UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)
 
þ
Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
 
 
 
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019
 
 
or
 
 
o
Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
 
 
 
For the transition period from  __________ to __________
 
 
 
Commission file number 1-3950
 
Ford Motor Company
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware
38-0549190
(State of incorporation)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
 
 
One American Road, Dearborn, Michigan
48126
(Address of principal executive offices)
(Zip Code)
313-322-3000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)


Indicate by check mark if the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes   þ    No   o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes   þ    No   o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.   Large accelerated filer þ      Accelerated filer o     Non-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company o Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  o    No   þ

As of April 19, 2019, Ford had outstanding 3,918,693,825 shares of Common Stock and 70,852,076 shares of Class B Stock.

Exhibit Index begins on page

 


 


FORD MOTOR COMPANY
QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q
For the Quarter Ended March 31, 2019
 
Table of Contents
 
Page
 
Part I - Financial Information
 
 
Item 1
Financial Statements
 
 
Consolidated Income Statement
 
 
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
 
 
Consolidated Balance Sheet
 
 
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
 
 
Consolidated Statement of Equity
 
 
Notes to the Financial Statements
 
Item 2
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 
 
Overview
 
 
Results of Operations
 
 
Automotive Segment
 
 
Mobility Segment
 
 
Ford Credit Segment
 
 
Corporate Other
 
 
Interest on Debt
 
 
Special Items
 
 
Taxes
 
 
Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
 
Credit Ratings
 
 
Outlook
 
 
Non-GAAP Financial Measure Reconciliations
 
 
Supplemental Information
 
 
Cautionary Note on Forward-Looking Statements
 
 
Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted
 
Item 3
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 
Item 4
Controls and Procedures
 
 
 
 
 
 
Part II - Other Information
 
 
Item 1
Legal Proceedings
 
Item 6
Exhibits
 
 
Signature
 

i


PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Financial Statements.
FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT
(in millions, except per share amounts)
 
For the periods ended March 31,
 
2018
 
2019
 
First Quarter
 
(unaudited)
Revenues
 
 
 
Automotive
$
39,012

 
$
37,239

Ford Credit
2,943

 
3,097

Mobility
4

 
6

Total revenues (Note 3)
41,959

 
40,342

 
 
 
 
Costs and expenses
 
 
 
Cost of sales
35,753

 
33,942

Selling, administrative, and other expenses
2,747

 
2,843

Ford Credit interest, operating, and other expenses
2,338

 
2,355

Total costs and expenses
40,838

 
39,140

 
 
 
 
Interest expense on Automotive debt
275

 
231

Interest expense on Other debt
14

 
14

 
 
 
 
Other income/(loss), net (Note 4)
863

 
628

Equity in net income of affiliated companies
224

 
25

Income before income taxes
1,919

 
1,610

Provision for/(Benefit from) income taxes
174

 
427

Net income
1,745

 
1,183

Less: Income/(Loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
9

 
37

Net income attributable to Ford Motor Company
$
1,736

 
$
1,146

 
 
 
 
EARNINGS PER SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO FORD MOTOR COMPANY COMMON AND CLASS B STOCK (Note 6)
Basic income
$
0.44

 
$
0.29

Diluted income
0.43

 
0.29



CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in millions)
 
For the periods ended March 31,
 
2018
 
2019
 
First Quarter
 
(unaudited)
Net income
$
1,745

 
$
1,183

Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax (Note 20)
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation
295

 
243

Marketable securities
(47
)
 
63

Derivative instruments
33

 
(446
)
Pension and other postretirement benefits
8

 
5

Total other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax
289

 
(135
)
Comprehensive income
2,034

 
1,048

Less: Comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
8

 
37

Comprehensive income attributable to Ford Motor Company
$
2,026

 
$
1,011

 
 
 
 

The accompanying notes are part of the consolidated financial statements.

1

Item 1. Financial Statements (continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
(in millions)
 
December 31,
2018
 
March 31,
2019
 
(unaudited)
ASSETS
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents (Note 7)
$
16,718

 
$
20,848

Marketable securities (Note 7)
17,233

 
16,882

Ford Credit finance receivables, net (Note 8)
54,353

 
55,444

Trade and other receivables, less allowances of $94 and $98
11,195

 
12,016

Inventories (Note 10)
11,220

 
12,333

Other assets
3,930

 
3,672

Total current assets
114,649

 
121,195

 
 
 
 
Ford Credit finance receivables, net (Note 8)
55,544

 
54,332

Net investment in operating leases (Note 11)
29,119

 
29,229

Net property
36,178

 
36,145

Equity in net assets of affiliated companies
2,709

 
2,605

Deferred income taxes
10,412

 
10,316

Other assets
7,929

 
9,459

Total assets
$
256,540

 
$
263,281

LIABILITIES
 
 
 
Payables
$
21,520

 
$
23,325

Other liabilities and deferred revenue (Note 13)
20,556

 
21,364

Automotive debt payable within one year (Note 16)
2,314

 
2,523

Ford Credit debt payable within one year (Note 16)
51,179

 
51,895

Other debt payable within one year (Note 16)

 
130

Total current liabilities
95,569

 
99,237

Other liabilities and deferred revenue (Note 13)
23,588

 
24,216

Automotive long-term debt (Note 16)
11,233

 
11,087

Ford Credit long-term debt (Note 16)
88,887

 
91,055

Other long-term debt (Note 16)
600

 
470

Deferred income taxes
597

 
647

Total liabilities
220,474

 
226,712

 
 
 
 
Redeemable noncontrolling interest (Note 19)
100

 
135

 
 
 
 
EQUITY
 
 
 
Common Stock, par value $.01 per share (4,011 million shares issued of 6 billion authorized)
40

 
40

Class B Stock, par value $.01 per share (71 million shares issued of 530 million authorized)
1

 
1

Capital in excess of par value of stock
22,006

 
22,026

Retained earnings
22,668

 
23,226

Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) (Note 20)
(7,366
)
 
(7,501
)
Treasury stock
(1,417
)
 
(1,394
)
Total equity attributable to Ford Motor Company
35,932

 
36,398

Equity attributable to noncontrolling interests
34

 
36

Total equity
35,966

 
36,434

Total liabilities and equity
$
256,540

 
$
263,281

The following table includes assets to be used to settle liabilities of the consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”). These assets and liabilities are included in the consolidated balance sheet above.
 
December 31,
2018
 
March 31,
2019
 
(unaudited)
ASSETS
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
2,728

 
$
2,990

Ford Credit finance receivables, net
58,662

 
60,745

Net investment in operating leases
16,332

 
16,013

Other assets
27

 
14

LIABILITIES
 
 
 
Other liabilities and deferred revenue
$
24

 
$
45

Debt
53,269

 
52,248

The accompanying notes are part of the consolidated financial statements.

2

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
(in millions)
 
For the periods ended March 31,
 
2018
 
2019
 
First Quarter
 
(unaudited)
Cash flows from operating activities
 
 
 
Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities
$
3,514

 
$
3,544

 
 
 
 
Cash flows from investing activities
 
 
 
Capital spending
(1,779
)
 
(1,633
)
Acquisitions of finance receivables and operating leases
(15,683
)
 
(12,595
)
Collections of finance receivables and operating leases
12,956

 
12,336

Purchases of marketable and other securities
(7,867
)
 
(3,923
)
Sales and maturities of marketable and other securities
6,040

 
4,441

Settlements of derivatives
(61
)
 
(14
)
Other
(150
)
 
54

Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities
(6,544
)
 
(1,334
)
 
 
 
 
Cash flows from financing activities
 
 
 
Cash payments for dividends and dividend equivalents
(1,113
)
 
(597
)
Purchases of common stock
(89
)
 

Net changes in short-term debt
(909
)
 
420

Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt
16,953

 
15,411

Principal payments on long-term debt
(12,360
)
 
(13,277
)
Other
(68
)
 
(84
)
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities
2,414

 
1,873

 
 
 
 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
115

 
29

 
 
 
 
Net increase/(decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
$
(501
)
 
$
4,112

 
 
 
 
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at January 1 (Note 7)
$
18,638

 
$
16,907

Net increase/(decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
(501
)
 
4,112

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at March 31 (Note 7)
$
18,137

 
$
21,019


The accompanying notes are part of the consolidated financial statements.



3

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EQUITY
(in millions, unaudited)
 
Equity Attributable to Ford Motor Company
 
 
 
 
 
Capital Stock
 
Cap. in
Excess of
Par Value 
of Stock
 
Retained Earnings
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) (Note 20)
 
Treasury Stock
 
Total
 
Equity
Attributable
to Non-controlling Interests
 
Total
Equity
Balance at December 31, 2017
$
41

 
$
21,843

 
$
21,906

 
$
(6,959
)
 
$
(1,253
)
 
$
35,578

 
$
28

 
$
35,606

Net income

 

 
1,736

 

 

 
1,736

 
9

 
1,745

Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax

 

 

 
290

 

 
290

 
(1
)
 
289

Common stock issued (including share-based compensation impacts)

 
(2
)
 

 

 

 
(2
)
 

 
(2
)
Treasury stock/other 

 

 

 

 
(89
)
 
(89
)
 

 
(89
)
Cash dividends declared (a)

 

 
(1,113
)
 

 

 
(1,113
)
 

 
(1,113
)
Balance at March 31, 2018
$
41

 
$
21,841

 
$
22,529

 
$
(6,669
)
 
$
(1,342
)
 
$
36,400

 
$
36

 
$
36,436

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2018
$
41

 
$
22,006

 
$
22,668

 
$
(7,366
)
 
$
(1,417
)
 
$
35,932

 
$
34

 
$
35,966

Adoption of accounting standards

 

 
13

 

 

 
13

 

 
13

Net income

 

 
1,146

 

 

 
1,146

 
37

 
1,183

Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax

 

 

 
(135
)
 

 
(135
)
 

 
(135
)
Common stock issued (including share-based compensation impacts)

 
20

 

 

 

 
20

 

 
20

Treasury stock/other 

 

 

 

 
23

 
23

 
(35
)
 
(12
)
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared (a)

 

 
(601
)
 

 

 
(601
)
 

 
(601
)
Balance at March 31, 2019
$
41

 
$
22,026

 
$
23,226

 
$
(7,501
)
 
$
(1,394
)
 
$
36,398

 
$
36

 
$
36,434


(a) We declared dividends of Common and Class B Stock of $0.28 and $0.15 per share in the first quarter of 2018 and 2019, respectively.

The accompanying notes are part of the consolidated financial statements.




4

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Table of Contents
Footnote
 
Page
Note 1
Presentation
Note 2
New Accounting Standards
Note 3
Revenue
Note 4
Other Income/(Loss)
Note 5
Income Taxes
Note 6
Capital Stock and Earnings Per Share
Note 7
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Marketable Securities
Note 8
Ford Credit Finance Receivables
Note 9
Ford Credit Allowance for Credit Losses
Note 10
Inventories
Note 11
Net Investment in Operating Leases
Note 12
Goodwill
Note 13
Other Liabilities and Deferred Revenue
Note 14
Retirement Benefits
Note 15
Lease Commitments
Note 16
Debt
Note 17
Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities
Note 18
Employee Separation Actions and Exit and Disposal Activities
Note 19
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Note 20
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)
Note 21
Commitments and Contingencies
Note 22
Segment Information

5

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1.    PRESENTATION

For purposes of this report, “Ford,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “us,” or similar references mean Ford Motor Company, our consolidated subsidiaries, and our consolidated VIEs of which we are the primary beneficiary, unless the context requires otherwise. We also make reference to Ford Motor Credit Company LLC, herein referenced to as Ford Credit. Our financial statements are presented in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information, instructions to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X.

In the opinion of management, these unaudited financial statements reflect a fair statement of our results of operations and financial condition for the periods, and at the dates, presented.  The results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full year.  Reference should be made to the financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (“2018 Form 10-K Report”). We reclassified certain prior year amounts in our consolidated financial statements to conform to the current year presentation.

Change in Accounting

As of January 1, 2019, we changed our accounting method for reporting early termination losses related to customer defaults on Ford Credit’s vehicles subject to operating leases. Previously, we presented the early termination loss reserve on operating leases due to customer default events as part of the allowance for credit losses within Net investment in operating leases . We now consider the effects of operating lease early terminations when determining depreciation estimates, which are included as part of accumulated depreciation within Net investment in operating leases . We believe this change in accounting method is preferable as the characterization of these changes are better reflected as depreciation.

We have retrospectively applied this change in accounting method to all prior periods. At December 31, 2018 , this reclassification increased accumulated depreciation and decreased allowance for credit losses by $78 million within Net investment in operating leases . This change had no impact on our consolidated income statement, consolidated balance sheet or Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows for the interim periods presented.

NOTE 2. NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases .  On January 1, 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification 842 and all the related amendments (“new lease standard”) using the modified retrospective method. We recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new lease standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. The comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the lease accounting standard in effect for those periods. We do not expect the adoption of the new lease standard to have a material impact to our net income on an ongoing basis.

The new lease standard requires all leases to be reported on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets and lease obligations. We elected the practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance of the new standard that retained the lease classification and initial direct costs for any leases that existed prior to adoption of the standard. We did not reassess whether any contracts or land easements entered into prior to adoption are leases or contain leases.

6

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 2. NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS (Continued)

The cumulative effect of the changes made to our consolidated balance sheet at January 1, 2019, for the adoption of ASU 2016-02, Leases , was as follows (in millions):
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2018
 
Adjustments due to ASU 2016-02
 
Balance at
January 1, 2019
Balance sheet
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other assets, current
 
$
3,930

 
$
(8
)
 
$
3,922

Other assets, non-current
 
7,929

 
1,324

 
9,253

Deferred income taxes
 
10,412

 
(4
)
 
10,408

Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other liabilities and deferred revenue, current
 
20,556

 
316

 
20,872

Other liabilities and deferred revenue, non-current
 
23,588

 
983

 
24,571

Equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
Retained earnings
 
22,668

 
13

 
22,681


We also adopted the following ASUs effective January 1, 2019, none of which had a material impact to our financial statements or financial statement disclosures:
ASU
 
Effective Date
2018-17
Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities
 
January 1, 2019
2018-16
Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap (OIS) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes
 
January 1, 2019
2018-13
Fair Value Measurement - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement
 
January 1, 2019
2018-08
Clarifying the Scope and the Accounting Guidance for Contributions Received and Contributions Made
 
January 1, 2019
2018-07
Stock Compensation - Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting
 
January 1, 2019
2018-02
Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (a)
 
January 1, 2019
__________
(a) Ford did not elect to reclassify the income tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act from Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) to Retained earnings .

Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted

The Company considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs.  ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on our consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2016-13, Credit Losses - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments . In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued a new accounting standard which replaces the current incurred loss impairment method with a method that reflects expected credit losses. We plan to adopt the new standard and the related amendments on the effective date of January 1, 2020, by recognizing the cumulative effect of initially applying the new standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of Retained earnings . We anticipate adoption will increase the amount of expected credit losses reported in Ford Credit finance receivables, net on our consolidated balance sheet and do not expect a material impact to our consolidated income statement.

7

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 3. REVENUE

The following table disaggregates our revenue by major source for the periods ended March 31 (in millions):
 
First Quarter 2018
 
Automotive
 
Mobility
 
Ford Credit
 
Consolidated
Vehicles, parts, and accessories
$
37,417

 
$

 
$

 
$
37,417

Used vehicles
928

 

 

 
928

Extended service contracts
329

 

 

 
329

Other revenue
219

 
4

 
55

 
278

Revenues from sales and services
38,893

 
4

 
55

 
38,952

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Leasing income
119

 

 
1,415

 
1,534

Financing income

 

 
1,432

 
1,432

Insurance income

 

 
41

 
41

Total revenues
$
39,012

 
$
4

 
$
2,943

 
$
41,959

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
First Quarter 2019
 
Automotive
 
Mobility
 
Ford Credit
 
Consolidated
Vehicles, parts, and accessories
$
35,576

 
$

 
$

 
$
35,576

Used vehicles
1,020

 

 

 
1,020

Extended service contracts
333

 

 

 
333

Other revenue
213

 
6

 
51

 
270

Revenues from sales and services
37,142

 
6

 
51

 
37,199

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Leasing income
97

 

 
1,477

 
1,574

Financing income

 

 
1,528

 
1,528

Insurance income

 

 
41

 
41

Total revenues
$
37,239

 
$
6

 
$
3,097

 
$
40,342


The amount of consideration we receive and revenue we recognize on our vehicles, parts, and accessories varies with changes in marketing incentives and returns we offer to our customers and their customers. As a result of changes in our estimate of marketing incentives, we recorded a decrease related to revenue recognized in prior periods of $718 million and $481 million in the first quarter of 2018 and 2019 , respectively.

We sell separately-priced service contracts that extend mechanical and maintenance coverages beyond our base warranty agreements to vehicle owners (“extended service contracts”). At December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018 , $3.8 billion and $4 billion , respectively, of unearned revenue associated with outstanding contracts was reported in Other liabilities and deferred revenue. We recognized $298 million and $305 million of the unearned amounts as revenue during the first quarter of 2018 and 2019 , respectively. At March 31, 2019 , the unearned amount was $4 billion . We expect to recognize approximately $900 million of the unearned amount in the remainder of 2019 , $1.1 billion in 2020 , and $2 billion thereafter.

Amounts paid to dealers to obtain these contracts are deferred and recorded as Other assets . We had a balance of $247 million and $256 million in deferred costs as of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019 , respectively, and recognized $18 million and $19 million of amortization during the first quarter of 2018 and 2019 , respectively.

8

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 4. OTHER INCOME/(LOSS)

The amounts included in Other income/(loss), net for the periods ended March 31 were as follows (in millions):
 
First Quarter
 
2018
 
2019
Net periodic pension and other postretirement employee benefits (OPEB) income/(cost), excluding service cost
$
477

 
$
272

Investment-related interest income
146

 
203

Interest income/(expense) on income taxes
1

 
(20
)
Realized and unrealized gains/(losses) on cash equivalents, marketable securities, and other securities
(5
)
 
67

Gains/(Losses) on changes in investments in affiliates
58

 
3

Royalty income
143

 
84

Other
43

 
19

Total
$
863

 
$
628


NOTE 5. INCOME TAXES

For interim tax reporting, we estimate one single effective tax rate for tax jurisdictions not subject to a valuation allowance, which is applied to the year-to-date ordinary income/(loss). Tax effects of significant unusual or infrequently occurring items are excluded from the estimated annual effective tax rate calculation and recognized in the interim period in which they occur.

NOTE 6. CAPITAL STOCK AND EARNINGS PER SHARE

Earnings Per Share Attributable to Ford Motor Company Common and Class B Stock

Basic and diluted income per share were calculated using the following (in millions):
 
First Quarter
 
2018
 
2019
Basic and Diluted Income Attributable to Ford Motor Company
 
 
 
Basic income
$
1,736

 
$
1,146

Diluted income
1,736

 
1,146

 
 
 
 
Basic and Diluted Shares
 

 
 

Basic shares (average shares outstanding)
3,974

 
3,973

Net dilutive options, unvested restricted stock units, and unvested restricted stock shares
23

 
24

Diluted shares
3,997

 
3,997


9

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 7. CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND MARKETABLE SECURITIES

The fair values of cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in millions):
 
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
Fair Value
 Level
 
Automotive
 
Mobility
 
Ford Credit
 
Consolidated
Cash and cash equivalents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government
1
 
$
220

 
$

 
$
139

 
$
359

U.S. government agencies
2
 
496

 

 
25

 
521

Non-U.S. government and agencies
2
 
169

 

 
114

 
283

Corporate debt
2
 
174

 

 
884

 
1,058

Total marketable securities classified as cash equivalents
 
 
1,059

 

 
1,162

 
2,221

Cash, time deposits, and money market funds
 
 
5,999

 
53

 
8,445

 
14,497

Total cash and cash equivalents
 
 
$
7,058

 
$
53

 
$
9,607

 
$
16,718

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government
1
 
$
3,014

 
$

 
$
289

 
$
3,303

U.S. government agencies
2
 
1,953

 

 
65

 
2,018

Non-U.S. government and agencies
2
 
4,674

 

 
610

 
5,284

Corporate debt
2
 
5,614

 

 
198

 
5,812

Equities (a)
1
 
424

 

 

 
424

Other marketable securities
2
 
246

 

 
146

 
392

Total marketable securities
 
 
$
15,925

 
$

 
$
1,308

 
$
17,233

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Restricted cash
 
 
$
16

 
$
33

 
$
140

 
$
189

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
March 31, 2019
 
Fair Value
 Level
 
Automotive
 
Mobility
 
Ford Credit
 
Consolidated
Cash and cash equivalents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government
1
 
$
1,044

 
$

 
$
1,112

 
$
2,156

U.S. government agencies
2
 
325

 

 
599

 
924

Non-U.S. government and agencies
2
 
658

 

 
394

 
1,052

Corporate debt
2
 
484

 

 
639

 
1,123

Total marketable securities classified as cash equivalents
 
 
2,511

 

 
2,744

 
5,255

Cash, time deposits, and money market funds
 
 
6,481

 
123

 
8,989

 
15,593

Total cash and cash equivalents
 
 
$
8,992

 
$
123

 
$
11,733

 
$
20,848

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government
1
 
$
2,769

 
$

 
$
241

 
$
3,010

U.S. government agencies
2
 
1,940

 

 
40

 
1,980

Non-U.S. government and agencies
2
 
4,219

 

 
803

 
5,022

Corporate debt
2
 
5,375

 

 
556

 
5,931

Equities (a)
1
 
478

 

 

 
478

Other marketable securities
2
 
255

 

 
206

 
461

Total marketable securities
 
 
$
15,036

 
$

 
$
1,846

 
$
16,882

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Restricted cash
 
 
$
6

 
$
44

 
$
121

 
$
171

__________
(a) Net unrealized gains/losses on equities were a $25 million gain and a $54 million gain at December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019 , respectively.

10

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 7. CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND MARKETABLE SECURITIES (Continued)

The cash equivalents and marketable securities accounted for as available-for-sale (“AFS”) debt securities were as follows (in millions):
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair Value of Securities with
Contractual Maturities
 
Amortized Cost
 
Gross Unrealized Gains
 
Gross Unrealized Losses
 
Fair Value
 
Within 1 Year
 
After 1 Year through 5 Years
 
After 5 Years
Automotive
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government
$
2,933

 
$
5

 
$
(10
)
 
$
2,928

 
$
1,714

 
$
1,214

 
$

U.S. government agencies
1,920

 

 
(18
)
 
1,902

 
797

 
1,087

 
18

Non-U.S. government and agencies
3,841

 
4

 
(37
)
 
3,808

 
194

 
3,614

 

Corporate debt
4,010

 
3

 
(33
)
 
3,980

 
1,148

 
2,830

 
2

Other marketable securities
207

 

 

 
207

 
1

 
134

 
72

Total
$
12,911

 
$
12

 
$
(98
)
 
$
12,825

 
$
3,854

 
$
8,879

 
$
92

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair Value of Securities with
Contractual Maturities
 
Amortized Cost
 
Gross Unrealized Gains
 
Gross Unrealized Losses
 
Fair Value
 
Within 1 Year
 
After 1 Year through 5 Years
 
After 5 Years
Automotive
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government
$
2,914

 
$
7

 
$
(5
)
 
$
2,916

 
$
1,884

 
$
1,027

 
$
5

U.S. government agencies
1,972

 
1

 
(10
)
 
1,963

 
1,106

 
851

 
6

Non-U.S. government and agencies
3,639

 
8

 
(17
)
 
3,630

 
362

 
3,263

 
5

Corporate debt
5,154

 
21

 
(9
)
 
5,166

 
2,199

 
2,964

 
3

Other marketable securities
212

 
1

 

 
213

 
1

 
135

 
77

Total
$
13,891

 
$
38

 
$
(41
)
 
$
13,888

 
$
5,552

 
$
8,240

 
$
96


Sales proceeds and gross realized gains/losses from the sale of AFS debt securities for the periods ended March 31 were as follows (in millions):
 
First Quarter
 
2018
 
2019
Automotive
 
 
 
Sales proceeds
$
1,339

 
$
1,142

Gross realized gains

 
2

Gross realized losses
6

 
5


11

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 7. CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND MARKETABLE SECURITIES (Continued)

The present fair values and gross unrealized losses for cash equivalents and marketable securities accounted for as AFS debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position, aggregated by investment category and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position, were as follows (in millions):
 
December 31, 2018
 
Less than 1 year
 
1 Year or Greater
 
Total
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Losses
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Losses
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Losses
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Automotive
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government
$
199

 
$
(1
)
 
$
1,637

 
$
(9
)
 
$
1,836

 
$
(10
)
U.S. government agencies
193

 
(1
)
 
1,596

 
(17
)
 
1,789

 
(18
)
Non-U.S. government and agencies
341

 
(1
)
 
2,445

 
(36
)
 
2,786

 
(37
)
Corporate debt
1,816

 
(16
)
 
856

 
(17
)
 
2,672

 
(33
)
Other marketable securities
125

 

 

 

 
125

 

Total
$
2,674

 
$
(19
)
 
$
6,534

 
$
(79
)
 
$
9,208

 
$
(98
)
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
March 31, 2019
 
Less than 1 year
 
1 Year or Greater
 
Total
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Losses
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Losses
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Losses
Automotive
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government
$
324

 
$

 
$
685

 
$
(5
)
 
$
1,009

 
$
(5
)
U.S. government agencies
90

 

 
1,524

 
(10
)
 
1,614

 
(10
)
Non-U.S. government and agencies
25

 

 
2,171

 
(17
)
 
2,196

 
(17
)
Corporate debt
233

 
(1
)
 
1,110

 
(8
)
 
1,343

 
(9
)
Other marketable securities
22

 

 
48

 

 
70

 

Total
$
694

 
$
(1
)
 
$
5,538

 
$
(40
)
 
$
6,232

 
$
(41
)

During the first quarter of 2018 and 2019 , we did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairment loss.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as reported in the consolidated statement of cash flows were as follows (in millions):
 
December 31,
2018
 
March 31,
2019
Cash and cash equivalents
$
16,718

 
$
20,848

Restricted cash (a)
189

 
171

Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
$
16,907

 
$
21,019

__________
(a)
Included in Other assets in the non-current assets section of our consolidated balance sheet.

Other Securities

We have investments in entities for which we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence and fair values are not readily available. We have elected to record these investments at cost (less impairment, if any), adjusted for observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. We report the carrying value of these investments in Other assets in the non-current assets section of our consolidated balance sheet. These investments were $250 million and $233 million at December 31, 2018 and March 31,   2019 , respectively. In the first quarter of 2019, there there were no material adjustments to the fair values of these investments held at March 31,   2019 .

12

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 8. FORD CREDIT FINANCE RECEIVABLES

Ford Credit manages finance receivables as “consumer” and “non-consumer” portfolios.  The receivables are generally secured by the vehicles, inventory, or other property being financed. Finance receivables, net were as follows (in millions):
 
December 31,
2018
 
March 31,
2019
Consumer
 
 
 
Retail installment contracts, gross
$
70,874

 
$
69,258

Finance leases, gross
8,748

 
9,011

Retail financing, gross
79,622

 
78,269

Unearned interest supplements
(3,508
)
 
(3,478
)
Consumer finance receivables
76,114

 
74,791

Non-Consumer
 

 
 

Dealer financing
34,372

 
35,498

Non-Consumer finance receivables
34,372

 
35,498

Total recorded investment
$
110,486

 
$
110,289

 
 
 
 
Recorded investment in finance receivables
$
110,486

 
$
110,289

Allowance for credit losses
(589
)
 
(513
)
Finance receivables, net
$
109,897

 
$
109,776

 
 
 
 
Current portion
$
54,353

 
$
55,444

Non-current portion
55,544

 
54,332

Finance receivables, net
$
109,897

 
$
109,776

 
 
 
 
Net finance receivables subject to fair value (a)
$
101,471

 
$
101,122

Fair value (b)
100,877

 
100,823

__________
(a)
Net finance receivables subject to fair value exclude finance leases. Previously, certain consumer financing products in Europe were classified as retail installment contracts. We now classify these products as finance leases. Comparative information has been revised to reflect this change.
(b)
The fair value of finance receivables is categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Ford Credit’s finance leases are comprised of sales-type and direct financing leases. Ford Credit offers finance leases to individuals, leasing companies, government entities, daily rental companies, and fleet customers. These financings include primarily lease plans for terms of 24 to 60 months. Financing revenue from finance leases was $95 million and $92 million for the periods ended March 31, 2018 and 2019 , respectively, and is included in Ford Credit revenues on the consolidated income statement.

The amounts contractually due on Ford Credit’s finance lease receivables were as follows (in millions):
 
 
March 31,
2019
Within one year
 
$
2,064

After one year and within two years
 
1,955

After two years and within three years
 
1,646

After three years and within four years
 
691

After four years and within five years
 
124

After five years
 
2

Total future cash payments
 
6,482

Less: Present value discount
 
(315
)
Finance lease receivables
 
$
6,167


13

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 8. FORD CREDIT FINANCE RECEIVABLES (Continued)

The reconciliation from finance lease receivables to finance leases, gross and finance leases, net is as follows (in millions):
 
 
March 31,
2019
Finance lease receivables
 
$
6,167

Unguaranteed residual assets
 
2,713

Initial direct costs
 
131

Finance leases, gross
 
9,011

Unearned interest supplements from Ford and affiliated companies
 
(340
)
Allowance for credit losses
 
(17
)
Finance leases, net
 
$
8,654


At December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019 , accrued uncollected interest was $264 million and $274 million , respectively, which is reported in Other assets in the current assets section of our consolidated balance sheet.

Included in the recorded investment in finance receivables at December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019 , were consumer receivables of $40.7 billion and $43.2 billion , respectively, and non-consumer receivables of $25.7 billion and $26.3 billion , respectively, that have been sold for legal purposes in securitization transactions but continue to be reported in our consolidated financial statements. The receivables are available only for payment of the debt issued by, and other obligations of, the securitization entities that are parties to those securitization transactions; they are not available to pay the other obligations or the claims of Ford Credit’s other creditors. Ford Credit holds the right to receive the excess cash flows not needed to pay the debt issued by, and other obligations of, the securitization entities that are parties to those securitization transactions.

Aging

For all finance receivables, Ford Credit defines “past due” as any payment, including principal and interest, that is at least 31  days past the contractual due date. The recorded investment of consumer receivables greater than 90 days past due and still accruing interest was $20 million at December 31, 2018 . At March 31, 2019 , there were no balances greater than 90 days past due that are still accruing interest.

The aging analysis of Ford Credit’s finance receivables balances was as follows (in millions):
 
December 31,
2018
 
March 31,
2019
Consumer
 
 
 
31-60 days past due
$
859

 
$
563

61-90 days past due
123

 
82

91-120 days past due
39

 
34

Greater than 120 days past due
39

 
40

Total past due
1,060

 
719

Current
75,054

 
74,072

Consumer finance receivables
76,114

 
74,791

Non-Consumer
 
 
 
Total past due
76

 
81

Current
34,296

 
35,417

Non-Consumer finance receivables
34,372

 
35,498

Total recorded investment
$
110,486

 
$
110,289


14

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 8. FORD CREDIT FINANCE RECEIVABLES (Continued)

Credit Quality

Consumer Portfolio. Credit quality ratings for consumer receivables are based on aging. Consumer receivables credit quality ratings are as follows:

Pass – current to 60 days past due;
Special Mention – 61 to 120 days past due and in intensified collection status; and
Substandard – greater than 120 days past due and for which the uncollectible portion of the receivables has already been charged off, as measured using the fair value of collateral less costs to sell.

Non-Consumer Portfolio. Dealers are assigned to one of four groups according to risk ratings as follows:

Group I – strong to superior financial metrics;
Group II – fair to favorable financial metrics;
Group III – marginal to weak financial metrics; and
Group IV – poor financial metrics, including dealers classified as uncollectible.

The credit quality analysis of dealer financing receivables was as follows (in millions):
 
December 31,
2018
 
March 31,
2019
Dealer Financing
 
 
 
Group I
$
27,032

 
$
28,097

Group II
5,635

 
5,744

Group III
1,576

 
1,533

Group IV
129

 
124

Total recorded investment
$
34,372

 
$
35,498


Impaired Receivables. Impaired consumer receivables include accounts that have been rewritten or modified in reorganization proceedings pursuant to the U.S. Bankruptcy Code that are considered to be Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDRs”), as well as all accounts greater than 120 days past due. Impaired non-consumer receivables represent accounts with dealers that have weak or poor financial metrics or dealer financing that has been modified in TDRs. The recorded investment of consumer receivables that were impaired at December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019 was $370 million and $359 million , or 0.5% and 0.5% of consumer receivables, respectively. The recorded investment of non-consumer receivables that were impaired at December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019 was $129 million and $124 million , or 0.4% and 0.3% of non-consumer receivables, respectively. Impaired finance receivables are evaluated both collectively and specifically.

15

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 9. FORD CREDIT ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

An analysis of the allowance for credit losses related to finance receivables for the periods ended March 31 was as follows (in millions):
 
First Quarter 2018
 
Consumer
 
Non-Consumer
 
Total
Allowance for credit losses
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning balance
$
582

 
$
15

 
$
597

Charge-offs
(131
)
 
(2
)
 
(133
)
Recoveries
39

 
1

 
40

Provision for credit losses
92

 
2

 
94

Other
2

 

 
2

Ending balance
$
584

 
$
16

 
$
600

 
 
 
 
 
 
Analysis of ending balance of allowance for credit losses
Collective impairment allowance
$
563

 
$
15

 
$
578

Specific impairment allowance
21

 
1

 
22

Ending balance
584

 
16

 
600

 
 
 
 
 
 
Analysis of ending balance of finance receivables
Collectively evaluated for impairment
$
75,846

 
$
36,067

 
$
111,913

Specifically evaluated for impairment
380

 
108

 
488

Recorded investment
76,226

 
36,175

 
112,401

 


 
 
 
 
Ending balance, net of allowance for credit losses
$
75,642

 
$
36,159

 
$
111,801

 
First Quarter 2019
 
Consumer
 
Non-Consumer
 
Total
Allowance for credit losses
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning balance
$
566

 
$
23

 
$
589

Charge-offs
(137
)
 
(17
)
 
(154
)
Recoveries
43

 
2

 
45

Provision for credit losses
24

 
9

 
33

Other

 

 

Ending balance
$
496

 
$
17

 
$
513

 
 
 
 
 
 
Analysis of ending balance of allowance for credit losses
Collective impairment allowance
$
477

 
$
16

 
$
493

Specific impairment allowance
19

 
1

 
20

Ending balance
496

 
17

 
513

 
 
 
 
 
 
Analysis of ending balance of finance receivables
Collectively evaluated for impairment
$
74,432

 
$
35,374

 
$
109,806

Specifically evaluated for impairment
359

 
124

 
483

Recorded investment
74,791

 
35,498

 
110,289

 
 
 
 
 
 
Ending balance, net of allowance for credit losses
$
74,295

 
$
35,481

 
$
109,776


16

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 10. INVENTORIES

Inventories were as follows (in millions):
 
December 31,
2018
 
March 31,
2019
Raw materials, work-in-process, and supplies
$
4,536

 
$
4,653

Finished products
6,684

 
7,680

Total inventories
$
11,220

 
$
12,333


NOTE 11. NET INVESTMENT IN OPERATING LEASES

Net investment in operating leases consist primarily of lease contracts for vehicles with individuals, daily rental
companies, government entities, and fleet customers. Assets subject to operating leases are depreciated using the
straight-line method over the term of the lease to reduce the asset to its estimated residual value. Estimated residual
values are based on assumptions for used vehicle prices at lease termination and the number of vehicles that are
expected to be returned.

The net investment in operating leases was as follows (in millions):
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
March 31,
2019
Automotive Segment
 
 
 
 
Vehicles, net of depreciation
 
$
1,705

 
$
1,656

Ford Credit Segment
 

 

Vehicles and other equipment, at cost (a)
 
33,557

 
33,551

Accumulated depreciation
 
(6,143
)
 
(5,978
)
Total Ford Credit Segment
 
27,414

 
27,573

Total
 
$
29,119

 
$
29,229

__________
(a)
Includes Ford Credit’s operating lease assets of $16.3 billion and $16 billion at December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019 , respectively, which have been included in certain lease securitization transactions. These net investments in operating leases are available only for payment of the debt or other obligations issued or arising in the securitization transactions; they are not available to pay other obligations or the claims of other creditors.

Ford Credit Segment

Included in Ford Credit revenues are rents on operating leases. The amounts contractually due for minimum rentals on operating leases at December 31, 2018 were as follows (in millions):
 
 
2019
 
2020
 
2021
 
2022
 
2023
 
Total
Minimum rentals on operating leases
 
$
4,708

 
$
2,929

 
$
1,083

 
$
83

 
$
6

 
$
8,809


The amounts contractually due on our operating leases at March 31, 2019 were as follows (in millions):
 
 
Within one year
 
After one year and within two years
 
After two years and within three years
 
After three years and within four years
 
After four years and within five years
 
Total
Operating lease payments
 
$
4,719

 
$
2,924

 
$
1,040

 
$
80

 
$
5

 
$
8,768


NOTE 12. GOODWILL

The net carrying amount of goodwill was $264 million at both December 31, 2018 and March 31,   2019 , and is reported in Other assets in the non-current section of our consolidated balance sheet.

17

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 13. OTHER LIABILITIES AND DEFERRED REVENUE

Other liabilities and deferred revenue were as follows (in millions):
 
December 31,
2018
 
March 31,
2019
Current
 
 
 
Dealer and dealers’ customer allowances and claims
$
11,369

 
$
12,113

Deferred revenue
2,095

 
2,019

Employee benefit plans
1,755

 
1,590

Accrued interest
988

 
838

OPEB (a)
339

 
340

Pension (a)
204

 
201

Operating lease liabilities

 
335

Other
3,806

 
3,928

Total current other liabilities and deferred revenue
$
20,556

 
$
21,364

Non-current
 

 
 

Pension (a)
$
9,423

 
$
9,073

OPEB (a)
5,220

 
5,207

Dealer and dealers’ customer allowances and claims
2,497

 
2,251

Deferred revenue
3,985

 
4,104

Operating lease liabilities

 
1,025

Employee benefit plans
1,080

 
1,101

Other
1,383

 
1,455

Total non-current other liabilities and deferred revenue
$
23,588

 
$
24,216

__________
(a)
Balances at March 31, 2019 reflect pension and OPEB liabilities at December 31, 2018 , updated (where applicable) for service and interest cost, expected return on assets, separation expense, interim remeasurement expense, actual benefit payments, and cash contributions. The discount rate and rate of expected return assumptions are unchanged from year-end 2018 . Included in Other assets are pension assets of $3.3 billion and $3.6 billion at December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019 , respectively.

18

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 14. RETIREMENT BENEFITS

Defined Benefit Plans - Expense

The pre-tax net periodic benefit cost/(income) for our defined benefit pension and OPEB plans for the periods ended March 31 were as follows (in millions):
 
First Quarter
 
Pension Benefits
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Plans
 
Non-U.S. Plans
 
Worldwide OPEB
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
Service cost
$
136

 
$
114

 
$
152

 
$
129

 
$
14

 
$
11

Interest cost
367

 
409

 
176

 
176

 
49

 
53

Expected return on assets
(722
)
 
(649
)
 
(334
)
 
(286
)
 

 

Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)
36

 
22

 
6

 
8

 
(27
)
 
(18
)
Net remeasurement (gain)/loss
(26
)
 

 

 

 

 

Separation programs/other
11

 
1

 
2

 
12

 

 

Settlements and curtailments
(15
)
 

 

 

 

 

Net periodic benefit cost/(income)
$
(213
)
 
$
(103
)
 
$
2

 
$
39

 
$
36

 
$
46


The service cost component is included in Cost of sales and Selling, administrative, and other expenses . Other components of net periodic benefit cost/(income) are included in Other income/(loss), net on our consolidated income statement.

Pension Plan Contributions

During 2019 , we expect to contribute about $650 million (most of which are mandatory contributions) from cash and cash equivalents to our worldwide funded pension plans and to make about $350 million of benefit payments to participants in unfunded plans, for a total of about $1 billion . In the first quarter of 2019 , we contributed about $300 million (including $140 million in discretionary contributions in the United States) to our worldwide funded pension plans and made about $100 million of benefit payments to participants in unfunded plans.

NOTE 15. LEASE COMMITMENTS

We lease land, dealership facilities, offices, distribution centers, warehouses, and equipment under agreements with contractual periods ranging from less than one year to 40 years. Many of our leases contain one or more options to extend. In certain dealership lease agreements, we are the tenant and we sublease the site to a dealer. In the event the sublease is terminated, we have the option to terminate the head lease. We include options that we are reasonably certain to exercise in our evaluation of the lease term after considering all relevant economic and financial factors.

Leases that are economically similar to the purchase of an asset are classified as finance leases. The leased (“right-of-use”) assets in finance lease arrangements are reported in Net property on our consolidated balance sheet. Otherwise, the leases are classified as operating leases and reported in Other assets in the non-current assets section of our consolidated balance sheet.

For the majority of our leases commencing after January 1, 2019, we do not separate the non-lease components (e.g., maintenance and operating services) from the lease components to which they relate. Instead, non-lease components are included in the measurement of the lease liabilities. However, we do separate lease and non-lease components for contracts containing a significant service component (e.g., energy performance contracts). We calculate the initial lease liability as the present value of fixed payments not yet paid and variable payments that are based on a market rate or an index (e.g., CPI), measured at commencement. The majority of our leases are discounted using our incremental borrowing rate because the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. All other variable payments are expensed as incurred.

19

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 15. LEASE COMMITMENTS (Continued)

Lease right-of-use assets and liabilities at March 31 were as follows (in millions):
 
 
March 31,
2019
Operating leases
 
 
Other assets, non-current
 
$
1,321

 
 
 
Other liabilities and deferred revenue, current
 
$
335

Other liabilities and deferred revenue, non-current
 
1,025

Total operating lease liabilities
 
$
1,360

 
 
 
Finance leases
 
 
Property and equipment, gross
 
$
230

Accumulated depreciation
 
(35
)
Property and equipment, net
 
$
195

 
 
 
Automotive debt payable within one year
 
$
90

Automotive long-term debt
 
75

Total finance lease liabilities
 
$
165


Minimum non-cancellable operating lease commitments at December 31, 2018 were as follows (in millions):
 
 
Operating Leases
2019
 
$
363

2020
 
271

2021
 
193

2022
 
141

2023
 
106

Thereafter
 
437

Total
 
$
1,511


The amounts contractually due on our lease liabilities as of March 31, 2019 were as follows (in millions):
 
 
Operating Leases
 
Finance Leases (a)
Within one year
 
$
376

 
$
95

After one year and within two years
 
282

 
29

After two years and within three years
 
199

 
20

After three years and within four years
 
146

 
15

After four years and within five years
 
113

 
10

After five years
 
428

 
7

Total
 
1,544

 
176

Less: Present value discount
 
184

 
11

Total lease liabilities
 
$
1,360

 
$
165

__________
(a) Excludes approximately $400 million in future lease payments for a 20-year finance lease commencing in a future period.

20

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 15. LEASE COMMITMENTS (Continued)

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the period ended March 31 was as follows (in millions):
 
 
First Quarter 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
 
 
Operating cash flows from operating leases
 
$
106

Operating cash flows from finance leases
 
1

Financing cash flows from finance leases
 
8

Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities
 
 
Operating leases
 
$
80

Finance leases
 
16


The components of lease expense for the period ended March 31 were as follows (in millions):
 
 
First Quarter 2019
Operating lease expense
 
$
110

Variable lease expense
 
19

Sublease income
 
(4
)
Finance lease expense
 

Amortization of right-of-use assets
 
3

Interest on lease liabilities
 
1

Total lease expense
 
$
129


The weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate at March 31 were as follows:
 
 
March 31,
2019
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)
 
 
Operating leases
 
6.8

Finance leases
 
12.7

Weighted average discount rate
 
 
Operating leases
 
3.5
%
Finance leases
 
3.5
%

21

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 16. DEBT
The carrying value of Automotive, Ford Credit, and Other debt was as follows (in millions):
Automotive
December 31,
2018
 
March 31,
2019
Debt payable within one year
 
 
 
Short-term
$
614

 
$
1,212

Long-term payable within one year
 

 
 

U.S. Department of Energy Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing (“DOE ATVM”) Incentive Program
591

 
591

Other debt
1,125

 
734

Unamortized (discount)/premium
(16
)
 
(14
)
Total debt payable within one year
2,314

 
2,523

Long-term debt payable after one year
 

 
 

Public unsecured debt securities
9,033

 
9,033

DOE ATVM Incentive Program
1,470

 
1,323

Other debt
1,026

 
1,018

Adjustments
 
 
 
Unamortized (discount)/premium
(224
)
 
(216
)
Unamortized issuance costs
(72
)
 
(71
)
Total long-term debt payable after one year
11,233

 
11,087

Total Automotive
$
13,547

 
$
13,610

 
 
 
 
Fair value of Automotive debt (a)
$
13,319

 
$
13,486

 
 
 
 
Ford Credit
 

 
 

Debt payable within one year
 

 
 

Short-term
$
14,705

 
$
14,626

Long-term payable within one year
 

 
 

Unsecured debt
14,373

 
13,814

Asset-backed debt
22,130

 
23,502

Adjustments
 
 
 
Unamortized (discount)/premium
2

 
1

Unamortized issuance costs
(16
)
 
(19
)
Fair value adjustments (b)
(15
)
 
(29
)
Total debt payable within one year
51,179

 
51,895

Long-term debt payable after one year
 
 
 
Unsecured debt
52,409

 
55,849

Asset-backed debt
36,844

 
35,306

Adjustments
 
 
 
Unamortized (discount)/premium

 

Unamortized issuance costs
(195
)
 
(202
)
Fair value adjustments (b)
(171
)
 
102

Total long-term debt payable after one year
88,887

 
91,055

Total Ford Credit
$
140,066

 
$
142,950

 
 
 
 
Fair value of Ford Credit debt (a)
$
138,809

 
$
142,595

 
 
 
 
Other
 
 
 
Long-term debt payable within one year
$

 
$
130

Long-term debt payable after one year
 
 
 
Unsecured debt
604

 
474

Adjustments
 
 
 
Unamortized (discount)/premium
(3
)
 
(3
)
Unamortized issuance costs
(1
)
 
(1
)
Total long-term debt payable after one year
600

 
470

Total Other
$
600

 
$
600

 
 
 
 
Fair value of Other debt
$
697

 
$
693

__________
(a)
The fair value of debt includes $458 million and $860 million of Automotive segment short-term debt and $13.8 billion and $13.6 billion of Ford Credit segment short-term debt at December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019 , respectively, carried at cost, which approximates fair value. All other debt is categorized within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
(b)
These adjustments relate to designated fair value hedges. The carrying value of hedged debt was $38 billion and $38.1 billion at December 31,   2018 and March 31, 2019 , respectively.

22

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 17. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

In the normal course of business, our operations are exposed to global market risks, including the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, certain commodity prices, and interest rates. To manage these risks, we enter into highly effective derivative contracts. We have elected to apply hedge accounting to certain derivatives. Derivatives that are designated in hedging relationships are evaluated for effectiveness using regression analysis at the time they are designated and throughout the hedge period. Some derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting; for others, we elect not to apply hedge accounting.

Income Effect of Derivative Financial Instruments

The gains/(losses), by hedge designation, reported in income for the periods ended March 31 were as follows (in millions):
 
First Quarter
Cash flow hedges (a)
2018
 
2019
Reclassified from AOCI to Cost of sales
 
 
 
Foreign currency exchange contracts
$
17

 
$
54

Commodity contracts

 
(5
)
Fair value hedges
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
 
 
 
Net interest settlements and accruals on hedging instruments
26

 
(20
)
Fair value changes on hedging instruments
(339
)
 
250

Fair value changes on hedged debt
329

 
(253
)
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
Foreign currency exchange contracts (b)
(116
)
 
(28
)
Cross-currency interest rate swap contracts
(58
)
 
(145
)
Interest rate contracts
(17
)
 
(27
)
Commodity contracts
(46
)
 
11

Total
$
(204
)
 
$
(163
)
__________
(a)
For the first quarter of 2018 and 2019 , a $61 million   gain and a $521 million loss , respectively, were reported in Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax related to foreign currency contracts; for first quarter 2019 , an $11 million gain was reported in Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax related to commodity contracts.
(b)
For the first quarter of 2018 and 2019 , a $104 million loss and a $22 million loss were reported in Cost of sales and a $12 million loss and a $6 million loss were reported in Other income/(loss), net, respectively.

23

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 17. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES (Continued)

Balance Sheet Effect of Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative assets and liabilities are reported on our consolidated balance sheet at fair value and are presented on a gross basis. The notional amounts of the derivative instruments do not necessarily represent amounts exchanged by the parties and are not a direct measure of our financial exposure. We also enter into master agreements with counterparties that may allow for netting of exposures in the event of default or breach of the counterparty agreement. Collateral represents cash received or paid under reciprocal arrangements that we have entered into with our derivative counterparties which we do not use to offset our derivative assets and liabilities.

The fair value of our derivative instruments and the associated notional amounts, presented gross, were as follows (in millions):
 
December 31, 2018
 
March 31, 2019
 
Notional
 
Fair Value of
Assets
 
Fair Value of
Liabilities
 
Notional
 
Fair Value of
Assets
 
Fair Value of
Liabilities
Cash flow hedges
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency exchange contracts
$
15,972

 
$
391

 
$
110

 
$
15,310

 
$
183

 
$
429

Commodity contracts
327

 

 
20

 
597

 
4

 
9

Fair value hedges
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
22,989

 
158

 
208

 
23,894

 
217

 
143

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency exchange contracts
20,695

 
202

 
99

 
22,171

 
221

 
129

Cross-currency interest rate swap contracts
5,235

 
232

 
157

 
6,331

 
146

 
216

Interest rate contracts
76,904

 
235

 
274

 
67,726

 
216

 
295

Commodity contracts
638

 
3

 
45

 
441

 
4

 
15

Total derivative financial instruments, gross (a) (b)
$
142,760

 
$
1,221

 
$
913

 
$
136,470

 
$
991

 
$
1,236

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Current portion
 
 
$
681

 
$
601

 
 
 
$
500

 
$
868

Non-current portion
 
 
540

 
312

 
 
 
491

 
368

Total derivative financial instruments, gross
 
 
$
1,221

 
$
913

 
 
 
$
991

 
$
1,236

__________
(a)
At December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019 , we held collateral of $19 million and $26 million , and we posted collateral of $59 million and $63 million , respectively.
(b)
At December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019 , the fair value of assets and liabilities available for counterparty netting was $434 million and $529 million , respectively . All derivatives are categorized within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

24

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 18. EMPLOYEE SEPARATION ACTIONS AND EXIT AND DISPOSAL ACTIVITIES

We record costs associated with voluntary separations at the time of employee acceptance, unless the acceptance requires explicit approval by the Company. We record costs associated with involuntary separation programs when management has approved the plan for separation, the affected employees are identified, and it is unlikely that actions required to complete the separation plan will change significantly. When a plan of separation requires approval by or consultation with the relevant labor organization or government, the costs are recorded after the required approval or consultation process is complete. Costs associated with benefits that are contingent on the employee continuing to provide service are accrued over the required service period.

Automotive Segment

As announced, we are executing a global redesign of our business. Redesign-related activities, including employee separation costs, payments to dealers and suppliers, and other charges, are recorded in Cost of sales and Selling, administrative and other expenses . Below are actions we have initiated as part of the redesign.

South America. On February 15, 2019, Ford Motor Company Brasil Ltda. (“Ford Brazil”), our subsidiary in Brazil, committed to a plan to exit the commercial heavy truck business in South America.  As a result, Ford Brazil will cease production at the São Bernardo do Campo plant in Brazil during 2019.

Russia. On March 27, 2019, Ford Sollers Netherlands B.V. (“Ford Sollers”), a joint venture between Ford and Sollers PJSC (“Sollers”) in which Ford has control, announced its plan to restructure its business in Russia to focus exclusively on commercial vehicles and to exit the passenger car segment. As a result of these actions, Ford Sollers will cease production in 2019 at the Naberezhnye Chelny and St. Petersburg vehicle assembly plants and the Elabuga engine plant. As part of these restructuring actions, Ford plans to acquire a 100% ownership of Ford Sollers during the second quarter of 2019, and later in the year sell a 51% controlling interest in the restructured entity to Sollers.

Other Global Redesign Actions. In 2018, we announced our plan to end production at the Ford Aquitane Industries plant in Bordeaux, France, and in March 2019, we announced our plan to phase-out the production of the C-Max at the Saarlouis Body and Assembly Plant in Germany. Furthermore, we are reducing our global workforce and taking other restructuring actions.

The following table summarizes the redesign-related activities, which are recorded in Other liabilities and deferred revenue (in millions):
 
March 31,
2019
Beginning balance
$
291

Changes in accruals (a)
267

Payments
(136
)
Foreign currency translation
(8
)
Ending balance
$
414

__________
(a)    Excludes pension costs of $13 million .

We also recorded $251 million in accelerated depreciation and other non-cash charges. We estimate that we will incur total charges in 2019 that range between $3 billion and $3.5 billion related to the actions above, primarily attributable to employee separations, accelerated depreciation, and dealer and supplier settlements.  

25

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 19. REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTEREST

We formed the Ford Sollers joint venture with Sollers in October 2011 to operate in Russia. The value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest, reflecting redemption features embedded in the 50% equity interest in the joint venture that is held by Sollers, reported in the mezzanine section of our consolidated balance sheet at December 31,   2018 and March 31, 2019 was $100 million and $135 million , respectively. The $35 million increase is reported in Income/(Loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests on our consolidated income statement. The redeemable noncontrolling interest became exercisable beginning on January 1, 2019, and Sollers exercised its option in March 2019. Subject to satisfaction of certain conditions, we will purchase the noncontrolling interest from Sollers in the second quarter of 2019 for $135 million . See Note 18 for information concerning our plan to restructure the business in Russia.

NOTE 20. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS)

The changes in the balances for each component of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to Ford Motor Company for the periods ended March 31 were as follows (in millions):
 
First Quarter
 
2018
 
2019
Foreign currency translation
 
 
 
Beginning balance
$
(4,277
)
 
$
(4,800
)
Gains/(Losses) on foreign currency translation
244

 
271

Less: Tax/(Tax benefit)
(50
)
 
28

Net gains/(losses) on foreign currency translation
294

 
243

(Gains)/Losses reclassified from AOCI to net income (a)
2

 

Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax
296

 
243

Ending balance
$
(3,981
)
 
$
(4,557
)
 
 
 
 
Marketable securities
 
 
 
Beginning balance
$
(48
)
 
$
(59
)
Gains/(Losses) on available for sale securities
(69
)
 
80

Less: Tax/(Tax benefit)
(17
)
 
19

Net gains/(losses) on available for sale securities
(52
)
 
61

(Gains)/Losses reclassified from AOCI to net income
6

 
3

Less: Tax/(Tax benefit)
1

 
1

Net (gains)/losses reclassified from AOCI to net income
5

 
2

Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax
(47
)
 
63

Ending balance
$
(95
)
 
$
4

 
 
 
 
Derivative instruments
 
 
 
Beginning balance
$
18

 
$
201

Gains/(Losses) on derivative instruments
61

 
(510
)
Less: Tax/(Tax benefit)
15

 
(102
)
Net gains/(losses) on derivative instruments
46

 
(408
)
(Gains)/Losses reclassified from AOCI to net income
(17
)
 
(49
)
Less: Tax/(Tax benefit)
(4
)
 
(11
)
Net (gains)/losses reclassified from AOCI to net income (b)
(13
)
 
(38
)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax
33

 
(446
)
Ending balance
$
51

 
$
(245
)
 
 
 
 
Pension and other postretirement benefits
 
 
 
Beginning balance
$
(2,652
)
 
$
(2,708
)
Amortization and recognition of prior service costs/(credits)
15

 
12

Less: Tax/(Tax benefit)
3

 
2

Net prior service costs/(credits) reclassified from AOCI to net income
12

 
10

Translation impact on non-U.S. plans
(4
)
 
(5
)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax
8

 
5

Ending balance
$
(2,644
)
 
$
(2,703
)
 
 
 
 
Total AOCI ending balance at March 31
$
(6,669
)
 
$
(7,501
)
__________
(a)
Reclassified to Other income/(loss), net.
(b)
Reclassified to Cost of sales . During the next twelve months we expect to reclassify existing net losses on cash flow hedges of $145 million . See Note 17 for additional information.

26

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 21. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Commitments and contingencies primarily consist of guarantees and indemnifications, litigation and claims, and warranty.

Guarantees and Indemnifications

The maximum potential payments and the carrying value of recorded liabilities related to guarantees and limited indemnities were as follows (in millions):
 
December 31,
2018
 
March 31,
2019
Maximum potential payments
$
1,163

 
$
1,115

Carrying value of recorded liabilities related to guarantees and limited indemnities
351

 
350


Guarantees and indemnifications are recorded at fair value at their inception. We regularly review our performance risk under these arrangements, and in the event it becomes probable we will be required to perform under a guarantee or indemnity, the amount of probable payment is recorded.

We guarantee the resale value of vehicles sold in certain arrangements to daily rental companies. The maximum potential payment of $974 million as of March 31, 2019 , included in the table above, represents the total proceeds we guarantee the rental company will receive on re-sale.  Reflecting our present estimate of proceeds the rental companies will receive on resale from third parties, we have recorded $327 million as our best estimate of the amount we will have to pay under the guarantee. 

We also guarantee debt and lease obligations of certain joint ventures, as well as certain financial obligations of outside third parties, including suppliers, to support our business and economic growth. Expiration dates vary through 2033, and guarantees will terminate on payment and/or cancellation of the underlying obligation. A payment by us would be triggered by failure of the joint venture or other third party to fulfill its obligation covered by the guarantee. In some circumstances, we are entitled to recover from a third party amounts paid by us under the guarantee. However, our ability to enforce these rights is sometimes stayed until the guaranteed party is paid in full, and may be limited in the event of insolvency of the third party or other circumstances.

In the ordinary course of business, we execute contracts involving indemnifications standard in the industry and indemnifications specific to a transaction, such as the sale of a business. These indemnifications might include and are not limited to claims relating to any of the following: environmental, tax, and shareholder matters; intellectual property rights; power generation contracts; governmental regulations and employment-related matters; dealer, supplier, and other commercial contractual relationships; and financial matters, such as securitizations. Performance under these indemnities generally would be triggered by a breach of terms of the contract or by a third-party claim. While some of these indemnifications are limited in nature, many of them do not limit potential payment. Therefore, we are unable to estimate a maximum amount of future payments that could result from claims made under these unlimited indemnities.

Litigation and Claims

Various legal actions, proceedings, and claims (generally, “matters”) are pending or may be instituted or asserted against us. These include, but are not limited, to matters arising out of alleged defects in our products; product warranties; governmental regulations relating to safety, emissions, and fuel economy or other matters; government incentives; tax matters; alleged illegal acts resulting in fines or penalties; financial services; employment-related matters; dealer, supplier, and other contractual relationships; intellectual property rights; environmental matters; shareholder or investor matters; and financial reporting matters. Certain of the pending legal actions are, or purport to be, class actions. Some of the matters involve or may involve claims for compensatory, punitive, or antitrust or other treble damages in very large amounts, or demands for field service actions, environmental remediation programs, sanctions, loss of government incentives, assessments, or other relief, which, if granted, would require very large expenditures.

The extent of our financial exposure to these matters is difficult to estimate. Many matters do not specify a dollar amount for damages, and many others specify only a jurisdictional minimum. To the extent an amount is asserted, our historical experience suggests that in most instances the amount asserted is not a reliable indicator of the ultimate outcome.

27

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 21. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Continued)

We accrue for matters when losses are deemed probable and reasonably estimable. In evaluating matters for accrual and disclosure purposes, we take into consideration factors such as our historical experience with matters of a similar nature, the specific facts and circumstances asserted, the likelihood that we will prevail, and the severity of any potential loss. We reevaluate and update our accruals as matters progress over time.

For the majority of matters, which generally arise out of alleged defects in our products, we establish an accrual based on our extensive historical experience with similar matters. We do not believe there is a reasonably possible outcome materially in excess of our accrual for these matters.

For the remaining matters, where our historical experience with similar matters is of more limited value (i.e., “non-pattern matters”), we evaluate the matters primarily based on the individual facts and circumstances. For non-pattern matters, we evaluate whether there is a reasonable possibility of a material loss in excess of any accrual that can be estimated. Our estimate of reasonably possible loss in excess of our accruals for all material matters currently reflects indirect tax and customs matters, for which we estimate the aggregate risk to be a range of up to a bout $600 million . In addition, we have a reasonably possible risk of loss for an emission matter. Because the matter is preliminary, we cannot estimate the risk of loss or predict the outcome, and cannot provide reasonable assurance that it will not have a material adverse effect on us.

As noted, the litigation process is subject to many uncertainties, and the outcome of individual matters is not predictable with assurance. Our assessments are based on our knowledge and experience, but the ultimate outcome of any matter could require payment substantially in excess of the amount that we have accrued and/or disclosed.

Warranty and Field Service Actions

We accrue obligations for warranty costs and field service actions (i.e., safety recalls, emission recalls, and other product campaigns) at the time of sale using a patterned estimation model that includes historical information regarding the nature, frequency, and average cost of claims for each vehicle line by model year. Warranty and field service action obligations are reported in Other liabilities and deferred revenue . We reevaluate the adequacy of our accruals on a regular basis.

We recognize the benefit from a recovery of the costs associated with our warranty and field service actions when specifics of the recovery have been agreed with our supplier and the amount of recovery is virtually certain. Recoveries are reported in Trade and other receivables and Other assets.

The estimate of our future warranty and field service action costs, net of estimated supplier recoveries, for the periods ended March 31 was as follows (in millions):
 
First Quarter
 
2018
 
2019
Beginning balance
$
5,296

 
$
5,137

Payments made during the period
(963
)
 
(1,074
)
Changes in accrual related to warranties issued during the period
629

 
693

Changes in accrual related to pre-existing warranties
185

 
271

Foreign currency translation and other
9

 
7

Ending balance
$
5,156

 
$
5,034


Revisions to our estimated costs are reported as changes in accrual related to pre-existing warranties in the table above.

28

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 22. SEGMENT INFORMATION

Below is a description of our reportable segments and other activities.

Automotive Segment

Our Automotive segment primarily includes the sale of Ford and Lincoln vehicles, service parts, and accessories worldwide, together with the associated costs to develop, manufacture, distribute, and service the vehicles, parts, and accessories. This segment includes revenues and costs related to our electrification vehicle programs. The segment includes the following regional business units:  North America, South America, Europe, Middle East & Africa, China, and Asia Pacific Operations.

Mobility Segment

Our Mobility segment primarily includes development costs related to our autonomous vehicles and our investment in mobility through Ford Smart Mobility LLC (“FSM”). Autonomous vehicles includes self-driving systems development and vehicle integration, autonomous vehicle research and advanced engineering, autonomous vehicle transportation-as-a-service network development, user experience, and business strategy and business development teams. FSM designs and builds mobility products and subscription services on its own, and collaborates with service providers and technology companies.  In 2019, we began recording in the Mobility segment subscription related income previously reported in the Automotive segment.  This income is generated from services managed in our Mobility segment.

Ford Credit Segment

The Ford Credit segment is comprised of the Ford Credit business on a consolidated basis, which is primarily vehicle-related financing and leasing activities.

Corporate Other

Corporate Other primarily includes corporate governance expenses, interest income (excluding interest earned on our extended service contract portfolio that is included in our Automotive segment) and portfolio gains and losses from our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities, and foreign exchange derivatives gains and losses associated with intercompany lending. Corporate governance expenses are primarily administrative, delivering benefit on behalf of the global enterprise and are not allocated to specific Automotive business units or operating segments. These include expenses related to setting and directing global policy, providing oversight and stewardship, and promoting the Company’s interests. The underlying assets and liabilities associated with these activities remain with the respective Automotive and Mobility segments.

Interest on Debt

Interest on Debt is presented as a separate reconciling item and consists of interest expense on Automotive and Other debt. The underlying liability is reported in the Automotive segment and in Corporate Other.

Special Items

Special Items are presented as a separate reconciling item. They consist of (i) pension and OPEB remeasurement gains and losses, (ii) significant personnel and dealer-related costs stemming from our efforts to match production capacity and cost structure to market demand and changing model mix, and (iii) other items that we do not necessarily consider to be indicative of earnings from ongoing operating activities. Our management excludes these items from its review of the results of the operating segments for purposes of measuring segment profitability and allocating resources. We also report these special items separately to help investors track amounts related to these activities and to allow investors analyzing our results to identify certain infrequent significant items that they may wish to exclude when considering the trend of ongoing operating results.

29

Item 1. Financial Statements (Continued)

FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 22. SEGMENT INFORMATION (Continued)

Key financial information for the periods ended or at March 31 was as follows (in millions):
 
Automotive
 
Mobility
 
Ford Credit
 
Corporate
Other
 
Interest
on Debt
 
Special Items
 
Adjustments
 
Total
First Quarter 2018
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

Revenues
$
39,012

 
$
4

 
$
2,943

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
41,959

Income/(loss) before income taxes
1,732

 
(102
)
 
641

 
(86
)
 
(289
)
 
23

 

 
1,919

Equity in net income/(loss) of affiliated companies
218

 

 
6

 

 

 

 

 
224

Cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and restricted cash
27,597

 
50

 
12,621

 

 

 

 

 
40,268

Total assets
107,091

 
452

 
164,582

 

 

 

 
(4,895
)
(a)
267,230

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
First Quarter 2019
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

Revenues
$
37,239

 
$
6

 
$
3,097

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
40,342

Income/(loss) before income taxes
2,009

 
(288
)
 
801

 
(75
)
 
(245
)
 
(592
)
 

 
1,610

Equity in net income/(loss) of affiliated companies
17

 
2

 
6

 

 

 

 

 
25

Cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and restricted cash
24,034

 
167

 
13,700

 

 

 

 

 
37,901

Total assets
102,113

 
949

 
164,409

 

 

 

 
(4,190
)
(a)
263,281

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
__________
(a)
Includes eliminations of intersegment transactions occurring in the ordinary course of business and deferred tax netting.

30


ITEM 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

OVERVIEW

Non-GAAP Financial Measures That Supplement GAAP Measures

We use both generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and non-GAAP financial measures for operational and financial decision making, and to assess Company and segment business performance. The non-GAAP measures listed below are intended to be considered by users as supplemental information to their equivalent GAAP measures, to aid investors in better understanding our financial results. We believe that these non-GAAP measures provide useful perspective on underlying business results and trends, and a means to assess our period-over-period results. These non-GAAP measures should not be considered as a substitute for, or superior to, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. These non-GAAP measures may not be the same as similarly titled measures used by other companies due to possible differences in method and in items or events being adjusted.

Company Adjusted EBIT (Most Comparable GAAP Measure: Net Income Attributable to Ford) – Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) excludes interest on debt (excl. Ford Credit Debt), taxes, and pre-tax special items. This non-GAAP measure is useful to management and investors because it allows users to evaluate our operating results aligned with industry reporting. Pre-tax special items consist of (i) pension and OPEB remeasurement gains and losses, (ii) significant personnel and dealer-related costs stemming from our efforts to match production capacity and cost structure to market demand and changing model mix, and (iii) other items that we do not necessarily consider to be indicative of earnings from ongoing operating activities.  When we provide guidance for adjusted EBIT, we do not provide guidance on a net income basis because the GAAP measure will include potentially significant special items that have not yet occurred and are difficult to predict with reasonable certainty prior to year-end, including pension and OPEB remeasurement gains and losses.

Company Adjusted EBIT Margin (Most Comparable GAAP Measure: Company Net Income Margin) – Company adjusted EBIT margin is Company adjusted EBIT divided by Company revenue. This non-GAAP measure is useful to management and investors because it allows users to evaluate our operating results aligned with industry reporting.

Adjusted Earnings Per Share (Most Comparable GAAP Measure: Earnings Per Share) – Measure of Company’s diluted net earnings per share adjusted for impact of pre-tax special items (described above), tax special items, and restructuring impacts in non-controlling interests. The measure provides investors with useful information to evaluate performance of our business excluding items not indicative of the underlying run rate of our business. When we provide guidance for adjusted earnings per share, we do not provide guidance on an earnings per share basis because the GAAP measure will include potentially significant special items that have not yet occurred and are difficult to predict with reasonable certainty prior to year-end, including pension and OPEB remeasurement gains and losses.

Adjusted Effective Tax Rate (Most Comparable GAAP Measure: Effective Tax Rate) – Measure of Company’s tax rate excluding pre-tax special items (described above) and tax special items. The measure provides an ongoing effective rate which investors find useful for historical comparisons and for forecasting. When we provide guidance for adjusted effective tax rate, we do not provide guidance on an effective tax rate basis because the GAAP measure will include potentially significant special items that have not yet occurred and are difficult to predict with reasonable certainty prior to year-end, including pension and OPEB remeasurement gains and losses.

Company Adjusted Operating Cash Flow (Most Comparable GAAP Measure: Net Cash Provided By / (Used In) Operating Activities) – Measure of Company’s operating cash flow excluding Ford Credit’s operating cash flows. The measure contains elements management considers operating activities, including Automotive and Mobility capital spending, Ford Credit distributions to its parent, and settlement of derivatives. The measure excludes cash outflows for funded pension contributions, separation payments, and other items that are considered operating cash outflows under U.S. GAAP. This measure is useful to management and investors because it is consistent with management’s assessment of the Company’s operating cash flow performance. When we provide guidance for Company adjusted operating cash flow, we do not provide guidance for net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities because the GAAP measure will include items that are difficult to quantify or predict with reasonable certainty, including cash flows related to the Company's exposures to foreign currency exchange rates and certain commodity prices (separate from any related hedges), Ford Credit's operating cash flows, and cash flows related to special items, including separation payments, each of which individually or in the aggregate could have a significant impact to our net cash provided by/(used in) our operating activities.

31

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Adjusted Cash Conversion (Most Comparable GAAP Measure: Net Cash Provided By / (Used In) Operating Activities divided by Net Income Attributable to Ford (“cash conversion”)) – Company Adjusted Cash Conversion is Company adjusted operating cash flow divided by Adjusted EBIT.  This non-GAAP measure is useful to management and investors because it allows users to evaluate how much of Ford's Adjusted EBIT is converted into cash flow.

Adjusted Debt to EBITDA (Most Comparable GAAP Measure: Total Company Debt to Net income attributable to Ford) – This financial leverage ratio is commonly used to assess a company’s ability to repay its debt. This measure is useful to management and investors because it helps to assess how long we would need to operate at our current level to repay our debt (excl. Ford Credit’s debt). When we provide guidance for adjusted debt to EBITDA, we do not provide guidance for the most comparable GAAP measure because the GAAP measure will include potentially significant special items that have not yet occurred and are difficult to predict with reasonable certainty prior to year-end, including pension and OPEB remeasurement gains and losses. For more information, see the definitions of Adjusted Debt and Adjusted EBITDA.

Adjusted Debt (Most Comparable GAAP Measure: Total Company Debt) – Measure of total company debt (excl. Ford Credit), adjusted to include unamortized discount/premium and issuance costs (excl. Ford Credit), operating lease minimum commitments, and net pension liabilities excluding prepaid assets.

Adjusted EBITDA (Most Comparable GAAP Measure: Net income attributable to Ford) – Measure of Company Adjusted EBIT (see definition), excluding Ford Credit EBT and equity in net income/(loss) of affiliated companies, and further adjusted to include certain non-pension related special items, depreciation and tooling amortization (excl. Ford Credit), operating lease expense, and certain pension costs.

Adjusted ROIC – Adjusted Return on Invested Capital (“ROIC”) provides management and investors with useful information to evaluate the Company’s after-cash tax operating return on its invested capital for the period presented. Adjusted net operating profit after cash tax measures operating results less special items, interest on debt (excl. Ford Credit Debt), and certain pension/OPEB costs. Average invested capital is the sum of average balance sheet equity, debt (excl. Ford Credit Debt), and net pension/OPEB liability. When we provide guidance for adjusted ROIC, we do not provide guidance on an unadjusted ROIC basis because it will include potentially significant special items that have not yet occurred and are difficult to predict with reasonable certainty prior to year-end.

Ford Credit Managed Receivables (Most Comparable GAAP Measure: Net Finance Receivables plus Net Investment in Operating Leases) – Measure of Ford Credit’s total net receivables, excluding unearned interest supplements and residual support, allowance for credit losses, and other (primarily accumulated supplemental depreciation). The measure is useful to management and investors as it closely approximates the customer’s outstanding balance on the receivables, which is the basis for earning revenue.

Ford Credit Managed Leverage (Most Comparable GAAP Measure: Financial Statement Leverage) – Ford Credit’s debt-to-equity ratio adjusted (i) to exclude cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities (other than amounts related to insurance activities), and (ii) for derivative accounting. The measure is useful to investors because it reflects the way Ford Credit manages its business. Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities are deducted because they generally correspond to excess debt beyond the amount required to support operations and on-balance sheet securitization transactions. Derivative accounting adjustments are made to asset, debt, and equity positions to reflect the impact of interest rate instruments used with Ford Credit’s term-debt issuances and securitization transactions. Ford Credit generally repays its debt obligations as they mature, so the interim effects of changes in market interest rates are excluded in the calculation of managed leverage.

32

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Company

The chart below shows our first quarter 2019 net income attributable to Ford and Company adjusted EBIT by segment.

Q12019CORESULTS6.JPG

Net income attributable to Ford and Company adjusted EBIT were driven by our Automotive and Ford Credit segments. In our Mobility segment, we incurred an increased EBIT loss as we invested more, as planned, to build out our capabilities with mobility services as we leverage the connectivity of our products while also progressing our developments in autonomy.
Ford Credit delivered a very strong EBT in the first quarter of 2019, and the highest in nearly nine years. All of Ford Credit’s metrics were healthy, including a continued focus on a lean, best-in-class operating cost structure. In the quarter, Ford Credit benefited from lower depreciation on vehicles in its lease portfolio and improvement in its credit loss reserves reflecting continued strength in consumer credit metrics.

Special item charges in the first quarter of 2019 were $592 million, with negative cash effects of about $100 million. The vast majority of the charges in the quarter were associated with the redesigns of Europe and South America.

33

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

The chart below shows our first quarter 2019 key metrics for the Company, compared to a year ago.

Q12019COMETRICS6B.JPG

Net income attributable to Ford in the first quarter of 2019 was $1.1 billion or $0.29 diluted earnings per share of Common and Class B stock, down $600 million or $0.14 per share from a year ago. Company adjusted EBIT for the first quarter of 2019 was $2.4 billion or $0.44 diluted adjusted earnings per share, up $300 million or $0.01 per share year over year.
  
Net income margin was 2.8% in the first quarter of 2019, down 1.3 percentage points from a year ago. Company adjusted EBIT margin was 6.1% in the first quarter of 2019, up 0.9 percentage points from a year ago.

Company adjusted EBIT improved year over year despite external headwinds of about $500 million versus a year ago. This includes lower industry volume; continued, though smaller, increases in commodity costs, including tariff-related effects; and adverse exchange. This $500 million impact is net of pricing actions that we took in South America to recover partially the region’s adverse inflationary and exchange effects.

34

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Automotive Segment

The chart below shows our first quarter 2019 Automotive segment EBIT by region.

Q12019AUTOEBIT6.JPG

In the first quarter of 2019, our Automotive segment EBIT improved from a year ago. Although the combined loss in the business units outside North America was unchanged from a year ago, it represents a strong $632 million improvement from the fourth quarter of 2018. Within the Automotive segment, cost was flat year over year and Automotive EBIT margin was higher.

We saw progress in each of the three business units that drove the year-over-year decline in Company adjusted EBIT in 2018 – China, Europe, and North America.

In China, we incurred a loss of $128 million on lower volume. This was an improvement from the $150 million we lost a year ago, which was, by far, China’s best quarterly result in 2018. In the second through fourth quarters of 2018, our average quarterly loss was $465 million. The improvement from a year ago was driven by our consolidated operations, offset partially by lower JV equity net income. The main elements of the consolidated operations’ improvement were strong cost performance and favorable exchange, although we also saw favorable mix and achieved flat year-over-year pricing in a negative industry-pricing environment. The favorable currency effect essentially was a reversal of an equivalent adverse impact we incurred in China over the past several years. The lower JV equity net income was entirely due to lower volume. Importantly, we ended the quarter with dealer stocks in good shape and improving dealer profitability.

In Europe, we were profitable, but at a lower level than a year ago, more than explained by about $100 million of unfavorable exchange, most of which was a balance sheet effect. Within Europe’s results, we delivered strong EBIT and healthy returns for our growing commercial vehicle and truck business. This was partially offset by losses on passenger cars, although the latter continue to generate positive current-period operating cash flow.

In North America, we achieved our best EBIT since second quarter 2018 and an EBIT margin of 8.7%, both improved from a year ago. We achieved this through strong mix and higher net pricing, aided by structural costs that were slightly lower than a year ago.


35

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

From a product standpoint, North America’s EBIT improvement was driven by our F-Series despite new competitive challenges; Ranger, as it came to market; and Transit, America’s best-selling van. North America’s EBIT also benefited substantially from the decision to exit traditional passenger sedans. The strong financial performance of F-Series was matched by robust performance in the marketplace. In the first quarter of 2019 and in the face of new competitive entries, F-Series customer sales and average transaction prices held strong from a year ago, while share of segment increased. Our plan is to strengthen our position further with a new Super Duty launching later this year, a new F-150 coming in 2020, followed by a battery electric vehicle relatively soon thereafter.

In general, we measure year-over-year change in Automotive segment EBIT using the causal factors listed below, with net pricing and cost variances calculated at present-period volume and mix and exchange:

Market Factors (exclude the impact of unconsolidated affiliate wholesales):
Volume and Mix – primarily measures EBIT variance from changes in wholesale volumes (at prior-year average contribution margin per unit) driven by changes in industry volume, market share, and dealer stocks, as well as the EBIT variance resulting from changes in product mix, including mix among vehicle lines and mix of trim levels and options within a vehicle line
Net Pricing – primarily measures EBIT variance driven by changes in wholesale prices to dealers and marketing incentive programs such as rebate programs, low-rate financing offers, special lease offers, and stock adjustments on dealer inventory

Cost:
Contribution Costs – primarily measures EBIT variance driven by per-unit changes in cost categories that typically vary with volume, such as material costs (including commodity and component costs), warranty expense, and freight and duty costs
Structural Costs – primarily measures EBIT variance driven by absolute change in cost categories that typically do not have a directly proportionate relationship to production volume. Structural costs include the following cost categories:
Manufacturing, Including Volume-Related consists primarily of costs for hourly and salaried manufacturing personnel, plant overhead (such as utilities and taxes), and new product launch expense.
These costs could be affected by volume for operating pattern actions such as overtime, line-speed, and shift schedules
Engineering consists primarily of costs for engineering personnel, prototype materials, testing, and outside engineering services
Spending-Related consists primarily of depreciation and amortization of our manufacturing and engineering assets, but also includes asset retirements and operating leases
Advertising and Sales Promotions includes costs for advertising, marketing programs, brand promotions, customer mailings and promotional events, and auto shows
Administrative and Selling includes primarily costs for salaried personnel and purchased services related to our staff activities and selling functions, as well as associated information technology costs
Pension and OPEB consists primarily of past service pension costs and other postretirement employee benefit costs

Other includes a variety of items, such as parts and services earnings, royalties, government incentives, and compensation-related changes. Other also includes:
Exchange – primarily measures EBIT variance driven by one or more of the following: (i) transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of the relevant entities, (ii) effects of converting functional currency income to U.S. dollars, (iii) effects of remeasuring monetary assets and liabilities of the relevant entities in currencies other than their functional currency, or (iv) results of our foreign currency hedging


36

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

In addition, definitions and calculations used in this report include:

Wholesales and Revenue – wholesale unit volumes include all Ford and Lincoln badged units (whether produced by Ford or by an unconsolidated affiliate) that are sold to dealerships, units manufactured by Ford that are sold to other manufacturers, units distributed by Ford for other manufacturers, and local brand units produced by our China joint venture, Jiangling Motors Corporation, Ltd. (“JMC”), that are sold to dealerships. Vehicles sold to daily rental car companies that are subject to a guaranteed repurchase option (i.e., rental repurchase), as well as other sales of finished vehicles for which the recognition of revenue is deferred (e.g., consignments), also are included in wholesale unit volumes. Revenue from certain vehicles in wholesale unit volumes (specifically, Ford badged vehicles produced and distributed by our unconsolidated affiliates, as well as JMC brand vehicles) are not included in our revenue

Industry Volume and Market Share – based, in part, on estimated vehicle registrations; includes medium and heavy duty trucks

SAAR – seasonally adjusted annual rate

References to Automotive records for EBIT margin and business units are since at least 2009.

37

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

The charts on the following pages provide first quarter 2019 key metrics and the change in first quarter 2019 EBIT compared with first quarter 2018 by causal factor for our Automotive segment and its regional business units: North America, South America, Europe, Middle East & Africa, China, and Asia Pacific Operations.

Q12019AUTOMETRICS6.JPG

Q12019AUTOEBITBRIDGE6.JPG

38

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Q12019NAMETRICS6A.JPG

Q12019NAEBITBRIDGE6A.JPG

39

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Q12019SAMETRICS6.JPG

Q12019SAEBITBRIDGE6A.JPG

40

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Q12019EURMETRICS6.JPG

Q12019EUREBITBRIDGE6A.JPG

41

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Q12019MEAMETRICS6.JPG

Q12019MEAEBITBRIDGE6A.JPG

42

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Q12019CHINAMETRICS6A.JPG

Q12019CHINAEBITBRIDGE6A.JPG

43

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Q12019APMETRICS6A.JPG

Q12019APEBITBRIDGE6.JPG


44

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Mobility Segment

Our Mobility segment primarily includes development costs related to our autonomous vehicles and our investment in mobility through Ford Smart Mobility LLC (“FSM”). Autonomous vehicles includes self-driving systems development and vehicle integration, autonomous vehicle research and advanced engineering, autonomous vehicle transportation-as-a-service network development, user experience, and business strategy and business development teams. FSM designs and builds mobility products and subscription services on its own, and collaborates with service providers and technology companies.  In 2019, we began recording in the Mobility segment subscription related income previously reported in the Automotive segment.  This income is generated from services managed in our Mobility segment.

The chart below shows the Mobility segment’s first quarter 2019 EBIT compared with first quarter 2018.

Q12019MOBEBITBRIDGE6.JPG

45

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Ford Credit Segment

In general, we measure year-over-year changes in Ford Credit’s EBT using the causal factors listed below:

Volume and Mix:
Volume primarily measures changes in net financing margin driven by changes in average managed receivables at prior period financing margin yield (defined below in financing margin) at prior period exchange rates. Volume changes are primarily driven by the volume of new and used vehicle sales and leases, the extent to which Ford Credit purchases retail installment sale and lease contracts, the extent to which Ford Credit provides wholesale financing, the sales price of the vehicles financed, the level of dealer inventories, Ford-sponsored special financing programs available exclusively through Ford Credit, and the availability of cost-effective funding
Mix primarily measures changes in net financing margin driven by period-over-period changes in the composition of Ford Credit’s average managed receivables by product and by country or region

Financing Margin:
Financing margin variance is the period-to-period change in financing margin yield multiplied by the present period average managed receivables at prior period exchange rates. This calculation is performed at the product and country level and then aggregated. Financing margin yield equals revenue, less interest expense and scheduled depreciation for the period, divided by average managed receivables for the same period
Financing margin changes are driven by changes in revenue and interest expense. Changes in revenue are primarily driven by the level of market interest rates, cost assumptions in pricing, mix of business, and competitive environment. Changes in interest expense are primarily driven by the level of market interest rates, borrowing spreads, and asset-liability management

Credit Loss:
Credit loss is the change in the provision for credit losses at prior period exchange rates. For analysis purposes, management splits the provision for credit losses into net charge-offs and the change in the allowance for credit losses
Net charge-off changes are primarily driven by the number of repossessions, severity per repossession, and recoveries. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are primarily driven by changes in historical trends in credit losses and recoveries, changes in the composition and size of Ford Credit’s present portfolio, changes in trends in historical used vehicle values, and changes in economic conditions
As of January 1, 2019, we changed our accounting method for reporting early termination losses related to customer defaults on operating leases.  Previously, we presented the early termination loss reserve on operating leases due to customer default events as part of the allowance for credit losses which reduces Net investment in operating leases on the balance sheet. We now consider the effects of operating lease early terminations when determining depreciation estimates, which are included as part of accumulated depreciation within Net investment in operating leases on the balance sheet.  We believe this change in accounting method is preferable as the characterization of these changes are better reflected as depreciation.  We have reclassified prior period amounts to reflect the above changes.  For additional information, refer to the “Critical Accounting Estimates - Allowance for Credit Losses” section of Item 7 of Part II of our 2018 Form 10-K Report

Lease Residual:
Lease residual measures changes to residual performance at prior period exchange rates. For analysis purposes, management splits residual performance primarily into residual gains and losses, and the change in accumulated supplemental depreciation
Residual gain and loss changes are primarily driven by the number of vehicles returned to Ford Credit and sold, and the difference between the auction value and the depreciated value (which includes both base and accumulated supplemental depreciation) of the vehicles sold. Changes in accumulated supplemental depreciation are primarily driven by changes in Ford Credit’s estimate of the expected auction value at the end of the lease term, and changes in Ford Credit’s estimate of the number of vehicles that will be returned to it and sold. With the change in accounting method discussed above, accumulated depreciation now reflects early termination losses on operating leases due to customer default events, for all periods presented. For additional information, refer to the “Critical Accounting Estimates - Accumulated Depreciation on Vehicles Subject to Operating Leases” section of Item 7 of Part II of our 2018 Form 10-K Report

Exchange:
Reflects changes in EBT driven by the effects of converting functional currency income to U.S. dollars

46

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Other:
Primarily includes operating expenses, other revenue, insurance expenses, and other income at prior period exchange rates
Changes in operating expenses are primarily driven by salaried personnel costs, facilities costs, and costs associated with the origination and servicing of customer contracts
In general, other income changes are primarily driven by changes in earnings related to market valuation adjustments to derivatives (primarily related to movements in interest rates) and other miscellaneous items

In addition, the following definitions and calculations apply to Ford Credit when used in this report:

Cash (as shown on the Funding Structure, Liquidity Sources, and Leverage charts) – Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities, excluding amounts related to insurance activities

Earnings Before Taxes (EBT ) – Reflects Ford Credit’s income before income taxes

Return on Equity (ROE ) (as shown on the Key Metrics chart) – Reflects return on equity calculated by annualizing net income for the period and dividing by monthly average equity for the period

Securitizations (as shown on the Public Term Funding Plan chart) – Public securitization transactions, Rule 144A offerings sponsored by Ford Credit, and widely distributed offerings by Ford Credit Canada

Securitization Cash (as shown on the Liquidity Sources chart) – Cash held for the benefit of the securitization investors (for example, a reserve fund)

Term Asset-Backed Securities (as shown on the Funding Structure chart) – Obligations issued in securitization transactions that are payable only out of collections on the underlying securitized assets and related enhancements

Total Debt (as shown on the Leverage chart) – Debt on Ford Credit’s balance sheet. Includes debt issued in securitizations and payable only out of collections on the underlying securitized assets and related enhancements. Ford Credit holds the right to receive the excess cash flows not needed to pay the debt issued by, and other obligations of, the securitization entities that are parties to those securitization transactions

Total Net Receivables (as shown on the Total Net Receivables Reconciliation To Managed Receivables chart) – Includes finance receivables (retail and wholesale) sold for legal purposes and net investment in operating leases included in securitization transactions that do not satisfy the requirements for accounting sale treatment. These receivables and operating leases are reported on Ford Credit’s balance sheet and are available only for payment of the debt issued by, and other obligations of, the securitization entities that are parties to those securitization transactions; they are not available to pay the other obligations of Ford Credit or the claims of Ford Credit’s other creditors

47

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

The charts below provide first quarter 2019 key metrics and the change in first quarter 2019 EBT compared with first quarter 2018 by causal factor for the Ford Credit segment.

Q12019FCMETRICS6.JPG

Q12019FCEBTBRIDGE6.JPG


48

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Corporate Other

Corporate Other primarily includes corporate governance expenses, interest income (excluding interest earned on our extended service contract portfolio that is included in our Automotive segment) and portfolio gains and losses from our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities, and foreign exchange derivatives gains and losses associated with intercompany lending. Corporate governance expenses are primarily administrative, delivering benefit on behalf of the global enterprise and are not allocated to specific Automotive business units or operating segments. These include expenses related to setting and directing global policy, providing oversight and stewardship, and promoting the Company’s interests. Our first quarter 2019 Corporate Other results were a $75 million loss, compared with an $86 million loss a year ago. The lower loss compared with a year ago is more than explained by favorable mark-to-market adjustments to our marketable securities offset partially by higher corporate governance expenses.

Interest on Debt

Interest on Debt consists of interest expense on Automotive and Other debt. First quarter 2019 interest expense on Automotive and Other debt was $245 million, $44 million lower than a year ago, reflecting primarily lower foreign debt interest expense.

Special Items

In Note 22 of the Notes to the Financial Statements, special items are reflected as a separate reconciling item, as opposed to being allocated among the Automotive, Mobility, and Ford Credit segments. This reflects the fact that management excludes these items from its review of operating segment results for purposes of measuring segment profitability and allocating resources.

Our pre-tax and tax special items were as follows:

Q12019SPECIALS6.JPG

Taxes

Our provision for income taxes for first quarter 2019 was $427 million, resulting in an effective tax rate of 26.5%. Our first quarter 2019 adjusted effective tax rate, which excludes special items, was 19.7%.


49

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

At March 31, 2019, total balance sheet cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and restricted cash (including Ford Credit) was $37.9 billion.

We analyze our balance sheet on a “Company” basis which excludes Ford Credit. We consider our key balance sheet metrics to be: (i) Company cash, which includes cash equivalents, marketable securities, and restricted cash, excluding Ford Credit’s cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and restricted cash; and (ii) Company liquidity, which includes Company cash, less restricted cash, and total available committed credit lines.

Company excluding Ford Credit

Q12019BALANCE6A.JPG

Liquidity . One of our key priorities is to maintain a strong balance sheet, while at the same time having resources available to invest in and grow our business. Based on our planning assumptions, we believe we have sufficient liquidity and capital resources to continue to invest in new products and services, pay our debts and obligations as and when they come due, pay a regular dividend, and provide protection within an uncertain global economic environment.
 
At March 31, 2019 , we had Company cash of $24.2 billion, with 87% held by consolidated entities domiciled in the United States. To be prepared for an economic downturn, we target an ongoing Company cash balance at or above $20 billion. We expect to have periods when we will be above or below this amount due to:  (i) future cash flow expectations, such as for investments in future opportunities, capital investments, debt maturities, pension contributions, or restructuring requirements, (ii) short-term timing differences, and (iii) changes in the global economic environment.

50

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Our Company cash investments primarily include U.S. Department of Treasury obligations, federal agency securities, bank time deposits with investment-grade institutions, investment-grade corporate securities, investment-grade commercial paper, and debt obligations of a select group of non-U.S. governments, non-U.S. governmental agencies, and supranational institutions. The average maturity of these investments is approximately one year and adjusted based on market conditions and liquidity needs. We monitor our Company cash levels and average maturity on a daily basis.

In addition to our Company cash target, we also target to maintain a $10 billion available balance under our corporate credit facility, discussed below, for our Automotive business to protect against exogenous shocks. We assess the appropriate long-term target for total Company liquidity, which includes Company cash and the Automotive portion of the corporate credit facility, to be at or above $30 billion, which is an amount we believe is sufficient to support our business priorities and to protect our business. At March 31, 2019 , we had $35.2 billion of Company liquidity. We may reduce our Company cash and liquidity targets over time, based on improved operating performance and changes in our risk profile.
 
Changes in Company Cash. In managing our business, we classify changes in Company cash into operating and non-operating items. Operating items include: Company adjusted EBIT excluding Ford Credit, capital spending, depreciation and tooling amortization, changes in working capital, Ford Credit distributions, and all other and timing differences. Non-operating items include: restructuring (including separation payments), other transactions with Ford Credit, acquisitions and divestitures, changes in Automotive and Other debt, contributions to funded pension plans, and shareholder distributions.

With respect to “Changes in working capital,” in general we carry relatively low Automotive segment trade receivables compared with our trade payables because the majority of our Automotive wholesales are financed (primarily by Ford Credit) immediately upon sale of vehicles to dealers, which generally occurs shortly after being produced. In addition, our inventories are lean because we build to order, not for inventory. In contrast, our Automotive trade payables are based primarily on industry-standard production supplier payment terms generally ranging between 30 days to 45 days. As a result, our cash flow tends to improve as wholesale volumes increase, but can deteriorate significantly when wholesale volumes drop sharply. These working capital balances generally are subject to seasonal changes that can impact cash flow. For example, we typically experience cash flow timing differences associated with inventories and payables due to our annual summer and December shutdown periods when production, and therefore inventories and wholesale volumes, are usually at their lowest levels, while payables continue to come due and be paid. The net impact of this typically results in cash outflows from changes in our working capital balances during these shutdown periods.

In the first quarter of 2019, the majority of our operating cash flow was generated by the Automotive segment. For 2019, we continue to expect improved Company adjusted operating cash flow versus 2018.


51

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Changes in Company cash excluding Ford Credit are summarized below:

Q12019COCASH6.JPG

Capital spending was $1.6 billion in the first quarter of 2019 . We continue to expect full year 2019 capital spending to be about the same as 2018. As we redesign our business, the ongoing amount of capital spending to support product development, growth, and infrastructure is expected to be about $7 billion annually through 2022.

First quarter 2019 working capital was about $500 million positive, more than explained by an increase in production payables.

First quarter 2019 all other and timing differences were about $600 million negative, reflecting primarily assorted timing differences, interest payments on Automotive and Other debt, and cash taxes.

Shareholder distributions were about $600 million in the first quarter of 2019 . We expect full year distributions of $2.6 billion.

Available Credit Lines . Total committed Company credit lines excluding Ford Credit at March 31, 2019 were $11.9 billion, consisting of $10.4 billion of our corporate credit facility and $1.5 billion of local credit facilities. At March 31, 2019 , the utilized portion of the corporate credit facility was $27 million, representing amounts utilized for letters of credit. At March 31, 2019 , the utilized portion of the local credit facilities was $858 million.

Our corporate credit facility was amended as of April 23, 2019 to extend the maturity dates by one year. Lenders under our corporate credit facility have commitments to us totaling $13.4 billion, with 75% of the commitments maturing on April 30, 2024 and 25% of the commitments maturing on April 30, 2022. We have allocated $3 billion of commitments to Ford Credit on an irrevocable and exclusive basis to support its liquidity. We would guarantee any borrowings by Ford Credit under the corporate credit facility.

52

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

The corporate credit facility is unsecured and free of material adverse change conditions to borrowing, restrictive financial covenants (for example, interest or fixed-charge coverage ratio, debt-to-equity ratio, and minimum net worth requirements), and credit rating triggers that could limit our ability to obtain funding. The corporate credit facility contains a liquidity covenant that requires us to maintain a minimum of $4 billion in aggregate of domestic cash, cash equivalents, and loaned and marketable securities and/or availability under the facility. If our senior, unsecured, long-term debt does not maintain at least two investment grade ratings from Fitch, Moody’s, and S&P, the guarantees of certain subsidiaries will be required.

Also on April 23, 2019, we closed on a $3.5 billion supplemental credit facility, further strengthening our liquidity and providing additional financial flexibility. Unlike our corporate credit facility, the supplemental facility is intended to be utilized and includes a $2 billion revolving facility maturing on April 30, 2022 and a $1.5 billion delayed draw term loan facility maturing on December 31, 2022. We expect to fully draw the term loan over the course of 2019; however, the impact of any draws will be leverage neutral after taking into consideration debt reduction actions we took late last year, including the repayment of about $1 billion of higher cost affiliate debt. The terms and conditions of the supplemental credit facility are consistent with our corporate credit facility. As of April 25, 2019, all $3.5 billion was available for use.

Debt. As shown in Note 16 of the Notes to the Financial Statements, at March 31, 2019 , Company debt excluding Ford Credit was $14.2 billion, including Automotive debt of $13.6 billion. Both balances were about $60 million higher than at December 31, 2018 .

Leverage. We manage Company debt (excluding Ford Credit) levels with a leverage framework to maintain investment grade credit ratings through a normal business cycle. The leverage framework includes a ratio of total company debt (excluding Ford Credit) adjusted to include unamortized discount/premium and issuance costs (excluding Ford Credit), operating lease minimum commitments, and net pension liabilities excluding prepaid assets, divided by Company adjusted EBIT, excluding Ford Credit EBT, and further adjusted to include depreciation and tooling amortization (excluding Ford Credit), operating lease expense, and certain pension costs. At March 31, 2019, our ratio of Company debt to net income attributable to Ford was 50.9:1, and our ratio of adjusted debt to EBITDA was 3.2:1.

Ford Credit’s leverage is calculated as a separate business as described in the Liquidity - Ford Credit Segment section of Item 2. Ford Credit is self-funding and its debt, which is used to fund its operations, is separate from our Automotive and Other debt.

53

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Ford Credit Segment

Funding Overview. Ford Credit’s primary funding objective is to be well capitalized with a strong balance sheet and ample liquidity to support its financing activities and growth under a variety of market conditions, including short-term and long-term market disruptions. Ford Credit’s funding strategy remains focused on diversification, and it plans to continue accessing a variety of markets, channels, and investors.

Ford Credit’s liquidity profile continues to be diverse, robust, and focused on maintaining liquidity levels that meet its business and funding requirements. Ford Credit annually stress tests its balance sheet and liquidity to ensure that it continues to meet its financial obligations through economic cycles.

Funding Portfolio. The chart below shows the trends in funding for Ford Credit’s managed receivables:

Q12019FCMANREC3A.JPG

Managed receivables of $155 billion as of March 31, 2019 were funded primarily with term debt and term asset-backed securities. Securitized funding as a percent of managed receivables was 38%. Ford Credit targets a mix of securitized funding between 35% and 40%. The calendarization of the funding plan will result in quarterly fluctuations of the securitized funding percentage.

54

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Public Term Funding Plan. The following chart shows Ford Credit’s issuances for full-year 2017 and 2018, planned issuances for full-year 2019, and its global public term funding issuances through April 24, 2019, excluding short-term funding programs:

Q12019FCFUNDING7.JPG

Ford Credit’s total unsecured public term funding plan is categorized by currency of issuance. Ford Credit plans to continue issuing its eurocurrency-denominated (e.g., euro and sterling) public unsecured debt from the United States. For 2019, Ford Credit now projects full-year public term funding in the range of $27 billion to $32 billion. Through April 24, 2019, Ford Credit has completed $13 billion of public term issuances.

55

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Liquidity. The following chart shows Ford Credit’s liquidity sources and utilization:

Q12019FCLIQUIDITY3B.JPG

Ford Credit’s liquidity available for use will fluctuate quarterly based on factors including near-term debt maturities, receivable growth, and timing of funding transactions. Ford Credit targets liquidity of about $25 billion.

At March 31, 2019, Ford Credit’s net liquidity available for use was $31 billion, $3.7 billion higher than year-end 2018.

Ford Credit’s sources of liquidity include cash, committed asset-backed facilities, unsecured credit facilities, and the corporate credit facility allocation. At March 31, 2019, Ford Credit’s liquidity sources including cash totaled $54.3 billion, up $2.7 billion from year-end 2018.

56

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Leverage. Ford Credit uses leverage, or the debt-to-equity ratio, to make various business decisions, including evaluating and establishing pricing for finance receivable and operating lease financing, and assessing its capital structure.

The chart below shows the calculation of Ford Credit’s financial statement leverage and managed leverage:

Q12019FCLEVERAGE3A.JPG

Ford Credit plans its managed leverage by considering prevailing market conditions and the risk characteristics of its business. At March 31, 2019, Ford Credit’s financial statement leverage was 9.6:1, and its managed leverage was 8.8:1. Ford Credit targets managed leverage in the range of 8:1 to 9:1.

57

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Total Company

Pension Plans - Underfunded Balances. As of March 31, 2019 , our total Company pension underfunded status reported on our balance sheet was $5.6 billion and reflects the net underfunded status at December 31, 2018 , updated for service and interest cost, expected return on assets, separation expense, actual benefit payments, and cash contributions.  The discount rate and rate of expected return assumptions are unchanged from year-end 2018, and the reported number does not reflect the impact from any change in interest rates or asset returns since year-end 2018.

Based on our planning assumptions for asset returns, discount rates, and contributions, we expect our funded status to improve at year-end 2019 compared to the end of 2018.

Return on Invested Capital. We analyze total Company performance using an adjusted Return on Invested Capital (“ROIC”) financial metric based on an after-tax rolling four quarter average. The following table contains the calculation of our ROIC for the periods shown:

Q12019ADJROIC6.JPG

58

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

CREDIT RATINGS

Our short-term and long-term debt is rated by four credit rating agencies designated as nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (“NRSROs”) by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission: DBRS, Fitch, Moody’s, and S&P.

In several markets, locally recognized rating agencies also rate us. A credit rating reflects an assessment by the rating agency of the credit risk associated with a corporate entity or particular securities issued by that entity. Rating agencies’ ratings of us are based on information provided by us and other sources. Credit ratings are not recommendations to buy, sell, or hold securities and are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating agency. Each rating agency may have different criteria for evaluating company risk and, therefore, ratings should be evaluated independently for each rating agency.

The following rating actions were taken by these NRSROs since the filing of our 2018 Form 10-K Report.

On March 8, 2019, DBRS revised the outlook to negative from stable for Ford and Ford Credit and affirmed their ratings.

The following chart summarizes certain of the credit ratings and outlook presently assigned by these four NRSROs:
 
NRSRO RATINGS
 
Ford
 
Ford Credit
 
NRSROs
 
Issuer
Default /
Corporate /
Issuer Rating
 
Long-Term Senior Unsecured
 
Outlook / Trend
 
Long-Term Senior Unsecured
 
Short-Term
Unsecured
 
Outlook / Trend
 
Minimum Long-Term Investment Grade Rating
DBRS
BBB
 
BBB
 
Negative
 
BBB
 
R-2M
 
Negative
 
BBB (low)
Fitch
BBB
 
BBB
 
Stable
 
BBB
 
F2
 
Stable
 
BBB-
Moody’s
N/A
 
Baa3
 
Negative
 
Baa3
 
P-3
 
Negative
 
Baa3
S&P
BBB
 
BBB
 
Negative
 
BBB
 
A-2
 
Negative
 
BBB-


59

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

OUTLOOK

Based on our current assumptions, our Company guidance for 2019 includes the following:

Q12019OUTLOOK4B.JPG

For 2019, we now expect year-over-year improvement in the key metrics as shown above, including our revenue growth to be greater than 2%, adjusted EBIT margin to be greater than 4.4%, adjusted ROIC to be greater than 7.1%, and adjusted cash conversion to be greater than 40%. We now expect adjusted debt to EBITDA to be higher than 3.2:1 by the end of the year.

We expect first quarter 2019 Company adjusted EBIT to be the strongest of the year due to seasonal factors and major product launches ahead. For the full year, we now expect Company adjusted EBIT to be higher than in 2018.

We continue to expect full-year 2019 Company adjusted operating cash flow to be stronger and Automotive EBIT to improve, driven by gains in China, Europe, and North America. For the full year, we expect to build on the first quarter outcome and deliver a considerable improvement in China’s profitability compared to 2018, although still a loss; to deliver a substantial improvement in Europe’s profitability compared to 2018, driven by favorable mix, higher net pricing, and lower cost; and North America’s EBIT and EBIT margin to improve from 2018.

For the full year, we expect a larger loss in Mobility as we increase our investment in mobility services and as our autonomous vehicle efforts move closer to commercialization with a bespoke product in late 2021.

We now expect EBT for the full year at Ford Credit to be about the same as 2018. This includes a continued expectation for auction values to decline on average over the year by about four percent, at constant mix.

We have identified a total of about $11 billion in potential EBIT charges for our Global Redesign actions, with negative cash effects of about $7 billion. In 2019, we expect to incur $3 billion to $3.5 billion of the EBIT charges, with negative cash effects of about $2.5 billion. We expect almost all of the EBIT charges to be treated as special items.

60

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURE RECONCILIATIONS

The following charts show our Non-GAAP financial measure reconciliations for: Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted Earnings Per Share, Adjusted Effective Tax Rate, Adjusted Operating Cash Flow, Adjusted Debt to EBITDA, and Ford Credit Managed Receivables. The GAAP reconciliation for Ford Credit Managed Leverage can be found in the Ford Credit Segment section of “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Q12019NETINCOMERECON6.JPG

Q12019EPSRECON6A.JPG

61

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Q12019EFFTAXRATERECON6.JPG

Q12019ADJOPCASHFLOW6.JPG

62

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Q12019ADJDEBTEBITDARECON6A.JPG

Q12019NETRECRECON4.JPG

63

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Supplemental Information

The tables below provide supplemental consolidating financial information, other financial information, and U.S. sales by type. Company excluding Ford Credit includes our Automotive and Mobility reportable segments, Corporate Other, Interest on Debt, and Special Items. Eliminations, where presented, primarily represent eliminations of intersegment transactions and deferred tax netting.

Selected Income Statement Information. The following table provides supplemental income statement information (in millions):
 
 
For the period ended March 31, 2019
 
 
First Quarter
 
 
Company excluding Ford Credit
 
 
 
 
 
 
Automotive
 
Mobility
 
Other (a)
 
Subtotal
 
Ford Credit
 
Consolidated
Revenues
 
$
37,239

 
$
6

 
$

 
$
37,245

 
$
3,097

 
$
40,342

Total costs and expenses
35,673

 
333

 
779

 
36,785

 
2,355

 
39,140

Interest expense on Automotive debt

 

 
231

 
231

 

 
231

Interest expense on Other debt

 

 
14

 
14

 

 
14

Other income/(loss), net
426

 
37

 
112

 
575

 
53

 
628

Equity in net income of affiliated companies
17

 
2

 

 
19

 
6

 
25

Income/(loss) before income taxes
2,009

 
(288
)
 
(912
)
 
809

 
801

 
1,610

Provision for/(Benefit from) income taxes
382

 
(69
)
 
(84
)
 
229

 
198

 
427

Net income/(Loss)
1,627

 
(219
)
 
(828
)
 
580

 
603

 
1,183

Less: Income/(Loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
37

 

 

 
37

 

 
37

Net income/(Loss) attributable to Ford Motor Company
$
1,590

 
$
(219
)
 
$
(828
)
 
$
543

 
$
603

 
$
1,146


(a) Other includes Corporate Other, Interest on Debt, and Special Items


64

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Selected Balance Sheet Information. The following tables provide supplemental balance sheet information (in millions):
 
 
March 31, 2019
Assets
 
Company excluding Ford Credit
 
Ford Credit
 
Eliminations
 
Consolidated
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
9,115

 
$
11,733

 
$

 
$
20,848

Marketable securities
 
15,036

 
1,846

 

 
16,882

Ford Credit finance receivables, net
 

 
55,444

 

 
55,444

Trade and other receivables, less allowances
 
3,837

 
8,179

 

 
12,016

Inventories
 
12,333

 

 

 
12,333

Other assets
 
2,499

 
1,173

 

 
3,672

Receivable from other segments
 
94

 
1,944

 
(2,038
)
 

   Total current assets
 
42,914

 
80,319

 
(2,038
)
 
121,195

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ford Credit finance receivables, net
 

 
54,332

 

 
54,332

Net investment in operating leases
 
1,656

 
27,573

 

 
29,229

Net property
 
35,945

 
200

 

 
36,145

Equity in net assets of affiliated companies
 
2,487

 
118

 

 
2,605

Deferred income taxes
 
12,233

 
200

 
(2,117
)
 
10,316

Other assets
 
7,822

 
1,637

 

 
9,459

Receivable from other segments
 
5

 
30

 
(35
)
 

   Total assets
 
$
103,062

 
$
164,409

 
$
(4,190
)
 
$
263,281

Liabilities
 
Company excluding Ford Credit
 
Ford Credit
 
Eliminations
 
Consolidated
Payables
 
$
22,197

 
$
1,128

 
$

 
$
23,325

Other liabilities and deferred revenue
 
19,782

 
1,582

 

 
21,364

Automotive debt payable within one year
 
2,523

 

 

 
2,523

Ford Credit debt payable within one year
 

 
51,895

 

 
51,895

Other debt payable within one year
 
130

 

 

 
130

Payable to other segments
 
2,038

 

 
(2,038
)
 

   Total current liabilities
 
46,670

 
54,605

 
(2,038
)
 
99,237

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other liabilities and deferred revenue
 
23,069

 
1,147

 

 
24,216

Automotive long-term debt
 
11,087

 

 

 
11,087

Ford Credit long-term debt
 

 
91,055

 

 
91,055

Other long-term debt
 
470

 

 

 
470

Deferred income taxes
 
84

 
2,680

 
(2,117
)
 
647

Payable to other segments
 
35

 

 
(35
)
 

   Total liabilities
 
$
81,415

 
$
149,487

 
$
(4,190
)
 
$
226,712



65

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Selected Cash Flow Information. The following tables provide supplemental cash flow information (in millions):
 
 
For the period ended March 31, 2019
 
 
First Quarter
Cash flows from operating activities
 
Company excluding Ford Credit
 
Ford Credit
 
Eliminations
 
Consolidated
Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities
 
$
2,426

 
$
1,118

 
$

 
$
3,544


Cash flows from investing activities
 
Company excluding Ford Credit
 
Ford Credit
 
Eliminations
 
Consolidated
Capital spending
 
$
(1,620
)
 
$
(13
)
 
$

 
$
(1,633
)
Acquisitions of finance receivables and operating leases
 

 
(12,595
)
 

 
(12,595
)
Collections of finance receivables and operating leases
 

 
12,336

 

 
12,336

Purchases of marketable and other securities
 
(3,120
)
 
(803
)
 

 
(3,923
)
Sales and maturities of marketable and other securities
 
4,167

 
274

 

 
4,441

Settlements of derivatives
 
(26
)
 
12

 

 
(14
)
Other
 
54

 

 

 
54

Investing activity (to)/from other segments
 
754

 

 
(754
)
 

Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities
 
$
209

 
$
(789
)
 
$
(754
)
 
$
(1,334
)

Cash flows from financing activities
 
Company excluding Ford Credit
 
Ford Credit
 
Eliminations
 
Consolidated
Cash payments for dividends and dividend equivalents
 
$
(597
)
 
$

 
$

 
$
(597
)
Purchases of common stock
 

 

 

 

Net changes in short-term debt
 
616

 
(196
)
 

 
420

Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt
 

 
15,411

 

 
15,411

Principal payments on long-term debt
 
(594
)
 
(12,683
)
 

 
(13,277
)
Other
 
(46
)
 
(38
)
 

 
(84
)
Financing activity to/(from) other segments
 

 
(754
)
 
754

 

Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities
 
$
(621
)
 
$
1,740

 
$
754

 
$
1,873

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
$
(9
)
 
$
38

 
$

 
$
29



66

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Selected Other Information.

Cost of sales and Selling, administrative, and other expenses for the first quarter of 2019 were $36.8 billion, a decrease of about $1.7 billion compared with the first quarter of 2018. The detail for the change is shown below (in billions):
 
2019 Lower/(Higher) 2018
 
First Quarter
Volume and mix, exchange, and other
$
2.4

Contribution costs
 
Material excluding commodities
0.1

Commodities
(0.1
)
Warranty
(0.2
)
Freight
(0.1
)
Structural costs
0.2

Special items
(0.6
)
Total
$
1.7


Equity. At March 31, 2019 , total equity attributable to Ford was $36.4 billion, an increase of about $500 million compared with December 31, 2018 . The detail for this change is shown below (in billions):
 
Increase/
(Decrease)
Net income
$
1.1

Shareholder distributions
(0.6
)
Other comprehensive income
(0.1
)
Other
0.1

Total
$
0.5


U.S. Sales by Type. The following table shows first quarter 2019 U.S. sales volume and U.S. wholesales segregated by truck, SUV, and car sales. U.S. sales volume reflects transactions with (i) retail and fleet customers (as reported by dealers), (ii) governments, and (iii) Ford management.  U.S. wholesales reflect sales to dealers.
 
U.S. Sales
 
U.S. Wholesales
Trucks
278,898

 
323,553

SUVs
213,086

 
230,247

Cars
98,265

 
106,049

Total Vehicles
590,249

 
659,849



67

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

Cautionary Note on Forward-Looking Statements

Statements included or incorporated by reference herein may constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are based on expectations, forecasts, and assumptions by our management and involve a number of risks, uncertainties, and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those stated, including, without limitation:

Ford’s long-term competitiveness depends on the successful execution of fitness actions;
Industry sales volume, particularly in the United States, Europe, or China, could decline if there is a financial crisis, recession, or significant geopolitical event;
Ford’s new and existing products and mobility services are subject to market acceptance;
Ford’s results are dependent on sales of larger, more profitable vehicles, particularly in the United States;
Ford may face increased price competition resulting from industry excess capacity, currency fluctuations, or other factors;
Fluctuations in commodity prices, foreign currency exchange rates, and interest rates can have a significant effect on results;
With a global footprint, Ford’s results could be adversely affected by economic, geopolitical, protectionist trade policies, or other events, including Brexit;
Ford’s production, as well as Ford’s suppliers’ production, could be disrupted by labor disputes, natural or man-made disasters, financial distress, production difficulties, or other factors;
Ford’s ability to maintain a competitive cost structure could be affected by labor or other constraints;
Pension and other postretirement liabilities could adversely affect Ford’s liquidity and financial condition;
Economic and demographic experience for pension and other postretirement benefit plans (e.g., discount rates or investment returns) could be worse than Ford has assumed;
Ford’s vehicles could be affected by defects that result in delays in new model launches, recall campaigns, or increased warranty costs;
Ford may need to substantially modify its product plans to comply with safety, emissions, fuel economy, and other regulations that may change in the future;
Ford could experience unusual or significant litigation, governmental investigations, or adverse publicity arising out of alleged defects in products, perceived environmental impacts, or otherwise;
Ford’s receipt of government incentives could be subject to reduction, termination, or clawback;
Operational systems, security systems, and vehicles could be affected by cyber incidents;
Ford Credit’s access to debt, securitization, or derivative markets around the world at competitive rates or in sufficient amounts could be affected by credit rating downgrades, market volatility, market disruption, regulatory requirements, or other factors;
Ford Credit could experience higher-than-expected credit losses, lower-than-anticipated residual values, or higher-than-expected return volumes for leased vehicles;
Ford Credit could face increased competition from banks, financial institutions, or other third parties seeking to increase their share of financing Ford vehicles; and
Ford Credit could be subject to new or increased credit regulations, consumer or data protection regulations, or other regulations.

We cannot be certain that any expectation, forecast, or assumption made in preparing forward-looking statements will prove accurate, or that any projection will be realized. It is to be expected that there may be differences between projected and actual results. Our forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of their initial issuance, and we do not undertake any obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. For additional discussion, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2018 Form 10-K Report, as updated by our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K.


68

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Continued)

 

ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ISSUED BUT NOT YET ADOPTED

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has issued the following Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) which are not expected to have a material impact to our financial statements or financial statement disclosures. For additional information, see Note 2 of the Notes to the Financial Statements.
ASU
 
Effective Date (a)
2018-18
Clarifying the Interaction between Collaborative Arrangements and Revenue from Contracts with Customers
 
January 1, 2020
2018-15
Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract
 
January 1, 2020
2016-13
Credit Losses - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
 
January 1, 2020
2018-14
Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefits Plans
 
January 1, 2021
2018-12
Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long Duration Contracts
 
January 1, 2021
__________
(a)
Early adoption for each of the standards is permitted.

ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Automotive Segment
 
Foreign Currency Risk. The net fair value of foreign exchange forward contracts (including adjustments for credit risk) as of March 31, 2019 , was a liability of $176 million, compared with an asset of $363 million as of December 31, 2018. The potential decrease in fair value from a 10% adverse change in the underlying exchange rates, in U.S. dollar terms, was $2.4 billion at March 31, 2019 , compared with $2.5 billion at December 31, 2018 .

Commodity Price Risk. The net fair value of commodity forward contracts (including adjustments for credit risk) as of March 31, 2019 , was a liability of $16 million, compared with a liability of $62 million at December 31, 2018 . The potential decrease in fair value from a 10% adverse change in the underlying commodity prices, in U.S. dollar terms, was $102 million at March 31, 2019 , compared with $90 million at December 31, 2018 .

Ford Credit Segment
  
Interest Rate Risk . To provide a quantitative measure of the sensitivity of its pre-tax cash flow to changes in interest rates, Ford Credit uses interest rate scenarios that assume a hypothetical, instantaneous increase or decrease of one percentage point in all interest rates across all maturities (a “parallel shift”), as well as a base case that assumes that all interest rates remain constant at existing levels. The differences in pre-tax cash flow between these scenarios and the base case over a 12-month period represent an estimate of the sensitivity of Ford Credit’s pre-tax cash flow . Under this model, Ford Credit estimates that at March 31, 2019 , all else constant, such an increase in interest rates would increase its pre-tax cash flow by $7 million over the next 12 months, compared with an increase of $51 million at December 31,   2018 . In reality, interest rate changes are rarely instantaneous or parallel and rates could move more or less than the one percentage point assumed in Ford Credit’s analysis. As a result, the actual impact to pre-tax cash flow could be higher or lower than the results detailed above.

ITEM 4.  Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. James P. Hackett, our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), and Bob Shanks, our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), have performed an evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), as of March 31, 2019 , and each has concluded that such disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our periodic reports filed under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified by SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the CEO and CFO to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. During the first quarter of 2019, we launched a new lease administration and accounting system to support our implementation of ASU 2016-02, Leases . We also began utilizing a new global profit reporting system for segment reporting and impairment testing.


69


PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings.

OTHER MATTERS

European Competition Law Matter (as previously reported on page 23 of our 2018 Form 10-K Report) . As previously reported, on October 5, 2018, FCE Bank plc (“FCE”) received a notice from the Italian Competition Authority (the “ICA”) concerning an alleged violation of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The ICA alleges that FCE and other parties engaged in anti-competitive practices in relation to the automotive finance market in Italy.  On January 9, 2019, FCE received a decision from the ICA, which included an assessment of a fine against FCE in the amount of about $50 million.  On March 8, 2019, FCE appealed the decision and the fine with the ultimate resolution of the matter potentially taking several years.   

Emissions Certification (as previously reported on page 23 of our 2018 Form 10-K Report). As previously reported, the Company has become aware of a potential concern involving its U.S. emissions certification process. This matter currently focuses on issues relating to road load estimations, including analytical modeling and coastdown testing. The potential concern does not involve the use of defeat devices (see page 10 of our 2018 Form 10-K Report for a definition of defeat devices). We voluntarily disclosed this matter to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the California Air Resources Board on February 18, 2019 and February 21, 2019, respectively. Subsequently, the U.S. Department of Justice opened a criminal investigation into the matter. In addition, we have notified a number of other state and federal agencies. We are fully cooperating with all government agencies. Because this matter is still in the preliminary stages, we cannot predict the outcome, and we cannot provide assurance that it will not have a material adverse effect on us.

CONSUMER MATTERS

We provide warranties on the vehicles we sell.  Warranties are offered for specific periods of time and/or mileage, and vary depending upon the type of product and the geographic location of its sale.  Pursuant to these warranties, we will repair, replace, or adjust all parts on a vehicle that are defective in factory-supplied materials or workmanship during the specified warranty period.  We are a defendant in numerous actions in state and federal courts alleging damages based on state and federal consumer protection laws and breach of warranty obligations.  Remedies under these statutes may include repurchase, civil penalties, and plaintiff’s attorney fees.  In some cases, plaintiffs also include an allegation of fraud. 

The cost of these matters is included in our warranty costs.  We accrue obligations for warranty costs at the time of sale using a patterned estimation model that includes historical information regarding the nature, frequency, and average cost of claims for each vehicle line by model year.  We reevaluate the adequacy of our accruals on a regular basis.

We are currently a defendant in a significant number of litigation matters relating to the performance of vehicles equipped with DPS6 transmissions.

ITEM 6. Exhibits.
Designation
 
Description
 
Method of Filing
 
Annual Incentive Compensation Plan for 2019.
 
Filed with this Report.
 
Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Metrics for 2019.
 
Filed with this Report.
 
Letter of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, dated April 25, 2019, related to financial information
 
Filed with this Report.
 
Rule 15d-14(a) Certification of CEO.
 
Filed with this Report.
 
Rule 15d-14(a) Certification of CFO.
 
Filed with this Report.
 
Section 1350 Certification of CEO.
 
Furnished with this Report.
 
Section 1350 Certification of CFO.
 
Furnished with this Report.
Exhibit 101.INS
 
XBRL Instance Document.
 
*
Exhibit 101.SCH
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
 
*
Exhibit 101.CAL
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
 
*
Exhibit 101.LAB
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
 
*
Exhibit 101.PRE
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
 
*
Exhibit 101.DEF
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
 
*
__________
* Submitted electronically with this Report in accordance with the provisions of Regulation S-T.

70


SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
FORD MOTOR COMPANY

By:
/s/ Cathy O’Callaghan
 
Cathy O’Callaghan, Vice President and Controller
 
(principal accounting officer)
 
 
Date:
April 25, 2019



71


Exhibit 10.1


Annual Incentive Compensation Plan Metrics for 2019


On February 14, 2019, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company approved the specific performance goals and business criteria to be used for purposes of determining any future cash awards for 2019 participants, including executive officers, under the Company’s shareholder-approved Annual Incentive Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10-O-2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017). The Corporate performance criteria and weightings to be used for 2019 under the plan include attaining specified levels of:

Company Revenue (20%)

Company Adjusted EBIT Margin (30%)

Company Operating Cash Flow (30%)

Quality (20%)

Based on business performance results for 2019 against the targeted levels established for each metric, the Compensation Committee will determine the percentage of the target award that is earned, which could range between 0% and 200% depending on actual performance achieved relative to the target levels.









Exhibit 10.2


Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Metrics for 2019


On March 13, 2019, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company approved the specific performance goals and business criteria to be used for purposes of determining any future performance-based restricted stock unit final awards for the 2019-2021 performance-period for participants, including executive officers, under the Company's shareholder-approved 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Appendix I to the Company's Schedule 14A Definitive Proxy Statement filed on March 29, 2018).

The performance based restricted stock unit grant is a target opportunity; however, participants will have the opportunity to earn a maximum of up to 200% of the target. The performance based restricted stock unit grant has a three-year performance period (2019-2021), after which the Compensation Committee will determine the final award based on corporate performance-to-objectives. The maximum performance level that can be achieved for any single metric for the 2019 Performance Unit grants is 200%. 75% of the final award will be based on financial metrics and 25% will be based on relative Total Shareholder Return of Ford’s common stock compared to a peer group of companies over the three-year performance period. The metrics and weightings are summarized below:


Financial Metrics - 75%
 
Metrics  
Ø      Company Adjusted EBIT Margin
Ø      External Annual ROIC
Weighting
50%
50%
100%
 
 

 
 
Total Shareholder Return - 25%
 
Metric  
Ø      Total Shareholder Return (TSR)

Weighting
100%





  








Exhibit 18


April 25, 2019


Board of Directors
Ford Motor Company
One American Road
Dearborn, MI 48126

Dear Directors:

We are providing this letter to you for inclusion as an exhibit to Ford Motor Company (the “Company”) Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2019 (the “Form 10-Q”) pursuant to Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

We have been provided a copy of the Company’s Form 10-Q. Note 1 therein describes a change in accounting principle where prior to the first quarter of 2019, the Company presented the early termination loss reserve on operating leases as part of the allowance for credit losses within Net investment in operating leases . The Company now considers the effects of operating lease early terminations when determining depreciation estimates, which are included as part of accumulated depreciation within Net Investment of operating leases . It should be understood that the preferability of one acceptable method of accounting over another for considering the effects of early terminations of vehicles subject to operating leases has not been addressed in any authoritative accounting literature, and in expressing our concurrence below we have relied on management’s determination that this change in accounting principle is preferable. Based on our reading of management’s stated reasons and justification for this change in accounting principle in the Form 10-Q, and our discussions with management as to their judgment about the relevant business planning factors relating to the change, we concur with management that such change represents, in the Company’s circumstances, a change to a preferable accounting principle in conformity with Accounting Standards Codification 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections .

We have not audited any financial statements of the Company as of any date or for any period subsequent to December 31, 2018. Accordingly, our comments are subject to change upon completion of an audit of the financial statements covering the period of the accounting change.

Very truly yours,

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Detroit, Michigan




Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, James P. Hackett, certify that:

1.
I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2019 of Ford Motor Company;

2.
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.
Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.
The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)  
Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)  
Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)  
Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)  
Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.
The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)  All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)  Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated:  
April 25, 2019
/s/ James P. Hackett
 
 
James P. Hackett
 
 
President and Chief Executive Officer




Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Bob Shanks, certify that:

1.
I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2019 of Ford Motor Company;

2.
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.
Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.
The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)
Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)
Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)
Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)
Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.
The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated:
April 25, 2019
/s/ Bob Shanks
 
 
Bob Shanks
 
 
Chief Financial Officer
 
 
 





Exhibit 32.1



CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER


I, James P. Hackett, President and Chief Executive Officer of Ford Motor Company (the “Company”), hereby certify pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code that to my knowledge:

1.
The Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2019 , to which this statement is furnished as an exhibit (the “Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

2.
The information contained in this Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.


Dated:
April 25, 2019
/s/ James P. Hackett
 
 
James P. Hackett
 
 
President and Chief Executive Officer





Exhibit 32.2



CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER


I, Bob Shanks, Chief Financial Officer of Ford Motor Company (the “Company”), hereby certify pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code that to my knowledge:

1.
The Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2019 , to which this statement is furnished as an exhibit (the “Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

2.
The information contained in this Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.


Dated:
April 25, 2019
/s/ Bob Shanks
 
 
Bob Shanks
 
 
Chief Financial Officer