFORMANCE OR ENFORCEMENT HEREOF. Section 10.10 Governing Law. This Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the Laws of the State of Delaware (regardless of the Laws that might otherwise govern under applicable principles of conflicts of laws thereof) as to all matters, including matters of validity, construction, effect, performance and remedies. Section 10.11 Waiver of Conflicts; Privilege. (a) Each of the Parties acknowledges and agrees that Husch Blackwell LLP (“HB”) has acted as counsel to each of the Company and the Seller in connection with the negotiation of this Agreement and consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Buyer hereby 74 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
consents and agrees to, and agrees to cause the Company to consent and agree to, HB representing Seller and any of its Affiliates (for the avoidance of doubt, excluding the Company) (collectively, the “Seller Parties”) after the Closing, including with respect to disputes in which the interests of the Seller Parties may be directly adverse to Buyer and its Subsidiaries (including the Company). Buyer further consents and agrees to, and agrees to cause the Company to consent and agree to, the communication by HB to the Seller Parties in connection with any such representation of any fact known to HB arising by reason of HB’s prior representation of the Company in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. In connection with the foregoing, Buyer hereby irrevocably waives and agrees not to assert, and agrees to cause the Company to irrevocably waive and not to assert, any conflict of interest arising from or in connection with (i) HB’s prior representation of the Company in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and (ii) HB’s representation of the Seller Parties prior to and after the Closing in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. (b) Buyer further agrees, on behalf of itself and, after the Closing, on behalf of the Company, that all communications subject to any attorney-client privilege, attorney work-product protection or other similar protection for the benefit of the Seller Parties, in any form or format whatsoever between or among HB, on one hand, and the Company or any of its respective directors, officers, employees or other representatives, on the other hand, prior to the Closing that directly relate to the negotiation, documentation and consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or any dispute arising under this Agreement (collectively, the “Privileged Deal Communications”) will be deemed to be retained and owned collectively by the Seller Parties, will be controlled by Seller on behalf of the Seller Parties and will not pass to or be claimed by Buyer or the Company. (c) Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a dispute arises between Buyer or the Company, on the one hand, and a third party other than Seller, on the other hand, Buyer or the Company may assert the attorney-client privilege, attorney work-product protection or other similar protection for the benefit of the Seller Parties to prevent the disclosure of the Privileged Deal Communications to such third party; provided, however, that neither Buyer nor the Company may waive any such privilege held by the Seller Parties without the prior written consent of Seller, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed. If Buyer or the Company is legally required by any Order or otherwise to access or obtain a copy of all or a portion of the Privileged Deal Communications following the Closing, to the extent permitted by applicable Law, Buyer will as soon as reasonably practicable notify Seller in writing (including by making specific reference to this Section 10.11) so that Seller can seek a protective order and Buyer agrees to use commercially reasonable efforts, at the Seller Parties’ expense, to assist therewith. (d) To the extent that files or other materials maintained by HB that contain Privileged Deal Communications constitute property of its clients, only the Seller Parties will hold such property rights. Section 10.12 Specific Performance. The Parties acknowledge and agree that any breach of the terms of this Agreement would give rise to irreparable harm for which money damages would not be an adequate remedy and accordingly the Parties agree that, in addition to any other remedies, each Party will be entitled to enforce the terms of this Agreement by a decree of specific performance without the necessity of proving the inadequacy of money damages as a remedy. Each Party agrees to waive any requirement for the securing or posting of any bond in connection with such remedy. To the extent any Party hereto brings an Action to enforce specifically the performance of the terms and provisions of this Agreement (other than an action to enforce specifically any provision that expressly survives termination of this Agreement), the 75 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
Outside Date shall automatically be extended to the time period established by the court presiding over such Action. Section 10.13 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, each of which will be deemed to be an original, but all of which will constitute one and the same agreement. Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page to this Agreement by email transmission will be as effective as delivery of a manually executed counterpart of the Agreement. Section 10.14 Amendment; Modification; Waiver. This Agreement may be amended, modified or supplemented at any time only by written agreement of the Parties. Any provision of this Agreement may be waived if, but only if, such waiver is in writing and is signed by the Party against whom the waiver is to be effective. No waiver by any Party shall operate or be construed as a waiver in respect of any failure, breach or default not expressly identified by such written waiver, whether of a similar or different character, and whether occurring before or after that waiver. No failure to exercise, or delay in exercising, any right, remedy, power or privilege arising from this Agreement shall operate or be construed as a waiver thereof; nor shall any single or partial exercise of any right, remedy, power or privilege hereunder preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of any other right, remedy, power or privilege. Section 10.15 Schedules. Disclosure of any fact or item in any Schedule referenced by a particular Section in this Agreement will be deemed to have been disclosed with respect to every other Section in this Agreement where it is reasonably apparent on its face that such disclosure is relevant or applicable to such other Section. The specification of any dollar amount in the representations or warranties contained in this Agreement or the inclusion of any specific item in any Schedules is not intended to imply that such amounts, or higher or lower amounts or the items so included or other items, are or are not material, and no Party will use the fact of the setting of such amounts or the inclusion of any such item in any dispute or controversy as to whether any obligation, item or matter not described herein or included in a Schedule is or is not material for purposes of this Agreement. Section 10.16 Non-Party Affiliates. This Agreement may only be enforced against, and any Action based upon, arising out of, or related to this Agreement, or the negotiation, execution or performance of this Agreement, may only be brought against, the entities that are expressly named as parties hereto and then only with respect to the specific obligations set forth herein with respect to such party. No past, present or future director, officer, employee, incorporator, manager, member, general or limited partner, shareholder, equityholder, controlling person, affiliate, agent, attorney or other representative of any party hereto or any of their successors or permitted assigns or any direct or indirect director, officer, employee, incorporator, manager, member, general or limited partner, shareholder, equityholder, controlling person, affiliate, agent, attorney, Representative, successor or permitted assign of any of the foregoing (each, a “Non-Recourse Party”), shall have any liability for any obligations or liabilities of any party hereto under this Agreement or for any claim or action based on, in respect of or by reason of the transactions contemplated hereby or in respect of any written or oral representations made or alleged to be made in connection herewith (whether in tort, contract or otherwise). Without limiting the rights of any party to this Agreement against any other party hereto, in no event shall any party or any of its Affiliates seek to enforce this Agreement against, make any claims for breach of this Agreement against, or seek to recover monetary damages from, any Non-Recourse Party. Section 10.17 Financing Related Parties. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement, each of the Parties hereto: (a) agrees that it will not bring or support any person, or permit any of its affiliates to bring or support any person, in any action, suit, proceeding, cause of action, claim, cross-claim or third-party claim of any kind or description, whether in law or in equity, whether in contract or in tort or otherwise, against any actual or potential sources of the Buyer Financing, their affiliates and former, current and future directors, officers, managers, members, stockholders, equity holders, partners, 76 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
employees, agents, representatives, successors and permitted assigns (the “Financing Related Parties”) in any way relating to this Agreement or any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including, but not limited to, any dispute arising out of or relating in any way to any Buyer Financing or the performance thereof or the financings contemplated thereby, in any forum other than the federal and New York State courts located in the Borough of Manhattan within the City of New York; (b) agrees that, except as specifically set forth in the definitive agreement for any Buyer Financing, all Actions (whether at law, in equity, in contract, in tort or otherwise) against any of the Financing Related Parties in any way relating to any Buyer Financing or the performance thereof or the financings contemplated thereby, shall be exclusively governed by, and construed in accordance with, the internal laws of the State of New York, without giving effect to principles or rules of conflict of laws to the extent such principles or rules would require or permit the application of laws of another jurisdiction; and (c) HEREBY IRREVOCABLY AND UNCONDITIONALLY WAIVES ANY RIGHT SUCH PARTY MAY HAVE TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN RESPECT OF ANY LITIGATION (WHETHER AT LAW OR IN EQUITY, IN CONTRACT, IN TORT OR OTHERWISE) DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING IN ANY WAY TO ANY BUYER FINANCING. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement, the Financing Related Parties are intended third-party beneficiaries of, and shall be entitled to the protections of this provision and Section 10.3 to the same extent as if the Financing Related Parties were parties to this Agreement. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, Section 10.16 and this Section 10.17 may not be amended, modified or supplemented, or any of its provisions waived in a manner that is adverse in any respect to any Financing Related Parties without the written consent of the Financing Related Parties, which consent may be granted or withheld in the sole discretion of the Financing Related Parties. [Signature pages follow.] 77 US 167664346 HB: 4845-7978-5147.2


 
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have caused this Membership Interest Purchase Agreement to be executed as of the date first above written. SELLER: ASSOCIATED BANK, N.A. By: Name: Philip B. Flynn Title: President and Chief Executive Officer (Signature Page to Purchase Agreement)


 


 


 
EX-10


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 

Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATION UNDER SECTION 302 OF THE
SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
CERTIFICATIONS
I, Philip B. Flynn, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Associated Banc-Corp;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
Date: May 11, 2020 /s/ Philip B. Flynn
Philip B. Flynn
President and Chief Executive Officer



Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATION UNDER SECTION 302 OF THE
SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
CERTIFICATIONS
I, Christopher J. Del Moral-Niles, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Associated Banc-Corp;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
Date: May 11, 2020 /s/ Christopher J. Del Moral-Niles
Christopher J. Del Moral-Niles
Chief Financial Officer



Exhibit 32
Certification by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial
Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant
to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, each of the undersigned officers of Associated Banc-Corp, a Wisconsin corporation (the “Company”), does hereby certify that:
1. The accompanying Quarterly Report of the Company on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 (the “Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
2. Information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
 
/s/ Philip B. Flynn
Philip B. Flynn
Chief Executive Officer
May 11, 2020
 
/s/ Christopher J. Del Moral-Niles
Christopher J. Del Moral-Niles
Chief Financial Officer
May 11, 2020