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GD-20201231_G1.GIF
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)
[☑] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020
OR
[☐] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _______ to _______

Commission File Number 1-3671

GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
13-1673581
State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization I.R.S. Employer Identification No.
11011 Sunset Hills Road Reston, Virginia 20190
Address of principal executive offices Zip code
(703) 876-3000
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock GD New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes _ü_ No ___

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ___ No _ü_
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes _ü_ No ___
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes _ü_ No ___
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer _ü_ Accelerated filer ___ Non-accelerated filer ___ Smaller reporting company ___☐ Emerging growth company ___☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ___
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes _ü_ ☑ No ___
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ___ No _ü_☐☑
The aggregate market value of the voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $36,917,915,083 as of June 28, 2020 (based on the closing price of the shares on the New York Stock Exchange).
286,264,679 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $1 par value per share, were outstanding on January 31, 2021.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:
Part III incorporates by reference information from certain portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the 2021 annual meeting of shareholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year.


INDEX
PART I PAGE
Item 1.
3
Item 1A.
18
Item 1B.
23
Item 2.
23
Item 3.
24
Item 4.
24
25
PART II
Item 5.
26
Item 6.
28
Item 7.
29
Item 7A.
51
Item 8.
53
Item 9.
104
Item 9A.
104
Item 9B.
107
PART III
Item 10.
107
Item 11.
107
Item 12.
108
Item 13.
108
Item 14.
108
PART IV
Item 15.
108
Item 16.
113
114
2

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS
(Dollars in millions, except per-share amounts or unless otherwise noted)

BUSINESS OVERVIEW
General Dynamics is a global aerospace and defense company that specializes in high-end design, engineering and manufacturing to deliver state-of-the-art solutions to our customers. We offer a broad portfolio of products and services in business aviation; ship construction and repair; land combat vehicles, weapons systems and munitions; and technology products and services. Our leadership positions in attractive business aviation and defense markets enable us to deliver superior and enduring shareholder returns.
Our company consists of 10 business units, which are organized into four operating segments: Aerospace, Marine Systems, Combat Systems and Technologies. We refer to the latter three collectively as our defense segments. To optimize its market focus, customer intimacy, agility and operating expertise, each business unit is responsible for the development and execution of its strategy and operating results. This structure allows for a lean corporate function, which sets the overall strategy and governance for the company and is responsible for allocating and deploying capital.
Our business units seek to deliver superior operating results by endeavoring to build industry-leading franchises. To achieve this goal, we invest in advanced technologies, pursue a culture of continuous improvement, and strive to be the low-cost, high-quality provider in each of our markets. The result is long-term value creation measured by strong earnings and cash flow and an attractive return on capital.
Over the past eight years, we have invested nearly $20 billion to create, renew or expand our portfolio of products and services across our businesses to drive long-term growth and shareholder value creation. This includes product development investments in Aerospace to bring to market an all-new lineup of business jet aircraft, capital investments in Marine Systems to support significant growth in U.S. Navy ship and submarine construction plans over the next two decades, development of next-generation platforms and technologies to meet customers’ emerging requirements in Combat Systems, and strategic acquisitions to achieve critical mass and build out a complete spectrum of solutions for our Technologies customers.
Following is additional information on each of our operating segments. For a supplemental discussion of segment performance and backlog, see Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7.
AEROSPACE
Our Aerospace segment is recognized as a leading producer of business jets and the standard bearer in aircraft repair, support and completion services. The segment consists of our Gulfstream and Jet Aviation business units. We have earned our reputation through:
•superior aircraft design, quality, performance, safety and reliability;
•technologically advanced flight deck and cabin systems; and
•industry-leading customer support.
3

We believe the key to long-term value creation in the business jet industry is steady investment in new aircraft models and technologies and in customer service capabilities. As a result, since we acquired Gulfstream over 20 years ago, we have made significant investments in research and development (R&D), state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities, and maintenance and support through a combination of product development efforts, capital expansion and the acquisition of Jet Aviation’s global support network.
We are committed to continual investment in R&D to create new aircraft that consistently broaden customer offerings while raising the bar for safety and performance. The result is the unprecedented development of an all-new lineup of the most technologically advanced business jet aircraft in the world. These aircraft offer industry-leading cabin, cockpit and safety technologies and the longest ranges at the fastest speeds in their respective classes.
The following represents Gulfstream’s current product line, along with the maximum range, maximum speed and cabin length (excluding baggage) for each aircraft:
GD-20201231_G2.JPG
The most recent additions to the Gulfstream fleet are two new large-cabin aircraft, the G500 and G600, which entered service in 2018 and 2019, respectively. These clean-sheet (i.e., all-new) aircraft replace the G450 and G550 models, which have a combined installed base of more than 1,650 aircraft around the world. Our investment included development of a new wing, new avionics, new fuselage and new ergonomically designed larger interiors, as well as systems and technologies to improve the manufacturing process and quality of the platform. As a result, the G500 and G600 are faster, more fuel efficient and have greater cabin volume, more range and improved flight controls compared with the aircraft they are replacing. At year-end 2020, cumulative deliveries for the two new aircraft totaled almost 100.
The next model to join the Gulfstream lineup is the ultra-long-range, ultra-large-cabin G700. It combines our most spacious cabin with our advanced Symmetry Flight Deck and the superior high-
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speed performance of all-new engines to create best-in-class capabilities. Gulfstream is in the process of flight testing and certification of the G700, which we expect to enter service in the fourth quarter of 2022.
The ultra-long-range, ultra-large-cabin G650 and G650ER continue to generate significant customer interest, with more than 430 aircraft of this family currently operating in 50 countries. Since the first G650 entered service in 2012, its capabilities and reliability have led to significant sales and expansion of our installed base around the globe. Gulfstream’s current product line holds more than 300 city-pair speed records, more than any other business jet manufacturer, led by the G650ER, which holds the National Aeronautic Association’s polar and westbound around-the-world speed records.
Our disciplined and consistent approach to new product development allows us to repeatedly introduce first-to-market capabilities that set industry standards for safety, performance, quality, speed and comfort. Product enhancement and development efforts include initiatives in advanced avionics, composites, flight-control and vision systems, acoustics, and cabin technologies.
Gulfstream designs, develops and manufactures aircraft in Savannah, Georgia, including all large-cabin models. The mid-cabin G280 is assembled by a non-U.S. partner. All models are outfitted in Gulfstream’s U.S. facilities. In support of Gulfstream’s growing aircraft portfolio and customer base, we have invested in our facilities and operations. At our Savannah campus, we added new purpose-built manufacturing facilities, increased aircraft service capacity, and opened a customer-support distribution center and a dedicated R&D campus.
We offer comprehensive support for the more than 2,900 Gulfstream aircraft in service around the world and operate the largest factory-owned service network in the industry. We continue to invest in these maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) facilities and inventory to accommodate fleet growth. We also operate a 24/7 year-round customer support center and offer on-call Gulfstream aircraft technicians ready to deploy around the world for customer service requirements under our Field and Airborne Support Team (FAST) rapid-response unit.
In addition to expanding the reach of Gulfstream’s aircraft maintenance network outside the United States, Jet Aviation provides a comprehensive suite of innovative aircraft services for aircraft owners and operators around the world. With approximately 50 locations throughout North America, Europe, the Middle East and the Asia-Pacific region, our offerings include maintenance, aircraft management, charter, staffing and fixed-base operator (FBO) services.
Jet Aviation manages nearly 300 business aircraft globally on behalf of individuals and corporate owners. We operate a leading global FBO network and support all aircraft types with the full-range of maintenance services, including 24/7 global aircraft-on-ground support. We also operate one of the world’s largest custom completion and refurbishment centers for both narrow- and wide-body aircraft and perform modifications, upgrades and lifecycle sustainment support for various government fleets. We continue to grow our global footprint through acquisitions, expansions and significant renovations in key business-aviation markets.
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The following map demonstrates the broad reach of our combined Gulfstream and Jet Aviation services network, including authorized service centers:
GD-20201231_G3.JPG
The Aerospace segment is committed to sustainability and the reduction of aviation’s carbon footprint. In support of this strategy, Gulfstream and Jet Aviation offer sustainable aviation fuel through our combined services network and lead the industry in total gallons supplied to the business jet market. Furthermore, we offer carbon offset credits to our customers, enabling them to operate aircraft on a carbon-neutral basis.
Revenue for the Aerospace segment was 21% of our consolidated revenue in 2020, 25% in 2019 and 23% in 2018. Revenue by major products and services was as follows:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
Aircraft manufacturing $ 6,115  $ 7,541  $ 6,262 
Aircraft services and completions 1,960  2,260  2,193 
Total Aerospace $ 8,075  $ 9,801  $ 8,455 
MARINE SYSTEMS
Our Marine Systems segment is the leading designer and builder of nuclear-powered submarines and a leader in surface combatants and auxiliary ship design and construction for the U.S. Navy. We also provide maintenance, modernization and lifecycle support services for Navy ships and maintain the most sophisticated marine engineering expertise in the world to support future capabilities. Our ability to design, build and maintain our nation’s most technologically sophisticated warships is a critical element of the U.S. defense industrial base. In addition to Navy ships, we design and build ocean-going Jones
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Act ships for commercial customers. Marine Systems consists of three business units — Electric Boat, Bath Iron Works and NASSCO.
In support of our Navy customer’s significant increase in demand for submarines and surface ships, we are making substantial investments to expand our facilities, grow and train our workforce, and support our supply chain, particularly in our submarine business. The resulting increase in capacity and capabilities will support the unprecedented growth expected in our shipbuilding business, especially submarines, for the next two decades.
Electric Boat is the prime contractor and lead shipyard on all Navy nuclear-powered submarine programs. The business is responsible for all aspects of design and engineering and leads the construction of both the Virginia-class attack submarine and the Columbia-class ballistic-missile submarine.
The Navy procures Virginia-class submarines in multi-boat blocks, currently at a two-per-year construction rate. We are currently working on Blocks IV and V in the program, with 18 Virginia-class submarines in our backlog scheduled for delivery through 2029. Eight of the boats in Block V include the Virginia Payload Module (VPM), an 84-foot Electric Boat-designed-and-built hull section that adds four additional payload tubes, more than tripling the strike capacity of these submarines and providing unique capabilities to support special missions.
The Navy’s Columbia-class ballistic-missile submarine is a 12-boat program that the Navy considers its top priority. These submarines will provide strategic deterrent capabilities for decades, with the first boat delivering in 2027 to begin replacement of the current Ohio-class ballistic-missile submarine fleet as it reaches the end of its service life. Construction is scheduled to continue for two decades, and the value of the Navy’s program of record is in excess of $110 billion. To mitigate risk, the submarine’s design was more than 80% complete at the time we began construction of the first boat, nearly twice as mature as any other Navy submarine program at the start of construction.
We are investing $1.8 billion of capital in expanded and modernized facilities at Electric Boat to support the growth in submarine construction. Our expenditures peaked in 2020, and we will have completed a majority of these investments by the end of 2021. Equal to the commitment of capital is our commitment to our workforce, which is on track to grow approximately 30% over the next decade, particularly in support of Columbia-class production. To reach our objective, we continue to invest in the training and tools necessary for our employees to be prepared to deliver these next-generation submarines to the Navy on time and on budget. We are also working with our network of more than 3,000 suppliers — mostly small businesses — to provide for concurrent production of the two submarine programs.
Bath Iron Works builds the Arleigh Burke-class (DDG-51) guided-missile destroyers and manages modernization and lifecycle support for the class. We have a total of 11 ships in backlog scheduled for delivery through 2027. Bath Iron Works is also the hull, mechanical and electrical (HM&E) prime contractor and lifecycle support provider for the Zumwalt-class (DDG-1000) guided-missile destroyer program. We expect to complete our work on the third and final ship of this class in 2021.
NASSCO specializes in Navy auxiliary and support ships and is currently building the Expeditionary Sea Base (ESB), which serves as a forward-staging base, and the John Lewis-class (T-AO-205) fleet replenishment oiler. Work on the two ESBs in backlog will continue into 2024, while the initial ships in the T-AO-205 program have deliveries planned into 2025. NASSCO has also designed and built crude
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oil and product tankers and container and cargo ships for commercial customers, satisfying Jones Act requirements that ships carrying cargo between U.S. ports be built in U.S. shipyards.
On December 31, 2020, backlog for our major ship construction programs and the scheduled final delivery date of ships currently in backlog were as follows:
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In addition to design and construction activities, our Marine Systems segment provides comprehensive post-delivery services to extend the service life of these and other Navy ships. NASSCO conducts full-service maintenance and surface-ship repair operations in Navy fleet concentration areas in San Diego, California; Norfolk, Virginia; Mayport, Florida; and Bremerton, Washington. Electric Boat provides submarine maintenance and modernization services in a variety of U.S. locations, and Bath Iron Works provides lifecycle support services for Navy surface ships in both U.S. and overseas ports. In support of allied navies, we offer program management, planning, engineering and design support for submarine and surface-ship construction programs.
Revenue for the Marine Systems segment was 26% of our consolidated revenue in 2020, 23% in 2019 and 24% in 2018. Revenue by major products and services was as follows:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
Nuclear-powered submarines $ 6,938  $ 6,254  $ 5,712 
Surface ships 2,055  1,912  1,872 
Repair and other services 986  1,017  918 
Total Marine Systems $ 9,979  $ 9,183  $ 8,502 
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COMBAT SYSTEMS
Our Combat Systems segment is a premier manufacturer and integrator of land combat solutions worldwide, including wheeled and tracked combat vehicles, weapons systems and munitions. The segment consists of three business units — Land Systems, European Land Systems (ELS), and Ordnance and Tactical Systems (OTS).
Combat Systems creates long-term value through operational excellence — high-quality, on-schedule and on-budget performance — combined with investments in innovative technologies that modernize existing platforms and develop next-generation capabilities to meet our customers’ rapidly evolving requirements. We maintain our market-leading position by focusing on innovation, affordability and speed to market to deliver increased survivability, performance and lethality on the battlefield. Our large installed base of wheeled and tracked vehicles around the world and expertise gained from research, engineering and production programs position us well for modernization programs, support and sustainment services, and future development programs.
Land Systems is the sole-source producer of two foundational products central to the U.S. Army’s warfighting capabilities — the M1A2 Abrams main battle tank and Stryker wheeled combat vehicle. Both of these platforms are critical to the multi-domain, joint war fight envisioned on the battlefield of the future.
We are maximizing the effectiveness and lethality of the Army’s tank fleet with next-generation Abrams upgrades, providing technological advancements in communications, power generation, fuel efficiency, optics and armor. Even as we are delivering this modernized platform, we are developing additional advanced capabilities for the Abrams tank, including incorporating next-generation electronic architecture technology that will allow this platform to adapt and incorporate transformative capabilities into the future. We are also upgrading Abrams tanks for several non-U.S. partners.
The Stryker is an eight-wheeled, medium-weight combat vehicle that combines lethality, mobility, survivability and stealth. Land Systems continues to develop upgrades and enhancements to this highly versatile and combat-proven platform to address the Army’s evolving operational needs. We are fielding a new generation Stryker that includes the double-V-hull (DVH) for survivability, increased power, improved cross-country mobility and an advanced digital, in-vehicle network. The first of nine brigades began fielding the A-1 platform upgrade during 2020, and we are coordinating with the Army for next-generation upgrades to this platform. Leveraging our rapid prototyping expertise and customer intimacy, we continue to expand the mission capabilities of this platform, including a 30mm weapon system, an air defense mission package (M-SHORAD), state-of-the-art electronic warfare suite, and high-energy laser and command post options.
Combat Systems provides similar capabilities for U.S. allies through export opportunities and through our operations in several countries around the world, including Canada, the United Kingdom, Spain, Switzerland, Austria and Germany. As a result, we have a market-leading position in light armored vehicles (LAVs) with approximately 14,000 of the high-mobility, versatile Pandur, Piranha and other LAVs in service worldwide.
Land Systems is producing the British Army’s AJAX armored fighting vehicle, a next-generation, medium-weight tracked combat vehicle. With six variants, the AJAX family of vehicles offers advanced electronic architecture and proven technology for an unparalleled balance of survivability, lethality and mobility, along with high reliability for a vehicle in its weight class. In addition, Land Systems is
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producing 360 new LAVs in eight variants for the Canadian Army, as well as upgrading its existing fleet.
ELS is producing and upgrading Piranha vehicles, a premier 8x8 armored combat vehicle, around the world. We are currently providing Piranha V vehicles for several countries, including Denmark, Romania and most recently Spain. Additionally, we provide mobile bridge systems with payloads ranging from 100 kilograms to 100 tons to customers worldwide. We offer the ASCOD, a highly versatile tracked combat vehicle with multiple versions, including the Spanish Pizarro and the Austrian Ulan. ELS also offers Duro and Eagle tactical vehicles in a range of options and weight classes and is currently producing these vehicles for Denmark, Switzerland and Germany, while providing a full range of product support for the German armed forces.
On December 31, 2020, the installed base for our major vehicle programs, as well as the quantity and scheduled final delivery date of vehicles and vehicle upgrades currently in backlog were as follows:
GD-20201231_G5.JPG
Complementing these military-vehicle offerings, OTS designs, develops and produces a comprehensive array of sophisticated weapons systems. For ground forces, we manufacture M2/M2-A1 heavy machine guns and MK19/MK47 grenade launchers. We also produce next-generation weapons systems for shipboard and airborne applications, including high-speed Gatling guns for all U.S. fighter aircraft, including the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter.
OTS’s munitions portfolio covers the full breadth of naval, air and ground forces applications across all calibers and weapons platforms for the U.S. government and its non-U.S. partners. Globally, we maintain a market-leading position in the supply of Hydra-70 rockets, general purpose bombs and bomb
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bodies, large-caliber tank ammunition, medium-caliber ammunition, military propellants, mortar, and artillery projectiles. OTS is also the systems integrator for the next generation of artillery solutions in support of the Army’s Indirect Fire Modernization objectives. Additionally, OTS maintains a leading position providing missile subsystems in support of U.S. tactical and strategic missiles, provisioning both legacy and next-generation missiles with critical aerostructures, control actuators, high-performance warheads and cutting-edge hypersonic rocket cases.
Revenue for the Combat Systems segment was 19% of our consolidated revenue in 2020, 18% in 2019 and 17% in 2018. Revenue by major products and services was as follows:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
Military vehicles $ 4,687  $ 4,620  $ 4,027 
Weapons systems, armament and munitions 1,991  1,906  1,798 
Engineering and other services 545  481  416 
Total Combat Systems $ 7,223  $ 7,007  $ 6,241 
TECHNOLOGIES
Our Technologies segment provides a full spectrum of services, technologies and products to an expanding market that increasingly seeks solutions combining leading-edge electronic hardware with specialized software. The segment is organized into two business units — Information Technology (GDIT) and Mission Systems. Together they serve a wide range of military, intelligence and federal civilian customers with a diverse portfolio that includes:
•information technology (IT) solutions and mission-support services;
•mobile communication, computers and command-and-control (C4) mission systems; and
•intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) solutions.
This market has experienced a series of structural shifts in recent years, and our response to those trends has further solidified our position as a market leader. Over the past decade, the Department of Defense (DoD), the intelligence community and federal civilian agencies have increasingly prioritized technology solutions as a critical element of their missions. Cloud computing capabilities, cyber security threats, and advancements in artificial intelligence have transformed technology resources from short-cycle back-office support functions to a strategic priority for this customer community. The result is a significant increase in federal IT modernization and technology investments in recent years and a shift to large-scale, end-to-end, highly engineered solutions that require critical mass and a broad array of technology services and hardware offerings to meet these customer demands. The recent Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has only accelerated these trends, which have included an expansion of remote connectivity and added urgency to required technology investments.
These market shifts have resulted in significant consolidation in the industry in recognition of the scale and breadth of capabilities required to meet this growing demand. In response to these market dynamics, in 2015 we combined our C4 and ISR operations into a single Mission Systems business unit, and in 2018 we acquired CSRA, Inc. (CSRA), which doubled the size of our IT services business, brought critical capabilities and repositioned the segment as a leader in this market.
During the three years following the acquisition of CSRA, GDIT and Mission Systems have undergone considerable portfolio shaping and realignment. At the top level, the two businesses share the same defense, intelligence and federal civilian customer base and increasingly go to market together to meet the ever-changing information-systems and mission-support needs of these customers. In addition,
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with the convergence of digital technologies, we are now seeing considerable commonality and significant complementary pull-through in their core offerings and solution sets, particularly in the areas of cloud computing; artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML); big data analytics; development, security and operations (DevSecOps); software-defined networks; and everything as-a-Service (XaaS). Consequently, we have reorganized these two business units into a single operating segment to reflect the evolving strategic focus and the way we are running the business.
With a network of more than 90 global partners, the segment develops solutions that keep its customers at the leading edge of technology in support of their missions. The segment’s highly skilled workforce is one of its key differentiators and comprises approximately 40,000 employees, including technologists, engineers, mission experts and cleared personnel dedicated to solving the toughest security and technology challenges facing the United States and its allies.
GDIT modernizes large-scale IT enterprises and deploys the latest technologies to optimize and protect customer networks, data and information. Operating hundreds of complex digital modernization programs across the federal government, GDIT’s expansive portfolio includes cloud strategy and services, cybersecurity, network modernization, managed services, AI, application development and high-performance computing.
Mission Systems offers solutions across all domains and produces a unique combination of products and capabilities that are purpose-built for essential C4ISR and cybersecurity applications. Our technology and products are often built into platforms and integrated systems on which our customers rely. The business’s portfolio includes prime contract programs to provide innovative defense-electronics solutions as well as subcontract efforts that enhance the capabilities of large-scale land, air, sea and space platforms.
The Technologies segment leverages its scale, partnerships and deep knowledge of its customers’ missions and challenges to bring innovation to those customers across a portfolio of thousands of contracts. While no individual contract is material to the segment’s results, the following highlights provide a sampling of the value of this combined business. GDIT has significantly expanded its cloud footprint and now holds leading positions on two of the three pillars of the Pentagon’s enterprise cloud migration strategy: milCloud 2.0, which provides defense agencies and military commands secure on-government-premise hybrid cloud services, and Defense Enterprise Office Systems (DEOS), which secures and streamlines email and collaborative tools across the DoD enterprise.
We apply AI to expand the human capacity to make better decisions and implement smarter actions as we automate, secure and enhance our customer’s operations. For the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), GDIT leverages managed services and AI to accelerate veteran benefits claims processing, develops applications and software to improve the veteran user experience, and provides on-demand 24/7/365 IT support to more than 500,000 VA personnel nationwide. In the federal civilian sector, GDIT supports some of the fastest supercomputers in the world, responsible for biomedical research, weather forecasting and climate modeling.
To adapt to a constantly evolving threat landscape, GDIT embeds cyber solutions into every aspect of digital modernization. More than 3,000 cyber professionals support cyber projects across 30 agencies in the federal government.
Mission Systems develops and manufactures combat-proven global positioning systems (GPS) for the U.S. Army. This includes capabilities to ensure reliable satellite connectivity in any location and a suite of Assured Position, Navigation and Timing capabilities, which provide military forces the ability
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to synchronize communications utilizing trusted data, even when GPS signals are degraded or denied. We are working with our Army customer to adapt elements of 5G technology to address battlefield realities such as jamming, spoofing, cyberattacks and lack of ground connectivity. We also provide similar capabilities to non-U.S. customers, including Canada and the United Kingdom.
On the platform side, we have a more than 60-year legacy of providing advanced fire-control systems for the Navy’s submarine programs. We are developing and integrating commercial off-the-shelf software and hardware upgrades to improve the tactical control capabilities for several submarine classes, including the Columbia and U.K. Dreadnought ballistic-missile submarines.
Revenue for the Technologies segment was 34% of our consolidated revenue in 2020 and 2019 and 36% in 2018. Revenue by major products and services was as follows:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
IT services $ 7,892  $ 8,422  $ 8,269 
C4ISR solutions 4,756  4,937  4,726 
Total Technologies $ 12,648  $ 13,359  $ 12,995 

CUSTOMERS
In 2020, 69% of our consolidated revenue was from the U.S. government, 13% was from U.S. commercial customers, 9% was from non-U.S. commercial customers and the remaining 9% was from non-U.S. government customers.
U.S. GOVERNMENT
Our primary customer is the DoD. We also contract with other U.S. government customers, including the intelligence community and the Departments of Homeland Security and Health and Human Services. Our revenue from the U.S. government was as follows:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
DoD $ 20,840  $ 19,864  $ 17,674 
Non-DoD 4,726  5,254  5,306 
Foreign Military Sales (FMS)* 737  689  626 
Total U.S. government $ 26,303  $ 25,807  $ 23,606 
% of total revenue 69  % 66  % 65  %
*In addition to our direct non-U.S. sales, we sell to non-U.S. governments through the FMS program. Under the FMS program, we contract with and are paid by the U.S. government, and the U.S. government assumes the risk of collection from the non-U.S. government customer.
Our U.S. government revenue is derived from fixed-price, cost-reimbursement and time-and-materials contracts. Our production contracts are primarily fixed-price. Under these contracts, we agree to perform a specific scope of work for a fixed amount. Contracts for research, engineering, repair and maintenance, and other services are typically cost-reimbursement or time-and-materials. Under cost-reimbursement contracts, the customer reimburses contract costs incurred and pays a fixed, incentive or award-based fee. These fees are determined by our ability to achieve targets set in the contract, such as cost, quality, schedule and performance. Under time-and-materials contracts, the customer pays a fixed hourly rate for direct labor and generally reimburses us for the cost of materials.
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Of our U.S. government revenue, fixed-price contracts accounted for 59% in 2020 and 2019 and 56% in 2018; cost-reimbursement contracts accounted for 35% in 2020 and 2019 and 38% in 2018; and time-and-materials contracts accounted for 6% in 2020, 2019 and 2018.
For information on the advantages and disadvantages of each of these contract types, see Note B to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.
U.S. COMMERCIAL
Our U.S. commercial revenue was $4.9 billion in 2020, $6 billion in 2019 and $4.8 billion in 2018, which represented 13%, 15% and 13% of our consolidated revenue in each of the respective years. The majority of this revenue was for business jet aircraft and related services where our customer base consists of individuals and public and privately held companies across a wide range of industries.
NON-U.S.
Our revenue from non-U.S. government and commercial customers was $6.7 billion in 2020, $7.6 billion in 2019 and $7.8 billion in 2018, which represented 18%, 19% and 22% of our consolidated revenue in each of the respective years.
We conduct business with customers around the world. Our non-U.S. defense subsidiaries maintain long-term relationships with their customers and have established themselves as principal regional suppliers and employers, providing a broad portfolio of products and services.
Our non-U.S. commercial revenue consists primarily of business jet aircraft exports and worldwide aircraft services. While the installed base of aircraft is concentrated in North America, orders from customers outside North America represent a significant portion of our aircraft business with approximately 60% of the Aerospace segment’s aircraft backlog on December 31, 2020.

COMPETITION
Several factors determine our ability to compete successfully in the defense and business-aviation markets. While customers’ evaluation criteria vary, the principal competitive elements include:
•the technical excellence, reliability, safety and cost competitiveness of our products and services;
•our ability to innovate and develop new products and technologies that improve mission performance and adapt to dynamic threats;
•successful program execution and on-time delivery of complex, integrated systems;
•our global footprint and accessibility to customers;
•the reputation and customer confidence derived from past performance; and
•the successful management of customer relationships.
DEFENSE MARKET COMPETITION
The U.S. government contracts with numerous domestic and non-U.S. companies for products and services. We compete against other contractors as well as smaller companies that specialize in a particular technology or capability. Outside the United States, we compete with global defense contractors’ exports and the offerings of private and state-owned defense manufacturers. Our Marine Systems segment has one primary competitor with which it also partners on the Virginia-class and Columbia-class submarine programs. Our Combat Systems segment competes with a large number of U.S. and non-U.S. businesses. Our Technologies segment competes with many companies, from large
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government contracting and commercial technology companies to small niche competitors with specialized technologies or expertise. The operating cycle of many of our major programs can result in sustained periods of program continuity when we perform successfully.
We are involved in teaming and subcontracting relationships with some of our competitors. Competitions for major defense and other government contracting programs often require companies to form teams to bring together a spectrum of capabilities to meet the customer’s requirements. Opportunities associated with these programs include roles as the program’s integrator, overseeing and coordinating the efforts of all participants on a team, or as a provider of a specific component or subsystem.
BUSINESS JET AIRCRAFT MARKET COMPETITION
The Aerospace segment has several competitors for each of its Gulfstream products. Key competitive factors include aircraft safety, reliability and performance; comfort and in-flight productivity; service quality, global footprint and responsiveness; technological and new-product innovation; and price. We believe that Gulfstream competes effectively in all of these areas.
The Aerospace segment competes worldwide in the business jet aircraft services market primarily on the basis of quality, price and timeliness. While competition for each type of service varies somewhat, the segment faces a number of competitors of varying sizes for each of its offerings.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
We develop technology, manufacturing processes and systems-integration practices. In addition to owning a large portfolio of proprietary intellectual property, we license some intellectual property rights to and from others. The U.S. government holds licenses to many of our patents developed in the performance of U.S. government contracts, and it may use or authorize others to use the inventions covered by these patents. Although these intellectual property rights are important to the operation of our business, no existing patent, license or other intellectual property right is of such importance that its loss or termination would have a material impact on our business.

HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
Our more than 100,000 employees are a community dedicated to our ethos of transparency, trust, honesty and alignment. Every day, these four values drive how we operate our business; govern how we interact with each other and our customers, partners, and suppliers; guide the way that we treat our workforce; and determine how we connect with our communities. Our commitment to ethical business practices is outlined in our Standards of Business Ethics and Conduct, commonly known as our Blue Book. Each employee is asked to acknowledge receipt, understanding of and compliance with our standards.
Due to the highly specialized nature of our business, we are required to hire and train skilled and qualified personnel to design and build the products and perform the services required by our customers. We recognize that our success as a company depends on our ability to attract, develop and retain our workforce. As such, we promote the health, welfare and safety of our employees. Part of our responsibility includes treating all employees with dignity and respect and providing them with fair, market-based, competitive and equitable compensation. We recognize and reward the performance of
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our employees in line with our pay-for-performance philosophy and provide a comprehensive suite of benefit options that enables our employees and their dependents to live healthy and productive lives.
Safety in our workplaces is paramount. Across our businesses, we take measures to prevent workplace hazards, encourage safe behaviors and enforce a culture of continuous improvement to ensure our processes help reduce incidents and illnesses and comply with governing health and safety laws. This was never more important than in 2020 given the challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic.
We are committed to promoting diversity of thought, experience, perspectives, backgrounds and capabilities to drive innovation and strengthen the solutions we deliver to our customers because we believe the results lead to a better outcome. We proudly support a culture of inclusion and encourage a work environment that respects diverse opinions, values individual skills and celebrates the unique experiences our employees bring. We are dedicated to equal employment opportunity that fosters and supports diversity in a principled, productive and inclusive work environment. We stand for basic universal human rights, including that employment must be voluntary. We track, measure and analyze our workforce trends to establish accountability for continuing to cultivate diverse and inclusive environments across our businesses and at every level of our company.
Our values motivate us to promote strong workplace practices with opportunities for development and training. Our training and development efforts focus on ensuring that the workforce is appropriately trained on critical job skills as well as leadership behaviors that are consistent with our ethos. We conduct rigorous succession planning exercises to ensure that key positions have the appropriate level of bench strength to provide for future key positions and leadership transitions. We listen to our workforce to assess areas of concern and levels of engagement.
2020 WORKFORCE STATISTICS
•Approximately 85% of our employees are based in the United States, of which roughly 70% are white, 30% are people of color and 20% are veterans of the U.S. armed forces. The remaining 15% of our workforce is based internationally in over 65 countries with the primary concentrations in North America and Europe.
•Our global workforce is approximately 77% male and 23% female with our senior leadership teams across the business represented by 75% males and 25% females. During 2020, the diversity profile of our workforce continued to improve across our businesses as we hired approximately 15,000 individuals of which 72% were male and 28% were female. For our 2020 U.S.-based hires, approximately 62% were white and 38% were people of color.

RAW MATERIALS AND SUPPLIERS
We depend on suppliers and subcontractors for raw materials, components and subsystems. Our U.S. government customer is a supplier on some of our programs. These supply networks can experience price fluctuations and capacity constraints, which can put pressure on our costs. Effective management and oversight of suppliers and subcontractors is an important element of our successful performance. We sometimes rely on only one or two sources of supply that, if disrupted, could impact our ability to meet our customer commitments. We attempt to mitigate risks with our suppliers by entering into long-term agreements and leveraging company-wide agreements to achieve economies of scale and by negotiating flexible pricing terms in our customer contracts. We have not experienced, and do not foresee,
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significant difficulties in obtaining the materials, components or supplies necessary for our business operations.

REGULATORY MATTERS
U.S. GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS
U.S. government contracts are subject to procurement laws and regulations. The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and the Cost Accounting Standards (CAS) govern the majority of our contracts. The FAR mandates uniform policies and procedures for U.S. government acquisitions and purchased services. Also, individual agencies can have acquisition regulations that provide implementing language for the FAR or that supplement the FAR. For example, the DoD implements the FAR through the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS). For all federal government entities, the FAR regulates the phases of any product or service acquisition, including:
•acquisition planning;
•competition requirements;
•contractor qualifications;
•protection of source selection and supplier information; and
•acquisition procedures.
In addition, the FAR addresses the allowability of our costs, while the CAS addresses the allocation of those costs to contracts. The FAR and CAS subject us to audits and other government reviews covering issues such as cost, performance, internal controls and accounting practices relating to our contracts.
NON-U.S. REGULATORY
Our non-U.S. operations are subject to the applicable government regulations and procurement policies and practices, as well as U.S. policies and regulations. We are also subject to regulations governing investments, exchange controls, repatriation of earnings and import-export control.
BUSINESS JET AIRCRAFT
The Aerospace segment is subject to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulation in the United States and other similar aviation regulatory authorities internationally, including the Civil Aviation Administration of Israel (CAAI), the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC). For an aircraft to be manufactured and sold, the model must receive a type certificate from the appropriate aviation authority, and each aircraft must receive a certificate of airworthiness. Aircraft outfitting and completions also require approval by the appropriate aviation authority, which is often accomplished through a supplemental type certificate. Aviation authorities can require changes to a specific aircraft or model type before granting approval. Maintenance facilities and charter operations must be licensed by aviation authorities as well.
ENVIRONMENTAL
We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations. These laws and regulations cover the discharge, treatment, storage, disposal, investigation and remediation of materials, substances and wastes identified in the laws and regulations. We are directly or indirectly involved in environmental investigations or remediation at some of our current and former facilities and at third-party sites that we do not own but where we have been designated a potentially responsible party
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(PRP) by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or a state environmental agency. As a PRP, we are potentially liable to the government or third parties for the cost of remediating contamination. In cases where we have been designated a PRP, we generally seek to mitigate these environmental liabilities through available insurance coverage and by pursuing appropriate cost-recovery actions. In the unlikely event that we are required to fully fund the remediation of a site, the current statutory framework would allow us to pursue contributions from other PRPs. We regularly assess our compliance status and management of environmental matters.
Operating and maintenance costs associated with environmental compliance and management of contaminated sites are a normal, recurring part of our operations. Historically, these costs have not been material. Environmental costs are often recoverable under our contracts with the U.S. government. Based on information currently available and current U.S. government policies relating to cost recovery, we do not expect continued compliance with environmental regulations to have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. For additional information relating to the impact of environmental matters, see Note O to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION
We file reports and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These reports and information include an annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and proxy statements. Free copies of these items are made available on our website (www.gd.com) as soon as practicable. The SEC maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information.
In addition to the information contained in this Form 10-K, information about the company can be found on our website and our Investor Relations website (investorrelations.gd.com). Our Investor Relations website contains a significant amount of information about the company, including financial information, our corporate governance principles and practices, and other information for investors. We encourage investors to visit our website, as we frequently update and post new information about our company, and it is possible that this information could be deemed to be material information.
References to our website and the SEC’s website in this Form 10-K do not constitute, and should not be viewed as, incorporation by reference of the information contained on, or available through, the websites. The information should not be considered a part of this Form 10-K, unless otherwise expressly incorporated by reference.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
An investment in our common stock or debt securities is subject to risks and uncertainties. Investors should consider the following factors, in addition to the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, before deciding whether to purchase our securities.
Investment risks can be market-wide as well as unique to a specific industry or company. The market risks faced by an investor in our stock are similar to the uncertainties faced by investors in a broad range of industries. There are some risks that apply more specifically to our business.
Our revenue is concentrated with the U.S. government. This customer relationship involves some specific risks. In addition, our sales to non-U.S. customers expose us to different financial and legal
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risks. Despite the varying nature of our government and commercial operations and the markets they serve, each segment shares some common risks, such as the ongoing development of high-technology products and the price, availability and quality of commodities and subsystems.
Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry
The U.S. government provides a significant portion of our revenue. In 2020, approximately 70% of our consolidated revenue was from the U.S. government. Levels of U.S. defense spending are driven by threats to national security. Competing demands for federal funds can pressure various areas of spending. Decreases in U.S. government defense and other spending or changes in spending allocation or priorities could result in one or more of our programs being reduced, delayed or terminated, which could impact our financial performance.
For additional information relating to U.S. budget matters, see the Business Environment section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7.
U.S. government contracts are not always fully funded at inception, and any funding is subject to disruption or delay. Our U.S. government revenue is funded by agency budgets that operate on an October-to-September fiscal year. Early each calendar year, the President of the United States presents to the Congress the budget for the upcoming fiscal year. This budget proposes funding levels for every federal agency and is the result of months of policy and program reviews throughout the executive branch. For the remainder of the year, the Appropriations and Authorization Committees of the Congress review the President’s budget proposals and establish the funding levels for the upcoming fiscal year. Once these levels are enacted into law, the Executive Office of the President administers the funds to the agencies.
There are two primary risks associated with the U.S. government budget cycle. First, the annual process may be delayed or disrupted. If the annual budget is not approved by the beginning of the government fiscal year, portions of the U.S. government can shut down or operate under a continuing resolution that maintains spending at prior-year levels, which can impact funding for our programs and timing of new awards. Second, the Congress typically appropriates funds on a fiscal-year basis, even though contract performance may extend over many years. Future revenue under existing multi-year contracts is conditioned on the continuing availability of congressional appropriations. Changes in appropriations in subsequent years may impact the funding available for these programs. Delays or changes in funding can impact the timing of available funds or lead to changes in program content.
Our U.S. government contracts are subject to termination rights by the customer. U.S. government contracts generally permit the government to terminate a contract, in whole or in part, for convenience. If a contract is terminated for convenience, a contractor usually is entitled to receive payments for its allowable costs incurred and the proportionate share of fees or earnings for the work performed. The government may also terminate a contract for default in the event of a breach by the contractor. If a contract is terminated for default, the government in most cases pays only for the work it has accepted. The termination of multiple or large programs could have a material adverse effect on our future revenue and earnings.
Government contractors operate in a highly regulated environment and are subject to audit by the U.S. government. Numerous U.S. government agencies routinely audit and review government contractors. These agencies review a contractor’s performance under its contracts and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards. The U.S. government also reviews the adequacy of, and compliance with, internal control systems and policies, including the contractor’s purchasing, property,
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estimating, material, earned value management and accounting systems. In some cases, audits may result in delayed payments or contractor costs not being reimbursed or subject to repayment. If an audit or investigation were to result in allegations against a contractor of improper or illegal activities, civil or criminal penalties and administrative sanctions could result, including termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspension or prohibition from doing business with the U.S. government. In addition, reputational harm could result if allegations of impropriety were made. In some cases, audits may result in disputes with the respective government agency that can result in negotiated settlements, arbitration or litigation. Moreover, new laws, regulations or standards, or changes to existing ones, can increase our performance and compliance costs and reduce our profitability.
Our Aerospace segment is subject to changing customer demand for business aircraft. The business jet market is driven by the demand for business-aviation products and services by corporate, individual and government customers in the United States and around the world. The Aerospace segment’s results also depend on other factors, including general economic conditions, the availability of credit, pricing pressures and trends in capital goods markets. In addition, if customers default on existing contracts and the contracts are not replaced, the segment’s anticipated revenue and profitability could be reduced materially.
Earnings and margin depend on our ability to perform on our contracts. When agreeing to contractual terms, our management team makes assumptions and projections about future conditions and events. The accounting for our contracts and programs requires assumptions and estimates about these conditions and events. These projections and estimates assess:
•the productivity and availability of labor;
•the complexity of the work to be performed;
•the cost and availability of materials and components; and
•schedule requirements.
If there is a significant change in one or more of these circumstances, estimates or assumptions, or if the risks under our contracts are not managed adequately, the profitability of contracts could be adversely affected. This could affect earnings and margin materially.
Earnings and margin depend in part on subcontractor and supplier performance. We rely on other companies to provide materials, components and subsystems for our products. Subcontractors also perform some of the services that we provide to our customers. We depend on these subcontractors and suppliers to meet our contractual obligations in full compliance with customer requirements and applicable law. Misconduct by subcontractors, such as a failure to comply with procurement regulations or engaging in unauthorized activities, may harm our future revenue and earnings. We manage our supplier base carefully to avoid or minimize customer issues. We sometimes rely on only one or two sources of supply that, if disrupted, could have an adverse effect on our ability to meet our customer commitments. Our ability to perform our obligations may be materially adversely affected if one or more of these suppliers is unable to provide the agreed-upon materials, perform the agreed-upon services in a timely and cost-effective manner, or engages in misconduct or other improper activities.
Our future success depends in part on our ability to develop new products and technologies and maintain a qualified workforce to meet the needs of our customers. Many of the products and services we provide involve sophisticated technologies and engineering, with related complex manufacturing and system-integration processes. Our customers’ requirements change and evolve regularly. Accordingly, our future performance depends in part on our ability to continue to develop,
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manufacture and provide innovative products and services and bring those offerings to market quickly at cost-effective prices. Some new products, particularly in our Aerospace segment, must meet extensive and time-consuming regulatory requirements that are often outside our control and may result in unanticipated delays. Additionally, due to the highly specialized nature of our business, we must hire and retain the skilled and qualified personnel necessary to perform the services required by our customers. To the extent that the demand for skilled personnel exceeds supply, we could experience higher labor, recruiting or training costs in order to attract and retain such employees. If we were unable to develop new products that meet customers’ changing needs and satisfy regulatory requirements in a timely manner or successfully attract and retain qualified personnel, our future revenue and earnings may be materially adversely affected.
Risks Relating to Our International Operations
Sales and operations outside the United States are subject to different risks that may be associated with doing business in foreign countries. In some countries there is increased chance for economic, legal or political changes, and procurement procedures may be less robust or mature, which may complicate the contracting process. Our non-U.S. operations may be sensitive to and impacted by changes in a foreign government’s national policies and priorities, political leadership and budgets, which may be influenced by changes in threat environments, geopolitical uncertainties, volatility in economic conditions and other economic and political factors. Changes and developments in any of these matters or factors may occur suddenly and could impact funding for programs or delay purchasing decisions or customer payments. Non-U.S. transactions can involve increased financial and legal risks arising from foreign exchange rate variability and differing legal systems. Our non-U.S. operations are subject to U.S. and foreign laws and regulations, including laws and regulations relating to import-export controls, technology transfers, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and other anti-corruption laws, and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). An unfavorable event or trend in any one or more of these factors or a failure to comply with U.S. or foreign laws could result in administrative, civil or criminal liabilities, including suspension or debarment from government contracts or suspension of our export privileges, and could materially adversely affect revenue and earnings associated with our non-U.S. operations.
In addition, some non-U.S. government customers require contractors to enter into letters of credit, performance or surety bonds, bank guarantees and other similar financial arrangements. We may also be required to agree to specific in-country purchases, manufacturing agreements or financial support arrangements, known as offsets, that require us to satisfy investment or other requirements or face penalties. Offset requirements may extend over several years and could require us to team with local companies to fulfill these requirements. If we do not satisfy these financial or offset requirements, our future revenue and earnings may be materially adversely affected.
Risks Relating to Our Acquisitions and Similar Investment Activities
We have made and expect to continue to make investments, including acquisitions and joint ventures, that involve risks and uncertainties. When evaluating potential acquisitions and joint ventures, we make judgments regarding the value of business opportunities, technologies, and other assets and the risks and costs of potential liabilities based on information available to us at the time of the transaction. Whether we realize the anticipated benefits from these transactions depends on multiple factors, including our integration of the businesses involved; the performance of the underlying products, capabilities or technologies; market conditions following the acquisition; and acquired liabilities, including some that may not have been identified prior to the acquisition. These factors could materially adversely affect our financial results.
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Changes in business conditions may cause goodwill and other intangible assets to become impaired. Goodwill represents the purchase price paid in excess of the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized and remains on our balance sheet indefinitely unless there is an impairment or a sale of a portion of the business. Goodwill is subject to an impairment test on an annual basis or when circumstances indicate that the likelihood of an impairment is greater than 50%. Such circumstances include a significant adverse change in the business climate for one of our reporting units or a decision to dispose of a reporting unit or a significant portion of a reporting unit. We face some uncertainty in our business environment due to a variety of challenges, including changes in government spending. We may experience unforeseen circumstances that adversely affect the value of our goodwill or intangible assets and trigger an evaluation of the amount of the recorded goodwill and intangible assets. Future write-offs of goodwill or other intangible assets as a result of an impairment in the business could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Other Business and Operational Risks
Our business could be negatively impacted by cybersecurity events and other disruptions. We face various cybersecurity threats, including threats to our IT infrastructure and attempts to gain access to our proprietary or classified information, denial-of-service attacks, as well as threats to the physical security of our facilities and employees, and threats from terrorist acts. We also design and manage IT systems and products that contain IT systems for various customers. We generally face the same security threats for these systems as for our own internal systems. In addition, we face cyber threats from entities that may seek to target us through our customers, suppliers, subcontractors and other third parties with whom we do business. Accordingly, we maintain information security staff, policies and procedures for managing risk to our information systems, and conduct employee training on cybersecurity to mitigate persistent and continuously evolving cybersecurity threats. However, there can be no assurance that any such actions will be sufficient to prevent cybersecurity breaches, disruptions, unauthorized release of sensitive information or corruption of data.
We have experienced cybersecurity threats such as viruses and attacks targeting our IT systems. Such prior events have not had a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. However, future threats could, among other things, cause harm to our business and our reputation; disrupt our operations; expose us to potential liability, regulatory actions and loss of business; challenge our eligibility for future work on sensitive or classified systems for government customers; and impact our results of operations materially. Due to the evolving nature of these security threats, the potential impact of any future incident cannot be predicted. Our insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover all the costs related to cybersecurity attacks or disruptions resulting from such events.
Our business may continue to be negatively impacted by the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic or other similar outbreaks. The COVID-19 pandemic has had, and could continue to have, a negative effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Effects include disruptions or restrictions on our employees’ ability to work effectively, as well as temporary closures of our facilities or the facilities of our customers or suppliers, which can affect our ability to perform on our contracts. Resulting cost increases may not be fully recoverable on our contracts or adequately covered by insurance, which could impact our profitability. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a widespread health crisis that is adversely affecting the economies and financial markets of many countries, which could result in a prolonged economic downturn that may negatively affect demand for our products and services. The imposition of quarantine and travel restrictions has affected and may
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continue to negatively affect portions of our business, particularly our Aerospace and Technologies segments. The extent to which COVID-19 continues to impact our business, results of operations and financial condition is highly uncertain and will depend on future developments. Such developments may include the geographic spread and duration of the virus, the severity of the disease and the actions that may be taken by various governmental authorities and other third parties in response to the pandemic. Other outbreaks of contagious diseases or other adverse public health developments in countries where we operate or our customers are located could similarly affect our business in the future.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that are based on management’s expectations, estimates, projections and assumptions. Words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “believes,” “scheduled,” “outlook,” “estimates,” “should” and variations of these words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Examples include projections of revenue, earnings, operating margin, segment performance, cash flows, contract awards, aircraft production, deliveries and backlog. In making these statements, we rely on assumptions and analyses based on our experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments as well as other factors we consider appropriate under the circumstances. We believe our estimates and judgments are reasonable based on information available to us at the time. Forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Therefore, actual future results and trends may differ materially from what is forecast in forward-looking statements due to a variety of factors, including, without limitation, the risk factors discussed in this Form 10-K.
All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report or, in the case of any document incorporated by reference, the date of that document. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to General Dynamics or any person acting on our behalf are qualified by the cautionary statements in this section. We do not undertake any obligation to update or publicly release any revisions to forward-looking statements to reflect events, circumstances or changes in expectations after the date of this report. These factors may be revised or supplemented in subsequent reports on SEC Forms 10-Q and 8-K.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We operate in a number of offices, manufacturing plants, laboratories, warehouses and other facilities in the United States and abroad. We believe our facilities are adequate for our present needs and, given planned improvements and construction, expect them to remain adequate for the foreseeable future.
On December 31, 2020, our segments had material operations at the following locations:
•Aerospace – Van Nuys, California; West Palm Beach, Florida; Brunswick and Savannah, Georgia; Cahokia, Illinois; Westfield, Massachusetts; Teterboro, New Jersey; New York, New York; Tulsa,
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Oklahoma; Dallas, Texas; Dulles, Virginia; Appleton, Wisconsin; Sydney, Australia; Beijing and Shanghai, China; Mexicali, Mexico; Singapore; Basel, Switzerland; Farnborough, United Kingdom.
•Marine Systems – San Diego, California; Groton and New London, Connecticut; Jacksonville, Florida; Honolulu, Hawaii; Bath and Brunswick, Maine; Middletown and North Kingstown, Rhode Island; Norfolk and Portsmouth, Virginia; Bremerton, Washington; Mexicali, Mexico.
•Combat Systems – Anniston, Alabama; East Camden, Arkansas; Healdsburg, California; Crawfordsville, St. Petersburg and Tallahassee, Florida; Marion, Illinois; Saco, Maine; Sterling Heights, Michigan; Lima, Ohio; Eynon and Scranton, Pennsylvania; Garland, Texas; Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington; Vienna, Austria; La Gardeur, London and Valleyfield, Canada; Kaiserslautern, Germany; Madrid, Sevilla and Trubia, Spain; Kreuzlingen and Tägerwilen, Switzerland; Merthyr Tydfil, United Kingdom.
•Technologies – Daleville, Alabama; Scottsdale, Arizona; Orlando, Florida; Bossier City, Louisiana; Annapolis Junction, Maryland; Dedham, Pittsfield and Taunton, Massachusetts; Bloomington, Minnesota; Rensselaer, New York; Greensboro, North Carolina; Chesapeake and Marion, Virginia; multiple locations in Northern Virginia; Ottawa, Canada; Oakdale and St. Leonards, United Kingdom.
A summary of floor space by segment on December 31, 2020, follows:
(Square feet in millions) Company-owned
Facilities 		Leased
Facilities 		Government-owned
Facilities 		Total
Aerospace 6.6  8.9  0.5  16.0 
Marine Systems 8.3  4.3  —  12.6 
Combat Systems 6.5  4.6  5.2  16.3 
Technologies 3.1  7.8  0.9  11.8 
Total square feet 24.5  25.6  6.6  56.7 

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For information relating to legal proceedings, see Note O to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
All of our executive officers are appointed annually. None of our executive officers were selected pursuant to any arrangement or understanding between the officer and any other person. The name, age, offices and positions of our executives held for at least the past five years as of February 9, 2021, were as follows (references are to positions with General Dynamics Corporation, unless otherwise noted):
Name, Position and Office Age
Jason W. Aiken - Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since January 2014; Vice President of the company and Chief Financial Officer of Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, September 2011 - December 2013; Vice President and Controller, April 2010 - August 2011; Staff Vice President, Accounting, July 2006 - March 2010 48
Christopher J. Brady - Vice President of the company and President of General Dynamics Mission Systems since January 2019; Vice President, Engineering of General Dynamics Mission Systems, January 2015 - December 2018; Vice President, Engineering of General Dynamics C4 Systems, May 2013 - December 2014; Vice President, Assured Communications Systems of General Dynamics C4 Systems, August 2004 - May 2013 58
Mark L. Burns - Vice President of the company and President of Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation since July 2015; Vice President of the company since February 2014; President, Product Support of Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, June 2008 - June 2015
61
Danny Deep - Vice President of the company and President of General Dynamics Land Systems since April 2020; Chief Operating Officer of General Dynamics Land Systems, September 2018 - April 2020; Vice President of General Dynamics Land Systems – Canada, January 2011 - September 2018
51
Gregory S. Gallopoulos - Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since January 2010; Vice President and Deputy General Counsel, July 2008 - January 2010; Managing Partner of Jenner & Block LLP, January 2005 - June 2008 61
M. Amy Gilliland - Senior Vice President of the company since April 2015; President of General Dynamics Information Technology since September 2017; Deputy for Operations of General Dynamics Information Technology, April 2017 - September 2017; Senior Vice President, Human Resources and Administration, April 2015 - March 2017; Vice President, Human Resources, February 2014 - March 2015; Staff Vice President, Strategic Planning, January 2013 - February 2014; Staff Vice President, Investor Relations, June 2008 - January 2013 46
Kevin M. Graney - Vice President of the company and President of Electric Boat Corporation since October 2019; Vice President of the company and President of NASSCO, January 2017 - October 2019; Vice President and General Manager of NASSCO, November 2013 - January 2017 56
Kimberly A. Kuryea - Senior Vice President, Human Resources and Administration since April 2017; Vice President and Controller, September 2011 - March 2017; Chief Financial Officer of General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems, November 2007 - August 2011; Staff Vice President, Internal Audit, March 2004 - October 2007 53
Christopher Marzilli - Executive Vice President, Technologies since December 2020; Executive Vice President, Information Technology and Mission Systems, January 2019 - December 2020; Vice President of the company and President of General Dynamics Mission Systems, January 2015 - December 2018; Vice President of the company and President of General Dynamics C4 Systems, January 2006 - December 2014; Senior Vice President and Deputy General Manager of General Dynamics C4 Systems, November 2003 - January 2006 61
William A. Moss - Vice President and Controller since April 2017; Staff Vice President, Internal Audit, May 2015 - March 2017; Staff Vice President, Accounting, August 2010 - May 2015 57
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Phebe N. Novakovic - Chairman and Chief Executive Officer since January 2013; President and Chief Operating Officer, May 2012 - December 2012; Executive Vice President, Marine Systems, May 2010 - May 2012; Senior Vice President, Planning and Development, July 2005 - May 2010; Vice President, Strategic Planning, October 2002 - July 2005 63
Mark C. Roualet - Executive Vice President, Combat Systems, since March 2013; Vice President of the company and President of General Dynamics Land Systems, October 2008 - March 2013; Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of General Dynamics Land Systems, July 2007 - October 2008 62
Robert E. Smith - Executive Vice President, Marine Systems, since July 2019; Vice President of the company and President of Jet Aviation, January 2014 - July 2019; Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Jet Aviation, July 2012 - January 2014 53

PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE COMPANY’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the trading symbol “GD.”
On January 31, 2021, there were approximately 10,000 holders of record of our common stock.
For information regarding securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans, see Note Q to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8.
We did not make any unregistered sales of equity securities in 2020.
The following table provides information about our fourth-quarter purchases of equity securities that are registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended:
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program
Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program
Period Total Number of Shares Average Price per Share
Shares Purchased Pursuant to Share Buyback Program
9/28/20-10/25/20 —  $ —  —  13,022,968 
10/26/20-11/22/20 450,000  141.31  450,000  12,572,968 
11/23/20-12/31/20 250,000  148.27  250,000  12,322,968 
Shares Delivered or Withheld Pursuant to Restricted Stock Vesting*
9/28/20-10/25/20 —  — 
10/26/20-11/22/20 1,018  134.55 
11/23/20-12/31/20 90  151.38 
701,108  $ 143.79 
*Represents shares withheld by, or delivered to, us pursuant to provisions in agreements with recipients of restricted stock granted under our equity compensation plans that allow us to withhold, or the recipient to deliver to us, the number of shares with a fair value equal to the statutory tax withholding due upon vesting of the restricted shares.
On March 4, 2020, the board of directors authorized management to repurchase up to 10 million additional shares of the company’s outstanding common stock on the open market. On December 31, 2020, 12.3 million shares remained authorized by our board of directors for repurchase.
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For additional information relating to our purchases of common stock during the past three years, see Note M to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.
The following performance graph compares the cumulative total return to shareholders on our common stock, assuming reinvestment of dividends, with similar returns for the Standard & Poor’s® 500 Index and the Standard & Poor’s® Aerospace & Defense Index, both of which include General Dynamics.
Cumulative Total Return
Based on Investments of $100 Beginning December 31, 2015
(Assumes Reinvestment of Dividends)
GD-20201231_G6.JPG
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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following table presents selected historical financial data derived from the Consolidated Financial Statements and other company information for each of the five years presented. This information should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7 and the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes thereto in Item 8.
(Dollars and shares in millions, except per-share and employee amounts) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
Summary of Operations
Revenue $ 37,925  $ 39,350  $ 36,193  $ 30,973  $ 30,561 
Operating earnings 4,133  4,570  4,394  4,168  3,725 
Operating margin 10.9  % 11.6  % 12.1  % 13.5  % 12.2  %
Interest, net (477) (460) (356) (103) (91)
Provision for income tax, net (571) (718) (727) (1,100) (977)
Earnings from continuing operations 3,167  3,484  3,358  2,977  2,679 
Return on sales (a) 8.4  % 8.9  % 9.3  % 9.6  % 8.8  %
Discontinued operations, net of tax —  —  (13) —  (107)
Net earnings 3,167  3,484  3,345  2,977  2,572 
Diluted earnings per share:
Continuing operations 11.00  11.98  11.22  9.77  8.64 
Net earnings 11.00  11.98  11.18  9.77  8.29 
Cash Flows
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 3,858  $ 2,981  $ 3,148  $ 3,876  $ 2,163 
Net cash used by investing activities (974) (994) (10,234) (788) (391)
Net cash (used) provided by financing activities (903) (1,997) 5,086  (2,399) (2,169)
Net cash used by discontinued operations (59) (51) (20) (40) (54)
Cash dividends declared per common share 4.40  4.08  3.72  3.36  3.04 
Financial Position
Cash and equivalents $ 2,824  $ 902  $ 963  $ 2,983  $ 2,334 
Total assets 51,308  49,349  45,887  35,469  33,380 
Short- and long-term debt 12,998  11,930  12,417  3,982  3,888 
Shareholders’ equity 15,661  13,978  12,110  11,801  10,509 
Debt-to-equity (b) 83.0  % 85.3  % 102.5  % 33.7  % 37.0  %
Debt-to-capital (c) 45.4  % 46.0  % 50.6  % 25.2  % 27.0  %
Book value per share (d) 54.67  48.26  41.95  39.75  34.75 
Other Information
Free cash flow from operations (e) $ 2,891  $ 1,994  $ 2,458  $ 3,448  $ 1,771 
Return on equity (f) 21.8  % 26.4  % 27.3  % 26.5  % 25.1  %
Return on invested capital (e) 11.8  % 14.0  % 15.4  % 16.8  % 16.3  %
Funded backlog 58,783  57,530  55,826  52,031  51,783 
Total backlog 89,489  86,945  67,871  63,175  62,206 
Shares outstanding 286.5  289.6  288.7  296.9  302.4 
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic 286.9  288.3  295.3  299.2  304.7 
Diluted 287.9  290.8  299.2  304.6  310.4 
Employees 100,700  102,900  105,600  98,600  98,800 
Note: Prior-period information has been restated for the retrospective application of a change in accounting principle related to the amortization of actuarial gains and losses for our qualified U.S. government pension plans, which we adopted in the fourth quarter of 2020. For further discussion of this change in accounting principle, see Note T to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.
(a)Return on sales is calculated as earnings from continuing operations divided by revenue.
(b)Debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as total debt divided by total equity as of year end.
(c)Debt-to-capital ratio is calculated as total debt divided by the sum of total debt plus total equity as of year end.
(d)Book value per share is calculated as total equity divided by total outstanding shares as of year end.
(e)See Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow from operations and the calculation of return on invested capital (ROIC), both of which are non-GAAP management metrics.
(f)Return on equity is calculated by dividing earnings from continuing operations by our average equity during the year.
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
(Dollars in millions, except per-share amounts or unless otherwise noted)
For an overview of our operating segments, including a discussion of our major products and services and the reorganization of our Information Technology and Mission Systems operating segments into a single Technologies segment, see the Business discussion contained in Item 1. Prior-period segment information has been restated for the reorganization.
A discussion of our financial condition and results of operations for 2020 compared with 2019 is presented below and should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8, while a discussion of 2019 compared with 2018 can be found in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. The Technologies segment’s results of operations for 2019 compared with 2018 can be obtained from the discussions of the former Information Technology and Mission Systems operating segments.

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
GLOBAL PANDEMIC
The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has caused significant disruptions to national and global economies and government activities. Our businesses have been designated as critical infrastructure by the U.S. government and many non-U.S. governments and, as such, are required to stay open. During this time, we have continued to conduct our operations to the fullest extent possible, while responding to the pandemic with actions that include:
•implementing measures to protect the health and safety of our employees.
•modifying employee work locations and schedules where possible and permitted under our contracts.
•coordinating closely with our suppliers and customers.
•managing our cost structure in the context of current business activity.
•instituting various aspects of our business continuity programs.
•planning for and working aggressively to mitigate disruptions that may occur.
•supporting our communities and the U.S. government in addressing the challenges of the pandemic, such as the production of medical supplies and donation of personal protective equipment.
While we expect this situation to be temporary, any longer-term impact to our business is currently unknown due to the uncertainty around the pandemic’s duration and its broader impact. See the Risk Factors in Item 1A, regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as additional risks facing our business, which may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The United States and some other governments have taken steps to respond to the pandemic and to support economic activity and liquidity in the capital markets. In the United States, the adoption of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the CARES Act) provides various forms of relief. The CARES Act includes provisions that allow agencies to reimburse contractors for payments to covered workers who are prevented from working due to COVID-19 facility closures or other restrictions; however, such reimbursement is subject to the availability of funds. These provisions of the CARES Act have been extended through March 31, 2021. The CARES Act also allows for loans to companies. To date, we have not sought or accepted CARES Act loans. In addition, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) increased progress payment rates and reduced retention rates on certain contracts to
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provide liquidity to federal contractors and their suppliers. We in turn advanced payments across our supplier base to help maintain the health and liquidity of our supply chain. Outside of the United States, other governments have established various government workforce programs, which can support business continuity for our foreign operations. We continue to assess the benefits and limitations of the actions taken by the United States and other governments. See Note A to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 for additional information about our use of estimates and other uncertainties.
Our U.S. government business experienced some disruption from the COVID-19 pandemic, including reduced activities due to select customer site closures and limited access to some customer sites, travel restrictions, slowdowns in the provision of materials from suppliers, and lower man-hours at some manufacturing sites. Internationally, while government actions shut down some of our facilities in the second quarter, our defense business has largely returned to normal operations. Within our Aerospace segment, pandemic-related travel limitations resulted in lower demand for aircraft services due to reduced flight activity, and disrupted the aircraft sales process by limiting our ability to arrange demonstration flights and coordinate in-person access to customers. To de-risk elements of the supply chain and better align production with demand, we have reduced our aircraft production rate until such time that the marketplace supports future increases. Accordingly, we have adjusted staffing levels and taken other cost control measures. The Review of Operating Segments includes additional information on the full-year results for each of our segments.
We expect COVID-19 to continue to negatively impact our businesses, particularly Aerospace, until the large economies of the world recover from the effects of the pandemic. As air travel resumes, we expect aircraft services volume to increase, but we could see some future aircraft deliveries delayed to the extent customers have difficulty traveling to take possession of their aircraft. In addition, should the global economy experience a significant extended downturn from the pandemic, demand for our aerospace products and services would likely be impacted. We believe the support by the DoD, and the U.S. government generally, of the defense industrial base has helped and will continue to help mitigate the effects of disruptions on our U.S. defense business. Our non-U.S. defense business will be impacted to varying degrees based on the response of the countries in which they operate. We will continue to assess further potential consequences to our employees, business, supply chain and customers, and take actions to mitigate adverse outcomes.
We took actions in 2020 to strengthen our liquidity and financial condition. In March 2020, we issued $4 billion of fixed-rate notes to repay $2.5 billion of fixed- and floating-rate notes that matured in May 2020 and for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of a portion of our borrowings under our commercial paper program. In addition to this long-term borrowing, we renewed our access to $5 billion of credit facilities. While part of our pre-COVID-19 planning, this liquidity preserves our financial flexibility during the pandemic. We believe that our cash flows from operations and borrowing capacity are sufficient to support our short- and long-term liquidity needs.

OUR MARKETS
With approximately 70% of our revenue from the U.S. government, government spending levels — particularly defense spending — influence our financial performance. On December 27, 2020, the fiscal year (FY) 2021 defense appropriations bill was signed into law. It totaled $696 billion, a modest increase over FY 2020, and included $627 billion in the base budget in compliance with the previously established spending caps and $69 billion for overseas contingency operations.
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The long-term outlook for our U.S. defense business is influenced by the U.S. military’s funding priorities, the diversity of our programs and customers, our insight into customer requirements stemming from our incumbency on core programs, our ability to evolve our products to address a fast-changing threat environment and our proven track record of successful contract execution.
International demand for military equipment and technologies presents opportunities for our non-U.S. operations and exports from our North American businesses. While the revenue potential can be significant, there are risks to doing business in foreign countries, including changing budget priorities and overall spending pressures unique to each country.
In our Aerospace segment, we expect our investment in the development of new aircraft products and technologies to support the segment’s long-term growth. Similarly, we believe the aircraft services business will be a source of steady revenue growth as the global business jet fleet continues to grow and the impact of the pandemic subsides.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
INTRODUCTION
An understanding of our accounting practices is necessary in the evaluation of our financial statements and operating results. The following paragraphs explain how we recognize revenue and operating costs in our operating segments and the terminology we use to describe our operating results.
In the Aerospace segment, we record revenue on contracts for new aircraft when the customer obtains control of the asset, which is generally upon delivery and acceptance by the customer of the fully outfitted aircraft. Revenue associated with the segment’s custom completions of narrow-body and wide-body aircraft and the segment’s services businesses is recognized as work progresses or upon delivery of services. Fluctuations in revenue from period to period result from the number and mix of new aircraft deliveries, progress on aircraft completions, and the level and type of aircraft services performed during the period.
The majority of the Aerospace segment’s operating costs relates to new aircraft production on firm orders and consists of labor, material, subcontractor and overhead costs. The costs are accumulated in production lots, recorded in inventory and recognized as operating costs at aircraft delivery based on the estimated average unit cost in a production lot. While changes in the estimated average unit cost for a production lot impact the level of operating costs, the amount of operating costs reported in a given period is based largely on the number and type of aircraft delivered. Operating costs in the Aerospace segment’s completions and services businesses are recognized generally as incurred.
For new aircraft, operating earnings and margin are a function of the prices of our aircraft, our operational efficiency in manufacturing and outfitting the aircraft, and the mix of ultra-large-cabin, large-cabin and mid-cabin aircraft deliveries. Aircraft mix can also refer to the stage of program maturity for our aircraft models. A new aircraft model typically has lower margins in its initial production lots, and then margins generally increase as we realize efficiencies in the production process. Additional factors affecting the segment’s earnings and margin include the volume, mix and profitability of completions and services work performed, the volume of and market for pre-owned aircraft, and the level of general and administrative (G&A) and net research and development (R&D) costs incurred by the segment.
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In the defense segments, revenue on long-term government contracts is recognized generally over time as the work progresses, either as products are produced or as services are rendered. Typically, revenue is recognized over time using costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress toward satisfying our performance obligations. Incurred cost represents work performed, which corresponds with, and thereby best depicts, the transfer of control to the customer. Contract costs include labor, material, overhead and, when appropriate, G&A expenses. Variances in costs recognized from period to period reflect primarily increases and decreases in production or activity levels on individual contracts. Because costs are used as a measure of progress, year-over-year variances in cost result in corresponding variances in revenue, which we generally refer to as volume.
Operating earnings and margin in the defense segments are driven by changes in volume, performance or contract mix. Performance refers to changes in profitability based on adjustments to estimates at completion on individual contracts. These adjustments result from increases or decreases to the estimated value of the contract, the estimated costs to complete the contract or both. Therefore, changes in costs incurred in the period compared with prior periods do not necessarily impact profitability. It is only when total estimated costs at completion on a given contract change without a corresponding change in the contract value (or vice versa) that the profitability of that contract may be impacted. Contract mix refers to changes in the volume of higher- versus lower-margin work. Higher or lower margins can result from a number of factors, including contract type (e.g., fixed-price/cost-reimbursable) and type of work (e.g., development/production). Contract mix can also refer to the stage of program maturity for our long-term production contracts. New long-term production contracts typically have lower margins initially, and then margins generally increase as we achieve learning curve improvements or realize other cost reductions.
In the discussion that follows, prior-period information has been restated for the retrospective application of a change in accounting principle related to the amortization of actuarial gains and losses for our qualified U.S. government pension plans, which we adopted in the fourth quarter of 2020 as discussed in Note T to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.

CONSOLIDATED OVERVIEW
2020 IN REVIEW
•Outstanding operating performance in the face of a challenging business environment:
◦Revenue of $37.9 billion with sequential growth throughout the year.
◦Cash from operating activities of $3.9 billion, or 122% percent of net earnings.
•Record-high backlog of $89.5 billion increased $2.5 billion, or 2.9%, from 2019, supporting our long-term growth expectations:
◦Several significant contract awards received in 2020 in our defense segments, including $9.5 billion from the U.S. Navy for the construction of the first two Columbia-class submarines.
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 Variance
Revenue $ 37,925  $ 39,350  $ (1,425) (3.6) %
Operating costs and expenses (33,792) (34,780) 988  (2.8) %
Operating earnings 4,133  4,570  (437) (9.6) %
Operating margin 10.9  % 11.6  %
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Our consolidated revenue decreased in 2020 due to fewer aircraft deliveries and lower aircraft service activity in our Aerospace segment. Also in 2020, revenue was impacted by lower information technology (IT) services volume in our Technologies segment. These decreases were driven by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Higher volume on the Virginia-class and Columbia-class submarine programs in our Marine Systems segment helped offset some of these decreases. The combined revenue in our defense businesses was up approximately $300 compared with 2019.
Operating margin decreased in 2020 due primarily to reduced aircraft deliveries and related restructuring charges in our Aerospace segment. Operating margin was also negatively impacted by COVID-related disruptions in our Technologies segment, including a loss on a contract with a non-U.S. customer and non-fee bearing cost reimbursements by the U.S. government authorized under Section 3610 of the CARES Act.

REVIEW OF OPERATING SEGMENTS
Following is a discussion of operating results and outlook for each of our operating segments. For the Aerospace segment, results are analyzed by specific types of products and services, consistent with how the segment is managed. For the defense segments, the discussion is based on markets and the lines of products and services offered with a supplemental discussion of specific contracts and programs when significant to the results. Additional information regarding our segments can be found in Note S to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.
AEROSPACE
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 Variance
Revenue $ 8,075  $ 9,801  $ (1,726) (17.6) %
Operating earnings 1,083  1,532  (449) (29.3) %
Operating margin 13.4  % 15.6  %
Gulfstream aircraft deliveries (in units) 127  147  (20) (13.6) %
Operating Results
The change in the Aerospace segment’s revenue in 2020 consisted of the following:
Aircraft manufacturing $ (1,426)
Aircraft services and completions (300)
Total decrease $ (1,726)
In 2020, quarantine and travel restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the segment’s results. In an effort to de-risk elements of the supply chain and better align production with demand, in April we reduced our aircraft production and delivery rates for the year. As a result, aircraft manufacturing revenue decreased in 2020 due primarily to fewer deliveries of the ultra-large-cabin G650 aircraft, offset partially by additional deliveries of the large-cabin G600 and G500 aircraft. In addition, decreased flight activity due to the pandemic resulted in lower demand for maintenance work and reduced volume at our fixed-base operator (FBO) facilities in 2020.
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The change in the segment’s operating earnings in 2020 consisted of the following:
Aircraft manufacturing $ (590)
Aircraft services and completions (39)
Restructuring charges (59)
G&A/other expenses 239 
Total decrease $ (449)
Aircraft manufacturing operating earnings were down in 2020 due to reduced aircraft production and delivery rates and a somewhat less favorable mix in aircraft deliveries. In 2020, operating earnings were also down in aircraft services and completions due to lower volume. Full-year results were negatively impacted by restructuring actions taken to adjust the workforce size to the revised 2020 production levels. These decreases were offset partially by lower net G&A/other expenses, including reduced R&D expenses. Overall, R&D expenses have been trending downward with the completion of the G500 and G600 test programs. In total, the Aerospace segment’s operating margin decreased 220 basis points to 13.4%.
The Aerospace segment’s operating results progressively improved during 2020 following the initial disruption from the pandemic in the second quarter. Fourth quarter revenue grew 23% over third quarter and operating earnings grew 42% on increased deliveries of all large-cabin models, as well as increased aircraft services activity. As a result, the segment’s operating margin increased 220 basis points in the fourth quarter compared with the third quarter and exceeded the fourth quarter of 2019.
2021 Outlook
We expect the Aerospace segment’s 2021 revenue to be around $8 billion. Operating margin is expected to be approximately 12.5%, down from 2020 as a result of fewer anticipated aircraft deliveries as the segment completed production of the G550 aircraft, offset by higher anticipated aircraft services volume that carries lower margins.
MARINE SYSTEMS
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 Variance
Revenue $ 9,979  $ 9,183  $ 796  8.7  %
Operating earnings 854  785  69  8.8  %
Operating margin 8.6  % 8.5  %    
Operating Results
The increase in the Marine Systems segment’s revenue in 2020 consisted of the following:
U.S. Navy ship construction $ 668 
U.S. Navy ship engineering, repair and other services 176 
Commercial ship construction (48)
Total increase $ 796 
Revenue from U.S. Navy ship construction and engineering work was up in 2020 due to increased volume on the Columbia-class submarine program. Revenue from U.S. Navy ship construction also increased due to higher volume on the Virginia-class submarine and Expeditionary Sea Base (ESB) auxiliary support ship programs. This revenue growth was achieved as management worked to protect
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employees and support the supply chain to keep these critical programs on track during the pandemic. The Marine Systems segment’s operating margin increased 10 basis points in 2020 despite the impact of the pandemic and a workforce strike at our Bath Iron Works shipyard.
2021 Outlook
We expect the Marine Systems segment’s 2021 revenue to be approximately $10.3 billion. Operating margin is expected to be approximately 8.3%, down from 2020 due to increased work on the first two Columbia-class submarines, which carry a lower margin consistent with lead boats in a new class.
COMBAT SYSTEMS
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 Variance
Revenue $ 7,223  $ 7,007  $ 216  3.1  %
Operating earnings 1,041  996  45  4.5  %
Operating margin 14.4  % 14.2  %
Operating Results
The increase in the Combat Systems segment’s revenue in 2020 consisted of the following:
Weapons systems and munitions $ 125 
International military vehicles 54 
U.S. military vehicles 37 
Total increase $ 216 
Revenue was up across the Combat Systems segment in 2020 as the business overcame disruptions caused by the pandemic in the first half of the year. Weapons systems and munitions revenue was up driven by increased production of artillery and missile subcomponents. Revenue from international military vehicles increased due to higher volume on a contract to produce armored combat support vehicles (ACSVs) for the Canadian government and the British Army’s AJAX armored fighting vehicle program, offset partially by lower volume on Piranha wheeled armored vehicle programs. Revenue from U.S. military vehicles increased due primarily to higher volume on the U.S. Army’s Abrams main battle tank program. The Combat Systems segment’s operating margin increased 20 basis points compared with 2019 driven by favorable contract mix and strong operating performance.
2021 Outlook
We expect the Combat Systems segment’s 2021 revenue to be about $7.3 billion with operating margin of approximately 14.5%.
TECHNOLOGIES
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 Variance
Revenue $ 12,648  $ 13,359  $ (711) (5.3) %
Operating earnings 1,211  1,311  (100) (7.6) %
Operating margin 9.6  % 9.8  %
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Operating Results
The change in the Technologies segment’s revenue in 2020 consisted of the following:
IT services $ (530)
C4ISR* solutions (181)
Total decrease $ (711)
*Command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance
IT services revenue decreased due to the partial closure of some customer sites to all but mission critical personnel and a lower level of customer and program activity as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. IT services revenue was also lower due to the exit of non-core lines of business in 2019. C4ISR revenue decreased due to the sale of a satellite communications business in the second quarter and volume timing on several programs, including a mobile communications network program. These decreases were offset partially by increased volume on programs supporting Navy platforms.
The Technologies segment’s operating margin decreased 20 basis points compared with 2019 due to COVID-related disruptions in our IT services business, including customer reimbursement of idle workforce cost at zero fee and a loss recognized on a contract with a non-U.S. customer from schedule delays caused by COVID travel restrictions. The Technologies segment’s operating performance steadily improved in the second half of 2020 with a reduced impact from the pandemic. Operating margin increased 120 basis points in the fourth quarter compared with the third quarter, returning to the same level of performance as fourth quarter of 2019.
2021 Outlook
We expect the Technologies segment’s 2021 revenue to be approximately $13.2 billion with operating margin of around 9.5%.
CORPORATE
Corporate operating results consisted primarily of equity-based compensation expense and totaled $56 in 2020 and $54 in 2019. Corporate operating costs are expected to be approximately $85 in 2021.

OTHER INFORMATION
PRODUCT AND SERVICE REVENUE AND OPERATING COSTS
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 Variance
Revenue:
Products $ 22,188  $ 23,130  $ (942) (4.1) %
Services 15,737  16,220  (483) (3.0) %
Operating Costs:
Products $ (18,192) $ (18,611) $ 419  (2.3) %
Services (13,408) (13,752) 344  (2.5) %
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The change in product revenue in 2020 consisted of the following:
Aircraft manufacturing $ (1,426)
Ship construction 620 
Other, net (136)
Total decrease $ (942)
In 2020, aircraft manufacturing revenue decreased due to the reduced production and delivery rates caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This decrease was offset partially by increased volume on the Virginia-class and Columbia-class submarine programs. In 2020, product operating costs decreased at a lower rate than revenue due primarily to the mix of Gulfstream aircraft deliveries.
The change in service revenue in 2020 consisted of the following:
IT services $ (530)
Other, net 47 
Total decrease $ (483)
In 2020, IT services revenue decreased due to the partial closure of some customer sites to all but mission critical personnel and a lower level of customer and program activity as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, the primary driver of the decrease in service operating costs was the change in volume of IT services described above.
G&A EXPENSES
As a percentage of revenue, G&A expenses were 5.8% in 2020 and 6.1% in 2019. We expect G&A expenses as a percentage of revenue in 2021 to be generally consistent with 2020.
INTEREST, NET
Net interest expense was $477 in 2020 and $460 in 2019. See Note K to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 for additional information regarding our debt obligations, including interest rates. We expect 2021 net interest expense to be approximately $420, reflecting repayment of our scheduled debt maturities of $3 billion in 2021.
OTHER, NET
Net other income was $82 in 2020 and $92 in 2019. Other represents primarily the non-service components of pension and other post-retirement benefits, which were income in both periods. In 2021, we expect net other income to be approximately $90.
PROVISION FOR INCOME TAX, NET
Our effective tax rate was 15.3% in 2020 and 17.1% in 2019. The decrease is due to a variety of factors, including higher research tax credits. For further discussion, including a reconciliation of our effective tax rate from the statutory federal rate, see Note F to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. For 2021, we anticipate a full-year effective tax rate of approximately 16%.

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BACKLOG AND ESTIMATED POTENTIAL CONTRACT VALUE
Our total backlog, including funded and unfunded portions, was $89.5 billion on December 31, 2020, up 2.9% from $86.9 billion at the end of 2019. Our total backlog is equal to our remaining performance obligations under contracts with customers as discussed in Note B to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Our total estimated contract value, which combines total backlog with estimated potential contract value, was $134.7 billion on December 31, 2020, up 6.7% from $126.2 billion at the end of 2019.
The following table details the backlog and estimated potential contract value of each segment at the end of 2020 and 2019:
Funded Unfunded Total Backlog Estimated Potential Contract Value Total
Estimated Contract Value
December 31, 2020
Aerospace $ 11,308  $ 318  $ 11,626  $ 2,800  $ 14,426 
Marine Systems 23,646  26,336  49,982  4,876  54,858 
Combat Systems 14,341  226  14,567  9,774  24,341 
Technologies 9,488  3,826  13,314  27,727  41,041 
Total $ 58,783  $ 30,706  $ 89,489  $ 45,177  $ 134,666 
December 31, 2019
Aerospace $ 13,168  $ 181  $ 13,349  $ 2,989  $ 16,338 
Marine Systems 20,012  24,175  44,187  5,453  49,640 
Combat Systems 14,474  439  14,913  4,322  19,235 
Technologies 9,876  4,620  14,496  26,485  40,981 
Total $ 57,530  $ 29,415  $ 86,945  $ 39,249  $ 126,194 
For additional information about our major products and services in backlog see the Business discussion contained in Item 1.

AEROSPACE
Aerospace funded backlog represents new aircraft and custom completion orders for which we have definitive purchase contracts and deposits from customers. Unfunded backlog consists of agreements to provide future aircraft maintenance and support services. Beyond total backlog, estimated potential contract value represents primarily options and other agreements with existing customers to purchase new aircraft and long-term aircraft services agreements.
Following reduced order activity in the first half of 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, orders in the second half of 2020 reflected improved demand for Gulfstream aircraft. We received orders for all models of Gulfstream aircraft, including strong order activity for the new G700 aircraft, which is scheduled to enter service in the fourth quarter of 2022. Despite the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the segment achieved a book-to-bill ratio (orders divided by revenue) of 0.9-to-1 in 2020.
Demand for Gulfstream aircraft remains strong across customer types and geographic regions, generating orders from public and privately held companies, individuals, and governments around the world. Geographically, U.S. customers represented more than 55% of the segment’s orders in 2020 and
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41% of the segment’s backlog on December 31, 2020, demonstrating continued strong domestic demand.
The following represents Gulfstream aircraft (in units) in backlog by region on December 31, 2020:
GD-20201231_G7.JPG

DEFENSE SEGMENTS
The total backlog in our defense segments represents the estimated remaining sales value of work to be performed under firm contracts. The funded portion of total backlog includes items that have been authorized and appropriated by the U.S. Congress and funded by customers, as well as commitments by international customers that are approved and funded similarly by their governments. The unfunded portion of total backlog includes the amounts we believe are likely to be funded, but there is no guarantee that future budgets and appropriations will provide the same funding level currently anticipated for a given program.
Estimated potential contract value in our defense segments includes unexercised options associated with existing firm contracts and unfunded work on indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contracts. Contract options represent agreements to perform additional work under existing contracts at the election of the customer. We recognize options in backlog when the customer exercises the option and establishes a firm order. For IDIQ contracts, we evaluate the amount of funding we expect to receive and include this amount in our estimated potential contract value. This amount is often less than the total IDIQ contract value, particularly when the contract has multiple awardees. The actual amount of funding received in the future may be higher or lower than our estimate of potential contract value.
Total backlog in our defense segments was $77.9 billion on December 31, 2020, up 5.8% from $73.6 billion at the end of 2019 driven by the award of a contract from the U.S. Navy for the construction of the first two Columbia-class submarines. Estimated potential contract value in our defense segments was $42.4 billion on December 31, 2020, up 16.9% from $36.3 billion at year-end 2019 due to strong demand from customers in our Combat Systems and Technologies segments.
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MARINE SYSTEMS
The Marine Systems segment’s backlog consists of very long-term submarine and surface ship construction programs, as well as numerous engineering and repair contracts. The segment’s book-to-bill ratio was 1.6-to-1 in 2020, resulting in backlog growth of 13.1% from year-end 2019. The increase in backlog is due primarily to the award of a $9.5 billion contract for the construction of the first two Columbia-class ballistic-missile submarines, as well as associated design and engineering support. Other significant contract awards received in the Marine Systems segment during 2020 include:
•$990 from the U.S. Navy for the John Lewis-class (T-AO-205) fleet replenishment oiler program, including the construction of two additional ships.
•$575 from the Navy to provide maintenance and repair services for the Arleigh Burke-class (DDG-51) guided-missile destroyer, Independence-class Littoral Combat Ship (LCS), San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock, Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser, Wasp-class amphibious assault ship and Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship programs.
•$310 from the Navy for Virginia-class submarine construction. The Virginia-class submarine program was the company’s largest defense program in 2020 and the largest program in the company’s backlog.
The following represents the Marine Systems segment’s total estimated contract value by major program on December 31, 2020:
GD-20201231_G8.JPG
COMBAT SYSTEMS
The Combat Systems segment’s backlog consists of a mix of U.S. and international combat vehicles, weapons systems and munitions programs. The vehicle programs are generally long-term, franchise programs, while the weapons systems and munitions programs tend to be shorter-term in nature. The segment’s total estimated contract value at the end of 2020 was up 26.5% from year-end 2019, driven by awards from the U.S. Army related to Abrams main battle tanks and Stryker wheeled combat vehicles described below.
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We received the following significant contract awards in the Combat Systems segment during 2020:
•$405 from the U.S. Army to upgrade Abrams tanks to the M1A2 System Enhancement Package Version 3 (SEPv3) configuration. The contract has a maximum potential value of $4.3 billion.
•$320 from the Army to upgrade Stryker vehicles to the double-V-hull A1 configuration. The contract has a maximum potential value of $2.5 billion.
•$230 from the Army to produce Stryker Initial Maneuver Short-Range Air Defense (IM-SHORAD) vehicles. The contract has a maximum potential value of $1.2 billion.
•$215 from the Army for the production of Hydra-70 rockets. The contract has a maximum potential value of $3.4 billion.
•$870 to deliver 8x8 wheeled combat vehicles, maintenance and lifecycle support to the Spanish Ministry of Defense.
The following represents the Combat Systems segment’s total estimated contract value by market on December 31, 2020:
GD-20201231_G9.JPG
TECHNOLOGIES
The Technologies segment’s backlog consists of thousands of contracts and task orders across a mix of U.S. and non-U.S. government and commercial customers. These contracts can be shorter-cycle or span multiple years, but commonly include a small, initially funded order. Therefore, our estimated potential contract value of $27.7 billion is an important indicator of future orders and revenue. In 2020, approximately 60% of the segment’s orders were from additional work on IDIQ contracts or the exercise of options. Our total estimated contract value remained stable in 2020 despite the impact of reduced new business opportunities caused by COVID-19.
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We received the following significant contract awards in the Technologies segment during 2020:
•The Defense Enterprise Office Solutions (DEOS) contract from the General Services Administration in partnership with the DoD and Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) to stand up cloud environments and support the migration of over 3.2 million existing DoD Office 365 users to the cloud. The contract has a maximum potential value of $4.4 billion.
•An IDIQ award from the U.S. Department of State to provide overseas consular services to support visa processing and other functions for U.S. embassies and consultants under the Global Support Strategy (GSS) program. The program has a maximum potential contract value of $3.3 billion among three awardees.
•An IDIQ contract to modernize the Army’s training programs. The contract has a maximum potential value of $885.
•A contract to provide enterprise IT and cybersecurity services and solutions for the DoD. The contract has a maximum potential value of $760.
•A contract to provide enterprise IT, communications and mission command support services to U.S. Army Europe. The contract has a maximum potential value of $695.
•A contract from the U.S. Air Force for the Battlefield Information Collection and Exploitation System (BICES) program to provide intelligence information sharing capabilities for the DoD. The contract has a maximum potential value of $620.
The following represents the Technologies segment’s total estimated contract value by customer on December 31, 2020:
GD-20201231_G10.JPG

FINANCIAL CONDITION, LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
We place a strong emphasis on cash flow generation. This focus gives us the flexibility for capital deployment while preserving a strong balance sheet to position us for future opportunities. Cash
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generated by operating activities in 2020 and 2019 was deployed to pay dividends, fund capital expenditures and business acquisitions, and repurchase our common stock.
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 3,858  $ 2,981 
Net cash used by investing activities (974) (994)
Net cash used by financing activities (903) (1,997)
Net cash used by discontinued operations (59) (51)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and equivalents 1,922  (61)
Cash and equivalents at beginning of year 902  963 
Cash and equivalents at end of year 2,824  902 
Short- and long-term debt (12,998) (11,930)
Net debt $ (10,174) $ (11,028)
Debt-to-equity (a) 83.0  % 85.3  %
Debt-to-capital (b) 45.4  % 46.0  %
(a)Debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as total debt divided by total equity as of year end.
(b)Debt-to-capital ratio is calculated as total debt divided by the sum of total debt plus total equity as of year end.
We expect to continue to generate funds in excess of our short- and long-term liquidity needs. We believe we have adequate funds on hand and sufficient borrowing capacity to execute our financial and operating strategy. The following is a discussion of our major operating, investing and financing activities in 2020 and 2019, as classified on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows in Item 8.

OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Cash provided by operating activities was $3.9 billion in 2020 compared with $3 billion in 2019. The primary driver of cash inflows in both periods was net earnings. However, cash flows in both years were affected negatively by growth in operating working capital (OWC) in our Aerospace segment due to our position in the development and production cycles of our Gulfstream aircraft models. We had anticipated this OWC growth to begin reversing in 2020, but the impact of COVID-19 on our production and delivery rates has delayed this recovery. Cash flows in 2019 were also affected negatively by growth in OWC in our Combat Systems segment due to the timing of payments on a large international wheeled armored vehicle contract. These payment timing issues have been resolved as a result of finalizing a contract amendment with the customer, which contributed to the increase in cash flows in 2020. For additional information about the unbilled receivables balance and activity associated with this contract, see Note H to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.

INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Cash used by investing activities was $974 in 2020 and $994 in 2019. Our investing activities include cash paid for capital expenditures and business acquisitions; purchases, sales and maturities of marketable securities; and proceeds from asset sales.
Capital Expenditures. The primary use of cash for investing activities in both years was capital expenditures. Capital expenditures were $967 in 2020 and $987 in 2019. Capital expenditures have been at an elevated level the past two years as we continue to invest in our shipyards, particularly for the planned growth in submarine construction. We expect capital expenditures to be approximately 2.5% of revenue in 2021.
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Business Acquisitions. In 2020, we acquired five businesses for an aggregate of approximately $205. In 2019, we acquired three businesses for an aggregate of approximately $20.

FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Cash used by financing activities was $903 in 2020 and $2 billion in 2019. Net cash from financing activities includes proceeds received from debt and commercial paper issuances and employee stock options exercises. Our financing activities also include repurchases of common stock, payment of dividends and debt repayments.
Dividends. On March 4, 2020, our board of directors declared an increased quarterly dividend of $1.10 per share, the 23rd consecutive annual increase. Previously, the board had increased the quarterly dividend to $1.02 per share in March 2019. Cash dividends paid were $1.2 billion in 2020 and 2019.
Share Repurchases. Our board of directors from time to time authorizes management to repurchase outstanding shares of our common stock on the open market. We paid $587 and $231 in 2020 and 2019, respectively, to repurchase our outstanding shares. On December 31, 2020, 12.3 million shares remained authorized by our board of directors for repurchase, representing 4.3% of our total shares outstanding.
Debt and Commercial Paper Issuances and Repayments. In March 2020, we issued $4 billion of fixed-rate notes. The proceeds were used to repay $2.5 billion of fixed- and floating-rate notes that matured in May 2020 and for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of a portion of the borrowings under our commercial paper program.
Fixed- and floating-rate notes totaling $2.5 billion mature in May 2021, and an additional $500 of fixed-rate notes mature in July 2021. We currently plan to repay these notes using a combination of cash on hand and the issuance of commercial paper. For additional information regarding our debt obligations, including scheduled debt maturities and interest rates, see Note K to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.
On December 31, 2020, we had no commercial paper outstanding, but we maintain the ability to access the commercial paper market in the future. Separately, we have $5 billion in committed bank credit facilities for general corporate purposes and working capital needs and to support our commercial paper issuances. We also have an effective shelf registration on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission that allows us to access the debt markets.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
We emphasize the efficient conversion of net earnings into cash and the deployment of that cash to maximize shareholder returns. As described below, we use free cash flow from operations and return on invested capital (ROIC) to measure our performance in these areas. While we believe these metrics provide useful information, they are not defined operating measures under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), and there are limitations associated with their use. Our calculation of these metrics may not be completely comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies due to potential differences in the method of calculation. As a result, the use of these metrics should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, other GAAP measures.
Free Cash Flow. We define free cash flow from operations as net cash provided by operating activities less capital expenditures. We believe free cash flow from operations is a useful measure for investors because it portrays our ability to generate cash from our businesses for purposes such as
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repaying maturing debt, funding business acquisitions, repurchasing our common stock and paying dividends. We use free cash flow from operations to assess the quality of our earnings and as a key performance measure in evaluating management. The following table reconciles the free cash flow from operations with net cash provided by operating activities, as classified on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows in Item 8:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 3,858  $ 2,981  $ 3,148  $ 3,876  $ 2,163 
Capital expenditures (967) (987) (690) (428) (392)
Free cash flow from operations $ 2,891  $ 1,994  $ 2,458  $ 3,448  $ 1,771 
Cash flows as a percentage of earnings
from continuing operations:
   Net cash provided by operating activities 122  % 86  % 94  % 133  % 81  %
   Free cash flow from operations 91  % 57  % 73  % 118  % 66  %
Return on Invested Capital. We believe ROIC is a useful measure for investors because it reflects our ability to generate returns from the capital we have deployed in our operations. We use ROIC to evaluate investment decisions and as a performance measure in evaluating management. We define ROIC as net operating profit after taxes divided by average invested capital. Net operating profit after taxes is defined as earnings from continuing operations plus after-tax interest and amortization expense, calculated using the statutory federal income tax rate. Average invested capital is defined as the sum of the average debt and shareholders’ equity excluding accumulated other comprehensive loss. ROIC excludes goodwill impairments and non-economic accounting changes as they are not reflective of company performance.
ROIC is calculated as follows:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
Earnings from continuing operations $ 3,167  $ 3,484  $ 3,358  $ 2,912  $ 2,679 
After-tax interest expense 386  373  295  76  64 
After-tax amortization expense 280  287  258  51  57 
Net operating profit after taxes $ 3,833  $ 4,144  $ 3,911  $ 3,039  $ 2,800 
Average invested capital $ 32,431  $ 29,620  $ 25,367  $ 18,099  $ 17,168 
Return on invested capital 11.8  % 14.0  % 15.4  % 16.8  % 16.3  %
*2017 earnings from continuing operations and 2017 and 2018 average invested capital have not been restated for the retrospective application of a change in accounting principle related to the amortization of actuarial gains and losses for our qualified U.S. government pension plans, which we adopted in the fourth quarter of 2020 as discussed in Note T to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.

ADDITIONAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
On December 31, 2020, we had no material off-balance sheet arrangements.

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CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND COMMERCIAL COMMITMENTS
The following tables present information about our contractual obligations and commercial commitments on December 31, 2020:
    Payments Due by Period
Contractual Obligations Total Amount Committed Less Than 1 Year 1-3 Years 4-5 Years More Than 5 Years
Debt (a) $ 16,501  $ 3,389  $ 2,884  $ 2,508  $ 7,720 
Operating leases 1,710  298  444  263  705 
Finance leases 396  87  124  40  145 
Purchase obligations (b) 38,090  17,019  15,111  4,655  1,305 
Other long-term liabilities (c) 26,892  4,188  3,479  2,596  16,629 
  $ 83,589  $ 24,981  $ 22,042  $ 10,062  $ 26,504 
(a)Includes scheduled interest payments. See Note K to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 for a discussion of long-term debt.
(b)Includes amounts committed under legally enforceable agreements for goods and services with defined terms as to quantity, price and timing of delivery. This amount includes $36.2 billion of purchase obligations for products and services to be delivered under firm government contracts under which we would expect full recourse under normal contract termination clauses.
(c)Represents other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, including the current portion of these liabilities. The projected timing of cash flows associated with these obligations is based on management’s estimates, which are based largely on historical experience. This amount also includes all liabilities under our defined benefit retirement plans. See Note R to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 for information regarding these liabilities and the plan assets available to satisfy them.
  Amount of Commitment Expiration by Period
Commercial Commitments Total Amount Committed Less Than 1 Year 1-3 Years 4-5 Years More Than 5 Years
Letters of credit and guarantees* $ 1,402  $ 771  $ 336  $ 199  $ 96 
Aircraft trade-in options* 339  16  236  87  — 
$ 1,741  $ 787  $ 572  $ 286  $ 96 
*See Note O to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 for a discussion of letters of credit and aircraft trade-in options.

APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is based on the Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires that we make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates including most pervasively those related to various assumptions and projections for our long-term contracts and programs. Other significant estimates include those related to goodwill and intangible assets, income taxes, pension and other post-retirement benefits, workers’ compensation, warranty obligations and litigation contingencies. We employ judgment in making our estimates, but they are based on historical experience, currently available information and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily available from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates. We believe our judgment is applied consistently and produces financial information that fairly depicts the results of operations for all periods presented.
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In our opinion, the following policies are critical and require the use of significant judgment in their application:
Revenue. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, and is the unit of account for revenue. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation within that contract and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Our performance obligations are satisfied over time as work progresses or at a point in time.
Substantially all of our revenue in the defense segments is recognized over time, because control is transferred continuously to our customers. Typically, revenue is recognized over time using costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress toward satisfying our performance obligations. Incurred cost represents work performed, which corresponds with, and thereby best depicts, the transfer of control to the customer. Contract costs include labor, material, overhead and, when appropriate, G&A expenses.
Most of our revenue recognized at a point in time is for the manufacture of business jet aircraft in our Aerospace segment. Revenue on these contracts is recognized when the customer obtains control of the asset, which is generally upon delivery and acceptance by the customer of the fully outfitted aircraft.
The majority of our revenue is derived from long-term contracts and programs that can span several years. Accounting for long-term contracts and programs involves the use of various techniques to estimate total contract revenue and costs. For long-term contracts, we estimate the profit on a contract as the difference between the total estimated revenue and expected costs to complete a contract and recognize that profit over the life of the contract.
Contract estimates are based on various assumptions to project the outcome of future events that often span several years. These assumptions include labor productivity and availability; the complexity of the work to be performed; the cost and availability of materials; the performance of subcontractors; and the availability and timing of funding from the customer.
The nature of our contracts gives rise to several types of variable consideration, including claims and award and incentive fees. We include in our contract estimates additional revenue for submitted contract modifications or claims against the customer when we believe we have an enforceable right to the modification or claim, the amount can be estimated reliably and its realization is probable. In evaluating these criteria, we consider the contractual/legal basis for the claim, the cause of any additional costs incurred, the reasonableness of those costs and the objective evidence available to support the claim. We include award or incentive fees in the estimated transaction price when there is a basis to reasonably estimate the amount of the fee. These estimates are based on historical award experience, anticipated performance and our best judgment at the time. Because of our certainty in estimating these amounts, they are included in the transaction price of our contracts and the associated remaining performance obligations.
As a significant change in one or more of these estimates could affect the profitability of our contracts, we review and update our contract-related estimates regularly. Our estimates at the end of the year included impacts from the disruptions caused by COVID-19. Given the uncertainties around the pandemic, including its duration and potential future disruptions to our supply chain or workforce, it is reasonably possible that the actual impact of the pandemic on contract costs could be materially different than our current estimates. The United States and some other governments have taken steps to provide relief. Where our customer has agreed to reimburse certain costs, such as provided for by the
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Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the CARES Act), we have included those recoveries in our estimates of revenue. To the extent the U.S. government provides for reimbursement of additional costs through legislation and the DoD has available funds, we will seek reimbursement as appropriate.
We recognize adjustments in estimated profit on contracts under the cumulative catch-up method. Under this method, the impact of the adjustment on profit recorded to date on a contract is recognized in the period the adjustment is identified. Revenue and profit in future periods of contract performance are recognized using the adjusted estimate. The aggregate impact of adjustments in contract estimates increased our operating earnings (and diluted earnings per share) by $283 ($0.78) in 2020 and $271 ($0.74) in 2019. No adjustment on any one contract was material to the Consolidated Financial Statements in 2020 or 2019.
Consistent with industry practice, we classify assets and liabilities related to long-term contracts as current, even though some of these amounts may not be realized within one year. The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (contract assets), and customer advances and deposits (contract liabilities) on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. These assets and liabilities are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period.
Reorganization of Operating Segments and Composition of Reporting Units. Effective December 31, 2020, for segment reporting purposes, we reorganized our Information Technology and Mission Systems operating segments into a single segment: Technologies. This reorganization reflects our evolving strategic focus on the combined capabilities of the businesses to meet the customer demand for large-scale, end-to-end highly engineered solutions. Our company now has four operating segments: Aerospace, Marine Systems, Combat Systems and Technologies. We refer to the latter three collectively as our defense segments.
This reorganization similarly changed the composition of our reporting units. Accordingly, goodwill of the Information Technology and Mission Systems reporting units was combined and assigned to the Technologies reporting unit. We performed goodwill impairment assessments immediately prior to and following the change. The results indicated that no impairment existed at the former Information Technology and Mission Systems reporting units prior to the change and the Technologies reporting unit following the change.
Long-lived Assets and Goodwill. We review long-lived assets, including intangible assets subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. We assess the recoverability of the carrying value of assets held for use based on a review of undiscounted projected cash flows. Impairment losses, where identified, are measured as the excess of the carrying value of the long-lived assets over the estimated fair value as determined by discounted cash flows.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruptions to national and global economies and government activities, which has impacted our businesses. As of the end of the year, we have not identified a triggering event requiring an impairment test for our goodwill, intangibles or other long-lived assets. In our Aerospace segment, which has experienced a more significant impact from the pandemic, we do not believe the impact represents a longer-term change that would indicate that the carrying value of the segment’s intangibles and long-lived assets may not be recoverable or that the Aerospace reporting unit’s estimated fair value has been significantly affected.
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Goodwill represents the purchase price paid in excess of the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired in a business combination. We review goodwill for impairment annually at each of our reporting units or when circumstances indicate that the likelihood of an impairment is greater than 50%. Such circumstances include a significant adverse change in the business climate for one of our reporting units or a decision to dispose of a reporting unit or a significant portion of a reporting unit. Our reporting units are consistent with our operating segments in Note S to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. We use both qualitative and quantitative approaches when testing goodwill for impairment. When determining the approach to be used, we consider the current facts and circumstances of each reporting unit as well as the excess of each reporting unit’s estimated fair value over its carrying value based on our most recent quantitative assessments. Our qualitative approach evaluates the business environment and various events impacting the reporting unit including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, changes in the business environment and reporting unit-specific events. If, based on the qualitative assessment, we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying value, then a quantitative assessment is not necessary. However, if a quantitative assessment is determined to be necessary, we compare the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value and, if necessary, recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value.
Our estimate of fair value is based primarily on the discounted cash flows of the underlying operations and requires the use of judgment by management. The process requires numerous assumptions, including the timing of work embedded in our backlog, our performance and profitability under our contracts, our success in securing future business, the appropriate risk-adjusted interest rate used to discount the projected cash flows, and terminal value growth rates applied to the final year of projected cash flows. Due to the variables inherent in our estimates of fair value, differences in assumptions may have a material effect on the result of our impairment analysis. To assess the reasonableness of our discounted cash flows, we compare the sum of our reporting units’ fair value to our market capitalization. Additionally, we evaluate the reasonableness of each reporting unit’s fair value by comparing the fair value to comparable peer companies and recent comparable market transactions.
As of December 31, 2020, we completed qualitative assessments for our Aerospace, Marine Systems and Combat Systems reporting units as the estimated fair values of each of these reporting units significantly exceeded the respective carrying values based on our most recent quantitative assessments, which were performed as of December 31, 2018. Our qualitative assessments, including consideration of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, did not present indicators of impairment for these reporting units. As of December 31, 2020, we completed a quantitative assessment for our Technologies reporting unit, and the fair value was well in excess of its carrying value.
Commitments and Contingencies. We are subject to litigation and other legal proceedings arising either from the normal course of business or under provisions relating to the protection of the environment. Estimating liabilities and costs associated with these matters requires the use of judgment. We record a charge against earnings when a liability associated with claims or pending or threatened litigation is probable and when our exposure is reasonably estimable. The ultimate resolution of our exposure related to these matters may change as further facts and circumstances become known.
Retirement Plans. Our pension and other post-retirement benefit costs and obligations depend on several assumptions and estimates. The key assumption is the interest rates used to discount estimated future liabilities. We base the discount rates on a current yield curve developed from a portfolio of high-quality, fixed-income investments with maturities consistent with the projected benefit payout period.
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Retirement plan assumptions, including the discount rates, are based on our best judgment, including consideration of current and future market conditions. In the event any of the assumptions change, pension and other post-retirement benefit cost could increase or decrease. For further discussion about our retirement plan assumptions, see Note R to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.
As described under Other Contract Costs in Note A to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, our contractual arrangements with the U.S. government provide for the recovery of benefit costs for our government retirement plans. We have elected to defer recognition of the benefit costs until such costs can be allocated to contracts. Therefore, the impact of annual changes in financial reporting assumptions on the retirement benefit cost for these plans does not immediately affect our operating results.
Accounting Standards Updates. See Note A to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 for information regarding the accounting standard we adopted in 2020 and other new accounting standards that have been issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) but are not effective until after December 31, 2020.

GUARANTOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The fixed- and floating-rate notes described in Note K to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, issued by General Dynamics Corporation (the parent), are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on an unsecured, joint and several basis by several of the parent’s 100%-owned subsidiaries (the guarantors). The guarantee of each guarantor ranks equally in right of payment with all other existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness of such guarantor. A listing of the guarantors is included in an exhibit to this Form 10-K.
Because the parent is a holding company, its cash flow and ability to service its debt, including the fixed- and floating-rate notes, depends on the performance of its subsidiaries and the ability of those subsidiaries to distribute cash to the parent, whether by dividends, loans or otherwise. Holders of the fixed- and floating-rate notes have a direct claim only against the parent and the guarantors.
Under the relevant indenture, the guarantee of each guarantor is limited to the maximum amount that can be guaranteed without rendering the guarantee voidable under applicable laws relating to fraudulent conveyance or fraudulent transfer or similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally. Each indenture also provides that, in the event (1) of a merger, consolidation or sale or disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of a guarantor (other than a transaction with the parent or any of its subsidiaries) or (2) there occurs a transfer, sale or other disposition of the voting stock of a guarantor so that the guarantor is no longer a subsidiary of the parent, then the guarantor or the entity acquiring the assets (in the event of the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of a guarantor) will be released and relieved of any obligations under the guarantee.
The following summarized financial information presents the parent and guarantors (collectively, the combined obligor group) on a combined basis. The summarized financial information of the combined obligor group excludes net investment in and earnings of subsidiaries related to interests held by the combined obligor group in subsidiaries that are not guarantors of the notes.
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STATEMENT OF EARNINGS INFORMATION
Year Ended December 31 2020
Revenue $ 13,065 
Operating costs and expenses, excluding G&A (11,190)
Net Earnings 738 
BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION
December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Cash and equivalents $ 1,952  $ 606 
Other current assets 2,894  2,875 
Noncurrent assets 3,082  2,549 
Total assets $ 7,928  $ 6,030 
Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt $ 2,998  $ 2,497 
Other current liabilities 2,944  2,642 
Long-term debt 9,922  8,965 
Other noncurrent liabilities 5,645  5,772 
Total liabilities $ 21,509  $ 19,876 
The summarized balance sheet information presented above includes the funded status of the company’s primary qualified U.S. government pension plans as the parent has the ultimate obligation for the plans.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are exposed to market risk, primarily from foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, commodity prices and investments. See Note N to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 for a discussion of these risks. The following quantifies the market risk exposure arising from hypothetical changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates.
We had notional forward exchange and interest rate swap contracts outstanding of $9.4 billion and $5 billion on December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. A 10% unfavorable rate movement in our portfolio of forward exchange and interest rate swap contracts would have resulted in the following hypothetical, incremental pretax gains (losses):
(Dollars in millions) 2020 2019
Recognized $ 44  $ 60 
Unrecognized (344) (161)
Foreign Currency Risk. Our exchange-rate sensitivity relates primarily to changes in the Canadian dollar, euro and Swiss franc exchange rates. While the hypothetical, incremental pretax losses in the table above have increased significantly from 2019, we do not believe this represents a meaningful increase in our risk profile as these losses and gains would be offset by corresponding gains and losses in the remeasurement of the underlying transactions being hedged. We believe these foreign currency forward exchange contracts and the offsetting underlying commitments, when taken together, do not create material market risk.
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Interest Rate Risk. Our financial instruments subject to interest rate risk include fixed- and floating-rate long-term debt obligations. On December 31, 2020, we had $12.5 billion par value of fixed-rate debt and $500 of floating-rate notes. Our fixed-rate debt obligations are not putable, and we do not trade these securities in the market. A 10% unfavorable interest rate movement would not have a material impact on the fair value of our fixed-rate debt. As described in Note K to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, we entered into derivative financial instruments, specifically interest rate swap contracts, to eliminate our floating-rate interest risk.
Investment Risk. Our investment policy allows for purchases of fixed-income securities with an investment-grade rating and a maximum maturity of up to five years. On December 31, 2020 and 2019, we held $2.8 billion and $902 in cash and equivalents, respectively, but held no marketable securities other than those held in trust to meet some of our obligations under workers’ compensation and non-qualified pension plans. On December 31, 2020 and 2019, we held marketable securities in trust of $211 and $207, respectively. These marketable securities are reflected at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet in other current and noncurrent assets.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EARNINGS
Year Ended December 31
(Dollars in millions, except per-share amounts) 2020 2019* 2018*
Revenue:
Products $ 22,188  $ 23,130  $ 20,149 
Services 15,737  16,220  16,044 
37,925  39,350  36,193 
Operating costs and expenses:
Products (18,192) (18,611) (15,926)
Services (13,408) (13,752) (13,610)
General and administrative (G&A) (2,192) (2,417) (2,263)
(33,792) (34,780) (31,799)
Operating earnings 4,133  4,570  4,394 
Other, net 82  92  47 
Interest, net (477) (460) (356)
Earnings from continuing operations before income tax 3,738  4,202  4,085 
Provision for income tax, net (571) (718) (727)
Earnings from continuing operations 3,167  3,484  3,358 
Discontinued operations, net of tax provision of $13 in 2018
—  —  (13)
Net earnings $ 3,167  $ 3,484  $ 3,345 
Earnings per share
Basic:
Continuing operations
$ 11.04  $ 12.09  $ 11.37 
Discontinued operations
—  —  (0.04)
Net earnings
$ 11.04  $ 12.09  $ 11.33 
Diluted:
Continuing operations
$ 11.00  $ 11.98  $ 11.22 
Discontinued operations
—  —  (0.04)
Net earnings
$ 11.00  $ 11.98  $ 11.18 
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these financial statements.
*Prior-period information has been restated for the retrospective application of a change in accounting principle related to the amortization of actuarial gains and losses for our qualified U.S. government pension plans, which we adopted in the fourth quarter of 2020. For further discussion of this change in accounting principle, see Note T to the Consolidated Financial Statements.


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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Year Ended December 31
(Dollars in millions) 2020 2019* 2018*
Net earnings $ 3,167  $ 3,484  $ 3,345 
Gains on cash flow hedges 366  97  36 
Foreign currency translation adjustments 353  186  (300)
Change in retirement plans’ funded status (453) (857) (45)
Other comprehensive income (loss), pretax 266  (574) (309)
Benefit for income tax, net 2  156  1 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 268  (418) (308)
Comprehensive income $ 3,435  $ 3,066  $ 3,037 
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these financial statements.
*Prior-period information has been restated for the retrospective application of a change in accounting principle related to the amortization of actuarial gains and losses for our qualified U.S. government pension plans, which we adopted in the fourth quarter of 2020. For further discussion of this change in accounting principle, see Note T to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
December 31
(Dollars in millions) 2020 2019*
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and equivalents $ 2,824  $ 902 
Accounts receivable 3,161  3,544 
Unbilled receivables 8,024  7,857 
Inventories 5,745  6,306 
Other current assets 1,789  1,679 
Total current assets 21,543  20,288 
Noncurrent assets:
Property, plant and equipment, net 5,100  4,475 
Intangible assets, net 2,117  2,315 
Goodwill 20,053  19,677 
Other assets 2,495  2,594 
Total noncurrent assets 29,765  29,061 
Total assets $ 51,308  $ 49,349 
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt $ 3,003  $ 2,920 
Accounts payable 2,952  3,162 
Customer advances and deposits 6,276  7,148 
Other current liabilities 3,733  3,571 
Total current liabilities 15,964  16,801 
Noncurrent liabilities:
Long-term debt 9,995  9,010 
Other liabilities 9,688  9,560 
Commitments and contingencies (see Note O)
Total noncurrent liabilities 19,683  18,570 
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock 482  482 
Surplus 3,124  3,039 
Retained earnings 33,498  31,633 
Treasury stock (17,893) (17,358)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (3,550) (3,818)
Total shareholders’ equity 15,661  13,978 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 51,308  $ 49,349 
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these financial statements.
*Prior-period information has been restated for the retrospective application of a change in accounting principle related to the amortization of actuarial gains and losses for our qualified U.S. government pension plans, which we adopted in the fourth quarter of 2020. For further discussion of this change in accounting principle, see Note T to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
Year Ended December 31
(Dollars in millions) 2020 2019 2018
Cash flows from operating activities - continuing operations:
Net earnings $ 3,167  $ 3,484  $ 3,345 
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash from operating activities:
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment
523  466  436 
Amortization of intangible and finance lease right-of-use assets
355  363  327 
Equity-based compensation expense
128  133  140 
Deferred income tax (benefit) provision (127) 92  (3)
Discontinued operations, net of tax
—  —  13 
(Increase) decrease in assets, net of effects of business acquisitions:
Accounts receivable 371  176  417 
Unbilled receivables (116) (1,303) (800)
Inventories 502  (376) (591)
Other current assets 208  8  310 
Increase (decrease) in liabilities, net of effects of business acquisitions:
Accounts payable
(215) 6  (197)
Customer advances and deposits
(707) (105) 36 
Other, net (231) 37  (285)
Net cash provided by operating activities 3,858  2,981  3,148 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Capital expenditures (967) (987) (690)
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired
(203) (19) (10,099)
Proceeds from sales of assets 171  14  562 
Other, net 25  (2) (7)
Net cash used by investing activities (974) (994) (10,234)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from fixed-rate notes 3,960  —  6,461 
Repayment of fixed-rate notes (2,000) —  — 
Dividends paid (1,240) (1,152) (1,075)
Purchases of common stock (587) (231) (1,769)
Repayment of floating-rate notes (500) —  — 
(Repayment of) proceeds from credit facility, net (441) 291  122 
Proceeds from commercial paper, gross (maturities greater than 3 months) 420  —  — 
Repayment of commercial paper, gross (maturities greater than 3 months) (420) —  — 
(Repayment of) proceeds from commercial paper, net —  (850) 850 
Proceeds from floating-rate notes —  —  1,000 
Repayment of CSRA accounts receivable purchase agreement —  —  (450)
Other, net (95) (55) (53)
Net cash (used) provided by financing activities (903) (1,997) 5,086 
Net cash used by discontinued operations (59) (51) (20)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and equivalents 1,922  (61) (2,020)
Cash and equivalents at beginning of year 902  963  2,983 
Cash and equivalents at end of year $ 2,824  $ 902  $ 963 
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these financial statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
  Common Stock Retained Treasury Accumulated
Other 
Comprehensive
Total
Shareholders’
(Dollars in millions) Par Surplus Earnings Stock Loss Equity
December 31, 2017 (a) $ 482  $ 2,872  $ 26,509  $ (15,543) $ (2,519) $ 11,801 
Cumulative-effect adjustments (a) (b) —  —  573  —  (573) — 
Net earnings —  —  3,345  —  —  3,345 
Cash dividends declared —  —  (1,101) —  —  (1,101)
Equity-based awards —  74  —  105  —  179 
Shares purchased —  —  —  (1,806) —  (1,806)
Other comprehensive loss (a) —  —  —  —  (308) (308)
December 31, 2018 (a) 482  2,946  29,326  (17,244) (3,400) 12,110 
Net earnings —  —  3,484  —  —  3,484 
Cash dividends declared —  —  (1,177) —  —  (1,177)
Equity-based awards —  93  —  70  —  163 
Shares purchased —  —  —  (184) —  (184)
Other comprehensive loss (a) —  —  —  —  (418) (418)
December 31, 2019 (a) 482  3,039  31,633  (17,358) (3,818) 13,978 
Cumulative-effect adjustment (c) —  —  (37) —  —  (37)
Net earnings —  —  3,167  —  —  3,167 
Cash dividends declared —  —  (1,265) —  —  (1,265)
Equity-based awards —  85  —  67  —  152 
Shares purchased —  —  —  (602) —  (602)
Other comprehensive income —  —  —  —  268  268 
December 31, 2020 $ 482  $ 3,124  $ 33,498  $ (17,893) $ (3,550) $ 15,661 
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these financial statements.
(a)Prior-period information has been restated for the retrospective application of a change in accounting principle related to the amortization of actuarial gains and losses for our qualified U.S. government pension plans, which we adopted in the fourth quarter of 2020. For further discussion of this change in accounting principle, see Note T to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
(b)Reflects the cumulative effects of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, and ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which we adopted on January 1, 2018.
(c)Reflects the cumulative effect of ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which we adopted on January 1, 2020. See Note A for additional details.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except per-share amounts or unless otherwise noted)

A. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Organization. General Dynamics is a global aerospace and defense company that offers a broad portfolio of products and services in business aviation; ship construction and repair; land combat vehicles, weapons systems and munitions; and technology products and services.
Effective December 31, 2020, for segment reporting purposes, we reorganized our Information Technology and Mission Systems operating segments into a single segment: Technologies. This reorganization reflects our evolving strategic focus on the combined capabilities of the businesses to meet the customer demand for large-scale, end-to-end highly engineered solutions. Our company now has four operating segments: Aerospace, Marine Systems, Combat Systems and Technologies. We refer to the latter three collectively as our defense segments. Prior-period segment information has been restated for this change.
Basis of Consolidation and Classification. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of General Dynamics Corporation and our wholly owned and majority-owned subsidiaries. We eliminate all inter-company balances and transactions in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Some prior-year amounts have been reclassified among financial statement accounts or disclosures to conform to the current-year presentation.
Consistent with industry practice, we classify assets and liabilities related to long-term contracts as current, even though some of these amounts may not be realized within one year.
Further discussion of our significant accounting policies is contained in the other notes to these financial statements.
Use of Estimates and Other Uncertainties. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has caused significant disruptions to national and global economies and government activities. Our businesses have been designated as critical infrastructure by the U.S. government and many non-U.S. governments and, as such, are required to stay open. Within our Aerospace segment, quarantine and travel restrictions in connection with the pandemic have impacted the timing of aircraft deliveries, and the economic consequences of COVID-19 have impacted demand. Our defense business has also experienced disruptions, such as customer site closures, travel restrictions and social distancing requirements, which have impacted contract execution. We have instituted various initiatives throughout the company as part of our business continuity programs, and we continue to work to mitigate risk when disruptions occur. While we expect this situation to be temporary, any longer-term impact to our business is currently unknown due to the uncertainty around the pandemic’s duration and its broader impact.
The nature of our business requires that we make estimates and assumptions in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. We base our estimates on historical experience, currently available information and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted these estimates and assumptions and will continue to do so. The accounting for long-term contracts requires the use of estimates (see Note B). Our estimates at the end of the year included impacts from the disruptions caused by COVID-19. Given the uncertainties around the pandemic,
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including its duration and potential future disruptions to our supply chain or workforce, it is reasonably possible that the actual impact of the pandemic on contract costs could be materially different than our current estimates. The United States and some other governments have taken steps to provide relief. Where our customer has agreed to reimburse certain costs, such as provided for by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the CARES Act), we have included those recoveries in our estimates of revenue. To the extent the U.S. government provides for reimbursement of additional costs through legislation and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has available funds, we will seek reimbursement as appropriate.
Change in Accounting Principle. In the fourth quarter of 2020, we retrospectively changed our accounting method related to the amortization of actuarial gains and losses for our qualified U.S. government pension plans that impacted our prior-period financial statements. See Note T for further discussion of this change in accounting principle.
Discontinued Operations, Net of Tax. On April 3, 2018, we completed our acquisition of CSRA, Inc. (CSRA). See Note C for further discussion of the acquisition. In the third quarter of 2018, we disposed of CSRA operations to address an organizational conflict of interest with respect to services provided to a government customer. In accordance with GAAP, the sale did not result in a gain for financial reporting purposes. However, the sale generated a taxable gain, resulting in tax expense of $13.
Research and Development Expenses. Company-sponsored research and development (R&D) expenses, including Aerospace product-development costs, were $374 in 2020, $466 in 2019 and $502 in 2018. R&D expenses have trended downward over the three-year period with the completion of the G500 and G600 aircraft test programs, offset partially by increased activities associated with the development of the new G700 aircraft model. R&D expenses are included in operating costs and expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings in the period in which they are incurred. Customer-sponsored R&D expenses are charged directly to the related contracts.
The Aerospace segment has cost-sharing arrangements with some of its suppliers that enhance the segment’s internal development capabilities and offset a portion of the financial cost associated with the segment’s product development efforts. These arrangements explicitly state that supplier contributions are for reimbursement of costs we incur in the development of new aircraft models and technologies, and we retain substantial rights in the products developed under these arrangements. We record amounts received from these cost-sharing arrangements as a reduction of R&D expenses. We have no obligation to refund any amounts received under the agreements regardless of the outcome of the development efforts. Under the typical terms of an agreement, payments received from suppliers for their share of the costs are based on milestones and are recognized as received. Our policy is to defer payments in excess of the costs we have incurred.
Interest, Net. Net interest expense consisted of the following:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
Interest expense $ 489  $ 472  $ 374 
Interest income (12) (12) (18)
Interest expense, net $ 477  $ 460  $ 356 
The increase in 2019 is due primarily to the impact of financing the CSRA acquisition, including the issuance of $7.5 billion of fixed- and floating-rate notes in the second quarter of 2018. See Note K for additional information regarding our debt obligations, including interest rates.
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Cash and Equivalents and Investments in Debt and Equity Securities. We consider securities with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Our cash balances are invested primarily in time deposits rated A-/A3 or higher. Our investments in other securities are included in other current and noncurrent assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. We report our equity securities at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recognized in net earnings. We report our available-for-sale debt securities at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recognized as a component of other comprehensive income in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. We had no trading or held-to-maturity debt securities on December 31, 2020 or 2019. See Note E for additional information regarding our investments in debt and equity securities.
Other Contract Costs. Other contract costs represent amounts that are not currently allocable to government contracts, such as a portion of our estimated workers’ compensation obligations, other insurance-related assessments, pension and other post-retirement benefits, and environmental expenses. These costs will become allocable to contracts generally after they are paid. We have elected to defer these costs in other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet until they can be allocated to contracts. We expect to recover these costs through ongoing business, including existing backlog and probable follow-on contracts. We regularly assess the probability of recovery of these costs. If the backlog in the future does not support the continued deferral of these costs, the profitability of our remaining contracts could be adversely affected. Other contract costs on December 31, 2020 and 2019, were $499 and $652, respectively.
Long-lived Assets and Goodwill. We review long-lived assets, including intangible assets subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. We assess the recoverability of the carrying value of assets held for use based on a review of undiscounted projected cash flows. Impairment losses, where identified, are measured as the excess of the carrying value of the long-lived assets over the estimated fair value as determined by discounted cash flows.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruptions to national and global economies and government activities, which has impacted our businesses. As of the end of the year, we have not identified a triggering event requiring an impairment test for our goodwill, intangibles or other long-lived assets. In our Aerospace segment, which has experienced a more significant impact from the pandemic, we do not believe the impact represents a longer-term change that would indicate that the carrying value of the segment’s intangibles and long-lived assets may not be recoverable or that the Aerospace reporting unit’s estimated fair value has been significantly affected.
Goodwill represents the purchase price paid in excess of the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired in a business combination. We review goodwill for impairment annually at each of our reporting units or when circumstances indicate that the likelihood of an impairment is greater than 50%. Our reporting units are consistent with our operating segments in Note S. We use both qualitative and quantitative approaches when testing goodwill for impairment. When determining the approach to be used, we consider the current facts and circumstances of each reporting unit as well as the excess of each reporting unit’s estimated fair value over its carrying value based on our most recent quantitative assessments. Our qualitative approach evaluates the business environment and various events impacting the reporting unit including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, changes in the business environment and reporting unit-specific events. If, based on the qualitative assessment, we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying value, then a quantitative assessment is not necessary. However, if a quantitative assessment is determined to be necessary, we compare the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value and, if necessary, recognize
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an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. Our estimate of fair value is based primarily on the discounted cash flows of the underlying operations.
As of December 31, 2020, we completed qualitative assessments for our Aerospace, Marine Systems and Combat Systems reporting units as the estimated fair values of each of these reporting units significantly exceeded the respective carrying values based on our most recent quantitative assessments, which were performed as of December 31, 2018. Our qualitative assessments, including consideration of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, did not present indicators of impairment for these reporting units.
Effective December 31, 2020, we reorganized our Information Technology and Mission Systems operating segments into a single segment: Technologies. This reorganization similarly changed the composition of our reporting units. Accordingly, goodwill of the Information Technology and Mission Systems reporting units was combined and assigned to the Technologies reporting unit. We performed goodwill impairment assessments immediately prior to the change, and the results indicated that no impairment existed at the former Information Technology and Mission Systems reporting units. As of December 31, 2020, we completed a quantitative assessment for our Technologies reporting unit, and the fair value was well in excess of its carrying value. For a summary of our goodwill by reporting unit, see Note C.
Accounting Standards Updates. Effective January 1, 2020, we adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-13 significantly changes how entities account for credit losses for financial assets and certain other instruments, including trade receivables and contract assets, that are not measured at fair value through net income. The ASU requires a number of changes to the assessment of credit losses, including the utilization of an expected credit loss model, which requires consideration of a broader range of information to estimate expected credit losses over the entire lifetime of the asset, including losses where probability is considered remote. Additionally, the standard requires the estimation of lifetime expected losses for trade receivables and contract assets that are classified as current. We adopted the standard on a modified retrospective basis and recognized the cumulative effect as a $37 decrease to retained earnings on the date of adoption.
Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 842, Leases. ASC Topic 842 requires the recognition of lease rights and obligations as assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. Previously, lessees were not required to recognize on the balance sheet assets and liabilities arising from operating leases. As we elected the cumulative-effect adoption method, prior-period information has not been restated.
There are other accounting standards that have been issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) but are not effective until after December 31, 2020. These standards are not expected to have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

B. REVENUE
Performance Obligations. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, and is the unit of account for revenue. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation within that contract and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. The majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer the individual goods or services is not separately identifiable from
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other promises in the contracts and is, therefore, not distinct. Some of our contracts have multiple performance obligations, most commonly due to the contract covering multiple phases of the product life cycle (development, production, maintenance and support). For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. The primary method used to estimate standalone selling price is the expected cost plus a margin approach, under which we forecast our expected costs of satisfying a performance obligation and then add an appropriate margin for that distinct good or service.
Contract modifications are routine in the performance of our contracts. Contracts are often modified to account for changes in contract specifications or requirements. In most instances, contract modifications are for goods or services that are not distinct and, therefore, are accounted for as part of the existing contract.
Our performance obligations are satisfied over time as work progresses or at a point in time. Revenue from products and services transferred to customers over time accounted for 77% of our revenue in 2020, 73% in 2019 and 74% in 2018. Substantially all of our revenue in the defense segments is recognized over time, because control is transferred continuously to our customers. Typically, revenue is recognized over time using costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress toward satisfying our performance obligations. Incurred cost represents work performed, which corresponds with, and thereby best depicts, the transfer of control to the customer. Contract costs include labor, material, overhead and, when appropriate, G&A expenses.
Revenue from goods and services transferred to customers at a point in time accounted for 23% of our revenue in 2020, 27% in 2019 and 26% in 2018. Most of our revenue recognized at a point in time is for the manufacture of business jet aircraft in our Aerospace segment. Revenue on these contracts is recognized when the customer obtains control of the asset, which is generally upon delivery and acceptance by the customer of the fully outfitted aircraft.
On December 31, 2020, we had $89.5 billion of remaining performance obligations, which we also refer to as total backlog. We expect to recognize approximately 35% of our remaining performance obligations as revenue in 2021, an additional 30% by 2023 and the balance thereafter.
Contract Estimates. The majority of our revenue is derived from long-term contracts and programs that can span several years. Accounting for long-term contracts and programs involves the use of various techniques to estimate total contract revenue and costs. For long-term contracts, we estimate the profit on a contract as the difference between the total estimated revenue and expected costs to complete a contract and recognize that profit over the life of the contract.
Contract estimates are based on various assumptions to project the outcome of future events that often span several years. These assumptions include labor productivity and availability; the complexity of the work to be performed; the cost and availability of materials; the performance of subcontractors; and the availability and timing of funding from the customer.
The nature of our contracts gives rise to several types of variable consideration, including claims and award and incentive fees. We include in our contract estimates additional revenue for submitted contract modifications or claims against the customer when we believe we have an enforceable right to the modification or claim, the amount can be estimated reliably and its realization is probable. In evaluating these criteria, we consider the contractual/legal basis for the claim, the cause of any additional costs incurred, the reasonableness of those costs and the objective evidence available to support the claim. We
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include award or incentive fees in the estimated transaction price when there is a basis to reasonably estimate the amount of the fee. These estimates are based on historical award experience, anticipated performance and our best judgment at the time. Because of our certainty in estimating these amounts, they are included in the transaction price of our contracts and the associated remaining performance obligations.
As a significant change in one or more of these estimates could affect the profitability of our contracts, we review and update our contract-related estimates regularly. We recognize adjustments in estimated profit on contracts under the cumulative catch-up method. Under this method, the impact of the adjustment on profit recorded to date on a contract is recognized in the period the adjustment is identified. Revenue and profit in future periods of contract performance are recognized using the adjusted estimate. If at any time the estimate of contract profitability indicates an anticipated loss on the contract, we recognize the total loss in the period it is identified.
The impact of adjustments in contract estimates on our operating earnings can be reflected in either operating costs and expenses or revenue. The aggregate impact of adjustments in contract estimates increased our revenue, operating earnings and diluted earnings per share as follows:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
Revenue $ 389  $ 342  $ 377 
Operating earnings 283  271  345 
Diluted earnings per share $ 0.78  $ 0.74  $ 0.91 
No adjustment on any one contract was material to the Consolidated Financial Statements in 2020, 2019 or 2018.
Revenue by Category. Our portfolio of products and services consists of approximately 10,000 active contracts. The following series of tables presents our revenue disaggregated by several categories.
Revenue by major products and services was as follows:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
Aircraft manufacturing $ 6,115  $ 7,541  $ 6,262 
Aircraft services and completions 1,960  2,260  2,193 
Total Aerospace 8,075  9,801  8,455 
Nuclear-powered submarines 6,938  6,254  5,712 
Surface ships 2,055  1,912  1,872 
Repair and other services 986  1,017  918 
Total Marine Systems 9,979  9,183  8,502 
Military vehicles 4,687  4,620  4,027 
Weapons systems, armament and munitions 1,991  1,906  1,798 
Engineering and other services 545  481  416 
Total Combat Systems 7,223  7,007  6,241 
Information technology (IT) services 7,892  8,422  8,269 
C4ISR* solutions 4,756  4,937  4,726 
Total Technologies 12,648  13,359  12,995 
Total revenue $ 37,925  $ 39,350  $ 36,193 
*Command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance
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Revenue by contract type was as follows:
Year Ended December 31, 2020 Aerospace Marine Systems Combat Systems Technologies Total
Revenue
Fixed-price $ 7,402  $ 6,924  $ 6,159  $ 5,794  $ 26,279 
Cost-reimbursement —  3,045  997  5,300  9,342 
Time-and-materials 673  10  67  1,554  2,304 
Total revenue $ 8,075  $ 9,979  $ 7,223  $ 12,648  $ 37,925 
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Fixed-price $ 8,949  $ 6,331  $ 6,049  $ 6,344  $ 27,673 
Cost-reimbursement —  2,839  894  5,263  8,996 
Time-and-materials 852  13  64  1,752  2,681 
Total revenue $ 9,801  $ 9,183  $ 7,007  $ 13,359  $ 39,350 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
Fixed-price $ 7,600  $ 5,493  $ 5,406  $ 6,107  $ 24,606 
Cost-reimbursement —  3,004  800  5,283  9,087 
Time-and-materials 855  5  35  1,605  2,500 
Total revenue $ 8,455  $ 8,502  $ 6,241  $ 12,995  $ 36,193 
Our segments operate under fixed-price, cost-reimbursement and time-and-materials contracts. Our production contracts are primarily fixed-price. Under these contracts, we agree to perform a specific scope of work for a fixed amount. Contracts for research, engineering, repair and maintenance, and other services are typically cost-reimbursement or time-and-materials. Under cost-reimbursement contracts, the customer reimburses contract costs incurred and pays a fixed, incentive or award-based fee. These fees are determined by our ability to achieve targets set in the contract, such as cost, quality, schedule and performance. Under time-and-materials contracts, the customer pays a fixed hourly rate for direct labor and generally reimburses us for the cost of materials.
Each of these contract types presents advantages and disadvantages. Typically, we assume more risk with fixed-price contracts. However, these types of contracts offer additional profits when we complete the work for less than originally estimated. Cost-reimbursement contracts generally subject us to lower risk. Accordingly, the associated base fees are usually lower than fees earned on fixed-price contracts. Under time-and-materials contracts, our profit may vary if actual labor-hour rates vary significantly from the negotiated rates. Also, because these contracts can provide little or no fee for managing material costs, the content mix can impact profitability.
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Revenue by customer was as follows:
Year Ended December 31, 2020 Aerospace Marine Systems Combat Systems Technologies Total
Revenue
U.S. government:
Department of Defense (DoD)
$ 394  $ 9,656  $ 3,813  $ 6,977  $ 20,840 
Non-DoD —  9  12  4,705  4,726 
Foreign Military Sales (FMS) 119  206  366  46  737 
Total U.S. government 513  9,871  4,191  11,728  26,303 
U.S. commercial 4,268  97  254  272  4,891 
Non-U.S. government 221  9  2,704  551  3,485 
Non-U.S. commercial 3,073  2  74  97  3,246 
Total revenue $ 8,075  $ 9,979  $ 7,223  $ 12,648  $ 37,925 
Year Ended December 31, 2019
U.S. government:
DoD $ 305  $ 8,837  $ 3,695  $ 7,027  $ 19,864 
Non-DoD 88  2  13  5,151  5,254 
FMS 105  188  340  56  689 
Total U.S. government 498  9,027  4,048  12,234  25,807 
U.S. commercial 5,270  142  229  327  5,968 
Non-U.S. government 399  9  2,663  673  3,744 
Non-U.S. commercial 3,634  5  67  125  3,831 
Total revenue $ 9,801  $ 9,183  $ 7,007  $ 13,359  $ 39,350 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
U.S. government:
DoD $ 236  $ 8,098  $ 2,903  $ 6,437  $ 17,674 
Non-DoD —  2  8  5,296  5,306 
FMS 98  145  317  66  626 
Total U.S. government 334  8,245  3,228  11,799  23,606 
U.S. commercial 3,983  245  251  301  4,780 
Non-U.S. government 546  10  2,698  743  3,997 
Non-U.S. commercial 3,592  2  64  152  3,810 
Total revenue $ 8,455  $ 8,502  $ 6,241  $ 12,995  $ 36,193 
Contract Balances. The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (contract assets), and customer advances and deposits (contract liabilities) on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. In our defense segments, amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals (e.g., biweekly or monthly) or upon achievement of contractual milestones. Generally, billing occurs subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets. However, we sometimes receive advances or deposits from our customers, particularly on our international contracts, before revenue is recognized, resulting in contract liabilities. These assets and liabilities are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. In our Aerospace segment, we generally receive deposits from customers upon contract execution and upon achievement of contractual milestones. These deposits are liquidated when revenue is recognized. Changes in the contract asset and
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liability balances during the year ended December 31, 2020, were not materially impacted by any other factors.
Revenue recognized in 2020, 2019 and 2018 that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of each year was $3.8 billion, $4.5 billion and $4.3 billion, respectively. This revenue represented primarily the sale of business jet aircraft.

C. ACQUISITIONS AND DIVESTITURES, GOODWILL, AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Acquisitions and Divestitures
In 2020, we acquired three businesses in our Aerospace segment and two businesses in our Combat Systems segment for an aggregate of approximately $205.
In 2019, we acquired two businesses in our Aerospace segment and a business in our Technologies segment for an aggregate of approximately $20.
In 2018, in addition to the acquisition of CSRA (described below), we acquired three businesses in our Aerospace segment, a business in our Combat Systems segment and a business in our Technologies segment for an aggregate of approximately $400.
The operating results of these acquisitions have been included with our reported results since the respective closing dates. The purchase prices of the acquisitions have been allocated to the estimated fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired, with any excess purchase price recorded as goodwill.
In 2020, we completed the sale of a business in our Aerospace segment and two businesses in our Technologies segment, one of which was classified as held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheet on December 31, 2019. In 2019, we completed the sale of a business in our Technologies segment that was classified as held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheet on December 31, 2018. In 2018, we completed the sale of three businesses in our Technologies segment: a commercial health products business, CSRA operations that we were required by a government customer to dispose of to address an organizational conflict of interest with respect to services provided to the customer and a public-facing contact-center business.
CSRA Acquisition
On April 3, 2018, we acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of CSRA for $41.25 per share in cash plus the assumption of outstanding net debt. CSRA is a provider of IT solutions to the defense, intelligence and federal civilian markets and is included in our Technologies segment.
Fair Value of Net Assets Acquired. The following table summarizes the allocation of the $9.7 billion cash purchase price to the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the acquisition date, with the excess recorded as goodwill:
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Cash and equivalents $ 45 
Accounts receivable 155 
Unbilled receivables 415 
Other current assets 303 
Property, plant and equipment, net 326 
Intangible assets, net 2,066 
Goodwill 7,935 
Other noncurrent assets 369 
Total assets $ 11,614 
Accounts payable $ (135)
Customer advances and deposits (151)
Current lease obligation (51)
Other current liabilities (434)
Noncurrent lease obligation (207)
Noncurrent deferred tax liability (355)
Other noncurrent liabilities (532)
Total liabilities $ (1,865)
Net assets acquired $ 9,749 
Pro Forma Information (Unaudited). The following pro forma information presents our consolidated revenue and earnings from continuing operations as if the acquisition of CSRA and the related financing transactions had occurred on January 1, 2017:
Year Ended December 31 2018
Revenue $ 37,534 
Earnings from continuing operations 3,390 
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations $ 11.33 
The pro forma information was prepared by combining our reported historical results with the historical results of CSRA for the pre-acquisition periods. In addition, the reported historical amounts were adjusted for the following items, net of associated tax effects:
•    The impact of acquisition financing.
•    The removal of CSRA operations that we were required by a government customer to dispose of to address an organizational conflict of interest with respect to services provided to the customer.
•    The removal of CSRA’s historical pre-acquisition intangible asset amortization expense and debt-related interest expense.
•    The impact of intangible asset amortization expense assuming our estimate of fair value was applied on January 1, 2017.
•    The payment of acquisition-related costs assuming they were incurred on January 1, 2017.
The pro forma information does not reflect the realization of expected cost savings or synergies from the acquisition, and does not reflect what our combined results of operations would have been had the acquisition occurred on January 1, 2017.
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Goodwill
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reporting unit were as follows:
Aerospace Marine Systems Combat Systems Information Technology Mission Systems Technologies Total Goodwill
December 31, 2018 (a) $ 2,813  $ 297  $ 2,633  $ 9,622  $ 4,229  $ —  $ 19,594 
Acquisitions/divestitures (b) 3  —  15  77  6  —  101 
Other (c) 15  —  33  1  (67) —  (18)
December 31, 2019 (a) 2,831  297  2,681  9,700  4,168  —  19,677 
Acquisitions (b) 72  —  65  —  —  —  137 
Other (c) 162  —  40  46  (9) —  239 
Change in reporting unit composition (d) —  —  —  (9,746) (4,159) 13,905  — 
December 31, 2020 (e) $ 3,065  $ 297  $ 2,786  $ —  $ —  $ 13,905  $ 20,053 
(a)Goodwill in the Information Technology and Mission Systems reporting units is net of $536 and $1.3 billion of accumulated impairment losses, respectively.
(b)Includes adjustments during the purchase price allocation period.
(c)Consists primarily of adjustments for foreign currency translation and for the allocation of goodwill to operations classified as held for sale.
(d)Effective December 31, 2020, we reorganized our Information Technology and Mission Systems operating segments into a single Technologies segment. See Note A for additional information regarding the segment reorganization. This reorganization similarly changed the composition of our reporting units. Accordingly, goodwill of the Information Technology and Mission Systems reporting units was combined and assigned to the Technologies reporting unit.
(e)Goodwill in the Technologies reporting unit is net of $1.8 billion of accumulated impairment losses.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets consisted of the following:
Gross Carrying Amount (a) Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Gross Carrying Amount (a) Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount
December 31 2020 2019
Contract and program intangible assets (b) $ 3,399  $ (1,600) $ 1,799  $ 3,776  $ (1,779) $ 1,997 
Trade names and trademarks 516  (229) 287  474  (195) 279 
Technology and software 134  (106) 28  164  (126) 38 
Other intangible assets 161  (158) 3  159  (158) 1 
Total intangible assets $ 4,210  $ (2,093) $ 2,117  $ 4,573  $ (2,258) $ 2,315 
(a)Changes in gross carrying amounts consist primarily of adjustments for write-offs of fully amortized intangible assets, acquired intangible assets and foreign currency translation.
(b)Consists of acquired backlog and probable follow-on work and associated customer relationships.
We did not recognize any impairments of our intangible assets in 2020, 2019 or 2018. The amortization lives (in years) of our intangible assets on December 31, 2020, were as follows:
Intangible Asset Range of Amortization Life
Contract and program intangible assets
7-30
Trade names and trademarks 30
Technology and software
5-15
Other intangible assets 7
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Amortization expense is included in operating costs and expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. Amortization expense for intangible assets was $261 in 2020, $277 in 2019 and $270 in 2018. We expect to record annual amortization expense over the next five years as follows:
Year Ended December 31 Amortization Expense
2021 $ 221 
2022 197 
2023 180 
2024 170 
2025 162 

D. EARNINGS PER SHARE
We compute basic earnings per share (EPS) using net earnings for the period and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Basic weighted average shares outstanding have decreased in 2020 and 2019 due to share repurchases. See Note M for further discussion of our share repurchases. Diluted EPS incorporates the additional shares issuable upon the assumed exercise of stock options and the release of restricted stock and restricted stock units (RSUs).
Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding were as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
Basic weighted average shares outstanding 286,922  288,286  295,262 
Dilutive effect of stock options and restricted stock/RSUs*
991  2,550  3,898 
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding 287,913  290,836  299,160 
*Excludes outstanding options to purchase shares of common stock that had exercise prices in excess of the average market price of our common stock during the year and, therefore, the effect of including these options would be antidilutive. These options totaled 7,159 in 2020, 4,985 in 2019 and 3,143 in 2018.

E. FAIR VALUE
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between marketplace participants. Various valuation approaches can be used to determine fair value, each requiring different valuation inputs. The following hierarchy classifies the inputs used to determine fair value into three levels:
•Level 1 - quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
•Level 2 - inputs, other than quoted prices, observable by a marketplace participant either directly or indirectly.
•Level 3 - unobservable inputs significant to the fair value measurement.
We did not have any significant non-financial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on December 31, 2020 or 2019.
Our financial instruments include cash and equivalents, accounts receivable and payable, marketable securities held in trust and other investments, short- and long-term debt, and derivative financial instruments. The carrying values of cash and equivalents and accounts receivable and payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet approximate their fair value. The following tables present the fair values of
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our other financial assets and liabilities on December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the basis for determining their fair values:
Carrying
Value 		Fair
Value 		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1) 		Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2) 		Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Financial Assets (Liabilities) December 31, 2020
Measured at fair value:
    Marketable securities held in trust:
        Cash and equivalents $ 19  $ 19  $ 17  $ 2  $ — 
        Available-for-sale debt securities 134  134  —  134  — 
        Equity securities 58  58  58  —  — 
    Other investments 9  9  —  —  9 
    Cash flow hedges 419  419  —  419  — 
Measured at amortized cost:
    Short- and long-term debt principal (13,117) (14,606) —  (14,606) — 
December 31, 2019
Measured at fair value:
    Marketable securities held in trust:
        Cash and equivalents $ 24  $ 24  $ 11  $ 13  $ — 
        Available-for-sale debt securities 129  129  —  129  — 
        Equity securities 54  54  54  —  — 
    Other investments 4  4  —  —  4 
    Cash flow hedges 26  26  —  26  — 
Measured at amortized cost:
    Short- and long-term debt principal (12,005) (12,339) —  (12,339) — 
Our Level 1 assets include investments in publicly traded equity securities valued using quoted prices from the market exchanges. The fair value of our Level 2 assets and liabilities, which consist primarily of fixed-income securities, cash flow hedge assets and our fixed-rate notes, is determined under a market approach using valuation models that incorporate observable inputs such as interest rates, bond yields and quoted prices for similar assets. Our Level 3 assets include direct private equity investments that are measured using inputs unobservable to a marketplace participant.

F. INCOME TAXES
Income Tax Provision. We calculate our provision for federal, state and foreign income taxes based on current tax law. The following is a summary of our net provision for income taxes for continuing operations:
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Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
Current:
U.S. federal $ 558  $ 471  $ 587 
State 8  36  48 
Foreign 132  119  95 
Total current 698  626  730 
Deferred:
U.S. federal (130) 49  (37)
State (2) 1  8 
Foreign 5  42  26 
Total deferred (127) 92  (3)
Provision for income taxes, net $ 571  $ 718  $ 727 
Net income tax payments $ 764  $ 572  $ 532 
The reported tax provision differs from the amounts paid because some income and expense items are recognized in different time periods for financial reporting than for income tax purposes. State and local income taxes allocable to U.S. government contracts are included in operating costs and expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings and, therefore, are not included in the provision above.
The reconciliation from the statutory federal income tax rate to our effective income tax rate follows:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
Statutory federal income tax rate 21.0  % 21.0  % 21.0  %
Domestic tax credits (4.6) (2.0) (1.1)
Equity-based compensation (0.2) (1.1) (1.1)
Contract close-outs —  —  (0.5)
Foreign derived intangible income (2.1) (1.4) (1.2)
State tax on commercial operations, net of federal benefits 0.1  0.7  1.1 
Global impact of international operations 1.9  0.2  0.6 
Other, net (0.8) (0.3) (1.0)
Effective income tax rate 15.3  % 17.1  % 17.8  %
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Net Deferred Tax Liability. The tax effects of temporary differences between reported earnings and taxable income consisted of the following:
December 31 2020 2019
Retirement benefits $ 1,042  $ 990 
Lease liabilities 373  418 
Tax loss and credit carryforwards 311  323 
Salaries and wages 259  167 
Workers’ compensation 167  148 
Other 373  367 
Deferred assets 2,525  2,413 
Valuation allowances (273) (291)
Net deferred assets $ 2,252  $ 2,122 
Intangible assets $ (1,067) $ (1,070)
Lease right-of-use assets (379) (418)
Contract accounting methods (311) (375)
Property, plant and equipment (270) (291)
Capital Construction Fund qualified ships (59) (164)
Other (590) (359)
Deferred liabilities $ (2,676) $ (2,677)
Net deferred tax liability $ (424) $ (555)
Our deferred tax assets and liabilities are included in other noncurrent assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Our net deferred tax liability consisted of the following:
December 31 2020 2019
Deferred tax asset $ 37  $ 33 
Deferred tax liability (461) (588)
Net deferred tax liability $ (424) $ (555)
We believe it is more likely than not that we will generate sufficient taxable income in future periods to realize our deferred tax assets, subject to the valuation allowances recognized.
Our deferred tax balance associated with our retirement benefits includes a deferred tax asset of $1.2 billion on December 31, 2020 and $1.1 billion on December 31, 2019, related to the amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) to recognize the funded status of our retirement plans. See Notes M and R for additional details.
One of our deferred tax liabilities results from our participation in the Capital Construction Fund (CCF), a program established by the U.S. government and administered by the Maritime Administration that supports the acquisition, construction, reconstruction or operation of U.S. flag merchant marine vessels. The program allows us to defer federal and state income taxes on earnings derived from eligible programs as long as the proceeds are deposited in the fund and withdrawals are used for qualified activities. We had U.S. government accounts receivable pledged (and thereby deposited) to the CCF of $295 and $340 on December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
On December 31, 2020, we had net operating loss carryforwards of $1.1 billion, substantially all of which are associated with jurisdictions that have an indefinite carryforward period.
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Tax Uncertainties. We participate in the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Compliance Assurance Process (CAP), a real-time audit of our consolidated federal corporate income tax return. The IRS has examined our consolidated federal income tax returns through 2019.
For all periods open to examination by tax authorities, we periodically assess our liabilities and contingencies based on the latest available information. Where we believe there is more than a 50% chance that our tax position will not be sustained, we record our best estimate of the resulting tax liability, including interest, in the Consolidated Financial Statements. We include any interest or penalties incurred in connection with income taxes as part of income tax expense.
Based on all known facts and circumstances and current tax law, we believe the total amount of any unrecognized tax benefits on December 31, 2020, was not material to our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. In addition, there are no tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that the unrecognized tax benefits will vary significantly over the next 12 months, producing, individually or in the aggregate, a material effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

G. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
Accounts receivable represent amounts billed and currently due from customers. Payment is typically received from our customers either at periodic intervals (e.g., biweekly or monthly) or upon achievement of contractual milestones. Accounts receivable consisted of the following:
December 31 2020 2019
Non-U.S. government $ 1,701  $ 1,847 
U.S. government 1,040  1,076 
Commercial 420  621 
Total accounts receivable $ 3,161  $ 3,544 
Receivables from non-U.S. government customers included amounts related to long-term production programs for the Spanish Ministry of Defence of $1.6 billion and $1.7 billion on December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. A different ministry, the Spanish Ministry of Industry, has funded work on these programs in advance of costs incurred by the company. The cash advances are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet in current customer advances and deposits and will be repaid to the Ministry of Industry as we collect on the outstanding receivables from the Ministry of Defence. The net amounts for these programs on December 31, 2020 and 2019, were advance payments of $245 and $295, respectively. With respect to our other receivables, we expect to collect substantially all of the year-end 2020 balance during 2021.

H. UNBILLED RECEIVABLES
Unbilled receivables represent revenue recognized on long-term contracts (contract costs and estimated profits) less associated advances and progress billings. These amounts will be billed in accordance with the agreed-upon contractual terms. Unbilled receivables consisted of the following:
December 31 2020 2019
Unbilled revenue $ 36,657  $ 33,481 
Advances and progress billings (28,633) (25,624)
Net unbilled receivables $ 8,024  $ 7,857 
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On December 31, 2020 and 2019, net unbilled receivables included $2.8 billion and $2.9 billion, respectively, associated with a large international wheeled armored vehicle contract in our Combat Systems segment. We had experienced delays in payment under the contract in 2018 and 2019, which resulted in the large unbilled receivables balances. In March 2020, we finalized a contract amendment with the customer that included a revised payment schedule. Under the amended contract, we received two $500 progress payments, one in each of the first and second quarters of 2020. Further progress payments will be due annually that will liquidate the net unbilled receivables balance over the next few years. Other than the balance related to the large international vehicle contract, we expect to bill substantially all of the remaining year-end 2020 net unbilled receivables balance during 2021. The amount not expected to be billed in 2021 results primarily from the agreed-upon contractual billing terms.
G&A costs in unbilled revenue on December 31, 2020 and 2019, were $427 and $441, respectively. Contract costs also may include estimated contract recoveries for matters such as contract changes and claims for unanticipated contract costs. We record revenue associated with these matters only when the amount of recovery can be estimated reliably and realization is probable.

I. INVENTORIES
The majority of our inventories are for business jet aircraft. Our inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Work in process represents largely labor, material and overhead costs associated with aircraft in the manufacturing process and is based primarily on the estimated average unit cost in a production lot. Raw materials are valued primarily on the first-in, first-out method. We record pre-owned aircraft acquired in connection with the sale of new aircraft at the lower of the trade-in value or the estimated net realizable value.
Inventories consisted of the following:
December 31 2020 2019
Work in process $ 3,990  $ 4,419 
Raw materials 1,712  1,733 
Finished goods 30  30 
Pre-owned aircraft 13  124 
Total inventories $ 5,745  $ 6,306 

J. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET
Property, plant and equipment (PP&E) is carried at historical cost, net of accumulated depreciation. PP&E by major asset class consisted of the following:
December 31 2020 2019
Machinery and equipment $ 5,941  $ 5,441 
Buildings and improvements 3,558  3,232 
Construction in process 802  688 
Land and improvements 413  400 
Total PP&E 10,714  9,761 
Accumulated depreciation (5,614) (5,286)
PP&E, net $ 5,100  $ 4,475 
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We depreciate most of our assets using the straight-line method and the remainder using accelerated methods. Buildings and improvements are depreciated over periods of up to 50 years. Machinery and equipment are depreciated over periods of up to 30 years. Our government customers provide certain facilities and equipment for our use that are not included above.

K. DEBT
Debt consisted of the following:
December 31 2020 2019
Fixed-rate notes due: Interest rate:
May 2020 2.875% $ —  $ 2,000 
May 2021 3.000% 2,000  2,000 
July 2021 3.875% 500  500 
November 2022 2.250% 1,000  1,000 
May 2023 3.375% 750  750 
August 2023 1.875% 500  500 
November 2024 2.375% 500  500 
April 2025 3.250% 750  — 
May 2025 3.500% 750  750 
August 2026 2.125% 500  500 
April 2027 3.500% 750  — 
November 2027 2.625% 500  500 
May 2028 3.750% 1,000  1,000 
April 2030 3.625% 1,000  — 
April 2040 4.250% 750  — 
November 2042 3.600% 500  500 
April 2050 4.250% 750  — 
Floating-rate notes due:
May 2020 3-month LIBOR + 0.29% —  500 
May 2021 3-month LIBOR + 0.38% 500  500 
Other Various 117  505 
Total debt principal 13,117  12,005 
Less unamortized debt issuance costs
and discounts 		119  75 
Total debt 12,998  11,930 
Less current portion 3,003  2,920 
Long-term debt $ 9,995  $ 9,010 
In March 2020, we issued $4 billion of fixed-rate notes. The proceeds were used to repay $2.5 billion of fixed- and floating-rate notes that matured in May 2020 and for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of a portion of our borrowings under our commercial paper program. We also amended two of our credit facilities to, among other things, extend their expiration dates.
Interest payments associated with our debt were $459 in 2020, $434 in 2019 and $312 in 2018.
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The aggregate amounts of scheduled principal maturities of our debt are as follows:
Year Ended December 31 Debt
Principal
2021 $ 3,006 
2022 1,010 
2023 1,255 
2024 505 
2025 1,503 
Thereafter 5,838 
Total debt principal $ 13,117 
On December 31, 2020, we had no commercial paper outstanding, but we maintain the ability to access the commercial paper market in the future. Separately, we have $5 billion in committed bank credit facilities for general corporate purposes and working capital needs and to support our commercial paper issuances. These credit facilities include a $2 billion 364-day facility expiring in March 2021, a $2 billion multi-year facility expiring in March 2023 and a $1 billion multi-year facility expiring in March 2025. We may renew or replace these credit facilities in whole or in part at or prior to their expiration dates. We also have an effective shelf registration on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission that allows us to access the debt markets.
Our financing arrangements contain a number of customary covenants and restrictions. We were in compliance with all covenants and restrictions on December 31, 2020.

L. OTHER LIABILITIES
A summary of significant other liabilities by balance sheet caption follows:
December 31 2020 2019
Salaries and wages $ 1,007  $ 941 
Workers’ compensation
338  306 
Retirement benefits 306  296 
Operating lease liabilities 262  252 
Fair value of cash flow hedges 79  32 
Other (a)
1,741  1,744 
Total other current liabilities $ 3,733  $ 3,571 
Retirement benefits $ 5,182  $ 5,172 
Operating lease liabilities 1,149  1,251 
Customer deposits on commercial contracts
872  709 
Deferred income taxes 461  588 
Other (b)
2,024  1,840 
Total other liabilities $ 9,688  $ 9,560 
(a)Consists primarily of dividends payable, taxes payable, environmental remediation reserves, warranty reserves, deferred revenue and supplier contributions in the Aerospace segment, liabilities of discontinued operations, finance lease liabilities and insurance-related costs.
(b)Consists primarily of warranty reserves, workers’ compensation liabilities, finance lease liabilities and liabilities of discontinued operations.


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M. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Authorized Stock. Our authorized capital stock consists of 500 million shares of $1 per share par value common stock and 50 million shares of $1 per share par value preferred stock. The preferred stock is issuable in series, with the rights, preferences and limitations of each series to be determined by our board of directors.
Shares Issued and Outstanding. On December 31, 2020, we had 481,880,634 shares of common stock issued and 286,477,836 shares of common stock outstanding, including unvested restricted stock of 488,435 shares. On December 31, 2019, we had 481,880,634 shares of common stock issued and 289,610,336 shares of common stock outstanding. No shares of our preferred stock were outstanding on either date. The only changes in our shares outstanding during 2020 and 2019 resulted from shares repurchased in the open market and share activity under our equity compensation plans. See Note Q for additional details.
Share Repurchases. Our board of directors from time to time authorizes management to repurchase outstanding shares of our common stock on the open market. On March 4, 2020, the board of directors authorized management to repurchase up to 10 million additional shares of the company’s outstanding stock. In 2020, we repurchased 4.1 million of our outstanding shares for $602. On December 31, 2020, 12.3 million shares remained authorized by our board of directors for repurchase, representing 4.3% of our total shares outstanding. We repurchased 1.1 million shares for $184 in 2019 and 10.1 million shares for $1.8 billion in 2018.
Dividends per Share. Our board of directors declared dividends per share of $4.40 in 2020, $4.08 in 2019 and $3.72 in 2018. We paid cash dividends of $1.2 billion in 2020 and 2019 and $1.1 billion in 2018.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss. The changes, pretax and net of tax, in each component of AOCL consisted of the following:
(Losses)/Gains on Cash Flow Hedges Unrealized Gains on Marketable Securities Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments Changes in Retirement Plans’ Funded Status AOCL
December 31, 2017 $ (94) $ 19  $ 402  $ (2,846) $ (2,519)
Cumulative-effect adjustments* (4) (19) —  (550) (573)
Other comprehensive loss, pretax 36  —  (300) (45) (309)
Benefit from income tax, net (9) —  —  10  1 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax 27  —  (300) (35) (308)
December 31, 2018 (71) —  102  (3,431) (3,400)
Other comprehensive loss, pretax 97  —  186  (857) (574)
Benefit from income tax, net (24) —  —  180  156 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax 73  —  186  (677) (418)
December 31, 2019 2  —  288  (4,108) (3,818)
Other comprehensive income, pretax 366  —  353  (453) 266 
Benefit from income tax, net (96) —  —  98  2 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax 270  —  353  (355) 268 
December 31, 2020 $ 272  $ —  $ 641  $ (4,463) $ (3,550)
*Reflects the cumulative effects of ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, and ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which we adopted on January 1, 2018.
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Amounts reclassified out of AOCL related primarily to changes in our retirement plans’ funded status and included pretax recognized net actuarial losses and amortization of prior service credit. See Note R for these amounts, which are included in our net periodic pension and other post-retirement benefit cost.

N. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
We are exposed to market risk, primarily from foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, commodity prices and investments. We may use derivative financial instruments to hedge some of these risks as described below. We do not use derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Foreign Currency Risk. Our foreign currency exchange rate risk relates to receipts from customers, payments to suppliers and inter-company transactions denominated in foreign currencies. To the extent possible, we include terms in our contracts that are designed to protect us from this risk. Otherwise, we enter into derivative financial instruments, principally foreign currency forward purchase and sale contracts, designed to offset and minimize our risk. The dollar-weighted two-year average maturity of these instruments generally matches the duration of the activities that are at risk.
Interest Rate Risk. Our financial instruments subject to interest rate risk include fixed- and floating-rate long-term debt obligations. We entered into derivative financial instruments, specifically interest rate swap contracts, to eliminate our floating-rate interest risk. The interest rate risk associated with our financial instruments is not material.
Commodity Price Risk. We are subject to rising labor and commodity price risk, primarily on long-term, fixed-price contracts. To the extent possible, we include terms in our contracts that are designed to protect us from these risks. Some of the protective terms included in our contracts are considered derivative financial instruments but are not accounted for separately, because they are clearly and closely related to the host contract. We have not entered into any material commodity hedging contracts but may do so as circumstances warrant. We do not believe that changes in labor or commodity prices will have a material impact on our results of operations or cash flows.
Investment Risk. Our investment policy allows for purchases of fixed-income securities with an investment-grade rating and a maximum maturity of up to five years. On December 31, 2020 and 2019, we held $2.8 billion and $902 in cash and equivalents, respectively, but held no marketable securities other than those held in trust to meet some of our obligations under workers’ compensation and non-qualified pension plans. On December 31, 2020 and 2019, we held marketable securities in trust of $211 and $207, respectively. These marketable securities are reflected at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet in other current and noncurrent assets. See Note E for additional details.
Hedging Activities. We had notional forward exchange and interest rate swap contracts outstanding of $9.4 billion and $5 billion on December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These derivative financial instruments are cash flow hedges, and are reflected at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet in other current assets and liabilities. See Note E for additional details.
Changes in fair value (gains and losses) related to derivative financial instruments that qualify as cash flow hedges are deferred in AOCL until the underlying transaction is reflected in earnings. Alternatively, gains and losses on derivative financial instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recorded each period in earnings. All gains and losses from derivative financial
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instruments recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings are presented in the same line item as the underlying transaction, either operating costs and expenses or interest expense.
Net gains and losses recognized in earnings on derivative financial instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting were not material to our results of operations in any of the past three years. Net gains and losses reclassified to earnings from AOCL related to qualified hedges were also not material to our results of operations in any of the past three years, and we do not expect the amount of these gains and losses that will be reclassified to earnings during the next 12 months to be material.
We had no material derivative financial instruments designated as fair value or net investment hedges on December 31, 2020 or 2019.
Foreign Currency Financial Statement Translation. We translate foreign currency balance sheets from our international businesses’ functional currency (generally the respective local currency) to U.S. dollars at the end-of-period exchange rates, and statements of earnings at the average exchange rates for each period. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are a component of AOCL.
We do not hedge the fluctuation in reported revenue and earnings resulting from the translation of these international operations’ results into U.S. dollars. The impact of translating our non-U.S. operations’ revenue and earnings into U.S. dollars was not material to our results of operations in any of the past three years. In addition, the effect of changes in foreign exchange rates on non-U.S. cash balances was not material in any of the past three years.

O. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Litigation
In 2015, Electric Boat Corporation, a subsidiary of General Dynamics Corporation, received a Civil Investigative Demand from the U.S. Department of Justice regarding an investigation of potential False Claims Act violations relating to alleged failures of Electric Boat’s quality system with respect to allegedly non-conforming parts purchased from a supplier. In 2016, Electric Boat was made aware that it is a defendant in a lawsuit related to this matter which had been filed under seal in U.S. district court. Also in 2016, the Suspending and Debarring Official for the U.S. Department of the Navy issued a Show Cause Letter to Electric Boat requesting that Electric Boat respond to the official’s concerns regarding Electric Boat’s oversight and management with respect to its quality assurance systems for subcontractors and suppliers. Electric Boat responded to the Show Cause Letter and engaged in discussions with the U.S. government.
In the third quarter of 2019, the Department of Justice declined to intervene in the qui tam action, noting that its investigation continues, and the court unsealed the relator’s complaint. In the fourth quarter of 2020, the relator filed a second amended complaint. Given the current status of these matters, we are unable to express a view regarding the ultimate outcome or, if the outcome is adverse, to estimate an amount or range of reasonably possible loss. Depending on the outcome of these matters, there could be a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Additionally, various other claims and legal proceedings incidental to the normal course of business are pending or threatened against us. These other matters relate to such issues as government investigations and claims, the protection of the environment, asbestos-related claims and employee-related matters. The nature of litigation is such that we cannot predict the outcome of these other matters. However, based on information currently available, we believe any potential liabilities in these
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other proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
Environmental
We are subject to and affected by a variety of federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations. We are directly or indirectly involved in environmental investigations or remediation at some of our current and former facilities and third-party sites that we do not own but where we have been designated a Potentially Responsible Party (PRP) by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or a state environmental agency. Based on historical experience, we expect that a significant percentage of the total remediation and compliance costs associated with these facilities will continue to be allowable contract costs and, therefore, recoverable under U.S. government contracts.
As required, we provide financial assurance for certain sites undergoing or subject to investigation or remediation. We accrue environmental costs when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Where applicable, we seek insurance recovery for costs related to environmental liabilities. We do not record insurance recoveries before collection is considered probable. Based on all known facts and analyses, we do not believe that our liability at any individual site, or in the aggregate, arising from such environmental conditions will be material to our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. We also do not believe that the range of reasonably possible additional loss beyond what has been recorded would be material to our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
Other
Government Contracts. As a government contractor, we are subject to U.S. government audits and investigations relating to our operations, including claims for fines, penalties, and compensatory and treble damages. We believe the outcome of such ongoing government audits and investigations will not have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
In the performance of our contracts, we routinely request contract modifications that require additional funding from the customer. Most often, these requests are due to customer-directed changes in the scope of work. While we are entitled to recovery of these costs under our contracts, the administrative process with our customer may be protracted. Based on the circumstances, we periodically file requests for equitable adjustment (REAs) that are sometimes converted into claims. In some cases, these requests are disputed by our customer. We believe our outstanding modifications, REAs and other claims will be resolved without material impact to our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
Letters of Credit and Guarantees. In the ordinary course of business, we have entered into letters of credit, bank guarantees, surety bonds and other similar arrangements with financial institutions and insurance carriers totaling approximately $1.4 billion on December 31, 2020. In addition, from time to time and in the ordinary course of business, we contractually guarantee the payment or performance of our subsidiaries arising under certain contracts.
Aircraft Trade-ins. In connection with orders for new aircraft in contract backlog, our Aerospace segment has outstanding options with some customers to trade in aircraft as partial consideration in their new-aircraft transaction. These trade-in commitments are generally structured to establish the fair market value of the trade-in aircraft at a date generally 45 or fewer days preceding delivery of the new aircraft to the customer. At that time, the customer is required to either exercise the option or allow its expiration. Other trade-in commitments are structured to guarantee a pre-determined trade-in value. These commitments present more risk in the event of an adverse change in market conditions. In either
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case, any excess of the pre-established trade-in price above the fair market value at the time the new aircraft is delivered is treated as a reduction of revenue in the new-aircraft sales transaction. As of December 31, 2020, the estimated change in fair market values from the date of the commitments was not material.
Labor Agreements. On December 31, 2020, approximately one-fifth of the employees of our subsidiaries were working under collectively bargained terms and conditions, including 61 collective agreements that we have negotiated directly with unions and works councils. A number of these agreements expire within any given year. Historically, we have been successful at renegotiating these labor agreements without any material disruption of operating activities. In 2021, we expect to negotiate the terms of 19 agreements covering approximately 2,200 employees. We do not expect the renegotiations will, either individually or in the aggregate, have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
Product Warranties. We provide warranties to our customers associated with certain product sales. We record estimated warranty costs in the period in which the related products are delivered. The warranty liability recorded at each balance sheet date is based generally on the number of months of warranty coverage remaining for the products delivered and the average historical monthly warranty payments. Warranty obligations incurred in connection with long-term production contracts are accounted for within the contract estimates at completion. Our other warranty obligations, primarily for business jet aircraft, are included in other current and noncurrent liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
The changes in the carrying amount of warranty liabilities for each of the past three years were as follows:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
Beginning balance $ 619  $ 480  $ 467 
Warranty expense 113  258  129 
Payments (108) (105) (102)
Adjustments 36  (14) (14)
Ending balance $ 660  $ 619  $ 480 

P. LEASES
We determine at its inception whether an arrangement that provides us control over the use of an asset is a lease. We recognize at lease commencement a right-of-use (ROU) asset and lease liability based on the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term. We have elected not to recognize an ROU asset and lease liability for leases with terms of 12 months or less. Some of our leases include options to extend the term of the lease for up to 30 years or to terminate the lease within 1 year. When it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the option, we include the impact of the option in the lease term for purposes of determining total future lease payments. As most of our lease agreements do not explicitly state the discount rate implicit in the lease, we use our incremental borrowing rate on the commencement date to calculate the present value of future payments.
Our leases commonly include payments that are based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or other similar indices. These variable lease payments are included in the calculation of the ROU asset and lease liability. Other variable lease payments, such as usage-based amounts, are excluded from the ROU asset and lease liability, and are expensed as incurred. In addition to the present value of the future lease
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payments, the calculation of the ROU asset also includes any deferred rent, lease pre-payments and initial direct costs of obtaining the lease, such as commissions.
In addition to the base rent, real estate leases typically contain provisions for common-area maintenance and other similar services, which are considered non-lease components for accounting purposes. For our real estate leases, we apply a practical expedient to include these non-lease components in calculating the ROU asset and lease liability. For all other types of leases, non-lease components are excluded from our ROU assets and lease liabilities and expensed as incurred.
Our leases are for office space, manufacturing facilities, and machinery and equipment. Real estate represents over 75% of our lease obligations.
The components of lease costs were as follows:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019
Finance lease cost:
    Amortization of right-of-use assets $ 94  $ 86 
    Interest on lease liabilities 25  24 
Operating lease cost 326  332 
Short-term lease cost 62  75 
Variable lease cost 12  14 
Sublease income (16) (13)
Total lease costs, net $ 503  $ 518 
Additional information related to leases was as follows:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases
$ 323  $ 325 
Operating cash flows from finance leases
25  24 
Financing cash flows from finance leases
64  57 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities:
Operating leases
205  365 
Finance leases
45  50 
Additional quantitative lease information was as follows:
December 31 2020 2019
Weighted-average remaining lease term:
Operating leases
10.5 years 10.7 years
Finance leases
10.1 years 6.1 years
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating leases
3  % 3  %
Finance leases
7  % 8  %
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The following is a reconciliation of future undiscounted cash flows to the operating and finance lease liabilities, and the related ROU assets, presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheet on December 31, 2020:
Year Ended December 31 Operating Leases Finance Leases
2021 $ 298  $ 87 
2022 252  86 
2023 192  38 
2024 156  21 
2025 107  19 
Thereafter 705  145 
Total future lease payments 1,710  396 
Less imputed interest 299  73 
Present value of future lease payments 1,411  323 
Less current portion of lease liabilities 262  68 
Long-term lease liabilities $ 1,149  $ 255 
ROU assets $ 1,328  $ 333 
On December 31, 2019, operating and finance lease liabilities and the related ROU assets were as follows:
Operating Leases Finance Leases
Current portion of lease liabilities $ 252  $ 67 
Long-term lease liabilities 1,251  287 
ROU assets 1,432  391 
Lease liabilities are included on the Consolidated Balance Sheet in current and noncurrent other liabilities, while ROU assets are included in noncurrent other assets.
On December 31, 2020, we had additional future payments on leases that had not yet commenced of $79. These leases will commence in 2021 and 2022, and have lease terms of 1 to 20 years.
Q. EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS
Equity Compensation Overview. We have equity compensation plans for employees, as well as for non-employee members of our board of directors. The equity compensation plans seek to provide an effective means of attracting and retaining directors, officers and key employees, and to provide them with incentives to enhance our growth and profitability. Under the equity compensation plans, awards may be granted to officers, employees or non-employee directors in common stock, options to purchase common stock, restricted shares of common stock, participation units or any combination of these.
Annually, we grant awards of stock options, restricted stock and RSUs to participants in our equity compensation plans in early March. Additionally, we may make limited ad hoc grants on a quarterly basis for new hires or promotions. We issue common stock under our equity compensation plans from treasury stock. On December 31, 2020, in addition to the shares reserved for issuance upon the exercise of outstanding stock options, approximately 23 million shares have been authorized for awards that may be granted in the future.
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Equity-based Compensation Expense. Equity-based compensation expense is included in G&A expenses. The following table details the components of equity-based compensation expense recognized in net earnings in each of the past three years:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
Stock options $ 43  $ 43  $ 45 
Restricted stock/RSUs 58  62  65 
Total equity-based compensation expense, net of tax $ 101  $ 105  $ 110 
Stock Options. Stock options granted under our equity compensation plans are issued with an exercise price at the fair value of our common stock determined by the average of the high and low stock prices as listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on the date of grant. The majority of our outstanding stock options vest over three years, with 50% of the options vesting after two years and the remaining 50% vesting the following year, and expire 10 years after the grant date.
We recognize compensation expense related to stock options on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the awards, net of estimated forfeitures. Estimated forfeitures are based on our historical forfeiture experience. We estimate the fair value of stock options on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions for each of the past three years:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
Expected volatility
21.1-26.9%
19.7-20.0%
17.6-18.2%
Weighted average expected volatility 21.2  % 19.7  % 17.6  %
Expected term (in months) 60 64 68
Risk-free interest rate
0.4-1.5%
1.7-2.6%
2.6-2.9%
Expected dividend yield 2.4  % 2.0  % 1.8  %
We determine the above assumptions based on the following:
•Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our common stock over a period equal to the expected term of the option.
•Expected term is based on assumptions used by a set of comparable peer companies.
•Risk-free interest rate is the yield on a U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issue with a remaining term equal to the expected term of the option at the grant date.
•Expected dividend yield is based on our historical dividend yield.
The resulting weighted average fair value per stock option granted (in dollars) was $24.86 in 2020, $29.06 in 2019 and $37.42 in 2018. Stock option expense reduced pretax operating earnings (and on a diluted per-share basis) by $55 ($0.15) in 2020 and 2019 and $57 ($0.15) in 2018. Compensation expense for stock options is reported as a Corporate expense for segment reporting purposes (see Note S). On December 31, 2020, we had $72 of unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years.
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A summary of stock option activity during 2020 follows:
In Shares and Dollars Shares Under Option  Weighted Average
Exercise Price Per Share
Outstanding on December 31, 2019 9,767,749  $ 161.54 
Granted 2,538,120  165.20 
Exercised (910,572) 101.16 
Forfeited/canceled (266,576) 174.52 
Outstanding on December 31, 2020 11,128,721  $ 167.00 
Vested and expected to vest on December 31, 2020 10,746,380  $ 167.02 
Exercisable on December 31, 2020 6,133,048  $ 161.18 
Summary information with respect to our stock options’ intrinsic value and remaining contractual term on December 31, 2020, follows:
Weighted Average  Remaining Contractual Term (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic
Value
Outstanding 6.7 $ 56 
Vested and expected to vest 6.6 56 
Exercisable 5.1 56 
In the table above, intrinsic value is calculated as the excess, if any, of the market price of our stock on the last trading day of the year over the exercise price of the options. For stock options exercised, intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the market price on the date of exercise and the exercise price. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $57 in 2020, $244 in 2019 and $147 in 2018.
Restricted Stock/RSUs. The fair value of restricted stock and RSUs equals the average of the high and low market prices of our common stock as listed on the NYSE on the date of grant. Grants of restricted stock are awards of shares of common stock. Participation units represent obligations that have a value derived from or related to the value of our common stock. These include stock appreciation rights, phantom stock units and RSUs, and are payable in cash or common stock.
Restricted stock and RSUs generally vest over a three-year restriction period after the grant date, during which recipients may not sell, transfer, pledge, assign or otherwise convey their restricted shares to another party. During this period, restricted stock recipients receive cash dividends on their restricted shares and are entitled to vote those shares, while RSU recipients receive dividend-equivalent units instead of cash dividends and are not entitled to vote their RSUs or dividend-equivalent units.
We grant RSUs with one or more performance measures determined by the compensation committee of the board of directors as described in our proxy statement. Depending on the company’s performance, the number of RSUs earned may be less than, equal to or greater than the original number of RSUs awarded subject to a payout range.
We generally recognize compensation expense related to restricted stock and RSUs on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the awards. Compensation expense related to restricted stock and RSUs reduced pretax operating earnings (and on a diluted per-share basis) by $73 ($0.20) in 2020, $79 ($0.21) in 2019 and $83 ($0.22) in 2018. Compensation expense for restricted stock and RSUs is reported as an operating expense for segment reporting purposes (see Note S). On December 31, 2020, we had $56 of
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unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock and RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years.
A summary of restricted stock and RSU activity during 2020 follows:
In Shares and Dollars Shares/
Share-Equivalent 
Units 		Weighted Average
Grant-Date Fair Value Per Share
Nonvested at December 31, 2019 1,224,364  $ 181.11 
Granted 559,168  170.57 
Vested (609,870) 172.23 
Forfeited (23,511) 173.91 
Nonvested at December 31, 2020 1,150,151  $ 180.98 
The total fair value of vesting shares was $103 in 2020, $88 in 2019 and $242 in 2018.

R. RETIREMENT PLANS
We provide retirement benefits to eligible employees through a variety of plans:
•Defined contribution
•Defined benefit
◦Pension (qualified and non-qualified)
◦Other post-retirement benefit
Substantially all of our plans use a December 31 measurement date consistent with our fiscal year.
Defined Contribution Plans
We provide eligible employees the opportunity to participate in defined contribution plans (commonly known as 401(k) plans), which permit contributions on a before-tax and after-tax basis. Employees may contribute to various investment alternatives. In most of these plans, we match a portion of the employees’ contributions. Our contributions to these plans totaled $379 in 2020, $333 in 2019 and $302 in 2018. The defined-contribution plans held approximately 19 million shares of our common stock, representing approximately 7% of our outstanding shares on December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Defined Benefit Plans
Plan Descriptions. We have trusteed, qualified pension plans covering eligible employees aligned with the markets in our business: U.S. government, non-U.S. government and commercial. Some of these plans require employees to make contributions to the plan. We also sponsor several non-qualified pension plans, which provide eligible executives with additional benefits, including excess benefits over limits imposed on qualified plans by federal tax law. The principal factors affecting the benefits earned by participants in our pension plans are employees’ years of service and compensation levels. Our primary U.S. pension plans, which comprise the majority of our unfunded obligation, were closed to new salaried participants on January 1, 2007, and were closed to new hourly participants in subsequent collective bargaining agreements over the next several years. Additionally, we have made several changes to these plans for certain participants that limit or cease the benefits that accrue for future service.
In addition to pension benefits, we maintain plans that provide post-retirement healthcare and life insurance coverage for certain employees and retirees. These benefits vary by employment status, age,
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service and salary level at retirement. The coverage provided and the extent to which the retirees share in the cost of the program vary throughout the company. The plans provide health and life insurance benefits only to those employees who retire directly from our service and not to those who terminate service prior to eligibility for retirement.
Contributions. It is our policy to fund our qualified pension plans in a manner that optimizes the tax deductibility and contract recovery of contributions considered within our capital deployment framework. Therefore, we may make discretionary contributions in addition to the required contributions determined in accordance with IRS regulations. We contributed $480 to our qualified pension plans in 2020. In 2021, our required contributions are approximately $360.
We maintain several tax-advantaged accounts, primarily Voluntary Employees’ Beneficiary Association (VEBA) trusts, to fund the obligations for some of our other post-retirement benefit plans. For non-funded plans, claims are paid as received. Contributions to our other post-retirement benefit plans were not material in 2020 and are not expected to be material in 2021.
Benefit Payments. We expect the following benefits to be paid from our defined benefit plans over the next 10 years:
Pension
Benefits 		Other  Post-retirement
Benefits
2021 $ 887  $ 64 
2022 912  63 
2023 935  62 
2024 961  60 
2025 981  59 
2026-2030 5,094  273 
Benefit Cost. Our annual benefit cost consists of five primary elements:
•the cost of benefits earned by employees for services rendered during the year.
•an interest charge on our plan liabilities.
•an expected return on our plan assets for the year.
•actuarial gains and losses, which result from changes in assumptions and differences between actual and expected return on assets and participant experience.
•the cost or credit attributed to prior service resulting from changes we make to plan benefit terms.
For qualified pension plans and other post-retirement benefit plans, actuarial gains and losses and prior service costs or credits are initially deferred in AOCL and then amortized on a straight-line basis over future years. For our qualified U.S. government pension plans, we amortize actuarial gains and losses over a custom amortization period based on the amount of pension costs allocable to our U.S. government contracts. For the remaining qualified pension plans and other post-retirement benefit plans, we amortize only the amount of actuarial gains and losses that exceeds 10% of the greater of plan assets or benefit obligations. This amount is amortized over the average remaining service period of plan participants who are active employees unless all or almost all of a plan’s participants are inactive or are not accruing additional benefits, then the amortization period is based on the average remaining life expectancy of the plan participants. To further reduce the volatility of our annual benefit cost, gains and losses resulting from the return on plan assets are included over five years in the determination of the amortizable amount of actuarial gains and losses. For non-qualified pension plans, we recognize actuarial gains and losses immediately.
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Net annual benefit cost (credit) consisted of the following:
Pension Benefits
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
Service cost $ 115  $ 111  $ 180 
Interest cost 491  600  532 
Expected return on plan assets (926) (911) (856)
Net actuarial loss 387  355  375 
Prior service credit (18) (19) (46)
Net annual benefit cost $ 49  $ 136  $ 185 
Other Post-retirement Benefits
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
Service cost $ 10  $ 8  $ 10 
Interest cost 27  35  33 
Expected return on plan assets (36) (36) (40)
Net actuarial gain (3) (8) (4)
Prior service credit (1) (3) (4)
Net annual benefit credit $ (3) $ (4) $ (5)
Our contractual arrangements with the U.S. government provide for the recovery of pension and other post-retirement benefit costs related to employees working on government contracts. For these plans, the amount allocated to contracts is determined in accordance with the Cost Accounting Standards (CAS) and Federal Acquisition Regulation. At this time, cumulative benefit costs exceed the amount allocated to contracts. To the extent we consider recovery of benefit costs to be probable based on our backlog and probable follow-on contracts, we defer the excess in other contract costs in other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet until the cost is allocable to contracts. See Note A for a discussion of our other contract costs. To the extent there is a non-service component of net annual benefit cost (credit) for our defined benefit plans, it is reported in other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings.
Funded Status. We recognize an asset or liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheet equal to the funded status of each of our defined benefit plans. The funded status is the difference between the fair value of the plan’s assets and its benefit obligation. The following is a reconciliation of the benefit obligations and plan/trust assets, and the resulting funded status, of our defined benefit plans:
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  Pension Benefits Other Post-retirement Benefits
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2020 2019
Change in Benefit Obligation
Benefit obligation at beginning of year $ (18,107) $ (15,720) $ (1,027) $ (935)
Service cost (115) (111) (10) (8)
Interest cost (491) (600) (27) (35)
Amendments 37  (3) 2  (8)
Actuarial loss (1,780) (2,446) (60) (101)
Settlement/curtailment/other (65) (33) (4) (4)
Benefits paid 829  806  64  64 
Benefit obligation at end of year $ (19,692) $ (18,107) $ (1,062) $ (1,027)
Change in Plan/Trust Assets
Fair value of assets at beginning of year $ 13,177  $ 11,532  $ 644  $ 570 
Actual return on plan assets 1,843  2,206  102  117 
Employer contributions 480  185  —  2 
Settlement/curtailment/other 58  39  —  — 
Benefits paid (807) (785) (41) (45)
Fair value of assets at end of year $ 14,751  $ 13,177  $ 705  $ 644 
Funded status at end of year $ (4,941) $ (4,930) $ (357) $ (383)
The overall increase in our pension benefit obligation for the year ended December 31, 2020, was due primarily to actuarial losses created by the change in the weighted-average discount rate, which decreased from 3.19% at December 31, 2019, to 2.54% at December 31, 2020.
The overall increase in our pension benefit obligation for the year ended December 31, 2019, was due primarily to actuarial losses created by the change in the weighted-average discount rate, which decreased from 4.28% at December 31, 2018, to 3.19% at December 31, 2019.
Amounts recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheet consisted of the following:
  Pension Benefits Other Post-retirement Benefits
December 31 2020 2019 2020 2019
Noncurrent assets $ 69  $ 61  $ 121  $ 94 
Current liabilities (181) (166) (125) (130)
Noncurrent liabilities (4,829) (4,825) (353) (347)
Net liability recognized $ (4,941) $ (4,930) $ (357) $ (383)
Amounts deferred in AOCL for our defined benefit plans consisted of the following:
  Pension Benefits Other Post-retirement Benefits
December 31 2020 2019 2020 2019
Net actuarial loss (gain) $ 5,752  $ 5,276  $ (12) $ (9)
Prior service (credit) cost (93) (73) 12  12 
Total amount recognized in AOCL, pretax $ 5,659  $ 5,203  $ —  $ 3 
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The following is a reconciliation of the change in AOCL for our defined benefit plans:
  Pension Benefits Other Post-retirement Benefits
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2020 2019
Net actuarial loss (gain) $ 863  $ 1,151  $ (6) $ 20 
Prior service credit (cost) (38) 3  (1) 8 
Amortization of:
Net actuarial (loss) gain from prior
years 		(387) (355) 3  8 
Prior service credit 18  19  1  3 
Change in AOCL, pretax $ 456  $ 818  $ (3) $ 39 
A pension plan’s funded status is the difference between the plan’s assets and its projected benefit obligation (PBO). The PBO is the present value of future benefits attributed to employee services rendered to date, including assumptions about future compensation levels. On December 31, 2020 and 2019, most of our pension plans had a PBO that exceeded the plans’ assets. Summary information for those plans follows:
December 31 2020 2019
PBO $ (19,189) $ (17,651)
Fair value of plan assets 14,191  12,673 
A pension plan’s accumulated benefit obligation (ABO) is the present value of future benefits attributed to employee services rendered to date, excluding assumptions about future compensation levels. The ABO for all pension plans was $19.4 billion and $17.8 billion on December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The ABO for all other post-retirement plans was $1.1 billion and $1 billion on December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. On December 31, 2020 and 2019, most of our defined benefit plans had an ABO that exceeded the plans’ assets. Summary information for those plans follows:
Pension Benefits Other Post-retirement Benefits
December 31 2020 2019 2020 2019
ABO $ (18,596) $ (17,080) $ (784) $ (783)
Fair value of plan assets 13,829  12,354  300  301 
Assumptions. We calculate the plan assets and liabilities for a given year and the net annual benefit cost for the subsequent year using assumptions determined as of December 31 of the year in question.
The following table summarizes the weighted average assumptions used to determine our benefit obligations:
Assumptions on December 31 2020 2019
Pension Benefits
Benefit obligation discount rate 2.54  % 3.19  %
Rate of increase in compensation levels 2.66  % 2.68  %
Other Post-retirement Benefits
Benefit obligation discount rate 2.52  % 3.18  %
Healthcare cost trend rate:
Trend rate for next year 6.00  % 6.00  %
Ultimate trend rate 5.00  % 5.00  %
Year rate reaches ultimate trend rate 2024 2024
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The following table summarizes the weighted average assumptions used to determine our net annual benefit cost:
Assumptions for Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
Pension Benefits
Discount rates:
Benefit obligation 3.19  % 4.28  % 3.69  %
Service cost 2.74  % 3.81  % 3.51  %
Interest cost 2.78  % 3.92  % 3.34  %
Expected long-term rate of return on assets 7.41  % 7.46  % 7.45  %
Rate of increase in compensation levels 2.73  % 2.77  % 2.79  %
Other Post-retirement Benefits
Discount rates:
Benefit obligation 3.18  % 4.24  % 3.64  %
Service cost 3.35  % 4.23  % 3.79  %
Interest cost 2.78  % 3.88  % 3.27  %
Expected long-term rate of return on assets 6.86  % 6.84  % 7.75  %
We base the discount rates on a current yield curve developed from a portfolio of high-quality, fixed-income investments with maturities consistent with the projected benefit payout period.
We determine the long-term rates of return on assets based on consideration of historical and forward-looking returns and the current and expected asset allocation strategy. We decreased the expected long-term rates of return on assets in our primary U.S. other post-retirement benefit plans by 100 basis points beginning in 2019. For 2021, we decreased the expected long-term rates of return on assets in our primary U.S. pension plans by 25 basis points and in our primary U.S. other post-retirement benefit plans by 25 basis points or 125 basis points depending on the investment mix of each plan’s assets. These changes to our expected long-term rates of return in both years resulted from an assessment of the historical and expected long-term returns of our various asset classes.
Retirement plan assumptions are based on our best judgment, including consideration of current and future market conditions. Given the long-term nature of the assumptions being made, actual outcomes can and often do differ from these estimates. Changes in these estimates impact future pension and other post-retirement benefit cost. As discussed above, we defer recognition of the cumulative benefit cost for our government plans in excess of costs allocated to contracts and included in revenue. Therefore, the impact of annual changes in financial reporting assumptions on the cost for these plans does not immediately affect our operating results.
Assets. A committee of our board of directors is responsible for the strategic oversight of our defined benefit plan assets held in trust. Management develops investment policies and provides oversight of a third-party investment manager who reports to the committee on a regular basis. The outsourced third-party investment manager develops investment strategies and makes all day-to-day investment decisions related to defined benefit plan assets in accordance with our investment policy and target allocation percentages.
Our investment policy endeavors to strike the appropriate balance among capital preservation, asset growth and current income. The objective of our investment policy is to generate future returns consistent with our assumed long-term rates of return used to determine net annual benefit cost. Target
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allocation percentages vary over time depending on the perceived risk and return potential of various asset classes and market conditions. At the end of 2020, our asset allocation policy ranges were:
Equities
48-68%
Fixed income
20-48%
Cash
0-5%
Other asset classes
0-16%
More than 90% of our pension plan assets are held in a single trust for our primary qualified U.S. government and commercial pension plans. On December 31, 2020, the trust was invested largely in publicly traded equities, fixed-income securities and commingled funds comprised of equity securities. The trust also invests in other asset classes consistent with our investment policy. Our investment policy allows the use of derivative instruments when appropriate to reduce anticipated asset volatility, to gain exposure to an asset class or to adjust the duration of fixed-income assets.
We hold assets in VEBA trusts for some of our other post-retirement benefit plans. These assets are managed by a third-party investment manager with oversight by management and are generally invested in publicly traded equities, fixed-income securities and commingled funds comprised of equity and fixed-income securities. Our asset allocation strategy for the VEBA trusts considers potential fluctuations in our other post-retirement benefit obligation, the taxable nature of certain VEBA trusts, tax deduction limits on contributions and the regulatory environment.
Our defined benefit plan assets are reported at fair value. See Note E for a discussion of the hierarchy for determining fair value. Our Level 1 assets include investments in publicly traded equity securities. These securities are actively traded and valued using quoted prices for identical securities from the market exchanges. Our Level 2 assets include fixed-income securities and commingled funds whose underlying investments are valued using observable marketplace inputs. The fair value of plan assets invested in fixed-income securities is generally determined under a market approach using valuation models that incorporate observable inputs such as interest rates, bond yields and quoted prices for similar assets. Our plan assets that are invested in commingled funds are valued using a unit price or net asset value (NAV) that is based on the underlying investments of the fund. Our Level 3 assets consist of real estate funds, insurance deposit contracts, retirement annuity contracts and direct private equity investments.
Certain investments valued using NAV as a practical expedient are excluded from the fair value hierarchy. These investments are redeemable at NAV on a monthly or quarterly basis and have redemption notice periods of up to 90 days. The unfunded commitments related to these investments were not material on December 31, 2020 or 2019.
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The fair value of our pension plan assets by investment category and the corresponding level within the fair value hierarchy were as follows:



Fair
Value 		Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1) 		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Asset Category December 31, 2020
Cash and equivalents $ 112  $ —  $ 112  $ — 
Equity securities (a):
U.S. companies
1,137  1,137  —  — 
Non-U.S. companies
90  90  —  — 
Private equity investments
33  —  —  33 
Fixed-income securities:
Corporate bonds (b)
3,532  —  3,532  — 
Treasury securities
1,129  —  1,129  — 
Commingled funds:
Equity funds
7,306  —  7,306  — 
Fixed-income funds
416  —  416  — 
Real estate funds
90  —  —  90 
Other investments:
Insurance deposit contracts
157  —  —  157 
Retirement annuity contracts
38  —  —  38 
Total plan assets in fair value hierarchy $ 14,040  $ 1,227  $ 12,495  $ 318 
Plan assets measured using NAV as a practical expedient (c):
Real estate funds
446 
Hedge funds
254 
Equity funds
11 
Total pension plan assets $ 14,751 
(a)No single equity holding amounted to more than 1% of the total fair value.
(b)Our corporate bond investments had an average rating of A-.
(c)Investments measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table for these investments are included to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the total plan assets.
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Fair
Value 		Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1) 		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Asset Category December 31, 2019
Cash and equivalents $ 56  $ —  $ 56  $ — 
Equity securities (a):
U.S. companies
958  958  —  — 
Non-U.S. companies
128  128  —  — 
Private equity investments
26  —  —  26 
Fixed-income securities:
Corporate bonds (b)
2,163  —  2,163  — 
Treasury securities
1,855  —  1,855  — 
Commingled funds:
Equity funds
6,494  —  6,494  — 
Fixed-income funds
365  —  365  — 
Real estate funds
84  —  —  84 
Other investments:
Insurance deposit contracts
137  —  —  137 
Retirement annuity contracts 35  —  —  35 
Total plan assets in fair value hierarchy $ 12,301  $ 1,086  $ 10,933  $ 282 
Plan assets measured using NAV as a practical expedient (c):
Real estate funds 443 
Hedge funds 419 
Equity funds
14 
Total pension plan assets $ 13,177 
(a)No single equity holding amounted to more than 1% of the total fair value.
(b)Our corporate bond investments had an average rating of A.
(c)Investments measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table for these investments are included to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the total plan assets.










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The fair value of our other post-retirement benefit plan assets by category and the corresponding level within the fair value hierarchy were as follows:



Fair
Value 		Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1) 		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Asset Category (a) December 31, 2020
Cash and equivalents $ 16  $ —  $ 16 
Equity securities 97  97  — 
Fixed-income securities 134  —  134 
Commingled funds:
Equity funds
320  —  320 
Fixed-income funds
128  —  128 
Real estate funds
2  2  — 
Total plan assets in fair value hierarchy $ 697  $ 99  $ 598 
Plan assets measured using NAV as a practical expedient (b):
Real estate funds
5 
Hedge funds 3 
Total other post-retirement benefit plan assets $ 705 
(a)We had no Level 3 investments on December 31, 2020.
(b)Investments measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table for these investments are included to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the total plan assets.




Fair
Value 		Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1) 		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Asset Category (a) December 31, 2019
Cash and equivalents $ 18  $ —  $ 18 
Equity securities 92  92  — 
Fixed-income securities 122  —  122 
Commingled funds:
Equity funds
288  —  288 
Fixed-income funds
113  —  113 
Real estate funds
2  2  — 
Total plan assets in fair value hierarchy $ 635  $ 94  $ 541 
Plan assets measured using NAV as a practical expedient (b):
Real estate funds 5 
Hedge funds 4 
Total other post-retirement benefit plan assets $ 644 
(a)We had no Level 3 investments on December 31, 2019.
(b)Investments measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table for these investments are included to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the total plan assets.
95

Changes in our Level 3 defined benefit plan assets during 2020 and 2019 were as follows:
Private Equity Investments Real Estate Funds Insurance Deposits Contracts Retirement Annuity Contracts Total
Level 3 Assets
December 31, 2018 $ 20  $ 68  $ 128  $ —  $ 216 
Actual return on plan assets:
Unrealized gains, net 5  6  6  —  17 
Purchases, sales and settlements, net 1  10  3  35  49 
December 31, 2019 26  84  137  35  282 
Actual return on plan assets:
Unrealized gains, net
5  7  18  3  33 
Realized losses, net —  (1) —  —  (1)
Purchases, sales and settlements, net 2  —  2  —  4 
December 31, 2020 $ 33  $ 90  $ 157  $ 38  $ 318 

S. SEGMENT INFORMATION
We have four operating segments: Aerospace, Marine Systems, Combat Systems and Technologies. We organize our segments in accordance with the nature of products and services offered. We measure each segment’s profitability based on operating earnings. As a result, we do not allocate net interest, other income and expense items, and income taxes to our segments.
Summary financial information for each of our segments follows:
Revenue* Operating Earnings Revenue from
U.S. Government
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018
Aerospace $ 8,075  $ 9,801  $ 8,455  $ 1,083  $ 1,532  $ 1,490  $ 513  $ 498  $ 334 
Marine Systems 9,979  9,183  8,502  854  785  761  9,871  9,027  8,245 
Combat Systems 7,223  7,007  6,241  1,041  996  962  4,191  4,048  3,228 
Technologies 12,648  13,359  12,995  1,211  1,311  1,267  11,728  12,234  11,799 
Corporate —  —  —  (56) (54) (86) —  —  — 
Total $ 37,925  $ 39,350  $ 36,193  $ 4,133  $ 4,570  $ 4,394  $ 26,303  $ 25,807  $ 23,606 
*See Note B for additional revenue information by segment.
Corporate operating results consist primarily of equity-based compensation expense. Corporate operating results in 2018 also included one-time charges of approximately $45 associated with the costs to complete the CSRA acquisition.
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The following is additional summary financial information for each of our segments:
Identifiable Assets Capital Expenditures Depreciation and Amortization
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018
Aerospace $ 12,050  $ 12,324  $ 11,220  $ 95  $ 138  $ 194  $ 201  $ 178  $ 154 
Marine Systems 4,488  3,918  3,304  604  449  243  145  122  116 
Combat Systems 12,034  11,220  9,872  92  109  91  95  85  87 
Technologies 19,663  20,453  20,143  172  222  111  428  437  398 
Corporate* 3,073  1,434  1,348  4  69  51  9  7  8 
Total $ 51,308  $ 49,349  $ 45,887  $ 967  $ 987  $ 690  $ 878  $ 829  $ 763 
*Corporate identifiable assets are primarily cash and equivalents.
The following table presents our revenue by geographic area based on the location of our customers:
Year Ended December 31 2020 2019 2018
North America:
United States $ 31,194  $ 31,775  $ 28,386 
Other 1,078  898  813 
Total North America 32,272  32,673  29,199 
Europe 2,846  2,836  2,807 
Asia/Pacific 1,292  1,739  2,287 
Africa/Middle East 1,249  1,785  1,611 
South America 266  317  289 
Total revenue $ 37,925  $ 39,350  $ 36,193 
Our revenue from non-U.S. operations was $4.3 billion in 2020, $4.4 billion in 2019 and $4.2 billion in 2018, and earnings from continuing operations before income taxes from non-U.S. operations were $585 in 2020, $600 in 2019 and $578 in 2018. The long-lived assets associated with these operations were 4% of our total long-lived assets on December 31, 2020 and 2019, and 3% on December 31, 2018.

T. CHANGE IN ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLE
In the fourth quarter of 2020, we retrospectively changed our accounting method related to the amortization of actuarial gains and losses for our qualified U.S. government pension plans in which the participants worked on U.S. government contracts (the Change in Accounting Principle). Prior to the Change in Accounting Principle, actuarial gains and losses were initially recognized as a component of AOCL and then subsequently amortized out of AOCL over time only when they exceeded the accounting corridor, a defined range within which amortization of net gains and losses is not required.
Under the new method, we will no longer use an accounting corridor, and we will amortize the actuarial gains and losses over a custom period. While the historical accounting method was acceptable, we believe the Change in Accounting Principle is preferable as it accelerates the amortization of the actuarial gains and losses, and aligns better with the method used for the allocation of qualified pension costs to our U.S. government contracts in accordance with the CAS. The Change in Accounting Principle has been applied retrospectively to all prior years presented. As of January 1, 2018, the cumulative effect of this change resulted in a $366 decrease in AOCL, $40 decrease in deferred tax asset in other noncurrent assets, $57 increase in deferred tax liability in other noncurrent liabilities and $463 increase in other contract costs in other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
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The following tables summarize the effects of the Change in Accounting Principle on selected line items of our Consolidated Financial Statements:
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EARNINGS
Year Ended December 31, 2020 As Calculated Under Previous Method Effect of the Change in Accounting Principle As Reported
Operating costs and expenses $ (33,739) $ (53) $ (33,792)
Other, net 29  53  82 
Year Ended December 31, 2019 As Previously Reported Effect of the Change in Accounting Principle As Adjusted
Operating costs and expenses $ (34,702) $ (78) $ (34,780)
Other, net 14  78  92 
Year Ended December 31, 2018 As Previously Reported Effect of the Change in Accounting Principle As Adjusted
Operating costs and expenses $ (31,736) $ (63) $ (31,799)
Other, net (16) 63  47 

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Year Ended December 31, 2020 As Calculated Under Previous Method Effect of the Change in Accounting Principle As Reported
Change in retirement plans’ funded status $ (491) $ 38  $ (453)
Benefit from income tax, net 10  (8) 2 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax 238  30  268 
Comprehensive income 3,405  30  3,435 
Year Ended December 31, 2019 As Previously Reported Effect of the Change in Accounting Principle As Adjusted
Change in retirement plans’ funded status $ (886) $ 29  $ (857)
Benefit from income tax, net 162  (6) 156 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax (441) 23  (418)
Comprehensive income 3,043  23  3,066 
Year Ended December 31, 2018 As Previously Reported Effect of the Change in Accounting Principle As Adjusted
Change in retirement plans’ funded status $ (61) $ 16  $ (45)
Benefit from income tax, net 5  (4) 1 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax (320) 12  (308)
Comprehensive income 3,025  12  3,037 

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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
December 31, 2020 As Calculated Under Previous Method Effect of the Change in Accounting Principle As Reported
Other current assets $ 1,243  $ 546  $ 1,789 
Other liabilities 9,573  115  9,688 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (3,981) 431  (3,550)
December 31, 2019 As Previously Reported Effect of the Change in Accounting Principle As Adjusted
Other current assets $ 1,171  $ 508  $ 1,679 
Other liabilities 9,453  107  9,560 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (4,219) 401  (3,818)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Total Shareholders’ Equity
December 31, 2017 – as reported
$ 26,444  $ (2,820) $ 11,435 
Cumulative-effect of the Change in Accounting Principle as of
December 31, 2017 		65  301  366 
December 31, 2017 – as adjusted
26,509  (2,519) 11,801 
Year ended December 31, 2018 – as reported
2,882  (958) 297 
Effect of the Change in Accounting Principle* (65) 77  12 
December 31, 2018 – as adjusted
29,326  (3,400) 12,110 
Year ended December 31, 2019 – as reported
2,307  (441) 1,845 
Effect of the Change in Accounting Principle —  23  23 
December 31, 2019 – as adjusted
31,633  (3,818) 13,978 
Year ended December 31, 2020 – under previous method
1,865  238  1,653 
Effect of the Change in Accounting Principle —  30  30 
December 31, 2020 – as reported
$ 33,498  $ (3,550) $ 15,661 
*Includes the impact of our January 1, 2018, adoption of ASU 2018-02, the change in accounting principle which resulted in a reclassification of $65 of stranded tax effects resulting from the implementation of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (tax reform) from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings.

99

UNAUDITED QUARTERLY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EARNINGS
2019 2020
As Calculated Under Previous Method 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q
Operating costs and expenses $ (8,247) $ (8,465) $ (8,545) $ (9,445) $ (7,808) $ (8,423) $ (8,347) $ (9,161)
Other, net 18  12  (12) (4) 14  18  12  (15)
Effect of the Change in Accounting Principle
Operating costs and expenses $ (13) $ (13) $ (32) $ (20) $ (7) $ (7) $ (12) $ (27)
Other, net 13  13  32  20  7  7  12  27 
As Calculated Under New Method
Operating costs and expenses $ (8,260) $ (8,478) $ (8,577) $ (9,465) $ (7,815) $ (8,430) $ (8,359) $ (9,188)
Other, net 31  25  20  16  21  25  24  12 

100

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of General Dynamics Corporation:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet of General Dynamics Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income, Cash Flows, and Shareholders’ Equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively, the Consolidated Financial Statements). In our opinion, the Consolidated Financial Statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 9, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note A to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for leases as of January 1, 2019, in accordance with the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 842, Leases.
Basis for Opinion
These Consolidated Financial Statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these Consolidated Financial Statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the Consolidated Financial Statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the Consolidated Financial Statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the Consolidated Financial Statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the Consolidated Financial
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Statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Estimation of costs to complete for select long-term contracts
As discussed in Note B to the Consolidated Financial Statements, accounting for long-term contracts involves estimation of the costs to complete a contract in order to accurately recognize the associated revenue. The estimated costs to complete each contract are used to assess the proportion of revenues to recognize based upon the costs incurred-to-date in comparison to the total estimate of costs to complete the contract.
We identified the assessment of the estimation of costs to complete for a select group of long-term contracts in the defense segments as a critical audit matter. The estimated costs to complete for the select group of long-term contracts incorporates assumptions, such as labor hours and the cost of materials for the work to be performed. The evaluation of one or more of the assumptions used in estimating the costs to complete each selected contract required a high level of subjective auditor judgment, due to the nature of the individual contracts and related contract performance risks. Specifically, changes to certain assumptions may have a significant impact on the estimated revenue recorded during the period.
The following are primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the estimation of costs to complete the selected long-term contracts. This included contract level controls over the estimated cost assumptions. For certain contracts, we compared the Company’s historical estimates of costs to actual costs incurred to assess the Company’s ability to estimate accurately. Based on the nature of the individual contract, we evaluated certain assumptions within the Company’s estimation of costs to complete by:
–reading the underlying contract and related amendments to obtain an understanding of the contractual requirements and related performance obligations
–assessing costs incurred to-date and the relative progress toward satisfying the performance obligation(s) of the contract
–assessing, if relevant, the estimated costs to complete on similar or predecessor contracts and programs
–inquiring of financial and operational personnel of the Company to identify factors that should be considered within the cost to complete estimates or indications of potential management bias
–inspecting correspondence, if any, between the Company and the customer regarding actual to-date and expected performance
–analyzing the sufficiency of the Company’s assessment of contract performance risks included within the estimated costs to complete.

102

Discount rates used in pension benefit obligation
As discussed in Note R to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company’s pension benefit obligation and the associated plan assets were $19.7 billion and $14.8 billion, respectively, on December 31, 2020. These balances resulted in a net liability of $4.9 billion. The pension benefit obligation is the estimated present value of future pension benefits attributed to employee services rendered to date, including assumptions about future market conditions. The weighted average discount rate used in estimating the pension benefit obligation as of December 31, 2020, of 2.54% was based on a current yield curve developed from a portfolio of high-quality, fixed-income investments with maturities consistent with the projected benefit payout period. The selected discount rate has a significant effect on the measurement of the pension benefit obligation.
We identified the evaluation of the discount rate for certain pension benefit obligations to be a critical audit matter. This is due to the specialized skills required to assess the discount rate assumption used to discount estimated future benefit payments. In addition, the pension benefit obligations for certain plans were sensitive to changes in this assumption.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the pension benefit obligation process. This included a control related to the determination of the discount rate assumption. We involved an actuarial professional with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
–evaluating the Company’s methodology used to develop the discount rates
–recalculating discount rates using the cash flows and spot rates provided by the Company
–evaluating the Company’s determination of the discount rates for certain plans by comparing changes in the discount rate from the prior year against changes in published indices using publicly available market data and historical experience.
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.
 
 
GD-20201231_G11.GIF
McLean, Virginia
February 9, 2021
 
103

SUPPLEMENTARY DATA (UNAUDITED)
(Dollars in millions, except per-share amounts) 2019 2020
1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q
Revenue $ 9,261  $ 9,555  $ 9,761  $ 10,773  $ 8,749  $ 9,264  $ 9,431  $ 10,481 
Operating earnings 1,001  1,077  1,184  1,308  934  834  1,072  1,293 
Net earnings 745  806  913  1,020  706  625  834  1,002 
Earnings per share*:
Basic
$ 2.59  $ 2.80  $ 3.17  $ 3.53  $ 2.45  $ 2.18  $ 2.91  $ 3.50 
Diluted $ 2.56  $ 2.77  $ 3.14  $ 3.51  $ 2.43  $ 2.18  $ 2.90  $ 3.49 
Quarterly data are based on a 13-week period. Because our fiscal year ends on December 31, the number of days in our first and fourth quarters varies slightly from year to year.
Prior-period information has been restated for the retrospective application of a change in accounting principle related to the amortization of actuarial gains and losses for our qualified U.S. government pension plans, which we adopted in the fourth quarter of 2020. For further discussion of this change in accounting principle, see Note T.
*The sum of the basic and diluted earnings per share for the four quarters of the year may differ from the annual basic and diluted earnings per share due to the required method of computing the weighted average number of shares in interim periods.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2020, (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Based on this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, on December 31, 2020, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
The certifications of the company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer required under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act have been filed as Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 to this report.





104

MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
To the Shareholders of General Dynamics Corporation:
The management of General Dynamics Corporation is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. In making this evaluation, we used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013). Based on our evaluation we believe that, as of December 31, 2020, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.
KPMG LLP has issued an audit report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. The KPMG report immediately follows this report.
 
GD-20201231_G12.GIF
   
GD-20201231_G13.GIF
Phebe N. Novakovic     Jason W. Aiken
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer     Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer


105

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of General Dynamics Corporation:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited General Dynamics Corporation and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Consolidated Balance Sheet of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income, Cash Flows, and Shareholders’ Equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively, the Consolidated Financial Statements), and our report dated February 9, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion on those Consolidated Financial Statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide
106

reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
GD-20201231_G11.GIF
McLean, Virginia  
February 9, 2021  
CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2020, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required to be set forth herein, except for the information included under Information About Our Executive Officers in Part I, is included in the sections entitled “Election of the Board of Directors of the Company,” “Governance of the Company – Our Culture of Ethics,” “Audit Committee Report” and, if included, “Other Information – Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” in our definitive proxy statement for our 2021 annual shareholders meeting (the Proxy Statement), which sections are incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required to be set forth herein is included in the sections entitled “Governance of the Company – Director Compensation,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Executive Compensation” and “Compensation Committee Report” in our Proxy Statement, which sections are incorporated herein by reference.

107

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required to be set forth herein is included in the sections entitled “Security Ownership of Management” and “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” in our Proxy Statement, which sections are incorporated herein by reference.
The information required to be set forth herein with respect to securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans is included in the section entitled “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in our Proxy Statement, which section is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required to be set forth herein is included in the sections entitled “Governance of the Company – Related Person Transactions Policy” and “Governance of the Company – Director Independence” in our Proxy Statement, which sections are incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required to be set forth herein is included in the section entitled “Selection of Independent Auditors – Audit and Non-Audit Fees” in our Proxy Statement, which section is incorporated herein by reference.

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS
1.    Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Statement of Earnings
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
Consolidated Balance Sheet
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
Consolidated Statement of Shareholders’ Equity
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (A to T)
2.    Index to Exhibits - General Dynamics Corporation
Commission File No. 1-3671
Exhibits listed below, which have been filed with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and which were filed as noted below, are hereby incorporated by reference and made a part of this report with the same effect as if filed herewith.
108

Exhibit
Number 		Description
3.1
3.2
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9
4.10
109

10.1*
10.2*
10.3*
10.4*
10.5*
10.6*
10.7*
10.8*
110

10.9*
10.10*
10.11*
10.12*
10.13*
10.14*
10.15*
111

10.16*
10.17*
10.18*
10.19*
10.20*
10.21*
10.22*
10.23*
10.24*
18
21
22
23
24
31.1
112

31.2
32.1
32.2
101.INS
Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document**
101.CAL
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document**
101.DEF
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document**
101.LAB
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document**
101.PRE
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document**
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed pursuant to Item 15(b) of Form 10-K.
** Filed or furnished electronically herewith.
In accordance with Item 601(b)(4)(iii)(A) of Regulation S-K, copies of certain instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of the company are not filed herewith. Pursuant to this regulation, we hereby agree to furnish a copy of any such instrument to the SEC upon request.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
113

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION
by
GD-20201231_G14.GIF
William A. Moss
Vice President and Controller
Dated: February 9, 2021


Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below on February 9, 2021, by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated, including a majority of the directors.
114

GD-20201231_G12.GIF
Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Phebe N. Novakovic (Principal Executive Officer)
GD-20201231_G13.GIF
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Jason W. Aiken (Principal Financial Officer)
GD-20201231_G14.GIF
Vice President and Controller
William A. Moss (Principal Accounting Officer)
*
James S. Crown Director
*
Rudy F. deLeon Director
*
Cecil D. Haney Director
*
Mark M. Malcolm Director
*
James N. Mattis Director
*
C. Howard Nye Director
*
William A. Osborn Director
*
Catherine B. Reynolds Director
*
Laura J. Schumacher
Director
*
Robert K. Steel
Director
*
John G. Stratton
Director
*
Peter A. Wall
Director

 * By Gregory S. Gallopoulos pursuant to a Power of Attorney executed by the directors listed above, which Power of Attorney has been filed as an exhibit hereto and incorporated herein by reference thereto.
GD-20201231_G15.GIF
Gregory S. Gallopoulos
Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
115

Exhibit 4.10

DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT’S SECURITIES
REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
General Dynamics Corporation (the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”) has one class of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended: our common stock, par value $1.00 per share.
The general terms and provisions of our common stock are summarized below. This summary does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by express reference to, the provisions of our Restated Certificate of Incorporation (our “Charter”) and our Amended and Restated Bylaws (our “Bylaws”), each of which is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this Exhibit is a part, and each of which may be amended from time to time. We encourage you to read our Charter and Bylaws and the applicable provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (“DGCL”) for additional information.
Authorized Capital Stock
Our authorized capital stock consists of 500,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $1.00 per share, and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $1.00 per share.
Our board of directors (the “Board of Directors”) has authority at any time and from time to time to issue preferred stock of any series and, in connection with the creation of each such series, to fix the voting powers (if any), the designation, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, of such series to the full extent permitted by our Charter and the laws of the State of Delaware.
Dividends
Subject to any preferential rights of the holders of any then-outstanding shares of any series of preferred stock, holders of our common stock are entitled to receive such dividends, if any, as from time to time may be declared by our Board of Directors. The declaration of dividends on our common stock is a business decision to be made by our Board of Directors in its discretion from time to time based upon our results of operations and financial condition, the provisions of the DGCL affecting the payment of dividends and distributions to stockholders and any other factors as our Board of Directors may consider relevant.
Voting Rights
Subject to the provisions of any applicable law or the resolution or resolutions of our Board of Directors providing for the issue of any series of preferred stock, the holders of outstanding shares of our common stock shall exclusively possess voting power for the election of directors and for all other purposes, with each holder of record of shares of our common stock being entitled to one vote for each share of common stock standing in its name. Our Charter


does not provide for cumulative voting for the election of directors. Under our Bylaws, all matters other than the election of directors shall be decided by the affirmative vote of a majority in voting power of the shares present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote on such matters at a meeting at which a quorum is present, except as otherwise required by applicable law, the rules or regulations of any stock exchange applicable to the Company or any regulation applicable to the Company or its securities.
Subject to any rights of the holders of any then-outstanding shares of any series of preferred stock to elect directors, each director shall be elected by the vote of the majority of the votes cast with respect to that director’s election at any meeting for the election of directors at which a quorum is present. However, if as of the 10th day preceding the date the Company first mails its notice of meeting for such meeting to the stockholders of the Company the number of nominees exceeds the number of directors to be elected, the directors shall be elected by the vote of a plurality of the votes cast, whether or not such election becomes an uncontested election after such date. A “majority of the votes cast” shall mean that the number of shares cast “for” a director’s election exceeds the number of votes cast “against” that director’s election.
Liquidation
In the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, after payment in full of the preferential amounts, if any, to be distributed to the holders of any then-outstanding shares of preferred stock having a preference over our common stock, the holders of our common stock shall be entitled to share, ratably according to the number of shares of common stock held by them, in all remaining assets of the Company available for distribution to our stockholders.
Preemptive or Other Rights
Holders of our common stock have no preemptive rights to purchase or subscribe for any shares of our common stock, and there are no conversion, redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to our common stock.
Fully Paid and Nonassessable
All outstanding shares of our common stock are fully paid and not liable to any further call or assessments by us.
Certain Anti-Takeover Provisions
Our Charter, our Bylaws and the DGCL contain certain provisions that could delay or make more difficult an acquisition of control of us that is not approved by our Board of Directors, whether by means of a tender offer, open-market purchases, a proxy contest or otherwise. These provisions could have the effect of discouraging third parties from making proposals involving an acquisition or change of control of us, even though such a proposal, if made, might be considered desirable by a majority of our stockholders. These provisions also may have the effect of making it more difficult for third parties to cause the replacement of our


current management without the concurrence of our Board of Directors. Set forth below is a description of various provisions contained in our Charter, our Bylaws and the DGCL that could impede or delay an acquisition of control of us that our Board of Directors has not approved. This description is intended as a summary only and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, our Charter and our Bylaws, as well as the DGCL.
Delaware Anti-Takeover Statute
We are subject to Section 203 of the DGCL. In general, Section 203 provides that a Delaware corporation with a class of voting stock listed on a national securities exchange or held of record by more than 2,000 stockholders may not engage in various business combination transactions with any interested stockholder for a period of three years following the time that such stockholder became an interested stockholder unless:
•the Board of Directors approved either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder prior to the time that stockholder became an interested stockholder;
•upon consummation of the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced (excluding, for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding, but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder, shares owned (i) by persons who are directors and also officers and (ii) by certain employee stock plans); or
•at or subsequent to such time the business combination is approved by the Board of Directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least 662⁄3% of the outstanding voting stock which is not owned by the interested stockholder.
In general, a “business combination” is broadly defined to include (i) any merger or consolidation of the corporation or any of its direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiaries with the interested stockholder; (ii) any sale, lease or other disposition (except proportionally as a stockholder of the corporation) to or with the interested stockholder of assets of the corporation or of any direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiary of the corporation, which assets have a market value equal to 10% or more of either the aggregate market of all of the assets of the corporation determined on a consolidated basis or the aggregate market value of all the outstanding stock of the corporation; (iii) subject to certain exceptions, any transaction which results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation or by any of its direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiaries of any stock of the corporation or of such subsidiary to the interested stockholder; (iv) subject to certain exceptions, any transaction involving the corporation or any of its direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiaries which has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock of any class or series of the corporation or of any such subsidiary which is owned by the interested stockholder; and (v) subject to certain exceptions, any receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit, directly or indirectly (except proportionately as a


stockholder of such corporation), of any loans, advances or other financial benefits provided by or through the corporation or any direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiary. In general, an “interested stockholder” is any person (other than the corporation and any direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiary of the corporation) that (i) is the owner of 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation or (ii) is an affiliate or associate of the corporation and was the owner of 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation at any time within the 3-year period immediately prior to the date of determination, and the affiliates and associates of such person.
The DGCL permits a corporation to “opt out” of, or choose not to be governed by, the restrictions in Section 203 of the DGCL by expressly stating so in its original certificate of incorporation (or in a subsequent amendment to its certificate of incorporation or bylaws approved by its stockholders). However, neither our Charter nor our Bylaws contains a provision electing to opt out of Section 203.
Advance Notice Requirements
Stockholders wishing to nominate persons for election to our Board of Directors at an annual meeting or to propose any business to be considered by our stockholders at an annual meeting must comply with certain advance notice and other procedures and requirements set forth in our Bylaws. Likewise, if our Board of Directors has (or if stockholders, in compliance with certain provisions of our Bylaws, have) determined that one or more directors shall be elected at a special meeting of stockholders, stockholders wishing to nominate persons for election to our Board of Directors at such special meeting must comply with certain advance notice and other procedures and requirements set forth in our Bylaws.
Proxy Access
Our Bylaws contain “proxy access” provisions which give a qualified stockholder or group of stockholders the right to include up to a specified number of director nominees in our proxy materials for an annual meeting of stockholders, subject to various requirements and restrictions specified in our Bylaws. To qualify, the stockholder (or group of up to twenty stockholders) must have owned 3% or more of the Company’s outstanding capital stock continuously for at least three years as of the date the written notice of a nomination is delivered to or mailed and received by the Secretary of the Company and as of the record date for determining stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting and must continue to own such required shares through the annual meeting date. The maximum number of stockholder nominees permitted under the proxy access provisions of our Bylaws with respect to an annual meeting of stockholders is generally the largest whole number that does not exceed 20% of the number of our directors in office as of the last day on which notice of a nomination may be delivered under our Bylaws.
To be timely, notice of a nomination under our proxy access provisions, together with other required information, representations and agreements specified in our Bylaws, must be submitted to the Secretary of the Company at our principal executive offices within certain timeframes specified in our Bylaws.


Special Meetings
Pursuant to the DGCL, a special meeting of stockholders may be called by the Board of Directors or by any other person authorized to do so in our Charter or Bylaws. Our Bylaws provide that special meetings of stockholders may only be called by our Board of Directors or the Chairman of our Board of Directors. However, our Bylaws provide that a special meeting of stockholders shall be called by our Board of Directors upon the receipt by the Secretary of the Company of a written request for the Board of Directors to call a special meeting by one stockholder of record owning at least 10% or one or more stockholders of record of shares representing in the aggregate at least 25% in each case of the combined voting power of the then outstanding shares of all classes and series of capital stock of the Company entitled to vote on the matter or matters to be brought before the proposed special meeting, voting as a single class. A special meeting request must contain certain information specified in our Bylaws.
Number of Directors; Board Vacancies
Our Bylaws provide that the number of directors shall be not less than 5 nor more than 15, as shall be fixed from time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors pursuant to a vote of two-thirds of the directors then in office. Vacancies and newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the authorized number of directors may be filled by a vote of two-thirds of the directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director. Each director so appointed shall hold office until the next annual meeting of stockholders, until such director’s successor shall have been duly elected and qualified, or until such director’s earlier death, removal or resignation.
Additional Authorized Shares of Capital Stock
The additional shares of authorized common stock and preferred stock available for issuance under our Charter could be issued at such times, under such circumstances and with such terms and conditions as to impede a change in control.
Amendments to Bylaws
Under our Charter and Bylaws, our Board of Directors has the authority to adopt, alter, amend or repeal our Bylaws. Our stockholders may also adopt, alter, amend or repeal our Bylaws at any meeting by the requisite vote of our stockholders.
Stock Exchange Listing
Our shares of common stock are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “GD.”
Transfer Agent
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Computershare.



Exhibit 10.24

AMENDMENT TO THE GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION
SUPPLEMENTAL RETIREMENT PLAN
Pursuant to the provisions of Section 6.01 of the General Dynamics Corporation Supplemental Retirement Plan (the “Plan”), the Plan shall be amended as follows:
1.    A new Section 3.12 shall be added as follows:
“3.12    Surviving Spouse Death Benefits. In the event of the Participant’s death prior to the Determination Date, the benefit (other than with respect to Grandfathered Amounts) that would have been payable to the Participant under the Plan if he had survived to the Determination Date shall be paid to the Participant’s surviving spouse, if any, to the extent still living as of such Determination Date, as follows:
(a)Any lump sum payment that would have been payable to the Participant under Section 3.06(a) or 3.09 shall be payable to the surviving spouse.
(b)For any other benefit subject to this Section 3.12, but not subject to Section 3.12(a) a death benefit shall be payable to the surviving spouse equal to 100% of the amount that would have been payable to the Participant if he had survived and elected the 100% Contingent Annuitant Option under Section 3.05(a) or 3.06(b)(1) as of his Determination Date.”



Exhibit 18
Preferability Letter of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

February 9, 2021

General Dynamics Corporation
11011 Sunset Hills Road
Reston, Virginia 20190

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We have audited the Consolidated Balance Sheet of General Dynamics Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income, Cash Flows, and Shareholders' Equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively, the Consolidated Financial Statements), and have reported thereon under date of February 9, 2021. The aforementioned Consolidated Financial Statements and our audit report thereon are included in the Company's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020. As stated in Note T to those financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for the amortization of actuarial gains and losses for its U.S. government defined-benefit pension plans and states that the newly adopted accounting principle is preferable in the circumstances because it accelerates the amortization of the actuarial gains and losses and aligns better with the method used for the allocation of pension costs to its U.S. government contracts in accordance with the Cost Accounting Standards. In accordance with your request, we have reviewed and discussed with Company officials the circumstances and business judgment and planning upon which the decision to make this change in the method of accounting was based.

With regard to the aforementioned accounting change, authoritative criteria have not been established for evaluating the preferability of one acceptable method of accounting over another acceptable method. However, for purposes of the Company's compliance with the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission, we are furnishing this letter.

Based on our review and discussion, with reliance on management's business judgment and planning, we concur that the newly adopted method of accounting is preferable in the Company's circumstances.

Very truly yours,
/s/ KPMG LLP


Exhibit 21
GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION
SUBSIDIARIES
AS OF JANUARY 20, 2021
Subsidiaries of General Dynamics Corporation
(Parent and Registrant) 		Place of
Incorporation 		Percent of
Voting Power
Aeromil (Australia) Pty Ltd Australia 100
Aeromil Aircraft Engineering Pty Ltd Australia 100
Aeromil Aviation Services Pty Ltd Australia 100
Aeromil IT Services Pty Ltd Australia 100
Aeromil Marine Pty Ltd Australia 100
Aeromil Pacific Pty Ltd Australia 100
American Overseas Marine Company, LLC Delaware 100
Applied Physical Sciences Corp. Connecticut 100
ARMA Global Corporation Florida 100
Australian Avionics Pty Ltd Australia 100
Avion Logistics Limited Hong Kong 100
Avjet Corporation California 100
Bath Iron Works Canada, LLC Delaware 100
Bath Iron Works Corporation Maine 100
Blueprint Technologies, Inc. Virginia 100
Braintree I Maritime Corp. Delaware 100
Braintree II Maritime Corp. Delaware 100
Braintree III Maritime Corp. Delaware 100
Braintree IV Maritime Corp. Delaware 100
Braintree V Maritime Corp. Delaware 100
Computer Security Solutions, LLC Virginia 100
Concord I Maritime Corporation Delaware 100
Concord II Maritime Corporation Delaware 100
Concord III Maritime Corporation Delaware 100
Concord IV Maritime Corporation Delaware 100
Concord V Maritime Corporation Delaware 100
Convair Aircraft Corporation Delaware 100
Convair Corporation Delaware 100
CSC Computer Sciences Bahrain Co. W.L.L. Bahrain 100
CSC Computer Sciences Egypt LLC Egypt 100
CSC Computer Sciences Venezuela, S.A. Venezuela 100
CSRA (Costa Rica) S.A. Costa Rica 100
CSRA (Guyana) Inc. Guyana 100
CSRA (Middle East) LLC Virginia 100
CSRA Argentina S.R.L. Argentina 100
CSRA Bahamas Limited Bahamas 100
CSRA Bahrain S.P.C. Bahrain 100
CSRA Belgium SPRL Belgium 100
CSRA BH d.o.o. Bosnia and Herzegovina 100
CSRA Bolivia S.R.L. Bolivia 100
CSRA Brazil Servicos de Tecnologia Ltda. Brazil 100
CSRA Canada Inc. Canada 100


CSRA Caribbean Inc. Nevada 100
CSRA Chile SpA Chile 100
CSRA Colombia SAS Colombia 100
CSRA Consular Services Holding Company LLC Nevada 100
CSRA Consular Services Inc. Nevada 100
CSRA France SARL France 100
CSRA Guatemala Solutions, Sociedad Anonima Guatemala 100
CSRA Honduras, Sociedad Anonima Honduras 100
CSRA Information Technology Spain, SL Spain 100
CSRA Ireland Limited Ireland 100
CSRA Italy S.R.L. Italy 100
CSRA Kosovo L.L.C. Kosovo 100
CSRA LATAM LLC Virginia 100
CSRA Mexico S. de R.L. de C.V. Mexico 100
CSRA Netherlands B.V. Netherlands 100
CSRA Nicaragua, Sociedad Anonima Nicaragua 100
CSRA Panama Inc. Panama 100
CSRA Peru S.R.L. Peru 100
CSRA Senegal SARL Senegal 100
CSRA South Africa (Pty) Ltd South Africa 100
CSRA State and Local Solutions LLC Nevada 100
CSRA Trinidad & Tobago Limited Trinidad and Tobago 100
CSRA Turkey Bilisim Teknolojileri Limited Sirketi Turkey 100
CSRA Uruguay S.R.L. Uruguay 100
CSRA Visa Services Israel Ltd. Israel 100
CSRAIT - Information Services Portugal, Unipessoal LDA Portugal 100
Customer Services Ecuador CSRA S.A. Ecuador 100
DynPort Vaccine Company LLC Virginia 100
Eagle Enterprise, Inc. Delaware 100
EB Groton Engineering, Inc. Delaware 100
EBV Explosives Environmental Company Delaware 100
ELCS-CZ, s.r.o. Czech Republic 100
Electric Boat - Australia, LLC Delaware 100
Electric Boat - UK, LLC Delaware 100
Electric Boat Canada, LLC Delaware 100
Electric Boat Corporation Delaware 100
Electric Boat France, LLC Delaware 100
Electrocom, Inc. Delaware 100
Expro Finance Inc. Canada 100
FBD Fahrzeug und Bremsendienst GmbH Germany 100
Force Protection, Inc. Nevada 100
ForeSight Technology Services, LLC Virginia 100
Freeman United Coal Mining Company, LLC Delaware 100
GD Brazil Holdings LLC Delaware 100
GD European Land Systems - Steyr GmbH Austria 100
GD European Land Systems Holding GmbH Austria 100
GDOTS Services Corporation Delaware 100
General Dynamics - OTS (Global), Inc. Delaware 100
General Dynamics AIS Australia Pty Ltd Australia 100


General Dynamics Canadian Finance Inc. New Brunswick 100
General Dynamics Canadian Holdings Inc. New Brunswick 100
General Dynamics Commercial Cyber Services, LLC Virginia 100
General Dynamics European Finance Limited England and Wales 100
General Dynamics European Land Systems - Austria GmbH Austria 100
General Dynamics European Land Systems – Bridge Systems GmbH Germany 100
General Dynamics European Land Systems - Czech s.r.o. Czech Republic 100
General Dynamics European Land Systems - Deutschland GmbH Germany 100
General Dynamics European Land Systems - FWW GmbH Germany 100
General Dynamics European Land Systems - Mowag GmbH Switzerland 100
General Dynamics European Land Systems Botswana Proprietary Ltd. Botswana 100
General Dynamics European Land Systems Denmark ApS Denmark 100
General Dynamics European Land Systems Romania S.R.L. Romania 100
General Dynamics European Land Systems, S.L. Spain 100
General Dynamics Global Force, LLC Delaware 100
General Dynamics Global Holdings Limited England and Wales 100
General Dynamics Global Imaging Technologies, Inc. Delaware 100
General Dynamics Government Satellite Services, LLC Delaware 100
General Dynamics Government Systems Corporation Delaware 100
General Dynamics Government Systems Overseas Corporation Delaware 100
General Dynamics Information Technology Limited England and Wales 100
General Dynamics Information Technology, Inc. Virginia 100
General Dynamics International Corporation Delaware 100
General Dynamics Land Systems - Australia Pty. Ltd. Australia 100
General Dynamics Land Systems - Canada Corporation New Brunswick 100
General Dynamics Land Systems - Canada Services Inc. New Brunswick 100
General Dynamics Land Systems - Canadian Services Limited New Brunswick 100
General Dynamics Land Systems - Force Protection Inc. Nevada 100
General Dynamics Land Systems – Global LLC Delaware 100
General Dynamics Land Systems Customer Service & Support Company Texas 100
General Dynamics Land Systems Inc. Delaware 100
General Dynamics Limited England and Wales 100
General Dynamics Marine Systems, Inc. Delaware 100
General Dynamics Mission Systems Asia-Pacific SDN BHD Brunei 100
General Dynamics Mission Systems International Limited England and Wales 100
General Dynamics Mission Systems Overseas Company, LLC Delaware 100
General Dynamics Mission Systems, Inc. Delaware 100
General Dynamics Mission Systems – Italy S.R.L. Italy 100
General Dynamics Motion Control, LLC Delaware 100
General Dynamics One Source, LLC Delaware 100
General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems - Canada Inc. Canada 100
General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems - Canada Valleyfield Inc. Canada 100
General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems - Simunition Operations, Inc. Delaware 100
General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems, Inc. Virginia 100
General Dynamics OTS (Aerospace), Inc. Washington 100
General Dynamics OTS (California), Inc. California 100
General Dynamics OTS (DRI), Inc. Alabama 100
General Dynamics OTS (Niceville), Inc. Florida 100
General Dynamics OTS (Wilkes Barre), LLC Pennsylvania 100


General Dynamics Overseas Systems and Services Corporation Delaware 100
General Dynamics Properties, Inc. Delaware 100
General Dynamics Robotic Systems, Inc. Delaware 100
General Dynamics Satellite Communication Services, LLC Delaware 100
General Dynamics Saudi Holdings, S.L. Spain 100
General Dynamics Shared Resources, LLC Delaware 100
General Dynamics Support Services Company Delaware 100
General Dynamics Swiss Financial Management Limited England and Wales 100
General Dynamics United Kingdom Limited England and Wales 100
General Dynamics Worldwide Holdings, Inc. Delaware 100
General Dynamics-OTS, Inc. Delaware 100
GM GDLS Defense Group, L.L.C. Delaware 100
GPS Source, Inc. Colorado 100
Gulfstream 100 Holdings LLC Delaware 100
Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation (CA) California 100
Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation (DE) Delaware 100
Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation (GA) Georgia 100
Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation (OK) Oklahoma 100
Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation of Texas Texas 100
Gulfstream Aerospace Hong Kong Limited Hong Kong 100
Gulfstream Aerospace LLC Delaware 100
Gulfstream Aerospace LP Texas 100
Gulfstream Aerospace Services Corporation Delaware 100
Gulfstream Aerospace, Ltd. England and Wales 100
Gulfstream Aerospace Sociedad de Responssabilidad Limitada de Capital Variable (S. de R.L. de C.V.) Mexico 100
Gulfstream Austria, GmbH Austria 100
Gulfstream Do Brasil Servicos De Suporte E Manutencao A Aeronaves Ltda. Brazil 100
Gulfstream International Corporation Delaware 100
Gulfstream Leasing LLC Georgia 100
Gulfstream Product Support Corporation Delaware 100
Gulfstream Services Corporation Georgia 100
Gulfstream Tennessee Corporation Delaware 100
Gulfstream-California, Inc. Delaware 100
GWA-Datatrac FAST LLC Virginia 100
Hawker Pacific (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd Malaysia 100
Hawker Pacific Airservices Limited Hong Kong 100
Hawker Pacific Airservices Pvt Ltd India 100
Hawker Pacific Asia Holdings Pte Ltd Singapore 100
Hawker Pacific Australia Pty Ltd Australia 100
Hawker Pacific Aviation Services Pty Ltd Australia 100
Hawker Pacific NZ Limited New Zealand 100
Hawker Pacific Pty Ltd Australia 100
Information Services Consulting Limited England and Wales 100
Interiores Aereos S.A. de C.V. Mexico 100
International Manufacturing Technologies, Inc. California 100
Janteq Australia PTY Limited Australia 100
Janteq Corp. Maryland 100
Jet Aviation (Asia Pacific) Pte. Ltd. Singapore 100


Jet Aviation (Bermuda) Ltd. Bermuda 100
Jet Aviation (Hong Kong) Ltd. Hong Kong 100
Jet Aviation (Malaysia) SDN, BHD Malaysia 100
Jet Aviation 125 Services, LLC Delaware 100
Jet Aviation AG Switzerland 100
Jet Aviation Bozeman, LLC Montana 100
Jet Aviation Business Jets (Hong Kong) Limited Hong Kong 100
Jet Aviation Business Jets AG Switzerland 100
Jet Aviation Business Jets FZCO UAE 100
Jet Aviation Business Jets Singapore Pte Ltd Singapore 100
Jet Aviation California, LLC California 100
Jet Aviation Dulles, LLC Delaware 100
Jet Aviation Flight Services, Inc. Maryland 100
Jet Aviation France SAS France 100
Jet Aviation Holding GmbH Switzerland 100
Jet Aviation Holdings USA, Inc. Delaware 100
Jet Aviation Houston, Inc. Texas 100
Jet Aviation International, Inc. Florida 100
Jet Aviation Malaga SA Spain 100
Jet Aviation Management AG Switzerland 100
Jet Aviation Netherlands B.V. Netherlands 100
Jet Aviation of America, Inc. Maryland 100
Jet Aviation Savannah Holding, LLC Delaware 100
Jet Aviation Services GmbH Germany 100
Jet Aviation St. Louis, Inc. Missouri 100
Jet Aviation Staffing, LLC Delaware 100
Jet Aviation Teterboro, LP New Jersey 100
Jet Aviation Texas, Inc. Texas 100
Jet Aviation/Palm Beach, Inc. Florida 100
Jet Aviation Vienna GmbH Austria 100
Longreach Energy, LLC Delaware 100
Material Service Resources Company, LLC Delaware 100
Mediaware International Pty Ltd Australia 100
Metro Machine Corp. Virginia 100
Midwest Properties Sales, LLC Delaware 100
NASSCO Holdings Incorporated Delaware 100
National Steel and Shipbuilding Company Nevada 100
Newberry Holdings, LLC Virginia 100
Pazo’s Fuel Services, Inc. Puerto Rico 100
Plane 79, LLC Delaware 100
Praxis Engineering Technologies, LLC Delaware 100
Proyectos Prohumane Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Mexico 100
Quincy Maritime Corporation III Delaware 100
Santa Barbara Sistemas S.A. Spain 100
Savannah Air Center, LLC Georgia 100
Scottsdale Jet Center, LLC Arizona 100
Signal Solutions, LLC Virginia 100
Southern Illinois Recovery, Inc. Delaware 100
St. Marks Powder, Inc. Delaware 100


Stabilo Pty Ltd Australia 100
Sydney Jet Charter Pty Ltd Australia 100
Tecnologias Internacionales de Manufactura S.A. de C.V. Mexico 100
The Depth of Ideas for General Trading, LLC Iraq 100
Vangent Servicios de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Mexico 100
Vulnerability Research Labs, LLC Delaware 100



Exhibit 23
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors of General Dynamics Corporation:

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statements (Nos. 333-107901, 333-159038, 333-159045, 333-181124, 333-186575, 333-186578, 333-208667, 333-217656, 333-224138, 333-226587, 333-231261, and 333-249722) on Form S-8 and in the registration statement No. 333-223853 on Form S-3ASR of General Dynamics Corporation of our reports dated February 9, 2021, with respect to:

–the Consolidated Balance Sheet of General Dynamics Corporation as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income, Cash Flows, and Shareholders’ Equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively, the Consolidated Financial Statements), and

–the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020,

which reports appear in the December 31, 2020 annual report on Form 10-K of General Dynamics Corporation. 

Our report on the Consolidated Financial Statements refers to a change in the method of accounting for leases.
 

                        /s/ KPMG LLP

McLean, Virginia
February 9, 2021



Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENT, that each of the undersigned Directors of GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION, a Delaware corporation, hereby constitutes and appoints each of PHEBE N. NOVAKOVIC, JASON W. AIKEN and GREGORY S. GALLOPOULOS as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution, for and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign the 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K of General Dynamics Corporation, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto each said attorney-in-fact and agent full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary as fully as to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, and hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact and agent or his or her substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have hereunto set their hands this 5th day of February 2021.


/s/ JAMES S. CROWN /s/ WILLIAM A. OSBORN
James S. Crown William A. Osborn
/s/ RUDY F. DELEON /s/ CATHERINE B. REYNOLDS
Rudy F. deLeon Catherine B. Reynolds
/s/ CECIL D. HANEY /s/ LAURA J. SCHUMACHER
Cecil D. Haney Laura J. Schumacher
/s/ MARK M. MALCOLM /s/ ROBERT K. STEEL
Mark M. Malcolm Robert K. Steel
/s/ JAMES N. MATTIS /s/ JOHN G. STRATTON
James N. Mattis John G. Stratton
/s/ C. HOWARD NYE /s/ PETER A. WALL
C. Howard Nye Peter A. Wall




Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATION BY CEO PURSUANT TO SECTION 302
OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Phebe N. Novakovic, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of General Dynamics Corporation;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and we have:
(a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;
(b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors:
(a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

 
/s/ Phebe N. Novakovic
Phebe N. Novakovic
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

February 9, 2021
 


Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATION BY CFO PURSUANT TO SECTION 302
OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Jason W. Aiken, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of General Dynamics Corporation;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and we have:
(a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;
(b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors:
(a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
/s/ Jason W. Aiken
Jason W. Aiken
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

February 9, 2021


Exhibit 32.1
CERTIFICATION BY CEO PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the annual report of General Dynamics Corporation (the Company) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the Report), I, Phebe N. Novakovic, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

1.the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
2.the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
 
/s/ Phebe N. Novakovic
Phebe N. Novakovic
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

February 9, 2021





Exhibit 32.2
CERTIFICATION BY CFO PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the annual report of General Dynamics Corporation (the Company) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the Report), I, Jason W. Aiken, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

1.the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
2.the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
 
/s/  Jason W. Aiken
Jason W. Aiken
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

February 9, 2021