Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note A. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of CNA Financial Corporation (CNAF) and its subsidiaries. Collectively, CNAF and its subsidiaries are referred to as CNA or the Company. Loews Corporation (Loews) owned approximately 90% of the outstanding common stock of CNAF as of December 31, 2022.
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). Intercompany amounts have been eliminated. The preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from those estimates.
Accounting Standards Updates (ASU) Pending Adoption
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12, Financial Services-Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts. The updated accounting guidance requires changes to the measurement and disclosure of long-duration contracts. For the Company, this includes the long term care business. Entities will be required to review, and update if there is a change, cash flow assumptions (including morbidity and persistency) at least annually, and to update discount rate assumptions quarterly using an upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yield. The effect of changes in cash flow assumptions will be recorded in the Company's results of operations and the effect of changes in discount rate assumptions will be recorded in Other comprehensive income. The guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted, and may be applied using either a modified retrospective transition method or a full retrospective transition method. Financial statements for prior periods presented shall be adjusted to reflect the effects of applying the new accounting guidance.
The Company will adopt the new guidance effective January 1, 2023, using the modified retrospective method applied as of the transition date of January 1, 2021. The Company will use a published spot rate curve constructed from A+, A and A- rated U.S. dollar denominated corporate bonds matched to the duration of the corresponding insurance liabilities, to calculate discount rates. The Company will group its long-duration contracts into calendar year cohorts based on the contract issue date.
The most significant impact at the transition date will be the effect of updating the discount rate assumption to reflect an upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yield, which will be partially offset by the de-recognition of Shadow Adjustments associated with long-duration contracts. The Company expects the net impact of these changes will be a decrease of approximately $2.3 billion in Accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) as of the transition date of January 1, 2021. There is a minimal transition impact expected to retained earnings.
The requirement to review, and update if there is a change, cash flow assumptions at least annually is expected to change the pattern of earnings being recognized. Adoption will also significantly expand the Company’s disclosures, and will impact systems, processes, and controls. While the requirements of the new guidance represent a material change from existing GAAP, the new guidance will not impact capital and surplus under statutory accounting practices, cash flows, or the underlying economics of the business.
In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-05, Financial Services-Insurance (Topic 944): Transition for Sold Contracts. This guidance permits companies to make an election to exclude from the scope of ASU 2018-12 any insurance contracts that have been de-recognized prior to the effective date of ASU 2018-12, assuming that the company has no significant continuing involvement with the de-recognized contracts. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company novated its block of legacy annuity business, which was fully-ceded prior
to novation. The Company plans to elect the ASU 2022-05 transition relief, and will exclude the novated legacy annuity business from the scope of ASU 2018-12.
The Company continues to make progress on its implementation activities and is in the process of reviewing restated results, and finalizing updates to internal controls associated with adoption of the new guidance.
Insurance Operations
Premiums: Insurance premiums on property and casualty insurance contracts are recognized in proportion to the underlying risk insured and are principally earned ratably over the term of the policies. Premiums on long term care contracts are earned ratably over the policy year in which they are due. The reserve for unearned premiums represents the portion of premiums written relating to the unexpired terms of coverage.
Property and casualty contracts that are retrospectively rated or subject to audit premiums contain provisions that result in an adjustment to the initial policy premium depending on the contract provisions. These provisions stipulate the adjustment due to loss experience of the insured during the coverage period, or changes in the level of exposure to insurance risk. For such contracts, the Company estimates the amount of ultimate premiums that the Company may earn upon completion of the coverage period and recognizes either an asset or a liability for the difference between the initial policy premium and the estimated ultimate premium. The Company either adjusts such estimated ultimate premium amounts during the course of the coverage period based on actual results to date, or by conducting premium audits after the policy has expired to determine the final exposure to insured risks. The resulting adjustment is recorded as either a reduction of or an increase to the earned premiums for the period.
Insurance receivables include balances due currently or in the future, including amounts due from insureds related to paid losses under high deductible policies, and are presented at unpaid balances, net of an allowance for uncollectible receivables. A loss rate methodology is used to determine expected credit losses for premium receivables. This methodology uses the Company’s historical annual credit losses relative to gross premium written to develop a range of credit loss rates for each dollar of gross written premium underwritten. Additionally, an expected credit loss for amounts due from insureds under high deductible and retrospectively rated policies is calculated on a pool basis, informed by historical default rate data obtained from major rating agencies. Changes in the allowance are presented as a component of Other operating expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Amounts are considered past due based on policy payment terms. Insurance receivables and any related allowance are written off after collection efforts are exhausted or a negotiated settlement is reached. See the Credit Losses section of this note for additional information on the Company’s allowances for expected credit losses.
Claim and claim adjustment expense reserves: Claim and claim adjustment expense reserves, except reserves for structured settlements not associated with asbestos and environmental pollution (A&EP), workers' compensation lifetime claims and long term care claims, are not discounted and are based on i) case basis estimates for losses reported on direct business, adjusted in the aggregate for ultimate loss expectations; ii) estimates of incurred but not reported (IBNR) losses; iii) estimates of losses on assumed reinsurance; iv) estimates of future expenses to be incurred in the settlement of claims; v) estimates of salvage and subrogation recoveries and vi) estimates of amounts due from insureds related to losses under high deductible policies. Management considers current conditions and trends as well as past Company and industry experience in establishing these estimates. The effects of inflation, which can be significant, are implicitly considered in the reserving process and are part of the recorded reserve balance. Ceded claim and claim adjustment expense reserves are reported as a component of Reinsurance receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Claim and claim adjustment expense reserves are presented net of anticipated amounts due from insureds related to losses under deductible policies of $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. A significant portion of these amounts are supported by collateral. The Company has an allowance for uncollectible deductible amounts, which is presented as a component of the allowance for doubtful accounts included in Insurance receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Structured settlements have been negotiated for certain property and casualty insurance claims. Structured settlements are agreements to provide fixed periodic payments to claimants. The Company's obligations for structured settlements not funded by annuities are included in claim and claim adjustment expense reserves and
are discounted at a weighted average interest rate of 6.4% as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the discounted reserves for unfunded structured settlements were $485 million and $503 million, net of discount of $590 million and $621 million. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the amount of interest recognized on the discounted reserves of unfunded structured settlements was $36 million, $36 million and $35 million, respectively. This interest accretion is presented as a component of Insurance claims and policyholders’ benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Operations, but is excluded from the Company’s disclosure of prior year loss reserve development.
Workers' compensation lifetime claim reserves are calculated using mortality assumptions determined through statutory regulation and economic factors. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, workers' compensation lifetime claim reserves are discounted at a 3.5% interest rate. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the discounted reserves for workers’ compensation lifetime claim reserves were $211 million and $228 million, net of discount of $93 million and $97 million. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the amount of interest accretion recognized on the discounted reserves of workers’ compensation lifetime claim reserves was $9 million, $12 million and $15 million, respectively. This interest accretion is presented as a component of Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Operations, but is excluded from the Company's disclosure of prior year loss reserve development.
Long term care claim reserves for policyholders that are currently receiving benefits are calculated using mortality and morbidity assumptions based on Company and industry experience. These long term care claim reserves are discounted at a weighted average interest rate of 5.9% and 5.8% as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, such discounted reserves totaled $2.8 billion and $2.7 billion, net of discount of $450 million and $428 million.
Future policy benefit reserves: Future policy benefit reserves represent the active life reserves related to the Company's long term care policies for policyholders that are not currently receiving benefits and are computed using the net level premium method, which incorporates actuarial assumptions as to morbidity, persistency, inclusive of mortality, discount rate, future premium rate adjustments and expenses. Expense assumptions primarily relate to claim adjudication. These assumptions are locked in over the life of the policy; however if a premium deficiency emerges, the assumptions are unlocked and the future policy benefit reserves are increased. The September 30, 2022 gross premium valuation (GPV) indicated that recorded reserves included a margin of approximately $125 million. Long term care active life reserves for policy holders not currently receiving benefits are discounted at a weighted average interest rate of 5.3% as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
In circumstances where the cash flow projections supporting future policy benefit reserves are expected to result in profits being recognized in early future years followed by losses in later future years, the future policy benefit reserves are increased by an amount necessary to offset losses that are projected to be recognized in later future years. The Company has not recorded additional future policy benefit reserves for profits followed by losses.
Insurance-related assessments: Liabilities for insurance-related assessments are accrued when an assessment is probable, when it can be reasonably estimated and when the event obligating the entity to pay an imposed or probable assessment has occurred. Liabilities for insurance-related assessments are not discounted and are included as part of Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the liability balances were $74 million and $79 million.
Reinsurance: Reinsurance accounting allows for contractual cash flows to be reflected as premiums and losses. To qualify for reinsurance accounting, reinsurance agreements must include risk transfer. To meet risk transfer requirements, a reinsurance contract must include both insurance risk, consisting of underwriting and timing risk, and a reasonable possibility of a significant loss for the assuming entity.
Reinsurance receivables related to paid losses are presented at unpaid balances. Reinsurance receivables related to unpaid losses are estimated in a manner consistent with claim and claim adjustment expense reserves or future policy benefit reserves. Reinsurance receivables are reported net of an allowance for uncollectible amounts on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The cost of reinsurance is primarily accounted for over the life of the underlying reinsured policies using assumptions consistent with those used to account for the underlying policies or over the reinsurance contract period. The ceding of insurance does not discharge the primary liability of the Company.
The Company has established an allowance for uncollectible reinsurance receivables which relates to both amounts already billed on ceded paid losses as well as ceded reserves that will be billed when losses are paid in the future. For assessing expected credit losses, the Company separates reinsurance receivables into two pools: voluntary reinsurance receivables and involuntary receivables related to mandatory pools. The Company has not recorded an allowance for involuntary pools as there is no perceived credit risk. The principal credit quality indicator used in the valuation of the allowance on voluntary reinsurance receivables is the financial strength rating of the reinsurer sourced from major rating agencies. If the reinsurer is unrated, an internal financial strength rating is assigned based on the Company’s historical loss experience and the Company’s assessment of reinsurance counterparty risk profile, which generally corresponds with a B rating. Reinsurer financial strength ratings are updated and reviewed on an annual basis or sooner if the Company becomes aware of significant changes related to a reinsurer. The allowance for uncollectible reinsurance receivables is estimated on the basis of periodic evaluations of balances due from reinsurers, reinsurer financial strength rating and solvency, industry experience and current and forecast economic conditions. Because billed receivables generally approximate 5% or less of total reinsurance receivables, the age of the reinsurance receivables related to paid losses is not a significant input into the allowance analysis. Changes in the allowance for uncollectible reinsurance receivables are presented as a component of Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See the Credit Losses section of this note for additional information on the Company's allowances for expected credit losses.
Amounts are considered past due based on the reinsurance contract terms. Reinsurance receivables related to paid losses and any related allowance are written off after collection efforts have been exhausted or a negotiated settlement is reached with the reinsurer. Reinsurance receivables from insolvent insurers related to paid losses are written off when the settlement due from the estate can be reasonably estimated. At the time reinsurance receivables related to paid losses are written off, any required adjustment to reinsurance receivables related to unpaid losses is recorded as a component of Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
A loss portfolio transfer is a retroactive reinsurance contract. If the cumulative claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses ceded under a loss portfolio transfer exceed the consideration paid, the resulting gain from such excess is deferred and amortized into earnings in future periods in proportion to actual recoveries under the loss portfolio transfer. In any period in which there is a revised estimate of claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses and the loss portfolio transfer is in a gain position, the deferred gain is recalculated as if the revised estimate was available at the inception date of the loss portfolio transfer and the change in the deferred gain is recognized in earnings.
Deferred acquisition costs: Deferrable acquisition costs include commissions, premium taxes and certain underwriting and policy issuance costs which are incremental direct costs of successful contract acquisitions. Acquisition costs related to property and casualty business are deferred and amortized ratably over the period the related premiums are earned. Deferred acquisition costs are presented net of ceding commissions and other ceded acquisition costs.
The Company evaluates deferred acquisition costs for recoverability. Anticipated investment income is considered in the determination of the recoverability of deferred acquisition costs. Adjustments, if necessary, are recorded in current period results of operations.
Policyholder dividends: Policyholder dividends are paid to participating policyholders within the workers' compensation and surety lines of business. Net written premiums for participating dividend policies were approximately 2%, 1% and 1% of total net written premiums for each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Dividends to policyholders are accrued according to the Company's best estimate of the amount to be paid in accordance with contractual provisions and applicable state laws. Dividends to policyholders are presented as a component of Insurance claims & policyholders' benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Investments
The Company classifies its fixed maturity securities as either available-for-sale or trading, and as such, they are carried at fair value. Changes in fair value of trading securities are reported within Net investment income on
the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Changes in fair value related to available-for-sale securities are reported as a component of Other comprehensive income.
The cost of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, which are included in Net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The amortization of premium and accretion of discount for fixed maturity securities takes into consideration call and maturity dates that produce the lowest yield.
For asset-backed securities included in fixed maturity securities, the Company recognizes income using an effective yield based on anticipated prepayments and the estimated economic life of the securities. When estimates of prepayments change, the effective yield is recalculated to reflect actual payments to date and anticipated future payments predominantly using the retrospective method.
To the extent that unrealized gains on fixed maturity securities supporting long term care reserves would result in a premium deficiency if realized, a related increase in Insurance reserves is recorded, net of tax, as a reduction of net unrealized gains (losses), through Other comprehensive income (loss). To the extent that unrealized gains or losses on fixed maturity securities supporting structured settlements not funded by annuities would impact the reserve balance if realized, a related increase or decrease in Insurance reserves is recorded, net of tax, as a reduction or increase of net unrealized gains (losses), through Other comprehensive income (Shadow Adjustments). Shadow Adjustments, net of tax, decreased $2,416 million and $296 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, net unrealized gains on investments included in AOCI were correspondingly reduced by Shadow Adjustments of $61 million and $2,477 million, respectively.
Equity securities are carried at fair value. The Company's non-redeemable preferred stock contain characteristics of debt securities, are priced similarly to bonds and are held primarily for income generation through periodic dividends. While recognition of gains and losses on these securities is not discretionary, management does not consider the changes in fair value of non-redeemable preferred stock to be reflective of our primary operations. As such, the changes in the fair value of these securities are recorded through Net investment gains (losses) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company owns certain common stock with the intention of holding the securities primarily for market appreciation and as such, the changes in the fair value of these securities are recorded through Net investment income.
The Company's carrying value of investments in limited partnerships is its share of the net asset value of each partnership, as determined by the general partner. Certain partnerships for which results are not available on a timely basis are reported on a lag, primarily three months or less. Changes in net asset values are accounted for under the equity method and recorded within Net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Mortgage loans are commercial in nature, are carried at unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized fees and an allowance for expected credit losses, and are recorded once funded. The allowance for expected credit losses is developed by assessing the credit quality of pools of mortgage loans in good standing using debt service coverage ratios (DSCR) and loan-to-value ratios (LTV). The DSCR compares a property’s net operating income to its debt service payments, including principal and interest. The LTV ratio compares the current unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated fair value of the underlying property collateralizing the loan. The pools developed to measure the credit loss allowance use increments of DSCR and LTV to draw distinctions between risk levels. The Company applies expected credit loss rates by pool to the outstanding receivable balances. Changes in the allowance for mortgage loans are presented as a component of Net investment gains (losses) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See the Credit Losses section of this note for additional information on the Company’s allowances for expected credit losses. Interest income from mortgage loans is recognized on an accrual basis using the effective yield method.
Other invested assets include overseas deposits. Overseas deposits are valued using the net asset value per share (or equivalent) practical expedient. They are primarily short-term government securities, agency securities and corporate bonds held in trusts that are managed by Lloyd's of London. These funds are required of Lloyd's syndicates to protect policyholders in overseas markets and may be denominated in local currency.
Short term investments are carried at fair value, with the exception of cash accounts earning interest, which are carried at cost and approximate fair value. Changes in fair value are reported as a component of Other comprehensive income.
Purchases and sales of all securities are recorded on the trade date, except for private placement securities, including bank loan participations, which are recorded once funded. Net investment gains and losses are determined on the basis of the cost or amortized cost of the specific securities sold.
In the normal course of investing activities, the Company enters into relationships with variable interest entities (VIEs), as both an investor in limited partnerships and asset-backed securities issued by third-party VIEs. The Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs, and therefore does not consolidate them. The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE based on a qualitative assessment of the relative power and benefits of the Company and the other participants in the VIE. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss with respect to these investments is limited to the investment carrying values included in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and any unfunded commitments.
An available-for-sale security is impaired if the fair value of the security is less than its cost adjusted for accretion, amortization and allowance for credit losses. When a security is impaired, it is evaluated to determine whether the Company intends to sell the security before recovery of amortized cost or whether a credit loss exists. Losses on securities that the Company intends to sell are recognized as impairment losses within Net investment gains (losses) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. If a credit loss exists, an allowance is established and the corresponding amount is recognized as an impairment loss within Net investment gains (losses) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The allowance for credit losses related to available-for-sale fixed maturity securities is the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. In subsequent periods, the allowance is reviewed, with any changes in the allowance presented as a component of Net investment gains (losses) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Changes in the difference between the amortized cost basis, net of the allowance, and the fair value, are recognized in Other comprehensive income.
Significant judgment is required in the determination of whether an impairment loss has occurred for a security. The Company follows a consistent and systematic process for determining and recording an impairment loss, including the evaluation of securities in an unrealized loss position and securities with an allowance for credit losses on at least a quarterly basis.
The Company’s assessment of whether an impairment loss has occurred incorporates both quantitative and qualitative information. A credit loss exists if the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis. Significant assumptions enter into these cash flow projections including delinquency rates, probable risk of default, loss severity upon a default, over collateralization and interest coverage triggers and credit support from lower level tranches. The Company considers all available evidence when determining whether an investment requires a credit loss write-down or allowance to be recorded. Examples of such evidence may include the financial condition and near-term and long-term prospects of the issuer, whether the issuer is current with interest and principal payments, credit ratings on the security or changes in ratings over time, general market conditions and industry, sector or other specific factors and whether it is likely that the Company will recover its amortized cost through the collection of cash flows. See the Credit Losses section of this note for additional information on the Company’s allowances for expected credit losses.
Credit Losses
The allowances for credit losses on fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans, reinsurance receivables and insurance receivables are valuation accounts that are reported as a reduction of a financial asset’s cost basis and are measured on a pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Management estimates the allowance using relevant available information from both internal and external sources. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses and adjustments may be made to reflect current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for any additional factors that come to the Company’s attention. This could include significant shifts in
counterparty financial strength ratings, aging of past due receivables, amounts sent to collection agencies, or other underlying portfolio changes. Amounts are considered past due when payments have not been received according to contractual terms. The Company also considers current and forecast economic conditions, using a variety of economic metrics and forecast indices. The sensitivity of expected credit losses relative to changes to these forecast economic conditions can vary by financial asset class. The Company considers a reasonable and supportable forecast period to be up to 24 months from the balance sheet date. After the forecast period, the Company reverts to historical credit experience. The Company uses collateral arrangements such as letters of credit and amounts held in beneficiary trusts to mitigate credit risk, which are considered in the estimate of net amount expected to be collected. Amounts are written off against the allowance when determined to be uncollectible.
The Company has made a policy election to present accrued interest balances separately from the amortized cost basis of assets and has elected the practical expedient to exclude the accrued interest from the tabular disclosures for mortgage loans and available-for-sale securities. The Company has elected not to estimate an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable. The accrual of interest income is discontinued and the asset is placed on nonaccrual status within 90 days of the interest becoming delinquent. Interest accrued but not received for assets on nonaccrual status is reversed through investment income. Interest received for assets that are on nonaccrual status is recognized as payment is received. The asset is returned to accrual status when the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are expected. Interest receivable is presented as a component of accrued investment income on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Deferred Non-Insurance Warranty Revenue and Acquisition Expense
Non-insurance warranty revenue is primarily generated from separately-priced service contracts that provide mechanical breakdown and other coverages to vehicle or consumer goods owners. The warranty contracts generally provide coverage from 1 month to 10 years. For warranty products where the Company acts as the principal in the transaction, Non-insurance warranty revenue is reported on a gross basis, with amounts paid by customers reported as Non-insurance warranty revenue and commissions paid to agents reported as Non-insurance warranty expense.
Non-insurance warranty revenue is reported net of any premiums related to contractual liability coverage issued by the Company's insurance operations. Additionally, the Company provides warranty administration services for dealer and manufacturer obligor warranty products, which include limited warranties and guaranteed asset protection waivers. The Company recognizes Non-insurance warranty revenue over the service period in proportion to the actuarially determined expected claims emergence pattern. Customers predominantly pay in full at the inception of the warranty contract. The liability for deferred revenue represents the unearned portion of revenue in advance of the Company's performance. The deferred revenue balance includes amounts which are refundable on a pro rata basis upon cancellation.
Dealers, retailers and agents earn commission for assisting the Company in obtaining non-insurance warranty contracts. Additionally, the Company utilizes third-parties to perform warranty administrator services for its consumer goods warranties. These costs, which are deferred and recorded as Deferred non-insurance warranty acquisition expense, are amortized to Non-insurance warranty expense consistent with how the related revenue is recognized. The Company evaluates deferred costs for recoverability including consideration of anticipated investment income. Adjustments to deferred costs, if necessary, are recorded in the current period results of operations.
Income Taxes
The Company and its eligible subsidiaries (CNA Tax Group) are included in the consolidated federal income tax return of Loews and its eligible subsidiaries. The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the financial statement and tax return bases of assets and liabilities, based on enacted tax rates and other provisions of the tax law. The effect of a change in tax laws or rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period in which such change is enacted. Future tax benefits are recognized to the extent that realization of such benefits is more likely than not, and a valuation allowance is
established for any portion of a deferred tax asset that management believes will not be realized. The Company releases tax effects from AOCI utilizing the security-by-security approach for Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments with an allowance for credit losses and Net unrealized gains (losses) on other investments. For Pension and postretirement benefits, tax effects from AOCI are released at enacted tax rates based on the pre-tax adjustments to pension liabilities or assets recognized within Other comprehensive income.
Pension and Postretirement Benefits
The Company recognizes the overfunded or underfunded status of its defined benefit plans in Other assets or Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in funded status related to prior service costs and credits, and actuarial gains and losses arising from differences between actual experience and actuarial assumptions, are recognized in the year in which the changes occur through Other comprehensive income. Unrecognized actuarial gains and losses in excess of 10% of the greater of the beginning of the year projected benefit obligation or fair value of plan assets (the corridor) are amortized as a component of net periodic pension cost (benefit) over the average remaining life expectancy of the plan participants. Annual service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of prior service costs and credits and amortization of actuarial gains and losses are recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The vested benefit obligation for the CNA Retirement Plan is determined based on eligible compensation and accrued service for previously entitled employees. Effective June 30, 2015, future benefit accruals under the CNA Retirement Plan were eliminated and the benefit obligations were frozen.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company records compensation expense using the fair value method for all awards it grants, modifies or cancels primarily on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, generally three years.
Foreign Currency
The Company's foreign subsidiaries' balance sheet accounts are translated at the exchange rates in effect at each reporting date and income statement accounts are either translated at the exchange rates on the date of the transaction or at average exchange rates. Foreign currency translation gains and losses are reflected in Stockholders' equity as a component of AOCI. Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) of $(22) million, less than $(1) million and $13 million were included in determining Net income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Leases
A lease provides the lessee the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Operating lease right-of-use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities are included in Other assets and Other liabilities on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Most operating leases contain renewal options that provide for rent increases based on prevailing market conditions. Certain leases contain options to terminate before maturity. The lease term used to calculate the ROU asset includes any renewal options or lease termination options that the Company expects to exercise. The discount rate used to determine the commencement date present value of lease payments is typically the Company’s secured borrowing rate, as most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate. ROU assets include any lease payments required to be made prior to commencement and exclude lease incentives. The Company has elected to account for its lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. The Company’s non-lease components consist of variable lease costs not based on an index or rate and are excluded from the measurement of ROU assets and lease liabilities. Variable lease costs not based on an index or rate are treated as period costs, and represent charges for services provided by the landlord and the Company's reimbursement to the landlord for costs such as real estate taxes and insurance.
The Company occupies office facilities under lease agreements that expire at various dates. The Company's lease agreements do not contain significant residual value guarantees, restrictions or covenants. The Company does not have any significant finance leases.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is based on the estimated useful lives of the various classes of property and equipment and is determined principally on the straight-line method. Furniture and fixtures are depreciated over seven years. Office equipment is depreciated over five years. The estimated lives for data processing equipment and software generally range from three to five years, but can be as long as ten years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the corresponding lease terms not to exceed the underlying asset life.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net assets of acquired entities and businesses. Goodwill in the International segment may change from period to period as a result of foreign currency translation.
Goodwill is tested for impairment annually or when certain triggering events require such tests. As a result of reviews completed for the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company determined that the estimated fair value of the reporting units were in excess of their carrying value including Goodwill. Changes in future periods in assumptions about the level of economic capital, business growth, earnings projections or the weighted average cost of capital could result in goodwill impairment.
Other Intangible Assets
Other intangible assets are reported within Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Indefinite-lived other intangible assets are tested for impairment annually or when certain triggering events require such tests.
Earnings (Loss) Per Share Data
Earnings (loss) per share is based on weighted average number of outstanding common shares. Basic earnings (loss) per share excludes the impact of dilutive securities and is computed by dividing Net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock.
For each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, approximately 1 million potential shares attributable to exercises or conversions into common stock under stock-based employee compensation plans were included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share. Excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per share is the impact of potential shares attributable to exercises or conversions into common stock under stock-based employee compensation plans that would have been antidilutive during the respective periods.
Supplementary Cash Flow Information
Cash payments made for interest were $109 million, $110 million and $124 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Cash payments made for income taxes were $277 million, $278 million and $108 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Note B. Investments
The significant components of Net investment income are presented in the following table.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Years ended December 31 | | | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
Fixed maturity securities | $ | 1,787 | | | $ | 1,707 | | | $ | 1,728 | |
Equity securities | 23 | | | 83 | | | 65 | |
Limited partnership investments | (12) | | | 362 | | | 121 | |
Mortgage loans | 54 | | | 61 | | | 57 | |
Short term investments | 16 | | | 1 | | | 9 | |
Trading portfolio | 4 | | | 9 | | | 18 | |
Other | 5 | | | — | | | 1 | |
Gross investment income | 1,877 | | | 2,223 | | | 1,999 | |
Investment expense | (72) | | | (64) | | | (64) | |
Net investment income | $ | 1,805 | | | $ | 2,159 | | | $ | 1,935 | |
Net investment income (loss) recognized due to the change in fair value of common stock held as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | $ | 47 | | | $ | 28 | | | $ | 34 | |
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company held $0 and less than $1 million of non-income producing fixed maturity securities. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company held $7 million of non-income producing mortgage loans. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, no investments in a single issuer exceeded 10% of stockholders' equity, other than investments in securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and obligations of government-sponsored enterprises.
Net investment gains (losses) are presented in the following table.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Years ended December 31 | | | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
Net investment gains (losses): | | | | | |
Fixed maturity securities: | | | | | |
Gross gains | $ | 120 | | | $ | 186 | | | $ | 220 | |
Gross losses | (261) | | | (90) | | | (220) | |
Net investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities | (141) | | | 96 | | | — | |
Equity securities | (116) | | | 4 | | | (3) | |
Derivatives | 64 | | | 6 | | | (10) | |
Mortgage loans | (8) | | | 10 | | | (21) | |
Short term investments and other | 2 | | | 4 | | | (20) | |
Net investment gains (losses) | $ | (199) | | | $ | 120 | | | $ | (54) | |
Net investment gains (losses) recognized due to the change in fair value of non-redeemable preferred stock held as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | $ | (75) | | | $ | 2 | | | $ | (3) | |
Net investment gains (losses) for the year ended December 31, 2022 in the table above include an $18 million net gain related to the novation of a coinsurance agreement on the Company’s legacy annuity business, which was transacted on a funds withheld basis and gave rise to an embedded derivative. The net gain of $18 million is comprised of a $62 million gain on the associated embedded derivative partially offset by a $44 million loss on fixed maturity securities supporting the funds withheld liability, transferred with the novation, to recognize unrealized losses which had been included in AOCI since the inception of the coinsurance agreement. Taken together, this net gain is the final recognition of changes in the valuation of the funds held assets and offsets previously recognized net investment losses on the associated embedded derivative.
Short term investments and other included a $20 million loss for the year ended December 31, 2020 related to the redemption of the Company's $400 million senior notes due August 2021.
The components of available-for-sale impairment losses (gains) recognized in earnings by asset type are presented in the following table. The table includes losses (gains) on securities with an intention to sell and changes in the allowance for credit losses on securities since acquisition date.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Years ended December 31 | | | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale: | | | | | |
Corporate and other bonds | $ | 62 | | | $ | 11 | | | $ | 87 | |
Asset-backed | — | | | 20 | | | 24 | |
Impairment losses (gains) recognized in earnings | $ | 62 | | | $ | 31 | | | $ | 111 | |
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 the Company also recognized $8 million of losses,$10 million of gains and $21 million of losses related to mortgage loans primarily due to changes in expected credit losses.
The net change in unrealized gains on fixed maturity securities was $(7,850) million, $(1,272) million and $1,637 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
The following tables present a summary of fixed maturity securities.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2022 | Cost or Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Gains | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Allowance for Credit Losses | | Estimated Fair Value |
(In millions) | | | | |
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale: | | | | | | | | | |
Corporate and other bonds | $ | 23,137 | | | $ | 301 | | | $ | 2,009 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 21,429 | |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 8,918 | | | 338 | | | 939 | | | — | | | 8,317 | |
Asset-backed: | | | | | | | | | |
Residential mortgage-backed | 3,073 | | | 5 | | | 447 | | | — | | | 2,631 | |
Commercial mortgage-backed | 1,886 | | | 4 | | | 255 | | | — | | | 1,635 | |
Other asset-backed | 3,287 | | | 2 | | | 361 | | | 1 | | | 2,927 | |
Total asset-backed | 8,246 | | | 11 | | | 1,063 | | | 1 | | | 7,193 | |
U.S. Treasury and obligations of government-sponsored enterprises | 111 | | | 1 | | | 2 | | | — | | | 110 | |
Foreign government | 617 | | | 1 | | | 43 | | | — | | | 575 | |
Redeemable preferred stock | 3 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 3 | |
Total fixed maturity securities available-for-sale | 41,032 | | | 652 | | | 4,056 | | | 1 | | | 37,627 | |
Total fixed maturity securities trading | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
Total fixed maturity securities | $ | 41,032 | | | $ | 652 | | | $ | 4,056 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 37,627 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2021 | Cost or Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Gains | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Allowance for Credit Losses | | Estimated Fair Value |
(In millions) | | | | |
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale: | | | | | | | | | |
Corporate and other bonds | $ | 21,444 | | | $ | 2,755 | | | $ | 56 | | | $ | 11 | | | $ | 24,132 | |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 10,358 | | | 1,599 | | | 14 | | | — | | | 11,943 | |
Asset-backed: | | | | | | | | | |
Residential mortgage-backed | 2,893 | | | 71 | | | 8 | | | — | | | 2,956 | |
Commercial mortgage-backed | 1,987 | | | 63 | | | 19 | | | — | | | 2,031 | |
Other asset-backed | 2,561 | | | 54 | | | 10 | | | 7 | | | 2,598 | |
Total asset-backed | 7,441 | | | 188 | | | 37 | | | 7 | | | 7,585 | |
U.S. Treasury and obligations of government-sponsored enterprises | 132 | | | 1 | | | 3 | | | — | | | 130 | |
Foreign government | 570 | | | 15 | | | 2 | | | — | | | 583 | |
Redeemable preferred stock | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
Total fixed maturity securities available-for-sale | 39,945 | | | 4,558 | | | 112 | | | 18 | | | 44,373 | |
Total fixed maturity securities trading | 7 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 7 | |
Total fixed maturity securities | $ | 39,952 | | | $ | 4,558 | | | $ | 112 | | | $ | 18 | | | $ | 44,380 | |
The following tables present the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of fixed maturity securities in a gross unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded, by the length of time in which the securities have continuously been in that position.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Less than 12 Months | | 12 Months or Longer | | Total |
December 31, 2022 | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses |
(In millions) | | | | | |
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale: | | | | | | | | | | | |
Corporate and other bonds | $ | 15,946 | | | $ | 1,585 | | | $ | 1,634 | | | $ | 424 | | | $ | 17,580 | | | $ | 2,009 | |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 4,079 | | | 769 | | | 456 | | | 170 | | | 4,535 | | | 939 | |
Asset-backed: | | | | | | | | | | | |
Residential mortgage-backed | 1,406 | | | 144 | | | 1,143 | | | 303 | | | 2,549 | | | 447 | |
Commercial mortgage-backed | 1,167 | | | 159 | | | 408 | | | 96 | | | 1,575 | | | 255 | |
Other asset-backed | 2,087 | | | 262 | | | 542 | | | 99 | | | 2,629 | | | 361 | |
Total asset-backed | 4,660 | | | 565 | | | 2,093 | | | 498 | | | 6,753 | | | 1,063 | |
U.S. Treasury and obligations of government-sponsored enterprises | 76 | | | 1 | | | 16 | | | 1 | | | 92 | | | 2 | |
Foreign government | 473 | | | 26 | | | 78 | | | 17 | | | 551 | | | 43 | |
Total | $ | 25,234 | | | $ | 2,946 | | | $ | 4,277 | | | $ | 1,110 | | | $ | 29,511 | | | $ | 4,056 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Less than 12 Months | | 12 Months or Longer | | Total |
December 31, 2021 | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses |
(In millions) | | | | | |
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale: | | | | | | | | | | | |
Corporate and other bonds | $ | 2,389 | | | $ | 48 | | | $ | 136 | | | $ | 8 | | | $ | 2,525 | | | $ | 56 | |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 730 | | | 14 | | | — | | | — | | | 730 | | | 14 | |
Asset-backed: | | | | | | | | | | | |
Residential mortgage-backed | 1,043 | | | 8 | | | — | | | — | | | 1,043 | | | 8 | |
Commercial mortgage-backed | 527 | | | 7 | | | 167 | | | 12 | | | 694 | | | 19 | |
Other asset-backed | 840 | | | 10 | | | 62 | | | — | | | 902 | | | 10 | |
Total asset-backed | 2,410 | | | 25 | | | 229 | | | 12 | | | 2,639 | | | 37 | |
U.S. Treasury and obligations of government-sponsored enterprises | 69 | | | 3 | | | 5 | | | — | | | 74 | | | 3 | |
Foreign government | 97 | | | 2 | | | — | | | — | | | 97 | | | 2 | |
Total | $ | 5,695 | | | $ | 92 | | | $ | 370 | | | $ | 20 | | | $ | 6,065 | | | $ | 112 | |
The following table presents the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of fixed maturity securities in a gross unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded, by ratings distribution.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2022 | | December 31, 2021 |
(In millions) | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses |
U.S. Government, Government agencies and Government-sponsored enterprises | $ | 2,355 | | | $ | 337 | | | $ | 898 | | | $ | 8 | |
AAA | 1,559 | | | 298 | | | 368 | | | 6 | |
AA | 4,327 | | | 817 | | | 875 | | | 17 | |
A | 6,615 | | | 749 | | | 1,516 | | | 23 | |
BBB | 13,226 | | | 1,621 | | | 1,812 | | | 42 | |
Non-investment grade | 1,429 | | | 234 | | | 596 | | | 16 | |
Total | $ | 29,511 | | | $ | 4,056 | | | $ | 6,065 | | | $ | 112 | |
Based on current facts and circumstances, the Company believes the unrealized losses presented in the December 31, 2022 securities in a gross unrealized loss position tables above are not indicative of the ultimate collectibility of the current amortized cost of the securities, but rather are primarily attributable to changes in risk-free interest rates and a general market widening of credit spreads. In reaching this determination, the Company considered the recent volatility in risk-free rates and credit spreads as well as the fact that its unrealized losses are concentrated in investment grade issuers. Additionally, the Company has no current intent to sell securities with unrealized losses, nor is it more likely than not that it will be required to sell prior to recovery of amortized cost; accordingly, the Company has determined that there are no additional impairment losses to be recorded as of December 31, 2022.
The following tables present the activity related to the allowance on available-for-sale securities with credit impairments and purchased credit-deteriorated (PCD) assets. Accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities totaled $394 million and $369 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and is excluded from the estimate of expected credit losses and the amortized cost basis in the table included within this Note.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(In millions) | Corporate and other bonds | | Asset-backed | | Total |
Allowance for credit losses: | | | | | |
Balance as of January 1, 2022 | $ | 11 | | | $ | 7 | | | $ | 18 | |
Additions to the allowance for credit losses: | | | | | |
Securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded | — | | | — | | | — | |
Available-for-sale securities accounted for as PCD assets | — | | | 3 | | | 3 | |
| | | | | |
Reductions to the allowance for credit losses: | | | | | |
Securities sold during the period (realized) | — | | | — | | | — | |
| | | | | |
Write-offs charged against the allowance | 12 | | | — | | | 12 | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Additional increases or (decreases) to the allowance for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period | 1 | | | (9) | | | (8) | |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | — | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 1 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
(In millions) | Corporate and other bonds | | Asset-backed | | Total |
Allowance for credit losses: | | | | | |
Balance as of January 1, 2021 | $ | 23 | | | $ | 17 | | | $ | 40 | |
Additions to the allowance for credit losses: | | | | | |
Securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded | 14 | | | — | | | 14 | |
Available-for-sale securities accounted for as PCD assets | 5 | | | 6 | | | 11 | |
| | | | | |
Reductions to the allowance for credit losses: | | | | | |
Securities sold during the period (realized) | 7 | | | 17 | | | 24 | |
| | | | | |
Write-offs charged against the allowance | 16 | | | — | | | 16 | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Additional increases or (decreases) to the allowance for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period | (8) | | | 1 | | | (7) | |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 11 | | | $ | 7 | | | $ | 18 | |
Contractual Maturity
The following table presents available-for-sale fixed maturity securities by contractual maturity.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31 | 2022 | | 2021 |
(In millions) | Cost or Amortized Cost | | Estimated Fair Value | | Cost or Amortized Cost | | Estimated Fair Value |
Due in one year or less | $ | 1,012 | | | $ | 1,001 | | | $ | 1,603 | | | $ | 1,624 | |
Due after one year through five years | 9,880 | | | 9,399 | | | 10,637 | | | 11,229 | |
Due after five years through ten years | 13,788 | | | 12,453 | | | 13,294 | | | 14,338 | |
Due after ten years | 16,352 | | | 14,774 | | | 14,411 | | | 17,182 | |
Total | $ | 41,032 | | | $ | 37,627 | | | $ | 39,945 | | | $ | 44,373 | |
Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain securities may be called or prepaid. Securities not due at a single date are allocated based on weighted average life.
Limited Partnerships
The carrying value of limited partnerships as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $1,926 million and $1,859 million, which includes net undistributed earnings of $176 million and $266 million. Limited partnerships comprising 26% of the total carrying value are reported on a current basis through December 31, 2022 with no reporting lag, 5% are reported on a one month lag and the remainder are reported on more than a one month lag. The number of limited partnerships held and the strategies employed provide diversification to the limited partnership portfolio and the overall invested asset portfolio.
Limited partnerships comprising 76% and 68% of the carrying value as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were invested in private debt and equity. Limited partnerships comprising 24% and 32% of the carrying value as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 employ hedge fund strategies. Private debt and equity funds cover a broad range of investment strategies including buyout, co-investment, private credit, growth capital, distressed investing and real estate. Hedge fund strategies include both long and short positions in fixed income, equity and derivative instruments.
The ten largest limited partnership positions held totaled $633 million and $665 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Based on the most recent information available regarding the Company’s percentage ownership of the individual limited partnerships, the carrying value reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets represents approximately 1% of the aggregate partnership equity as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related income reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Operations represents approximately 2% of the changes in aggregate partnership equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
There are risks inherent in limited partnership investments which may result in losses due to short-selling, derivatives or other speculative investment practices. The use of leverage increases volatility generated by the underlying investment strategies.
The Company’s private debt, private equity and other non-hedge fund limited partnership investments generally do not permit voluntary withdrawals. The Company’s hedge fund limited partnership investments contain withdrawal provisions that generally limit liquidity for a period of thirty days up to one year or longer. Typically, hedge fund withdrawals require advance written notice of up to 90 days.
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company may use derivatives in the normal course of business, primarily in an attempt to reduce its exposure to market risk (principally interest rate risk and foreign currency risk) stemming from various assets and liabilities. The Company's principal objective under such strategies is to achieve the desired reduction in economic risk, even if the position does not receive hedge accounting treatment.
The Company may enter into interest rate swaps, futures and forward commitments to purchase securities to manage interest rate risk. The Company may use foreign currency forward contracts to manage foreign currency risk.
Credit exposure associated with non-performance by the counterparties to derivative instruments is generally limited to the uncollateralized fair value of the asset related to the instruments recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company generally requires that all over-the-counter derivative contracts be governed by an International Swaps and Derivatives Association Master Agreement, and exchanges collateral under the terms of these agreements with its derivative investment counterparties depending on the amount of the exposure and the credit rating of the counterparty. Gross estimated fair values of derivative positions are presented in Other invested assets and Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company does not offset derivative positions against the fair value of collateral provided or positions subject to netting arrangements. There would be no significant difference in the balance included in such accounts if the estimated fair values were presented net as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
There was less than $1 million of cash collateral provided by the Company and no cash collateral received from counterparties as of December 31, 2022. There was no cash collateral provided by the Company or cash collateral received from counterparties as of December 31, 2021.
As of December 31, 2021, the Company held an embedded derivative on a funds withheld liability related to a coinsurance agreement on its legacy annuity business. The embedded derivative had a notional value of $270 million and a fair value of $(12) million as of December 31, 2021 and was accounted for separately and reported with the funds withheld liability in Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company novated the coinsurance agreement resulting in the transfer of $224 million of fixed maturity securities, $4 million of short term investments and $2 million of accrued investment income in settlement of the $216 million funds withheld liability and associated $14 million embedded derivative.
Investment Commitments
As part of its overall investment strategy, the Company invests in various assets which require future purchase, sale or funding commitments. These investments are recorded once funded, and the related commitments may include future capital calls from various third-party limited partnerships, signed and accepted mortgage loan applications, and obligations related to private placement securities. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had commitments to purchase or fund approximately $1,455 million and sell approximately $60 million under the terms of these investments.
Investments on Deposit
Cash and securities with carrying values of approximately $2.8 billion and $3.0 billion were deposited by the Company’s insurance subsidiaries under requirements of regulatory authorities and others as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Cash and securities with carrying values of approximately $0.9 billion and $1.2 billion were deposited with financial institutions in trust accounts or as collateral for letters of credit to secure obligations with various third parties as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Mortgage Loans
The following table presents the amortized cost basis of mortgage loans for each credit quality indicator by year of origination.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2022 | Mortgage Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year (1) |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | Prior | | Total |
DSCR ≥1.6x | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
LTV less than 55% | $ | 9 | | | $ | 13 | | | $ | 112 | | | $ | 41 | | | $ | 53 | | | $ | 255 | | | $ | 483 | |
LTV 55% to 65% | 13 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 13 |
LTV greater than 65% | 18 | | | 11 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 29 |
DSCR 1.2x - 1.6x | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
LTV less than 55% | 5 | | | 49 | | | 18 | | | 43 | | | 10 | | | 37 | | | 162 |
LTV 55% to 65% | 86 | | | — | | | 20 | | | — | | | — | | | 8 | | | 114 |
LTV greater than 65% | 15 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 15 |
DSCR ≤1.2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
LTV less than 55% | 35 | | | — | | | — | | | 57 | | | — | | | — | | | 92 |
LTV 55% to 65% | 41 | | | 21 | | | — | | | 38 | | | — | | | — | | | 100 |
LTV greater than 65% | 27 | | | — | | | — | | | 22 | | | — | | | 7 | | | 56 |
Total | $ | 249 | | | $ | 94 | | | $ | 150 | | | $ | 201 | | | $ | 63 | | | $ | 307 | | | $ | 1,064 | |
(1) The values in the table above reflect DSCR on a standardized amortization period and LTV based on the most recent appraised values trended forward using changes in a commercial real estate price index.
As of December 31, 2022, accrued interest receivable on mortgage loans totaled $4 million and is excluded from the amortized cost basis disclosed in the table above and the estimate of expected credit losses.
Note C. Fair Value
Fair value is the price that would be received upon sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The following fair value hierarchy is used in selecting inputs, with the highest priority given to Level 1, as these are the most transparent or reliable.
Level 1 - Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.
Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable in active markets.
Level 3 - Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs are not observable.
Prices may fall within Level 1, 2 or 3 depending upon the methodology and inputs used to estimate fair value for each specific security. In general, the Company seeks to price securities using third-party pricing services. Securities not priced by pricing services are submitted to independent brokers for valuation and, if those are not available, internally developed pricing models are used to value assets using a methodology and inputs the Company believes market participants would use to value the assets. Prices obtained from third-party pricing services or brokers are not adjusted by the Company.
The Company performs control procedures over information obtained from pricing services and brokers to ensure prices received represent a reasonable estimate of fair value and to confirm representations regarding whether inputs are observable or unobservable. Procedures may include i) the review of pricing service methodologies or broker pricing qualifications, ii) back-testing, where past fair value estimates are compared to actual transactions executed in the market on similar dates, iii) exception reporting, where period-over-period changes in price are reviewed and challenged with the pricing service or broker based on exception criteria, and iv) deep dives, where the Company performs an independent analysis of the inputs and assumptions used to price individual securities.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are presented in the following tables. Corporate bonds and other includes obligations of the U.S. Treasury, government-sponsored enterprises, foreign governments and redeemable preferred stock.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2022 | | | | | | | Total Assets/Liabilities at Fair Value |
(In millions) | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | |
Assets | | | | | | | |
Fixed maturity securities: | | | | | | | |
Corporate bonds and other | $ | 120 | | | $ | 21,187 | | | $ | 810 | | | $ | 22,117 | |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | — | | | 8,274 | | | 43 | | | 8,317 | |
Asset-backed | — | | | 6,405 | | | 788 | | | 7,193 | |
Total fixed maturity securities | 120 | | | 35,866 | | | 1,641 | | | 37,627 | |
Equity securities: | | | | | | | |
Common stock | 150 | | | — | | | 35 | | | 185 | |
Non-redeemable preferred stock | 54 | | | 435 | | | — | | | 489 | |
Total equity securities | 204 | | | 435 | | | 35 | | | 674 | |
Short term and other | 1,608 | | | 71 | | | — | | | 1,679 | |
Total assets | $ | 1,932 | | | $ | 36,372 | | | $ | 1,676 | | | $ | 39,980 | |
Liabilities | | | | | | | |
Other liabilities | $ | — | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 1 | |
Total liabilities | $ | — | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 1 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2021 | | | | | | | Total Assets/Liabilities at Fair Value |
(In millions) | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | |
Assets | | | | | | | |
Fixed maturity securities: | | | | | | | |
Corporate bonds and other | $ | 140 | | | $ | 23,775 | | | $ | 937 | | | $ | 24,852 | |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | — | | | 11,887 | | | 56 | | | 11,943 | |
Asset-backed | — | | | 7,029 | | | 556 | | | 7,585 | |
Total fixed maturity securities | 140 | | | 42,691 | | | 1,549 | | | 44,380 | |
Equity securities: | | | | | | | |
Common stock | 220 | | | — | | | 13 | | | 233 | |
Non-redeemable preferred stock | 65 | | | 721 | | | 16 | | | 802 | |
Total equity securities | 285 | | | 721 | | | 29 | | | 1,035 | |
Short term and other | 1,798 | | | 74 | | | — | | | 1,872 | |
Total assets | $ | 2,223 | | | $ | 43,486 | | | $ | 1,578 | | | $ | 47,287 | |
Liabilities | | | | | | | |
Other liabilities | $ | — | | | $ | 12 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 12 | |
Total liabilities | $ | — | | | $ | 12 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 12 | |
The tables below present a reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Level 3 (In millions) | Corporate bonds and other | | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | | Asset-backed | | Equity securities | | | | Total |
Balance as of January 1, 2022 | $ | 937 | | | $ | 56 | | | $ | 556 | | | $ | 29 | | | | | $ | 1,578 | |
Total realized and unrealized investment gains (losses): | | | | | | | | | | | |
Reported in Net investment gains (losses) | (2) | | | — | | | 9 | | | (6) | | | | | 1 | |
Reported in Net investment income | 1 | | | — | | | 16 | | | (3) | | | | | 14 | |
Reported in Other comprehensive income (loss) | (184) | | | (13) | | | (126) | | | — | | | | | (323) | |
Total realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) | (185) | | | (13) | | | (101) | | | (9) | | | | | (308) | |
Purchases | 137 | | | — | | | 424 | | | 19 | | | | | 580 | |
Sales | (5) | | | — | | | (2) | | | (3) | | | | | (10) | |
Settlements | (84) | | | — | | | (70) | | | 9 | | | | | (145) | |
Transfers into Level 3 | 10 | | | — | | | 75 | | | — | | | | | 85 | |
Transfers out of Level 3 | — | | | — | | | (94) | | | (10) | | | | | (104) | |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | 810 | | | $ | 43 | | | $ | 788 | | | $ | 35 | | | | | $ | 1,676 | |
Unrealized gains (losses) on Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of December 31, 2022 recognized in Net income (loss) in the period | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | (4) | | | | | $ | (4) | |
Unrealized gains (losses) on Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of December 31, 2022 recognized in Other comprehensive income (loss) in the period | (183) | | | (13) | | | (125) | | | — | | | | | (321) | |
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Level 3 (In millions) | Corporate bonds and other | | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | | Asset-backed | | Equity securities | | | | Total |
Balance as of January 1, 2021 | $ | 770 | | | $ | 46 | | | $ | 308 | | | $ | 27 | | | | | $ | 1,151 | |
Total realized and unrealized investment gains (losses): | | | | | | | | | | | |
Reported in Net investment gains (losses) | (10) | | | — | | | — | | | (2) | | | | | (12) | |
Reported in Net investment income | — | | | — | | | 7 | | | 2 | | | | | 9 | |
Reported in Other comprehensive income (loss) | (32) | | | (1) | | | (10) | | | — | | | | | (43) | |
Total realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) | (42) | | | (1) | | | (3) | | | — | | | | | (46) | |
Purchases | 312 | | | 12 | | | 287 | | | 1 | | | | | 612 | |
Sales | (3) | | | — | | | (9) | | | (20) | | | | | (32) | |
Settlements | (68) | | | (1) | | | (61) | | | — | | | | | (130) | |
Transfers into Level 3 | 20 | | | — | | | 109 | | | 21 | | | | | 150 | |
Transfers out of Level 3 | (52) | | | — | | | (75) | | | — | | | | | (127) | |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 937 | | | $ | 56 | | | $ | 556 | | | $ | 29 | | | | | $ | 1,578 | |
Unrealized gains (losses) on Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of December 31, 2021 recognized in Net income (loss) in the period | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | (2) | | | | | $ | (2) | |
Unrealized gains (losses) on Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of December 31, 2021 recognized in Other comprehensive income (loss) in the period | (32) | | | (1) | | | (11) | | | — | | | | | (44) | |
Securities may be transferred in or out of levels within the fair value hierarchy based on the availability of observable market information and quoted prices used to determine the fair value of the security. The availability of observable market information and quoted prices varies based on market conditions and trading volume.
Valuation Methodologies and Inputs
The following section describes the valuation methodologies and relevant inputs used to measure different financial instruments at fair value, including an indication of the level in the fair value hierarchy in which the instruments are generally classified.
Fixed Maturity Securities
Level 1 securities include highly liquid government securities and exchange traded bonds, valued using quoted market prices. Level 2 securities include most other fixed maturity securities as the significant inputs are observable in the marketplace. All classes of Level 2 fixed maturity securities are valued using a methodology based on information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets, a discounted cash flow methodology, or a combination of both when necessary. Common inputs for all classes of fixed maturity securities include prices from recently executed transactions of similar securities, marketplace quotes, benchmark yields, spreads off benchmark yields, interest rates and U.S. Treasury or swap curves. Specifically for asset-backed securities, key inputs include prepayment and default projections based on past performance of the underlying collateral and current market data. Fixed maturity securities are primarily assigned to Level 3 in cases where broker/dealer quotes are significant inputs to the valuation and there is a lack of transparency as to whether these quotes are based on information that is observable in the marketplace. Level 3 securities also include private placement debt securities whose fair value is determined using internal models with some inputs that are not market observable.
Equity Securities
Level 1 equity securities include publicly traded securities valued using quoted market prices. Level 2 securities are primarily valued using pricing for similar securities, recently executed transactions and other pricing models utilizing market observable inputs. Level 3 securities are primarily priced using broker/dealer quotes and internal models with some inputs that are not market observable.
Short Term and Other Invested Assets
Securities that are actively traded or have quoted prices are classified as Level 1. These securities include money market funds and treasury bills. Level 2 primarily includes non-U.S. government securities for which all inputs are market observable. Fixed maturity securities purchased within one year of maturity are classified consistent with fixed maturity securities discussed above. Short term investments as presented in the tables above differ from the amounts presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets because certain short term investments, such as time deposits, are not measured at fair value.
As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were $72 million and $74 million of overseas deposits within Other invested assets, which can be redeemed at net asset value in 90 days or less. Overseas deposits are excluded from the fair value hierarchy because their fair value is recorded using the net asset value per share (or equivalent) practical expedient.
Other Liabilities
Level 2 securities include currency forwards valued using observable market forward rates. As of December 31, 2021, Level 2 also included the embedded derivative on funds withheld liability which was valued based on the unrealized gain or loss position of the assets supporting the funds withheld liability, which were fixed maturity securities primarily valued with observable inputs.
Significant Unobservable Inputs
The following tables present quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs utilized by the Company in the fair value measurements of Level 3 assets. Valuations for assets and liabilities not presented in the tables below are primarily based on broker/dealer quotes for which there is a lack of transparency as to inputs used to develop the valuations. The quantitative detail of these unobservable inputs is neither provided nor reasonably available to the Company. The weighted average rate is calculated based on fair value.
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December 31, 2022 | Estimated Fair Value (In millions) | | Valuation Technique(s) | | Unobservable Input(s) | | Range (Weighted Average) |
Fixed maturity securities | $ | 1,177 | | | Discounted cash flow | | Credit spread | | 1% - 8% (2%) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2021 | Estimated Fair Value (In millions) | | Valuation Technique(s) | | Unobservable Input(s) | | Range (Weighted Average) |
Fixed maturity securities | $ | 1,225 | | | Discounted cash flow | | Credit spread | | 1% - 7% (2%) |
For fixed maturity securities, an increase to the credit spread assumptions would result in a lower fair value measurement.
Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value
The carrying amount and estimated fair value of the Company's financial assets and liabilities which are not measured at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets are presented in the following tables.
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December 31, 2022 | Carrying Amount | | Estimated Fair Value |
(In millions) | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total |
Assets | | | | | | | | | |
Mortgage loans | $ | 1,040 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 973 | | | $ | 973 | |
Liabilities | | | | | | | | | |
Short term debt | $ | 243 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 248 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 248 | |
Long term debt | 2,538 | | | — | | | 2,349 | | | — | | | 2,349 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2021 | Carrying Amount | | Estimated Fair Value |
(In millions) | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total |
Assets | | | | | | | | | |
Mortgage loans | $ | 973 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 1,018 | | | $ | 1,018 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Liabilities | | | | | | | | | |
Short term debt | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
Long term debt | 2,779 | | | — | | | 2,978 | | | — | | | 2,978 | |
The carrying amounts reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets for Cash, Short term investments not carried at fair value, Accrued investment income and certain Other assets and Other liabilities approximate fair value due to the short term nature of these items. These assets and liabilities are not listed in the tables above.
Note D. Income Taxes
The CNA Tax Group is included in the consolidated federal income tax return of Loews and its eligible subsidiaries. Loews and the Company have agreed that for each taxable year, the Company will 1) be paid by Loews the amount, if any, by which the Loews consolidated federal income tax liability is reduced by virtue of the inclusion of the CNA Tax Group in the Loews consolidated federal income tax return, or 2) pay to Loews an amount, if any, equal to the federal income tax that would have been payable by the CNA Tax Group filing a separate consolidated tax return. In the event that Loews should have a net operating loss in the future computed on the basis of filing a separate consolidated tax return without the CNA Tax Group, the Company may be required to repay tax recoveries previously received from Loews. This agreement may be canceled by either party upon 30 days written notice.
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company paid $254 million, $238 million and $65 million to Loews related to federal income taxes.
For 2020 through 2022, Loews and the Company participate in the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Compliance Assurance Process (CAP), which is a voluntary program for large corporations. Under CAP, the IRS conducts a real-time audit and works contemporaneously with the Company to resolve any issues prior to the filing of the tax return. For 2020 and 2021, the Company was selected to participate in the phase of CAP reserved for taxpayers whose risk of noncompliance does not warrant use of IRS resources. The Company believes that this approach should reduce tax-related uncertainties, if any.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no unrecognized tax benefits.
The Company recognizes interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits and tax refund claims in Income tax (expense) benefit on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company recognizes penalties (if any) in Income tax (expense) benefit on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. During 2022, 2021 and 2020 the Company recognized no interest and no penalties. There were no amounts accrued for interest or penalties as of December 31, 2022 or 2021.
The following table presents a reconciliation between the Company's income tax expense at statutory rates and the recorded income tax expense.
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Years ended December 31 | | | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
Income tax expense at statutory rates | $ | (227) | | | $ | (312) | | | $ | (172) | |
Tax benefit from tax exempt income | 41 | | | 51 | | | 52 | |
Foreign taxes and credits | 15 | | | (3) | | | 2 | |
State income tax expense | (10) | | | (13) | | | (6) | |
Other tax expense | (6) | | | (5) | | | (7) | |
Income tax expense | $ | (187) | | | $ | (282) | | | $ | (131) | |
As of December 31, 2022, no deferred taxes are required on the undistributed earnings of subsidiaries subject to tax.
The following table presents the current and deferred components of the Company's income tax expense.
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Years ended December 31 | | | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
Current tax expense | $ | (221) | | | $ | (235) | | | $ | (180) | |
Deferred tax benefit (expense) | 34 | | | (47) | | | 49 | |
Total income tax expense | $ | (187) | | | $ | (282) | | | $ | (131) | |
Total income tax presented above includes foreign tax expense of approximately $1 million, $18 million and $16 million related to pretax income from foreign operations of approximately $141 million, $124 million and $45 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Foreign tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes a $10 million tax benefit for the revaluation of net deferred tax assets related to a United Kingdom (U.K.) tax rate change.
The deferred tax effects of the significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented in the following table.
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December 31 | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 |
Deferred Tax Assets: | | | |
Insurance reserves: | | | |
Property and casualty claim and claim adjustment expense reserves | $ | 188 | | | $ | 173 | |
Unearned premium reserves | 190 | | | 193 | |
Deferred Revenue | 64 | | | 64 | |
Employee benefits | 35 | | | 46 | |
Deferred retroactive reinsurance benefit | 89 | | | 90 | |
Net unrealized losses | 706 | | | — | |
Other assets | 116 | | | 88 | |
Gross deferred tax assets | 1,388 | | | 654 | |
Deferred Tax Liabilities: | | | |
Investment valuation differences | 59 | | | 93 | |
Deferred acquisition costs | 113 | | | 99 | |
Net unrealized gains | — | | | 272 | |
Software and hardware | 21 | | | 27 | |
Other liabilities | 17 | | | 21 | |
Gross deferred tax liabilities | 210 | | | 512 | |
Net deferred tax asset | $ | 1,178 | | | $ | 142 | |
As of December 31, 2022, the CNA Tax Group had no loss carryforwards and no tax credit carryforward. The foreign operations had loss carryforwards of $205 million, which have no expiration. The foreign operations had a tax credit carryforward of $6 million, which has no expiration.
Although realization of deferred tax assets is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that the recognized net deferred tax asset will be realized through recoupment of ordinary and capital taxes paid in prior carryback years and through future earnings, reversal of existing temporary differences and available tax planning strategies. As a result, no valuation allowance was recorded as of December 31, 2022 or 2021.
Note E. Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves and Future Policy Benefit Reserves
Property and casualty insurance claim and claim adjustment expense reserves represent the estimated amounts necessary to resolve all outstanding claims, including IBNR claims as of the reporting date. The Company's reserve projections are based primarily on detailed analysis of the facts in each case, the Company's experience with similar cases and various historical development patterns. Consideration is given to historical patterns such as claim reserving trends and settlement practices, loss payments, pending levels of unpaid claims and product mix, as well as court decisions and economic conditions, including inflation, social inflation and public attitudes. All of these factors can affect the estimation of claim and claim adjustment expense reserves.
Establishing claim and claim adjustment expense reserves, including claim and claim adjustment expense reserves for catastrophic events that have occurred, is an estimation process. Many factors can ultimately affect the final settlement of a claim and, therefore, the necessary reserve. Changes in the law, results of litigation, medical costs, the cost of repair materials and labor rates can affect ultimate claim costs. In addition, time can be a critical part of reserving determinations since the longer the span between the incidence of a loss and the payment or settlement of the claim, the more variable the ultimate settlement amount can be. Accordingly, short-tail claims, such as property damage claims, tend to be more reasonably estimable than long-tail claims, such as long term care, workers' compensation, general liability and professional liability claims. Adjustments to prior year reserve estimates, if necessary, are reflected in the results of operations in the period that the need for such adjustments is determined. There can be no assurance that the Company's ultimate cost for insurance losses will not exceed current estimates.
Liability for Unpaid Claim and Claim Adjustment Expenses
The table below reconciles the net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses to the amount presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
| | | | | |
As of December 31 | |
(In millions) | 2022 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses: | |
Specialty | $ | 5,563 | |
Commercial | 8,430 | |
International | 2,003 | |
Life & Group (1) | 3,573 | |
Corporate & Other | 339 | |
Total net claim and claim adjustment expenses | 19,908 | |
Reinsurance receivables: (2) | |
Specialty | 1,315 | |
Commercial | 965 | |
International | 400 | |
Life & Group | 101 | |
Corporate & Other (3) | 2,410 | |
Total reinsurance receivables | 5,191 | |
Total gross liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses | $ | 25,099 | |
(1) The Life & Group segment amounts are primarily related to long term care claim reserves for policyholders on claim, but also include amounts related to unfunded structured settlements arising from short-duration contracts. Long term care policies are long-duration contracts.
(2) Reinsurance receivables presented are gross of the allowance for uncollectible reinsurance and do not include reinsurance receivables related to paid losses.
(3) The Corporate & Other Reinsurance receivables are primarily related to A&EP claims covered under the Loss Portfolio Transfer (LPT).
The following table presents a reconciliation between beginning and ending claim and claim adjustment expense reserves, including claim and claim adjustment expense reserves of the Life & Group segment.
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As of or for the years ended December 31 | | | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
Reserves, beginning of year: | | | | | |
Gross | $ | 24,174 | | | $ | 22,706 | | | $ | 21,720 | |
Ceded | 4,969 | | | 4,005 | | | 3,835 | |
Net reserves, beginning of year | 19,205 | | | 18,701 | | | 17,885 | |
Reduction of net reserves due to Excess Workers' Compensation Loss Portfolio Transfer | — | | | (632) | | | — | |
Net incurred claim and claim adjustment expenses: | | | | | |
Provision for insured events of current year | 6,243 | | | 5,970 | | | 5,793 | |
Increase (decrease) in provision for insured events of prior years | (187) | | | (104) | | | (119) | |
Amortization of discount | 170 | | | 174 | | | 183 | |
Total net incurred (1) | 6,226 | | | 6,040 | | | 5,857 | |
Net payments attributable to: | | | | | |
Current year events | (913) | | | (1,014) | | | (948) | |
Prior year events | (4,348) | | | (3,830) | | | (4,216) | |
Total net payments | (5,261) | | | (4,844) | | | (5,164) | |
Foreign currency translation adjustment and other | (262) | | | (60) | | | 123 | |
Net reserves, end of year | 19,908 | | | 19,205 | | | 18,701 | |
Ceded reserves, end of year | 5,191 | | | 4,969 | | | 4,005 | |
Gross reserves, end of year | $ | 25,099 | | | $ | 24,174 | | | $ | 22,706 | |
(1) Total net incurred above does not agree to Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits as reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Operations due to amounts related to retroactive reinsurance deferred gain accounting, the loss on the Excess Workers' Compensation LPT, uncollectible reinsurance and benefit expenses related to future policy benefits, which are not reflected in the table above.
Reserving Methodology
In developing claim and claim adjustment expense (loss or losses) reserve estimates, the Company's actuaries perform detailed reserve analyses that are staggered throughout the year. The data is organized at a reserve group level. Every reserve group is reviewed at least once during the year, but most are reviewed more frequently. The analyses generally review losses gross of ceded reinsurance and apply the ceded reinsurance terms to the gross estimates to establish estimates net of reinsurance. Factors considered include, but are not limited to, the historical pattern and volatility of the actuarial indications, the sensitivity of the actuarial indications to changes in paid and incurred loss patterns, the consistency of claims handling processes, the consistency of case reserving practices, changes in the Company's pricing and underwriting, pricing and underwriting trends in the insurance market and legal, judicial, social and economic trends. In addition to the detailed analyses, the Company reviews actual loss emergence for all products each quarter.
In developing the loss reserve estimates for property and casualty contracts, the Company generally projects ultimate losses using several common actuarial methods as listed below. The Company reviews the various indications from the various methods and applies judgment to select an actuarial point estimate. The carried reserve may differ from the actuarial point estimate as a result of the Company's consideration of the factors noted above as well as the potential volatility of the projections associated with the specific product being analyzed and other factors affecting claims costs that may not be quantifiable through traditional actuarial analysis. The indicated required reserve is the difference between the selected ultimate loss and the inception-to-date paid losses. The difference between the selected ultimate loss and the case incurred or reported loss is IBNR. IBNR includes a provision for development on known cases as well as a provision for late reported incurred claims.
The most frequently utilized methods to project ultimate losses include the following:
•Paid development: The paid development method estimates ultimate losses by reviewing paid loss patterns and applying them to accident years with further expected changes in paid loss.
•Incurred development: The incurred development method is similar to the paid development method, but it uses case incurred losses instead of paid losses.
•Loss ratio: The loss ratio method multiplies premiums by an expected loss ratio to produce ultimate loss estimates for each accident year.
•Bornhuetter-Ferguson paid loss: The Bornhuetter-Ferguson paid loss method is a combination of the paid development approach and the loss ratio approach. This method normally determines expected loss ratios similar to the approach used to estimate the expected loss ratio for the loss ratio method.
•Bornhuetter-Ferguson incurred loss: The Bornhuetter-Ferguson incurred loss method is similar to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson using premiums and paid loss method except that it uses case incurred losses.
•Frequency times severity: The frequency times severity method multiplies a projected number of ultimate claims by an estimated ultimate average loss for each accident year to produce ultimate loss estimates.
•Stochastic modeling: The stochastic modeling produces a range of possible outcomes based on varying assumptions related to the particular product being modeled.
For many exposures, especially those that can be considered long-tail, a particular accident or policy year may not have a sufficient volume of paid losses to produce a statistically reliable estimate of ultimate losses. In such a case, the Company's actuaries typically assign more weight to the incurred development method than to the paid development method. As claims continue to settle and the volume of paid loss increases, the actuaries may assign additional weight to the paid development method. For most of the Company's products, even the incurred losses for accident or policy years that are early in the claim settlement process will not be of sufficient volume to produce a reliable estimate of ultimate losses. In these cases, the Company may not assign much, if any weight to the paid and incurred development methods. The Company may use the loss ratio, Bornhuetter-Ferguson and/or frequency times severity methods. For short-tail exposures, the paid and incurred development methods can often be relied on sooner, primarily because the Company's history includes a sufficient number of years to cover the entire period over which paid and incurred losses are expected to change. However, the
Company may also use the loss ratio, Bornhuetter-Ferguson and/or frequency times severity methods for short-tail exposures. For other more complex reserve groups where the above methods may not produce reliable indications, the Company uses additional methods tailored to the characteristics of the specific situation.
The Company's reserving methodologies for mass tort and A&EP are similar as both are based on detailed reviews of large accounts with estimates of ultimate payments based on the facts in each case and the Company's view of applicable law and coverage litigation.
Gross and Net Carried Reserves
The following tables present the gross and net carried reserves.
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December 31, 2022 | Specialty | | Commercial | | International | | Life & Group | | Corporate & Other | | Total |
(In millions) | | | | | |
Gross Case Reserves | $ | 1,529 | | | $ | 3,156 | | | $ | 817 | | | $ | 3,457 | | | $ | 1,428 | | | $ | 10,387 | |
Gross IBNR Reserves | 5,349 | | | 6,239 | | | 1,586 | | | 217 | | | 1,321 | | | 14,712 | |
Total Gross Carried Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves | $ | 6,878 | | | $ | 9,395 | | | $ | 2,403 | | | $ | 3,674 | | | $ | 2,749 | | | $ | 25,099 | |
Net Case Reserves | $ | 1,310 | | | $ | 2,809 | | | $ | 686 | | | $ | 3,377 | | | $ | 137 | | | $ | 8,319 | |
Net IBNR Reserves | 4,253 | | | 5,621 | | | 1,317 | | | 196 | | | 202 | | | 11,589 | |
Total Net Carried Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves | $ | 5,563 | | | $ | 8,430 | | | $ | 2,003 | | | $ | 3,573 | | | $ | 339 | | | $ | 19,908 | |
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December 31, 2021 | Specialty | | Commercial | | International | | Life & Group | | Corporate & Other | | Total |
(In millions) | | | | | |
Gross Case Reserves | $ | 1,578 | | | $ | 3,184 | | | $ | 859 | | | $ | 3,383 | | | $ | 1,551 | | | $ | 10,555 | |
Gross IBNR Reserves | 4,855 | | | 5,706 | | | 1,421 | | | 371 | | | 1,266 | | | 13,619 | |
Total Gross Carried Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves | $ | 6,433 | | | $ | 8,890 | | | $ | 2,280 | | | $ | 3,754 | | | $ | 2,817 | | | $ | 24,174 | |
Net Case Reserves | $ | 1,338 | | | $ | 2,850 | | | $ | 744 | | | $ | 3,291 | | | $ | 146 | | | $ | 8,369 | |
Net IBNR Reserves | 3,927 | | | 5,215 | | | 1,196 | | | 350 | | | 148 | | | 10,836 | |
Total Net Carried Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves | $ | 5,265 | | | $ | 8,065 | | | $ | 1,940 | | | $ | 3,641 | | | $ | 294 | | | $ | 19,205 | |
Net Prior Year Development
Changes in estimates of claim and claim adjustment expense reserves, net of reinsurance, for prior years are defined as net prior year loss reserve development (development). These changes can be favorable or unfavorable. The following table presents development recorded for the Specialty, Commercial, International and Corporate & Other segments.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Years ended December 31 | | | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable development: | | | | | |
Specialty | $ | (40) | | | $ | (45) | | | $ | (61) | |
Commercial | (43) | | | (6) | | | (7) | |
International | (13) | | | 2 | | | (2) | |
Corporate & Other | 64 | | | 60 | | 50 | |
Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable development | $ | (32) | | | $ | 11 | | | $ | (20) | |
Unfavorable development of $64 million was recorded within the Corporate & Other segment for the year ended December 31, 2022 largely associated with legacy mass tort abuse claims, including the Diocese of Rochester proposed settlement. Unfavorable development of $60 million and $50 million was recorded within the Corporate & Other segment for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 due to legacy mass tort exposures, primarily related to abuse.
Segment Development Tables
For the Specialty, Commercial and International segments, the following tables present further detail and commentary on the development reflected in the financial statements for each of the periods presented. Also presented are loss reserve development tables that illustrate the change over time of reserves established for claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses arising from short-duration insurance contracts for certain lines of business within each of these segments. Not all lines of business or segments are presented based on their context to the Company's overall loss reserves, calendar year reserve development, or calendar year net earned premiums. Insurance contracts are considered to be short-duration contracts when the contracts are not expected to remain in force for an extended period of time.
The Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses tables, reading across, show the cumulative net incurred claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses relating to each accident year at the end of the stated calendar year. Changes in the cumulative amount across time are the result of the Company's expanded awareness of additional facts and circumstances that pertain to the unsettled claims. The Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses tables, reading across, show the cumulative amount paid for claims in each accident year as of the end of the stated calendar year. The Net Strengthening or (Releases) of Prior Accident Year Reserves tables, reading across, show the net increase or decrease in the cumulative net incurred accident year claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses during each stated calendar year and indicates whether the reserves for that accident year were strengthened or released.
The information in the tables is reported on a net basis after reinsurance and does not include the effects of discounting. The information contained in calendar years 2021 and prior is unaudited. Information contained in the tables pertaining to the Company's International segment has been presented at the year-end 2022 foreign currency exchange rates for all periods presented to remove the effects of foreign currency exchange rate changes between calendar years. The Company has presented development information for the Hardy business prospectively from the date of acquisition and is presented as a separate table within the Company's International segment. To the extent the Company enters into a commutation, the transaction is reported on a prospective basis. To the extent that the Company enters into a disposition, the effects of the disposition are reported on a retrospective basis by removing the balances associated with the disposed of business.
The amounts reported for the cumulative number of reported claims include direct and assumed open and closed claims by accident year at the claimant level. The number excludes claim counts for claims within a policy deductible where the insured is responsible for payment of losses in the deductible layer. Claim count data for certain assumed reinsurance contracts is unavailable.
IBNR includes reserves for incurred but not reported losses and expected development on case reserves. The Company does not establish case reserves for allocated loss adjusted expenses (ALAE), therefore ALAE reserves are also included in the estimate of IBNR.
Specialty
The following table presents further detail of the development recorded for the Specialty segment.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Years ended December 31 | | | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable development: | | | | | |
Medical Professional Liability | $ | 18 | | | $ | 23 | | | $ | 35 | |
Other Professional Liability and Management Liability | 50 | | | 24 | | | (15) | |
Surety | (83) | | | (73) | | | (69) | |
Warranty | (21) | | | (14) | | | (7) | |
Other | (4) | | | (5) | | | (5) | |
Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable development | $ | (40) | | | $ | (45) | | | $ | (61) | |
2022
Unfavorable development in medical professional liability was due to higher than expected large loss activity in multiple accident years.
Unfavorable development in other professional liability and management liability was due to higher than expected claim severity and frequency in the Company’s cyber and professional errors and omissions (E&O) businesses in multiple accident years.
Favorable development in surety was primarily due to lower than expected frequency and lack of systemic activity in recent accident years.
Favorable development in warranty was due to lower than expected loss emergence in a recent accident year.
2021
Unfavorable development in medical professional liability was due to higher than expected large loss activity in recent accident years.
Unfavorable development in other professional liability and management liability was due to higher than expected frequency of large losses in multiple accident years, and higher than expected claim severity and frequency in the Company’s cyber business in recent accident years.
Favorable development in surety was primarily due to lower than expected frequency and lack of systemic activity in recent accident years.
Favorable development in warranty was due to lower than expected loss emergence in a recent accident year.
2020
Unfavorable development in medical professional liability was primarily due to higher than expected frequency of large losses in recent accident years and unfavorable outcomes on specific claims in older accident years.
Favorable development in other professional liability and management liability was primarily due to lower than expected loss emergence in accident year 2017 and accident years prior to 2010.
Favorable development in surety was due to lower than expected frequency and lack of systemic loss activity for accident years 2019 and prior
Specialty - Line of Business Composition
The table below provides the line of business composition of the net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for the Specialty segment.
| | | | | |
As of December 31 | |
(In millions) | 2022 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses: | |
Medical Professional Liability | $ | 1,526 | |
Other Professional Liability and Management Liability | 3,514 | |
Surety | 396 | |
Warranty | 50 | |
Other | 77 | |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses | $ | 5,563 | |
Specialty - Medical Professional Liability
Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
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As of December 31 | Calendar Year | | As of December 31, 2022 |
(In millions, except reported claims data) | 2013(1) | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 | | IBNR | | Cumulative Number of Claims |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | $ | 462 | | | $ | 479 | | | $ | 500 | | | $ | 513 | | | $ | 525 | | | $ | 535 | | | $ | 545 | | | $ | 531 | | | $ | 530 | | | $ | 530 | | | $ | 5 | | | 19,587 | |
2014 | | | 450 | | | 489 | | | 537 | | | 530 | | | 535 | | | 529 | | | 527 | | | 524 | | | 527 | | | 12 | | | 19,818 | |
2015 | | | | | 433 | | | 499 | | | 510 | | | 494 | | | 488 | | | 510 | | | 501 | | | 498 | | | 22 | | | 18,203 | |
2016 | | | | | | | 427 | | | 487 | | | 485 | | | 499 | | | 508 | | | 510 | | | 508 | | | 12 | | | 16,136 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | 412 | | | 449 | | | 458 | | | 460 | | | 455 | | | 460 | | | 30 | | | 15,288 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | 404 | | | 429 | | | 431 | | | 448 | | | 470 | | | 31 | | | 15,163 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 430 | | | 445 | | | 458 | | | 471 | | | 101 | | | 14,189 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 477 | | | 476 | | | 455 | | | 226 | | | 10,679 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 377 | | | 376 | | | 259 | | | 8,801 | |
2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 329 | | | 290 | | | 6,717 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | $ | 4,624 | | | $ | 988 | | | |
Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
As of December 31 | Calendar Year |
(In millions) | 2013(1) | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | $ | 17 | | | $ | 119 | | | $ | 255 | | | $ | 355 | | | $ | 414 | | | $ | 462 | | | $ | 495 | | | $ | 508 | | | $ | 512 | | | $ | 517 | |
2014 | | | 23 | | | 136 | | | 258 | | | 359 | | | 417 | | | 472 | | | 489 | | | 497 | | | 504 | |
2015 | | | | | 22 | | | 101 | | | 230 | | | 313 | | | 384 | | | 420 | | | 444 | | | 458 | |
2016 | | | | | | | 18 | | | 121 | | | 246 | | | 339 | | | 401 | | | 436 | | | 460 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | 19 | | | 107 | | | 235 | | | 308 | | | 355 | | | 388 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | 21 | | | 115 | | | 211 | | | 290 | | | 349 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 17 | | | 91 | | | 183 | | | 280 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | | | 61 | | | 139 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | | | 49 | |
2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | $ | 3,154 | |
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented | | $ | 1,470 | |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2013 | | 25 | |
Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented | | 31 | |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses | | $ | 1,526 | |
Net strengthening (releases) of prior accident year reserves is presented in the following table.
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For the years ended December 31 | | | Calendar Year | | |
(In millions) | | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 | | Total |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | | | $ | 17 | | | $ | 21 | | | $ | 13 | | | $ | 12 | | | $ | 10 | | | $ | 10 | | | $ | (14) | | | $ | (1) | | | $ | — | | | $ | 68 | |
2014 | | | | | 39 | | | 48 | | | (7) | | | 5 | | | (6) | | | (2) | | | (3) | | | 3 | | | 77 | |
2015 | | | | | | | 66 | | | 11 | | | (16) | | | (6) | | | 22 | | | (9) | | | (3) | | | 65 | |
2016 | | | | | | | | | 60 | | | (2) | | | 14 | | | 9 | | | 2 | | | (2) | | | 81 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | | | 37 | | | 9 | | | 2 | | | (5) | | | 5 | | | 48 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 25 | | | 2 | | | 17 | | | 22 | | | 66 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 15 | | | 13 | | | 13 | | | 41 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (1) | | | (21) | | | (22) | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (1) | | | (1) | |
Total net development for the accident years presented above | | 34 | | | 13 | | | 16 | | | |
Total net development for accident years prior to 2013 | | 1 | | | 3 | | | (3) | | | |
Total unallocated claim adjustment expense development | | — | | | 7 | | | 5 | | | |
Total | | $ | 35 | | | $ | 23 | | | $ | 18 | | | |
(1) Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited.
Specialty - Other Professional Liability and Management Liability
Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
As of December 31 | Calendar Year | | As of December 31, 2022 |
(In millions, except reported claims data) | 2013(1) | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 | | IBNR | | Cumulative Number of Claims |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | $ | 884 | | | $ | 894 | | | $ | 926 | | | $ | 885 | | | $ | 866 | | | $ | 863 | | | $ | 850 | | | $ | 846 | | | $ | 833 | | | $ | 829 | | | $ | 21 | | | 17,953 | |
2014 | | | 878 | | | 898 | | | 885 | | | 831 | | | 835 | | | 854 | | | 845 | | | 841 | | | 842 | | | 29 | | | 17,583 | |
2015 | | | | | 888 | | | 892 | | | 877 | | | 832 | | | 807 | | | 813 | | | 836 | | | 855 | | | 30 | | | 17,452 | |
2016 | | | | | | | 901 | | | 900 | | | 900 | | | 904 | | | 907 | | | 891 | | | 888 | | | 57 | | | 17,976 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | 847 | | | 845 | | | 813 | | | 791 | | | 775 | | | 758 | | | 107 | | | 18,181 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | 850 | | | 864 | | | 869 | | | 906 | | | 923 | | | 142 | | | 19,995 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 837 | | | 845 | | | 856 | | | 876 | | | 173 | | | 19,447 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 930 | | | 944 | | | 951 | | | 408 | | | 19,333 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1,037 | | | 1,038 | | | 706 | | | 17,983 | |
2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1,120 | | | 1,000 | | | 15,327 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | $ | 9,080 | | | $ | 2,673 | | | |
Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
As of December 31 | Calendar Year |
(In millions) | 2013(1) | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | $ | 54 | | | $ | 249 | | | $ | 447 | | | $ | 618 | | | $ | 702 | | | $ | 754 | | | $ | 771 | | | $ | 779 | | | $ | 787 | | | $ | 791 | |
2014 | | | 51 | | | 223 | | | 392 | | | 515 | | | 647 | | | 707 | | | 743 | | | 787 | | | 802 | |
2015 | | | | | 60 | | | 234 | | | 404 | | | 542 | | | 612 | | | 677 | | | 725 | | | 794 | |
2016 | | | | | | | 64 | | | 248 | | | 466 | | | 625 | | | 701 | | | 736 | | | 784 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | 57 | | | 222 | | | 394 | | | 498 | | | 557 | | | 596 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | 54 | | | 282 | | | 473 | | | 599 | | | 706 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 64 | | | 263 | | | 422 | | | 567 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 67 | | | 248 | | | 400 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 58 | | | 217 | |
2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 64 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | $ | 5,721 | |
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented | | $ | 3,359 | |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2013 | | 99 | |
Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented | | 56 | |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses | | $ | 3,514 | |
Net strengthening (releases) of prior accident year reserves is presented in the following table.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
For the years ended December 31 | | | Calendar Year | | |
(In millions) | | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 | | Total |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | | | $ | 10 | | | $ | 32 | | | $ | (41) | | | $ | (19) | | | $ | (3) | | | $ | (13) | | | $ | (4) | | | $ | (13) | | | $ | (4) | | | $ | (55) | |
2014 | | | | | 20 | | | (13) | | | (54) | | | 4 | | | 19 | | | (9) | | | (4) | | | 1 | | | (36) | |
2015 | | | | | | | 4 | | | (15) | | | (45) | | | (25) | | | 6 | | | 23 | | | 19 | | | (33) | |
2016 | | | | | | | | | (1) | | | — | | | 4 | | | 3 | | | (16) | | | (3) | | | (13) | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | | | (2) | | | (32) | | | (22) | | | (16) | | | (17) | | | (89) | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14 | | | 5 | | | 37 | | | 17 | | | 73 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8 | | | 11 | | | 20 | | | 39 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14 | | | 7 | | | 21 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
Total net development for the accident years presented above | | (13) | | | 36 | | | 41 | | | |
Total net development for accident years prior to 2013 | | (2) | | | (14) | | | 9 | | | |
Total unallocated claim adjustment expense development | | — | | | 2 | | | — | | | |
Total | | $ | (15) | | | $ | 24 | | | $ | 50 | | | |
(1) Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited.
Specialty - Surety
Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
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As of December 31 | Calendar Year | | As of December 31, 2022 |
(In millions, except reported claims data) | 2013(1) | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 | | IBNR | | Cumulative Number of Claims |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | $ | 120 | | | $ | 121 | | | $ | 115 | | | $ | 106 | | | $ | 91 | | | $ | 87 | | | $ | 83 | | | $ | 82 | | | $ | 82 | | | $ | 82 | | | $ | 2 | | | 5,092 | |
2014 | | | 123 | | | 124 | | | 94 | | | 69 | | | 60 | | | 45 | | | 45 | | | 43 | | | 42 | | | 3 | | | 5,127 | |
2015 | | | | | 131 | | | 131 | | | 104 | | | 79 | | | 63 | | | 58 | | | 53 | | | 45 | | | 1 | | | 5,074 | |
2016 | | | | | | | 124 | | | 124 | | | 109 | | | 84 | | | 67 | | | 64 | | | 58 | | | 5 | | | 5,544 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | 120 | | | 115 | | | 103 | | | 84 | | | 71 | | | 66 | | | 4 | | | 5,855 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | 114 | | | 108 | | | 91 | | | 62 | | | 56 | | | 16 | | | 6,196 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 119 | | | 112 | | | 98 | | | 87 | | | 21 | | | 6,033 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 128 | | | 119 | | | 81 | | | 51 | | | 4,452 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 137 | | | 129 | | | 105 | | | 4,168 | |
2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 155 | | | 143 | | | 2,772 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | $ | 801 | | | $ | 351 | | | |
Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
As of December 31 | Calendar Year |
(In millions) | 2013(1) | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | $ | 16 | | | $ | 40 | | | $ | 69 | | | $ | 78 | | | $ | 78 | | | $ | 78 | | | $ | 77 | | | $ | 78 | | | $ | 79 | | | $ | 79 | |
2014 | | | 7 | | | 30 | | | 38 | | | 36 | | | 38 | | | 38 | | | 39 | | | 39 | | | 38 | |
2015 | | | | | 7 | | | 26 | | | 38 | | | 40 | | | 42 | | | 44 | | | 42 | | | 42 | |
2016 | | | | | | | 5 | | | 37 | | | 45 | | | 45 | | | 43 | | | 43 | | | 41 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | 23 | | | 37 | | | 41 | | | 46 | | | 49 | | | 62 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | 5 | | | 25 | | | 34 | | | 39 | | | 40 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 12 | | | 34 | | | 44 | | | 59 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | | | 20 | | | 28 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 | | | 20 | |
2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 12 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | $ | 421 | |
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented | | $ | 380 | |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2013 | | (4) | |
Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented | | 20 | |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses | | $ | 396 | |
Net strengthening (releases) of prior accident year reserves is presented in the following table.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
For the years ended December 31 | | | Calendar Year | | |
(In millions) | | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 | | Total |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | (6) | | | $ | (9) | | | $ | (15) | | | $ | (4) | | | $ | (4) | | | $ | (1) | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | (38) | |
2014 | | | | | 1 | | | (30) | | | (25) | | | (9) | | | (15) | | | — | | | (2) | | | (1) | | | (81) | |
2015 | | | | | | | — | | | (27) | | | (25) | | | (16) | | | (5) | | | (5) | | | (8) | | | (86) | |
2016 | | | | | | | | | — | | | (15) | | | (25) | | | (17) | | | (3) | | | (6) | | | (66) | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | | | (5) | | | (12) | | | (19) | | | (13) | | | (5) | | | (54) | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | (6) | | | (17) | | | (29) | | | (6) | | | (58) | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (7) | | | (14) | | | (11) | | | (32) | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (9) | | | (38) | | | (47) | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (8) | | | (8) | |
Total net development for the accident years presented above | | (66) | | | (75) | | | (83) | | | |
Total net development for accident years prior to 2013 | | (3) | | | 2 | | | — | | | |
Total unallocated claim adjustment expense development | | — | | | — | | | — | | | |
Total | | $ | (69) | | | $ | (73) | | | $ | (83) | | | |
(1) Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited.
Commercial
The following table presents further detail of the development recorded for the Commercial segment.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Years ended December 31 | | | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable development: | | | | | |
Commercial Auto | $ | 49 | | | $ | 53 | | | $ | 33 | |
General Liability | 67 | | | 15 | | | 15 | |
Workers' Compensation | (152) | | | (82) | | | (96) | |
Property and Other | (7) | | | 8 | | | 41 | |
Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable development | $ | (43) | | | $ | (6) | | | $ | (7) | |
2022
Unfavorable development in commercial auto and general liability was due to higher than expected claim severity across multiple accident years.
Favorable development in workers’ compensation was due to favorable medical trends driving lower than expected severity in multiple accident years.
2021
Unfavorable development in commercial auto was due to higher than expected claim severity in the Company’s middle market and construction businesses in multiple accident years.
Unfavorable development in general liability was due to higher than expected claim severity in the Company’s construction and umbrella businesses in multiple accident years.
Favorable development in workers’ compensation was due to favorable medical trends driving lower than expected severity in multiple accident years.
2020
Unfavorable development in commercial auto was due to higher than expected claim severity in the Company's middle market and construction businesses in recent accident years.
Unfavorable development in general liability was driven by increased bodily injury severities in accident years 2012 through 2016 and higher than expected frequency and severity in the Company’s umbrella business in accident years 2015 through 2019.
Favorable development in workers’ compensation was due to favorable medical trends driving lower than expected severity in multiple accident years.
Unfavorable development in property and other was primarily due to higher than expected large loss activity in accident year 2019 in the Company's middle market, national accounts and marine business units
Commercial - Line of Business Composition
The table below provides the line of business composition of the net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for the Commercial segment.
| | | | | |
As of December 31 | |
(In millions) | 2022 |
Net Claim and claim adjustment expenses: | |
Commercial Auto | $ | 787 | |
General Liability | 3,206 | |
Workers' Compensation | 3,739 | |
Property and Other | 698 | |
Total net liability for claim and claim adjustment expenses | $ | 8,430 | |
Commercial - Commercial Auto
Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
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As of December 31 | Calendar Year | | As of December 31, 2022 |
(In millions, except reported claims data) | 2013(1) | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 | | IBNR | | Cumulative Number of Claims |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | $ | 246 | | | $ | 265 | | | $ | 265 | | | $ | 249 | | | $ | 245 | | | $ | 245 | | | $ | 241 | | | $ | 241 | | | $ | 241 | | | $ | 243 | | | $ | 3 | | | 39,431 | |
2014 | | | 234 | | | 223 | | | 212 | | | 205 | | | 205 | | | 201 | | | 201 | | | 202 | | | 201 | | | 1 | | | 33,631 | |
2015 | | | | | 201 | | | 199 | | | 190 | | | 190 | | | 183 | | | 181 | | | 183 | | | 182 | | | 3 | | | 30,430 | |
2016 | | | | | | | 198 | | | 186 | | | 186 | | | 186 | | | 190 | | | 195 | | | 200 | | | 7 | | | 30,452 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | 199 | | | 198 | | | 200 | | | 221 | | | 232 | | | 239 | | | 3 | | | 30,947 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | 229 | | | 227 | | | 227 | | | 245 | | | 254 | | | 5 | | | 34,319 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 257 | | | 266 | | | 289 | | | 323 | | | 27 | | | 37,237 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 310 | | | 303 | | | 304 | | | 56 | | | 29,070 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 397 | | | 388 | | | 153 | | | 32,575 | |
2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 437 | | | 263 | | | 30,229 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | $ | 2,771 | | | $ | 521 | | | |
Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
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As of December 31 | Calendar Year |
(In millions) | 2013(1) | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | $ | 74 | | | $ | 135 | | | $ | 168 | | | $ | 200 | | | $ | 225 | | | $ | 234 | | | $ | 238 | | | $ | 239 | | | $ | 239 | | | $ | 239 | |
2014 | | | 64 | | | 102 | | | 137 | | | 166 | | | 187 | | | 196 | | | 198 | | | 199 | | | 199 | |
2015 | | | | | 52 | | | 96 | | | 130 | | | 153 | | | 172 | | | 175 | | | 178 | | | 179 | |
2016 | | | | | | | 52 | | | 93 | | | 126 | | | 154 | | | 175 | | | 185 | | | 190 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | 58 | | | 107 | | | 150 | | | 178 | | | 203 | | | 225 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | 66 | | | 128 | | | 175 | | | 212 | | | 238 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 77 | | | 147 | | | 203 | | | 257 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 71 | | | 134 | | | 197 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 83 | | | 168 | |
2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 112 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | $ | 2,004 | |
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented | | $ | 767 | |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2013 | | 4 | |
Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented | | 16 | |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses | | $ | 787 | |
Net strengthening (releases) of prior accident year reserves is presented in the following table.
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For the years ended December 31 | | | Calendar Year | | |
(In millions) | | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 | | Total |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | | | $ | 19 | | | $ | — | | | $ | (16) | | | $ | (4) | | | $ | — | | | $ | (4) | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 2 | | | $ | (3) | |
2014 | | | | | (11) | | | (11) | | | (7) | | | — | | | (4) | | | — | | | 1 | | | (1) | | | (33) | |
2015 | | | | | | | (2) | | | (9) | | | — | | | (7) | | | (2) | | | 2 | | | (1) | | | (19) | |
2016 | | | | | | | | | (12) | | | — | | | — | | | 4 | | | 5 | | | 5 | | | 2 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | | | (1) | | | 2 | | | 21 | | | 11 | | | 7 | | | 40 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | (2) | | | — | | | 18 | | | 9 | | | 25 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9 | | | 23 | | | 34 | | | 66 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (7) | | | 1 | | | (6) | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (9) | | | (9) | |
Total net development for the accident years presented above | | 32 | | | 53 | | | 47 | | | |
Total net development for accident years prior to 2013 | | 1 | | | — | | | 2 | | | |
Total unallocated claim adjustment expense development | | — | | | — | | | — | | | |
Total | | $ | 33 | | | $ | 53 | | | $ | 49 | | | |
(1) Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited.
Commercial - General Liability
Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
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As of December 31 | Calendar Year | | As of December 31, 2022 |
(In millions, except reported claims data) | 2013(1) | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 | | IBNR | | Cumulative Number of Claims |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | $ | 650 | | | $ | 655 | | | $ | 650 | | | $ | 655 | | | $ | 613 | | | $ | 623 | | | $ | 620 | | | $ | 623 | | | $ | 624 | | | $ | 629 | | | $ | 32 | | | 33,738 | |
2014 | | | 653 | | | 658 | | | 654 | | | 631 | | | 635 | | | 658 | | | 659 | | | 659 | | | 676 | | | 34 | | | 28,131 | |
2015 | | | | | 581 | | | 576 | | | 574 | | | 589 | | | 600 | | | 602 | | | 617 | | | 625 | | | 33 | | | 24,200 | |
2016 | | | | | | | 623 | | | 659 | | | 667 | | | 671 | | | 673 | | | 683 | | | 684 | | | 43 | | | 24,699 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | 632 | | | 632 | | | 632 | | | 634 | | | 630 | | | 652 | | | 32 | | | 22,359 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | 653 | | | 644 | | | 646 | | | 639 | | | 650 | | | 127 | | | 20,242 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 680 | | | 682 | | | 682 | | | 691 | | | 227 | | | 19,265 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 723 | | | 722 | | | 726 | | | 434 | | | 13,998 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 782 | | | 784 | | | 527 | | | 13,775 | |
2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 929 | | | 835 | | | 10,572 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | $ | 7,046 | | | $ | 2,324 | | | |
Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
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As of December 31 | Calendar Year |
(In millions) | 2013(1) | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | $ | 31 | | | $ | 128 | | | $ | 240 | | | $ | 352 | | | $ | 450 | | | $ | 510 | | | $ | 551 | | | $ | 572 | | | $ | 582 | | | $ | 586 | |
2014 | | | 31 | | | 119 | | | 247 | | | 376 | | | 481 | | | 547 | | | 569 | | | 607 | | | 624 | |
2015 | | | | | 19 | | | 110 | | | 230 | | | 357 | | | 446 | | | 501 | | | 530 | | | 561 | |
2016 | | | | | | | 32 | | | 163 | | | 279 | | | 407 | | | 481 | | | 524 | | | 582 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | 23 | | | 118 | | | 250 | | | 399 | | | 471 | | | 553 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | 33 | | | 107 | | | 228 | | | 307 | | | 428 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 25 | | | 98 | | | 181 | | | 322 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 23 | | | 99 | | | 192 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 26 | | | 140 | |
2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 29 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | $ | 4,017 | |
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented | | $ | 3,029 | |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2013 | | 118 | |
Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented | | 59 | |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses | | $ | 3,206 | |
Net strengthening (releases) of prior accident year reserves is presented in the following table.
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For the years ended December 31 | | | Calendar Year | | |
(In millions) | | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 | | Total |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | | | $ | 5 | | | $ | (5) | | | $ | 5 | | | $ | (42) | | | $ | 10 | | | $ | (3) | | | $ | 3 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 5 | | | $ | (21) | |
2014 | | | | | 5 | | | (4) | | | (23) | | | 4 | | | 23 | | | 1 | | | — | | | 17 | | | 23 | |
2015 | | | | | | | (5) | | | (2) | | | 15 | | | 11 | | | 2 | | | 15 | | | 8 | | | 44 | |
2016 | | | | | | | | | 36 | | | 8 | | | 4 | | | 2 | | | 10 | | | 1 | | | 61 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | | | — | | | — | | | 2 | | | (4) | | | 22 | | | 20 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | (9) | | | 2 | | | (7) | | | 11 | | | (3) | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | | | — | | | 9 | | | 11 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (1) | | | 4 | | | 3 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | | | 2 | |
Total net development for the accident years presented above | | 14 | | | 14 | | | 79 | | | |
Total net development for accident years prior to 2013 | | 1 | | | (1) | | | (12) | | | |
Total unallocated claim adjustment expense development | | — | | | 2 | | | — | | | |
Total | | $ | 15 | | | $ | 15 | | | $ | 67 | | | |
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(1) Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited.
Commercial - Workers' Compensation
Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
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As of December 31 | Calendar Year | | As of December 31, 2022 |
(In millions, except reported claims data) | 2013(1) | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 | | IBNR | | Cumulative Number of Claims |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | $ | 537 | | | $ | 572 | | | $ | 592 | | | $ | 618 | | | $ | 593 | | | $ | 582 | | | $ | 561 | | | $ | 552 | | | $ | 548 | | | $ | 537 | | | $ | 82 | | | 38,979 | |
2014 | | | 467 | | | 480 | | | 479 | | | 452 | | | 450 | | | 446 | | | 439 | | | 448 | | | 430 | | | 76 | | | 33,522 | |
2015 | | | | | 422 | | | 431 | | | 406 | | | 408 | | | 394 | | | 382 | | | 372 | | | 353 | | | 80 | | | 31,899 | |
2016 | | | | | | | 426 | | | 405 | | | 396 | | | 382 | | | 366 | | | 355 | | | 331 | | | 77 | | | 31,991 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | 440 | | | 432 | | | 421 | | | 400 | | | 402 | | | 399 | | | 81 | | | 33,130 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | 450 | | | 440 | | | 428 | | | 415 | | | 415 | | | 93 | | | 34,875 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 452 | | | 449 | | | 437 | | | 436 | | | 105 | | | 34,324 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 477 | | | 466 | | | 446 | | | 182 | | | 29,392 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 468 | | | 454 | | | 202 | | | 29,886 | |
2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 497 | | | 308 | | | 28,753 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | $ | 4,298 | | | $ | 1,286 | | | |
Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
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As of December 31 | Calendar Year |
(In millions) | 2013(1) | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | $ | 80 | | | $ | 213 | | | $ | 300 | | | $ | 370 | | | $ | 417 | | | $ | 419 | | | $ | 411 | | | $ | 414 | | | $ | 417 | | | $ | 423 | |
2014 | | | 61 | | | 159 | | | 215 | | | 258 | | | 282 | | | 290 | | | 297 | | | 306 | | | 312 | |
2015 | | | | | 51 | | | 131 | | | 180 | | | 212 | | | 231 | | | 243 | | | 251 | | | 256 | |
2016 | | | | | | | 53 | | | 129 | | | 169 | | | 198 | | | 219 | | | 227 | | | 234 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | 63 | | | 151 | | | 207 | | | 243 | | | 265 | | | 279 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | 68 | | | 163 | | | 229 | | | 259 | | | 280 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 71 | | | 169 | | | 223 | | | 262 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 65 | | | 147 | | | 200 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 67 | | | 164 | |
2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 79 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | $ | 2,489 | |
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented | | $ | 1,809 | |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2013 | | 1,874 | |
Other (2) | | (20) | |
Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented | | 76 | |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses | | $ | 3,739 | |
Net strengthening (releases) of prior accident year reserves is presented in the following table.
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For the years ended December 31 | | | Calendar Year | | |
(In millions) | | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 | | Total |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | | | $ | 35 | | | $ | 20 | | | $ | 26 | | | $ | (25) | | | $ | (11) | | | $ | (21) | | | $ | (9) | | | $ | (4) | | | $ | (11) | | | $ | — | |
2014 | | | | | 13 | | | (1) | | | (27) | | | (2) | | | (4) | | | (7) | | | 9 | | | (18) | | | (37) | |
2015 | | | | | | | 9 | | | (25) | | | 2 | | | (14) | | | (12) | | | (10) | | | (19) | | | (69) | |
2016 | | | | | | | | | (21) | | | (9) | | | (14) | | | (16) | | | (11) | | | (24) | | | (95) | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | | | (8) | | | (11) | | | (21) | | | 2 | | | (3) | | | (41) | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | (10) | | | (12) | | | (13) | | | — | | | (35) | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (3) | | | (12) | | | (1) | | | (16) | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (11) | | | (20) | | | (31) | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (14) | | | (14) | |
Total net development for the accident years presented above | | (80) | | | (50) | | | (110) | | | |
Adjustment for development on a discounted basis | | 2 | | | 2 | | | (3) | | | |
Total net development for accident years prior to 2013 | | (18) | | | (34) | | | (49) | | | |
Total unallocated claim adjustment expense development | | — | | | — | | | 10 | | | |
Total | | $ | (96) | | | $ | (82) | | | $ | (152) | | | |
(1) Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited.
(2) Other includes the effect of discounting lifetime claim reserves.
International
The following table presents further detail of the development recorded for the International segment.
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Years ended December 31 | | | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 (1) | | 2020 (1) |
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable development: | | | | | |
Commercial | $ | (10) | | | $ | (35) | | | $ | (2) | |
Specialty | (4) | | | 36 | | | 3 | |
Other | 1 | | | 1 | | | (3) | |
Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable development | $ | (13) | | | $ | 2 | | | $ | (2) | |
(1) Effective December 31, 2021 the International lines of business were consolidated to align with domestic operations. Prior period information has been conformed to the new line of business presentation.
2022
Favorable development in commercial was due to lower than expected loss emergence across multiple accident years.
2021
Favorable development in commercial was due to lower than expected loss emergence across multiple accident years.
Unfavorable development in specialty was due to higher than expected claim severity in the Company’s medical treatment and professional liability businesses in multiple accident years.
International - Line of Business Composition
The table below provides the composition of the net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for the International segment.
| | | | | |
As of December 31 | |
(In millions) | 2022 |
Net Claim and claim adjustment expenses: | |
International excluding Hardy | $ | 1,441 | |
Hardy | 562 | |
Total net liability for claim and claim adjustment expenses | $ | 2,003 | |
International, Excluding Hardy
Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
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As of December 31 | Calendar Year | | As of December 31, 2022 |
(In millions, except reported claims data) | 2013(1) | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 | | IBNR | | Cumulative Number of Claims |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | $ | 279 | | | $ | 281 | | | $ | 274 | | | $ | 255 | | | $ | 250 | | | $ | 243 | | | $ | 235 | | | $ | 231 | | | $ | 234 | | | $ | 235 | | | $ | 11 | | | 23,971 | |
2014 | | | 268 | | | 283 | | | 282 | | | 271 | | | 264 | | | 281 | | | 282 | | | 273 | | | 279 | | | 13 | | | 24,962 | |
2015 | | | | | 280 | | | 295 | | | 294 | | | 278 | | | 273 | | | 275 | | | 277 | | | 277 | | | 22 | | | 23,372 | |
2016 | | | | | | | 275 | | | 292 | | | 279 | | | 277 | | | 268 | | | 281 | | | 283 | | | 29 | | | 17,813 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | 290 | | | 351 | | | 371 | | | 364 | | | 359 | | | 348 | | | 57 | | | 18,498 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | 357 | | | 374 | | | 379 | | | 378 | | | 390 | | | 67 | | | 20,849 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 331 | | | 344 | | | 341 | | | 348 | | | 69 | | | 18,354 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 368 | | | 360 | | | 350 | | | 138 | | | 14,952 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 396 | | | 385 | | | 201 | | | 13,580 | |
2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 414 | | | 294 | | | 8,320 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | $ | 3,309 | | | $ | 901 | | | |
Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
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As of December 31 | Calendar Year |
(In millions) | 2013(1) | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | $ | 48 | | | $ | 109 | | | $ | 135 | | | $ | 151 | | | $ | 165 | | | $ | 174 | | | $ | 192 | | | $ | 203 | | | $ | 209 | | | $ | 212 | |
2014 | | | 50 | | | 118 | | | 145 | | | 162 | | | 178 | | | 198 | | | 230 | | | 234 | | | 241 | |
2015 | | | | | 55 | | | 128 | | | 158 | | | 177 | | | 199 | | | 213 | | | 223 | | | 230 | |
2016 | | | | | | | 64 | | | 127 | | | 153 | | | 175 | | | 187 | | | 208 | | | 220 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | 63 | | | 142 | | | 181 | | | 209 | | | 230 | | | 256 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | 88 | | | 162 | | | 208 | | | 236 | | | 260 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 71 | | | 159 | | | 195 | | | 218 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 58 | | | 125 | | | 158 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 54 | | | 121 | |
2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 45 | |
Total | | $ | 1,961 | |
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented | | $ | 1,348 | |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2013 | | 56 | |
Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented | | 37 | |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses | | $ | 1,441 | |
Net strengthening (releases) of prior accident year reserves is presented in the following table.
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For the years ended December 31 | | Calendar Year | | |
(In millions) | | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 | | Total (2) |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | | | $ | 2 | | | $ | (7) | | | $ | (19) | | | $ | (5) | | | $ | (7) | | | $ | (8) | | | $ | (4) | | | $ | 3 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | (44) | |
2014 | | | | | 15 | | | (1) | | | (11) | | | (7) | | | 17 | | | 1 | | | (9) | | | 6 | | | 11 | |
2015 | | | | | | | 15 | | | (1) | | | (16) | | | (5) | | | 2 | | | 2 | | | — | | | (3) | |
2016 | | | | | | | | | 17 | | | (13) | | | (2) | | | (9) | | | 13 | | | 2 | | | 8 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | | | 61 | | | 20 | | | (7) | | | (5) | | | (11) | | | 58 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 17 | | | 5 | | | (1) | | | 12 | | | 33 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 13 | | | (3) | | | 7 | | | 17 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (8) | | | (10) | | | (18) | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (11) | | | (11) | |
(1) Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited.
(2) The amounts included in the loss reserve development tables above are presented at the year-end 2022 foreign currency exchange rates for all periods presented to remove the effects of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations between calendar years. The amounts included within the table on page 102 presenting the detail of the development recorded within the International segment include the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
International - Hardy
Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
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As of December 31 | Calendar Year | As of December 31, 2022 |
(In millions, except reported claims data) | 2013(1) | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 | | IBNR | | Cumulative Number of Claims |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | $ | 127 | | | $ | 143 | | | $ | 136 | | | $ | 137 | | | $ | 138 | | | $ | 141 | | | $ | 142 | | | $ | 142 | | | $ | 141 | | | $ | 144 | | | $ | 3 | | | 7,904 | |
2014 | | | 182 | | | 180 | | | 173 | | | 167 | | | 168 | | | 169 | | | 167 | | | 165 | | | 164 | | | (4) | | | 8,530 | |
2015 | | | | | 186 | | | 175 | | | 174 | | | 174 | | | 172 | | | 174 | | | 175 | | | 177 | | | (2) | | | 9,722 | |
2016 | | | | | | | 224 | | | 240 | | | 231 | | | 220 | | | 222 | | | 215 | | | 216 | | | 3 | | | 10,834 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | 240 | | | 248 | | | 241 | | | 242 | | | 249 | | | 249 | | | 5 | | | 13,204 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | 264 | | | 295 | | | 298 | | | 303 | | | 303 | | | 26 | | | 15,185 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 216 | | | 219 | | | 214 | | | 221 | | | 37 | | | 11,374 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 206 | | | 197 | | | 191 | | | 62 | | | 6,699 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 174 | | | 164 | | | 83 | | | 3,384 | |
2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 187 | | | 136 | | | 1,279 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | $ | 2,016 | | | $ | 349 | | | |
Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
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As of December 31 | Calendar Year |
(In millions) | 2013(1) | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | $ | 37 | | | $ | 99 | | | $ | 119 | | | $ | 125 | | | $ | 129 | | | $ | 131 | | | $ | 135 | | | $ | 136 | | | $ | 138 | | | $ | 139 | |
2014 | | | 55 | | | 121 | | | 139 | | | 148 | | | 153 | | | 159 | | | 160 | | | 161 | | | 162 | |
2015 | | | | | 29 | | | 96 | | | 127 | | | 142 | | | 153 | | | 161 | | | 159 | | | 168 | |
2016 | | | | | | | 62 | | | 143 | | | 169 | | | 178 | | | 191 | | | 202 | | | 202 | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | 52 | | | 149 | | | 181 | | | 203 | | | 210 | | | 222 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | 54 | | | 170 | | | 198 | | | 229 | | | 246 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 43 | | | 101 | | | 138 | | | 155 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 27 | | | 76 | | | 102 | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 13 | | | 43 | |
2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 23 | |
Total | $ | 1,462 | |
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented | $ | 554 | |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2013 | — | |
Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented | 8 | |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses | $ | 562 | |
Net strengthening (releases) of prior accident year reserves is presented in the following table.
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For the years ended December 31 | | Calendar Year | | |
(In millions) | | | 2014(1) | | 2015(1) | | 2016(1) | | 2017(1) | | 2018(1) | | 2019(1) | | 2020(1) | | 2021(1) | | 2022 | | Total(2) |
Accident Year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 | | | $ | 16 | | | $ | (7) | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 3 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | — | | | $ | (1) | | | $ | 3 | | | $ | 17 | |
2014 | | | | | (2) | | | (7) | | | (6) | | | 1 | | | 1 | | | (2) | | | (2) | | | (1) | | | (18) | |
2015 | | | | | | | (11) | | | (1) | | | — | | | (2) | | | 2 | | | 1 | | | 2 | | | (9) | |
2016 | | | | | | | | | 16 | | | (9) | | | (11) | | | 2 | | | (7) | | | 1 | | | (8) | |
2017 | | | | | | | | | | | 8 | | | (7) | | | 1 | | | 7 | | | — | | | 9 | |
2018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 31 | | | 3 | | | 5 | | | — | | | 39 | |
2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 | | | (5) | | | 7 | | | 5 | |
2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (9) | | | (6) | | | (15) | |
2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (10) | | | (10) | |
(1) Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited.
(2) The amounts included in the loss reserve development tables above are presented at the year-end 2022 foreign currency exchange rates for all periods presented to remove the effects of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations between calendar years. The amounts included within the table on page 102 presenting the detail of the development recorded within the International segment include the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
The table below presents information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2022 and is presented as required supplementary information, which is unaudited.
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Average Annual Percentage Payout of Ultimate Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses in Year: |
| 1 | | 2 | | 3 | | 4 | | 5 | | 6 | | 7 | | 8 | | 9 | | 10 |
Specialty | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Medical Professional Liability | 3.6 | % | | 17.0 | % | | 23.0 | % | | 18.0 | % | | 11.9 | % | | 8.2 | % | | 4.7 | % | | 2.3 | % | | 1.0 | % | | 0.9 | % |
Other Professional Liability and Management Liability | 6.6 | % | | 21.0 | % | | 20.7 | % | | 16.2 | % | | 10.3 | % | | 6.0 | % | | 4.3 | % | | 4.8 | % | | 1.4 | % | | 0.5 | % |
Surety(1) | 19.0 | % | | 40.5 | % | | 20.2 | % | | 3.6 | % | | 2.1 | % | | 4.8 | % | | (1.7) | % | | 0.4 | % | | (0.6) | % | | — | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Commercial | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Commercial Auto | 26.1 | % | | 22.0 | % | | 17.6 | % | | 13.9 | % | | 10.4 | % | | 4.8 | % | | 1.7 | % | | 0.5 | % | | — | % | | — | % |
General Liability | 3.9 | % | | 13.7 | % | | 17.1 | % | | 18.8 | % | | 14.3 | % | | 9.4 | % | | 5.7 | % | | 4.6 | % | | 2.1 | % | | 0.6 | % |
Workers' Compensation | 15.3 | % | | 22.3 | % | | 13.7 | % | | 9.4 | % | | 6.1 | % | | 2.3 | % | | 1.1 | % | | 1.4 | % | | 1.0 | % | | 1.1 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
International | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
International - Excluding Hardy | 18.3 | % | | 22.5 | % | | 10.4 | % | | 7.1 | % | | 6.0 | % | | 6.2 | % | | 6.7 | % | | 2.9 | % | | 2.5 | % | | 1.3 | % |
International - Hardy | 19.7 | % | | 34.0 | % | | 13.4 | % | | 7.0 | % | | 4.4 | % | | 3.9 | % | | 0.6 | % | | 2.1 | % | | 1.0 | % | | 0.7 | % |
(1) Due to the nature of the Surety business, average annual percentage payout of ultimate net incurred claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses has been calculated using only the payouts of mature accident years presented in the loss reserve development tables.
A&EP Reserves
In 2010, Continental Casualty Company (CCC) together with several of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries completed a transaction with National Indemnity Company (NICO), a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Inc., under which substantially all of the Company’s legacy A&EP liabilities were ceded to NICO through a LPT. At the effective date of the transaction, the Company ceded approximately $1.6 billion of net A&EP claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserves to NICO under a retroactive reinsurance agreement with an aggregate limit of $4 billion. The $1.6 billion of claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserves ceded to NICO was net of $1.2 billion of ceded claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserves under existing third-party reinsurance contracts. The NICO LPT aggregate reinsurance limit also covers credit risk on the existing third-party reinsurance related to these liabilities. The Company paid NICO a reinsurance premium of $2 billion and transferred to NICO billed third-party reinsurance receivables related to A&EP claims with a net book value of $215 million, resulting in total consideration of $2.2 billion.
In years subsequent to the effective date of the LPT, the Company recognized adverse prior year development on its A&EP reserves resulting in additional amounts ceded under the LPT. As a result, the cumulative amounts ceded under the LPT have exceeded the $2.2 billion consideration paid, resulting in the NICO LPT moving into a gain position, requiring retroactive reinsurance accounting. Under retroactive reinsurance accounting, this gain is deferred and only recognized in earnings in proportion to actual paid recoveries under the LPT. Over the life of the contract, there is no economic impact as long as any additional losses incurred are within the limit of the LPT. In a period in which the Company recognizes a change in the estimate of A&EP reserves that increases or decreases the amounts ceded under the LPT, the proportion of actual paid recoveries to total ceded losses is affected and the change in the deferred gain is recognized in earnings as if the revised estimate of ceded losses was available at the effective date of the LPT. The effect of the deferred retroactive reinsurance benefit is recorded in Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The following table presents the impact of the Loss Portfolio Transfer on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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Years ended December 31 | | | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
Additional amounts ceded under LPT: | | | | | |
Net A&EP adverse development before consideration of LPT | $ | 92 | | | $ | 143 | | | $ | 125 | |
Provision for uncollectible third-party reinsurance on A&EP | (5) | | | (5) | | | (25) | |
Total additional amounts ceded under LPT | 87 | | | 138 | | | 100 | |
Retroactive reinsurance benefit recognized | (91) | | | (107) | | | (94) | |
Pretax impact of deferred retroactive reinsurance | $ | (4) | | | $ | 31 | | | $ | 6 | |
Net unfavorable prior year development of $92 million, $143 million and $125 million was recognized before consideration of cessions to the LPT for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The unfavorable development in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was primarily driven by higher than anticipated defense and indemnity costs on known direct asbestos and environmental accounts and a reduction in estimated reinsurance recoverable. Additionally, in 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company released $5 million, $5 million and $25 million of its provision for uncollectible third-party reinsurance.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the cumulative amounts ceded under the LPT were $3.5 billion and $3.4 billion. The unrecognized deferred retroactive reinsurance benefit was $425 million and $429 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and is included within Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
NICO established a collateral trust account as security for its obligations to the Company. The fair value of the collateral trust account was $2.4 billion as of December 31, 2022. In addition, Berkshire Hathaway Inc. guaranteed the payment obligations of NICO up to the aggregate reinsurance limit as well as certain of NICO’s performance obligations under the trust agreement. NICO is responsible for claims handling and billing and collection from third-party reinsurers related to the majority of the Company’s A&EP claims.
Excess Workers' Compensation LPT
On February 5, 2021, CCC completed a transaction with Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited (Cavello), a subsidiary of Enstar Group Limited, under which certain legacy excess workers' compensation (EWC) liabilities were ceded to Cavello. Under the terms of the transaction, based on reserves in place as of January 1, 2020, the Company ceded approximately $690 million of net EWC claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserves to Cavello under an LPT with an aggregate limit of $1 billion. The Company paid Cavello a reinsurance premium of $697 million, less claims paid between January 1, 2020 and the closing date of the agreement of $64 million. After transaction costs, the Company recognized an after-tax loss of approximately $12 million in the Corporate & Other segment in the first quarter of 2021 related to the EWC LPT.
As of December 31, 2022, the cumulative amount ceded under the EWC LPT was $690 million.
Cavello established a collateral trust as security for its obligations to the Company. The fair value of the collateral trust was $608 million as of December 31, 2022.
Life & Group Policyholder Reserves
The Company’s Life & Group segment includes its run-off long term care business as well as structured settlement obligations not funded by annuities related to certain property and casualty claimants. Long term care policies provide benefits for nursing homes, assisted living facilities and home health care subject to various daily and lifetime caps. Generally, policyholders must continue to make periodic premium payments to keep the policy in force and the Company has the ability to increase policy premiums, subject to state regulatory approval.
The Company maintains both claim and claim adjustment expense reserves as well as future policy benefit reserves for policyholder benefits for the Life & Group segment. Claim and claim adjustment expense reserves consist of estimated reserves for long term care policyholders that are currently receiving benefits, including claims that have been incurred but are not yet reported. In developing the claim and claim adjustment expense reserve estimates for long term care policies, the Company’s actuaries perform a detailed claim reserve review on an annual basis. The review analyzes the sufficiency of existing reserves for policyholders currently on claim and includes an evaluation of expected benefit utilization and claim duration. In addition, claim and claim adjustment expense reserves are also maintained for the structured settlement obligations. In developing the claim and claim adjustment expense reserve estimates for structured settlement obligations, the Company's actuaries review mortality experience on an annual basis. The Company’s recorded claim and claim adjustment expense reserves reflect management's best estimate after incorporating the results of the most recent reviews.
The Company's most recent annual claim reserve reviews were completed in the third quarter of 2022. The long term care claim reserve review resulted in a $25 million pretax reduction in reserves driven by a $107 million favorable impact from the release of all remaining IBNR reserves established during 2020 and 2021 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic partially offset by an $82 million unfavorable impact from higher claim severity, including utilization and cost of care inflation, than anticipated in the reserve estimates. The structured settlement claim reserve review resulted in a $5 million pretax reduction in reserves due to discount rate assumption changes. The Company's 2021 annual claim reserve reviews were completed in the third quarter of 2021 resulting in a $40 million pretax reduction in long term care reserves primarily due to lower claim severity than anticipated in the reserve estimates and a $2 million pretax increase in the structured settlement claim reserves primarily due to lower discount rate assumptions and mortality assumption changes.
Future policy benefit reserves consist of active life reserves related to the Company’s long term care policies for policyholders that are not currently receiving benefits and represent the present value of expected future benefit payments and expenses less expected future premium. The determination of these reserves requires management to make estimates and assumptions about expected investment and policyholder experience over the life of the contract. Since many of these contracts may be in force for several decades, these assumptions are subject to significant estimation risk.
The actuarial assumptions that management believes are subject to the most variability are morbidity, persistency, discount rates and anticipated future premium rate increases. Morbidity is the frequency and severity of injury, illness, sickness and diseases contracted. Persistency is the percentage of policies remaining in force and can be affected by policy lapses, benefit reductions and death. Discount rates are influenced by the investment yield on assets supporting long term care reserves which is subject to interest rate and market
volatility and may also be affected by changes to the Internal Revenue Code. Future premium rate increases are generally subject to regulatory approval, and therefore the exact timing and size of the approved rate increases are unknown. As a result of this variability, the Company’s long term care reserves may be subject to material increases if actual experience develops adversely to the Company’s expectations.
Annually, in the third quarter, management assesses the adequacy of its long term care future policy benefit reserves by performing a GPV to determine if there is a premium deficiency. Under the GPV, management estimates required reserves using best estimate assumptions as of the date of the assessment without provisions for adverse deviation. The GPV required reserves are then compared to the existing recorded reserves. If the GPV required reserves are greater than the existing recorded reserves, the existing assumptions are unlocked and future policy benefit reserves are increased to the greater amount. Any such increase is reflected in the Company’s results of operations in the period in which the need for such adjustment is determined. If the GPV required reserves are less than the existing recorded reserves, assumptions remain locked in and no adjustment is made.
The GPV for the long term care future policy benefit reserves, performed in the third quarters of 2022 and 2021, indicated recorded reserves included a pretax margin of approximately $125 million and $72 million as of September 30, 2022 and 2021.
Note F. Legal Proceedings, Contingencies and Guarantees
The Company is a party to various claims and litigation incidental to its business, which, based on the facts and circumstances currently known, are not material to the Company's results of operations or financial position.
Guarantees
The Company has provided guarantees, if the primary obligor fails to perform, to holders of structured settlement annuities issued by a previously owned subsidiary. As of December 31, 2022, the potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to pay under these guarantees was approximately $1.6 billion, which will be paid over the lifetime of the annuitants. The Company does not believe any payment is likely under these guarantees, as the Company is the beneficiary of a trust that must be maintained at a level that approximates the discounted reserves for these annuities.
Note G. Reinsurance
The Company cedes insurance to reinsurers to limit its maximum loss, provide greater diversification of risk, minimize exposures on larger risks and to exit certain lines of business. The ceding of insurance does not discharge the primary liability of the Company. A credit exposure exists with respect to reinsurance ceded to the extent that any reinsurer is unable to meet its obligations. A collectibility exposure also exists to the extent that the reinsurer disputes the liabilities assumed under reinsurance agreements. Property and casualty reinsurance coverages are tailored to the specific risk characteristics of each product line and the Company's retained amount varies by type of coverage. Reinsurance contracts are purchased to protect specific lines of business such as property and workers' compensation. Corporate catastrophe reinsurance is also purchased for property and workers' compensation exposure. The Company also utilizes facultative reinsurance in certain lines. In addition, the Company assumes reinsurance primarily through Hardy and as a member of various reinsurance pools and associations.
The following table presents the amounts receivable from reinsurers.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31 | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 |
Reinsurance receivables related to insurance reserves: | | | |
Ceded claim and claim adjustment expenses | $ | 5,191 | | | $ | 4,969 | |
Ceded future policy benefits | — | | | 288 | |
Reinsurance receivables related to paid losses | 247 | | | 227 | |
Reinsurance receivables | 5,438 | | | 5,484 | |
Allowance for uncollectible reinsurance | (22) | | | (21) | |
Reinsurance receivables, net of allowance for uncollectible reinsurance | $ | 5,416 | | | $ | 5,463 | |
The Company has established an allowance for uncollectible voluntary reinsurance receivables which relates to both amounts already billed on ceded paid losses as well as ceded reserves that will be billed when losses are paid in the future. The following table summarizes the outstanding amount of voluntary reinsurance receivables, gross of any collateral arrangements, by financial strength rating.
| | | | | |
(In millions) | December 31, 2022 |
A- to A++ | $ | 3,785 | |
B- to B++ | 1,020 | |
Insolvent | 3 | |
Total voluntary reinsurance outstanding balance(1) | $ | 4,808 | |
(1) Expected credit losses for legacy A&EP receivables are ceded to NICO and the reinsurance limit on the LPT has not been exhausted, therefore no allowance is recorded for these receivables and they are excluded from the table above. Refer to Note E to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the LPT. The Company has also excluded receivables from involuntary pools.
The Company attempts to mitigate its credit risk related to reinsurance by entering into reinsurance arrangements with reinsurers that have credit ratings above certain levels and by obtaining collateral. On a limited basis, the Company may enter into reinsurance agreements with reinsurers that are not rated, primarily captive reinsurers. Receivables from captive reinsurers are backed by collateral arrangements and comprise the majority of the voluntary reinsurance receivables within the B- to B++ rating distribution in the table above. The primary methods of obtaining collateral are through reinsurance trusts, letters of credit and funds withheld balances. Such collateral, limited by the balance of open recoverables, was approximately $3.7 billion and $4.0 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
The Company's largest recoverables from a single reinsurer as of December 31, 2022, including ceded unearned premium reserves, were approximately $1.9 billion from subsidiaries of the Berkshire Hathaway Insurance Group, $598 million from Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited and $446 million from the Gateway Rivers Insurance Company. These amounts are substantially collateralized or otherwise secured. The recoverable
from subsidiaries of the Berkshire Hathaway Insurance Group includes amounts related to third-party reinsurance for which NICO has assumed the credit risk under the terms of the LPT as discussed in Note E to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The effects of reinsurance on earned premiums and written premiums are presented in the following tables.
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(In millions) | Direct | | Assumed | | Ceded | | Net | | Assumed/ Net % |
2022 Earned Premiums | | | | | | | | | |
Property and casualty | $ | 13,097 | | | $ | 231 | | | $ | 5,134 | | | $ | 8,194 | | | 2.8 | % |
Long term care | 427 | | | 46 | | | — | | | 473 | | | 9.7 | % |
Total earned premiums | $ | 13,524 | | | $ | 277 | | | $ | 5,134 | | | $ | 8,667 | | | 3.2 | % |
| | | | | | | | | |
2021 Earned Premiums | | | | | | | | | |
Property and casualty | $ | 12,554 | | | $ | 240 | | | $ | 5,110 | | | $ | 7,684 | | | 3.1 | % |
Long term care | 443 | | | 48 | | | — | | | 491 | | | 9.8 | % |
Total earned premiums | $ | 12,997 | | | $ | 288 | | | $ | 5,110 | | | $ | 8,175 | | | 3.5 | % |
| | | | | | | | | |
2020 Earned Premiums | | | | | | | | | |
Property and casualty | $ | 11,547 | | | $ | 238 | | | $ | 4,640 | | | $ | 7,145 | | | 3.3 | % |
Long term care | 454 | | | 50 | | | — | | | 504 | | | 9.9 | % |
Total earned premiums | $ | 12,001 | | | $ | 288 | | | $ | 4,640 | | | $ | 7,649 | | | 3.8 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(In millions) | Direct | | Assumed | | Ceded | | Net | | Assumed/ Net % |
2022 Written Premiums | | | | | | | | | |
Property and casualty | $ | 13,843 | | | $ | 235 | | | $ | 5,417 | | | $ | 8,661 | | | 2.7 | % |
Long term care | 421 | | | 46 | | | — | | | 467 | | | 9.9 | % |
Total written premiums | $ | 14,264 | | | $ | 281 | | | $ | 5,417 | | | $ | 9,128 | | | 3.1 | % |
| | | | | | | | | |
2021 Written Premiums | | | | | | | | | |
Property and casualty | $ | 13,150 | | | $ | 255 | | | $ | 5,485 | | | $ | 7,920 | | | 3.2 | % |
Long term care | 437 | | | 48 | | | — | | | 485 | | | 9.9 | % |
Total written premiums | $ | 13,587 | | | $ | 303 | | | $ | 5,485 | | | $ | 8,405 | | | 3.6 | % |
| | | | | | | | | |
2020 Written Premiums | | | | | | | | | |
Property and casualty | $ | 12,168 | | | $ | 229 | | | $ | 4,832 | | | $ | 7,565 | | | 3.0 | % |
Long term care | 444 | | | 50 | | | — | | | 494 | | | 10.1 | % |
Total written premiums | $ | 12,612 | | | $ | 279 | | | $ | 4,832 | | | $ | 8,059 | | | 3.5 | % |
Included in the direct and ceded earned premiums for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are $3,270 million, $3,638 million and $3,543 million related to property business that is 100% reinsured under a significant third-party captive program. The third-party captives that participate in this program are affiliated with the non-insurance company policyholders, therefore this program provides a means for the policyholders to self-insure this property risk. The Company receives and retains a ceding commission.
Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations are net of estimated reinsurance recoveries of $2,631 million, $3,058 million and $3,158 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, including $1,796 million, $2,003 million and $2,375 million, respectively, related to the significant third-party captive program discussed above.
Long term care premiums are from long-duration contracts; property and casualty premiums are from short-duration contracts.
Note H. Debt
Debt is composed of the following long term obligations.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31 | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 |
Short term debt: | | | |
Debenture of CNAF, 7.250%, face amount of $243, due November 15, 2023 | $ | 243 | | | $ | — | |
| | | |
Long term debt: | | | |
Senior notes of CNAF: | | | |
3.950%, face amount of $550, due May 15, 2024 | 549 | | | 549 | |
4.500%, face amount of $500, due March 1, 2026 | 499 | | | 499 | |
3.450%, face amount of $500, due August 15, 2027 | 497 | | | 497 | |
3.900%, face amount of $500, due May 1, 2029 | 497 | | | 496 | |
2.050%, face amount of $500, due August 15, 2030 | 496 | | | 495 | |
Debenture of CNAF, 7.250%, face amount of $243, due November 15, 2023 | — | | | 243 | |
Total long term debt | 2,538 | | | 2,779 | |
Total debt | $ | 2,781 | | | $ | 2,779 | |
CCC is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago (FHLBC). FHLBC membership provides participants with access to additional sources of liquidity through various programs and services. As a requirement of membership in the FHLBC, CCC held $5 million of FHLBC stock as of December 31, 2022 giving it immediate access to approximately $106 million of additional liquidity. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, CCC had no outstanding borrowings from the FHLBC.
During 2019, the Company amended and restated its existing credit agreement with a syndicate of banks. The agreement provides a five-year $250 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility which is intended to be used for general corporate purposes. At the Company's election, the commitments under the agreement may be increased from time to time up to an additional aggregate amount of $100 million, and two one-year extensions are available prior to any anniversary of the closing date, each subject to applicable consents. Under the agreement, the Company is required to pay a facility fee which will adjust automatically in the event of a change in the Company's financial ratings. The agreement includes several covenants, including maintenance of a minimum consolidated net worth and a specified ratio of consolidated indebtedness to consolidated total capitalization. The minimum consolidated net worth, as defined, at December 31, 2022, was $8.7 billion. The calculation of minimum consolidated net worth excludes unrealized appreciation and depreciation of securities which are classified as available-for-sale. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the credit agreement.
The Company's debt obligations contain customary covenants for investment grade issuers. The Company was in compliance with all covenants as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
The combined aggregate maturities for debt as of December 31, 2022 are presented in the following table.
| | | | | |
(In millions) | |
2023 | $ | 243 | |
2024 | 550 | |
2025 | — | |
2026 | 500 | |
2027 | 500 | |
Thereafter | 1,000 | |
Less: discount | (12) | |
Total | $ | 2,781 | |
Note I. Benefit Plans
Pension and Postretirement Health Care Benefit Plans
CNA sponsors noncontributory defined benefit pension plans, primarily through the CNA Retirement Plan, covering certain eligible employees. These plans are closed to new entrants. CNA's funding policy for defined benefit pension plans is to make contributions in accordance with applicable governmental regulatory requirements with consideration of the funded status of the plans.
Effective January 1, 2000, the CNA Retirement Plan was closed to new participants. Existing participants at that time were given a choice to either continue to accrue benefits under the CNA Retirement Plan or to cease accruals effective December 31, 1999. Employees who chose to continue to accrue benefits under the plan received benefits in accordance with plan provisions through June 30, 2015 as discussed further below. Participants who elected to cease accruals at December 31, 1999 received the present value of their accrued benefit in an accrued pension account that is credited with interest based on the annual rate of interest on 30-year Treasury securities. These employees also receive certain enhanced employer contributions in the CNA 401k Plan.
Effective June 30, 2015, the Company eliminated future benefit accruals associated with the CNA Retirement Plan. Participants who were continuing to accrue benefits under the CNA Retirement Plan up until that date are entitled to an accrued benefit payable based on their eligible compensation and accrued service through June 30, 2015. These affected participants now also receive enhanced employer contributions in the CNA 401k Plan similar to participants who elected to cease accruals effective December 31, 1999. Employees who elected to cease accruals effective December 31, 1999 were not affected by this curtailment.
CNA provides certain postretirement health care benefits to eligible retired employees, their covered dependents and their beneficiaries primarily through the CNA Health and Group Benefits Program. These postretirement benefits have largely been eliminated for active employees.
The following table presents a reconciliation of benefit obligations and plan assets.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Pension Benefits | | Postretirement Benefits |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
Benefit obligation as of January 1 | $ | 2,561 | | | $ | 2,769 | | | $ | 6 | | | $ | 7 | |
Changes in benefit obligation: | | | | | | | |
Interest cost | 67 | | | 62 | | | — | | | — | |
Participants' contributions | — | | | — | | | 2 | | | 3 | |
Actuarial (gain) loss | (514) | | | (84) | | | — | | | 1 | |
Benefits paid | (171) | | | (182) | | | (4) | | | (5) | |
Foreign currency translation and other | (12) | | | (2) | | | — | | | — | |
Settlements | — | | | (2) | | | — | | | — | |
Benefit obligation as of December 31 | 1,931 | | | 2,561 | | | 4 | | | 6 | |
Fair value of plan assets as of January 1 | 2,577 | | | 2,420 | | | — | | | — | |
Change in plan assets: | | | | | | | |
Actual return on plan assets | (374) | | | 332 | | | — | | | — | |
Company contributions | 7 | | | 10 | | | 2 | | | 2 | |
Participants' contributions | — | | | — | | | 2 | | | 3 | |
Benefits paid | (171) | | | (182) | | | (4) | | | (5) | |
Foreign currency translation and other | (14) | | | (1) | | | — | | | — | |
Settlements | — | | | (2) | | | — | | | — | |
Fair value of plan assets as of December 31 | 2,025 | | | 2,577 | | | — | | | — | |
Funded status | $ | 94 | | | $ | 16 | | | $ | (4) | | | $ | (6) | |
Amounts recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31: | | | | | | | |
Other assets | $ | 143 | | | $ | 77 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
Other liabilities | (49) | | | (61) | | | (4) | | | (6) | |
Net amount recognized | $ | 94 | | | $ | 16 | | | $ | (4) | | | $ | (6) | |
Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income, not yet recognized in net periodic cost (benefit): | | | | | | | |
Net actuarial (gain) loss | $ | 743 | | | $ | 763 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 1 | |
Net amount recognized | $ | 743 | | | $ | 763 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 1 | |
The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $1,931 million and $2,561 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Changes for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 include actuarial gains of $(514) million and $(84) million primarily driven by changes in the discount rate used to determine the defined benefit pension obligations.
For pension plans with a benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, the benefit obligation was $49 million and $61 million and the aggregate plan assets were $0 at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
The components of net periodic pension cost (benefit) are presented in the following table.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Years ended December 31 | | | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
Net periodic pension cost (benefit) | | | | | |
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation | $ | 67 | | | $ | 62 | | | $ | 80 | |
Expected return on plan assets | (152) | | | (154) | | | (155) | |
Amortization of net actuarial loss (gain) | 30 | | | 46 | | | 45 | |
Settlement loss | — | | | 1 | | | 3 | |
Total net periodic pension cost (benefit) | $ | (55) | | | $ | (45) | | | $ | (27) | |
The following table indicates the line items in which the non-service cost (benefit) is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Years ended December 31 | | | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
Non-Service Cost (benefit): | | | | | |
Insurance claims and policyholder's benefits | (15) | | | $ | (13) | | | $ | (8) | |
Other operating expenses | (40) | | | (32) | | | (19) | |
Total net periodic pension cost (benefit) | $ | (55) | | | $ | (45) | | | $ | (27) | |
The amounts recognized in Other comprehensive income are presented in the following table.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Years ended December 31 | | | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
Pension and postretirement benefits | | | | | |
Amounts arising during the period | $ | (12) | | | $ | 262 | | | $ | (67) | |
Settlement | — | | | 1 | | | 3 | |
Reclassification adjustment relating to prior service credit | — | | | — | | | — | |
Reclassification adjustment relating to actuarial loss | 30 | | | 46 | | | 45 | |
Total increase (decrease) in Other comprehensive income | $ | 18 | | | $ | 309 | | | $ | (19) | |
Actuarial assumptions used for the CNA Retirement Plan and CNA Health and Group Benefits Program to determine benefit obligations are presented in the following table. The interest crediting rate is the weighted average interest rate applied to the individual pension balances for employees who elected to cease accruals effective December 31, 1999.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31 | 2022 | | 2021 |
Pension benefits | | | |
Discount rate | 5.350 | % | | 2.750 | % |
Interest crediting rate | 3.500 | | | 3.000 | |
Postretirement benefits | | | |
Discount rate | 5.250 | % | | 2.250 | % |
Actuarial assumptions used for the CNA Retirement Plan and CNA Health and Group Benefits Program to determine net cost or benefit are presented in the following table.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Years ended December 31 | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
Pension benefits | | | | | |
Discount rate | 2.750 | % | | 2.350 | % | | 3.150 | % |
Expected long term rate of return | 6.250 | | | 6.750 | | | 7.250 | |
Interest crediting rate | 3.000 | | | 3.000 | | | 5.000 | |
Postretirement benefits | | | | | |
Discount rate | 2.250 | % | | 1.600 | % | | 2.300 | % |
To determine the discount rate assumption as of the year-end measurement date for the CNA Retirement Plan and CNA Health and Group Benefits Program, the Company considered the estimated timing of plan benefit payments and available yields on high quality fixed income debt securities. For this purpose, high quality is considered a rating of Aa or better by Moody's Investors Service, Inc. (Moody's) or a rating of AA or better from Standard & Poor's (S&P). The Company reviewed several yield curves constructed using the cash flow characteristics of the plans as well as bond indices as of the measurement date. The trend of those data points was also considered.
In determining the expected long term rate of return on plan assets assumption for the CNA Retirement Plan, CNA considered the historical performance of the benefit plan investment portfolio as well as long term market return expectations based on the investment mix of the portfolio and the expected investment horizon.
The CNA Health and Group Benefits Program has limited its share of the health care trend rate to a cost-of-living adjustment of 4% per year. For all participants, the employer subsidy on health care costs will not increase by more than 4% per year. As a result, the assumed health care cost trend rate used in measuring the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation for the CNA Health and Group Benefits Program was 4% per year in 2022, 2021 and 2020.
CNA employs a total return approach whereby a mix of equity, limited partnerships and fixed maturity securities are used to maximize the long term return of retirement plan assets for a prudent level of risk and to manage cash flows according to plan requirements. The target allocation of plan assets is 0% to 40% invested in equity securities and limited partnerships, with the remainder primarily invested in fixed maturity securities. Alternative investments, including limited partnerships, are used to enhance risk adjusted long term returns while improving portfolio diversification. The intent of this strategy is to minimize the Company's expense related to funding the plan by generating investment returns that exceed the growth of the plan liabilities over the long run. Risk tolerance is established after careful consideration of the plan liabilities, plan funded status and corporate financial conditions.
As of December 31, 2022, the Plan had committed approximately $120 million to future capital calls from various third-party limited partnership investments in exchange for an ownership interest in the related partnerships. Derivatives may be used to gain market exposure in an efficient and timely manner. Investment risk is measured and monitored on an ongoing basis through annual liability measurements, periodic asset/liability studies and quarterly investment portfolio reviews.
Pension plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as well as cash are presented in the following tables.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2022 | | | | | | | | |
(In millions) | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total |
Assets | | | | | | | | |
Fixed maturity securities: | | | | | | | | |
Corporate bonds and other | | $ | — | | | $ | 859 | | | $ | 7 | | | $ | 866 | |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | | — | | | 49 | | | — | | | 49 | |
Asset-backed | | — | | | 157 | | | 9 | | | 166 | |
Total fixed maturity securities | | — | | | 1,065 | | | 16 | | | 1,081 | |
Equity securities | | 218 | | | 13 | | | — | | | 231 | |
Short term investments | | 145 | | | 1 | | | — | | | 146 | |
Other assets | | — | | | 12 | | | — | | | 12 | |
Cash | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
Total assets measured at fair value | | $ | 363 | | | $ | 1,091 | | | $ | 16 | | | 1,470 | |
Total equity securities measured at net asset value(1) | | | | | | | | 21 | |
Total limited partnerships measured at net asset value (1) | | | | | | | | 534 | |
Total | | | | | | | | $ | 2,025 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2021 | | | | | | | | |
(In millions) | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total |
Assets | | | | | | | | |
Fixed maturity securities: | | | | | | | | |
Corporate bonds and other | | $ | — | | | $ | 645 | | | $ | 8 | | | $ | 653 | |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | | — | | | 30 | | | — | | | 30 | |
Asset-backed | | — | | | 110 | | | — | | | 110 | |
Total fixed maturity securities | | — | | | 785 | | | 8 | | | 793 | |
Equity securities | | 732 | | | 141 | | | — | | | 873 | |
Short term investments | | 45 | | | — | | | — | | | 45 | |
Other assets | | — | | | 8 | | | — | | | 8 | |
Cash | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
Total assets measured at fair value | | $ | 777 | | | $ | 934 | | | $ | 8 | | | 1,719 | |
Total equity securities measured at net asset value (1) | | | | | | | | 20 | |
Total limited partnerships measured at net asset value (1) | | | | | | | | 838 | |
Total | | | | | | | | $ | 2,577 | |
(1) Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table for these investments are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the Plan's Statement of Financial Position.
The limited partnership investments held within the plan are recorded at fair value, which represents the plan's share of net asset value of each partnership, as determined by each limited partnership's general partner. Limited partnerships comprising 62% and 35% of the carrying value as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were invested in private debt and equity. Limited partnerships comprising 38% and 65% of the carrying value as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 employ hedge fund strategies. Private debt and equity funds cover a broad range of investment strategies including buyout, private credit, growth capital and distressed investing. Hedge fund strategies include both long and short positions in fixed income, equity and derivative investments.
For a discussion of the fair value levels and the valuation methodologies used to measure fixed maturity securities, equities, derivatives and short term investments, see Note C to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The table below presents the estimated future minimum benefit payments to participants as of December 31, 2022.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
(In millions) | Pension Benefits | | Postretirement Benefits |
2023 | $ | 175 | | | $ | 1 | |
2024 | 173 | | | 1 | |
2025 | 171 | | | — | |
2026 | 169 | | | — | |
2027 | 167 | | | — | |
2028-2032 | 752 | | | 1 | |
In 2023, CNA expects to contribute $6 million to its pension plans and $1 million to its postretirement health care benefit plans.
Savings Plans
CNA sponsors savings plans, which are generally contributory plans that allow most employees to contribute a maximum of 50% of their eligible compensation, subject to certain limitations prescribed by the IRS. The Company contributes matching amounts to participants amounting to 100% of the first 6% of annual eligible compensation contributed by the employee. In addition, eligible employees also receive a Company contribution of 5% of their annual eligible compensation, referred to as a basic contribution. Company contributions vest ratably over participants first five years of service.
Benefit expense for the Company's savings plans was $71 million, $65 million and $70 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Note J. Stock-Based Compensation
The CNAF Incentive Compensation Plan (the Plan) authorizes the grant of stock-based compensation to certain management personnel for up to 16 million shares of CNAF common stock. The Plan provides for awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights (SARs), restricted shares, restricted stock units (RSUs), performance-based RSUs and performance share units. Grants to employees are not designed to be spring-loaded. The number of remaining shares available for the granting of stock-based compensation under the Plan as of December 31, 2022 was approximately 4.8 million.
Substantially all of the Company's stock-based compensation is awarded under the Annual Performance Share Plan (PSP). The PSP provides officers with an opportunity to earn an award based upon attainment of specific performance goals achieved over a one-year performance period. Awards are granted in the form of performance share units at the beginning of each performance year and are generally subject to a two-year cliff vesting period after the Company’s annual performance has been determined. The performance share units become payable within a range of 0% to 200% of the number of performance share units initially granted.
Additionally, the Company may grant RSUs under the Plan in certain circumstances. These awards generally vest over a one to three-year service period following the grant date.
Stock-based compensation that is not fully vested prior to termination is generally forfeited upon termination, except in cases of retirement, death or disability, and as otherwise provided by contractual obligations. The fair value of stock-based compensation awards is based on the market value of the Company's common stock as of the date of grant, except for awards made to foreign participants, which is based on the current market value of the Company’s common stock. Payments made under the PSP are made entirely in shares of common stock granted under the Plan, except for awards made to foreign participants, which are paid in cash.
The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to the Plan of $36 million, $32 million and $37 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The related income tax benefit recognized was $8 million, $6 million and $6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The compensation cost not yet recognized was $44 million, and the weighted average period over which it is expected to be recognized is 1.7 years as of December 31, 2022.
The total fair value of RSUs and performance share units that vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $35 million, $36 million and $35 million, respectively.
The weighted average grant date fair value for RSUs and performance share units granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $46.78, $45.82 and $34.36, respectively.
The following table presents activity for non-vested RSUs and performance share units under the Plan in 2022.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Number of Awards | | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Balance as of January 1, 2022 | 2,375,598 | | | $ | 41.21 | |
Awards granted | 1,031,729 | | | 46.78 | |
Awards vested | (759,352) | | | 43.69 | |
Awards forfeited, canceled or expired | (305,321) | | | 40.71 | |
Performance-based adjustment | 123,098 | | | 46.79 | |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | 2,465,752 | | | 43.10 | |
Note K. Other Intangible Assets
Other intangible assets are presented in the following table.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31 | | | 2022 | | 2021 |
(In millions) | Economic Useful Life | | Gross Carrying Amount | | Accumulated Amortization | | Gross Carrying Amount | | Accumulated Amortization |
Finite-lived intangible assets: | | | | | | | | | |
Trade name | 8 years | | $ | 6 | | | $ | 6 | | | $ | 7 | | | $ | 7 | |
Distribution channel | 15 years | | 10 | | | 7 | | | 11 | | | 7 | |
Total finite-lived intangible assets | | | 16 | | | 13 | | | 18 | | | 14 | |
Indefinite-lived intangible assets: | | | | | | | | | |
Syndicate capacity | | | 42 | | | | | 47 | | | |
Agency force | | | 16 | | | | | 16 | | | |
Insurance licenses | | | 10 | | | | | — | | | |
Total indefinite-lived intangible assets | | | 68 | | | | | 63 | | | |
Total other intangible assets | | | $ | 84 | | | $ | 13 | | | $ | 81 | | | $ | 14 | |
The Company's other intangible assets primarily relate to the purchase of Hardy and the recent acquisition of Inverin Insurance Company in the third quarter of 2022. The amortization of the finite-lived intangible assets is included in the Statement of Operations for the International segment. Amortization expense of $1 million was included in Other operating expenses for each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization in the table above may change from period to period as a result of foreign currency translation. Estimated future annual amortization expense for other intangible assets is $1 million in each of the years 2023 through 2027.
Note L. Leases
Total lease expense was $59 million, $57 million and $57 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Total lease expense includes operating lease expense of $36 million, $38 million and $38 million and variable lease expense of $23 million, $19 million and $19 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Cash paid for amounts included in operating lease liabilities was $42 million, $44 million and $41 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Operating lease ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations was $20 million, $11 million and $6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
The following table presents operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
(In millions) | December 31, 2022 | | December 31, 2021 |
Operating lease ROU assets | $ | 155 | | | $ | 175 | |
Operating lease liabilities | 220 | | | 248 | |
The following table presents the maturities of operating lease liabilities.
| | | | | |
(In millions) | December 31, 2022 |
2023 | $ | 39 | |
2024 | 33 | |
2025 | 26 | |
2026 | 23 | |
2027 | 22 | |
Thereafter | 118 | |
Total lease payments | 261 | |
Less: Discount | (41) | |
Total operating lease liabilities | $ | 220 | |
The following table presents the weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases and weighted average discount rate used in calculating operating lease ROU assets.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2022 | | December 31, 2021 |
Weighted average remaining lease term | 9.2 years | | 9.8 years |
Weighted average discount rate | 3.4 | % | | 3.4 | % |
Note M. Stockholders’ Equity and Statutory Accounting Practices
Common Stock Dividends
There are no restrictions on the retained earnings or net income of CNAF with regard to payment of dividends to its stockholders. However, given the holding company nature of CNAF, its ability to pay a dividend is dependent on the receipt of dividends from its subsidiaries, particularly CCC, which directly or indirectly owns the vast majority of all significant subsidiaries. See the Statutory Accounting Practices section below for a discussion of the regulatory restrictions on CCC's availability to pay dividends.
CNAF's ability to pay dividends may be indirectly limited by the minimum consolidated net worth covenant in the Company's line of credit agreement. See Note H to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the Company's debt obligations.
Statutory Accounting Practices
CNAF’s insurance subsidiaries are domiciled in various jurisdictions. These subsidiaries prepare statutory financial statements in accordance with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the respective jurisdictions’ insurance regulators. Domestic prescribed statutory accounting practices are set forth in a variety of publications of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) as well as state laws, regulations and general administrative rules. These statutory accounting principles vary in certain respects from GAAP. In converting from statutory accounting principles to GAAP, the more significant adjustments include deferral of policy acquisition costs and the inclusion of net unrealized holding gains or losses in stockholders’ equity relating to certain fixed maturity securities.
The Company has a prescribed practice as it relates to the accounting under Statement of Statutory Accounting Principles No. 62R, Property and Casualty Reinsurance, paragraphs 88 and 89 in conjunction with the 2010 LPT with NICO which is further discussed in Note E to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The prescribed practice allows the Company to aggregate all third-party A&EP reinsurance balances administered by NICO in Schedule F and to utilize the LPT as collateral for the underlying third-party reinsurance balances for purposes of calculating the statutory reinsurance penalty. This prescribed practice increased statutory capital and surplus by $74 million and $67 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
The payment of dividends by CNAF's insurance subsidiaries without prior approval of the insurance department of each subsidiary’s domiciliary jurisdiction is generally limited by formula. Dividends in excess of these amounts are subject to prior approval by the respective insurance regulator.
Dividends from CCC are subject to the insurance holding company laws of the State of Illinois, the domiciliary state of CCC. Under these laws, ordinary dividends, or dividends that do not require prior approval by the Illinois Department of Insurance (the Department), are determined based on the greater of the prior year's statutory net income or 10% of statutory surplus as of the end of the prior year, as well as the timing and amount of dividends paid in the preceding twelve months. Additionally, ordinary dividends may only be paid from earned surplus, which is calculated by removing unrealized gains from unassigned surplus. As of December 31, 2022, CCC is in a positive earned surplus position. The maximum allowable dividend CCC could pay during 2023 that would not be subject to the Department’s prior approval is $1,057 million, less dividends paid during the preceding twelve months measured at that point in time. CCC paid dividends of $990 million in 2022. The actual level of dividends paid in any year is determined after an assessment of available dividend capacity, holding company liquidity and cash needs as well as the impact the dividends will have on the statutory surplus of the applicable insurance company.
Combined statutory capital and surplus and statutory net income (loss) for the Combined Continental Casualty Companies are presented in the table below, determined in accordance with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by insurance and/or other regulatory authorities
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Statutory Capital and Surplus | | Statutory Net Income (Loss) |
| December 31 | | Years ended December 31 |
(In millions) | 2022 (1) | | 2021 | | 2022 (1) | | 2021 | | 2020 |
Combined Continental Casualty Companies | $ | 10,572 | | | $ | 11,321 | | | $ | 1,072 | | | $ | 1,253 | | | $ | 800 | |
(1) Information derived from the statutory-basis financial statements to be filed with insurance regulators.
CNAF’s domestic insurance subsidiaries are subject to risk-based capital (RBC) requirements. RBC is a method developed by the NAIC to determine the minimum amount of statutory capital appropriate for an insurance company to support its overall business operations in consideration of its size and risk profile. The formula for determining the amount of RBC specifies various factors, weighted based on the perceived degree of risk, which are applied to certain financial balances and financial activity. The adequacy of a company's actual capital is evaluated by a comparison to the RBC results, as determined by the formula. Companies below minimum RBC requirements are classified within certain levels, each of which requires specified corrective action.
The statutory capital and surplus presented above for CCC was approximately 238% and 264% of company action level RBC as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Company action level RBC is the level of RBC which triggers a heightened level of regulatory supervision. The statutory capital and surplus of the Company's foreign insurance subsidiaries, which is not significant to the overall statutory capital and surplus, also met or exceeded their respective regulatory and other capital requirements.
Note N. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) by Component
The tables below display the changes in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(In millions) | Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments with an allowance for credit losses | | Net unrealized gains (losses) on other investments | | Pension and postretirement benefits | | Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment | | Total |
Balance as of January 1, 2022 | $ | (2) | | | $ | 1,039 | | | $ | (604) | | | $ | (113) | | | $ | 320 | |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | — | | | (3,903) | | | (11) | | | (108) | | | (4,022) | |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) net of tax (expense) benefit of $(1), $21, $6, $— and $26 | 5 | | | (126) | | | (24) | | | — | | | (145) | |
Other comprehensive income (loss) net of tax (expense) benefit of $1, $1,007, $(3), $— and $1,005 | (5) | | | (3,777) | | | 13 | | | (108) | | | (3,877) | |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | (7) | | | $ | (2,738) | | | $ | (591) | | | $ | (221) | | | $ | (3,557) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(In millions) | Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments with an allowance for credit losses | | Net unrealized gains (losses) on other investments | | Pension and postretirement benefits | | Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment | | Total |
Balance as of January 1, 2021 | $ | — | | | $ | 1,745 | | | $ | (848) | | | $ | (94) | | | $ | 803 | |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | (7) | | | (625) | | | 207 | | | (19) | | | (444) | |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) net of tax (expense) benefit of $1, $(21), $10, $— and $(10) | (5) | | | 81 | | | (37) | | | — | | | 39 | |
Other comprehensive income (loss) net of tax (expense) benefit of $1, $188, $(65), $— and $124 | (2) | | | (706) | | | 244 | | | (19) | | | (483) | |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | (2) | | | $ | 1,039 | | | $ | (604) | | | $ | (113) | | | $ | 320 | |
Amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) shown above are reported in Net income (loss) as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
Component of AOCI | | Consolidated Statements of Operations Line Item Affected by Reclassifications |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments with an allowance for credit losses and Net unrealized gains (losses) on other investments | | Net investment gains (losses) |
Pension and postretirement benefits | | Other operating expenses and Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits |
Note O. Business Segments
The Company's property and casualty commercial insurance operations are managed and reported in three business segments: Specialty, Commercial and International. These three segments are collectively referred to as Property & Casualty Operations. Specialty provides management and professional liability and other coverages through property and casualty products and services using a network of brokers, independent agencies and managing general underwriters. Commercial works with a network of brokers and independent agents to market a broad range of property and casualty insurance products to all types of insureds targeting small business, construction, middle markets and other commercial customers. The International segment underwrites property and casualty coverages on a global basis through a branch operation in Canada, a European business consisting of insurance companies based in the U.K. and Luxembourg and Hardy, the Company's Lloyd's syndicate.
The Company's operations outside of Property & Casualty Operations are managed and reported in two segments: Life & Group and Corporate & Other. Life & Group primarily includes the results of the long term care business that is in run-off. Corporate & Other primarily includes certain corporate expenses, including interest on corporate debt and the results of certain property and casualty business in run-off, including CNA Re, A&EP, a legacy portfolio of EWC policies and certain legacy mass tort reserves.
The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note A to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company manages most of its assets on a legal entity basis, while segment operations are generally conducted across legal entities. As such, only Insurance and Reinsurance receivables, Insurance reserves, Deferred acquisition costs, Goodwill and Deferred non-insurance warranty acquisition expense and revenue are readily identifiable for individual segments. Distinct investment portfolios are not maintained for every individual segment; accordingly, allocation of assets to each segment is not performed. Therefore, a significant portion of Net investment income and Net investment gains or losses are allocated primarily based on each segment's net carried insurance reserves, as adjusted. All significant intersegment income and expense have been eliminated. Income taxes have been allocated on the basis of the taxable income of the segments.
Approximately 10%, 10% and 9% of the Company's direct written premiums were derived from outside the United States for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
In the following tables, certain financial measures are presented to provide information used by management to monitor the Company's operating performance. Management utilizes these financial measures to monitor the Company's insurance operations and investment portfolio.
The performance of the Company's insurance operations is monitored by management through core income (loss), which is derived from certain income statement amounts. The Company's investment portfolio is monitored by management through analysis of various factors including unrealized gains and losses on securities, portfolio duration and exposure to market and credit risk.
Core income (loss) is calculated by excluding from net income (loss) the after-tax effects of net investment gains or losses and any cumulative effects of changes in accounting guidance. The calculation of core income (loss) excludes net investment gains or losses because net investment gains or losses are generally driven by economic factors that are not necessarily reflective of our primary operations.
The Company's results of operations and selected balance sheet items by segment are presented in the following tables.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Year ended December 31, 2022 | Specialty | | Commercial | | International | | Life & Group | | Corporate & Other | | | | |
(In millions) | | | | | | Eliminations | | Total |
Net written premiums | $ | 3,306 | | | $ | 4,193 | | | $ | 1,164 | | | $ | 467 | | | $ | (1) | | | $ | (1) | | | $ | 9,128 | |
Operating revenues | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net earned premiums | $ | 3,203 | | | $ | 3,923 | | | $ | 1,070 | | | $ | 473 | | | $ | (1) | | | $ | (1) | | | $ | 8,667 | |
Net investment income | 431 | | | 488 | | | 63 | | | 804 | | | 19 | | | — | | | 1,805 | |
Non-insurance warranty revenue | 1,574 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,574 | |
Other revenues | 1 | | | 30 | | | 1 | | | (1) | | | 6 | | | (5) | | | 32 | |
Total operating revenues | 5,209 | | | 4,441 | | | 1,134 | | | 1,276 | | | 24 | | | (6) | | | 12,078 | |
Claims, benefits and expenses | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net incurred claims and benefits | 1,839 | | | 2,607 | | | 637 | | | 1,202 | | | 76 | | | — | | | 6,361 | |
Policyholders’ dividends | 6 | | | 19 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 25 | |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 656 | | | 634 | | | 200 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,490 | |
Non-insurance warranty expense | 1,471 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,471 | |
Other insurance related expenses | 336 | | | 557 | | | 146 | | | 118 | | | 4 | | | (1) | | | 1,160 | |
Other expenses | 51 | | | 36 | | | 26 | | | 9 | | | 174 | | | (5) | | | 291 | |
Total claims, benefits and expenses | 4,359 | | | 3,853 | | | 1,009 | | | 1,329 | | | 254 | | | (6) | | | 10,798 | |
Core income (loss) before income tax | 850 | | | 588 | | | 125 | | | (53) | | | (230) | | | — | | | 1,280 | |
Income tax (expense) benefit on core income (loss) | (182) | | | (122) | | | (19) | | | 44 | | | 47 | | | — | | | (232) | |
Core income (loss) | $ | 668 | | | $ | 466 | | | $ | 106 | | | $ | (9) | | | $ | (183) | | | $ | — | | | 1,048 | |
Net investment gains (losses) | | | | | | | | | | | | | (199) | |
Income tax (expense) benefit on net investment gains (losses) | | | | | | | | | | | | | 45 | |
Net investment gains (losses), after tax | | | | | | | | | | | | | (154) | |
Net income (loss) | | | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 894 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(In millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Reinsurance receivables | $ | 1,384 | | | $ | 1,062 | | | $ | 414 | | | $ | 101 | | | $ | 2,477 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 5,438 | |
Insurance receivables | 1,082 | | | 1,728 | | | 369 | | | 8 | | | — | | | — | | | 3,187 | |
Deferred acquisition costs | 381 | | | 321 | | | 104 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 806 | |
Goodwill | 117 | | | — | | | 27 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 144 | |
Deferred non-insurance warranty acquisition expense | 3,671 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 3,671 | |
Insurance reserves | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Claim and claim adjustment expenses | 6,878 | | | 9,395 | | | 2,403 | | | 3,674 | | | 2,749 | | | — | | | 25,099 | |
Unearned premiums | 3,193 | | | 2,425 | | | 653 | | | 103 | | | — | | | — | | | 6,374 | |
Future policy benefits | — | | | — | | | — | | | 10,151 | | | — | | | — | | | 10,151 | |
Deferred non-insurance warranty revenue | 4,714 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 4,714 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Year ended December 31, 2021 | Specialty | | Commercial | | International | | Life & Group | | Corporate & Other | | | | |
(In millions) | | | | | Eliminations | | Total |
Net written premiums | $ | 3,225 | | | $ | 3,595 | | | $ | 1,101 | | | $ | 485 | | | $ | — | | | $ | (1) | | | $ | 8,405 | |
Operating revenues | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net earned premiums | $ | 3,076 | | | $ | 3,552 | | | $ | 1,057 | | | $ | 491 | | | $ | — | | | $ | (1) | | | $ | 8,175 | |
Net investment income | 497 | | | 624 | | | 57 | | | 966 | | | 15 | | | — | | | 2,159 | |
Non-insurance warranty revenue | 1,430 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,430 | |
Other revenues | 1 | | | 23 | | | — | | | — | | | 6 | | | (6) | | | 24 | |
Total operating revenues | 5,004 | | | 4,199 | | | 1,114 | | | 1,457 | | | 21 | | | (7) | | | 11,788 | |
Claims, benefits and expenses | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net incurred claims and benefits | 1,787 | | | 2,540 | | | 652 | | | 1,239 | | | 109 | | | — | | | 6,327 | |
Policyholders’ dividends | 3 | | | 19 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 22 | |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 643 | | | 594 | | | 206 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,443 | |
Non-insurance warranty expense | 1,328 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,328 | |
Other insurance related expenses | 296 | | | 511 | | | 144 | | | 103 | | | 9 | | | (1) | | | 1,062 | |
Other expenses | 47 | | | 38 | | | (2) | | | 10 | | | 155 | | | (6) | | | 242 | |
Total claims, benefits and expenses | 4,104 | | | 3,702 | | | 1,000 | | | 1,352 | | | 273 | | | (7) | | | 10,424 | |
Core income (loss) before income tax | 900 | | | 497 | | | 114 | | | 105 | | | (252) | | | — | | | 1,364 | |
Income tax (expense) benefit on core income (loss) | (196) | | | (103) | | | (28) | | | 21 | | | 48 | | | — | | | (258) | |
Core income (loss) | $ | 704 | | | $ | 394 | | | $ | 86 | | | $ | 126 | | | $ | (204) | | | $ | — | | | 1,106 | |
Net investment gains (losses) | | | | | | | | | | | | | 120 | |
Income tax (expense) benefit on net investment gains (losses) | | | | | | | | | | | | | (24) | |
Net investment gains (losses), after tax | | | | | | | | | | | | | 96 | |
Net income (loss) | | | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 1,202 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(In millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Reinsurance receivables | $ | 1,200 | | | $ | 923 | | | $ | 381 | | | $ | 401 | | | $ | 2,579 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 5,484 | |
Insurance receivables | 1,136 | | | 1,488 | | | 340 | | | 6 | | | 4 | | | — | | | 2,974 | |
Deferred acquisition costs | 363 | | | 278 | | | 96 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 737 | |
Goodwill | 117 | | | — | | | 31 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 148 | |
Deferred non-insurance warranty acquisition expense | 3,476 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 3,476 | |
Insurance reserves | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Claim and claim adjustment expenses | 6,433 | | | 8,890 | | | 2,280 | | | 3,754 | | | 2,817 | | | — | | | 24,174 | |
Unearned premiums | 3,001 | | | 2,066 | | | 585 | | | 109 | | | — | | | — | | | 5,761 | |
Future policy benefits | — | | | — | | | — | | | 13,236 | | | — | | | — | | | 13,236 | |
Deferred non-insurance warranty revenue | 4,503 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 4,503 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Year ended December 31, 2020 | Specialty | | Commercial | | | | Life & Group | | Corporate & Other | | | | |
(In millions) | | | International | | | | Eliminations | | Total |
Net written premiums | $ | 3,040 | | | $ | 3,565 | | | $ | 961 | | | $ | 494 | | | $ | — | | | $ | (1) | | | $ | 8,059 | |
Operating revenues | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net earned premiums | $ | 2,883 | | | $ | 3,323 | | | $ | 940 | | | $ | 504 | | | $ | — | | | $ | (1) | | | $ | 7,649 | |
Net investment income | 449 | | | 513 | | | 58 | | | 851 | | | 64 | | | — | | | 1,935 | |
Non-insurance warranty revenue | 1,252 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,252 | |
Other revenues | 1 | | | 25 | | | — | | | — | | | 5 | | | (5) | | | 26 | |
Total operating revenues | 4,585 | | | 3,861 | | | 998 | | | 1,355 | | | 69 | | | (6) | | | 10,862 | |
Claims, benefits and expenses | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net incurred claims and benefits | 1,792 | | | 2,375 | | | 629 | | | 1,286 | | | 67 | | | — | | | 6,149 | |
Policyholders’ dividends | 3 | | | 18 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 21 | |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 621 | | | 592 | | | 197 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,410 | |
Non-insurance warranty expense | 1,159 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,159 | |
Other insurance related expenses | 280 | | | 506 | | | 136 | | | 109 | | | (2) | | | (1) | | | 1,028 | |
Other expenses | 50 | | | 34 | | | (7) | | | 7 | | | 141 | | | (5) | | | 220 | |
Total claims, benefits and expenses | 3,905 | | | 3,525 | | | 955 | | | 1,402 | | | 206 | | | (6) | | | 9,987 | |
Core income (loss) before income tax | 680 | | | 336 | | | 43 | | | (47) | | | (137) | | | — | | | 875 | |
Income tax (expense) benefit on core income (loss) | (145) | | | (69) | | | (5) | | | 56 | | | 23 | | | — | | | (140) | |
Core income (loss) | $ | 535 | | | $ | 267 | | | $ | 38 | | | $ | 9 | | | $ | (114) | | | $ | — | | | 735 | |
Net investment gains (losses) | | | | | | | | | | | | | (54) | |
Income tax (expense) benefit on net investment gains (losses) | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9 | |
Net investment gains (losses), after tax | | | | | | | | | | | | | (45) | |
Net income (loss) | | | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 690 | |
The following table presents operating revenues by line of business for each reportable segment.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Years ended December 31 | | | | | |
(In millions) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
Specialty | | | | | |
Management & Professional Liability | $ | 2,771 | | | $ | 2,776 | | | $ | 2,577 | |
Surety | 652 | | | 604 | | | 596 | |
Warranty & Alternative Risks | 1,786 | | | 1,624 | | | 1,412 | |
Specialty revenues | 5,209 | | | 5,004 | | | 4,585 | |
Commercial | | | | | |
Middle Market | 1,532 | | | 1,508 | | | 1,444 | |
Construction | 1,421 | | | 1,322 | | | 1,120 | |
Small Business | 581 | | | 558 | | | 482 | |
Other Commercial | 907 | | | 811 | | | 815 | |
Commercial revenues | 4,441 | | | 4,199 | | | 3,861 | |
International | | | | | |
Canada | 366 | | | 344 | | | 291 | |
Europe | 466 | | | 473 | | | 389 | |
Hardy | 302 | | | 297 | | | 318 | |
International revenues | 1,134 | | | 1,114 | | | 998 | |
Life & Group revenues | 1,276 | | | 1,457 | | | 1,355 | |
Corporate & Other revenues | 24 | | | 21 | | | 69 | |
Eliminations | (6) | | | (7) | | | (6) | |
Total operating revenues | 12,078 | | | 11,788 | | | 10,862 | |
Net investment gains (losses) | (199) | | | 120 | | | (54) | |
Total revenues | $ | 11,879 | | | $ | 11,908 | | | $ | 10,808 | |
Note P. Related Party Transactions
The Company reimburses Loews for, or pays directly, fees and expenses of investment facilities and services provided to the Company. Additionally, the Company provides investment-related processing services to Loews and charges Loews for these services. The net amounts incurred by the Company for these fees, expenses and services were $51 million, $47 million and $47 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Net amounts due to Loews related to these services, included in Other liabilities and payable in the first quarter of the subsequent year, were $26 million and $23 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. In addition, the Company reimbursed Loews for general corporate services and related travel expenses of $1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The CNA Tax Group is included in the consolidated federal income tax return of Loews and its eligible subsidiaries. The related receivable from Loews, included in Other assets, was $18 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The related payable due to Loews, included in Other liabilities, was $33 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. For a detailed description of the income tax agreement with Loews see Note D to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In 2021, the Company wrote an appeal bond for Loews at standard rates, which was increased in 2022, resulting in additional premium from Loews. The aforementioned appeal bond expired in December 2022. In addition, the Company writes, at standard rates, a limited amount of insurance for Loews and its subsidiaries. The earned premiums for each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $3 million, $2 million, and $2 million.
Note Q. Non-Insurance Revenues from Contracts with Customers
Non-Insurance revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with a customer are satisfied; generally this occurs over time as obligations are fulfilled. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for providing services.
Deferred Non-Insurance Warranty Revenue
The Company had deferred non-insurance warranty revenue balances of $4.7 billion and $4.5 billion reported in Deferred non-insurance warranty revenue as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The increase in the deferred revenue balance for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily driven by deferrals outpacing revenue recognized in the period due to growth in the business. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $1.3 billion of revenues that were included in the deferred revenue balance as of January 1, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized $1.2 billion of revenues that were included in the deferred revenue balance as of January 1, 2021. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, Non-insurance warranty revenue recognized from performance obligations related to prior periods due to a change in estimate was not material. The Company expects to recognize approximately $1.5 billion of the deferred revenue in 2023, $1.1 billion in 2024, $0.8 billion in 2025 and $1.3 billion thereafter.
Cost to Obtain and Fulfill Non-Insurance Warranty Contracts with Customers
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, capitalized commission costs were $3.6 billion and $3.5 billion and capitalized administrator service costs were $53 million and $47 million. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the amount of amortization of capitalized costs was $1.2 billion and $1.1 billion and there were no impairment losses related to the costs capitalized. There were no adjustments to deferred costs recorded for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.