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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _____________ to ______________
Commission file number 1-03480
MDU RESOURCES GROUP INC
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware30-1133956
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1200 West Century Avenue
P.O. Box 5650
Bismarck, North Dakota 58506-5650
(Address of principal executive offices)
(Zip Code)
(701) 530-1000
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $1.00 per shareMDUNew York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No .
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  No .
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large Accelerated Filer
Accelerated Filer
Non-Accelerated Filer
Smaller Reporting Company
Emerging Growth Company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  No .
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock, as of August 1, 2024: 203,888,237 shares.
1


Index
Page
Consolidated Statements of Income -- Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income -- Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023
Consolidated Balance Sheets -- June 30, 2024 and 2023, and December 31, 2023
Consolidated Statements of Equity -- Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows -- Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023
 

2

Index
Definitions
The following abbreviations and acronyms used in this Form 10-Q are defined below:
Abbreviation or Acronym
2023 Annual Report
Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023
AFUDC
Allowance for funds used during construction
Applied Digital
Applied Digital Corporation
ASC
FASB Accounting Standards Codification
ASU
FASB Accounting Standards Update
Big Stone Station
475-MW coal-fired electric generating facility near Big Stone City, South Dakota (22.7 percent ownership)
Cascade
Cascade Natural Gas Corporation, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of MDU Energy Capital
Centennial
CEHI, LLC, a direct wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, formerly known as Centennial Energy Holdings, Inc., prior to the separation of Knife River from the Company. References to Centennial's historical business and operations refer to the business and operations of Centennial Energy Holdings, Inc.
Centennial Capital
Centennial Holdings Capital LLC, a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Centennial
CompanyMDU Resources Group, Inc.
Coyote Creek
Coyote Creek Mining Company, LLC, a subsidiary of The North American Coal Corporation
Coyote Station427-MW coal-fired electric generating facility near Beulah, North Dakota (25 percent ownership)
CWIP
Construction work in progress, costs associated with the construction of new utility facilities recorded on the balance sheet until these facilities are placed in service
dk
Decatherm
EPAUnited States Environmental Protection Agency
Everus
Everus Construction Group, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company that was established in conjunction with the proposed separation of Everus Construction
Everus Construction
Everus Construction, Inc., a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Centennial, formerly known as MDU Construction Services Group, Inc. prior to March 12, 2024
Exchange Act
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
FASB
Financial Accounting Standards Board
FERCFederal Energy Regulatory Commission
Fidelity
Fidelity Exploration & Production Company, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Centennial (previously referred to as the Company's exploration and production segment)
GAAP
Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America
GHG
Greenhouse gas
Intermountain
Intermountain Gas Company, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of MDU Energy Capital
IPUCIdaho Public Utilities Commission
IRAInflation Reduction Act of 2022
JETx
345-kV transmission line from Jamestown, North Dakota to Ellendale, North Dakota (50 percent ownership)
Knife River
Established as Knife River Corporation prior to the separation from the Company, a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Centennial. Knife River refers to Knife River Corporation, during the period prior to separation, now known as "KRC Materials, Inc." Following the separation Knife River refers to Knife River Holding Company, now known as Knife River Corporation
kWh
Kilowatt-hour
kVKilovolt
LIBOR
London Inter-bank Offered Rate
MDU Construction Services
MDU Construction Services Group, Inc., a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Centennial
MDU Energy Capital
MDU Energy Capital, LLC, a direct wholly owned subsidiary of the Company
3

Index
MISO
Midcontinent Independent System Operator, Inc., the organization that provides open-access transmission services and monitors the high-voltage transmission system in the Midwest United States and Manitoba, Canada and a southern United States region which includes much of Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana
MMcf
Million cubic feet
MMdk
Million dk
Montana-DakotaMontana-Dakota Utilities Co., a direct wholly owned subsidiary of MDU Energy Capital
MTPSCMontana Public Service Commission
MW
Megawatt
NDDEQNorth Dakota Department of Environmental Quality
NDPSCNorth Dakota Public Service Commission
NERCNorth American Electric Reliability Corporation
ODEQ
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
OPUC
Oregon Public Utility Commission
PHMSAPipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
Regional Haze Rule
The EPA developed the Regional Haze Rule requiring states to develop and implement comprehensive plans to reduce human-caused regional haze in designated areas such as national parks and wilderness areas
SDPUCSouth Dakota Public Utilities Commission
SECUnited States Securities and Exchange Commission
Securities ActSecurities Act of 1933, as amended
SOFRSecured Overnight Financing Rate
SPP
Southwest Power Pool, the organization that manages the electric grid and wholesale power market for the central United States
TSA
In connection with the separation of Knife River, the Company and Knife River entered into a Transition Services Agreement whereby each party will provide certain post-separation services on a transitional basis
VIEVariable interest entity
Washington DOEWashington State Department of Ecology
WBI Energy
WBI Energy, Inc., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Centennial
WBI Energy Transmission
WBI Energy Transmission, Inc., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Centennial
WUTCWashington Utilities and Transportation Commission
4

Index
Introduction
Montana-Dakota was incorporated under the state laws of Delaware in 1924. The Company was incorporated under the state laws of Delaware in 2018. Upon the completion of an internal holding company reorganization, Montana-Dakota became a subsidiary of the Company. Its principal executive offices are located at 1200 West Century Avenue, P.O. Box 5650, Bismarck, North Dakota 58506-5650, telephone (701) 530-1000.
The Company's strategy is to deliver superior value and achieve industry-leading performance by becoming a pure-play regulated energy delivery company, while pursuing organic growth opportunities. Through its regulated energy delivery businesses, the Company generates, transmits and distributes electricity and provides natural gas distribution, transportation and storage services. These businesses are regulated by state public service commissions and/or the FERC. The construction services business provides construction services through its electrical and mechanical and transmission and distribution specialty contracting services.
On May 31, 2023, the Company completed the separation of Knife River, its construction materials and contracting business, from the Company, resulting in Knife River becoming an independent, publicly traded company. The Company's board of directors approved the distribution of approximately 90 percent of the issued and outstanding shares of Knife River to the Company's stockholders. Stockholders of the Company received one share of Knife River common stock for every four shares of the Company's common stock held on May 22, 2023, the record date for the distribution. The Company retained approximately 10 percent or 5.7 million shares of Knife River common stock immediately following the separation, which were disposed of in a tax-free exchange in November 2023. The separation of Knife River was a tax-free spinoff transaction to the Company's stockholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The historical results of Knife River are presented as discontinued operations in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.
On November 2, 2023, the Company announced its intent to pursue a tax-free spinoff of its wholly owned construction services business, MDU Construction Services. On March 13, 2024, the Company announced its construction services business, MDU Construction Services, rebranded to Everus Construction in preparation for the planned tax-free spinoff of the business, which is expected to be complete in late 2024. The Company's board of directors believes a tax-free spinoff of the construction services business supports the Company's goal of enhancing value for stockholders by becoming a pure-play regulated energy delivery company. For more information, see Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in the 2023 Annual Report for a description of the risks and uncertainties with the proposed future structure.
The Company is organized into four reportable business segments. These business segments include: electric, natural gas distribution, pipeline, and construction services. The Company's business segments are determined based on the Company's method of internal reporting, which generally segregates the strategic business units due to differences in products, services and regulation. The internal reporting of these segments is defined based on the reporting and review process used by the Company's chief executive officer.
The Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary, MDU Energy Capital, owns Montana-Dakota, Cascade and Intermountain. The electric segment is comprised of Montana-Dakota while the natural gas distribution segment is comprised of Montana-Dakota, Cascade and Intermountain.
The Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary, Centennial, owns WBI Energy, Everus Construction and Centennial Capital. WBI Energy is the pipeline segment, Everus Construction is the construction services segment and Centennial Capital is reflected in the Other category.
For more information on the Company's business segments, see Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Index
Part I -- Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
MDU Resources Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Income
(Unaudited)
Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
 June 30,June 30,
 2024202320242023
 (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Operating revenues:    
Electric, natural gas distribution and regulated pipeline
$340,544 $340,492 $926,561 $1,014,423 
Non-regulated pipeline, construction services and other707,001 750,634 1,334,809 1,506,801 
Total operating revenues 1,047,545 1,091,126 2,261,370 2,521,224 
Operating expenses:    
Operation and maintenance:    
Electric, natural gas distribution and regulated pipeline
100,709 95,483 206,389 197,522 
Non-regulated pipeline, construction services and other632,283 674,110 1,198,521 1,368,616 
Total operation and maintenance732,992 769,593 1,404,910 1,566,138 
Purchased natural gas sold94,591 115,866 353,192 486,881 
Electric fuel and purchased power29,716 20,432 62,333 44,789 
Depreciation and amortization
55,882 53,498 111,631 105,730 
Taxes, other than income44,618 49,706 103,611 117,133 
Total operating expenses957,799 1,009,095 2,035,677 2,320,671 
Operating income89,746 82,031 225,693 200,553 
Unrealized gain on retained shares in Knife River
— 140,020 — 140,020 
Other income14,662 9,959 28,449 20,333 
Interest expense28,609 26,459 57,314 50,412 
Income before income taxes75,799 205,551 196,828 310,494 
Income taxes15,225 57,918 35,356 78,986 
Income from continuing operations60,574 147,633 161,472 231,508 
Discontinued operations, net of tax(138)(16,941)(138)(62,464)
Net income$60,436 $130,692 $161,334 $169,044 
Earnings per share - basic:    
Income from continuing operations$.30 $.72 $.79 $1.14 
Discontinued operations, net of tax— (.08)— (.31)
Earnings per share - basic$.30 $.64 $.79 $.83 
Earnings per share - diluted:    
Income from continuing operations$.30 $.72 $.79 $1.14 
Discontinued operations, net of tax— (.08)— (.31)
Earnings per share - diluted$.30 $.64 $.79 $.83 
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic203,888 203,635 203,834 203,630 
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted204,582 203,877 204,364 203,894 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
6

Index
MDU Resources Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(Unaudited)
Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
 June 30,June 30,
 2024202320242023
 (In thousands)
Net income$60,436 $130,692 $161,334 $169,044 
Other comprehensive income:
Reclassification adjustment for loss on derivative instruments included in net income, net of tax of $6 and $17 for the three and six months ended 2023, respectively
— 47 — 81 
Postretirement liability adjustment:
Amortization of postretirement liability losses included in net periodic benefit credit, net of tax of $34 and $131 for the three months ended and $68 and $165 for the six months ended in 2024 and 2023, respectively
103 387 207 487 
Net unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale investments:
Net unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale investments arising during the period, net of tax of $8 and $(22) for the three months ended and $(2) and $(4) for the six months ended in 2024 and 2023, respectively
29 (84)(7)(14)
Reclassification adjustment for loss on available-for-sale investments included in net income, net of tax of $2 and $3 for the three months ended and $3 and $6 for the six months ended in 2024 and 2023, respectively
13 13 26 
Net unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale investments36 (71)12 
Other comprehensive income139 363 213 580 
Comprehensive income attributable to common stockholders$60,575 $131,055 $161,547 $169,624 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
7

Index
MDU Resources Group, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Unaudited)
 June 30, 2024June 30, 2023December 31, 2023
Assets(In thousands, except shares and per share amounts)
Current assets:   
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
$94,438 $50,780 $76,975 
Receivables, net926,804 934,173 942,782 
Current regulatory assets217,822 193,162 172,492 
Inventories69,736 60,154 87,392 
Prepayments and other current assets88,239 60,502 84,082 
Retained shares in Knife River
— 246,063 — 
Total current assets1,397,039 1,544,834 1,363,723 
Noncurrent assets:   
Property, plant and equipment7,560,455 7,083,229 7,341,116 
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization
2,295,499 2,160,439 2,220,206 
Net property, plant and equipment5,264,956 4,922,790 5,120,910 
Goodwill488,960 488,960 488,960 
Other intangible assets, net960 3,049 2,004 
Regulatory assets351,334 345,185 447,099 
Investments123,391 139,569 124,235 
Operating lease right-of-use assets83,189 74,553 74,363 
Other250,507 165,910 211,865 
Total noncurrent assets 6,563,297 6,140,016 6,469,436 
Total assets$7,960,336 $7,684,850 $7,833,159 
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity   
Current liabilities:   
Short-term borrowings$— $345,000 $95,000 
Long-term debt due within one year193,608 1,319 61,319 
Accounts payable442,568 399,339 475,215 
Taxes payable63,029 60,284 58,110 
Dividends payable25,029 45,310 25,461 
Accrued compensation63,927 66,555 85,512 
Operating lease liabilities due within one year24,597 22,666 22,884 
Regulatory liabilities due within one year158,535 48,057 70,761 
Other accrued liabilities178,566 143,235 181,471 
Total current liabilities 1,149,859 1,131,765 1,075,733 
Noncurrent liabilities:   
Long-term debt2,207,009 2,246,103 2,236,904 
Deferred income taxes454,826 515,661 458,548 
Asset retirement obligations393,743 380,058 384,371 
Regulatory liabilities461,366 455,877 521,050 
Operating lease liabilities58,826 52,328 51,645 
Other216,903 196,865 199,675 
Total noncurrent liabilities 3,792,673 3,846,892 3,852,193 
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders' equity:
   
Common stock
Authorized - 500,000,000 shares, $1.00 par value
Shares issued - 203,888,237 at June 30, 2024, 203,638,373 at
June 30, 2023 and 203,689,090 at December 31, 2023
203,888 203,638 203,689 
Other paid-in capital1,468,483 1,460,735 1,466,235 
Retained earnings1,363,604 1,059,517 1,253,693 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(18,171)(17,697)(18,384)
Total stockholders' equity3,017,804 2,706,193 2,905,233 
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $7,960,336 $7,684,850 $7,833,159 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
8

Index
MDU Resources Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Equity
(Unaudited)
Other
Paid-in
Capital
Retained EarningsAccumu-lated
Other
Compre-hensive
Loss
Common StockTreasury Stock
SharesAmountSharesAmountTotal
 (In thousands, except shares)
At December 31, 2023
203,689,090 $203,689 $1,466,235 $1,253,693 $(18,384)— $— $2,905,233 
Net income
— — — 100,898 — — — 100,898 
Other comprehensive income
— — — — 74 — — 74 
Dividends declared on common stock
— — — (25,779)— — — (25,779)
Stock-based compensation
— — 3,173 — — — — 3,173 
Costs of issuance of common stock
— — (35)— — — — (35)
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of stock-based compensation, net of shares used for tax withholdings199,147 199 (2,822)— — — — (2,623)
At March 31, 2024203,888,237 $203,888 $1,466,551 $1,328,812 $(18,310)— $— $2,980,941 
Net income
— — — 60,436 — — — 60,436 
Other comprehensive income
— — — — 139 — — 139 
Dividends declared on common stock
— — — (25,644)— — — (25,644)
Stock-based compensation
— — 1,947 — — — — 1,947 
Costs of issuance of common stock
— — (15)— — — — (15)
At June 30, 2024
203,888,237 $203,888 $1,468,483 $1,363,604 $(18,171)— $— $3,017,804 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

MDU Resources Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Equity
(Unaudited)
Other
Paid-in
Capital
Retained EarningsAccumu-lated
Other
Compre-hensive
Loss
Common StockTreasury Stock
SharesAmountSharesAmountTotal
 (In thousands, except shares)
At December 31, 2022
204,162,814 $204,163 $1,466,037 $1,951,138 $(30,583)(538,921)$(3,626)$3,587,129 
Net income
— — — 38,353 — — — 38,353 
Other comprehensive income
— — — — 217 — — 217 
Dividends declared on common stock
— — — (45,574)— — — (45,574)
Stock-based compensation
— — 3,108 — — — — 3,108 
Repurchase of common stock— — — — — (153,622)(4,811)(4,811)
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of stock-based compensation, net of shares used for tax withholdings
— — (7,851)— — 153,622 4,811 (3,040)
At March 31, 2023
204,162,814 $204,163 $1,461,294 $1,943,917 $(30,366)(538,921)$(3,626)$3,575,382 
Net income
— — — 130,692 — — — 130,692 
Other comprehensive income
— — — — 363 — — 363 
Dividends declared on common stock
— — — (45,158)— — — (45,158)
Stock-based compensation
— — (927)— — — — (927)
Separation of Knife River
(538,921)(539)— (969,934)12,306 538,921 3,626 (954,541)
Issuance of common stock
14,480 14 368 — — — — 382 
At June 30, 2023
203,638,373 $203,638 $1,460,735 $1,059,517 $(17,697)— $— $2,706,193 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
9

Index
MDU Resources Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited)
Six Months Ended
June 30,
 20242023
 (In thousands)
Operating activities:  
Net income$161,334 $169,044 
Less: loss from discontinued operations, net of tax
(138)(62,464)
Income from continuing operations161,472 231,508 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:  
Depreciation and amortization
111,631 105,730 
Deferred income taxes(8,580)55,478 
Provision for credit losses2,968 5,862 
Amortization of debt issuance costs731 792 
Employee stock-based compensation costs5,120 1,740 
Pension and postretirement benefit plan net periodic benefit credit(1,895)(2,775)
Unrealized gain on retained shares in Knife River
— (140,020)
Unrealized gains on investments(3,235)(4,885)
Gains on sales of assets(2,547)(4,887)
Changes in current assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: 
Receivables24,127 124,306 
Inventories16,843 1,427 
Other current assets32,082 (27,614)
Accounts payable(35,853)(137,308)
Other current liabilities(10,760)19,090 
Pension and postretirement benefit plan contributions(509)(17)
Other noncurrent changes10,112 1,606 
Net cash provided by continuing operations301,707 230,033 
Net cash used in discontinued operations(138)(156,932)
Net cash provided by operating activities301,569 73,101 
Investing activities:  
Capital expenditures(243,456)(232,137)
Net proceeds from sale or disposition of property
5,421 9,491 
Cost of removal, net of salvage value
(3,624)4,041 
Investments(3,305)(2,974)
Proceeds from investment cost basis withdrawal
9,000 — 
Net cash used in continuing operations(235,964)(221,579)
Net cash used in discontinued operations— (55,012)
Net cash used in investing activities(235,964)(276,591)
Financing activities:  
Issuance of short-term borrowings— 500,000 
Repayment of short-term borrowings(95,000)(193,500)
Issuance of long-term debt113,700 389,500 
Repayment of long-term debt(11,127)(506,191)
Debt issuance costs(1,637)(1,864)
Costs of issuance of common stock
(50)— 
Dividends paid(51,405)(90,552)
Repurchase of common stock— (4,811)
Tax withholding on stock-based compensation(2,623)(3,040)
Net cash (used in) provided by continuing operations(48,142)89,542 
Net cash provided by discontinued operations— 94,300 
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities(48,142)183,842 
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash17,463 (19,648)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - beginning of year76,975 70,428 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - end of period
$94,438 $50,780 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
10

Index
MDU Resources Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated
Financial Statements
June 30, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
Note 1 - Basis of presentation
The accompanying consolidated interim financial statements were prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Interim financial statements do not include all disclosures provided in annual financial statements and, accordingly, these financial statements should be read in conjunction with those appearing in the 2023 Annual Report. The information is unaudited but includes all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the accompanying consolidated interim financial statements and are of a normal recurring nature. Depreciation and amortization expense is reported separately on the Consolidated Statements of Income and therefore is excluded from the other line items within operating expenses.
On May 31, 2023, the Company completed the separation of Knife River, formerly the construction materials and contracting segment, which resulted in two independent, publicly traded companies, MDU Resources Group, Inc. and Knife River. The Company's board of directors approved the distribution of approximately 90 percent of the issued and outstanding shares of Knife River to the Company's stockholders. Stockholders of the Company received one share of Knife River common stock for every four shares of the Company's common stock held on May 22, 2023, the record date for the distribution. The Company retained approximately 10 percent or 5.7 million shares of Knife River common stock immediately following the separation, which were disposed of in a tax-free exchange in November 2023. The separation of Knife River was a tax-free spinoff transaction to the Company's stockholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
The Company's consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for the current and prior periods present the results of operations of Knife River as discontinued operations, other than certain corporate overhead costs of the Company historically allocated to Knife River, which are reflected in Other. Also included in Discontinued operations, net of tax in the Consolidated Statements of Income are the supporting activities of Fidelity and certain interest expense related to financing activity associated with the Knife River separation. Unless otherwise indicated, the amounts presented in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements relate to the Company's continuing operations. For more information on discontinued operations, see Note 3.
On November 2, 2023, the Company announced its intent to pursue a tax-free spinoff of its wholly owned construction services business, MDU Construction Services. On March 13, 2024, the Company announced its construction services business, MDU Construction Services, rebranded to Everus Construction. The Company's board of directors believes a tax-free spinoff of the construction services business supports the Company's goal of enhancing value for stockholders by becoming a pure-play regulated energy delivery company. The planned separation is expected to occur by means of a tax-free spinoff of a newly formed company, Everus, which will own the assets and liabilities of Everus Construction.
Management has also evaluated the impact of events occurring after June 30, 2024, up to the date of the issuance of these consolidated interim financial statements on August 8, 2024, that would require recognition or disclosure in the Consolidated Financial Statements.
11

Note 2 - New accounting standards
The following table provides a brief description of the accounting pronouncements applicable to the Company and the potential impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements and/or disclosures:
StandardDescriptionEffective dateImpact on financial statements/disclosures
Recently adopted accounting standards
ASU 2022-06 - Reference Rate Reform: Deferral of Sunset Date
In December 2022, the FASB included a sunset provision within ASC 848 based on expectations of when LIBOR would cease being published. At the time ASU 2020-04 was issued, the UK Financial Conduct Authority had established its intent to cease overnight tenors of LIBOR after December 31, 2021. In March 2021, the UK Financial Conduct Authority announced that the intended cessation date of the overnight tenors of LIBOR would be June 30, 2023 which was beyond the sunset date of ASC 848. The amendments in this Update defer the sunset date of ASC 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in ASC 848.
December 31, 2024The Company has updated its credit agreements to include language regarding the successor or alternate rate to LIBOR. The Company does not expect the guidance to have a material impact on its results of operations, financial position, cash flows or disclosures.
Recently issued accounting standards not yet adopted
ASU 2023-05 Business Combinations - Joint Venture Formations - Recognition and Initial MeasurementIn August 2023, the FASB issued guidance on accounting for contributions made to a joint venture, upon formation, in a joint venture's separate financial statement in order to provide decision-useful information to investors and other allocators of capital (collectively investors) in a joint venture's financial statements and reduce diversity in practice. The new basis of accounting will require that a joint venture, upon formation, will recognize and initially measure its assets and liabilities at fair value (with the exceptions to fair value measurement that are consistent with the business combinations guidance). A joint venture that was formed before January 1, 2025 may elect to apply the guidance retrospectively if it has sufficient information.Effective prospectively for all joint venture formations with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025.The Company is currently evaluating the impact the guidance will have on its interim and annual disclosures for the year ended December 31, 2025.
ASU 2023-07 Segment Reporting - Improvements to Reportable Segment DisclosuresIn November 2023, the FASB issued guidance on improving financial reporting by requiring disclosure of incremental segment information, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses, on an annual and interim basis for all public entities to enable investors to develop more decision-useful financial analyses.Effective for fiscal year December 31, 2024 and interim periods beginning January 1, 2025, with prior periods disclosed in the period of adoption.The Company is currently evaluating the impact the guidance will have on its disclosures for the year ended December 31, 2024 and future interim periods.
ASU 2023-09 Income Taxes - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures an Amendment, December 2023The FASB issued guidance to address investors requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information and effectiveness of income tax disclosures. December 31, 2025The Company is currently evaluating the impact the guidance will have on its disclosures for the year ended December 31, 2025.
ASU 2024-01 Compensation - Stock Compensation
The FASB issued improvements to GAAP through an example to demonstrate application of the scope of paragraph 718-10-15-3 to determine whether profits interest and similar awards should be accounted in Compensation - Stock Compensation.
Effective for fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2024.The Company is currently evaluating the impact the guidance will have on its disclosures for the year ended December 31, 2025.
12

Note 3 - Discontinued operations
On May 31, 2023, the Company completed the previously announced separation of Knife River, its former construction materials and contracting segment, into a new publicly traded company. The separation was achieved through the Company's pro-rata distribution of approximately 90 percent of the outstanding shares of Knife River to the Company's common stockholders. To effect the separation, the Company distributed to its stockholders one share of Knife River common stock for every four shares of the Company's common stock held on May 22, 2023, the record date for the distribution, with the Company retaining approximately 10 percent, or 5.7 million shares of Knife River common stock immediately following the separation. In November 2023, the Company completed the tax-free exchange of its retained shares.
As a result of the separation, the historical results of operations are shown in discontinued operations, net of tax, other than allocated general corporate overhead costs of the Company, which do not meet the criteria for income (loss) from discontinued operations.
On April 25, 2023, Knife River issued $425.0 million of senior notes, pursuant to an indenture, due in 2031 to qualified institutional buyers. Knife River also entered into a new credit agreement which provided a revolving credit facility in an initial amount of up to $350.0 million and a senior secured term loan facility in an amount up to $275.0 million. The net proceeds from the notes offering, revolving credit facility and the term loan were used to repay $825.0 million of Knife River's intercompany obligations owed to Centennial. Centennial used the entirety of these proceeds from Knife River to repay a portion of its existing third-party indebtedness.
As a result of the separation, the Company retained legal ownership of 538,921 shares of the Company's common stock that were historically owned by a subsidiary of Knife River and recorded in treasury stock at cost. Following the separation, the 538,921 treasury shares were retired.
The Company provided to Knife River and Knife River provided to the Company transition services in accordance with the TSA entered into on May 31, 2023. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company received $437,000 and $1.5 million, respectively, and paid $62,000 and $140,000, respectively, for these related activities. For both the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company received $599,000 and paid $277,000, respectively, for these related activities. The majority of the transition services were to be provided for a period of one year, however, no longer than two years after the separation.
Separation related costs of $138,000, net of tax, were incurred during both the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. Separation related costs of $41.2 million and $46.1 million, net of tax, were incurred during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. Separation costs incurred are presented in Discontinued operations, net of tax in the Consolidated Statements of Income. These charges primarily relate to transaction and third-party support costs, one-time business separation fees and related tax charges.
The Company had no assets or liabilities related to the discontinued operations of Knife River on its balance sheet as of June 30, 2024 and 2023 or December 31, 2023.
The reconciliation of the major classes of income and expense constituting pretax loss from discontinued operations to the after-tax loss from discontinued operations on the Consolidated Statements of Income were as follows:
Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
June 30,June 30,
2024202320242023
(In thousands)
Operating revenues$— $428,020 $— $735,259 
Operating expenses161 416,686 161 767,960 
Operating (loss) income
(161)11,334 (161)(32,701)
Other income
— 1,889 — 2,381 
Interest expense— 23,544 — 37,611 
Loss from discontinued operations before income taxes
(161)(10,321)(161)(67,931)
Income tax (benefit) expense
(23)6,620 (23)(5,467)
Discontinued operations, net of tax
$(138)$(16,941)$(138)$(62,464)
Note 4 - Seasonality of operations
Some of the Company's operations are highly seasonal and revenues from, and certain expenses for, such operations may fluctuate significantly among quarterly periods. Accordingly, the interim results for particular businesses, and for the Company as a whole, may not be indicative of results for the full fiscal year.
13

Note 5 - Receivables and allowance for expected credit losses
Receivables consist primarily of trade and contracting services receivables from the sale of goods and services, net of expected credit losses. The Company's trade receivables are all due in 12 months or less. The total balance of receivables past due 90 days or more was $99.3 million, $57.9 million and $45.7 million at June 30, 2024 and 2023, and December 31, 2023, respectively.
The Company's expected credit losses are determined through a review using historical credit loss experience; changes in asset specific characteristics; current conditions; and reasonable and supportable future forecasts, among other specific account data, and is performed at least quarterly. The Company develops and documents its methodology to determine its allowance for expected credit losses at each of its reportable business segments. Risk characteristics used by the business segments may include customer mix, knowledge of customers and general economic conditions of the various local economies, among others. Specific account balances are written off when management determines the amounts to be uncollectible. Management has reviewed the balance reserved through the allowance for expected credit losses and believes it is reasonable.
Details of the Company's expected credit losses were as follows:
ElectricNatural gas
distribution
PipelineConstruction
services
Total
 (In thousands)
At December 31, 2023
$414 $1,189 $— $7,967 $9,570 
Current expected credit loss provision782 1,916 — (411)2,287 
Less write-offs charged against the allowance659 1,455 — 48 2,162 
Credit loss recoveries collected147 314 — — 461 
At March 31, 2024
$684 $1,964 $— $7,508 $10,156 
Current expected credit loss provision190 214 — 277 681 
Less write-offs charged against the allowance463 969 — 541 1,973 
Credit loss recoveries collected80 196 — 13 289 
At June 30, 2024
$491 $1,405 $— $7,257 $9,153 
ElectricNatural gas
distribution
PipelineConstruction
services
Total
 (In thousands)
At December 31, 2022
$375 $1,615 $$2,162 $4,154 
Current expected credit loss provision615 2,324 — 826 3,765 
Less write-offs charged against the allowance667 1,225 — 51 1,943 
Credit loss recoveries collected145 229 — 375 
At March 31, 2023
$468 $2,943 $$2,938 $6,351 
Current expected credit loss provision182 90 — 1,825 2,097 
Less write-offs charged against the allowance316 1,454 — 103 1,873 
Credit loss recoveries collected79 161 — 58 298 
At June 30, 2023
$413 $1,740 $$4,718 $6,873 
14

Note 6 - Inventories and natural gas in storage
Natural gas in storage for the Company's regulated operations is generally valued at lower of cost or market using the last-in, first-out method or lower of cost or net realizable value using the average cost or first-in, first-out method. The majority of all other inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the average cost method. The portion of the cost of natural gas in storage expected to be used within 12 months was included in inventories. Inventories on the Consolidated Balance Sheets were as follows:
 June 30, 2024June 30, 2023December 31, 2023
 (In thousands)
Merchandise for resale$39,408 $32,498 $34,955 
Natural gas in storage (current)16,363 15,388 39,377 
Materials and supplies6,880 6,391 5,460 
Other7,085 5,877 7,600 
Total$69,736 $60,154 $87,392 
The remainder of natural gas in storage, which largely represents the cost of gas required to maintain pressure levels for normal operating purposes, was included in noncurrent assets - other and was $50.1 million, $47.4 million and $48.5 million at June 30, 2024 and 2023 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Note 7 - Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the applicable period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the total of the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the applicable period, plus the effect of non-vested performance share awards and restricted stock units. Common stock outstanding includes issued shares less shares held in treasury. Net income was the same for both the basic and diluted earnings per share calculations. A reconciliation of the weighted average common shares outstanding used in the basic and diluted earnings per share calculations follows:
Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
June 30,June 30,
2024202320242023
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic203,888 203,635 203,834 203,630 
Effect of dilutive performance share awards and restricted stock units694 242 530 264 
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted204,582 203,877 204,364 203,894 
Earnings per share - basic:
Income from continuing operations$.30 $.72 $.79 $1.14 
Discontinued operations, net of tax— (.08)— (.31)
Earnings per share - basic$.30 $.64 $.79 $.83 
Earnings per share - diluted:
Income from continuing operations$.30 $.72 $.79 $1.14 
Discontinued operations, net of tax— (.08)— (.31)
Earnings per share - diluted$.30 $.64 $.79 $.83 
Shares excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share
— — — — 
Dividends declared per common share
$.1250 $.2225 $.2500 $.4450 
15

Note 8 - Revenue from contracts with customers
Revenue is recognized when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control over a product or service to a customer. Revenue is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The Company is considered an agent for certain taxes collected from customers. As such, the Company presents revenues net of these taxes at the time of sale to be remitted to governmental authorities, including sales and use taxes.

As part of the adoption of ASC 606 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers, the Company elected the practical expedient to recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that the Company otherwise would have recognized is 12 months or less.
The Company recognizes revenue from the sale of emissions allowances allocated under the environmental programs in certain states. The Company has the right to payment when the allowances are sold at auction. Revenue is recognized on a point in time basis within the quarter that the auction is held. The revenues associated with the sale of these allowances are deferred as a component of the respective jurisdiction’s regulatory asset or liability for environmental compliance. For more information on the Company’s regulatory assets and liabilities, see Note 10.
Changes in cost estimates on certain contracts may result in the issuance of change orders, which can be approved or unapproved by the customer, or the assertion of contract claims. The Company recognizes amounts associated with change orders and claims as revenue if it is probable that the contract price will be adjusted and the amount of any such adjustment can be reasonably estimated. Change orders and claims are negotiated in the normal course of business and represent management’s estimates of additional contract revenues that have been earned and are probable of collection.
The Company received notification in 2023 from a customer on a large project with a contract that was billed on a time and materials basis with no stated maximum price, that it is withholding payment of approximately $31.2 million on remaining outstanding billings, including retention. The Company believes it has substantial defenses against these claims based upon the terms of the contract and the Company's belief that it has fully performed under the terms of the contract. The Company believes collection of the remaining outstanding billings, including retention is probable and, as a result, the Company has recognized the revenue from this project in its results. However, there is uncertainty surrounding this matter, including the potential long-term nature of dispute resolution, the Company filing a lien on the property and the broad range of possible consideration amounts as a result of negotiations and potential litigation to resolve the dispute.
Disaggregation
In the following tables, revenue is disaggregated by the type of customer or service provided. The Company believes this level of disaggregation best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. The table also includes a reconciliation of the disaggregated revenue by reportable segments. For more information on the Company's business segments, see Note 15.
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024ElectricNatural gas
distribution
PipelineConstruction
services
OtherTotal
(In thousands)
Residential utility sales
$31,437 $106,690 $— $— $— $138,127 
Commercial utility sales
41,620 64,274 — — — 105,894 
Industrial utility sales
11,758 9,268 — — — 21,026 
Other utility sales
2,065 — — — — 2,065 
Natural gas transportation
— 13,324 43,406 — — 56,730 
Natural gas storage
— — 5,331 — — 5,331 
Electrical & mechanical specialty contracting— — — 502,015 — 502,015 
Transmission & distribution specialty contracting— — — 190,881 — 190,881 
Other
13,186 5,767 4,110 45 1,418 24,526 
Intersegment eliminations
(64)(49)(9,055)(249)(1,416)(10,833)
Revenues from contracts with customers
100,002 199,274 43,792 692,692 1,035,762 
Other revenues
(845)2,157 39 10,432 — 11,783 
Total external operating revenues
$99,157 $201,431 $43,831 $703,124 $$1,047,545 
16

Three Months Ended June 30, 2023ElectricNatural gas
distribution
PipelineConstruction
services
OtherTotal
(In thousands)
Residential utility sales
$30,825 $120,967 $— $— $— $151,792 
Commercial utility sales
38,262 71,196 — — — 109,458 
Industrial utility sales
10,370 9,183 — — — 19,553 
Other utility sales
1,710 — — — — 1,710 
Natural gas transportation
— 11,671 34,394 — — 46,065 
Natural gas storage
— — 3,758 — — 3,758 
Electrical & mechanical specialty contracting— — — 568,307 — 568,307 
Transmission & distribution specialty contracting— — — 167,485 — 167,485 
Other
11,531 3,272 3,937 177 3,151 22,068 
Intersegment eliminations
(27)(69)(7,918)— (3,151)(11,165)
Revenues from contracts with customers
92,671 216,220 34,171 735,969 — 1,079,031 
Other revenues
(1,682)2,775 38 10,964 — 12,095 
Total external operating revenues
$90,989 $218,995 $34,209 $746,933 $— $1,091,126 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024ElectricNatural gas
distribution
PipelineConstruction
services
OtherTotal
(In thousands)
Residential utility sales
$70,659 $369,793 $— $— $— $440,452 
Commercial utility sales
83,135 226,404 — — — 309,539 
Industrial utility sales
23,107 23,847 — — — 46,954 
Other utility sales
4,001 — — — — 4,001 
Natural gas transportation
— 27,915 87,043 — — 114,958 
Natural gas storage
— — 10,713 — — 10,713 
Electrical & mechanical specialty contracting— — — 941,393 — 941,393 
Transmission & distribution specialty contracting— — — 367,741 — 367,741 
Other
28,816 8,969 6,366 91 2,850 47,092 
Intersegment eliminations
(93)(105)(39,365)(336)(2,833)(42,732)
Revenues from contracts with customers
209,625 656,823 64,757 1,308,889 17 2,240,111 
Revenues out of scope(2,742)4,078 86 19,837 — 21,259 
Total external operating revenues
$206,883 $660,901 $64,843 $1,328,726 $17 $2,261,370 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023ElectricNatural gas
distribution
PipelineConstruction
services
OtherTotal
(In thousands)
Residential utility sales
$68,650 $448,617 $— $— $— $517,267 
Commercial utility sales
74,609 276,122 — — — 350,731 
Industrial utility sales
21,133 26,021 — — — 47,154 
Other utility sales
3,484 — — — — 3,484 
Natural gas transportation
— 25,175 69,378 — — 94,553 
Natural gas storage
— — 7,620 — — 7,620 
Electrical & mechanical specialty contracting— — — 1,158,570 — 1,158,570 
Transmission & distribution specialty contracting— — — 319,507 — 319,507 
Other
23,410 7,993 5,797 209 4,723 42,132 
Intersegment eliminations
(55)(139)(34,188)— (4,723)(39,105)
Revenues from contracts with customers
191,231 783,789 48,607 1,478,286 — 2,501,913 
Revenues out of scope(4,545)801 76 22,979 — 19,311 
Total external operating revenues
$186,686 $784,590 $48,683 $1,501,265 $— $2,521,224 
17

Contract balances
The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. The timing of invoicing to customers does not necessarily correlate with the timing of revenues being recognized under the cost-to-cost method of accounting. Contracts from contracting services are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed upon contractual terms. Generally, billing to the customer occurs contemporaneous to revenue recognition. A variance in timing of the billings may result in a contract asset or a contract liability. A contract asset occurs when revenues are recognized under the cost-to-cost measure of progress, which exceeds amounts billed on uncompleted contracts. Such amounts will be billed as standard contract terms allow, usually based on various measures of performance or achievement. A contract liability occurs when there are billings in excess of revenues recognized under the cost-to-cost measure of progress on uncompleted contracts. Contract liabilities decrease as revenue is recognized from the satisfaction of the related performance obligation.
The changes in contract assets and liabilities were as follows:
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023ChangeLocation on Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands)
Contract assets
$163,466 $158,861 $4,605 Receivables, net
Contract liabilities - current(193,299)(202,144)8,845 Accounts payable
Contract liabilities - noncurrent(2,130)(291)(1,839)Noncurrent liabilities - other
Net contract liabilities
$(31,963)$(43,574)$11,611 
The Company recognized $24.1 million and $121.7 million in revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, which was previously included in contract liabilities at December 31, 2023. The Company recognized $23.4 million and $157.9 million in revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, which was previously included in contract liabilities at December 31, 2022.
The Company recognized a net increase in revenues of $35.5 million and $58.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, from performance obligations satisfied in prior periods. The Company recognized a net increase in revenues of $23.1 million and $31.8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, from performance obligations satisfied in prior periods.
Remaining performance obligations
The remaining performance obligations, also referred to as backlog, at the construction services segment include unrecognized revenues that the Company reasonably expects to be realized. These unrecognized revenues can include: projects that have a written award, a letter of intent, a notice to proceed, an agreed upon work order to perform work on mutually accepted terms and conditions and change orders or claims to the extent management believes additional contract revenues will be earned and are deemed probable of collection. Excluded from remaining performance obligations are potential orders under master service agreements. The majority of the Company's construction contracts have an original duration of less than two years.
The remaining performance obligations at the pipeline segment include firm transportation and storage contracts with fixed pricing and fixed volumes. The Company has applied the practical expedient that does not require additional disclosures for contracts with an original duration of less than 12 months, to certain firm transportation, storage and non-regulated contracts. The Company's firm transportation and storage contracts included in the remaining performance obligations have weighted average remaining durations of less than five years and two years, respectively.
At June 30, 2024, the Company's remaining performance obligations were $3.0 billion. The Company expects to recognize the following revenue amounts in future periods related to these remaining performance obligations: $2.1 billion within the next 12 months or less; $435.4 million within the next 13 to 24 months; and $506.7 million in 25 months or more.
Note 9 - Leases
The Company's leases primarily include operating leases for equipment, buildings, easements and vehicles. The Company leases certain equipment to third parties through its utility and construction services segments, which are considered short-term operating leases with terms of less than 12 months.
The Company recognized revenue from operating leases of $10.5 million and $20.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. The Company recognized revenue from operating leases of $11.1 million and $23.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. At June 30, 2024, the Company had $8.4 million of lease receivables with a majority due within 12 months.
18

Note 10 - Regulatory assets and liabilities
The following table summarizes the individual components of unamortized regulatory assets and liabilities:
Estimated
Recovery or Refund
Period as of
June 30, 2024
*June 30, 2024June 30, 2023December 31, 2023
(In thousands)
Regulatory assets:
Current:
Natural gas costs recoverable through rate adjustments
Up to 1 year
$105,064 $170,249 $98,844 
Environmental compliance programs
Up to 1 year
84,486 2,926 5,525 
Conservation programs
Up to 1 year
15,713 10,897 14,425 
Cost recovery mechanisms
Up to 1 year
6,074 4,758 9,153 
Electric fuel and purchased power deferral
Up to 1 year
3,024 2,221 33,918 
Other
Up to 1 year
3,461 2,111 10,627 
217,822 193,162 172,492 
Noncurrent:
Pension and postretirement benefits**142,511 144,448 142,511 
Cost recovery mechanisms
Up to 25 years
82,984 63,890 85,944 
Plant costs/asset retirement obligationsOver plant lives45,342 43,855 46,009 
Manufactured gas plant site remediation-25,704 25,764 26,127 
Natural gas costs recoverable through rate adjustments
Up to 2 years
15,870 — 55,493 
Taxes recoverable from customersOver plant lives12,311 12,099 12,249 
Electric fuel and purchased power deferral
Up to 2 years
12,160 — — 
Environmental compliance programs
-2,858 20,611 66,806 
Long-term debt refinancing costs
Up to 36 years
2,306 2,894 2,600 
Plant to be retired-227 20,858 772 
Other
Up to 15 years
9,061 10,766 8,588 
351,334 345,185 447,099 
Total regulatory assets$569,156 $538,347 $619,591 
Regulatory liabilities:
Current:
Environmental compliance programs
Up to 1 year
$72,644 $— $— 
Natural gas costs refundable through rate adjustments
Up to 1 year
60,400 17,820 43,161 
Provision for rate refund
Up to 1 year
7,767 1,227 6,866 
Cost recovery mechanisms
Up to 1 year
3,841 3,304 6,284 
Conservation programs
Up to 1 year
3,330 2,851 2,130 
Margin sharing
Up to 1 year
2,188 1,791 5,243 
Taxes refundable to customers
Up to 1 year
2,074 1,513 2,149 
Refundable fuel and electric costs
Up to 1 year
1,431 103 263 
Electric fuel and purchased power deferral
Up to 1 year
506 8,481 — 
Other
Up to 1 year
4,354 10,967 4,665 
158,535 48,057 70,761 
Noncurrent:
Plant removal and decommissioning costsOver plant lives222,668 216,682 220,147 
Taxes refundable to customersOver plant lives187,827 197,757 193,578 
Cost recovery mechanisms
Up to 18 years
26,286 18,226 21,791 
Accumulated deferred investment tax creditOver plant lives16,518 14,398 15,740 
Pension and postretirement benefits**6,043 7,120 6,044 
Environmental compliance programs-— — 61,941 
Other
Up to 14 years
2,024 1,694 1,809 
461,366 455,877 521,050 
Total regulatory liabilities$619,901 $503,934 $591,811 
Net regulatory position$(50,745)$34,413 $27,780 
*Estimated recovery or refund period for amounts currently being recovered or refunded in rates to customers.
**    Recovered as expense is incurred or cash contributions are made.
19

At June 30, 2024 and 2023, and December 31, 2023, approximately $190.5 million, $226.4 million and $194.3 million, respectively, of regulatory assets were not earning a rate of return; however, these regulatory assets are expected to be recovered from customers in future rates. These assets are largely comprised of the unfunded portion of pension and postretirement benefits, asset retirement obligations, certain pipeline integrity costs and the estimated future cost of manufactured gas plant site remediation.
If, for any reason, the Company's regulated businesses cease to meet the criteria for application of regulatory accounting for all or part of their operations, the regulatory assets and liabilities relating to those portions ceasing to meet such criteria would be written off and included in the statement of income or accumulated other comprehensive loss in the period in which the discontinuance of regulatory accounting occurs.
Note 11 - Environmental allowances and obligations
Beginning in 2023, the Company's natural gas distribution segment acquires environmental allowances as part of its requirement to comply with environmental regulations in certain states. Allowances are allocated by the respective states to the Company at no cost and additional allowances are required to be purchased as needed based on the requirements in the respective states. The segment records purchased and allocated environmental allowances at weighted average cost under the inventory method of accounting. Environmental allowances are included in Prepayments and other current assets and noncurrent assets - Other on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Environmental compliance obligations, which are based on GHG emissions, are measured at the carrying value of environmental allowances held plus the estimated value of additional allowances necessary to satisfy the compliance obligation. Environmental compliance obligations are included in current liabilities - Other accrued liabilities and noncurrent liabilities - Other on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company recognizes revenue from the sale of emissions allowances allocated under the environmental programs when the allowances are sold at auction. The revenues associated with the sale of these allowances are deferred as a component of the respective jurisdiction’s regulatory liability for environmental compliance.
As environmental allowances are surrendered, the segment reduces the associated environmental compliance assets and liabilities from the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The expenses and revenues associated with the Company’s environmental allowances and obligations are deferred as regulatory assets and liabilities and recognized as a component of purchased natural gas sold as recovered in customer rates. For more information on the Company’s regulatory assets and liabilities, see Note 10.
Note 12 - Fair value measurements
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value ASC establishes a hierarchy for grouping assets and liabilities, based on the significance of inputs. The estimated fair values of the Company's assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis are determined using the market approach.
The Company measures its investments in certain fixed-income and equity securities at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in income. The Company anticipates using these investments, which consist of insurance contracts, to satisfy its obligations under its unfunded, nonqualified defined benefit and defined contribution plans for executive officers and certain key management employees and invests in these fixed-income and equity securities for the purpose of earning investment returns and capital appreciation. These investments, which totaled $61.0 million, $84.1 million and $66.2 million, at June 30, 2024 and 2023, and December 31, 2023, respectively, are classified as Investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The net unrealized gain on these investments was $362,000 and $3.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. The net unrealized gain on these investments was $1.9 million and $4.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. The change in fair value, which is considered part of the cost of the plan, is classified in Other income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. In the first quarter of 2024 and the fourth quarter of 2023 the Company withdrew $9.0 million and $20.0 million, respectively, of its cost basis, which reduced Investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company did not elect the fair value option, which records gains and losses in income, for its available-for-sale securities, which include mortgage-backed securities and U.S. Treasury securities. These available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value and are classified as Investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Unrealized gains or losses are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Details of available-for-sale securities were as follows:
June 30, 2024CostGross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Value
(In thousands)
Mortgage-backed securities$8,091 $$482 $7,612 
U.S. Treasury securities3,806 54 — 3,860 
Total$11,897 $57 $482 $11,472 
20

June 30, 2023CostGross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Value
(In thousands)
Mortgage-backed securities$8,542 $— $651 $7,891 
U.S. Treasury securities3,091 46 3,050 
Total$11,633 $$697 $10,941 
December 31, 2023CostGross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Value
(In thousands)
Mortgage-backed securities$8,234 $17 $470 $7,781 
U.S. Treasury securities3,521 28 3,541 
Total$11,755 $45 $478 $11,322 
On May 31, 2023, the Company completed the Knife River separation and retained approximately 10 percent, or 5.7 million shares of Knife River common stock immediately following the separation, which were disposed of in a tax-free exchange in November 2023. The Company did not retain a controlling interest in Knife River and therefore the fair value of its retained shares and subsequent fair value changes are included in assets of and results from continuing operations, respectively. At June 30, 2023, the fair value of the Company's retained shares in Knife River common stock of $246.1 million was reflected in Retained shares in Knife River on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and was remeasured at fair value based on Knife River's closing stock price on June 30, 2023, with an unrealized gain of $140.0 million recorded in Unrealized gain on retained shares in Knife River on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The Company's assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:
 Fair Value Measurements at June 30, 2024, Using 
 Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Balance at June 30, 2024
(In thousands)
Assets:    
Money market funds$— $10,904 $— $10,904 
Insurance contracts*— 60,952 — 60,952 
Available-for-sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities— 7,612 — 7,612 
U.S. Treasury securities— 3,860 — 3,860 
Total assets measured at fair value$— $83,328 $— $83,328 
* The insurance contracts invest approximately 55 percent in fixed-income investments, 19 percent in common stock of large-cap companies, 10 percent in target date investments, 8 percent in common stock of mid-cap companies, 4 percent in common stock of small-cap companies, 3 percent in cash equivalents, and 1 percent in international investments.
21

 Fair Value Measurements at June 30, 2023, Using 
 Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Balance at June 30, 2023
(In thousands)
Assets:    
Retained shares in Knife River
$246,063 $— $— $246,063 
Money market funds— 5,737 — 5,737 
Insurance contracts*— 84,099 — 84,099 
Available-for-sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities— 7,891 — 7,891 
U.S. Treasury securities— 3,050 — 3,050 
Total assets measured at fair value$246,063 $100,777 $— $346,840 
* The insurance contracts invest approximately 67 percent in fixed-income investments, 14 percent in common stock of large-cap companies, 7 percent in common stock of mid-cap companies, 6 percent in common stock of small-cap companies, 4 percent in target date investments and 2 percent in cash equivalents.
 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023, Using 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
 (Level 1)
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
 (Level 3)
Balance at December 31, 2023
(In thousands)
Assets:    
Money market funds$— $6,409 $— $6,409 
Insurance contracts*— 66,283 — 66,283 
Available-for-sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities— 7,781 — 7,781 
U.S. Treasury securities— 3,541 — 3,541 
Total assets measured at fair value$— $84,014 $— $84,014 
* The insurance contracts invest approximately 60 percent in fixed-income investments, 15 percent in common stock of large-cap companies, 8 percent in target date investments, 7 percent in common stock of mid-cap companies, 5 percent in common stock of small-cap companies, 3 percent in cash equivalents, 1 percent in high yield investments and 1 percent in international investments.
The Company's money market funds are valued at the net asset value of shares held at the end of the period, based on published market quotations on active markets, or using other known sources including pricing from outside sources. The estimated fair value of the Company's mortgage-backed securities and U.S. Treasury securities are based on comparable market transactions, other observable inputs or other sources, including pricing from outside sources. The estimated fair value of the Company's insurance contracts are based on contractual cash surrender values that are determined primarily by investments in managed separate accounts of the insurer. These amounts approximate fair value. The managed separate accounts are valued based on other observable inputs or corroborated market data.
Though the Company believes the methods used to estimate fair value are consistent with those used by other market participants, the use of other methods or assumptions could result in a different estimate of fair value.
The Company applies the provisions of the fair value measurement standard to its nonrecurring, non-financial measurements, including long-lived asset impairments. These assets are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments only in certain circumstances. The Company reviews the carrying value of its long-lived assets, excluding goodwill, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that such carrying amounts may not be recoverable.
22

The Company's long-term debt is not measured at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the fair value is being provided for disclosure purposes only. The fair value was categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy and was based on discounted future cash flows using current market interest rates. The estimated fair value of the Company's Level 2 long-term debt was as follows:
 June 30, 2024June 30, 2023December 31, 2023
(In thousands)
Carrying amount$2,400,617 $2,247,422 $2,298,223 
Fair value$2,087,677 $1,949,905 $2,046,039 
The carrying amounts of the Company's remaining financial instruments included in current assets and current liabilities approximate their fair values.
Note 13 - Debt
Due to the Knife River separation, Centennial repaid all of its outstanding debt in the second quarter of 2023, which was funded by the Knife River repayment and the Company entering into various new debt instruments. Refer to Note 3 for additional information related to the repayment of debt associated with the Knife River separation.
Certain debt instruments of the Company and its subsidiaries contain restrictive and financial covenants and cross-default provisions. In order to borrow under the debt agreements, the Company and its subsidiaries must be in compliance with the applicable covenants and certain other conditions, all of which the Company and its subsidiaries, as applicable, were in compliance with at June 30, 2024. In the event the Company or its subsidiaries do not comply with the applicable covenants and other conditions, alternative sources of funding may need to be pursued.
Montana-Dakota's commercial paper program is supported by a revolving credit agreement. While the amount of commercial paper outstanding does not reduce available capacity under the revolving credit agreement, Montana-Dakota does not issue commercial paper in an aggregate amount exceeding the available capacity under the credit agreement. The commercial paper and revolving credit agreement borrowings may vary during the period, largely the result of fluctuations in working capital requirements due to the seasonality of certain operations of Montana-Dakota.
Short-term debt
Cascade On January 20, 2023, Cascade entered into a $150.0 million term loan agreement with a SOFR-based variable interest rate and a maturity date of January 19, 2024. On December 5, 2023, Cascade paid down $100.0 million of the outstanding balance. On January 19, 2024, Cascade made the final $50.0 million repayment on the $150.0 million term loan agreement.
Intermountain On January 20, 2023, Intermountain entered into a $125.0 million term loan agreement with a SOFR-based variable interest rate and a maturity date of January 19, 2024. In March, April, and May 2023, Intermountain paid down $20.0 million, $30.0 million, and $30.0 million, respectively, of the outstanding balance. On January 19, 2024, Intermountain made the final $45.0 million repayment on the $125.0 million term loan agreement.
Long-term debt
Cascade On June 20, 2024, Cascade amended and restated its revolving credit agreement to increase the borrowing capacity from $100.0 million to $175.0 million and extend the maturity date to June 20, 2029. Any borrowings under the revolving credit agreement are classified as long-term debt as they are intended to be refinanced on a long-term basis through continued borrowings. The credit agreement contains customary covenants and provisions, including a covenant of Cascade not to permit, at any time, the ratio of total debt to total capitalization to be greater than 65 percent. Other covenants include restrictions on the sale of certain assets, limitations on indebtedness and the making of certain investments.
Intermountain On June 20, 2024, Intermountain amended and restated its revolving credit agreement to increase the borrowing capacity from $100.0 million to $175.0 million and extend the maturity date to June 20, 2029. Any borrowings under the revolving credit agreement are classified as long-term debt as they are intended to be refinanced on a long-term basis through continued borrowings. The credit agreement contains customary covenants and provisions, including a covenant of Intermountain not to permit, at any time, the ratio of total debt to total capitalization to be greater than 65 percent. Other covenants include restrictions on the sale of certain assets, limitations on indebtedness and the making of certain investments.
WBI Energy Transmission On April 1, 2024, WBI Energy Transmission entered into a $60.0 million term loan agreement with an interest rate of 4.52 percent and a maturity date of April 1, 2039, with the principal to be repaid in equal annual installments of $4.0 million each, beginning March 2025 and continuing through the maturity date. The agreement contains customary covenants and provisions, including a covenant of WBI Energy Transmission not to permit, at any time, the ratio of total debt to total capitalization to be greater than 65 percent. The covenants also include certain restrictions on the sale of certain assets, loans and investments.
23

Long-term Debt Outstanding Long-term debt outstanding was as follows:
 
Weighted
Average
Interest
Rate at
June 30, 2024
June 30, 2024June 30, 2023December 31, 2023
 (In thousands)
Senior Notes due on dates ranging from August 23, 2025 to June 15, 2062
4.46 %$1,882,000 $1,757,000 $1,882,000 
Term Loan Agreements due on dates ranging from May 31, 2025 to April 1, 20396.03 %256,300 382,000 196,300 
Commercial paper supported by revolving credit agreement5.64 %133,700 58,900 144,200 
Credit agreements due on June 20, 20297.45 %99,800 20,300 46,100 
Medium-Term Notes due on dates ranging from September 15, 2027 to March 16, 2029
7.32 %35,000 35,000 35,000 
Other notes due on dates ranging from May 31, 2028 to November 30, 2038
6.00 %354 987 980 
Less unamortized debt issuance costs6,537 6,765 6,357 
Total long-term debt2,400,617 2,247,422 2,298,223 
Less current maturities193,608 1,319 61,319 
Net long-term debt$2,207,009 $2,246,103 $2,236,904 
Schedule of Debt Maturities Long-term debt maturities, which excludes unamortized debt issuance costs and discount, at June 30, 2024, were as follows:
Remainder of
2024
2025202620272028Thereafter
(In thousands)
Long-term debt maturities$700 $351,700 $144,700 $24,700 $213,400 $1,671,954 
Note 14 - Cash flow information
Cash expenditures for interest and income taxes were as follows:
Six Months Ended
 June 30,
 20242023 
 (In thousands)
Interest, net*
$55,168 $54,616 
Income taxes paid, net**$32,787 $17,542 
*AFUDC - borrowed was $5.7 million and $4.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Interest, net also includes interest classified as discontinued operations in 2023.
** Income taxes paid, including discontinued operations, was $18.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023.
Noncash investing and financing transactions were as follows:
June 30, 2024June 30, 2023December 31, 2023
(In thousands)
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities
$22,681 $24,201 $46,181 
Property, plant and equipment additions in accounts payable
$46,174 $37,076 $46,622 
24

Note 15 - Business segment data
The Company's reportable segments are those that are based on the Company's method of internal reporting, which generally segregates the strategic business units due to differences in products, services and regulation. The internal reporting of these operating segments is defined based on the reporting and review process used by the Company's chief executive officer. The Company's operations are located within the United States.
The electric segment generates, transmits and distributes electricity in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wyoming. The natural gas distribution segment distributes natural gas in those states, as well as in Idaho, Minnesota, Oregon and Washington. These operations also supply related value-added services.
The pipeline segment provides natural gas transportation and underground storage services through a regulated pipeline system primarily in the Rocky Mountain and northern Great Plains regions of the United States. This segment also provides non-regulated energy-related services, including cathodic protection.
The construction services segment provides a full spectrum of construction services through its electrical and mechanical and transmission and distribution specialty contracting services across the United States. These specialty contracting services are provided to utilities, manufacturing, transportation, commercial, industrial, institutional, renewable and governmental customers. Its electrical and mechanical contracting services include construction and maintenance of electrical and communication wiring and infrastructure, fire suppression systems, and mechanical piping and services. Its transmission and distribution contracting services include construction and maintenance of overhead and underground electrical, gas and communication infrastructure, as well as manufacturing and supplying transmission and distribution line construction equipment and tools.
The Other category includes the activities of Centennial Capital, which, through its subsidiary InterSource Insurance Company, insures various types of risks as a captive insurer for certain of the Company's subsidiaries. The function of the captive insurer is to fund the self-insured layers of the insured Company's general liability, automobile liability, pollution liability and other coverages. Centennial Capital also owns certain real and personal property. In addition, the Other category includes certain assets, liabilities and tax adjustments of the holding company primarily associated with corporate functions, as well as costs associated with certain strategic initiatives. Also included are certain general and administrative costs (reflected in operation and maintenance expense) and interest expense, which were previously allocated to Knife River, Fidelity and the refining business which do not meet the criteria for income (loss) from discontinued operations.
Discontinued operations includes Knife River's operations, associated separation costs and interest on debt facilities repaid in connection with the Knife River separation. Discontinued operations also includes the supporting activities of Fidelity other than certain general and administrative costs and interest expense as described above.
25

The information below follows the same accounting policies as described in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2023 Annual Report. Information on the Company's segments was as follows:
Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
June 30,June 30,
 2024 2023 2024 2023 
 (In thousands)
External operating revenues:   
Regulated operations:
Electric$99,157 $90,989 $206,883 $186,686 
Natural gas distribution201,431 218,995 660,901 784,590 
Pipeline39,956 30,508 58,777 43,147 
 340,544 340,492 926,561 1,014,423 
Non-regulated operations:
Pipeline3,875 3,701 6,066 5,536 
Construction services703,124 746,933 1,328,726 1,501,265 
Other— 17 — 
 707,001 750,634 1,334,809 1,506,801 
Total external operating revenues$1,047,545 $1,091,126 $2,261,370 $2,521,224 
Intersegment operating revenues:    
Regulated operations:
Electric$64 $27 $93 $55 
Natural gas distribution49 69 105 139 
Pipeline8,854 7,699 39,129 33,958 
8,967 7,795 39,327 34,152 
Non-regulated operations:
Pipeline201 219 236 230 
Construction services249 — 336 — 
Other1,416 3,151 2,833 4,723 
1,866 3,370 3,405 4,953 
Total intersegment operating revenues$10,833 $11,165 $42,732 $39,105 
Operating income (loss):
Electric$18,631 $21,561 $41,419 $42,654 
Natural gas distribution1,204 2,428 59,442 60,932 
Pipeline23,272 13,886 45,922 26,926 
Construction services51,309 54,310 90,193 89,527 
Other(4,670)(10,154)(11,283)(19,486)
Total operating income$89,746 $82,031 $225,693 $200,553 
Income (loss) from continuing operations:
Regulated operations:
Electric$15,527 $16,338 $33,396 $32,945 
Natural gas distribution(5,007)(3,157)35,063 35,771 
Pipeline16,840 8,651 32,244 17,580 
27,360 21,832 100,703 86,296 
Non-regulated operations:
Pipeline419 286 73 (172)
Construction services38,971 41,167 67,186 69,976 
Other(6,176)84,348 (6,490)75,408 
33,214 125,801 60,769 145,212 
Income from continuing operations60,574 147,633 161,472 231,508 
Discontinued operations, net of tax(138)(16,941)(138)(62,464)
Net income$60,436 $130,692 $161,334 $169,044 
26

A reconciliation of reportable segment operating revenues to consolidated operating revenues is as follows:
Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
June 30,June 30,
2024 2023 2024 2023 
(In thousands)
Operating revenues reconciliation:
Total reportable segment operating revenues$1,056,960 $1,099,140 $2,301,252 $2,555,606 
Other revenue1,418 3,151 2,850 4,723 
Elimination of intersegment operating revenues(10,833)(11,165)(42,732)(39,105)
Total consolidated operating revenues$1,047,545 $1,091,126 $2,261,370 $2,521,224 
Note 16 - Employee benefit plans
Pension and other postretirement plans
The Company has noncontributory qualified defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans for certain eligible employees.
Components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) for the Company's pension benefit plans were as follows:
Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
June 30,June 30,
2024202320242023
(In thousands)
Components of net periodic benefit cost (credit):
Interest cost$3,200 $3,380 $6,400 $7,169 
Expected return on assets(4,028)(4,299)(8,056)(9,048)
Amortization of net actuarial loss1,037 773 2,074 1,674 
Net periodic benefit cost (credit)$209 $(146)$418 $(205)
Components of net periodic benefit credit for the Company's other postretirement benefit plans were as follows:
Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
June 30,June 30,
2024202320242023
(In thousands)
Components of net periodic benefit credit:
Service cost$126 $136 $252 $274 
Interest cost459 489 918 978 
Expected return on assets(1,329)(1,334)(2,658)(2,668)
Amortization of prior service credit
(330)(329)(660)(659)
Amortization of net actuarial gain(72)(70)(144)(126)
Net periodic benefit credit, including amount capitalized(1,146)(1,108)(2,292)(2,201)
Less amount capitalized47 53 69 77 
Net periodic benefit credit$(1,193)$(1,161)$(2,361)$(2,278)

The components of net periodic benefit cost (credit), other than the service cost component, are included in Other income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The service cost component is included in Operation and maintenance expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Nonqualified defined benefit plans
In addition to the qualified defined benefit pension plans reflected in the table at the beginning of this note, the Company also has unfunded, nonqualified defined benefit plans for executive officers and certain key management employees. The Company's net periodic benefit cost for these plans was $733,000 and $750,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $1.5 million for both of the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. The components of net periodic benefit cost for these plans are included in Other income on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
27

Note 17 - Regulatory matters
The Company regularly reviews the need for electric and natural gas rate changes in each of the jurisdictions in which service is provided. The Company files for rate adjustments to seek recovery of operating costs and capital investments, as well as reasonable returns as allowed by regulators. Certain regulatory proceedings and cases may also contain recurring mechanisms that can have an annual true-up. Examples of these recurring mechanisms include: infrastructure riders, transmission trackers, renewable resource cost adjustment riders, as well as weather normalization and decoupling mechanisms. The following paragraphs summarize the Company's significant open regulatory proceedings and cases by jurisdiction including updates to those reported in the 2023 Annual Report and should be read in conjunction with previous filings. The Company is unable to predict the ultimate outcome of these matters, the timing of final decisions of the various regulators and courts, or the effect on the Company's results of operations, financial position or cash flows.
MTPSC
On July 15, 2024, Montana-Dakota filed a request with the MTPSC for a natural gas general rate increase of approximately $9.4 million annually or 11.1 percent above current rates. The requested increase is primarily to recover investments in system upgrades and pipeline replacement projects enhancing the reliability, safety and integrity of the natural gas system, as well as increased costs to operate and maintain that system. This matter is pending before the MTPSC.
NDPSC
On November 1, 2023, Montana-Dakota filed a request with the NDPSC for a natural gas general rate increase of approximately $11.6 million annually or 7.5 percent above current rates. The requested increase is primarily to recover investments in system upgrades and pipeline replacement projects enhancing the reliability, safety and integrity of the natural gas system, as well as increased costs to operate and maintain that system. On December 13, 2023, the NDPSC approved an interim rate increase of approximately $10.1 million annually or 6.5 percent above current rates, subject to refund, for service rendered on and after January 1, 2024. This matter is pending before the NDPSC.
SDPUC
On August 15, 2023, Montana-Dakota filed a request with the SDPUC for an electric general rate increase of approximately $3.0 million annually or 17.3 percent above current rates. The requested increase is primarily to recover investments in production, transmission and distribution facilities and the associated depreciation, operation and maintenance expense and taxes associated with the increased investment. On January 26, 2024, Montana-Dakota filed a notice of intent to implement interim rates of $2.7 million annually or 15.4 percent above current rates. The interim rates, subject to refund, were effective March 1, 2024. On July 26, 2024, an all-party settlement agreement was filed reflecting an annual revenue increase of $1.4 million or 8.6 percent overall. The reduction from the original filing includes changes to the overall return, lower depreciation rates and other settled items. This matter is pending before the SDPUC.
On August 15, 2023, Montana-Dakota filed a request with the SDPUC for a natural gas general rate increase of approximately $7.4 million annually or 11.2 percent above current rates. The requested increase is primarily to recover investments in system upgrades and pipeline replacement projects enhancing the reliability, safety and integrity of the natural gas system, as well as increased costs to operate and maintain that system. On January 26, 2024, Montana-Dakota filed a notice of intent to implement interim rates, subject to refund, which were effective March 1, 2024. On July 26, 2024, an all-party settlement agreement was filed reflecting an annual revenue increase of $5.4 million or 8.1 percent overall. The reduction from the original filing includes lower depreciation rates, changes to the overall return and other settled items. This matter is pending before the SDPUC.
WUTC
On March 29, 2024, Cascade filed a request with the WUTC for a multi-year natural gas general rate increase of $43.8 million or 11.6 percent effective March 1, 2025 and $11.7 million or 2.8 percent to be effective March 1, 2026. Multi-year filings are now required by Washington law that went into effect on January 1, 2022. The requested increase is primarily to recover infrastructure investments necessary to provide safe and reliable service and higher operating costs due to inflation. This matter is pending before the WUTC.
28

Note 18 - Contingencies
The Company is party to claims and lawsuits arising out of its business and that of its consolidated subsidiaries, which may include, but are not limited to, matters involving property damage, personal injury, and environmental, contractual, statutory and regulatory obligations. The Company accrues a liability for those contingencies when the incurrence of a loss is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If a range of amounts can be reasonably estimated and no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, then the minimum of the range is accrued. The Company does not accrue liabilities when the likelihood that the liability has been incurred is probable but the amount cannot be reasonably estimated or when the liability is believed to be only reasonably possible or remote. For contingencies where an unfavorable outcome is probable or reasonably possible and which are material, the Company discloses the nature of the contingency and, in some circumstances, an estimate of the possible loss. Accruals are based on the best information available, but in certain situations management is unable to estimate an amount or range of a reasonably possible loss including, but not limited to when: (1) the damages are unsubstantiated or indeterminate, (2) the proceedings are in the early stages, (3) numerous parties are involved, or (4) the matter involves novel or unsettled legal theories.
At June 30, 2024 and 2023, and December 31, 2023, the Company accrued liabilities, which have not been discounted, of $23.6 million, $20.9 million and $22.5 million, respectively. At June 30, 2024 and 2023, and December 31, 2023, the Company also recorded corresponding insurance receivables of $975,000, $338,000 and $202,000, respectively, and regulatory assets of $21.5 million, $20.5 million and $21.6 million, respectively, related to the accrued liabilities. The accruals are for contingencies resulting from litigation and environmental matters. This includes amounts that have been accrued for matters discussed in Environmental matters within this note. The Company will continue to monitor each matter and adjust accruals as might be warranted based on new information and further developments. Management believes that the outcomes with respect to probable and reasonably possible losses in excess of the amounts accrued, net of insurance recoveries, while uncertain, either cannot be estimated or will not have a material effect upon the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Unless otherwise required by GAAP, legal costs are expensed as they are incurred.
Environmental matters
The Company is a party to claims for the cleanup of environmental contamination at certain manufactured gas plant sites. There were no material changes to the Company's environmental matters that were previously reported in the 2023 Annual Report.
Guarantees
Certain subsidiaries of the Company have outstanding guarantees to third parties that guarantee the performance of other subsidiaries of the Company. These guarantees are related to construction contracts, insurance deductibles and loss limits, and certain other guarantees. At June 30, 2024, the fixed maximum amounts guaranteed under these agreements aggregate $320.0 million. Certain of the guarantees also have no fixed maximum amounts specified. At June 30, 2024, the amounts of scheduled expiration of the maximum amounts guaranteed under these agreements aggregate to $28.7 million in 2024; $187.4 million in 2025; $82.9 million in 2026; $19.6 million in 2027; $1.0 million in 2028; and $400,000 thereafter. There were no amounts outstanding under the previously mentioned guarantees at June 30, 2024. In the event of default under these guarantee obligations, the subsidiary issuing the guarantee for that particular obligation would be required to make payments under its guarantee.
The Company and certain subsidiaries have outstanding letters of credit to third parties related to insurance policies and other agreements, some of which are guaranteed by other subsidiaries of the Company. At June 30, 2024, the fixed maximum amounts guaranteed under these letters of credit aggregated $14.3 million, with the scheduled expiration of the maximum amounts guaranteed under these letters aggregate $12.3 million in 2024 and $2.0 million in 2025. There were no amounts outstanding under the previously mentioned letters of credit at June 30, 2024. In the event of default under these letter of credit obligations, the subsidiary guaranteeing the letter of credit would be obligated for reimbursement of payments made under the letter of credit.
In addition, Centennial and Everus Construction have issued guarantees to third parties related to the routine purchase of maintenance items, materials and lease obligations for which no fixed maximum amounts have been specified. These guarantees have no scheduled maturity date. In the event a subsidiary of the Company defaults under these obligations, Centennial or Everus Construction would be required to make payments under these guarantees. Any amounts outstanding by subsidiaries of the Company were reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at June 30, 2024.
In the normal course of business, Centennial has surety bonds related to construction contracts and reclamation obligations of its subsidiaries. In the event a subsidiary of Centennial does not fulfill a bonded obligation, Centennial would be responsible to the surety bond company for completion of the bonded contract or obligation. A large portion of the surety bonds is expected to expire within the next 12 months; however, Centennial will likely continue to enter into surety bonds for its subsidiaries in the future. At June 30, 2024, approximately $504.1 million of surety bonds were outstanding, which were not reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
29

Variable interest entities
The Company evaluates its arrangements and contracts with other entities to determine if they are VIEs and if so, if the Company is the primary beneficiary.
Fuel Contract Coyote Station entered into a coal supply agreement with Coyote Creek that provides for the purchase of coal necessary to supply the coal requirements of the Coyote Station for the period May 2016 through December 2040. Coal purchased under the coal supply agreement is reflected in Inventories on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and is recovered from customers as a component of electric fuel and purchased power.
The coal supply agreement creates a variable interest in Coyote Creek due to the transfer of all operating and economic risk to the Coyote Station owners, as the agreement is structured so that the price of the coal will cover all costs of operations, as well as future reclamation costs. The Coyote Station owners are also providing a guarantee of the value of the assets of Coyote Creek as they would be required to buy the assets at book value should they terminate the contract prior to the end of the contract term and are providing a guarantee of the value of the equity of Coyote Creek in that they are required to buy the entity at the end of the contract term at equity value. Although the Company has determined that Coyote Creek is a VIE, the Company has concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary of Coyote Creek because the authority to direct the activities of the entity is shared by the four unrelated owners of the Coyote Station, with no primary beneficiary existing. As a result, Coyote Creek is not required to be consolidated in the Company's financial statements.
At June 30, 2024, the Company's exposure to loss as a result of the Company's involvement with the VIE, based on the Company's ownership percentage, was $26.6 million.
Note 19 - Subsequent event
On July 11, 2024, Montana-Dakota issued $125.0 million of senior notes under a note purchase agreement with maturity dates ranging from July 11, 2039 to July 11, 2054, at a weighted average interest rate of 5.96 percent. The agreement contains customary covenants and provisions, including a covenant of Montana-Dakota not to permit, at any time, the ratio of total debt to total capitalization to be greater than 65 percent.
30

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The Company provides essential infrastructure and services. The Company and its employees work hard to keep the economy of America moving with the products and services provided, which include powering, heating and connecting homes, factories, offices and stores; and constructing and maintaining electrical and communication wiring and infrastructure. The Company is authorized to conduct business in nearly every state in the United States. The Company's organic investments are strong drivers of high-quality earnings and continue to be an important part of the Company's growth. Management believes the Company is well positioned in the industries and markets in which it operates.
Strategic Initiatives The Company incurred costs in connection with the strategic initiatives in 2023 and 2024, as noted in the Business Segment Financial and Operating Data section and expects to continue to incur these costs until the initiatives are completed.
On May 31, 2023, the Company completed the separation of Knife River, its construction materials and contracting business, from the Company, resulting in Knife River becoming an independent, publicly traded company. The Company's board of directors approved the distribution of approximately 90 percent of the issued and outstanding shares of Knife River to the Company's stockholders. Stockholders of the Company received one share of Knife River common stock for every four shares of the Company's common stock held on May 22, 2023, the record date for the distribution. The Company retained approximately 10 percent or 5.7 million shares of Knife River common stock immediately following the separation, which were disposed of in a tax-free exchange in November 2023. The separation of Knife River was a tax-free spinoff transaction to the Company's stockholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
On November 2, 2023, the Company announced its intent to pursue a tax-free spinoff of its wholly owned construction services business, MDU Construction Services. On March 13, 2024, the Company announced its construction services business, MDU Construction Services, rebranded to Everus Construction in preparation for the planned tax-free spinoff of the business, which is expected to be complete in late 2024. The Company's board of directors believes a tax-free spinoff of the construction services business supports the Company's goal of enhancing value for stockholders by becoming a pure-play regulated energy delivery company. For more information, see Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in the 2023 Annual Report.
Based on the Company's anticipated future state as a pure-play regulated energy delivery business, the Company's board of directors established a long-term dividend payout ratio target of 60 percent to 70 percent of regulated energy delivery earnings. The Company has an 86-year history of uninterrupted dividend payments to stockholders and remains committed to paying a competitive dividend as the Company transitions to being a pure-play regulated energy delivery company.
Market Trends The Company continues to manage the inflationary pressures experienced throughout the United States, including the impact that inflation, higher interest rates, commodity price volatility and supply chain disruptions may have on its business and customers and proactively looks for ways to lessen the impact to its business. Higher interest rates have resulted in and may continue to result in increased borrowing costs on new debt, resulting in impacts to the Company's asset valuations and negatively impacting the purchasing power of its customers. The Company has continued to evaluate its businesses and has increased pricing for its products and services where possible. The ability to raise selling prices to cover higher costs due to inflation are subject to regulatory approval, customer demand, industry competition and the availability of materials, among other things.
For more information on possible impacts to the Company's businesses, see the Outlook for each segment below and Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in the 2023 Annual Report.
Forward-Looking Statements
The following sections contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements are all statements other than statements of historical fact, including without limitation those statements that are identified by the words "anticipates," "estimates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "predicts" and similar expressions, and include statements concerning plans, trends, objectives, goals, strategies, performance or future events, including the dividend payout ratio target, the anticipated tax-free spinoff of its construction services business or the proposed future structure of the Company as a pure-play regulated energy delivery company, and underlying assumptions (many of which are based, in turn, upon further assumptions) and other statements that are other than statements of historical facts. From time to time, the Company may publish or otherwise make available forward-looking statements of this nature, including statements contained within Business Segment Financial and Operating Data.
Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, which could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those expressed. The Company's expectations, beliefs and projections are expressed in good faith and are believed by the Company to have a reasonable basis, including without limitation, management's examination of historical operating trends, data contained in the Company's records and other data available from third parties. Nonetheless, the Company's expectations, beliefs or projections may not be achieved or accomplished and changes in such assumptions and factors could cause actual future results to differ materially.
31

Index
Any forward-looking statement contained in this document speaks only as of the date on which the statement is made and the Company undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement or statements to reflect events or circumstances that occur after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all of the factors, nor can it assess the effect of each factor on the Company's business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement. All forward-looking statements, whether written or oral and whether made by or on behalf of the Company, are expressly qualified by the risk factors and cautionary statements reported in Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors in this quarterly report, Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in the 2023 Annual Report and subsequent filings with the SEC.
Consolidated Earnings Overview
The following table summarizes the contribution to the consolidated income by each of the Company's business segments.
Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
June 30,June 30,
 2024 2023 2024 2023 
(In millions, except per share amounts)
Electric$15.5 $16.3 $33.4 $32.9 
Natural gas distribution(5.0)(3.2)35.0 35.8 
Pipeline17.3 9.0 32.3 17.4 
Construction services39.0 41.1 67.2 70.0 
Other(6.2)84.4 (6.4)75.4 
Income from continuing operations60.6 147.6 161.5 231.5 
Discontinued operations, net of tax(.2)(16.9)(.2)(62.5)
Net income$60.4 $130.7 $161.3 $169.0 
Earnings per share - basic:    
Income from continuing operations$.30 $.72 $.79 $1.14 
Discontinued operations, net of tax— (.08)— (.31)
Earnings per share - basic$.30 $.64 $.79 $.83 
Earnings per share - diluted:    
Income from continuing operations$.30 $.72 $.79 $1.14 
Discontinued operations, net of tax— (.08)— (.31)
Earnings per share - diluted$.30 $.64 $.79 $.83 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024, Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 The Company's consolidated earnings decreased $70.3 million. The decrease in earnings is primarily due to the absence of the 2023 $90.8 million, net of tax unrealized gain on the Company's retained interest in Knife River, partially offset by the absence of the 2023 loss from discontinued operations and increased earnings at the pipeline business.
Earnings at the electric business were negatively impacted by lower volumes from a majority of customers, including a 13.3 percent reduction in residential sales, due to 37.0 percent cooler weather. Higher operation and maintenance expense, primarily contract services costs, also contributed to decreased net income. These decreases were partially offset by higher retail sales revenue due to rate relief in North Dakota and Montana.
Earnings decreased at the natural gas distribution business, largely the result of higher operation and maintenance expense, primarily contract services and increased software-related expenses, and higher depreciation and amortization expense, primarily due to increased plant additions. Partially offsetting the seasonal loss was higher retail sales, due to rate relief in North Dakota, Idaho and South Dakota.
The earnings increase at the pipeline business was driven by higher transportation volumes, primarily from organic growth projects placed in service in November 2023 and March 2024. New transportation and storage service rates effective August 1, 2023, and higher storage-related revenue further drove the increase. The business also benefited from proceeds received from a customer settlement that was recorded in other income. These increases were offset in part by higher operation and maintenance expense, primarily attributable to payroll-related costs. The business also incurred higher depreciation expense due to organic growth projects placed in service as previously discussed, which was partly offset by fully depreciated assets.
The construction services business reported record second quarter earnings, however, the business experienced a decrease in income from continuing operations as a result of interest on debt facilities repaid in connection with the Knife River separation in 2023 classified as discontinued operations. Although revenue was lower due to the timing of projects, operating income as a percentage of revenue remained strong as a result of project efficiencies during the quarter. Higher other income related to joint ventures and lower interest expense, including the interest expense classified as discontinued operations for the second quarter of 2023, more than offset the decrease in operating income.
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Other earnings decreased primarily due to the absence of the 2023 $90.8 million, net of tax unrealized gain on the Company's retained interest in Knife River. Partially offsetting this decrease was lower operation and maintenance expense, largely a result of corporate overhead costs classified as continuing operations allocated to the construction materials business in 2023 which are not included in Other in 2024.
The Company was positively impacted by the absence of the 2023 loss from discontinued operations, which included the historical results of operations for Knife River, except for certain allocated corporate overhead costs classified as continuing operations, which do not meet the criteria for discontinued operations. Also included in discontinued operations in 2023 were strategic initiative costs associated with the Knife River separation.
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024, Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 The Company's consolidated earnings decreased $7.7 million. The decrease in earnings is primarily due to the absence of the 2023 $90.8 million, net of tax unrealized gain on the Company's retained interest in Knife River, partially offset by the absence of the 2023 loss from discontinued operations and increased earnings at the pipeline business.
Earnings at the electric business increased primarily due to rate relief in North Dakota and Montana and providing power to a data center near Ellendale, North Dakota. These increases were offset in part by decreased residential sales volumes due to 37.0 percent cooler weather in the second quarter of 2024 and higher operation and maintenance expense, primarily contract services.
Earnings decreased slightly at the natural gas distribution business. The business experienced higher operation and maintenance expense, primarily contract services and software-related expenses, and increased depreciation and amortization expense, largely a result of increased plant additions. The business also experienced lower retail sales volumes to residential and commercial customers, partially offset by weather normalization and decoupling mechanisms. Partially offsetting these items was rate relief in North Dakota, South Dakota and Idaho, and increased transportation revenue, primarily to serve electric generation and industrial customers.
Earnings increased at the pipeline business driven by higher transportation volumes, primarily from organic growth projects placed in service in November 2023 and March 2024. New transportation and storage service rates effective August 1, 2023, and higher storage-related revenue further drove the increase. The business also benefited from proceeds received from a customer settlement that was recorded in other income. These increases were offset in part by higher operation and maintenance expense, primarily attributable to payroll-related costs, and higher depreciation expense due to organic growth projects placed in service as previously discussed, which was partly offset by fully depreciated assets. The business also incurred higher interest expense as a result of increased debt balances to fund capital expenditures.
The construction services business experienced increased earnings, however, the business experienced a decrease in income from continuing operations as a result of interest on debt facilities repaid in connection with the Knife River separation in 2023 classified as discontinued operations. Although revenue was lower due to the timing of projects, the earnings increase was primarily driven by lower interest expense, including the interest expense classified as discontinued operations for the second quarter of 2023, and increased income from joint ventures activities. Also contributing to the increased earnings was higher operating income, particularly on transmission and distribution projects due to project mix and efficiencies on certain projects, and higher operating income as a percentage of revenue.
Other earnings decreased primarily due to the absence of the 2023 $90.8 million, net of tax unrealized gain on the Company's retained interest in Knife River. Partially offsetting this decrease was lower operation and maintenance expense, largely a result of corporate overhead costs classified as continuing operations allocated to the construction materials business in 2023 which are not included in Other in 2024. Other also experienced increased interest income which partially offset the decrease.
The Company was positively impacted by the absence of the 2023 loss from discontinued operations, which included the historical results of operations for Knife River, except for certain allocated corporate overhead costs classified as continuing operations, which do not meet the criteria for discontinued operations. Also included in discontinued operations in 2023 were strategic initiative costs associated with the Knife River separation.
A discussion of key financial data from the Company's business segments follows.
Business Segment Financial and Operating Data
The following sections include key financial and operating data for each of the Company's business segments. Also included are highlights on key growth strategies, projections and certain assumptions for the Company and its subsidiaries and other matters of the Company's business segments.
For information pertinent to various commitments and contingencies, see the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. For a summary of the Company's business segments, see Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Electric and Natural Gas Distribution
Strategy and challenges The electric and natural gas distribution segments provide electric and natural gas distribution services to customers, as discussed in Note 15. Both segments strive to be top performing utility companies measured by integrity, employee safety and satisfaction, customer service and stockholder return. The segments provide safe, reliable, competitively priced and environmentally responsible energy service to customers while focusing on growth and expansion opportunities within and beyond its existing territories. The Company is focused on cultivating organic growth while managing operating costs and monitoring opportunities for these segments to retain, grow and expand their customer base through extensions of existing operations, including building and upgrading electric generation, transmission and distribution, and natural gas systems, and through selected acquisitions of companies and properties with similar operating and growth objectives at prices that will provide stable cash flows and an opportunity to earn a competitive return on investment. The continued efforts to create operational improvements and efficiencies across both segments promotes the Company's business integration strategy. The primary factors that impact the results of these segments are the ability to earn authorized rates of return; weather; climate change laws, regulations and initiatives; competitive factors in the energy industry; population growth; and economic conditions in the segments' service areas.
The electric and natural gas distribution segments are subject to extensive regulation in the jurisdictions where they conduct operations with respect to costs, timely recovery of investments and permitted returns on investment. The Company is focused on modernizing utility infrastructure to meet the varied energy needs of both its customers and communities while ensuring the delivery of safe, reliable, affordable and environmentally responsible energy. The segments continue to invest in facility upgrades to be in compliance with existing and known future regulations. To assist in the reduction of regulatory lag in obtaining revenue increases to align with increased investments, tracking mechanisms have been implemented in certain jurisdictions. The Company also seeks rate adjustments for operating costs and capital investments, as well as reasonable returns on investments, not covered by tracking mechanisms. For more information on the Company's tracking mechanisms and recent rate cases, see Note 17 and the 2023 Annual Report.
These segments are also subject to extensive regulation related to certain operational and environmental compliance, cybersecurity, permit terms and system integrity. Both segments are faced with the ongoing need to actively evaluate cybersecurity processes and procedures related to its transmission and distribution systems for opportunities to further strengthen its cybersecurity protections. Within the past year, there have been cyber and physical attacks within the energy industry on infrastructure, such as substations, and the Company continues to evaluate the safeguards implemented to protect its electric and natural gas utility systems. Implementation of enhancements and additional requirements to protect the Company's infrastructure is ongoing.
To date, many states have enacted and others are considering, mandatory clean energy standards requiring utilities to meet certain thresholds of renewable and/or carbon-free energy supply. The current presidential administration has made climate change a focus, as further discussed in the Outlook section. Over the long-term, the Company expects overall electric demand to be positively impacted by increased electrification trends, including electric vehicle adoption, as a means to address economy-wide carbon emission concerns and changing customer conservation patterns. Recently, MISO and NERC announced concerns with the future reliability of the electric grid due to rapid expansion of renewables and retirement of baseload resources such as coal and the uncertainty of adequate energy production during certain periods of time, while load growth has increased faster than expected. MISO received FERC approval of a seasonal resource adequacy construct for its accreditation process, versus the previous annual summer peak capacity requirement process. Montana-Dakota filed its 2024 Integrated Resource Plan with the NDPSC on July 12, 2024. With MISO's filed changes in resources adequacy at FERC and the adoption of direct loss of load accreditation for generation resources around riskiest hours on the system versus peak load hours, Montana-Dakota is seeing the need to add additional capacity resources to its system in 2027 versus 2034 as identified in its last Integrated Resource Plan. The Company will continue to monitor the progress of these changes and assess the potential impacts they may have on its stakeholders, business processes, results of operations, cash flows and disclosures.
Revenues are impacted by both customer growth and usage, the latter of which is primarily impacted by weather, as well as impacts associated with commercial and industrial slow-downs, including economic recessions, and energy efficiencies. Very cold winters increase demand for natural gas and to a lesser extent, electricity, while warmer than normal summers increase demand for electricity, especially among residential and commercial customers. Average consumption among both electric and natural gas customers has tended to decline as more efficient appliances and furnaces are installed, and as the Company has implemented conservation programs. Natural gas weather normalization and decoupling mechanisms in certain jurisdictions have been implemented to largely mitigate the effect that would otherwise be caused by variations in volumes sold to these customers due to weather and changing consumption patterns on the Company's distribution margins.
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In December 2022 and January 2023, natural gas prices significantly increased across the Pacific Northwest from multiple price-pressuring events including wide-spread below-normal temperatures and higher natural gas consumption; reduced natural gas flows due to pipeline constraints, including maintenance in West Texas; and historically low regional natural gas storage levels. Natural gas prices stabilized by March 2023. The higher natural gas prices in December 2022 and January 2023 impacted both Intermountain and Cascade, both of which borrowed short-term debt of $125.0 million and $150.0 million, respectively, in January 2023 to finance the increased natural gas costs. To assist in the recovery of higher natural gas costs, Intermountain filed an out-of-cycle purchased gas adjustment with the IPUC that was effective February 1, 2023, and is collecting interest costs associated with short-term borrowing with rates effective October 1, 2023. Effective November 1, 2023, as approved by the WUTC, Cascade started recovery in Washington of these increased gas costs over a period of two years rather than the normal one year period. In January 2024, Cascade and Intermountain made the final repayment on short-term debt of $50.0 million and $45.0 million, respectively.
In late summer and fall of 2023, electric fuel and purchased power prices increased across Montana-Dakota's integrated system. This was caused by transmission congestion in northwest North Dakota due to delays in additional SPP transmission line build-out, as well as additional load growth in the Bakken region. Electric fuel and purchased power prices remained elevated through November 2023. To assist in the recovery of the higher electric fuel and purchased power costs, Montana-Dakota filed waiver requests with the NDPSC and SDPUC, which were approved deferring the increased costs to the annual fuel clause adjustment. In Montana, the waiver request is filed monthly and is unopposed by the MTPSC. On December 22, 2023, MISO filed a dispute letter with SPP regarding the coordination of the constraint in northwest North Dakota. Montana-Dakota filed a complaint with FERC related to this issue on January 23, 2024, which is pending before FERC. MISO also filed its own complaint with FERC against SPP on March 8, 2024 related to the congestion coordination in northwest North Dakota. Effective April 1, 2024, as approved by the NDPSC, Montana-Dakota started recovery in North Dakota of these increased costs over a period of two years rather than one year, which will lessen the impact to customers and allow more time for Montana-Dakota's FERC complaint to mature and have greater certainty of the outcome. In South Dakota and Montana, Montana-Dakota started recovery of these costs over a one-year period effective July 1, 2024.
The Company continues to proactively monitor and work with its manufacturers to reduce the effects of increased pricing and lead times on delivery of certain raw materials and equipment used in electric generation, transmission and distribution system and natural gas pipeline projects. Long lead times are attributable to increased demand for steel products from pipeline companies as they continue pipeline system safety and integrity replacement projects driven by PHMSA regulations, as well as delays in the manufacturing and shipping of electrical equipment and increased demand for electrical equipment due to regulatory activity and grid expansion. The Company has been able to minimize the effects by working closely with suppliers or obtaining additional suppliers, as well as modifying project plans to accommodate extended lead times and increased costs. The Company expects these delays and inflationary pressures to continue.
The ability to grow through acquisitions is subject to significant competition and acquisition premiums. In addition, the ability of the segments to grow their service territory and customer base is affected by regulatory constraints, the economic environment of the markets served, population changes and competition from other energy providers and fuel. The construction of new electric generating facilities, transmission lines and other service facilities is subject to increasing costs and lead times, extensive permitting procedures, and federal and state legislative and regulatory initiatives, which may necessitate increases in electric energy prices. As the industry continues to expand the use of renewable energy sources, the need for additional transmission infrastructure is growing. As part of MISO's long range transmission plan, in August 2022, the Company announced its intent to develop, construct and co-own JETx with Otter Tail Power Company in central North Dakota. On October 6, 2023, the FERC issued an order approving the Company's request for CWIP Incentive Rate and Abandoned Plant Incentive treatment on this project.
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Earnings overview - The following information summarizes the performance of the electric segment.
Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
June 30,June 30,
 2024 2023 Variance2024 2023 Variance
(In millions)
Operating revenues$99.2 $91.0 %$207.0 $186.7 11 %
Operating expenses:   
Electric fuel and purchased power29.7 20.4 46 %62.3 44.8 39 %
Operation and maintenance30.1 28.4 %60.8 58.3 %
Depreciation and amortization
16.3 16.2 %32.9 31.8 %
Taxes, other than income4.5 4.4 %9.6 9.1 %
Total operating expenses80.6 69.4 16 %165.6 144.0 15 %
Operating income18.6 21.6 (14)%41.4 42.7 (3)%
Other income2.0 .9 122 %4.0 2.1 90 %
Interest expense7.2 6.7 %14.7 13.4 10 %
Income before income taxes13.4 15.8 (15)%30.7 31.4 (2)%
Income tax benefit(2.1)(.5)320 %(2.7)(1.5)80 %
Net income$15.5 $16.3 (5)%$33.4 $32.9 %
Operating statisticsThree Months EndedSix Months Ended
June 30,June 30,
2024 2023 2024 2023 
Revenues (millions)
Retail sales:
Residential$31.6 $30.2 $70.1 $66.4 
Commercial40.8 36.2 81.1 71.0 
Industrial11.8 10.1 22.9 20.5 
Other2.1 1.6 3.9 3.3 
86.3 78.1 178.0 161.2 
Other12.9 12.9 29.0 25.5 
$99.2 $91.0 $207.0 $186.7 
Volumes (million kWh)
Retail sales:
Residential231.0 266.5 568.1 623.8 
Commercial550.9 542.3 1,037.4 927.8 
Industrial135.1 144.9 275.6 292.2 
Other19.2 20.7 39.3 40.9 
936.2 974.4 1,920.4 1,884.7 
Average cost of electric fuel and purchased power per kWh$.030 $.020 $.030 $.022 
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Three Months Ended June 30, 2024, Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 Electric earnings decreased $800,000 as a result of:
Revenue increased $8.2 million.
Largely due to:
Higher fuel and purchased power costs of $9.3 million recovered in customer rates and offset in expense, as described below.
Rate relief of $2.1 million, primarily in North Dakota and Montana.
Partially offset by lower retail sales volumes of $2.8 million from the majority of customers, including a 13.3 percent reduction in residential sales, driven primarily by 37.0 percent cooler weather than last year. There was a 3.9 percent overall decrease in volumes, which includes an increase in volumes from the data center as further discussed in the outlook section.
Electric fuel and purchased power increased $9.3 million, largely the result of higher commodity prices, partially offset by lower retail sales volumes.
Operation and maintenance increased $1.7 million.
Largely the result of:
Increased contract services of $900,000 primarily due to higher tree trimming expense and transmission expense.
Higher payroll-related costs of $400,000.
Depreciation and amortization was comparable to the same period in the prior year.
Taxes, other than income was comparable to the same period in the prior year.
Other income increased $1.1 million, primarily resulting from higher interest income of $1.0 million, including contributions in aid of construction and amounts related to higher deferred fuel and purchased power balances.
Interest expense increased $500,000, largely the result of higher long term interest expense due to higher commercial paper balances.
Income tax benefit increased $1.6 million, largely due to higher production tax credits driven by higher wind production and lower income before income taxes.
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024, Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Electric earnings increased $500,000 as a result of:
Revenue increased $20.3 million.
Largely due to:
Higher fuel and purchased power costs of $17.5 million recovered in customer rates and offset in expense, as described below.
Rate relief of $5.0 million primarily in North Dakota and Montana.
Higher miscellaneous revenue of $1.3 million, including higher transmission interconnect upgrades.
Partially offset by lower retail sales volumes of $3.8 million, driven primarily by lower residential volumes due to 37.0 percent cooler weather in the second quarter of 2024. There was a 1.9 percent increase in volumes, which includes an increase in volumes from the data center as further discussed in the outlook section.
Electric fuel and purchased power increased $17.5 million, largely the result of higher commodity prices and higher retail sales volumes.
Operation and maintenance increased $2.5 million, largely the result of increased contract services, primarily due to higher transmission expense and tree trimming expense.
Depreciation and amortization increased $1.1 million.
Largely due to:
Increased property, plant and equipment balances of $800,000, as a result of transmission projects placed in service to improve reliability and update aging infrastructure.
Higher depreciation rates, which are recovered in operating revenues.
Taxes, other than income increased $500,000, largely as a result of higher payroll tax.
Other income increased $1.9 million, primarily resulting from higher interest income of $1.5 million, including contributions in aid of construction and amounts related to higher deferred fuel and purchased power balances, and higher AFUDC equity due to higher CWIP balances.
Interest expense increased $1.3 million due to higher long-term interest expense due to higher commercial paper balances and rates.
Income tax benefit increased $1.2 million, primarily due to higher production tax credits due to higher wind production and lower income before income taxes.
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Earnings overview - The following information summarizes the performance of the natural gas distribution segment.
Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
June 30,June 30,
 2024 2023 Variance2024 2023 Variance
(In millions)
Operating revenues$201.5 $219.0 (8)%$661.0 $784.7 (16)%
Operating expenses:   
Purchased natural gas sold103.4 123.6 (16)%392.3 520.8 (25)%
Operation and maintenance55.0 52.6 %114.3 109.8 %
Depreciation and amortization
25.5 23.5 %51.0 46.7 %
Taxes, other than income16.4 16.9 (3)%44.0 46.5 (5)%
Total operating expenses200.3 216.6 (8)%601.6 723.8 (17)%
Operating income1.2 2.4 50 %59.4 60.9 (2)%
Other income5.4 4.9 10 %13.5 9.8 38 %
Interest expense15.4 13.7 12 %31.0 27.7 12 %
Income (loss) before income taxes(8.8)(6.4)38 %41.9 43.0 (3)%
Income tax (benefit) expense(3.8)(3.2)19 %6.9 7.2 (4)%
Net income (loss)$(5.0)$(3.2)56 %$35.0 $35.8 (2)%
Operating statisticsThree Months EndedSix Months Ended
June 30,June 30,
2024 2023 2024 2023 
Revenues (millions)
Retail sales:
Residential$108.2 $121.4 $372.2 $446.7 
Commercial64.5 70.7 226.6 273.6 
Industrial9.3 9.2 23.9 25.9 
182.0 201.3 622.7 746.2 
Transportation and other19.5 17.7 38.3 38.5 
$201.5 $219.0 $661.0 $784.7 
Volumes (MMdk)
Retail sales:
Residential9.7 10.2 39.7 42.5 
Commercial7.3 7.3 27.2 28.7 
Industrial1.2 1.0 3.0 2.9 
18.2 18.5 69.9 74.1 
Transportation sales:
Commercial.3 .4 1.0 1.1 
Industrial40.3 37.0 96.5 85.8 
40.6 37.4 97.5 86.9 
Total throughput58.8 55.9 167.4 161.0 
Average cost of natural gas per dk
$5.69 $6.68 $5.61 $7.03 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024, Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 Natural gas distribution reported an increased seasonal loss of $1.8 million as a result of:
Revenue decreased $17.5 million.
Largely due to:
Lower purchased natural gas sold of $23.1 million recovered in customer rates that was offset in expense, as described below.
Lower basic service charges.
A 1.7 percent decrease in retail sales volumes to residential and commercial customer classes, offset in part by weather normalization and decoupling mechanisms of $600,000 in certain jurisdictions.
Decreased revenue-based taxes recovered in rates of $600,000 that were offset in expense, as described below.
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Partially offset by:
Rate relief of $4.1 million in North Dakota, Idaho and South Dakota.
Higher emissions allowance sales revenue of $2.6 million, refunded in customer rates as a component of purchased natural gas sold, as discussed below.
Higher transportation revenue of $1.6 million primarily due to 8.7 percent higher volumes, largely higher industrial customers and electric generation customers.
Purchased natural gas sold decreased $20.2 million, largely due to lower commodity costs of $22.5 million and lower volumes of natural gas purchased of $2.1 million. These decreases were partially offset by net environmental compliance costs and emissions allowance sales revenue of $4.5 million.
Operation and maintenance increased $2.4 million.
Largely attributable to:
Higher contract services of $700,000, primarily due to legal and consulting fees, largely related to rate case filings.
Higher software-related expenses of $700,000.
Higher costs for vehicles and equipment.
Absence of the prior year gain on sale of the Company's customer service center.
Depreciation and amortization increased $2.0 million, primarily resulting from growth and replacement projects placed in service.
Taxes, other than income decreased $500,000, primarily from lower revenue based taxes of $600,000, which are recovered in rates.
Other income increased $500,000 driven primarily by higher interest income on regulatory deferral balances.
Interest expense increased $1.7 million, primarily from higher long-term debt balances from debt issued in 2023 and higher commercial paper and revolving credit agreement balances, partially offset by lower short-term debt due to short term debt repayments.
Income tax benefit increased $600,000, the result of a higher seasonal loss before income taxes.
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024, Compared To Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Natural gas distribution earnings decreased $800,000 as a result of:
Revenue decreased $123.7 million.
Largely due to:
Lower purchased natural gas sold of $130.7 million recovered in customer rates that was offset in expense, as described below.
A 5.7 percent decrease in retail sales volumes to residential and commercial customer classes, offset in part by weather normalization and decoupling mechanisms of $4.3 million in certain jurisdictions.
Decreased revenue-based taxes recovered in rates of $2.6 million that were offset in expense, as described below.
Absence of Washington excess deferred income tax settlement of $1.1 million.
Partially offset by:
Rate relief of $6.4 million in North Dakota, South Dakota and Idaho.
Higher transportation revenue of $2.7 million primarily due to 12.2 percent higher volumes, largely higher electric generation and industrial customers.
Higher emissions allowance sales revenue of $2.6 million, refunded in customer rates as a component of purchased natural gas sold, as discussed below.
Higher conservation revenues of $2.4 million that were offset in expense, as described below.
Decrease in Oregon natural gas cost sharing of $1.7 million.
Purchased natural gas sold decreased $128.5 million, largely due to lower commodity costs of $103.2 million and lower volumes of natural gas purchased of $29.8 million. These decreases were partially offset by net environmental compliance costs and emissions allowance sales revenue of $4.5 million.
Operation and maintenance increased $4.5 million.
Largely attributable to:
Higher conservation-related costs of $2.4 million which are recovered in rates, as discussed above.
Higher contract services of $1.9 million, primarily due to legal and consulting fees largely related to rate case filings, and higher subcontract payments.
Higher software-related expenses of $1.5 million.
Partially offset by lower payroll and benefit-related costs of $900,000.
Depreciation and amortization increased $4.3 million, primarily resulting from growth and replacement projects placed in service.
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Taxes, other than income decreased $2.5 million, primarily from lower revenue based taxes of $2.6 million, which are recovered in rates.
Other income increased $3.7 million, driven primarily by higher interest income of $3.9 million, largely due to higher interest income associated with renewable natural gas projects of $2.2 million and higher interest on regulatory deferral balances.
Interest expense increased $3.3 million, primarily from higher long-term debt balances from debt issued in 2023 and higher commercial paper and revolving credit agreement balances, partially offset by lower short-term debt due to short term debt repayments.
Income tax expense decreased $300,000, the result of lower income before income taxes.
Outlook In 2023, the Company experienced rate base growth of 8.5 percent and expects these segments will grow rate base by approximately 7 percent annually over the next five years on a compound basis. Operations are spread across eight states where the Company expects customer growth to be higher than the national average. In 2023, these segments experienced retail customer growth of approximately 1.3 percent and the Company expects customer growth to continue to average 1 percent to 2 percent per year. This customer growth, along with system upgrades and replacements needed to supply safe and reliable service, will require investments in new and replacement electric and natural gas systems.
These segments are exposed to energy price volatility and may be impacted by changes in oil and natural gas exploration and production activity. Rate schedules in the jurisdictions in which the Company's natural gas distribution segment operates contain clauses that permit the Company to file for rate adjustments for changes in the cost of purchased natural gas. Although changes in the price of natural gas are passed through to customers and have minimal impact on the Company's earnings, the natural gas distribution segment's customers benefit from lower natural gas prices through the Company's utilization of storage and fixed price contracts.
In May 2022 the Company began construction of Heskett Unit 4, an 88-MW simple-cycle natural gas-fired combustion turbine peaking unit at the existing Heskett Station near Mandan, North Dakota. It was originally expected to be in service in 2023, but was delayed and became in service and fully operational in July 2024.
Existing and proposed emissions reduction plans from the EPA could require the owners of Coyote Station to incur significant new costs. The EPA's recently finalized GHG and mercury emissions standards would require additional pollution controls to operate beyond 2031 and 2027, respectively, with a potential extension to add pollution controls that may be granted. If the owners decide to incur such costs, the costs could, dependent on determination by state regulatory commissions on approval to recover such costs from customers, negatively impact the Company's results of operations, financial position and cash flows. The NDDEQ submitted its second implementation period regional haze state implementation plan to the EPA in August 2022 proposing no additional pollution controls for Coyote. On July 10, 2024, the EPA proposed partial disapproval of the NDDEQ's state implementation plan, including disapproval of the NDDEQ's determination that no controls are required for Coyote Station. Comments on the proposed rulemaking are due within 30 days of the rule's publication date, by August 9, 2024. The Company is one of four owners of Coyote Station and cannot make a unilateral decision on the plant's future; therefore, the Company could be negatively impacted by decisions of the other owners. The joint owners continue to collaborate in analyzing data and weighing decisions that impact the plant and its employees as well as each company's customers and communities served.
On March 4, 2023, the Company began to provide power to Applied Digital, a data center near Ellendale, North Dakota, under an interim electric service agreement approved by the NDPSC, and on June 6, 2023, the NDPSC unanimously approved the Company's electric service agreement request. At full capacity, the data center requires 180 megawatts of electricity, which is the equivalent of about 28 percent of the Company's generation portfolio. Applied Digital's load is purchased from the MISO market and does not impact other customers' power supply. On October 2, 2023, the Company filed with the NDPSC an electric service agreement request to serve an additional 225 megawatt data center load with Applied Digital in its service territory. The request was approved on May 23, 2024. A portion of the additional data center load is expected to be online in late 2024.
On August 5, 2024, the Company filed a request with the SDPUC seeking approval on an electric service agreement to provide up to 50 megawatts of electricity to a data center near Leola, South Dakota. Construction on the data center is expected to begin later this year.
The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, commonly known as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, was enacted in the fourth quarter of 2021 and is providing long-term opportunities by designating funds for investments such as upgrades to electric and grid infrastructure, transportation systems, and electric vehicle infrastructure. In addition, the IRA provides $369 billion in new funding for clean energy programs. These programs include new tax incentives for solar, battery storage and hydrogen development along with funding to expand the production of electric vehicles and the build out of infrastructure to support electric vehicles. The Company is pursuing various opportunities under the Grid Resilience and Innovative Partnerships Program, which is part of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and is also pursuing a biogas property at the Knott Landfill site in Bend, Oregon which may qualify for an investment tax credit as part of the IRA. The Company will continue to monitor additional opportunities from these legislative items.
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Legislation and rulemaking The Company continues to monitor legislation and rulemaking related to clean energy standards that may impact its segments. Below are some of the specific actions the Company is monitoring.
In May 2024, the EPA published four final rules, three of which will impose stricter standards on GHG emissions from existing coal-fired and new natural gas-fired generation units, require a further reduction of mercury emissions from coal-fired generation units, and impose additional regulations around the storage and management of coal ash.
The Electric Generation and Greenhouse Gas Rule was published on May 9, 2024, establishing GHG emissions standards for new natural gas-fired electric generating units and existing coal units. New natural gas-fired units that operate more frequently must install carbon capture controls. Existing coal-fired units are given three compliance options: maintain current emissions rate and retire before 2032; co-fire with natural gas at 40 percent by 2030 and retire before 2039; or install carbon capture controls by 2032 in order to operate past 2039. Due to carbon capture and sequestration not being adequately demonstrated, and the limited time allowed to modify coal units to be capable of co-firing natural gas, the rule, as it is written today, may result in the retirement of Montana-Dakota's jointly owned coal-fired electric generating units before 2032. The joint owners continue to evaluate compliance options. States must evaluate individual units and develop, adopt, and submit a plan to the EPA which would include emission standards for each individual unit. State plans are required to be submitted to the EPA no later than 24 months after the final rule effective date. Many organizations have filed petitions with the District of Columbia Circuit Court challenging the rule. On July 1, 2024, Montana-Dakota also filed a petition for review in the District of Columbia Circuit Court. The EPA has not currently proposed GHG emission standards for existing natural gas-fired units and intends to explore setting emission standards in the future for these units.
The Mercury and Air Toxics Standards Rule was published on May 7, 2024, tightening mercury emissions and non-mercury metals emissions standards for coal-fired generation facilities. The stricter mercury emissions limit for lignite-fired units will require Coyote Station to increase existing emission controls. In addition, Big Stone Station and Coyote Station must install particulate matter continuous emissions monitoring systems to monitor compliance with the revised non-mercury metals emission standard. Compliance with the revised emission standards and monitoring requirements must be demonstrated by May 7, 2027.
The Legacy Coal Combustion Residuals Rule was published on May 8, 2024, and requires utilities to evaluate older coal ash disposal units at certain inactive and active electric generating facilities. Montana-Dakota must complete facility evaluations by February 8, 2027, to determine if legacy ash is present and assess the extent of ash on site. If legacy ash is present, Montana-Dakota must monitor and evaluate for potential impacts and may need to conduct additional closure and remediation. The cost of additional remediation or closure activities may be material.
If the costs to comply with these rules are not fully recoverable from customers, they could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations and cash flows.
The fourth rule, the Effluent Limitations Guidelines Rule, was published in the Federal Register on May 9, 2024 and is not expected to have impacts on any owned or co-owned Montana-Dakota facilities.
In Oregon, the Climate Protection Program Rule was approved in December 2021, which requires natural gas companies to reduce GHG emissions 50 percent below the baseline by 2035 and 90 percent below the baseline by 2050. Each year, compliance instruments will be distributed to the Company by the ODEQ at no cost and will decline annually in step with the reduction from baseline. The Company intends to meet its obligations through surrendering no cost emissions allowances and will fill remaining compliance obligations by investing in additional customer conservation and energy efficiency programs, purchasing community climate investment credits, and purchasing low carbon fuels such as renewable natural gas. The Company expects the compliance costs for these regulations to be recovered through customer rates. Due to timing of regulatory recovery, future compliance obligation purchases could impact the Company's operating cash flow. For more information about this rule and associated compliance costs, see Items 1 and 2 - Business Properties in the 2023 Annual Report.
Cascade's 2023 Oregon integrated resource plan projects customer bills could increase substantially as a result of the rules. On September 30, 2022, the Company filed a request for the use of deferred accounting for costs related to the rule and began deferring those costs. The OPUC approved the deferred accounting order on June 27, 2023. On July 31, 2024, the Company filed with the OPUC for approval to collect $6.0 million in actual 2022 and 2023 costs related to the Climate Protection Program. The request is to recover these costs over a twelve-month period beginning November 1, 2024. The average residential customer will experience a monthly bill increase of $2.44 or 3.4 percent. The Company, along with the other two local natural gas distribution companies in Oregon, filed a lawsuit on March 18, 2022, challenging the Climate Protection Program Rule. The lawsuit was filed on behalf of customers as the Company does not believe the rule accomplishes environmental stewardship in the most effective and affordable way possible. On December 20, 2023, the Oregon Court of Appeals ruled that the Climate Protection Program rules are invalid, with the final judgement issued February 28, 2024. In the first quarter of 2024, the ODEQ put together a Rulemaking Advisory Committee, of which Cascade is a participant, to re-establish the Climate Protection Program following the invalidation of these rules by the Oregon Court of Appeals, with new rules expected to be in place in 2025. On July 30, 2024, the ODEQ released the new Climate Protection Program rule with comments due August 30, 2024. The company is reviewing and plans to submit comments.
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In Washington, the Climate Commitment Act signed into law in May 2021 requires natural gas distribution companies to reduce overall GHG emissions 45 percent below 1990 levels by 2030, 70 percent below 1990 levels by 2040 and 95 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. As directed by the Climate Commitment Act, in September 2022 the Washington DOE published its final rule on the Climate Commitment Act, which was effective on October 30, 2022, and emissions compliance began on January 1, 2023. The Company must demonstrate that it has met GHG emissions reduction goals through a combination of on-site emissions reductions and the use of approved allowances and offsets. Emissions compliance may be achieved through increased energy efficiency and conservation measures, purchased allowances and offsets, and purchases of low carbon fuels. Emissions allowances are allocated by the Washington DOE to the Company at no cost and additional allowances are required to be purchased. The Company expects compliance costs for these regulations will be recovered through customer rates. Due to the timing of regulatory recovery, the purchase of allowances could impact the Company's operating cash flow. For more information about this rule and associated compliance costs, see Items 1 and 2 - Business Properties in the 2023 Annual Report.
Cascade's 2023 Washington integrated resource plan projects customer bills could increase substantially as a result of the legislation. On October 14, 2022, the Company filed a request for the use of deferred accounting for costs related to the rule and began deferring those costs. The WUTC approved the deferred accounting order on February 28, 2023. On May 13, 2024, the Company updated its initial March 1 filing with the WUTC requesting approval to collect $20.6 million in compliance costs net of auction proceeds through 2024. The updated filing was approved by the WUTC on May 23, 2024 with a ten month recovery period of June 1, 2024 through March 31, 2025. The law creates three distinct categories of customers; known-low-income, locations served prior to July 25, 2021, and locations where service was established after July 25, 2021. Auction proceeds must be used first to ensure there is zero impact from the Climate Commitment Act on known-low-income residential customers. For customers where gas service was installed on or before July 25, 2021, the average residential customer will see a net increase of $1.12 per month or 1.5 percent. Residential locations where gas was established after July 25, 2021 will see an average net monthly increase of $15.80 or 20.6 percent. An initiative to repeal the Climate Commitment Act has been forwarded to the voters and will be included on the November 2024 ballot in Washington.
On April 22, 2022, the Washington State Building Code Council approved revisions to the state's commercial energy code that will significantly limit the use of natural gas for space and water heating in new and retrofitted commercial and multifamily buildings and proposed the review of similar restrictions in the future for residential buildings. On November 4, 2022, the Washington State Building Code Council adopted new residential codes requiring gas or electric heat pumps for most new space and water heating installations.
The Company, along with two other local natural gas distribution companies in Washington, filed a lawsuit on May 22, 2023, challenging these amendments which the Company believes will stifle innovation, increase the cost of housing and energy for our customers, and do not consider the limitations of electric heat pumps in colder climates. On June 1, 2023, the plaintiffs filed a motion for a preliminary injunction to preliminarily enjoin the challenged building code amendments. Oral arguments on the preliminary injunction were held on July 18, 2023. The court denied the preliminary injunction, finding no immediate harm and confirming the building code amendments were not yet in effect due to the stay of 120 days issued by the Washington State Building Code Council. On September 15, 2023, the Washington State Building Code Council voted to delay the implementation of the State Building and Energy Codes. On March 15, 2024, the State Building and Energy Codes became effective. On May 15, 2024, the Company filed a joint complaint seeking declaratory and injunctive relief under federal law against the Washington State Building Code Council's adoption of the Washington State Energy Code. Initiative Measure No. 2066 has been forwarded to the voters and will be included on the November 2024 ballot in Washington. If passed, Initiative Measure 2066 would prohibit the Washington State Energy Code from "in any way prohibit, penalize, or discourage the use of gas for any form of heating, or for uses related to any appliance or equipment, in any building."
On March 6, 2024, the SEC issued Final Rule 33-11275 - The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors. This rule requires registrants to provide standardized disclosures in Form 10-K related to climate-related risks, Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions, as well as to include in a footnote to the consolidated financial statements the financial impact of severe weather events and other natural conditions. The rule requires implementation in phases between 2025 and 2033. In April 2024, the SEC announced that it would voluntarily stay its final climate disclosure rules pending judicial review. The Company is evaluating the rule.
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Pipeline
Strategy and challenges The pipeline segment provides natural gas transportation, underground storage and non-regulated energy-related services, including cathodic protection, as discussed in Note 15. The segment focuses on utilizing its extensive expertise in the design, construction and operation of energy infrastructure and related services to increase market share and profitability through optimization of existing operations, organic growth and investments in energy-related assets within or in close proximity to its current operating areas. The segment focuses on the continual safety and reliability of its systems, which entails building, operating and maintaining safe natural gas pipelines and facilities. The segment continues to evaluate growth opportunities including the expansion of natural gas facilities; incremental pipeline projects; and expansion of energy-related services leveraging on its core competencies. In support of this strategy, the Company completed the following organic growth projects in 2023 and 2024:
In November 2023, the Grasslands South Expansion project was placed in service. The project increased system capacity by 94 MMcf of natural gas per day.
In November 2023, the Line Section 15 Expansion project was placed in service and increased system capacity by 25 MMcf of natural gas per day.
In March 2024, the 2023 Line Section 27 Expansion project was placed in service and increased system capacity by 175 MMcf of natural gas per day.
In July 2024, the Line Section 28 Expansion project was placed in service and increased system capacity by 137 MMcf of natural gas per day.
The segment is exposed to natural gas and oil price volatility including fluctuations in basis differentials. Legislative and regulatory initiatives on increased pipeline safety regulations and environmental matters such as the reduction of methane emissions could also impact the price and demand for natural gas.
The pipeline segment is subject to extensive regulation related to certain operational and environmental compliance, cybersecurity, permit terms and system integrity. The Company continues to actively evaluate cybersecurity processes and procedures, including changes in the industry's cybersecurity regulations, for opportunities to further strengthen its cybersecurity protections. Implementation of enhancements and additional requirements is ongoing. The segment reviews and secures existing permits and easements, as well as new permits and easements as necessary, to meet current demand and future growth opportunities on an ongoing basis.
The Company continues to actively manage the national supply chain challenges being faced by working with its manufacturers and suppliers to help mitigate some of these risks on its business. The segment regularly experiences extended lead times on raw materials that are critical to the segment's construction and maintenance work which could delay maintenance work and construction projects potentially causing lost revenues and/or increased costs. The Company is partially mitigating these challenges by planning for extended lead times further in advance. The segment is currently experiencing inflationary pressures with increased raw material and contract services costs. The Company expects supply chain challenges and inflationary pressures to continue.
The segment focuses on the recruitment and retention of a skilled workforce to remain competitive and provide services to its customers. The industry in which it operates relies on a skilled workforce to construct energy infrastructure and operate existing infrastructure in a safe manner. A shortage of skilled personnel can create a competitive labor market which could increase costs incurred by the segment. Competition from other pipeline companies can also have a negative impact on the segment.
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Earnings overview - The following information summarizes the performance of the pipeline segment.
Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
June 30,June 30,
 2024 2023 Variance2024 2023 Variance
 (In millions)
Operating revenues$52.9 $42.1 26 %$104.2 $82.9 26 %
Operating expenses:
Operation and maintenance19.3 18.1 %37.7 35.7 %
Depreciation and amortization
7.3 6.8 %14.4 13.7 %
Taxes, other than income3.0 3.3 (9)%6.1 6.6 (8)%
Total operating expenses29.6 28.2 %58.2 56.0 %
Operating income23.3 13.9 68 %46.0 26.9 71 %
Other income3.1 .7 343 %3.9 1.4 179 %
Interest expense3.8 3.1 23 %7.8 6.2 26 %
Income before income taxes22.6 11.5 97 %42.1 22.1 90 %
Income tax expense5.3 2.5 112 %9.8 4.7 109 %
Income from continuing operations17.3 9.0 92 %32.3 17.4 86 %
Discontinued operations, net of tax*
— (.3)(100)%— (.5)(100)%
Net income$17.3 $8.7 99 %$32.3 $16.9 91 %
*Discontinued operations includes interest on debt facilities repaid in connection with the Knife River separation.
Operating statisticsThree Months EndedSix Months Ended
June 30,June 30,
2024 2023 2024 2023 
Transportation volumes (MMdk)160.7 142.6 308.4 272.3 
Customer natural gas storage balance (MMdk):
Beginning of period23.4 9.0 37.7 21.2 
Net injection18.0 18.8 3.7 6.6 
End of period41.4 27.8 41.4 27.8 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024, Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 Pipeline earnings increased $8.6 million as a result of:
Revenues increased $10.8 million as a result of:
Increased transportation volumes, largely due to:
Organic growth projects placed in service in November 2023 and March 2024 of $5.6 million.
New transportation and storage rates effective August 1, 2023, of $2.8 million.
Higher storage-related revenues.
Operation and maintenance increased $1.2 million.
Primarily from:
Higher payroll-related costs of $1.0 million.
Higher other costs including materials and company dues.
Partially offset by lower legal costs, due to absence of rate case related expense and lower non-regulated project costs.
Depreciation and amortization increased $500,000 driven largely by higher property, plant and equipment balances of $900,000, related to organic growth projects placed in service, as previously discussed, partially offset by fully depreciated assets.
Taxes, other than income decreased $300,000, primarily due to lower property tax valuations in certain jurisdictions.
Other income increased $2.4 million, primarily due to proceeds received from a customer settlement of $2.0 million and higher interest income.
Interest expense increased $700,000, primarily from higher debt balances to fund capital expenditures.
Income tax expense increased $2.8 million, largely due to higher income before taxes.
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Six Months Ended June 30, 2024, Compared To Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Pipeline earnings increased $15.4 million as a result of:
Revenues increased $21.3 million as a result of:
Increased transportation volumes, largely due to:
Organic growth projects placed in service in November 2023 and March 2024 of $10.3 million.
New transportation and storage rates effective August 1, 2023, of $5.9 million.
Higher storage-related revenues of $4.0 million.
Operation and maintenance increased $2.0 million.
Primarily from:
Higher payroll-related costs of $1.8 million.
Higher other costs including insurance and company dues.
Partially offset by lower legal and consulting costs, due to absence of rate case related expense.
Depreciation and amortization increased $700,000 driven largely by higher property, plant and equipment balances of $1.5 million, related to organic growth projects placed in service, as previously discussed, partially offset by fully depreciated assets.
Taxes, other than income decreased $500,000, primarily due to lower property tax valuations in certain jurisdictions.
Other income (expense) increased $2.5 million primarily due to proceeds received from a customer settlement of $2.0 million and higher interest income.
Interest expense increased $1.6 million primarily from higher debt balances to fund capital expenditures.
Income tax expense increased $5.1 million, largely due to higher income before taxes.
Outlook The Company has continued to experience the effect of associated natural gas production in the Bakken, which has provided opportunities for organic growth projects and increased demand. The completion of organic growth projects has contributed to higher volumes of natural gas the Company transports through its system. Bakken natural gas production is currently at or near record levels and the outlook remains positive with continued growth expected due to new oil wells and increasing gas to oil ratios.
Increases in national and global natural gas supply have moderated pressure on natural gas prices and price volatility. While the Company believes there will continue to be varying pressures on natural gas production levels and prices, the long-term outlook for natural gas prices continues to provide growth opportunity for industrial supply and demand related projects and seasonal pricing differentials provide opportunities for natural gas storage services.
The Company continues to monitor, evaluate and implement additional GHG emissions reduction strategies, including increased monitoring frequency and emission source control technologies to minimize potential risk.
On March 8, 2024, the EPA published its final rule to update, strengthen and expand standards intended to significantly reduce GHG emissions and other air pollutants from emission sources in the oil and natural gas industries. The standards apply to various sources of GHG emissions including natural gas compressors, process controllers, natural gas driven pumps, storage vessels, natural gas wells, fugitive emissions components and super-emitter events. Additionally, the EPA is revising the current GHG reporting rules to improve the calculation, monitoring and reporting of GHG data and incorporate provisions from the IRA. On April 25 and May 14, 2024, the EPA finalized proposed amendments to the reporting rule including updating the global warming potentials, emissions factors, and emissions calculation methodologies, adding emissions sources to be reported on, and other changes to generally improve data being reported. Additionally, proposed regulations implementing the Waste Emissions Charge provisions in the IRA were published on January 26, 2024. The Company continues to monitor and assess these rulemakings and the potential impacts they may have on its business processes, current and future projects, results of operations and disclosures.
The Company continues to focus on improving existing operations and growth opportunities through organic projects in all areas in which it operates, which includes additional projects with local distribution companies, Bakken area producers and industrial customers in various stages of development.
In July 2021, the Company announced plans for a natural gas pipeline expansion project in eastern North Dakota. The Wahpeton Expansion project consists of approximately 60 miles of pipe and ancillary facilities and is designed to increase capacity by 20 MMcf per day, which is supported by long-term customer agreements with Montana-Dakota and its utility customers. On May 27, 2022, the Company filed with FERC its application for the project and received FERC's approval on October 19, 2023. Construction began in the second quarter of 2024 with an estimated completion in late 2024.
See Capital Expenditures within this section for information on the expenditures related to these growth projects.
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Construction Services
Strategy and challenges The construction services segment provides electrical and mechanical and transmission and distribution specialty contracting services, as discussed in Note 15. The construction services segment focuses on safely executing projects; providing a superior return on investment by building new and strengthening existing customer relationships; ensuring quality service; effectively controlling costs; retaining, developing and recruiting talented employees; growing through organic and strategic acquisition opportunities; and focusing efforts on projects that will permit higher margins while properly managing risk. The growth experienced by the segment in recent years is due in part to the project awards in the markets served and the ability to support national customers in most of the regions in which it operates.
The construction services segment faces challenges, which are not under direct control of the business, in the markets in which it operates, including those described in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in the 2023 Annual Report. These factors, and those noted below, have caused fluctuations in revenues, gross margins and earnings in the past and are likely to cause fluctuations in the future.
Revenue mix and impact on gross profit. The mix of revenues based on the types of services the segment provides can impact gross profit as certain industries and services provide higher gross profit opportunities. Larger or more complex projects typically result in higher gross profit opportunities since the segment assumes a higher degree of performance risk and there is greater utilization of the segment's resources for longer construction timelines. However, larger or more complex projects can have a higher risk of regulatory and seasonal or cyclical delay. Project schedules fluctuate, which can affect the amount of work performed in a given period. Smaller or less complex projects typically have a greater number of companies competing for them, and competitors at times may be more aggressive on pricing when pursuing available work. A greater percentage of smaller scale or less complex work in a given period could negatively impact margins due to the inefficiency of transitioning between a greater number of smaller projects versus continuous production on a few larger projects.
Project variability and performance. Gross profit for a single project may fluctuate period to period due to changes in the volume or type of work performed, the pricing structure under the project contract or job productivity. Productivity and performance on a project can vary period to period based on a number of factors, including unexpected project difficulties; unexpected project site conditions; project location, including locations with challenging operating conditions or difficult geographic characteristics; whether the work is on an open or encumbered right of way; inclement weather or severe weather events; environmental restrictions or regulatory delays; political or legal challenges related to a project; and the performance of third parties. In addition, the type of contract can impact the gross profit on a project. Under fixed-price contracts, which are more common with larger or more complex projects, the segment assumes risk related to project estimates versus actual execution. Revenues under this type of contract can vary, sometimes significantly, from original projects due to additional project complexity; timing uncertainty or extended bidding; extended regulatory or permitting processes; and other factors, which can result in a reduction in profit or losses on a project.
Subcontractor work and provision of materials. Some work under project contracts is subcontracted out to other companies and gross profit on subcontractor work is generally lower than work performed by the Company. Increased subcontractor work in a given period may therefore result in lower gross profit. In addition, inflationary or other pressures may increase the cost of materials under fixed-price contracts and may result in decreased gross profit on the project. The Company has worked to implement provisions in project contracts to allow for the pass-through of inflationary costs to customers where feasible and will continue to do so to mitigate the impacts.
The segment's management continually monitors its operating income and has been proactive in attempting to mitigate the inflationary impacts seen across the United States. The segment is currently experiencing continued labor constraints and impacts from delays in the national supply chain. The segment is working with suppliers and providers of goods and services in advance of construction to secure pricing and reduce delays for goods and services. The inflationary costs and national supply chain challenges experienced by the segment have increased costs but have not had significant impacts to the procurement of project materials. Such volatility and inflationary pressures may continue to have an impact on the segment's operating income, including fixed-price construction contracts that are particularly vulnerable to the volatility of energy and material prices. These increases are partially offset by mitigation measures implemented by the Company, including escalation clauses in contracts, pre-purchased materials and other cost savings initiatives. The segment also continues recruitment and retention efforts to attract and retain employees. Accordingly, operating results in any particular period may not be indicative of the results that can be expected for any other period.
The Company's ability to provide adequate specialized labor for projects is critical to maintaining customer relationships and project margins. The aging workforce and the increasing complexity and duration of customers' projects puts strain on labor availability. The Company has experienced labor shortages in certain markets, which has increased labor-related costs in some cases. The Company continues to monitor the labor markets and expects overall demand for labor to continue to rise. Based on this increasing demand as well as terms of collective bargaining agreements and, to a lesser extent, recent inflationary pressures, the Company expects labor-related costs to continue to increase. The Company plans to meet its labor needs by increasing recruiting efforts, continuing to develop and retain its workforce, and promoting specialized labor opportunities for those entering the workforce.
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Earnings overview - The following information summarizes the performance of the construction services segment.
Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
June 30,June 30,
 2024 2023 Variance2024 2023 Variance
 (In millions)
Operating revenues$703.3 $747.0 (6)%$1,329.1 $1,501.3 (11)%
Cost of sales:
Operation and maintenance590.5 629.3 (6)%1,115.7 1,283.2 (13)%
Depreciation and amortization
4.9 4.7 %9.7 8.9 %
Taxes, other than income19.4 23.8 (18)%40.4 52.0 (22)%
Total cost of sales614.8 657.8 (7)%1,165.8 1,344.1 (13)%
Gross profit88.5 89.2 (1)%163.3 157.2 %
Selling, general and administrative expense:
Operation and maintenance34.6 32.4 %67.1 62.4 %
Depreciation and amortization
1.3 1.2 %2.5 2.4 %
Taxes, other than income1.3 1.3 — %3.5 2.9 21 %
Total selling, general and administrative expense37.2 34.9 %73.1 67.7 %
Operating income51.3 54.3 (6)%90.2 89.5 %
Other income4.6 2.7 70 %6.6 5.5 20 %
Interest expense3.3 1.9 74 %6.0 1.9 216 %
Income before income taxes52.6 55.1 (5)%90.8 93.1 (2)%
Income tax expense13.6 14.0 (3)%23.6 23.1 %
Income from continuing operations39.0 41.1 (5)%67.2 70.0 (4)%
Discontinued operations, net of tax*
— (2.5)(100)%— (5.3)(100)%
Net income$39.0 $38.6 %$67.2 $64.7 %
*Discontinued operations includes interest on debt facilities repaid in connection with the Knife River separation.
Operating Statistics
Three Months Ended
Six Months Ended
June 30,
June 30,
2024 2023 2024 2023 
(In millions)
Operating revenues:
Electrical & Mechanical
$503.8 $570.2 $944.9 $1,163.3 
Transmission & Distribution
206.8 180.1 395.3 345.0 
Intrasegment eliminations(7.3)(3.3)(11.1)(7.0)
Total revenues$703.3 $747.0 $1,329.1 $1,501.3 
Operating income:
Electrical & Mechanical
$35.9 $39.3 $65.8 $69.2 
Transmission & Distribution
20.6 18.6 34.8 28.3 
Corporate and other(5.2)(3.6)(10.4)(8.0)
Total operating income $51.3 $54.3 $90.2 $89.5 
Operating income as a percentage of revenue:
Electrical & Mechanical
7.1 %6.9 %7.0 %5.9 %
Transmission & Distribution
10.0 %10.3 %8.8 %8.2 %
Total operating income as a percentage of revenue
7.3 %7.3 %6.8 %6.0 %
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Three Months Ended June 30, 2024, Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 Construction services earnings increased $400,000 as a result of:
Revenues decreased $43.7 million.
Largely due to lower electrical and mechanical workloads as a result of:
Lower commercial workloads, primarily in the hospitality sector of $149.5 million from completion of large projects offset by a $107.2 million increase in data center work primarily from higher workloads and the progress on large ongoing projects.
Lower industrial workloads in the general industrial, high-tech and government sectors of $25.7 million, $18.2 million, and $5.2 million, respectively, primarily from the completion or near-completion of large projects, partially offset by higher manufacturing workloads of $10.5 million from the progress on ongoing projects.
Lower service workloads of $7.3 million from the repair and maintenance for electrical and mechanical projects.
Partially offsetting these decreases were higher workloads in the institutional market. Institutional workloads were driven by an increase of $22.6 million, $8.6 million and $3.5 million in the government, education and healthcare sectors, respectively, due to progress on projects.
Transmission and distribution revenues increased by $26.7 million, due to increases in both the utility and transportation markets.
The utility market had higher workloads in transmission, telecommunication and substation projects of $14.9 million, $8.4 million and $7.2 million, respectively. These increases were offset by lower workloads in distribution projects of $18.9 million from the timing of work available in the markets served.
The transportation market had higher workloads in traffic signalization and street lighting projects of $8.3 million and $7.8 million, respectively, offset by lower workloads in government and electric projects of $3.6 million.
Cost of sales decreased $43.0 million.
Largely due to lower electric and mechanical workloads due to timing of projects, partially offset by higher transmission and distribution workloads:
Electric and mechanical operating costs decreased $63.6 million due to lower revenues offset by project efficiencies.
Transmission and distribution operating costs increased $24.6 million due to higher workloads.
Labor and material costs decreased by $48.3 million and $26.4 million, respectively, partially offset by higher subcontractor costs of $24.7 million and other job expenses of $7.0 million.

Selling, general and administrative expense increased $2.3 million.
Primarily due to:
Increased payroll-related costs of $1.5 million to support the operational growth of the business.
Increased expenses associated with professional services of $1.5 million.
Increased general expenses of $800,000 including office, rent and insurance expense.
Partially offsetting these increases was lower allowance for uncollectible accounts of $1.5 million.
Operating income decreased $3.0 million, primarily from decreased gross profit and increased selling, general and administrative expense discussed above. Operating income as a percentage of revenue remained strong as a result of project efficiencies.
Other income increased $1.9 million, primarily related to the Company's joint ventures activity.
Interest expense increased $1.4 million due to interest on debt facilities repaid in connection with the Knife River separation in 2023 being included in discontinued operations.
Income tax expense decreased $400,000, primarily resulting from a decrease in income before income taxes due to interest recorded in discontinued operations in connection with the separation discussed above.
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024, Compared To Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Construction services earnings increased $2.5 million as a result of:
Revenues decreased $172.2 million.
Largely due to
Lower commercial workloads, primarily in the hospitality sector of $315.5 million from completion of large projects offset by a $167.2 million increase in data center work primarily from higher workloads and the progress on large ongoing projects.
Lower industrial workloads in the general industrial, high-tech and government sectors of $50.1 million, $38.4 million, and $12.1 million, respectively, primarily from the completion or near-completion of large projects, partially offset by higher manufacturing workloads of $17.1 million from the progress on ongoing projects.
Lower service workloads of $33.5 million from the repair and maintenance for electrical and mechanical projects.
Lower renewable workloads of $7.6 million due to the completion of renewable projects.
Partially offsetting these decreases were higher workloads in the institutional market. Institutional workloads were driven by an increase of $39.6 million, $15.8 million and $8.3 million in the government, healthcare and education sectors, respectively, due to progress on projects.
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Transmission and distribution revenues increased by $50.3 million, due to increases in both the utility and transportation markets.
The utility market had higher workloads in transmission, substation and telecommunication projects of $27.1 million, $14.4 million, and $12.9 million, respectively. These increases were offset by lower workloads in storm projects of $13.2 million from the timing of work available in the markets served.
The transportation market had higher workloads in traffic signalization and street lighting projects of $12.7 million and $12.4 million, respectively, offset by lower workloads in government and electric projects of $7.7 million.
Cost of sales decreased $178.3 million.
Largely due to lower electric and mechanical workloads due to timing of projects, partially offset by higher transmission and distribution workloads:
Electric and mechanical operating costs decreased $216.6 million due to lower revenues offset by project efficiencies.
Transmission and distribution operating costs increased $42.4 million due to higher workloads.
Labor and material costs decreased by $140.9 million and $88.0 million, respectively, partially offset by higher subcontractor costs of $41.8 million and other job expenses of $8.7 million.

Selling, general and administrative expense increased $5.4 million.
Primarily due to:
Increased payroll-related costs of $2.9 million to support the operational growth of the business.
Increased expenses associated with professional services of $2.7 million.
Increased general expenses of $2.6 million including office, rent and insurance expense.
Partially offsetting these increases was lower allowance for uncollectible accounts of $2.8 million.
Operating income increased $700,000, primarily from increased gross profit, largely offset by increased selling, general and administrative expense discussed above. Operating income as a percentage of revenue increased as a result of project efficiencies.
Other income increased $1.1 million, primarily related to the Company's joint ventures activity.
Interest expense increased $4.1 million due to interest on debt facilities repaid in connection with the Knife River separation in 2023 being included in discontinued operations.
Income tax expense increased $500,000, primarily resulting from a higher effective tax rate for the period, offset by a decrease in income before income taxes due to interest expense being included in discontinued operations in connection with the separation discussed above for 2023.
Outlook On November 2, 2023, the Company announced its intent to pursue a tax-free spinoff of its wholly owned construction services business, MDU Construction Services. On March 13, 2024, the Company announced its construction services business, MDU Construction Services, rebranded to Everus Construction in preparation for the planned tax-free spinoff of the business, which is expected to be complete in late 2024. The Company's board of directors believes a tax-free spinoff of the construction services business supports the Company's goal of enhancing value for stockholders by becoming a pure-play regulated energy delivery company.
The Company's results can be impacted by infrastructure investments, and the Company is optimistic about infrastructure spending and believes related investment activity will continue to positively impact both its transmission and distribution and electrical and mechanical markets. The Company believes legislative actions aimed at supporting funding for states, schools and local governments; the funding for upgrades to electric and grid infrastructure, transportation systems, airports, electric vehicle infrastructure and clean energy programs, including solar and battery storage facilities; and providing funding to support domestic facilities that produce semiconductors are likely to provide greater long-term opportunity in both of our construction services markets. However, the Company expects financial results, in both markets, to continue to be affected by delays and cost volatility through 2024 due to supply chain disruptions, inflationary pressures, tariffs and regulatory slowdown.
While the Company faces strong competition, constrained labor markets and supply chain disruptions, it believes the ongoing investments to replace aging and climate-threatened electric infrastructure across the United States and trends to accommodate cloud computing and artificial intelligence will continue to drive significant growth opportunities in the services it provides. The Company also believes additional utility project growth opportunities exist as utilities are faced with sustaining investment in their systems and experience similar labor constraints and increasing costs. Bidding and construction activity for utility projects and upgrades remain active, and the Company expects this trend to continue.
The Company continues to have bidding opportunities in the specialty contracting markets in which it operated in during 2024 as evidenced by the segment's backlog. Although bidding remains highly competitive in all areas, the Company expects the segment's relationship with existing customers, skilled workforce, quality of service and effective cost management will continue to provide a benefit in securing and executing profitable projects in the future. The Company has also seen rapidly growing needs for services across the electric vehicle charging, renewable energy generation and energy storage markets that complement existing renewable projects performed by the Company.
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Backlog consists of the uncompleted portion of services to be performed under job-specific contracts. Contracts are subject to delay, default or cancellation, and contracts in the Company's backlog are subject to changes in the scope of services to be provided, as well as adjustments to the costs. Backlog may also be affected by project delays or cancellations resulting from weather conditions, external market factors and economic factors beyond the Company's control, among other things. Accordingly, there is no assurance that backlog will be realized. As of June 30, 2024, the Company has not experienced any material impacts related to customer notices indicating that they no longer wish to proceed with the planned projects that have been included in backlog. The timing of contract awards, duration of large new contracts and the mix of services can significantly affect backlog. Backlog at any given point in time may not accurately represent the revenue or net income that is realized in any period. Also, the backlog as of the end of the year may not be indicative of the operating revenues or net income expected to be earned in the following year and should not be relied upon as a standalone indicator of future operating revenues or net income. Factors noted in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in the 2023 Annual Report can cause revenues to be realized in periods and at levels that are different from originally predicted.
Subject to the foregoing discussions, the construction services segment's record backlog at June 30, was as follows:
20242023
(In millions)
Electrical & mechanical$2,064 $1,536 
Transmission & distribution339 401 
$2,403 $1,937 
The increase in backlog at June 30, 2024, as compared to backlog at June 30, 2023, was largely attributable to the new project opportunities that the Company continues to be awarded across its diverse operations, particularly electrical and mechanical projects within commercial, institutional, industrial and renewable markets, combined with transmission and distribution projects within the transportation market, partially offset by completed or near-completion projects within the utility market.
Other
Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
June 30,June 30,
 2024 2023 Variance2024 2023 Variance
(In millions)
Operating revenues$1.4 $3.1 (55)%$2.8 $4.7 (40)%
Operating expenses:
Operation and maintenance5.5 12.2 (55)%12.9 21.9 (41)%
Depreciation and amortization
.6 1.1 (45)%1.2 2.2 (45)%
Total operating expenses6.1 13.3 (54)%14.1 24.1 (41)%
Operating loss(4.7)(10.2)(54)%(11.3)(19.4)(42)%
Unrealized gain on retained shares in Knife River
— 140.0 (100)%— 140.0 (100)%
Other income4.0 3.1 29 %9.3 4.1 127 %
Interest expense3.3 3.4 (3)%6.7 3.8 76 %
Income (loss) before income taxes(4.0)129.5 (103)%(8.7)120.9 (107)%
Income tax (benefit) expense2.2 45.1 (95)%(2.3)45.5 (105)%
Income (loss) from continuing operations(6.2)84.4 (107)%(6.4)75.4 (108)%
Discontinued operations, net of tax
(.2)$(14.1)(99)%(.2)(56.7)(100)%
Net income (loss)$(6.4)$70.3 (109)%$(6.6)$18.7 (135)%
On May 31, 2023, the Company completed the separation of Knife River, its former construction materials and contracting business, into a new publicly traded company. As a result of the separation, the historical results of operations for Knife River are shown in discontinued operations, except for allocated general corporate overhead costs of the Company, which do not meet the criteria for discontinued operations. Also included in discontinued operations are strategic initiative costs associated with the separation of Knife River.
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Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2024, Compared to Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023, respectively.
For the quarter and year to date, Other reported decreased net income compared to the same periods in 2023. The decreases were primarily due to the absence of the 2023 $90.8 million, net of tax unrealized gain on the Company's retained interest in Knife River. Partially offsetting these decreases was lower operation and maintenance expense, largely a result of corporate overhead costs classified as continuing operations allocated to the construction materials business in 2023, which are not included in Other in 2024. Other also experienced increased interest income in both periods, which partially offset the decreases.
Also included in Other is insurance activity at the company's captive insurer and general and administrative costs and interest expense previously allocated to the exploration and production and refining businesses that do not meet the criteria for discontinued operations.

Intersegment Transactions
Amounts presented in the preceding tables will not agree with the Consolidated Statements of Income due to the Company's elimination of intersegment transactions. The amounts related to these items were as follows:
Three Months EndedSix Months Ended
June 30,June 30,
 2024 2023 2024 2023 
 (In millions)
Intersegment transactions:  
Operating revenues$10.8 $11.1 $42.7 $39.1 
Operation and maintenance$2.0 $3.4 $3.6 $5.3 
Purchased natural gas sold$8.8 $7.7 $39.1 $33.8 
Other income
$4.4 $2.3 $8.9 $2.6 
Interest expense
$4.4 $2.3 $8.9 $2.6 
For more information on intersegment eliminations, see Note 15.
Liquidity and Capital Commitments
At June 30, 2024, the Company had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $94.4 million and available borrowing capacity of $502.2 million under the outstanding credit facilities of the Company and its subsidiaries. The Company expects to meet its obligations for debt maturing within one year and its other operating and capital requirements from various sources, including internally generated funds; credit facilities and commercial paper of the Company and its subsidiaries, as described in Capital resources; and issuance of debt and equity securities if necessary.
Cash flows
Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2024 2023 
(In millions)
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities$301.6 $73.1 
Investing activities(236.0)(276.6)
Financing activities(48.2)183.8 
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash17.4 (19.7)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash -- beginning of year
77.0 70.4 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash -- end of period
$94.4 $50.7 
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Operating activities 
Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2024 2023 Variance
(In millions)
Components of net cash provided by operating activities:
Net income$161.3 $169.0 $(7.7)
Less: loss from discontinued operations, net of tax
(.2)(62.5)62.3 
Income from continuing operations161.5 231.5 (70.0)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities104.2 17.0 87.2 
Changes in current assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions:
Receivables24.1 124.3 (100.2)
Inventories16.8 1.4 15.4 
Other current assets32.1 (27.6)59.7 
Accounts payable(35.8)(137.3)101.5 
Other current liabilities(10.8)19.1 (29.9)
Pension & postretirement benefit plan contributions(.5)— (.5)
Other noncurrent changes10.1 1.6 8.5 
Net cash provided by operating activities301.7 230.0 71.7 
Net cash used in discontinued operations(.1)(156.9)156.8 
Net cash provided by operating activities$301.6 $73.1 $228.5 
The changes in cash flows from operating activities generally follow the results of operations, as discussed in Business Segment Financial and Operating Data, and are affected by changes in working capital. The increase in cash provided by adjustments to reconcile net income is driven by the absence of the 2023 unrealized gain on the Company's retained interest in Knife River, with the offset reflected in the decrease in income from continuing operations. The increase in cash flows provided by operating activities in the previous table was largely driven by the absence of cash used in discontinued operations in 2023, primarily cash used at Knife River and associated separation costs. Also contributing was lower cash used in accounts payable, primarily related to the payment of natural gas costs, and an increase in cash from other current assets, primarily the collection of purchased gas cost adjustment balances, both at the natural gas distribution business. Partially offsetting these items was a decrease of cash from accounts receivable, largely due to lower gas costs in 2024 compared to 2023 at the natural gas distribution business.
Investing activities
Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2024 2023 Variance
(In millions)
Components of net cash used in investing activities:
Capital expenditures$(243.5)$(232.1)$(11.4)
Net proceeds from sale or disposition of property5.4 9.5 (4.1)
Cost of removal, net of salvage value(3.6)4.0 (7.6)
Investments(3.3)(3.0)(.3)
Proceeds from investment cost basis withdrawal
9.0 — 9.0 
Net cash used in continuing operations(236.0)(221.6)(14.4)
Net cash used in discontinued operations— (55.0)55.0 
Net cash used in investing activities$(236.0)$(276.6)$40.6 
The cash used in investing activities decreased as compared to 2023, primarily due to the absence of cash used in discontinued operations in 2023 and the receipt of proceeds from the withdrawal of cost basis from insurance policies in 2024. This was partially offset by increased capital expenditures at the natural gas distribution businesses, the absence of a net receipt of cash for salvage in 2023 and net costs incurred for removal in 2024 at the electric and natural gas distribution businesses and lower proceeds received from the sale of property at the construction services business in 2024 compared to prior year.
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Financing activities
Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2024 2023 Variance
(In millions)
Components of net cash (used in) provided by financing activities:
Issuance of short-term borrowings$— $500.0 $(500.0)
Repayment of short-term borrowings(95.0)(193.5)98.5 
Issuance of long-term debt113.7 389.5 (275.8)
Repayment of long-term debt(11.1)(506.2)495.1 
Debt issuance costs(1.7)(1.9).2 
Costs of issuance of common stock(.1)— (.1)
Dividends paid(51.4)(90.6)39.2 
Repurchase of common stock— (4.8)4.8 
Tax withholding on stock-based compensation(2.6)(3.0).4 
Net cash (used in) provided by continuing operations(48.2)89.5 (137.7)
Net cash provided by discontinued operations— 94.3 (94.3)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities$(48.2)$183.8 $(232.0)
The variance in cash used in financing activities in 2024 compared to cash provided from financing activities in 2023 was primarily due to the absence of the 2023 issuance of short-term borrowings at the natural gas distribution business used to fund higher natural gas costs, and also at the Company to replace Centennial debt that was refinanced due to the spinoff of Knife River. Also contributing to decreased cash was lower issuance of long-term debt, primarily the absence of the 2023 issuances by the Company, largely used to replace the Centennial debt, and the absence of cash provided by discontinued operations. Partially offsetting these items was the absence of higher repayments in 2023 of long-term and short-term borrowings, as Centennial repaid all of its outstanding debt in the second quarter of 2023 due to the Knife River separation, as well as repayments at the natural gas distribution business. In addition, lower dividends were paid in 2024 due to a change in the targeted dividend payout ratio after the Knife River separation.
Capital expenditures
Capital expenditures for the first six months of 2024 and 2023 were $244.3 million and $233.8 million, respectively. Capital expenditures allocated to the Company's business segments are estimated to be approximately $628.2 million for 2024. Capital expenditure estimates have been updated from what was previously reported in the 2023 Annual Report to accommodate project timeline and scope changes made throughout the first half of 2024.
The Company has included in the estimated capital expenditures for 2024 multiple organic growth projects at the pipeline business, as previously discussed in Business Segment Financial and Operating Data, as well as system upgrades; routine replacements; service extensions; routine equipment maintenance and replacements; buildings, land and building improvements; pipeline and natural gas storage projects; power generation and transmission opportunities, environmental upgrades; and other growth opportunities.
The Company continues to evaluate potential future acquisitions and other growth opportunities that would be incremental to the outlined capital program; however, they are dependent upon the availability of economic opportunities and, as a result, capital expenditures may vary significantly from the estimate previously discussed. The Company continuously monitors its capital expenditures for project delays and changes in economic viability and adjusts as necessary. It is anticipated that all of the funds required for capital expenditures for 2024 will be funded by various sources, including internally generated funds; credit facilities and commercial paper of the Company and its subsidiaries, as described later; and issuance of debt and equity securities if necessary.
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Capital resources
The Company requires significant cash to support and grow its businesses. The primary sources of cash other than cash generated from operating activities are cash from revolving credit facilities, the issuance of long-term debt and the sale of equity securities.
Debt resources
Certain debt instruments of the Company and its subsidiaries contain restrictive and financial covenants and cross-default provisions. In order to borrow under the respective debt instruments, the Company and its subsidiaries must be in compliance with the applicable covenants and certain other conditions, all of which the Company and its subsidiaries, as applicable, were in compliance with at June 30, 2024. In the event the Company and its subsidiaries do not comply with the applicable covenants and other conditions, alternative sources of funding may need to be pursued. As of June 30, 2024, the Company had investment grade credit ratings at all entities issuing debt. For more information on the covenants, certain other conditions and cross-default provisions, see Part II, Item 6 in this document and Part II, Item 8 in the 2023 Annual Report.
The following table summarizes the outstanding revolving credit facilities of the Company and its subsidiaries at June 30, 2024:
CompanyFacility Facility
Limit
 Amount
Outstanding
 Letters
of Credit
 Expiration
Date
(In millions)
Montana-Dakota Utilities Co.Commercial paper/Revolving credit agreement(a)$200.0  $133.7 $—  10/18/28
Cascade Natural Gas CorporationRevolving credit agreement $175.0 (b)$50.3  $2.2 (c)6/20/29
Intermountain Gas CompanyRevolving credit agreement $175.0 (d)$49.5  $— 6/20/29
MDU Resources Group, Inc.Revolving credit agreement$200.0 (e)$— $12.1 (c)5/31/28
(a)The commercial paper program is supported by a revolving credit agreement with various banks (provisions allow for increased borrowings, at the option of Montana-Dakota on stated conditions, up to a maximum of $250.0 million).
(b)Certain provisions allow for increased borrowings, up to a maximum of $225.0 million.
(c)Outstanding letter(s) of credit reduce the amount available under the credit agreement.
(d)Certain provisions allow for increased borrowings, up to a maximum of $225.0 million.
(e)Certain provisions allow for increased borrowings, up to a maximum of $250.0 million.
The Montana-Dakota commercial paper program is supported by a revolving credit agreement. While the amount of commercial paper outstanding does not reduce available capacity under the revolving credit agreement, Montana-Dakota does not issue commercial paper in an aggregate amount exceeding the available capacity under the credit agreement. The commercial paper and revolving credit agreement borrowings may vary during the period, largely the result of fluctuations in working capital requirements due to the seasonality of certain operations of Montana-Dakota.
Total equity as a percent of total capitalization was 56 percent at June 30, 2024. Including the debt reflected in liabilities of discontinued operations, the Company's total equity as a percentage of total capitalization was 51 percent at June 30, 2023, and 55 percent at December 31, 2023. This ratio is calculated as the Company's total equity, divided by the Company's total capital. Total capital is the Company's total debt, including short-term borrowings and long-term debt due within 12 months, plus total equity. Management believes this ratio is an indicator of how the Company is financing its operations, as well as its financial strength.
Cascade On January 20, 2023, Cascade entered into a $150.0 million term loan agreement with a SOFR-based variable interest rate and a maturity date of January 19, 2024. On December 5, 2023, Cascade paid down $100.0 million of the outstanding balance. On January 19, 2024, Cascade made the final $50.0 million repayment on the $150.0 million term loan agreement.
On June 20, 2024, Cascade amended and restated its revolving credit agreement to increase the borrowing capacity from $100.0 million to $175.0 million and extend the maturity date to June 20, 2029. Any borrowings under the revolving credit agreement are classified as long-term debt as they are intended to be refinanced on a long-term basis through continued borrowings. The credit agreement contains customary covenants and provisions, including a covenant of Cascade not to permit, at any time, the ratio of total debt to total capitalization to be greater than 65 percent. Other covenants include restrictions on the sale of certain assets, limitations on indebtedness and the making of certain investments.
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Intermountain On January 20, 2023, Intermountain entered into a $125.0 million term loan agreement with a SOFR-based variable interest rate and a maturity date of January 19, 2024. In March, April, and May 2023, Intermountain paid down $20.0 million, $30.0 million, and $30.0 million, respectively, of the outstanding balance. On January 19, 2024, Intermountain made the final $45.0 million repayment on the $125.0 million term loan agreement.
On June 20, 2024, Intermountain amended and restated its revolving credit agreement to increase the borrowing capacity from $100.0 million to $175.0 million and extend the maturity date to June 20, 2029. Any borrowings under the revolving credit agreement are classified as long-term debt as they are intended to be refinanced on a long-term basis through continued borrowings. The credit agreement contains customary covenants and provisions, including a covenant of Intermountain not to permit, at any time, the ratio of total debt to total capitalization to be greater than 0.65 percent. Other covenants include restrictions on the sale of certain assets, limitations on indebtedness and the making of certain investments.
Montana-Dakota On July 11, 2024, Montana-Dakota entered into a $125.0 million note purchase agreement with maturity dates ranging from July 11, 2039 to July 11, 2054, at a weighted average interest rate of 5.96 percent. The agreement contains customary covenants and provisions, including a covenant of Montana-Dakota not to permit, at any time, the ratio of total debt to total capitalization to be greater than 65 percent.
WBI Energy Transmission On April 1, 2024, WBI Energy Transmission entered into a $60.0 million term loan agreement with an interest rate of 4.52 percent and a maturity date of April 1, 2039, with the principal to be repaid in equal annual installments of $4.0 million each, beginning March 2025 and continuing through the maturity date. The agreement contains customary covenants and provisions, including a covenant of WBI Energy Transmission not to permit, at any time, the ratio of total debt to total capitalization to be greater than 65 percent. The covenants also include certain restrictions on the sale of certain assets, loans and investments.
Material cash requirements
There were no material changes in the Company's remaining contractual obligations related to estimated interest payments, asset retirement obligations and uncertain tax positions for 2024 from those reported in the 2023 Annual Report. For more information on the Company's contractual obligations on long-term debt, operating leases and purchase commitments, see Part II, Item 7 in the 2023 Annual Report.
Material short-term cash requirements of the Company include repayment of outstanding borrowings and interest payments on those agreements, payments on operating lease agreements, payment of obligations on purchase commitments and asset retirement obligations.
Material long-term cash requirements of the Company include repayment of outstanding borrowings and interest payments on those agreements, payments on operating lease agreements, payment of obligations on purchase commitments and asset retirement obligations.
Defined benefit pension plans
The Company has noncontributory qualified defined benefit pension plans for certain employees. Various actuarial assumptions are used in calculating the benefit expense (income) and liability (asset) related to these plans, as such costs of providing these benefits bear the risk of changes as they are dependent upon assumptions of future conditions.

There were no other material changes to the Company's noncontributory qualified defined benefit pension plans from those reported in the 2023 Annual Report. As reported in the 2023 Annual Report, the Company expects to contribute the minimum funding requirement of $3.3 million in 2024. For more information, see Note 16 and Part II, Item 7 in the 2023 Annual Report.
New Accounting Standards
For information regarding new accounting standards, see Note 2, which is incorporated by reference.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The Company's critical accounting estimates include impairment testing of goodwill; regulatory assets expected to be recovered in rates charged to customers; revenue recognized using the cost-to-cost measure of progress for contracts; actuarially determined benefit costs; and tax provisions. There were no material changes in the Company's critical accounting estimates from those reported in the 2023 Annual Report. For more information on critical accounting estimates, see Part II, Item 7 in the 2023 Annual Report.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The Company is exposed to the impact of market fluctuations associated with interest rates and commodity prices. The Company has policies and procedures to assist in controlling these market risks and from time to time has utilized derivatives to manage a portion of its risk. Market risk sensitive instruments were not entered into for trading purposes.
Interest rate risk
Higher interest rates have resulted in and will likely continue to result in higher borrowing costs on new debt and existing variable interest rate debt. As of June 30, 2024, approximately 17.6 percent of the outstanding debt recorded on the balance sheet consisted of variable interest rate facilities (which uses SOFR as the benchmark rate). An increase of 1 percent in the interest rate on the Company's outstanding variable interest rate facilities as of June 30, 2024, would result in an estimated $4.2 million pre-tax annual increase in interest expense.
At June 30, 2024, the Company had no outstanding interest rate hedges.
Commodity price risk
There were no material changes to commodity price risk faced by the Company from those reported in the 2023 Annual Report.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures
The term "disclosure controls and procedures" is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. The Company's disclosure controls and other procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. The Company's disclosure controls and other procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. The Company's management, with the participation of the Company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and other procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, the chief executive officer and the chief financial officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, such controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.
Changes in internal controls
No change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2024, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
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Part II -- Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
There were no material changes to the Company's legal proceedings in Part 1, Item 3 - Legal Proceedings in the 2023 Annual Report.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Please refer to the Company's risk factors that are disclosed in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in the 2023 Annual Report that could be materially harmful to the Company's business, prospects, financial condition or financial results if they occur. At June 30, 2024, there were no material changes to the Company's risk factors provided in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in the 2023 Annual Report other than as set forth below.
The Company’s insurance has limits and exclusions that may not fully indemnify the Company against certain claims or losses, including claims resulting from wildfires or other natural disasters, and an increase in cost, or the unavailability or cancellation of third-party insurance coverages would increase the Company’s overall risk exposure and subject the Company to increased liabilities that could negatively affect its business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
The Company maintains insurance coverages from third party insurers as part of its overall risk management strategy and most of its customer contracts require the Company to maintain specific insurance coverage limits. The Company maintains insurance policies with respect to workers’ compensation, auto liability, general liability, excess liability, contractors pollution liability, legal liability, professional liability, directors and officers liability, employment practices liability, cyber policy, terrorism, property and other types of coverages, but these policies are subject to deductibles and the Company is self-insured up to the amount of those deductibles. Insurance losses are accrued based upon the Company's estimates of the ultimate liability for claims reported and an estimate of claims incurred but not yet reported. Insurance liabilities are difficult to assess and estimate due to unknown factors, including the frequency and severity of injuries, the magnitude of damage to or loss of property or the environment, the determination of the Company's liability in proportion to other parties, estimates of incidents not reported and the effectiveness of the Company's safety programs, and as a result, the Company's actual losses may exceed its estimates. There can be no assurance that the Company's current or past insurance coverages will be sufficient or effective under all circumstances or against all claims and liabilities to which the Company may be subject.
The Company generally renews its insurance policies on an annual basis; therefore, deductibles and levels of insurance coverages may change in future periods. There can be no assurance that any of the Company's existing insurance coverages will be renewed upon the expiration of the coverage period or that future coverage will be available at reasonable and competitive rates or at the required limits. The cost of the Company's insurance has significantly increased over time and may continue to increase in the future. In addition, insurers may fail, cancel the Company's coverage, increase the cost of coverage, determine to exclude certain items from coverage, or otherwise be unable to provide the Company with adequate insurance coverage. The Company may not be able to obtain certain types of insurance or incremental levels of insurance in scope or amount sufficient to cover liabilities it may incur. For example, due to the increase in wildfire losses and related insurance claims, insurers have reduced coverage availability and increased the cost of insurance coverage for such events in recent years, and the Company's current levels of coverage may not be sufficient to cover potential losses. If the Company's risk exposure increases as a result of adverse changes in its insurance coverage, the Company could be subject to increased liabilities that could negatively affect its business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
In addition, the Company performs work in hazardous environments and its employees are exposed to a number of hazards. Incidents can occur, regardless of fault, that may be catastrophic and adversely impact the Company's employees and third parties by causing serious personal injury, loss of life, damage to property or the environment, and interruption of operations. In locations or environments where claims have become more frequent or severe in recent years, insurance may become difficult or impossible to obtain. The Company's contracts may require it to indemnify its customers, project owners and other parties for injury, damage or loss arising out of the Company's presence at its customers’ location, or in the performance of the Company's work, in both cases regardless of fault, and provide for warranties of materials and workmanship. The Company also may be required to name the customer and others as an additional insured party under its insurance policies. The Company maintains limited insurance coverage against these and other risks associated with its business. This insurance may not protect the Company against liability for certain events, and the Company cannot guarantee that its insurance will be adequate in risk coverage or policy limits to cover all losses or liabilities that it may incur. Any future damages caused by the Company's services that are not covered by insurance or are in excess of policy limits could negatively affect its business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
During the three months ended June 30, 2024, no equity securities that are registered by the Company pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 were purchased by or on behalf of the Company or any of the Company's affiliated purchasers.
57

Index
Item 5. Other Information
During the three months ended June 30, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.
Item 6. Exhibits
See the index to exhibits immediately preceding the signature page to this report.
58

Index
Exhibits Index
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit NumberExhibit DescriptionFiled
Herewith
FormPeriod
Ended
ExhibitFiling
Date
File Number
3(a)8-K3.25/8/191-03480
3(b)8-K3.12/15/191-03480
*4(a)
X
31(a)X
31(b)X
32X
101.INSXBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
* Schedules and exhibits to this agreement have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. A copy of any omitted schedule and/or exhibit will be furnished as a supplement to the SEC upon request.
59

Index
Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
  MDU RESOURCES GROUP, INC.
    
DATE:August 8, 2024BY:/s/ Jason L. Vollmer
   Jason L. Vollmer
   
Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
and Treasurer
    
    
  BY:
/s/ Stephanie A. Sievert
   
Stephanie A. Sievert
   
Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer
and Controller


60

CERTIFICATION

I, Nicole A. Kivisto, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of MDU Resources Group, Inc.;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.
Date: August 8, 2024 


/s/ Nicole A. Kivisto                                         
Nicole A. Kivisto
President and Chief Executive Officer



CERTIFICATION

I, Jason L. Vollmer, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of MDU Resources Group, Inc.;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.
Date:  August 8, 2024


/s/ Jason L. Vollmer
Jason L. Vollmer
Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer



CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906
OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

    Each of the undersigned, Nicole A. Kivisto, the President and Chief Executive Officer, and Jason L. Vollmer, the Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of MDU Resources Group, Inc. (the "Company"), DOES HEREBY CERTIFY that:

    1.  The Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024 (the "Report"), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

    2.  Information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

    IN WITNESS WHERE OF, each of the undersigned has executed this statement this 8th day of August, 2024.


/s/ Nicole A. Kivisto                                         
Nicole A. Kivisto
President and Chief Executive Officer



/s/ Jason L. Vollmer                                         
Jason L. Vollmer
Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer



A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to MDU Resources Group, Inc. and will be retained by MDU Resources Group, Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.



EXECUTION COPY

Montana-Dakota Utilities Co.


$72,000,000 5.90% Senior Notes due July 11, 2039
$53,000,000 6.03% Senior Notes due July 11, 2054



Note Purchase Agreement




Dated July 11, 2024
{00529100.DOC; 9}


TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION
HEADING
 PAGE
SECTION 1.
AUTHORIZATION OF NOTES
1
SECTION 2.
SALE AND PURCHASE OF NOTES
1
SECTION 3.
CLOSING
2
SECTION 4.
CONDITIONS TO CLOSING
2
Section 4.1.Representations and Warranties2
Section 4.2.Performance; No Default2
Section 4.3.Compliance Certificates3
Section 4.4.Opinions of Counsel3
Section 4.5.Purchase Permitted By Applicable Law, Etc3
Section 4.6.Sale of Other Notes3
Section 4.7.Payment of Special Counsel Fees3
Section 4.8.Private Placement Number4
Section 4.9.Changes in Corporate Structure4
Section 4.10.Funding Instructions4
Section 4.11.Proceedings and Documents4
SECTION 5.
REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF THE COMPANY
4
Section 5.1.Organization; Power and Authority4
Section 5.2.Authorization, Etc5
Section 5.3.Disclosure5
Section 5.4.Subsidiaries; Affiliates5
Section 5.5.Financial Statements; Material Liabilities5
Section 5.6.Compliance with Laws, Other Instruments, Etc5
Section 5.7.Governmental Authorizations, Etc6
Section 5.8.Litigation; Observance of Agreements, Statutes and Orders6
Section 5.9.Taxes6
Section 5.10.Title to Property; Leases6
Section 5.11.Licenses, Permits, Etc7
Section 5.12.Compliance with ERISA7
Section 5.13.Private Offering by the Company7
Section 5.14.Use of Proceeds; Margin Regulations8
Section 5.15.Existing Indebtedness; Future Liens8
Section 5.16.Foreign Assets Control Regulations, Etc8
Section 5.17.Status under Certain Statutes9
Section 5.18.Environmental Matters9
{00529100.DOC; 9}
-i-


SECTION 6.
REPRESENTATIONS OF THE PURCHASERS
9
Section 6.1.Purchase for Investment9
Section 6.2.Source of Funds9
SECTION 7.
INFORMATION AS TO COMPANY
11
Section 7.1.Financial and Business Information11
Section 7.2.Officer’s Certificate16
Section 7.3.Visitation17
Section 7.4.Electronic Delivery17
SECTION 8.
PAYMENT AND PREPAYMENT OF THE NOTES
18
Section 8.1.Maturity18
Section 8.2.Optional Prepayments with Make-Whole Amount18
Section 8.3.Allocation of Partial Prepayments19
Section 8.4.Maturity; Surrender, Etc19
Section 8.5.Purchase of Notes19
Section 8.6.Make-Whole Amount19
Section 8.7.Payments in Connection with Asset Sale21
Section 8.8.Payments Due on Non-Business Days21
Section 8.9.Change in Control22
SECTION 9.
AFFIRMATIVE COVENANTS
24
Section 9.1.Compliance with Laws24
Section 9.2.Insurance24
Section 9.3.Maintenance of Properties24
Section 9.4.Payment of Taxes and Claims25
Section 9.5.Corporate Existence, Etc25
Section 9.6.Books and Records25
Section 9.7.Parity with Other Indebtedness25
Section 9.8.Post-Closing Filing26
Section 9.9.Subsidiary Guarantors26
SECTION 10.
NEGATIVE COVENANTS
26
Section 10.1.Transactions with Affiliates27
Section 10.2.Merger, Consolidation, Etc27
Section 10.3.Line of Business28
Section 10.4.Economic Sanctions, Etc28
Section 10.5.Liens29
Section 10.6.Sale of Assets31
Section 10.7.Maximum Capitalization Ratio31
Section 10.8.Minimum Interest Coverage Ratio31
Section 10.9.Incurrence of Secured Indebtedness32
SECTION 11.
EVENTS OF DEFAULT
32
{00529100.DOC; 9}
-ii-


SECTION 12.
REMEDIES ON DEFAULT, ETC
34
Section 12.1.Acceleration34
Section 12.2.Other Remedies35
Section 12.3.Rescission35
Section 12.4.No Waivers or Election of Remedies, Expenses, Etc35
SECTION 13.
REGISTRATION; EXCHANGE; SUBSTITUTION OF NOTES
36
Section 13.1.Registration of Notes36
Section 13.2.Transfer and Exchange of Notes36
Section 13.3.Replacement of Notes37
SECTION 14.
PAYMENTS ON NOTES
37
Section 14.1.Place of Payment37
Section 14.2.Payment by Wire Transfer37
Section 14.3.FATCA Information38
SECTION 15.
EXPENSES, ETC
38
Section 15.1.Transaction Expenses38
Section 15.2.Certain Taxes39
Section 15.3.Survival39
SECTION 16.
SURVIVAL OF REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES; ENTIRE AGREEMENT
39
SECTION 17.
AMENDMENT AND WAIVER
39
Section 17.1.Requirements39
Section 17.2.Solicitation of Holders of Notes40
Section 17.3.Binding Effect, Etc41
Section 17.4.Notes Held by Company, Etc41
SECTION 18.
NOTICES
41
SECTION 19.
REPRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS
42
SECTION 20.
CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
42
SECTION 21.
SUBSTITUTION OF PURCHASER
43
SECTION 22.
MISCELLANEOUS
43
Section 22.1.Successors and Assigns43
Section 22.2.Accounting Terms44
{00529100.DOC; 9}
-iii-


Section 22.3.Severability44
Section 22.4.Construction, Etc44
Section 22.5.Counterparts; Electronic Contracting45
Section 22.6.Governing Law45
Section 22.7.Jurisdiction and Process; Waiver of Jury Trial45
Signature47
{00529100.DOC; 9}
-iv-


Schedule A —    Defined Terms
SCHEDULE 1(a) —    FORM OF 5.90% SENIOR NOTE DUE JULY 11, 2039
SCHEDULE 1(b) —    FORM OF 6.03% SENIOR NOTE DUE JULY 11, 2054
SCHEDULE 4.4(a) —    FORM OF OPINION OF SPECIAL COUNSEL FOR THE COMPANY
SCHEDULE 4.4(b) —    FORM OF OPINION OF CHIEF LEGAL OFFICER FOR THE COMPANY
SCHEDULE 4.4(c) —    FORM OF OPINION OF SPECIAL COUNSEL FOR THE PURCHASERS
SCHEDULE 5.3    —    DISCLOSURE MATERIALS
SCHEDULE 5.4    —    Affiliates, Directors and Officers
SCHEDULE 5.7    —    Governmental Authorizations
SCHEDULE 5.15 —    Existing Indebtedness
SCHEDULE 10.5 —    Existing Liens
SCHEDULE B    —    Information Relating to Purchasers
{00529100.DOC; 9}
-v-


MONTANA-DAKOTA UTILITIES CO.
1200 West Century Avenue Bismarck, North Dakota 58503

$72,000,000 5.90% Senior Notes due July 11, 2039
$53,000,000 6.03% Senior Notes due July 11, 2054



July 11, 2024


TO EACH OF THE PURCHASERS LISTED IN
SCHEDULE B HERETO:

Ladies and Gentlemen:

Montana-Dakota Utilities Co., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), agrees with each of the Purchasers as follows:

SECTION 1.    AUTHORIZATION OF NOTES.

The Company will authorize the issue and sale of (i) $72,000,000 aggregate principal amount of its 5.90% Senior Notes due July 11, 2039 (the “2039 Notes”) and (ii) $53,000,000 aggregate principal amount of its 6.03% Senior Notes due July 11, 2054 (the “2054 Notes”, and together with the 2039 Notes, the “Notes”). The Notes shall be substantially in the form set out in Schedule 1(a) and Schedule 1(b), respectively. Certain capitalized and other terms used in this Agreement are defined in Schedule A and, for purposes of this Agreement, the rules of construction set forth in Section 22.4 shall govern.

SECTION 2.    SALE AND PURCHASE OF NOTES.

Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, the Company will issue and sell to each Purchaser and each Purchaser will purchase from the Company, at the Closing provided for in Section 3, Notes in the principal amount and of the series specified opposite such Purchaser’s name in Schedule B at the purchase price of 100% of the principal amount thereof. The Purchasers’ obligations hereunder are several and not joint obligations and no Purchaser shall
{00529100.DOC; 9}


have any liability to any Person for the performance or non-performance of any obligation by any other Purchaser hereunder.

SECTION 3.    CLOSING.

The sale and purchase of the Notes to be purchased by each Purchaser shall occur at the offices of Chapman and Cutler LLP, 320 South Canal Street, Chicago, Illinois 60606, at 11:00 a.m., New York City local time, at a closing on July 11, 2024 or on such other Business Day thereafter as may be agreed upon by the Company and the Purchasers (the “Closing”). At the Closing the Company will deliver to each Purchaser the respective Notes to be purchased by such Purchaser in the form of a single 2039 Note or 2054 Note, as the case may be (or such greater number of applicable Notes in denominations of at least $400,000 as such Purchaser may request) dated the date of the Closing and registered in such Purchaser’s name (or in the name of its nominee), against delivery by such Purchaser to the Company or its order of immediately available funds in the amount of the purchase price therefor by wire transfer of immediately available funds for the account of the Company to account number 160230271852 at US Bank of Minnesota, ABA Number 091000022 for credit to Montana-Dakota Utilities Co. If at the Closing the Company shall fail to tender such Notes to any Purchaser as provided above in this Section 3, or any of the conditions specified in Section 4 shall not have been fulfilled to such Purchaser’s satisfaction, such Purchaser shall, at its election, be relieved of all further obligations under this Agreement, without thereby waiving any rights such Purchaser may have by reason of such failure by the Company to tender such Notes or any of the conditions specified in Section 4 not having been fulfilled to such Purchaser’s satisfaction.

SECTION 4.    CONDITIONS TO CLOSING.

Each Purchaser’s obligation to purchase and pay for the Notes to be sold to such Purchaser at the Closing is subject to the fulfillment to such Purchaser’s satisfaction, prior to or at such Closing, of the following conditions:
Section 4.1. Representations and Warranties. The representations and warranties of the Company in this Agreement shall be correct when made and at the time of the Closing.
Section 4.2. Performance; No Default. The Company shall have performed and complied with all agreements and conditions contained in this Agreement required to be performed or complied with by it prior to or at the Closing. Before and after giving effect to the issue and sale of the Notes (and the application of the proceeds thereof as contemplated by Section 5.14), no Default or Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing. The Company shall not have entered into any transaction since the date of the most recent audited financial statements referred to in Section 5.5 that would have been prohibited by Section 10 had such Section applied since such date.
{00529100.DOC; 9}
2


Section 4.3.    Compliance Certificates.

(a)Officer’s Certificate. The Company shall have delivered to such Purchaser an Officer’s Certificate, dated the date of the Closing, certifying that the conditions specified in Sections 4.1, 4.2 and 4.9 have been fulfilled.
(b)Secretary’s Certificate. The Company shall have delivered to such Purchaser a certificate of its Secretary or Assistant Secretary, dated the date of the Closing, certifying as to (i) the resolutions attached thereto and other corporate proceedings relating to the authorization, execution and delivery of such Notes and this Agreement and (ii) the Company’s organizational documents as then in effect.
Section 4.4. Opinions of Counsel. Such Purchaser shall have received opinions in form and substance satisfactory to such Purchaser, dated the date of the Closing from (a) Cohen Tauber Spievack & Wagner P.C., special counsel for the Company, and Paul R. Sanderson, Esq., Chief Legal Officer for the Company, covering the matters set forth in Schedules 4.4(a) and 4.4(b), respectively, and covering such other matters incident to the transactions contemplated hereby as such Purchaser or its counsel may reasonably request (and the Company hereby instructs its counsel to deliver such opinions to the Purchasers) and (b) Chapman and Cutler LLP, the Purchasers’ special counsel in connection with such transactions, substantially in the form set forth in Schedule 4.4(c) and covering such other matters incident to such transactions as such Purchaser may reasonably request.
Section 4.5. Purchase Permitted By Applicable Law, Etc. On the date of the Closing such Purchaser’s purchase of Notes shall (a) be permitted by the laws and regulations of each jurisdiction to which such Purchaser is subject, without recourse to provisions (such as section 1405(a)(8) of the New York Insurance Law) permitting limited investments by insurance companies without restriction as to the character of the particular investment, (b) not violate any applicable law or regulation (including Regulation T, U or X of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System) and (c) not subject such Purchaser to any tax, penalty or liability under or pursuant to any applicable law or regulation, which law or regulation was not in effect on the date hereof. If requested by such Purchaser, such Purchaser shall have received an Officer’s Certificate certifying as to such matters of fact as such Purchaser may reasonably specify to enable such Purchaser to determine whether such purchase is so permitted.
Section 4.6. Sale of Other Notes. Contemporaneously with the Closing the Company shall sell to each other Purchaser and each other Purchaser shall purchase the Notes to be purchased by it at the Closing as specified in Schedule B.
Section 4.7. Payment of Special Counsel Fees. Without limiting Section 15.1, the Company shall have paid on or before the Closing the fees, charges and disbursements of the Purchasers’ special counsel referred to in Section 4.4 to the extent reflected in a statement of such counsel rendered to the Company at least one Business Day prior to such Closing.

{00529100.DOC; 9}
3



Section 4.8. Private Placement Number. Private Placement Numbers issued by PPN CUSIP Unit of CUSIP Global Service (in cooperation with the SVO) shall have been obtained for each series of the Notes.
Section 4.9. Changes in Corporate Structure. The Company shall not have changed its jurisdiction of incorporation or organization, as applicable, or been a party to any merger or consolidation or succeeded to all or any substantial part of the liabilities of any other entity, at any time following the date of the most recent financial statements referred to in Section 5.5.

Section 4.10. Funding Instructions. At least three Business Days prior to the date of the Closing, each Purchaser shall have received written instructions signed by a Responsible Officer on letterhead of the Company confirming the information specified in Section 3 including (i) the name and address of the transferee bank, (ii) such transferee bank’s ABA number and (iii) the account name and number into which the purchase price for the applicable Notes is to be deposited.
Each Purchaser has the right, but not the obligation, upon written notice (which may be by email) to the Company, to elect to deliver a micro deposit (less than $51.00) to the account identified in the written instructions no later than three Business Days prior to the date of the Closing. If a Purchaser delivers a micro deposit, a Responsible Officer must verbally verify the receipt and amount of the micro deposit to such Purchaser on a telephone call initiated by such Purchaser prior to the Closing. The Company shall not be obligated to return the amount of the micro deposit, nor shall the amount of the micro deposit be netted against the Purchaser’s purchase price of the Notes.
Section 4.11. Proceedings and Documents. All corporate and other proceedings in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and all documents and instruments incident to such transactions shall be satisfactory to such Purchaser and its special counsel, and such Purchaser and its special counsel shall have received all such counterpart originals or certified or other copies of such documents as such Purchaser or such special counsel may reasonably request.

SECTION 5.    REPRESENTATIONS OF WARRANTIES OF THE COMPANY.

The Company represents and warrants to each Purchaser that:

Section 5.1. Organization; Power and Authority. The Company is a corporation duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of its jurisdiction of incorporation, and is duly qualified as a foreign corporation and is in good standing in each jurisdiction in which such qualification is required by law, other than those jurisdictions as to which the failure to be so qualified or in good standing could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has the corporate power and authority to own or hold under lease the properties it purports to own or hold under lease, to transact the business it transacts and proposes to transact, to execute and deliver this Agreement and the Notes and to perform the provisions hereof and thereof.

{00529100.DOC; 9}
4



Section 5.2. Authorization, Etc. This Agreement and the Notes have been duly au- thorized by all necessary corporate action on the part of the Company, and this Agreement constitutes, and upon execution and delivery thereof each Note will constitute, a legal, valid and binding obligation of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except as such enforceability may be limited by (i) applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or other similar laws affecting the enforcement of creditors’ rights generally and (ii) general principles of equity (regardless of whether such enforceability is considered in a proceeding in equity or at law).
Section 5.3. Disclosure. This Agreement, the financial statements listed in Section 5.5 and the documents, certificates and other writings delivered to the Purchasers by or on behalf of the Company prior to June 24, 2024 in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby and identified in Schedule 5.3 (this Agreement and such documents, certificates or other writings and such financial statements delivered to each Purchaser being referred to, collectively, as the “Disclosure Documents”), taken as a whole, do not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary to make the statements therein not misleading in light of the circumstances under which they were made. Except as disclosed in the Disclosure Documents, since December 31, 2023, there has been no change in the financial condition, operations, business, properties or prospects of the Company except changes that could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. There is no fact known to the Company that could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect that has not been set forth herein or in the Disclosure Documents.
Section 5.4. Subsidiaries; Affiliates. The Company has no Subsidiaries. Schedule 5.4 contains (except as noted therein) complete and correct lists of (i) the Company’s Affiliates, and
(ii) the Company’s directors and senior officers.

Section 5.5. Financial Statements; Material Liabilities. The Company has delivered to each Purchaser copies of MDUEC’s audited consolidated financial statements as at December 31, 2021, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023 and the Company’s unaudited financial statements as at March 31, 2024. All of such financial statements (including in each case the related schedules and notes) fairly present in all material respects the consolidated financial position of MDUEC and its Subsidiaries as of the respective dates specified in such financial statements and the consolidated results of their operations and cash flows for the respective periods so specified and have been prepared in accordance with GAAP consistently applied throughout the periods involved except as set forth in the notes thereto (subject, in the case of any interim financial statements, to normal year-end adjustments). MDUEC and its Subsidiaries do not have any Material liabilities that are not disclosed in the Disclosure Documents.
Section 5.6. Compliance with Laws, Other Instruments, Etc. The execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement and the Notes will not (i) contravene, result in any breach of, or constitute a default under, or result in the creation of any Lien in respect of any property of the Company under, any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan, purchase or credit agreement, lease, corporate charter, regulations or by-laws, shareholders agreement or any other Material agreement or instrument to which the Company or its properties is bound or by which the Company or its properties may be bound or affected, (ii) conflict with or result in a

{00529100.DOC; 9}
5



breach of any of the terms, conditions or provisions of any order, judgment, decree or ruling of any court, arbitrator or Governmental Authority applicable to the Company or (iii) violate any provision of any statute or other rule or regulation of any Governmental Authority applicable to the Company.

Section 5.7. Governmental Authorizations, Etc. Except such as have already been obtained (and as described in Schedule 5.7) and which remain in full force and effect and are final and non-appealable, no consent, approval or authorization of, or registration, filing or declaration with, any Governmental Authority is required in connection with the execution, delivery or performance by the Company of this Agreement or the Notes, other than such post- Closing reports described in Section 9.8.
Section 5.8. Litigation; Observance of Agreements, Statutes and Orders. (a) Except as disclosed in the Disclosure Documents, there are no actions, suits, investigations or proceedings pending or, to the best knowledge of the Company, threatened against or affecting the Company or any property of the Company in any court or before any arbitrator of any kind or before or by any Governmental Authority that could, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.
(b) The Company is not (i) in default under any agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it is bound, (ii) in violation of any order, judgment, decree or ruling of any court, any arbitrator of any kind or any Governmental Authority or (iii) in violation of any applicable law, ordinance, rule or regulation of any Governmental Authority (including Environmental Laws, the USA PATRIOT Act or any of the other laws and regulations that are referred to in Section 5.16), which default or violation could, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.9. Taxes. The Company has filed all income tax returns that are required to have been filed in any jurisdiction, and has paid all taxes shown to be due and payable on such returns and all other taxes and assessments payable by the Company, to the extent such taxes and assessments have become due and payable and before they have become delinquent, except for any taxes and assessments (i) the amount of which is not, individually or in the aggregate, Material or (ii) the amount, applicability or validity of which is currently being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings and with respect to which the Company has established adequate reserves in accordance with GAAP or (iii) that have been determined by the Company, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, to be beyond the applicable limitations period for audit by the applicable Governmental Authority. The Company knows of no basis for any other tax or assessment that could, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. The charges, accruals and reserves on the books of the Company in respect of U.S. federal, state or other taxes for all fiscal periods are adequate. The U.S. federal income tax liabilities of the Company have been finally determined (whether by reason of completed audits or the statute of limitations having run) for all fiscal years up to and including the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.
Section 5.10.    Title to Property; Leases. The Company has good and sufficient title to its properties that individually or in the aggregate are Material, including all such properties

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reflected in the most recent audited balance sheet referred to in Section 5.5 or purported to have been acquired by the Company after such date (except as sold or otherwise disposed of in the ordinary course of business), in each case free and clear of Liens prohibited by this Agreement. All leases that individually or in the aggregate are Material are valid and subsisting and are in full force and effect in all material respects.

Section 5.11. Licenses, Permits, Etc. (a) The Company owns or possesses all licenses, permits, franchises, tariffs, authorizations, patents, copyrights, proprietary software, service marks, trademarks and trade names, or rights thereto, that are Material, without known conflict with the rights of others, except for those conflicts that, individually or in the aggregate, would not have a Material Adverse Effect.
(b)To the best knowledge of the Company, no product or service of the Company infringes in any material respect any license, permit, franchise, authorization, patent, copyright, proprietary software, service mark, trademark, trade name or other right owned by any other Person.

(c)To the best knowledge of the Company, there is no Material violation by any Person of any right of the Company with respect to any license, permit, franchise, authorization, patent, copyright, proprietary software, service mark, trademark, trade name or other right owned or used by the Company.
Section 5.12. Compliance with ERISA. (a) Each of the Company and its ERISA Affiliates is in compliance with the applicable provisions of ERISA, the Code, other applicable federal and state law and published interpretations thereunder, except for any such failure that, individually or in the aggregate, could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. No ERISA Event has occurred or is reasonably expected to occur that, when taken together with all other such ERISA Events for which liability is reasonably expected to occur, could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(b) The execution and delivery of this Agreement and the issuance and sale of the Notes hereunder will not involve any transaction that is subject to the prohibitions of Section 406 of ERISA or in connection with which a tax could be imposed pursuant to Section 4975(c)(1)(A)-
(D) of the Code. The representation by the Company to each Purchaser in the first sentence of this Section 5.12(b) is made in reliance upon and subject to the accuracy of such Purchaser’s representation in Section 6.2 as to the sources of the funds to be used to pay the purchase price of the Notes to be purchased by such Purchaser.
Section 5.13. Private Offering by the Company. Neither the Company nor anyone acting on its behalf has offered the Notes or any similar Securities for sale to, or solicited any offer to buy the Notes or any similar Securities from, or otherwise approached or negotiated in respect thereof with, any Person other than the Purchasers and not more than 60 other Institutional Investors, each of which has been offered the Notes at a private sale for investment. Neither the Company nor anyone acting on its behalf has taken, or will take, any action that would subject the issuance or sale of the Notes to the registration requirements of section 5 of the

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Securities Act or to the registration requirements of any Securities or blue sky laws of any applicable jurisdiction.

Section 5.14. Use of Proceeds; Margin Regulations. The Company will apply the proceeds of the sale of the Notes hereunder to refinance existing indebtedness and for general corporate purposes. No part of the proceeds from the sale of the Notes hereunder will be used, directly or indirectly, for the purpose of buying or carrying any margin stock within the meaning of Regulation U of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (12 CFR 221), or for the purpose of buying or carrying or trading in any Securities under such circumstances as to involve the Company in a violation of Regulation X of said Board (12 CFR 224) or to involve any broker or dealer in a violation of Regulation T of said Board (12 CFR 220). Margin stock does not constitute more than 10% of the value of the consolidated assets of the Company and the Company does not have any present intention that margin stock will constitute more than 10% of the value of such assets. As used in this Section, the terms “margin stock” and “purpose of buying or carrying” shall have the meanings assigned to them in said Regulation U.
Section 5.15. Existing Indebtedness; Future Liens . (a) Schedule 5.15 sets forth a complete and correct list of all outstanding Indebtedness of the Company as of March 31, 2024. The Company is not in default and no waiver of default is currently in effect, in the payment of any principal or interest on any Indebtedness of the Company and no event or condition exists with respect to any Indebtedness of the Company that would permit (or that with notice or the lapse of time, or both, would permit) one or more Persons to cause such Indebtedness to become due and payable before its stated maturity or before its regularly scheduled dates of payment.
(b) The Company is not a party to, or otherwise subject to any provision contained in, any instrument evidencing Indebtedness of the Company, any agreement relating thereto or any other agreement (including, but not limited to, its charter or any other organizational document) which limits the amount of, or otherwise imposes restrictions on the incurring of, Indebtedness of the Company, except as disclosed in Schedule 5.15.
Section 5.16. Foreign Assets Control Regulations, Etc. (a) Neither the Company nor any Controlled Entity (i) is a Blocked Person, (ii) has been notified that its name appears or may in the future appear on a State Sanctions List or (iii) is a target of sanctions that have been imposed by the United Nations or the European Union.

(b) Neither the Company nor any Controlled Entity (i) has violated, been found in violation of, or been charged or convicted under, any applicable U.S. Economic Sanctions Laws, Anti-Money Laundering Laws or Anti-Corruption Laws or (ii) to the Company’s knowledge, is under investigation by any Governmental Authority for possible violation of any U.S. Economic Sanctions Laws, Anti-Money Laundering Laws or Anti-Corruption Laws.
(c)No part of the proceeds from the sale of the Notes hereunder:

(i)constitutes or will constitute funds obtained on behalf of any Blocked Person or will otherwise be used by the Company or any Controlled Entity, directly or

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indirectly, (A) in connection with any investment in, or any transactions or dealings with, any Blocked Person, (B) for any purpose that would cause any Purchaser to be in violation of any U.S. Economic Sanctions Laws or (C) otherwise in violation of any U.S. Economic Sanctions Laws;

(ii) will be used, directly or indirectly, in violation of, or cause any Purchaser to be in violation of, any applicable Anti-Money Laundering Laws; or
(iii) will be used, directly or indirectly, for the purpose of making any improper payments, including bribes, to any Governmental Official or commercial counterparty in order to obtain, retain or direct business or obtain any improper advantage, in each case which would be in violation of, or cause any Purchaser to be in violation of, any applicable Anti-Corruption Laws.
(d) The Company has established procedures and controls which it reasonably believes are adequate (and otherwise comply with applicable law) to ensure that the Company and each Controlled Entity is and will continue to be in compliance with all applicable U.S. Economic Sanctions Laws, Anti-Money Laundering Laws and Anti-Corruption Laws.

Section 5.17. Status under Certain Statutes. The Company is not subject to regulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940 or the ICC Termination Act of 1995.
Section 5.18. Environmental Matters. The Company conducts in the ordinary course of business a review of the effect of existing applicable Environmental Laws and existing Environmental Claims on its business, operations and properties, and as a result thereof the Company has reasonably concluded that such Environmental Laws and Environmental Claims could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, exclusive of Environmental Claims set forth in the Disclosure Documents.

SECTION 6.    REPRESENTATIONS OF THE PURCHASERS.

Section 6.1. Purchase for Investment. Each Purchaser severally represents that it is purchasing the Notes for its own account or for one or more separate accounts maintained by such Purchaser or for the account of one or more pension or trust funds and not with a view to the distribution thereof, provided that the disposition of such Purchaser’s or their property shall at all times be within such Purchaser’s or their control. Each Purchaser understands that the Notes have not been registered under the Securities Act and may be resold only if registered pursuant to the provisions of the Securities Act or if an exemption from registration is available, except under circumstances where neither such registration nor such an exemption is required by law, and that the Company is not required to register the Notes.
Section 6.2. Source of Funds. Each Purchaser severally represents that at least one of the following statements is an accurate representation as to each source of funds (a “Source”) to be used by such Purchaser to pay the purchase price of the Notes to be purchased by such Purchaser hereunder:

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(a)the Source is an “insurance company general account” (as the term is defined in the United States Department of Labor’s Prohibited Transaction Exemption (“PTE”) 95-60) in respect of which the reserves and liabilities (as defined by the annual statement for life insurance companies approved by the NAIC (the “NAIC Annual Statement”)) for the general account contract(s) held by or on behalf of any employee benefit plan together with the amount of the reserves and liabilities for the general account contract(s) held by or on behalf of any other employee benefit plans maintained by the same employer (or affiliate thereof as defined in PTE 95-60) or by the same employee organization in the general account do not exceed 10% of the total reserves and liabilities of the general account (exclusive of separate account liabilities) plus surplus as set forth in the NAIC Annual Statement filed with such Purchaser’s state of domicile; or
(b)the Source is a separate account that is maintained solely in connection with such Purchaser’s fixed contractual obligations under which the amounts payable, or credited, to any employee benefit plan (or its related trust) that has any interest in such separate account (or to any participant or beneficiary of such plan (including any annuitant)) are not affected in any manner by the investment performance of the separate account; or
(c)the Source is either (i) an insurance company pooled separate account, within the meaning of PTE 90-1 or (ii) a bank collective investment fund, within the meaning of the PTE 91-38 and, except as disclosed by such Purchaser to the Company in writing pursuant to this clause (c), no employee benefit plan or group of plans maintained by the same employer or employee organization beneficially owns more than 10% of all assets allocated to such pooled separate account or collective investment fund; or
(d)the Source constitutes assets of an “investment fund” (within the meaning of Part VI of PTE 84-14 (the “QPAM Exemption”)) managed by a “qualified professional asset manager” or “QPAM” (within the meaning of Part VI of the QPAM Exemption), no employee benefit plan’s assets that are managed by the QPAM in such investment fund, when combined with the assets of all other employee benefit plans established or maintained by the same employer or by an affiliate (within the meaning of Part VI(c)(1) of the QPAM Exemption) of such employer or by the same employee organization and managed by such QPAM, represent more than 20% of the total client assets managed by such QPAM, the conditions of Part I(c) and (g) of the QPAM Exemption are satisfied, neither the QPAM nor a person controlling or controlled by the QPAM maintains an ownership interest in the Company that would cause the QPAM and the Company to be “related” within the meaning of Part VI(h) of the QPAM Exemption and (i) the identity of such QPAM and (ii) the names of any employee benefit plans whose assets in the investment fund, when combined with the assets of all other employee benefit plans established or maintained by the same employer or by an affiliate (within the meaning of Part VI(c)(1) of the QPAM Exemption) of such employer or by the same employee organization, represent 10% or more of the assets of such investment fund, have been disclosed to the Company in writing pursuant to this clause (d); or

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(e)the Source constitutes assets of a “plan(s)” (within the meaning of Part IV(h) of PTE 96-23 (the “INHAM Exemption”)) managed by an “in-house asset manager” or “INHAM” (within the meaning of Part IV(a) of the INHAM Exemption), the conditions of Part I(a), (g) and (h) of the INHAM Exemption are satisfied, neither the INHAM nor a person controlling or controlled by the INHAM (applying the definition of “control” in Part IV(d)(3) of the INHAM Exemption) owns a 10% or more interest in the Company and (i) the identity of such INHAM and (ii) the name(s) of the employee benefit plan(s) whose assets constitute the Source have been disclosed to the Company in writing pursuant to this clause (e); or
(f) the Source is a governmental plan; or

(g)the Source is one or more employee benefit plans, or a separate account or trust fund comprised of one or more employee benefit plans, each of which has been identified to the Company in writing pursuant to this clause (g); or
(h)the Source does not include assets of any employee benefit plan, other than a plan exempt from the coverage of ERISA.
As used in this Section 6.2, the terms “employee benefit plan,” “governmental plan,” and “separate account” shall have the respective meanings assigned to such terms in Section 3 of ERISA.

SECTION 7. INFORMATION AS TO COMPANY

Section 7.1.    Financial and Business Information. The Company shall deliver to each Purchaser and each holder of a Note that is an Institutional Investor:
(a)Quarterly Statements — within 60 days (or such shorter period as is the earlier of (x) 15 days greater than the period applicable to the filing of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (the “Form 10-Q”) with the SEC regardless of whether the Company is subject to the filing requirements thereof and (y) the date by which such financial statements are required to be delivered under any Material Credit Facility or the date on which such corresponding financial statements are delivered under any Material Credit Facility if such delivery occurs earlier than such required delivery date) after the end of each quarterly fiscal period in each fiscal year of the Company (other than the last quarterly fiscal period of each such fiscal year), a copy of
(i)an unaudited consolidated balance sheet of the Company and its Subsidiaries as at the end of such quarter, and
(ii)unaudited consolidated statements of income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows (including identification of cash paid for income taxes and interest expense) of the Company and its Subsidiaries, for such quarter and (in the case of the second and third quarters) for the portion of the fiscal year ending with such quarter,
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setting forth in each case in comparative form the figures for the corresponding periods in the previous fiscal year, all in reasonable detail, prepared in accordance with GAAP applicable to quarterly financial statements generally, and certified by a Senior Financial Officer as fairly presenting, in all material respects, the financial position of the companies being reported on and their results of operations and cash flows, subject to changes resulting from year-end adjustments, provided that delivery within the time period specified above of copies of the Company’s Form 10-Q prepared in compliance with the requirements therefor and filed with the SEC shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of this Section 7.1(a);
(b)Annual Statements — within 120 days (or such shorter period as is the earlier of (x) 15 days greater than the period applicable to the filing of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Form 10-K”) with the SEC regardless of whether the Company is subject to the filing requirements thereof and (y) the date by which such financial statements are required to be delivered under any Material Credit Facility or the date on which such corresponding financial statements are delivered under any Material Credit Facility if such delivery occurs earlier than such required delivery date) after the end of each fiscal year of the Company, a copy of
(i)an unaudited consolidated balance sheet of the Company and its Subsidiaries as at the end of such year, and
(ii)unaudited consolidated statements of income, common shareholders’ equity and cash flows (including identification of cash paid for income taxes and interest expense) of the Company and its Subsidiaries, for such year,

setting forth in each case in comparative form the figures for the previous fiscal year, all in reasonable detail, prepared in accordance with GAAP applicable to annual financial statements generally, and certified by a Senior Financial Officer as fairly presenting, in all material respects, the financial position of the companies being reported on and their results of operations and cash flows, subject to changes resulting from year-end adjustments, provided that delivery within the time period specified above of copies of the Company’s Form 10-K prepared in compliance with the requirements therefor and filed with the SEC shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of this Section 7.1(b);
(c)Annual Statements of MDUEC – within 120 days (or such shorter period as is the earlier of (x) 15 days greater than the period applicable to the filing of the Company’s Form 10-K with the SEC regardless of whether the Company is subject to the filing requirements thereof and (y) the date by which such financial statements are required to be delivered under any Material Credit Facility or the date on which such corresponding financial statements are delivered under any Material Credit Facility if such delivery occurs earlier than such required delivery date) after the end of each fiscal year of MDUEC, a copy of

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(i) an audited consolidated balance sheet of MDUEC and its Subsidiaries (including the Company) as at the end of such year, and
(ii)audited consolidated statements of income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows of MDUEC and its Subsidiaries (including the Company) for such year.
together with consolidating exhibits of such financial statements covering MDUEC and its Subsidiaries (including the Company), setting forth in each case in comparative form the figures for the previous fiscal year, all in reasonable detail, prepared in accordance with GAAP, and accompanied by an opinion thereon (without a “going concern” or similar qualification or exception and without any qualification or exception as to the scope of the audit on which such opinion is based) of independent public accountants of recognized national standing, which opinion shall state that such financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the companies being reported upon and their results of operations and cash flows and have been prepared in conformity with GAAP, and that the examination of such accountants in connection with such consolidated financial statements has been made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards, and that such audit provides a reasonable basis for such opinion in the circumstances. provided that the delivery within the time period specified above of the Company’s Form 10-K for such fiscal year (together with the Company’s annual report to shareholders, if any, prepared pursuant to Rule 14a-3 under the Exchange Act) prepared in accordance with the requirements therefor and filed with the SEC, shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of this Section 7.1(c);
(d)Annual Statements of the Company and Other Information Under Certain Circumstances – if the SVO will not provide or continue to provide a rating for the Notes without the Company’s delivery of such additional information, then within 120 days (or such shorter period as is the earlier of (x) 15 days greater than the period applicable to the filing of the Company’s Form 10-K with the SEC regardless of whether the Company is subject to the filing requirements thereof and (y) the date by which any such information, if applicable, is required to be delivered under any Material Credit Facility or the date on which any such information is delivered under any Material Credit Facility if such delivery occurs earlier than such required delivery date) after the end of each fiscal year of the Company, such other information as any holder shall have reasonably requested, including any financial statements that have been specifically requested by the SVO in order to assign or maintain a designation of the Notes (the “Required Statements”) and a copy of the additional documents listed in clauses (i) and (ii) below, provided that no such Required Statements or additional documents shall be required under this Section 7.1(d) at any time that (1) a Debt Rating exists with respect to the Notes that is of a type acceptable to the SVO to qualify the Notes for a filing exemption, and (2) evidence of such Debt Rating (or any change thereto) shall (A) have been delivered by the Company to the holders of the Notes at least annually and promptly upon any change in such Debt Rating, (B) set forth the Debt Rating for such Notes, (C) refer to the Private Placement Number issued by Standard & Poor’s CUSIP Service Bureau in respect of such Notes,
(D) not include any prohibition against sharing such evidence with the SVO, and (E)
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include such other information relating to the Debt Rating for the Notes as may be required from time to time by the SVO,

(i) a consolidated balance sheet of the Company and its Subsidiaries as at the end of such year, and
(ii)consolidated statements of income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows of the Company and its Subsidiaries for such year,
setting forth in each case in comparative form the figures for the previous fiscal year, all in reasonable detail, prepared in accordance with GAAP, and accompanied by an opinion thereon (without a “going concern” or similar qualification or exception and without any qualification or exception as to the scope of the audit on which such opinion is based) of independent public accountants of recognized national standing, which opinion shall state that such financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the companies being reported upon and their results of operations and cash flows and have been prepared in conformity with GAAP, and that the examination of such accountants in connection with such financial statements has been made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards, and that such audit provides a reasonable basis for such opinion in the circumstances, provided that the delivery within the time period specified above of the Company’s Form 10-K for such fiscal year (together with the Company’s annual report to shareholders if any, prepared pursuant to rule 14a-3 under the Exchange Act) prepared in accordance with the requirements therefor and filed with the SEC, shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of this Section 7.1(d); provided further, for the avoidance of doubt, the items required to be delivered pursuant to paragraph
(c) of this Section 7.1 shall be required regardless of whether this paragraph (d) is in
effect;

(e)SEC and Other Reports — promptly upon their becoming available, one copy of (i) each financial statement, report, notice, proxy statement or similar document sent by the Company (x) to its creditors under any Material Credit Facility (excluding information sent to such creditors in the ordinary course of administration of a credit facility, such as information relating to pricing and borrowing availability) or (y) to its public Securities holders generally, and (ii) each regular or periodic report, each registration statement (without exhibits except as expressly requested by such Purchaser or holder), and each prospectus and all amendments thereto filed by the Company with the SEC and all press releases and other statements made available generally by the Company to the public concerning developments that are Material;
(f)Notice of Default or Event of Default — promptly, and in any event within 5 days after a Responsible Officer becoming aware of the existence of any Default or Event of Default or that any Person has given any notice or taken any action with respect to a claimed default hereunder or that any Person has given any notice or taken any action with respect to a claimed default of the type referred to in section 11(f), a written notice

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specifying the nature and period of existence thereof and what action the Company is taking or proposes to take with respect thereto;

(g)Employee Benefits Matters — promptly, and in any event within five days after a Responsible Officer becoming aware of any of the following, a written notice setting forth the nature thereof and the action, if any, that the Company or an ERISA Affiliate proposes to take with respect thereto:
(i)with respect to any Plan, any reportable event, as defined in section 4043(c) of ERISA and the regulations thereunder, for which notice thereof has not been waived pursuant to such regulations as in effect on the date hereof;
(ii)the taking by the PBGC of steps to institute, or the threatening by the PBGC of the institution of, proceedings under Section 4042 of ERISA for the termination of, or the appointment of a trustee to administer, any Plan, or the receipt by the Company or any ERISA Affiliate of a notice from a Multiemployer Plan that such action has been taken by the PBGC with respect to such Multiemployer Plan; or
(iii)any event, transaction or condition that could result in the incurrence of any liability by the Company or any ERISA Affiliate pursuant to Title I or IV of ERISA or the penalty or excise tax provisions of the Code relating to employee benefit plans, or in the imposition of any Lien on any of the rights, properties or assets of the Company or any ERISA Affiliate pursuant to Title I or IV of ERISA or such penalty or excise tax provisions, if such liability or Lien, taken together with any other such liabilities or Liens then existing, could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.
(h)Notices from Governmental Authority — promptly, and in any event within 30 days of receipt thereof, copies of any notice to the Company or any Subsidiary from any federal or state Governmental Authority relating to any order, ruling, statute or other law or regulation that could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect;
(i)Resignation or Replacement of Auditors — within 10 days following the date on which the Company’s auditors resign or the Company elects to change auditors, as the case may be, notification thereof, together with such further information as the Required Holders may request;

(j)Audit Report-Regulatory Basis — as soon as available, and in any event within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year of the Company, for so long as such reports are required to be filed with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, a copy of the annual audit report-regulatory basis of the Company with an unqualified opinion of independent certified public accountants selected by the Company and acceptable to the Required Holders, which annual report shall include a copy of the balance sheet- regulatory basis of the Company as of the end of such fiscal year and the related

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statements of income-regulatory basis, retained earnings-regulatory basis and cash flows- regulatory basis of the Company for the fiscal year then ended, all prepared in accordance with FERC Accounting Principles; and
(k)Requested Information — with reasonable promptness, such other data and information relating to the business, operations, affairs, financial condition, assets or properties of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (including actual copies of the Company’s Form 10-Q and Form 10-K, if the Company files such forms with the SEC) or relating to the ability of the Company to perform its obligations hereunder and under the Notes or the ability of a Subsidiary Guarantor to perform its obligations under a Subsidiary Guaranty as from time to time may be reasonably requested by any such Purchaser or holder of a Note.
Section 7.2. Officer’s Certificate. Each set of financial statements delivered to a Purchaser or holder of a Note pursuant to Section 7.1(a), Section 7.1(b), Section 7.1(c) or Section 7.1(d) (if applicable) shall be accompanied by a certificate of a Senior Financial Officer:
(a)Covenant Compliance — setting forth the information from such financial statements that is required in order to establish whether the Company and its Subsidiaries were in compliance with the requirements of Section 10 during the quarterly or annual period covered by the financial statements then being furnished (including with respect to each such provision that involves mathematical calculations, the information from such financial statements that is required to perform such calculations) and detailed calculations of the maximum or minimum amount, ratio or percentage, as the case may be, permissible under the terms of such Section, and the calculation of the amount, ratio or percentage then in existence. In the event that the Company or any Subsidiary has made an election to measure any financial liability using fair value (which election is being disregarded for purposes of determining compliance with this Agreement pursuant to Section 22.2) as to the period covered by any such financial statement, such Senior Financial Officer’s certificate as to such period shall include a reconciliation from GAAP with respect to such election;
(b)Event of Default — certifying that such Senior Financial Officer has reviewed the relevant terms hereof and has made, or caused to be made, under his or her supervision, a review of the transactions and conditions of the Company and its Subsidiaries from the beginning of the quarterly or annual period covered by the statements then being furnished to the date of the certificate and that such review shall not have disclosed the existence during such period of any condition or event that constitutes a Default or an Event of Default or, if any such condition or event existed or exists (including any such event or condition resulting from the failure of the Company or any Subsidiary to comply with any Environmental Law), specifying the nature and period of existence thereof and what action the Company shall have taken or proposes to take with respect thereto; and
(c)Subsidiary Guarantors — setting forth a list of all Subsidiaries that are Subsidiary Guarantors and certifying that each Subsidiary that is required to be a

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Subsidiary Guarantor pursuant to Section 9.9 is a Subsidiary Guarantor, in each case, as of the date of such certificate of Senior Financial Officer.

Section 7.3. Visitation. The Company shall permit the representatives of each Purchaser or holder of a Note that is an Institutional Investor:
(a)No Default — if no Default or Event of Default then exists, at the expense of such Purchaser or such holder and upon reasonable prior notice to the Company, to visit the principal executive office of the Company, to discuss the affairs, finances and accounts of the Company and its Subsidiaries with the Company’s officers, and (with the consent of the Company, which consent will not be unreasonably withheld) to visit the other offices and properties of the Company and each Subsidiary, all at such reasonable times and as often as may be reasonably requested in writing; and
(b)Default — if a Default or Event of Default then exists, at the expense of the Company to visit and inspect any of the offices or properties of the Company or any Subsidiary, to examine all of its books of account, records, reports and other papers, to make copies and extracts therefrom, and to discuss its affairs, finances and accounts with its officers and independent public accountants (and by this provision the Company authorizes said accountants to discuss the affairs, finances and accounts of the Company and its Subsidiaries, so long as a representative of the Company is offered, on at least two Business Days’ notice, the opportunity to be present), all at such times and as often as may be requested.
Section 7.4. Electronic Delivery. Financial statements, opinions of independent certified public accountants, other information and Officer’s Certificates that are required to be delivered by the Company pursuant to Sections 7.1(a), (b), (c), (d), (e) or (j) and Section 7.2 shall be deemed to have been delivered if the Company satisfies any of the following requirements with respect thereto:
(a)such financial statements satisfying the requirements of Section 7.1(a), (b), (c), (d) or (j) and related Officer’s Certificate satisfying the requirements of Section 7.2 are delivered to each Purchaser or holder of a Note by e-mail at the e-mail address set forth in such holder’s Purchaser Schedule or as communicated from time to time in a separate writing delivered to the Company;
(b)the Company shall have timely filed such Form 10–Q or Form 10–K, satisfying the requirements of Section 7.1(a), (b), (c) or (d), as the case may be, with the SEC on EDGAR and shall have made such form and the related Officer’s Certificate satisfying the requirements of Section 7.2 available on its home page on the internet, which is located at http://www.montana-dakota.com as of the date of this Agreement;
(c)such financial statements satisfying the requirements of Section 7.1(a), (b), (c), (d) or (j) and related Officer’s Certificate(s) satisfying the requirements of Section 7.2 are timely posted by or on behalf of the Company on IntraLinks or on any other similar website to which each Purchaser or holder of Notes has free access; or
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(d)the Company shall have filed any of the items referred to in Section 7.1(e) with the SEC on EDGAR and shall have made such items available on its home page on the internet or on IntraLinks or on any other similar website to which each Purchaser or holder of Notes has free access;

provided however, that in no case shall access to such financial statements, other information and Officer’s Certificates be conditioned upon any waiver or other agreement or consent (other than confidentiality provisions consistent with Section 20 of this Agreement); provided further that in the case of any of paragraphs (b), (c) or (d), the Company shall have given each Purchaser or holder of a Note prior written notice, in accordance with Section 18, of such posting or filing in connection with each delivery, provided further, that upon request of any Purchaser or holder to receive paper copies of such forms, financial statements and Officer’s Certificates or to receive them by e-mail, the Company will promptly e-mail them or deliver such paper copies, as the case may be, to such Purchaser or holder.

SECTION 8. PAYMENT AND PREPAYMENT OF THE NOTES.

Section 8.1. Maturity. As provided therein, the entire unpaid principal balance of each Note shall be due and payable on the Maturity Date thereof.
Section 8.2. Optional Prepayments with Make-Whole Amount. At any time prior to April 11, 2039 with respect to the 2039 Notes and January 11, 2054 with respect to the 2054 Notes, the Company may, at its option, upon notice as provided below, prepay at any time all, or from time to time any part of, the Notes, in an amount not less than 10% of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes then outstanding in the case of a partial prepayment, at 100% of the principal amount so prepaid, plus the Make-Whole Amount determined for the prepayment date with respect to such principal amount. The Company will give each holder of Notes written notice of each optional prepayment under this Section 8.2 not less than 30 days and not more than 60 days prior to the date fixed for such prepayment unless the Company and the Required Holders agree to another time period pursuant to Section 17. Each such notice shall specify such date (which shall be a Business Day), the aggregate principal amount of the Notes to be prepaid on such date, the principal amount of each Note held by such holder to be prepaid (determined in accordance with Section 8.3), and the interest to be paid on the prepayment date with respect to such principal amount being prepaid, and shall be accompanied by a certificate of a Senior Financial Officer as to the estimated Make-Whole Amount due in connection with such prepayment (calculated as if the date of such notice were the date of the prepayment), setting forth the details of such computation. Two Business Days prior to such prepayment, the Company shall deliver to each holder of Notes a certificate of a Senior Financial Officer specifying the calculation of such Make-Whole Amount as of the specified prepayment date.
At any time on or after April 11, 2039 with respect to the 2039 Notes and January 11, 2054 with respect to the 2054 Notes, so long as no Default or Event of Default exists, the Notes of such series will be redeemable at the option of the Company, in an amount not less than 10% of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes of such series then outstanding, on not less than 10 nor more than 60 days’ notice prior to the Settlement Date, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest
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thereon to the Settlement Date. The Notes are not otherwise subject to voluntary or optional prepayment.

Section 8.3. Allocation of Partial Prepayments. In the case of each partial prepayment of the Notes pursuant to the first paragraph of Section 8.2, the principal amount of such Notes to be prepaid shall be allocated among all of the Notes being prepaid at such time in proportion, as nearly as practicable, to the respective unpaid principal amounts thereof not theretofore called for prepayment. In the case of each partial prepayment of the applicable series of Notes pursuant to the second paragraph of Section 8.2, the principal amount of the Notes of such series to be prepaid shall be allocated among all the Notes of such series at the time outstanding in proportion, as nearly as practicable, to the respective unpaid principal amounts thereof not theretofore called for prepayment.
Section 8.4. Maturity; Surrender, Etc. In the case of each prepayment of Notes pursuant to this Section 8, the principal amount of each Note to be prepaid shall mature and become due and payable on the date fixed for such prepayment, together with interest on such amount accrued to such date and the applicable Make-Whole Amount, if any. From and after such date, unless the Company shall fail to pay such principal amount when so due and payable, together with the interest and Make-Whole Amount, if any, as aforesaid, interest on such principal amount shall cease to accrue. Any Note paid or prepaid in full shall be surrendered to the Company and cancelled and shall not be reissued, and no Note shall be issued in lieu of any prepaid principal amount of any Note.
Section 8.5. Purchase of Notes. The Company will not and will not permit any Affiliate to purchase, redeem, prepay or otherwise acquire, directly or indirectly, any of the outstanding Notes except (a) upon the payment or prepayment of the Notes in accordance with this Agreement and the Notes or (b) pursuant to an offer to purchase made by the Company or any Affiliate pro rata to the holders of all Notes at the time outstanding upon the same terms and conditions Any such offer shall provide each holder with sufficient information to enable it to make an informed decision with respect to such offer, and shall remain open for at least 10 Business Days. If the holders of more than 25% of the principal amount of the Notes then outstanding accept such offer, the Company shall promptly notify the remaining holders of such fact and the expiration date for the acceptance by holders of Notes of such offer shall be extended by the number of days necessary to give each such remaining holder at least 10 Business Days from its receipt of such notice to accept such offer. The Company will promptly cancel all Notes acquired by it or any Affiliate pursuant to any payment, prepayment or purchase of Notes pursuant to this Agreement and no Notes may be issued in substitution or exchange for any such Notes.

Section 8.6.    Make-Whole Amount.

The term “Make-Whole Amount” means, with respect to any Note, an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the Discounted Value of the Remaining Scheduled Payments with respect to the Called Principal of such Note over the amount of such Called Principal, provided that the Make-Whole Amount may in no event be less than zero. For the purposes of determining the Make-Whole Amount, the following terms have the following meanings:

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“Called Principal” means, with respect to any Note, the principal of such Note that is to be prepaid pursuant to Section 8.2 or has become or is declared to be immediately due and payable pursuant to Section 12.1, as the context requires.
“Discounted Value” means, with respect to the Called Principal of any Note, the amount obtained by discounting all Remaining Scheduled Payments with respect to such Called Principal from their respective scheduled due dates to the Settlement Date with respect to such Called Principal, in accordance with accepted financial practice and at a discount factor (applied on the same periodic basis as that on which interest on the Notes is payable) equal to the Reinvestment Yield with respect to such Called Principal.
“Reinvestment Yield” means, with respect to the Called Principal of any Note, the sum of (a) 0.50% plus (b) the yield to maturity implied by the “Ask Yield(s)” reported as of 10:00
a.m. (New York City time) on the second Business Day preceding the Settlement Date with respect to such Called Principal, on the display designated as “Page PX1” (or such other display as may replace Page PX1) on Bloomberg Financial Markets for the most recently issued actively traded on-the-run U.S. Treasury securities (“Reported”) having a maturity equal to the Remaining Average Life of such Called Principal as of such Settlement Date. If there are no such U.S. Treasury securities Reported having a maturity equal to such Remaining Average Life, then such implied yield to maturity will be determined by (a) converting U.S. Treasury bill quotations to bond equivalent yields in accordance with accepted financial practice and
(b) interpolating linearly between the “Ask Yields” Reported for the applicable most recently issued actively traded on-the-run U.S. Treasury securities with the maturities (1) closest to and greater than such Remaining Average Life and (2) closest to and less than such Remaining Average Life. The Reinvestment Yield shall be rounded to the number of decimal places as appears in the interest rate of the applicable Note.
If such yields are not Reported or the yields Reported as of such time are not ascertainable (including by way of interpolation), then “Reinvestment Yield” means, with respect to the Called Principal of any Note, the sum of (x) 0.50% plus (y) the yield to maturity implied by the U.S. Treasury constant maturity yields reported, for the latest day for which such yields have been so reported as of the second Business Day preceding the Settlement Date with respect to such Called Principal, in Federal Reserve Statistical Release H.15 (or any comparable successor publication) for the U.S. Treasury constant maturity having a term equal to the Remaining Average Life of such Called Principal as of such Settlement Date. If there is no such
U.S. Treasury constant maturity having a term equal to such Remaining Average Life, such implied yield to maturity will be determined by interpolating linearly between (1) the U.S. Treasury constant maturity so reported with the term closest to and greater than such Remaining Average Life and (2) the U.S. Treasury constant maturity so reported with the term closest to and less than such Remaining Average Life. The Reinvestment Yield shall be rounded to the number of decimal places as appears in the interest rate of the applicable Note.
“Remaining Average Life” means, with respect to any Called Principal, the number of years obtained by dividing (i) such Called Principal into (ii) the sum of the products obtained by multiplying (a) the principal component of each Remaining Scheduled Payment with respect to such Called Principal by (b) the number of years, computed on the basis of a 360-day year

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comprised of twelve 30-day months and calculated to two decimal places, that will elapse between the Settlement Date with respect to such Called Principal and the scheduled due date of such Remaining Scheduled Payment.
“Remaining Scheduled Payments” means, with respect to the Called Principal of any Note, all payments of such Called Principal and interest thereon that would be due after the Settlement Date with respect to such Called Principal if no payment of such Called Principal were made prior to its scheduled due date, provided that if such Settlement Date is not a date on which interest payments are due to be made under such Note, then the amount of the next succeeding scheduled interest payment will be reduced by the amount of interest accrued to such Settlement Date and required to be paid on such Settlement Date pursuant to Section 8.2 or Section 12.1.
“Settlement Date” means, with respect to the Called Principal of any Note, the date on which such Called Principal is to be prepaid pursuant to Section 8.2 or has become or is declared to be immediately due and payable pursuant to Section 12.1, as the context requires.
Section 8.7. Payments in Connection with Asset Sale. If the Company makes an offer to prepay the Notes pursuant to Section 10.6, the Company will give written notice thereof to the holders of all outstanding Notes, which notice shall (i) refer specifically to this Section 8.7 and describe in reasonable detail the Disposition giving rise to such offer to prepay the Notes, (ii) specify the principal amount of each Note being offered to be prepaid which amount shall be allocated among all of the Notes at the time outstanding in proportion, as nearly as practicable, to the respective unpaid principal amounts not theretofore called for prepayment, (iii) specify a date not less than 30 days and not more than 60 days after the date of such notice (the “Disposition Prepayment Date”) and specify the Disposition Response Date (as defined below) and (iv) offer to prepay on the Disposition Prepayment Date the amount specified in (ii) above with respect to each Note together with interest accrued thereon to the Disposition Prepayment Date. Each holder of a Note shall notify the Company of such holder’s acceptance or rejection of such offer by giving written notice of such acceptance or rejection to the Company (provided, however, that any holder who fails to so notify the Company shall be deemed to have rejected such offer) on a date at least 5 days prior to the Disposition Prepayment Date (such date 5 days prior to the Disposition Prepayment Date being the “Disposition Response Date”), and the Company shall prepay on the Disposition Prepayment Date the amount specified in (ii) above plus interest accrued thereon to the Disposition Prepayment Date with respect to each Note held by the holders who have accepted such offer in accordance with this Section 8.7. No prepayment under this Section 8.7 shall include any Make-Whole Amount or other premium. If any holder shall reject such offer on or before the Disposition Response Date, such holder shall be deemed to have waived its rights under this Section 8.7 to require prepayment of all Notes held by such holder in respect of such Disposition.
Section 8.8. Payments Due on Non-Business Days. Anything in this Agreement or the Notes to the contrary notwithstanding, (x) except as set forth in clause (y), any payment of interest on any Note that is due on a date that is not a Business Day shall be made on the next succeeding Business Day without including the additional days elapsed in the computation of the interest payable on such next succeeding Business Day; and (y) any payment of principal of or

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Make-Whole Amount on any Note (including principal due on the Maturity Date of such Note) that is due on a date that is not a Business Day shall be made on the next succeeding Business Day and shall include the additional days elapsed in the computation of interest payable on such next succeeding Business Day.

Section 8.9.    Change in Control.

(a)Notice of Change in Control or Control Event. The Company will, within 15 Business Days after any Responsible Officer has knowledge of the occurrence of any Change in Control or Control Event, give written notice of such Change in Control or Control Event to each holder of Notes unless notice in respect of such Change in Control (or the Change in Control contemplated by such Control Event) shall have been given pursuant to paragraph (b) of this Section 8.9. If a Change in Control has occurred, such notice shall contain and constitute an offer to prepay Notes as described in paragraph (c) of this Section 8.9 and shall be accompanied by the certificate described in paragraph (g) of this Section 8.9.
(b)Condition to Company Action. The Company will not take any action that consummates or finalizes a Change in Control unless (i) at least 15 Business Days prior to such action it shall have given to each holder of Notes written notice containing and constituting an offer to prepay Notes as described in paragraph (c) of this Section 8.9, accompanied by the certificate described in paragraph (g) of this Section 8.9, and (ii) contemporaneously with such action, it prepays all Notes required to be prepaid in accordance with this Section 8.9.
(c)Offer to Prepay Notes. The offer to prepay the Notes contemplated by paragraphs
(a) and (b) of this Section 8.9 shall be an offer to prepay, in accordance with and subject to this Section 8.9, all, but not less than all, of the Notes held by each holder (in this case only, “holder” in respect of any Note registered in the name of a nominee for a disclosed beneficial owner shall mean such beneficial owner) on a date specified in such offer which shall be a Business Day (the “Proposed Prepayment Date”). If such Proposed Prepayment Date is in connection with an offer contemplated by paragraph (a) of this Section 8.9, such date shall be not less than 25 days and not more than 45 days after the date of such offer (if the Proposed Prepayment Date shall not be specified in such offer, the Proposed Prepayment Date shall be the 30th day after the date of such offer).
(d)Acceptance/Rejection. A holder of Notes may accept the offer to prepay made pursuant to this Section 8.9 by causing a notice of such acceptance to be delivered to the Company at least 10 Business Days prior to the Proposed Prepayment Date. A failure by a holder of Notes to respond to an offer to prepay made pursuant to this Section 8.9 shall be deemed to constitute a rejection of such offer by such holder.
(e)Prepayment. Prepayment of the Notes to be prepaid pursuant to this Section 8.9 shall be at 100% of the principal amount of such Notes together with interest on such Notes accrued to the date of prepayment and without any Make-Whole Amount. On the Business Day preceding the date of prepayment, the Company shall deliver to each holder of Notes being prepaid a statement showing the amount due in connection with such prepayment and setting
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forth the details of the computation of such amount. The prepayment shall be made on the Proposed Prepayment Date except as provided in paragraph (f) of this Section 8.9.
(f)Deferral Pending Change in Control. The obligation of the Company to prepay Notes pursuant to the offers required by paragraph (b) and accepted in accordance with paragraph (d) of this Section 8.9 is subject to the occurrence of the Change in Control in respect of which such offers and acceptances shall have been made. In the event that such Change in Control does not occur on the Proposed Prepayment Date in respect thereof, the prepayment shall be deferred until and shall be made on the date on which such Change in Control occurs which shall be a Business Day. The Company shall keep each holder of Notes reasonably and timely informed of (i) any such deferral of the date of prepayment, (ii) the date on which such Change in Control and the prepayment are expected to occur, and (iii) any determination by the Company that efforts to effect such Change in Control have ceased or been abandoned (in which case the offers and acceptances made pursuant to this Section 8.9 in respect of such Change in Control shall be deemed rescinded.
(g)Officer’s Certificate. Each offer to prepay the Notes pursuant to this Section 8.9 shall be accompanied by a certificate, executed by a Senior Financial Officer of the Company and dated the date of such offer, specifying: (i) the Proposed Prepayment Date; (ii) that such offer is made pursuant to this Section 8.9; (iii) the interest that would be due on each Note offered to be prepaid, accrued to the Proposed Prepayment Date; (iv) that the conditions of this Section 8.9 have been fulfilled; (v) in reasonable detail, the nature and date or proposed date of the Change in Control; and (vi) that the failure to respond to such offer of prepayment shall constitute a rejection of such offer.
(h)“Change in Control” Defined. “Change in Control” means the occurrence of one or more of the following events:
(i) MDU ceases to own direct or indirect sole beneficial ownership (as such term is used in Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act as in effect on the date of this Agreement) of at least 66 2/3% of the combined voting power of the Company’s securities which are entitled to vote generally in the election of the directors of the Company; or
(ii) the acquisition by any person (as such term is used in section 13(d) and section 14(d)(2) of the Exchange Act as in effect on the date of this Agreement) or persons constituting a group (as such term is used in Rule 13d-5 under the Exchange Act as in effect on the date of this Agreement) of direct or indirect beneficial ownership (as such term is used in Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act as in effect on the date of this Agreement) of more than 50% of the combined voting power of MDU’s securities which are entitled to vote generally in the election of the directors of MDU.
(i)“Control Event” Defined. “Control Event” means:
(i) the execution of any written agreement which, when fully performed by the parties thereto, would result in a Change in Control, or

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(ii)the making of any written offer by any person (as such term is used in section 13(d) and section 14(d)(2) of the Exchange Act as in effect on the date of this Agreement) or persons constituting a group (as such term is used in Rule 13d-5 under the Exchange Act as in effect on the date of this Agreement) to the holders of the common stock of the Company, MDU or any other direct or indirect affiliate of MDU that directly or indirectly holds a beneficial ownership interest in the Company, which offer, if accepted by the requisite number of holders, would result in a Change in Control.
(j)Assumptions. All calculations contemplated in this Section 8.9 involving the capital stock or other equity interest of any Person shall be made with the assumption that all convertible securities of such Person then outstanding and all convertible securities issuable upon the exercise of any warrants, options and other rights outstanding at such time were converted at such time and that all options, warrants and similar rights to acquire shares of capital stock or other equity interests of such Person were exercised at such time.


SECTION 9.    AFFIRMATIVE COVENANTS.

The Company covenants that so long as any of the Notes are outstanding:

Section 9.1. Compliance with Laws. Without limiting Section 10.4, the Company will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, comply with all laws, ordinances or governmental rules or regulations to which it is subject (including ERISA, Environmental Laws, the USA PATRIOT Act and the other laws and regulations that are referred to in Section 5.16) and will obtain and maintain in effect all licenses, certificates, permits, franchises and other governmental authorizations necessary to the ownership of its properties or to the conduct of its businesses, in each case to the extent necessary to ensure that non-compliance with such laws, ordinances or governmental rules or regulations or failures to obtain or maintain in effect such licenses, certificates, permits, franchises and other governmental authorizations could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.
Section 9.2. Insurance. The Company will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, maintain, with financially sound and reputable insurers, insurance with respect to its properties and businesses against such casualties and contingencies, of such types, on such terms and in such amounts (including deductibles, co-insurance and self-insurance, if adequate reserves are maintained with respect thereto) as is customary in the case of entities of established reputations engaged in the same or a similar business and similarly situated.
Section 9.3. Maintenance of Properties. The Company will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, maintain and keep its properties in good repair, working order and condition (other than ordinary wear and tear), so that the business carried on in connection therewith may be properly conducted at all times, provided that this Section 9.3 shall not prevent the Company or any Subsidiary from discontinuing the operation and the maintenance of any of its properties if such discontinuance is desirable in the conduct of its business and the Company has concluded
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that such discontinuance could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

Section 9.4. Payment of Taxes and Claims. The Company will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, file all tax returns required to be filed in any jurisdiction and to pay and discharge all taxes shown to be due and payable on such returns and all other taxes, assessments, governmental charges, or levies imposed on it or any of its properties, assets, income or franchises, to the extent the same have become due and payable and before they have become delinquent and all claims for which sums have become due and payable that have or might become a Lien on properties or assets of the Company, provided that neither the Company nor any Subsidiary need pay any such tax, assessment, charge, levy or claim if (i) the amount, applicability or validity thereof is contested by the Company or any Subsidiary on a timely basis in good faith and in appropriate proceedings, and the Company or a Subsidiary has established adequate reserves therefor in accordance with GAAP on the books of the Company or such Subsidiary or (ii) the nonpayment of all such taxes, assessments, charges, levies and claims could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.
Section 9.5. Corporate Existence, Etc. Subject to Sections 10.2 and 10.6, the Company will at all times preserve and keep its corporate existence in full force and effect. Subject to Sections 10.2 and 10.6, the Company will at all times preserve and keep in full force and effect the corporate existence of each of its Subsidiaries (unless merged into the Company or a Wholly-Owned Subsidiary) and all rights and franchises of the Company and its Subsidiaries unless, in the good faith judgment of the Company, the termination of or failure to preserve and keep in full force and effect such corporate existence, right or franchise could not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect.
Section 9.6. Books and Records. The Company will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, maintain proper books of record and account in conformity with GAAP and all applicable requirements of any Governmental Authority having legal or regulatory jurisdiction over the Company or such Subsidiary, as the case may be. The Company will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, keep books, records and accounts which, in reasonable detail, accurately reflect all transactions and dispositions of assets. The Company and its Subsidiaries have devised a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurances that its books, records, and accounts accurately reflect all transactions and dispositions of assets and the Company will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, continue to maintain such system.
Section 9.7 Parity with Other Indebtedness. The Company will, and will cause its Subsidiaries to, execute all such documents and take all such other actions as the Required Holders may reasonably request in order to assure that at all times the claim and rights of the holders of the Notes against the Company shall not be subordinate to, and shall rank pari passu in all respects, without preference or priority, with the claims and rights of the holders of all other Indebtedness of the Company or its Subsidiaries, except with respect to Indebtedness constituting Secured Indebtedness permitted pursuant to Section 10.9.

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Section 9.8 Post-Closing Filing. Within 30 days after the Closing and for so long as the Company is obligated to file such a report, the Company will send the Purchasers or holders a copy of the Report of Securities Issued which has been delivered to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the Public Service Commission of Wyoming related to the issuance of the Notes at such Closing.
Section 9.9 Subsidiary Guarantors. The Company will cause each of its Subsidiaries that guarantees or otherwise becomes liable at any time, whether as a borrower or an additional or co-borrower or otherwise, for or in respect of any Indebtedness under any Material Credit Facility to concurrently therewith:
(a)enter into an agreement in form and substance satisfactory to the Required Holders providing for the guaranty by such Subsidiary, on a joint and several basis with all other such Subsidiaries, of (i) the prompt payment in full when due of all amounts payable by the Company pursuant to the Notes (whether for principal, interest, Make-Whole Amount or otherwise) and this Agreement, including all indemnities, fees and expenses payable by the Company thereunder and (ii) the prompt, full and faithful performance, observance and discharge by the Company of each and every covenant, agreement, undertaking and provision required pursuant to the Notes or this Agreement to be performed, observed or discharged by it (a “Subsidiary Guaranty”); and
(b)deliver the following to each holder of a Note:

(i)an executed counterpart of such Subsidiary Guaranty;

(ii) a certificate signed by an authorized responsible officer of such Subsidiary containing (A) representations and warranties on behalf of such Subsidiary to the same effect, mutatis mutandis, as those contained in Sections 5.1, 5.2, 5.6 and 5.7 of this Agreement (but with respect to such Subsidiary and such Subsidiary Guaranty rather than the Company) and (B) a representation that the claims and rights of the holders of the Notes against the Subsidiary Guarantor shall not be subordinate to, and shall rank pari passu in all respects, without preference or priority, with the claims and rights of any holders of any other Indebtedness of the Subsidiary Guarantor;
(iii) all documents as may be reasonably requested by the Required Holders to evidence the due organization, continuing existence and good standing of such Subsidiary and the due authorization by all requisite action on the part of such Subsidiary of the execution and delivery of such Subsidiary Guaranty and the performance by such Subsidiary of its obligations thereunder; and
(iv) an opinion of counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Required Holders covering such matters relating to such Subsidiary and such Subsidiary Guaranty as the Required Holders may reasonably request.

SECTION 10.    NEGATIVE COVENANTS.

The Company covenants that so long as any of the Notes are outstanding:
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Section 10.1. Transactions with Affiliates. The Company will not and will not permit any Subsidiary to enter into directly or indirectly any Material transaction or Material group of related transactions (including the purchase, lease, sale or exchange of properties of any kind or the rendering of any service) with any Affiliate (other than the Company or another Subsidiary), except (a) in the ordinary course and pursuant to the reasonable requirements of the Company’s or such Subsidiary’s business and upon fair and reasonable terms no less favorable to the Company or such Subsidiary than would be obtainable in a comparable arm’s-length transaction with a Person not an Affiliate, and (b) payments authorized or required by any regulatory rule or order of a Governmental Authority.
Section 10.2. Merger, Consolidation, Etc. The Company will not and will not permit any Subsidiary to consolidate with or merge with any other Person or convey, transfer, lease or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of its Electric and Gas Utility Property in a single transaction or series of transactions to any Person unless:

(a)the successor formed by such consolidation or the survivor of such merger or the Person that acquires by conveyance, transfer, lease or other disposition of all or substantially all of the Electric and Gas Utility Property of the Company as an entirety, as the case may be, shall be a solvent corporation or limited liability company organized and existing under the laws of the United States or any state thereof (including the District of Columbia), and, if the Company is not such corporation or limited liability company, (i) such corporation or limited liability company shall have executed and delivered to each holder of any Notes its assumption of the due and punctual performance and observance of each covenant and condition of this Agreement and the Notes and (ii) such corporation or limited liability company shall have caused to be delivered to each holder of any Notes an opinion of nationally recognized independent counsel, or other independent counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Required Holders, to the effect that all agreements or instruments effecting such assumption are enforceable in accordance with their terms and comply with the terms hereof;
(b)the successor formed by such consolidation or the survivor of such merger or the Person that acquires by conveyance, transfer, lease or other disposition all or substantially all of the assets of any Subsidiary Guarantor as an entirety, as the case may be, shall be a solvent corporation or limited liability company organized and existing under the laws of the United States or any state thereof (including the District of Columbia), and, if the Subsidiary Guarantor is not such corporation or limited liability company, (i) such corporation or limited liability company shall have executed and delivered to each holder of any Notes its assumption of the due and punctual performance and observance of each covenant and condition of the Subsidiary Guaranty of such Subsidiary Guarantor and (ii) such corporation or limited liability company shall have caused to be delivered to each holder of any Notes an opinion of nationally recognized independent counsel, or other independent counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Required Holders, to the effect that all agreements or instruments effecting such assumption are enforceable in accordance with their terms and comply with the terms hereof;

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(c)each Subsidiary Guarantor under any Subsidiary Guaranty that is outstanding at the time such transaction or each transaction in such a series of transactions occurs (other than a Subsidiary Guarantor covered by subparagraph (a)(ii) of this Section 10.2) reaffirms its obligations under such Subsidiary Guaranty in writing at such time pursuant to documentation that is reasonably acceptable to the Required Holders; and
(d)immediately before and immediately after giving effect to such transaction or each transaction in any such series of transactions, no Default or Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing and the Company could incur at least $1.00 of additional Secured Indebtedness pursuant to Section 10.9.

provided that (y) a Subsidiary may merge with or into (i) the Company so long as the Company is the surviving corporation, or (ii) any one or more Subsidiaries so long as if such transaction is between a Subsidiary and a Wholly-Owned Subsidiary, the Wholly-Owned Subsidiary is the continuing or surviving corporation, and (z) any Subsidiary may convey, transfer, lease or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of its assets (upon voluntary liquidation or otherwise) to the Company or to a Wholly-Owned Subsidiary or as otherwise in compliance with paragraph
(b) of this Section 10.2.

No such conveyance, transfer, lease or other disposition of substantially all of the Electric and Gas Utility Property of the Company or any Subsidiary Guarantor shall have the effect of releasing the Company, any Subsidiary Guarantor, or any successor corporation or limited liability company that shall theretofore have become such in the manner prescribed in this Section 10.2 from its liability under this Agreement, the Notes or a Subsidiary Guaranty. Upon the valid assumption by any successor corporation or limited liability company of the due and punctual performance and observance of each covenant and condition of this Agreement and the Notes, and the fulfillment of the other obligations in Section 10.2 to the reasonable satisfaction of the Required Holders, the conveyance, transfer, lease or other disposition of substantially all of the Electric and Gas Utility Property of the Company shall have the effect of releasing the Company from its liability under this Agreement and the Notes.
Section 10.3. Line of Business. The Company will not and will not permit any Subsidiary to engage in any business if, as a result, the general nature of the business in which the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, would then be engaged would be substantially changed from the general nature of the business in which the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, are engaged on the date of this Agreement.
Section 10.4. Economic Sanctions, Etc.. The Company will not, and will not permit any Controlled Entity to (a) become (including by virtue of being owned or controlled by a Blocked Person), own or control a Blocked Person or (b) directly or indirectly have any investment in or engage in any dealing or transaction (including any investment, dealing or transaction involving the proceeds of the Notes) with any Person if such investment, dealing or transaction (i) would cause any Purchaser or holder or any affiliate of such Purchaser or holder to be in violation of, or subject to sanctions under, any law or regulation applicable to such holder, or (ii) is prohibited by or subject to sanctions under any U.S. Economic Sanctions Laws.

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Section 10.5. Liens. The Company will not and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to directly or indirectly create, incur, assume or permit to exist (upon the happening of a contingency or otherwise) any Lien on or with respect to any property or asset (including any document or instrument in respect of goods or accounts receivable) of the Company or any such Subsidiary, whether now owned or held or hereafter acquired, or any income or profits therefrom, or assign or otherwise convey any right to receive income or profits, except:
(a)Liens for taxes, fees, assessments or other governmental charges which are not yet due and payable or the payment of which is not at the time required by Section 9.4;
(b)Liens incidental to the conduct of business or the ownership of properties and assets (including landlord’s, carriers’, warehousemens’, mechanics’, materialmens’ and other similar Liens and Liens arising under operating, pooling or unitizing agreements of a scope and nature customary in the oil and gas industry) and Liens to secure the performance of bids, tenders, leases, or trade contracts, or to secure statutory obligations (including obligations under workers compensation, unemployment insurance and other social security legislation), surety, reclamations or appeal bonds or other Liens incurred in the ordinary course of business and not in connection with the borrowing of money;
(c)Liens resulting from judgments or judicial attachments unless such judgments or judicial attachments are not, within 60 days, discharged or stayed pending appeal, or shall not have been discharged within 60 days after the expiration of any such stay;
(d)Liens existing on the date of this Agreement and described on Schedule 10.5;

(e)minor survey exceptions and the like which do not in any Material respect detract from the value of such property;
(f)leases, subleases, easements, rights-of-way, restrictions and other similar charges or encumbrances incidental to the ownership of property or assets or the ordinary conduct of the Company’s and its Subsidiaries’ business, provided that the aggregate of such Liens do not in any Material respect detract from the value of such property;

(g)Liens (i) existing on property at the time of its acquisition or construction by the Company or any Subsidiary and not created in contemplation thereof, (ii) on property created contemporaneously with its acquisition or within 180 days of the acquisition or completion of construction or improvement thereof to secure or provide for all or a portion of the purchase price or cost of construction or improvement of such property after the date of Closing, or (iii) existing on property of a Person at the time such Person is consolidated or merged with, or substantially all of its assets are acquired by, the Company or any Subsidiary and not created in contemplation thereof; provided that in the case of clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) such Liens do not extend to any additional property of the Company or any Subsidiary (other than property that is an improvement to or extension of or is acquired for specific use in connection with the subject property) and, in the case of clause (ii) only, that the aggregate principal amount of Indebtedness secured by each such Lien does not exceed the lesser of the fair market value (determined in good faith by
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the board of directors of the Company) or cost of acquisition or construction of the property subject thereto;

(h)Liens securing obligations in respect of Capital Leases on assets subject to such leases, provided that such Capital Leases are otherwise permitted hereunder;
(i)Liens arising solely by virtue of any statutory or common law provision relating to banker’s liens, rights of set-off or similar rights and remedies as to deposit accounts or other funds maintained with a creditor depository institution; provided that (i) such deposit account is not a dedicated cash collateral account and is not subject to restrictions against access by the Company or any Subsidiary in excess of those set forth by regulations promulgated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and (ii) such deposit account is not intended by the Company to provide collateral to the depository institution;
(j)any Lien renewing, extending or replacing Liens permitted by subsections (d), (g), (h), (l) and (m) hereof, provided that (i) the principal amount of the Indebtedness secured by such Lien immediately prior to such extension, renewal or refunding is not increased or the maturity thereof reduced, (ii) such Lien is not extended to any other property and (iii) immediately after such extension, renewal, or refunding, no Default or Event of Default would exist;
(k)Liens created under or in connection with the Indenture as the Indenture exists on the date hereof without regard to any waiver, amendment, modification or restatement thereof;
(l)Liens securing Indebtedness relating to governmental obligations the interest on which is not included in gross income for purpose of federal income taxation pursuant to Section 103 of the Code (or any successor provision of law), for the purpose of financing or refinancing, in whole or in part, costs of acquisition or construction of property to be used by the Company or any Subsidiary, to the extent that the Lien which secures such Indebtedness is required either by applicable law or by the issuer of such governmental obligations or is otherwise necessary in order to establish or maintain such exclusion from gross income;
(m)Liens securing Indebtedness (i) which is related to the construction or acquisition of property not previously owned by the Company or any Subsidiary or (ii) which is related to the financing of a project involving the development or expansion of property of the Company or any Subsidiary and (iii) in either case, the obligee in respect of which has no recourse to the Company or any Subsidiary or any property of the Company or any Subsidiary other than the property constructed or acquired with the proceeds of such transaction (or the proceeds of such property or such project); and
(n)Liens not permitted by foregoing clauses (a) through (m), inclusive, provided that at the time of the granting of such Lien and after giving effect thereto, no Default or

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Event of Default shall have occurred hereunder and the Company could incur at least
$1.00 of additional Secured Indebtedness pursuant to Section 10.9.

Section 10.6. Sale of Assets. (a) Except as set forth in Section 10.6(b), the Company will not, and will not permit any Subsidiary to, lease, sell or otherwise dispose of all, or a substantial portion of, its Electric and Gas Utility Property (whether in one transaction or in a series of transactions) to any other Person (a “Disposition”), except for sales of inventory (including inventory comprised of electric energy, gas, oil, coal and other material and products generated, manufactured, produced or purchased for sale, distribution or use in the ordinary course of business), or used, worn-out, damaged or surplus equipment, all in the ordinary course of business. For purposes of this Section 10.6, “substantial portion” shall mean, at any time, the cumulative amount of proceeds received after the date of Closing from Dispositions (including equity interests in other Persons) of Electric and Gas Utility Property, but only to the extent that such cumulative amount exceeds 20% of the Electric and Gas Utility Property as reflected in the Company’s most recent annual or quarterly balance sheet delivered pursuant to Section 7.1 at or prior to such time.
(b) The Company or any Subsidiary may make a Disposition (and the amount of proceeds received from such Disposition shall not be included in the computation of “substantial portion”) if:
(a)the net proceeds from such Disposition are reinvested in productive assets to be used in the existing business of the Company or such Subsidiary; or
(b)the net proceeds from such Disposition are applied to the payment or prepayment of Senior Indebtedness, including an offer to prepay the Notes on a pro rata basis with other Senior Indebtedness of the Company (other than Senior Indebtedness in respect of any revolving credit or similar credit facility providing the Company with the right to obtain loans or other extensions of credit from time to time, except to the extent that in connection with such payment of Senior Indebtedness the available credit under such credit facility is permanently reduced by an amount not less than the amount of such proceeds applied to the payment of Senior Indebtedness).
For purposes of foregoing clause (b), in the event that the Company shall offer to prepay the Notes, such offer shall be made in accordance with Section 8.7 hereof. To the extent a holder rejects a prepayment offer given in accordance with Section 8.7, the net proceeds which would have been paid to such holder shall be deemed to have been applied to pay Senior Indebtedness for purposes of subsection (b) above.
Section 10.7. Maximum Capitalization Ratio. The Company will not permit the Capitalization Ratio to exceed 65% at any time.
Section 10.8. Minimum Interest Coverage Ratio. The Company will not permit the ratio of EBIT to Interest Expense, in each case calculated for the period of four consecutive

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financial quarters ending on the date of calculation, to be less than 1.50 to 1.00 as of the last day of any fiscal quarter during the term hereof.

Section 10.9. Incurrence of Secured Indebtedness. The Company will not create, incur, assume, guarantee, or otherwise become liable with respect to any Secured Indebtedness (unless the Company makes, or causes to be made, effective provision whereby the Notes will be equally and ratably secured with any and all other obligations thereby secured so long as such other obligations shall be so secured, such security to be pursuant to any agreement reasonably satisfactory to the Required Holders and, in any case, the Notes shall have the benefit, to the fullest extent that, and with such priority as, the holders of the Notes may be entitled under applicable law, of an equitable Lien on such property), unless on the date the Company becomes liable with respect to any such Secured Indebtedness and immediately after giving effect thereof and the concurrent retirement of any other Secured Indebtedness,
(a)no Default or Event of Default exists, and

(b)Secured Indebtedness does not exceed 5% of Total Company Capitalization.
SECTION 11.    EVENTS OF DEFAULT.

An “Event of Default” shall exist if any of the following conditions or events shall occur and be continuing:
(a)the Company defaults in the payment of any principal or Make-Whole Amount, if any, on any Note when the same becomes due and payable, whether at maturity or at a date fixed for prepayment or by declaration or otherwise; or
(b)the Company defaults in the payment of any interest on any Note for more than five Business Days after the same becomes due and payable; or
(c)the Company defaults in the performance of or compliance with any term contained in Section 7.1(f), Section 10.1, Section 10.2 or Sections 10.5 through 10.9; or
(d)the Company or any Subsidiary Guarantor defaults in the performance of or compliance with any term contained herein (other than those referred to in Sections 11(a), (b) and (c)) or in any Subsidiary Guaranty and such default is not remedied within 30 days after the earlier of (i) a Responsible Officer obtaining actual knowledge of such default and (ii) the Company receiving written notice of such default from any holder of a Note (any such written notice to be identified as a “notice of default” and to refer specifically to this Section 11(d)); or

(e)(i) any representation or warranty made in writing by or on behalf of the Company or by any officer of the Company in this Agreement or any writing furnished in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby proves to have been false or incorrect in any material respect on the date as of which made, or (ii) any representation

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or warranty made in writing by or on behalf of any Subsidiary Guarantor or by any officer of such Subsidiary Guarantor in any Subsidiary Guaranty or any writing furnished in connection with such Subsidiary Guaranty proves to have been false or incorrect in any material respect on the date as of which made; or

(f)(i) the Company or any Subsidiary is in default (as principal or as guarantor or other surety) in the payment of any principal of or premium or make-whole amount or interest on any Indebtedness that is outstanding in an aggregate principal amount of at least $15,000,000 beyond any period of grace provided with respect thereto, or (ii) the Company or any Subsidiary is in default in the performance of or compliance with any term of any evidence of any Indebtedness in an aggregate outstanding principal amount of at least $15,000,000 or of any mortgage, indenture or other agreement relating thereto or any other condition exists, and as a consequence of such default or condition such Indebtedness has become, or has been declared (or one or more Persons are entitled to declare such Indebtedness to be), due and payable before its stated maturity or before its regularly scheduled dates of payment, or (iii) as a consequence of the occurrence or continuation of any event or condition (other than the passage of time or the right of the holder of Indebtedness to convert such Indebtedness into equity interests), (x) the Company or any Subsidiary has become obligated to purchase or repay Indebtedness before its regular maturity or before its regularly scheduled dates of payment in an aggregate outstanding principal amount of at least $15,000,000, or (y) one or more Persons have the right to require the Company or any Subsidiary so to purchase or repay such Indebtedness; or

(g)the Company or any Subsidiary (i) is generally not paying, or admits in writing its inability to pay, its debts as they become due, (ii) files, or consents by answer or otherwise to the filing against it of, a petition for relief or reorganization or arrangement or any other petition in bankruptcy, for liquidation or to take advantage of any bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or other similar law of any jurisdiction, (iii) makes an assignment for the benefit of its creditors, (iv) consents to the appointment of a custodian, receiver, trustee or other officer with similar powers with respect to it or with respect to any substantial part of its property, (v) is adjudicated as insolvent or to be liquidated, or (vi) takes corporate action for the purpose of any of the foregoing; or
(h)a court or other Governmental Authority of competent jurisdiction enters an order appointing, without consent by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, a custodian, receiver, trustee or other officer with similar powers with respect to it or with respect to any substantial part of its property, or constituting an order for relief or approving a petition for relief or reorganization or any other petition in bankruptcy or for liquidation or to take advantage of any bankruptcy or insolvency law of any jurisdiction, or ordering the dissolution, winding-up or liquidation of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or any such petition shall be filed against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries and such petition shall not be dismissed within 60 days; or

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(i)any event occurs with respect to the Company or any Subsidiary which under the laws of any jurisdiction is analogous to any of the events described in Section 11(g) or Section 11(h), provided that the applicable grace period, if any, which shall apply shall be the one applicable to the relevant proceeding which most closely corresponds to the proceeding described in Section 11(g) or Section 11(h); or
(j)one or more final judgments or orders for the payment of money aggregating in excess of $25,000,000, including any such final order enforcing a binding arbitration decision, are rendered against one or more of the Company and its Subsidiaries and which judgments are not, within 60 days after entry thereof, bonded, discharged or stayed pending appeal, or are not discharged within 60 days after the expiration of such stay; or
(k)(i) an ERISA Event with respect to a Pension Plan or Multiemployer Plan, or an ERISA Termination Event with respect to a Pension Plan, shall occur which has resulted or would reasonably be expected to result in liability of the Company under Title IV of ERISA to the Pension Plan, Multiemployer Plan or the PBGC in an aggregate amount in excess of 10% of Consolidated Net Worth; (ii) the commencement or increase of contributions to, or the adoption of or the amendment of, a Pension Plan by the Company or an ERISA Affiliate which has resulted or could reasonably be expected to result in an increase in Unfunded Pension Liability among all Pension Plans in an aggregate amount in excess of 10% of Consolidated Net Worth; or (iii) the Company or an ERISA Affiliate shall fail to pay when due, after the expiration of any applicable grace period, any installment payment with respect to its withdrawal liability under Section 4201 of ERISA under a Multiemployer Plan which has resulted or could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect; or

(l)any Subsidiary Guaranty shall cease to be in full force and effect, any Subsidiary Guarantor or any Person acting on behalf of any Subsidiary Guarantor shall contest in any manner the validity, binding nature or enforceability of any Subsidiary Guaranty, or the obligations of any Subsidiary Guarantor under any Subsidiary Guaranty are not or cease to be legal, valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with the terms of such Subsidiary Guaranty.

SECTION 12.    REMEDIES ON DEFAULT, ETC.

Section 12.1. Acceleration. (a) If an Event of Default with respect to the Company described in Section 11(g), (h) or (i) (other than an Event of Default described in clause (i) of Section 11(g) or described in clause (vi) of Section 11(g) by virtue of the fact that such clause encompasses clause (i) of Section 11(g)) has occurred, all the Notes then outstanding shall automatically become immediately due and payable.
(b)If any other Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, the Required Holders may at any time at its or their option, by notice or notices to the Company, declare all the Notes then outstanding to be immediately due and payable.

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(c)If any Event of Default described in Section 11(a) or (b) has occurred and is continuing, any holder or holders of Notes at the time outstanding affected by such Event of Default may at any time, at its or their option, by notice or notices to the Company, declare all the Notes held by it or them to be immediately due and payable.

Upon any Notes becoming due and payable under this Section 12.1, whether automatically or by declaration, such Notes will forthwith mature and the entire unpaid principal amount of such Notes, plus (x) all accrued and unpaid interest thereon (including interest accrued thereon at the applicable Default Rate) and (y) the Make-Whole Amount determined in respect of such principal amount, shall all be immediately due and payable, in each and every case without presentment, demand, protest or further notice, all of which are hereby waived. The Company acknowledges, and the parties hereto agree, that each holder of a Note has the right to maintain its investment in the Notes free from repayment by the Company (except as herein specifically provided for) and that the provision for payment of a Make-Whole Amount by the Company in the event that the Notes are prepaid or are accelerated as a result of an Event of Default, is intended to provide compensation for the deprivation of such right under such circumstances.
Section 12.2. Other Remedies. If any Default or Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, and irrespective of whether any Notes have become or have been declared immediately due and payable under Section 12.1, the holder of any Note at the time outstanding may proceed to protect and enforce the rights of such holder by an action at law, suit in equity or other appropriate proceeding, whether for the specific performance of any agreement contained herein or in any Note or Subsidiary Guaranty, or for an injunction against a violation of any of the terms hereof or thereof, or in aid of the exercise of any power granted hereby or thereby or by law or otherwise.
Section 12.3. Rescission. At any time after any Notes have been declared due and payable pursuant to Section 12.1(b) or (c), the Required Holders of the Notes then outstanding, by written notice to the Company, may rescind and annul any such declaration and its consequences if (a) the Company has paid all overdue interest on the Notes, all principal of and Make-Whole Amount, if any, on any Notes that are due and payable and are unpaid other than by reason of such declaration, and all interest on such overdue principal and Make-Whole Amount, if any, and (to the extent permitted by applicable law) any overdue interest in respect of the Notes, at the applicable Default Rate, (b) neither the Company nor any other Person shall have paid any amounts which have become due solely by reason of such declaration, (c) all Events of Default and Defaults, other than non-payment of amounts that have become due solely by reason of such declaration, have been cured or have been waived pursuant to Section 17, and
(d)no judgment or decree has been entered for the payment of any monies due pursuant hereto or to the Notes. No rescission and annulment under this Section 12.3 will extend to or affect any subsequent Event of Default or Default or impair any right consequent thereon.
Section 12.4. No Waivers or Election of Remedies, Expenses, Etc. No course of dealing and no delay on the part of any holder of any Note in exercising any right, power or remedy shall operate as a waiver thereof or otherwise prejudice such holder’s rights, powers or remedies. No right, power or remedy conferred by this Agreement, any Subsidiary Guaranty or

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any Note upon any holder thereof shall be exclusive of any other right, power or remedy referred to herein or therein or now or hereafter available at law, in equity, by statute or otherwise. Without limiting the obligations of the Company under Section 15, the Company will pay to the holder of each Note on demand such further amount as shall be sufficient to cover all costs and expenses of such holder incurred in any enforcement or collection under this Section 12, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, expenses and disbursements.

SECTION 13. REGISTRATION; EXCHANGE; SUBSTITUTION OF NOTES.

Section 13.1. Registration of Notes. The Company shall keep at its principal executive office a register for the registration and registration of transfers of Notes. The name and address of each holder of one or more Notes, each transfer thereof and the name and address of each transferee of one or more Notes shall be registered in such register. If any holder of one or more Notes is a nominee, then (a) the name and address of the beneficial owner of such Note or Notes shall also be registered in such register as an owner and holder thereof and (b) at any such beneficial owner’s option, either such beneficial owner or its nominee may execute any amendment, waiver or consent pursuant to this Agreement. Prior to due presentment for registration of transfer, the Person in whose name any Note shall be registered shall be deemed and treated as the owner and holder thereof for all purposes hereof, and the Company shall not be affected by any notice or knowledge to the contrary. The Company shall give to any holder of a Note that is an Institutional Investor promptly upon request therefor, a complete and correct copy of the names and addresses of all registered holders of Notes.

Section 13.2. Transfer and Exchange of Notes. Upon surrender of any Note to the Company at the address and to the attention of the designated officer (all as specified in Section 18(iii)), for registration of transfer or exchange (and in the case of a surrender for registration of transfer accompanied by a written instrument of transfer duly executed by the registered holder of such Note or such holder’s attorney duly authorized in writing and accompanied by the relevant name, address and other information for notices of each transferee of such Note or part thereof), within 10 Business Days thereafter, the Company shall execute and deliver, at the Company’s expense (except as provided below), one or more new Notes of the same series (as requested by the holder thereof) in exchange therefor, in an aggregate principal amount equal to the unpaid principal amount of the surrendered Note. Each such new Note shall be payable to such Person as such holder may request and shall be substantially in the form of (i) Schedule 1(a), in the case of a 2039 Note and Schedule 1(b), in the case of a 2054 Note. Each such new Note shall be dated and bear interest from the date to which interest shall have been paid on the surrendered Note or dated the date of the surrendered Note if no interest shall have been paid thereon. The Company may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any stamp tax or governmental charge imposed in respect of any such transfer of Notes. Notes shall not be transferred in denominations of less than $400,000, provided that if necessary to enable the registration of transfer by a holder of its entire holding of Notes of a series, one Note of such series may be in a denomination of less than $400,000. Any transferee, by its acceptance of a Note registered in its name (or the name of its nominee), shall be deemed to have made the representation set forth in Section 6.2.

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Section 13.3. Replacement of Notes. Upon receipt by the Company at the address and to the attention of the designated officer (all as specified in Section 18(iii)) of evidence reasonably satisfactory to it of the ownership of and the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of any Note (which evidence shall be, in the case of an Institutional Investor, notice from such Institutional Investor of such ownership and such loss, theft, destruction or mutilation), and
(a)in the case of loss, theft or destruction, of indemnity reasonably satisfactory to it (provided that if the holder of such Note is, or is a nominee for, an original Purchaser or another holder of a Note with a minimum net worth of at least
$50,000,000 or a Qualified Institutional Buyer, such Person’s own unsecured agreement of indemnity shall be deemed to be satisfactory), or
(b)in the case of mutilation, upon surrender and cancellation thereof,

within 10 Business Days thereafter, the Company at its own expense shall execute and deliver, in lieu thereof, a new Note of the same series, dated and bearing interest from the date to which interest shall have been paid on such lost, stolen, destroyed or mutilated Note or dated the date of such lost, stolen, destroyed or mutilated Note if no interest shall have been paid thereon.

SECTION 14. PAYMENTS ON NOTES.

Section 14.1. Place of Payment. Subject to Section 14.2, payments of principal, Make- Whole Amount, if any, and interest becoming due and payable on the Notes shall be made in New York, New York at the principal office of Bank of America in such jurisdiction. The Company may at any time, by notice to each holder of a Note, change the place of payment of the Notes so long as such place of payment shall be either the principal office of the Company in such jurisdiction or the principal office of a bank or trust company in such jurisdiction.
Section 14.2. Payment by Wire Transfer. So long as any Purchaser or its nominee shall be the holder of any Note, and notwithstanding anything contained in Section 14.1 or in such Note to the contrary, the Company will pay all sums becoming due on such Note for principal, Make-Whole Amount, if any, interest and all other amounts becoming due hereunder by the method and at the address specified for such purpose below such Purchaser’s name in Schedule B, or by such other method or at such other address as such Purchaser shall have from time to time specified to the Company in writing for such purpose, without the presentation or surrender of such Note or the making of any notation thereon, except that upon written request of the Company made concurrently with or reasonably promptly after payment or prepayment in full of any Note, such Purchaser shall surrender such Note for cancellation, reasonably promptly after any such request, to the Company at its principal executive office or at the place of payment most recently designated by the Company pursuant to Section 14.1. Prior to any sale or other disposition of any Note held by a Purchaser or its nominee, such Purchaser will, at its election, either endorse thereon the amount of principal paid thereon and the last date to which interest has been paid thereon or surrender such Note to the Company in exchange for a new Note or Notes of the same series pursuant to Section 13.2. The Company will afford the benefits of this Section
14.2 to any Institutional Investor that is the direct or indirect transferee of any Note purchased by

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a Purchaser under this Agreement and that has made the same agreement relating to such Note as the Purchasers have made in this Section 14.2.

Section 14.3. FATCA Information.. By acceptance of any Note, the holder of such Note agrees that such holder will with reasonable promptness duly complete and deliver to the Company, or to such other Person as may be reasonably requested by the Company, from time to time (a) in the case of any such holder that is a United States Person, such holder’s United States tax identification number or other Forms reasonably requested by the Company necessary to establish such holder’s status as a United States Person under FATCA and as may otherwise be necessary for the Company to comply with its obligations under FATCA and (b) in the case of any such holder that is not a United States Person, such documentation prescribed by applicable law (including as prescribed by Section 1471(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Code) and such additional documentation as may be necessary for the Company to comply with its obligations under FATCA and to determine that such holder has complied with such holder’s obligations under FATCA or to determine the amount (if any) to deduct and withhold from any such payment made to such holder. Nothing in this Section 14.3 shall require any holder to provide information that is confidential or proprietary to such holder unless the Company is required to obtain such information under FATCA and, in such event, the Company shall treat any such information it receives as confidential.

Section 15.    EXPENSES, ETC.

Section 15.1. Transaction Expenses. Whether or not the transactions contemplated hereby are consummated, the Company will pay all costs and expenses (including reasonable attorneys’ fees of a special counsel and, if reasonably required by the Required Holders, local or other counsel) incurred by the Purchasers and each other holder of a Note in connection with such transactions and in connection with any amendments, waivers or consents under or in respect of this Agreement, any Subsidiary Guaranty or the Notes (whether or not such amendment, waiver or consent becomes effective), including: (a) the costs and expenses incurred in enforcing or defending (or determining whether or how to enforce or defend) any rights under this Agreement, any Subsidiary Guaranty or the Notes or in responding to any subpoena or other legal process or informal investigative demand issued in connection with this Agreement, any Subsidiary Guaranty or the Notes, or by reason of being a holder of any Note, (b) the costs and expenses, including financial advisors’ fees, incurred in connection with the insolvency or bankruptcy of the Company or any Subsidiary or in connection with any work-out or restructuring of the transactions contemplated hereby and by the Notes and any Subsidiary Guaranty and (c) the costs and expenses incurred in connection with the initial filing of this Agreement and all related documents and financial information with the SVO provided, that such costs and expenses under this clause (c) shall not exceed $4,000 per series of Notes. If required by the NAIC, the Company shall obtain and maintain at its own cost and expense a Legal Entity Identifier (LEI).
The Company will pay, and will save each Purchaser and each other holder of a Note harmless from, (i) all claims in respect of any fees, costs or expenses, if any, of brokers and finders (other than those, if any, retained by a Purchaser or other holder in connection with its purchase of the Notes), (ii) any and all wire transfer fees that any bank or other financial
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institution deducts from any payment under such Note to such holder or otherwise charges to a holder of a Note with respect to a payment under such Note and (iii) any judgment, liability, claim, order, decree, fine, penalty, cost, fee, expense (including reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses) or obligation resulting from the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, including the use of the proceeds of the Notes by the Company.

Section 15.2. Certain Taxes. The Company agrees to pay all stamp, documentary or similar taxes or fees which may be payable in respect of the execution and delivery or the enforcement of this Agreement or any Subsidiary Guaranty or the execution and delivery (but not the transfer) or the enforcement of any of the Notes in the United States or any other jurisdiction where the Company or any Subsidiary Guarantor has assets or of any amendment of, or waiver or consent under or with respect to, this Agreement or any Subsidiary Guaranty or of any of the Notes, and to pay any value added tax due and payable in respect of reimbursement of costs and expenses by the Company pursuant to this Section 15, and will save each holder of a Note to the extent permitted by applicable law harmless against any loss or liability resulting from nonpayment or delay in payment of any such tax or fee required to be paid by the Company hereunder.
Section 15.3. Survival. The obligations of the Company under this Section 15 will survive the payment or transfer of any Note, the enforcement, amendment or waiver of any provision of this Agreement, any Subsidiary Guaranty or the Notes, and the termination of this Agreement.

SECTION 16. SURVIVAL OF REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES; ENTIRE AGREEMENT.

All representations and warranties contained herein shall survive the execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Notes, the purchase or transfer by any Purchaser of any Note or portion thereof or interest therein and the payment of any Note, and may be relied upon by any subsequent holder of a Note, regardless of any investigation made at any time by or on behalf of such Purchaser or any other holder of a Note. All statements contained in any certificate or other instrument delivered by or on behalf of the Company pursuant to this Agreement shall be deemed representations and warranties of the Company under this Agreement. Subject to the preceding sentence, this Agreement, the Notes and any Subsidiary Guaranties embody the entire agreement and understanding between each Purchaser and the Company and supersede all prior agreements and understandings relating to the subject matter hereof.

SECTION 17. AMENDMENT AND WAIVER.

Section 17.1. Requirements. This Agreement and the Notes may be amended, and the observance of any term hereof or of the Notes may be waived (either retroactively or prospectively), only with the written consent of the Company and the Required Holders, except that:

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(a)no amendment or waiver of any of Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 21 hereof, or any defined term (as it is used therein), will be effective as to any Purchaser unless consented to by such Purchaser in writing; and
(b)no amendment or waiver may, without the written consent of each Purchaser and the holder of each Note at the time outstanding, (i) subject to Section 12 relating to acceleration or rescission, change the amount or time of any prepayment or payment of principal of, or reduce the rate or change the time of payment or method of computation of (x) interest on the Notes or
(y) the Make-Whole Amount, (ii) change the percentage of the principal amount of the Notes the holders of which are required to consent to any amendment or waiver or the principal amount of the Notes that the Purchasers are to purchase pursuant to Section 2 upon the satisfaction of the conditions that appear in Section 4, or (iii) amend any of Section 8 (except as set forth in the second sentence of Section 8.2) and Sections 11(a), 11(b), 12, 17 or 20.

Section 17.2.    Solicitation of Holders of Notes.

(a)Solicitation. The Company will provide each Purchaser and each holder of a Note with sufficient information, sufficiently far in advance of the date a decision is required, to enable such Purchaser and such holder to make an informed and considered decision with respect to any proposed amendment, waiver or consent in respect of any of the provisions hereof or of the Notes or any Subsidiary Guaranty. The Company will deliver executed or true and correct copies of each amendment, waiver or consent effected pursuant to this Section 17 or any Subsidiary Guaranty to each Purchaser and each holder of a Note promptly following the date on which it is executed and delivered by, or receives the consent or approval of, the requisite Purchasers or holders of Notes.
(b)Payment. The Company will not directly or indirectly pay or cause to be paid any remuneration, whether by way of supplemental or additional interest, fee or otherwise, or grant any security or provide other credit support, to any Purchaser or holder of a Note as consideration for or as an inducement to the entering into by such Purchaser or holder of any waiver or amendment of any of the terms and provisions hereof or of any Subsidiary Guaranty or any Note unless such remuneration is concurrently paid, or security is concurrently granted or other credit support concurrently provided, on the same terms, ratably to each Purchaser and each holder of a Note even if such Purchaser or holder did not consent to such waiver or amendment.
(c)Consent in Contemplation of Transfer. Any consent given pursuant to this Section 17 or any Subsidiary Guaranty by a holder of a Note that has transferred or has agreed to transfer its Note to (i) the Company, (ii) any Subsidiary or any other Affiliate or (iii) any other Person in connection with, or in anticipation of, such other Person acquiring, making a tender offer for or merging with the Company and/or any of its Affiliates), in each case in connection with such consent, shall be void and of no force or effect except solely as to such holder, and any amendments effected or waivers granted or to be effected or granted that would not have been or would not be so effected or granted but for such consent (and the consents of all other holders of Notes that were acquired under the same or similar conditions) shall be void and of no force or effect except solely as to such holder.
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Section 17.3. Binding Effect, Etc. Any amendment or waiver consented to as provided in this Section 17 or any Subsidiary Guaranty applies equally to all Purchasers and holders of Notes and is binding upon them and upon each future holder of any Note and upon the Company without regard to whether such Note has been marked to indicate such amendment or waiver. No such amendment or waiver will extend to or affect any obligation, covenant, agreement, Default or Event of Default not expressly amended or waived or impair any right consequent thereon. No course of dealing between the Company and any Purchaser or holder of a Note and no delay in exercising any rights hereunder or under any Note or Subsidiary Guaranty shall operate as a waiver of any rights of any Purchaser or holder of such Note.
Section 17.4. Notes Held by Company, Etc. Solely for the purpose of determining whether the holders of the requisite percentage of the aggregate principal amount of Notes then outstanding approved or consented to any amendment, waiver or consent to be given under this Agreement, any Subsidiary Guaranty or the Notes, or have directed the taking of any action provided herein or in any Subsidiary Guaranty or the Notes to be taken upon the direction of the holders of a specified percentage of the aggregate principal amount of Notes then outstanding, Notes directly or indirectly owned by the Company or any of its Affiliates shall be deemed not to be outstanding.

SECTION 18.    NOTICES.

Except to the extent otherwise provided in Section 7.4, all notices and communications provided for hereunder shall be in writing and sent (a) by telecopy if the sender on the same day sends a confirming copy of such notice by an internationally recognized overnight delivery service (charges prepaid), or (b) by registered or certified mail with return receipt requested (postage prepaid), or (c) by an internationally recognized overnight delivery service (with charges prepaid), or (d) by electronic communication (including e-mail) to those Purchasers who include an e-mail address in Schedule B specifically for such purpose. Any such notice must be sent:
(i)if to any Purchaser or its nominee, to such Purchaser or nominee at the address or e-mail address specified for such communications in Schedule B, or at such other address or e-mail address as such Purchaser or nominee shall have specified to the Company in writing,

(ii)if to any other holder of any Note, to such holder at such address or e-mail address as such other holder shall have specified to the Company in writing, or
(iii)if to the Company, to the Company at its address set forth at the beginning hereof to the attention of Chief Financial Officer or to TreasuryServices@MDUResources.com, or at such other address as the Company shall have specified to the holder of each Note in writing.

Notices under this Section 18 will be deemed given only when actually received.

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SECTION 19.    REPRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS.

This Agreement and all documents relating thereto, including (a) consents, waivers and modifications that may hereafter be executed, (b) documents received by any Purchaser at a Closing (except the Notes themselves), and (c) financial statements, certificates and other information previously or hereafter furnished to any Purchaser, may be reproduced by such Purchaser by any photographic, photostatic, electronic, digital, or other similar process and such Purchaser may destroy any original document so reproduced. The Company agrees and stipulates that, to the extent permitted by applicable law, any such reproduction shall be admissible in evidence as the original itself in any judicial or administrative proceeding (whether or not the original is in existence and whether or not such reproduction was made by such Purchaser in the regular course of business) and any enlargement, facsimile or further reproduction of such reproduction shall likewise be admissible in evidence. This Section 19 shall not prohibit the Company or any other holder of Notes from contesting any such reproduction to the same extent that it could contest the original, or from introducing evidence to demonstrate the inaccuracy of any such reproduction.

SECTION 20.    CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION.

For the purposes of this Section 20, “Confidential Information” means information delivered to any Purchaser by or on behalf of the Company or any Subsidiary in connection with the transactions contemplated by or otherwise pursuant to this Agreement that is proprietary in nature and that was clearly marked or labeled or otherwise adequately identified when received by such Purchaser as being confidential information of the Company or any Subsidiary, provided that such term does not include information that (a) was publicly known or otherwise known to such Purchaser prior to the time of such disclosure, (b) subsequently becomes publicly known through no act or omission by such Purchaser or any Person acting on such Purchaser’s behalf,
(c) otherwise becomes known to such Purchaser other than through disclosure by the Company or any Subsidiary or (d) constitutes financial statements delivered to such Purchaser under Section 7.1 that are otherwise publicly available. Each Purchaser will maintain the confidentiality of such Confidential Information in accordance with procedures adopted by such Purchaser in good faith to protect confidential information of third parties delivered to such Purchaser, provided that such Purchaser may deliver or disclose Confidential Information to
(i) its directors, officers, employees, agents, attorneys, trustees and affiliates (to the extent such disclosure reasonably relates to the administration of the investment represented by its Notes),
(ii) its auditors, financial advisors and other professional advisors who agree to hold confidential the Confidential Information substantially in accordance with this Section 20, (iii) any other holder of any Note, (iv) any Institutional Investor to which it sells or offers to sell such Note or any part thereof or any participation therein (if such Person has agreed in writing prior to its receipt of such Confidential Information to be bound by this Section 20), (v) any Person from which it offers to purchase any Security of the Company (if such Person has agreed in writing prior to its receipt of such Confidential Information to be bound by this Section 20), (vi) any federal or state regulatory authority having jurisdiction over such Purchaser, (vii) the NAIC or the SVO or, in each case, any similar organization, or any nationally recognized rating agency that requires access to information about such Purchaser’s investment portfolio, or (viii) any other Person to which such delivery or disclosure may be necessary or appropriate (w) to effect
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compliance with any law, rule, regulation or order applicable to such Purchaser, (x) in response to any subpoena or other legal process, (y) in connection with any litigation to which such Purchaser is a party or (z) if an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, to the extent such Purchaser may reasonably determine such delivery and disclosure to be necessary or appropriate in the enforcement or for the protection of the rights and remedies under such Purchaser’s Notes, this Agreement or any Subsidiary Guaranty. Each holder of a Note, by its acceptance of a Note, will be deemed to have agreed to be bound by and to be entitled to the benefits of this Section 20 as though it were a party to this Agreement. On reasonable request by the Company in connection with the delivery to any holder of a Note of information required to be delivered to such holder under this Agreement or requested by such holder (other than a holder that is a party to this Agreement or its nominee), such holder will enter into an agreement with the Company embodying this Section 20.
In the event that as a condition to receiving access to information relating to the Company or its Subsidiaries in connection with the transactions contemplated by or otherwise pursuant to this Agreement, any Purchaser or holder of a Note is required to agree to a confidentiality undertaking (whether through IntraLinks, another secure website, a secure virtual workspace or otherwise) which is different from this Section 20, this Section 20 shall not be amended thereby and, as between such Purchaser or such holder and the Company, this Section 20 shall supersede any such other confidentiality undertaking.

SECTION 21. SUBSTITUTION OF PURCHASER.

Each Purchaser shall have the right to substitute any one of its Affiliates or another Purchaser or any one of such other Purchaser’s Affiliates (a “Substitute Purchaser”) as the purchaser of the Notes that it has agreed to purchase hereunder, by written notice to the Company, which notice shall be signed by both such Purchaser and such Substitute Purchaser, shall contain such Substitute Purchaser’s agreement to be bound by this Agreement and shall contain a confirmation by such Substitute Purchaser of the accuracy with respect to it of the representations set forth in Section 6. Upon receipt of such notice, any reference to such Purchaser in this Agreement (other than in this Section 21), shall be deemed to refer to such Substitute Purchaser in lieu of such original Purchaser. In the event that such Substitute Purchaser is so substituted as a Purchaser hereunder and such Substitute Purchaser thereafter transfers to such original Purchaser all of the Notes then held by such Substitute Purchaser, upon receipt by the Company of notice of such transfer, any reference to such Substitute Purchaser as a “Purchaser” in this Agreement (other than in this Section 21), shall no longer be deemed to refer to such Substitute Purchaser, but shall refer to such original Purchaser, and such original Purchaser shall again have all the rights of an original holder of the Notes under this Agreement.

SECTION 22. MISCELLANEOUS.

Section 22.1. Successors and Assigns. All covenants and other agreements contained in this Agreement by or on behalf of any of the parties hereto bind and inure to the benefit of their respective successors and assigns (including any subsequent holder of a Note) whether so expressed or not, except that, subject to Section 10.2, the Company may not assign or otherwise transfer any of its rights or obligations hereunder or under the Notes without the prior written
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consent of each holder. Nothing in this Agreement, expressed or implied, shall be construed to confer upon any Person (other than the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns permitted hereby) any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or by reason of this Agreement.

Section 22.2. Accounting Terms. All accounting terms used herein which are not expressly defined in this Agreement have the meanings respectively given to them in accordance with GAAP. Except as otherwise specifically provided herein, (i) all computations made pursuant to this Agreement shall be made in accordance with GAAP, and (ii) all financial statements shall be prepared in accordance with GAAP. For purposes of determining compliance with this Agreement (including Section 9, Section 10 and the definition of “Indebtedness”), any election by the Company to measure any financial liability using fair value (as permitted by Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic No. 825-10-25 – Fair Value Option, International Accounting Standard 39 – Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement or any similar accounting standard) shall be disregarded and such determination shall be made as if such election had not been made.
Section 22.3. Severability. Any provision of this Agreement that is prohibited or unenforceable in any jurisdiction shall, as to such jurisdiction, be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or unenforceability without invalidating the remaining provisions hereof, and any such prohibition or unenforceability in any jurisdiction shall (to the full extent permitted by law) not invalidate or render unenforceable such provision in any other jurisdiction.
Section 22.4. Construction, Etc. Each covenant contained herein shall be construed (absent express provision to the contrary) as being independent of each other covenant contained herein, so that compliance with any one covenant shall not (absent such an express contrary provision) be deemed to excuse compliance with any other covenant. Where any provision herein refers to action to be taken by any Person, or which such Person is prohibited from taking, such provision shall be applicable whether such action is taken directly or indirectly by such Person.
Defined terms herein shall apply equally to the singular and plural forms of the terms defined. Whenever the context may require, any pronoun shall include the corresponding masculine, feminine and neuter forms. The words “include,” “includes” and “including” shall be deemed to be followed by the phrase “without limitation.” The word “will” shall be construed to have the same meaning and effect as the word “shall.” Unless the context requires otherwise
(a) any definition of or reference to any agreement, instrument or other document herein shall be construed as referring to such agreement, instrument or other document as from time to time amended, supplemented or otherwise modified (subject to any restrictions on such amendments, supplements or modifications set forth herein) and, for purposes of the Notes, shall also include any such notes issued in substitution therefor pursuant to Section 13, (b) subject to Section 22.1, any reference herein to any Person shall be construed to include such Person’s successors and assigns, (c) the words “herein,” “hereof” and “hereunder,” and words of similar import, shall be construed to refer to this Agreement in its entirety and not to any particular provision hereof,
(d)all references herein to Sections and Schedules shall be construed to refer to Sections of, and Schedules to, this Agreement, and (e) any reference to any law or regulation herein shall, unless

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otherwise specified, refer to such law or regulation as amended, modified or supplemented from time to time.

Section 22.5. Counterparts; Electronic Contracting. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be an original but all of which together shall constitute one instrument. Each counterpart may consist of a number of copies hereof, each signed by less than all, but together signed by all, of the parties hereto. The parties agree to electronic contracting and signatures with respect to this Agreement and the other related documents (other than the Notes). Delivery of an electronic signature to, or a signed copy of, this Agreement and such other related documents (other than the Notes) by facsimile, email or other electronic transmission shall be fully binding on the parties to the same extent as the delivery of the signed originals and shall be admissible into evidence for all purposes.

Section 22.6. Governing Law. This Agreement shall be construed and enforced in accordance with, and the rights of the parties shall be governed by, the law of the State of New York excluding choice-of-law principles of the law of such State that would permit the application of the laws of a jurisdiction other than such State.

Section 22.7. Jurisdiction and Process; Waiver of Jury Trial. (a) The Company irrevocably submits to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of any New York State or federal court sitting in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, over any suit, action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the Notes. To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the Company irrevocably waives and agrees not to assert, by way of motion, as a defense or otherwise, any claim that it is not subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, any objection that it may now or hereafter have to the laying of the venue of any such suit, action or proceeding brought in any such court and any claim that any such suit, action or proceeding brought in any such court has been brought in an inconvenient forum.
(b)The Company agrees, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, that a final judgment in any suit, action or proceeding of the nature referred to in Section 22.7(a) brought in any such court shall be conclusive and binding upon it subject to rights of appeal, as the case may be, and may be enforced in the courts of the United States of America or the State of New York (or any other courts to the jurisdiction of which it or any of its assets is or may be subject) by a suit upon such judgment .
(c)The Company consents to process being served by or on behalf of any holder of Notes in any suit, action or proceeding of the nature referred to in Section 22.7(a) by mailing a copy thereof by registered, certified, priority or express mail (or any substantially similar form of mail), postage prepaid, return receipt or delivery confirmation requested, to it at its address specified in Section 18 or at such other address of which such holder shall then have been notified pursuant to said Section. The Company agrees that such service upon receipt (i) shall be deemed in every respect effective service of process upon it in any such suit, action or proceeding and (ii) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, be taken and held to be valid personal service upon and personal delivery to it. Notices hereunder shall be conclusively presumed received as evidenced by a delivery receipt furnished by the United States Postal Service or any reputable commercial delivery service.
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(d)Nothing in this Section 22.7 shall affect the right of any holder of a Note to serve process in any manner permitted by law, or limit any right that the holders of any of the Notes may have to bring proceedings against the Company in the courts of any appropriate jurisdiction or to enforce in any lawful manner a judgment obtained in one jurisdiction in any other jurisdiction.
(e)THE PARTIES HERETO HEREBY WAIVE TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY ACTION BROUGHT ON OR WITH RESPECT TO THIS AGREEMENT, THE NOTES OR ANY OTHER DOCUMENT EXECUTED IN CONNECTION HEREWITH OR THEREWITH.
*    *    *    *    *
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If you are in agreement with the foregoing, please sign the form of agreement on a counterpart of this Agreement and return it to the Company, whereupon this Agreement shall become a binding agreement between you and the Company.

Very truly yours,

MONTANA-DAKOTA UTILITIES Co.




By:    /s/ Jason L. Vollmer     Jason L. Vollmer
Treasurer
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47


DocuSign Envelope ID: 353CAE7B-8369-4CAF-A5E4-825200196031




This Agreement is hereby accepted and agreed to as of the date hereof.

STATE FARM LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY


By:    /s/ John Malito     Name: John Malito
Title:    Investment Executive


By:    /s/ Michelle K. Marsh     Name: Michelle K. Marsh
Title:    Investment Professional

STATE FARM INSURANCE COMPANIES EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT TRUST


By:    /s/ John Malito     Name: John Malito
Title:    Authorized Signer


By:    /s/ Michelle K. Marsh     Name: Michelle K. Marsh
Title:    Authorized Signer

STATE FARM LIFE AND ACCIDENT ASSURANCE COMPANY


By:    /s/ John Malito     Name: John Malito
Title:    Investment Executive


By:    /s/ Michelle K. Marsh     Name: Michelle K. Marsh
Title:    Investment Professional
Montana-Dakota Utilities Co. Note Purchase Agreement


This Agreement is hereby accepted and agreed to as of the date hereof.
THE NORTHWESTERN MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

By: Northwestern Mutual Investment Management Company, LLC,
its investment adviser

By: /s/ Brian P. McDonald     
Name: Brian P. McDonald
    
Managing Director

THE NORTHWESTERN MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE
COMPANY for its Group Annuity Separate Account

By:    Northwestern Mutual Investment Management Company, LLC, its investment adviser

By: /s/ Brian P. McDonald
Name: Brian P. McDonald
Title: Managing Director

Montana-Dakota Utilities Co. Note Purchase Agreement


This Agreement is hereby accepted and agreed to as of the date hereof.

MODERN WOODMEN OF AMERICA


By:    /s/ Christopher M. Cramer     Name: Christopher M. Cramer
Title:    Director of Investments


By:    /s/ Aaron R. Birkland     Name: Aaron R. Birkland
Title: Sr. Portfolio Manager, Private Placements
Montana-Dakota Utilities Co. Note Purchase Agreement


DocuSign Envelope ID: 6E6F1E26-4844-494A-A819-884822D58648




This Agreement is hereby accepted and agreed to as of the date hereof.

THRIVENT FINANCIAL FOR LUTHERANS


By:    /s/ William J. Hochmuth     Name: William J. Hochmuth
Title: Senior Managing Director
Montana-Dakota Utilities Co. Note Purchase Agreement


This Agreement is hereby accepted and agreed to as of the date hereof.

COUNTRY LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY


By:    /s/ John A. Jacobs     Name: John A. Jacobs
Title: Director – Fixed Income COUNTRY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY

By:    /s/ John A. Jacobs     Name: John A. Jacobs

Montana-Dakota Utilities Co. Note Purchase Agreement



This Agreement is hereby accepted and agreed to as of the date hereof.

SOUTHERN FARM BUREAU LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

By:    /s/ Bradley Blakney     Name: Bradley Blakney
Title:    Senior Portfolio Manager
Montana-Dakota Utilities Co. Note Purchase Agreement


Defined Terms

As used herein, the following terms have the respective meanings set forth below or set forth in the Section hereof following such term:
“2039 Notes” is defined in Section 1.

“2054 Notes” is defined in Section 1.

“Adjusted Total Capitalization” means, at any time, the sum of (i) the total stockholders’ equity in the Company determined in accordance with GAAP, plus (ii) Total Debt, minus (iii) amounts attributable to mandatorily Redeemable Preferred Stock of the Company determined in accordance with GAAP.
“Affiliate” means, at any time, and with respect to any Person, any other Person that at such time directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries Controls, or is Controlled by, or is under common Control with, such first Person, and, with respect to the Company, shall include any Person beneficially owning or holding, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of any class of voting or equity interests of the Company or any Subsidiary or any Person of which the Company and its Subsidiaries beneficially own or hold, in the aggregate, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of any class of voting or equity interests. Unless the context otherwise clearly requires, any reference to an “Affiliate” is a reference to an Affiliate of the Company.
“Agreement” means this Note Purchase Agreement, including all Schedules attached to this Agreement.
“Anti-Corruption Laws” means any law or regulation in a U.S. or any non-U.S. jurisdiction regarding bribery or any other corrupt activity, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act 2010.
“Anti-Money Laundering Laws” means any law or regulation in a U.S. or any non-U.S. jurisdiction regarding money laundering, drug trafficking, terrorist-related activities or other money laundering predicate crimes, including the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970 (otherwise known as the Bank Secrecy Act) and the USA PATRIOT Act.
“Attributable Debt” means, as to any particular lease relating to a Sale-and-Leaseback Transaction, the greater of (i) the present value of all Lease Rentals required to be paid by the Company or any Subsidiary under such lease during the remaining term thereof (determined in accordance with GAAP using a discount factor equal to the interest rate implicit in such lease if known or, if not known, of 8% per annum) and (ii) the Fair Market Value of the property subject to such Sale-and-Leaseback Transaction as determined at the time of consummation of such Sale-and-Leaseback Transaction.
Blocked Person” means (a) a Person whose name appears on the list of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons published by OFAC, (b) a Person, entity,
Schedule A
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organization, country or regime that is blocked or a target of sanctions that have been imposed under U.S. Economic Sanctions Laws or (c) a Person that is an agent, department or instrumentality of, or is otherwise beneficially owned by, controlled by or acting on behalf of, directly or indirectly, any Person, entity, organization, country or regime described in clause (a) or (b).

“Business Day” means any day other than a Saturday, a Sunday or a day on which commercial banks in New York City are required or authorized to be closed.
“Capital Lease” means, at any time, a lease with respect to which the lessee is required concurrently to recognize the acquisition of an asset and the incurrence of a liability in accordance with GAAP.
“Capitalization Ratio” means the ratio of Total Debt to Adjusted Total Capitalization.

“Change in Control” is defined in Section 8.9(h).

“Closing” is defined in Section 3.

“Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder from time to time.
“Company” is defined in the first paragraph of this Agreement.

“Company Indebtedness” shall mean, as of any date of determination, the total of all Indebtedness of the Company (including any divisions of the Company not constituting separate Persons but excluding its Subsidiaries) outstanding on such date.
“Confidential Information” is defined in Section 20.

“Consolidated Net Income” means, for any period, consolidated net income (or net loss) of the Company and its Subsidiaries for such period as determined in accordance with GAAP computed for the purposes of this definition without giving effect to extraordinary losses or extraordinary gains for such period.

“Consolidated Net Worth” means, at any time, the excess of total assets of the Company over total liabilities of the Company as of the last day of the fiscal quarter most recently then ended, determined on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP.
Control” means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise; and the terms “Controlled” and “Controlling” shall have meanings correlative to the foregoing.
“Control Event” is defined in Section 8.9(i).

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A-2



“Controlled Entity” means (a) any of the Subsidiaries of the Company and any of their or the Company’s respective Controlled Affiliates and (b) if the Company has a parent company, such parent company and its Controlled Affiliates.
“Covenant Compliance Date” means the last day of each fiscal quarter of the Company.

“Debt Rating” means the debt rating of the Notes as determined from time to time by an NRSRO.
“Default” means an event or condition the occurrence or existence of which would, with the lapse of time or the giving of notice or both, become an Event of Default.
“Default Rate” means, for any series of Notes, that rate of interest per annum that is the greater of (i) 2% above the rate of interest stated in clause (a) of the first paragraph of the Notes of such series or (ii) 2% over the rate of interest publicly announced by Bank of America in New York, New York as its “base” or “prime” rate.
“Disclosure Documents” is defined in Section 5.3.

“Disposition” is defined in Section 10.6.

“Disposition Prepayment Date” is defined in Section 8.7.

“Disposition Response Date” is defined in Section 8.7.

“EBIT” means for any period, the sum of (a) Consolidated Net Income for such period plus to the extent deducted from the determination of Consolidated Net Income in accordance with GAAP (b) Interest Expense plus (c) all taxes accrued for such period on or measured by income to the extent included in the determination of Consolidated Net Income; provided that Consolidated Net Income shall be computed for purposes of this definition without giving effect to extraordinary losses or extraordinary gains for such period.
“EDGAR” means the SEC’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval System or any successor SEC electronic filing system for such purposes.
“Electric and Gas Utility Property” means any facilities, machinery, equipment and fixtures for the generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy and distribution of natural gas, including electricity generation plants and related equipment, switchyards, towers, substations, transformers, poles, lines, cables, conduits, ducts, conductors, meters, regulators, pipelines and related facilities and all other property of the Company, real or personal, or improvements, extensions, additions, renewals or replacements of the foregoing, in each case used or useful or to be used in or in connection with the business of generating, transmitting and distributing electric energy and distributing of natural gas.

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A-3



“Environmental Claims” means all material claims, however asserted, by any Governmental Authority or other Person alleging potential liability or responsibility for violation of any Environmental Law, or for release or injury to the environment.
“Environmental Laws” means any and all federal, state, local, and foreign statutes, laws, regulations, ordinances, rules, judgments, orders, decrees, permits, concessions, grants, franchises, licenses, agreements or governmental restrictions relating to pollution and the protection of the environment or the release of any materials into the environment, including those related to Hazardous Materials.
“ERISA” means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder from time to time in effect.
“ERISA Affiliate” means any trade or business (whether or not incorporated) that is treated as a single employer together with the Company under Section 414 of the Code.
“ERISA Event” means (a) a Reportable Event with respect to a Pension Plan; (b) a withdrawal by the Company or any ERISA Affiliate from a Pension Plan subject to Section 4063 of ERISA during a plan year in which it was a substantial employer (as defined in Section 4001(a)(2) of ERISA) or a cessation of operations which is treated as such a withdrawal under Section 4062(e) of ERISA; (c) a complete or partial withdrawal by the Company or any ERISA Affiliate from a Multiemployer Plan or notification that a Multiemployer Plan is in reorganization (within the meaning of Section 4241 of ERISA), insolvent (within the meaning of Section 4245 of ERISA) or in “critical” status (within the meaning of Section 432 of the Code or Section 305 of ERISA); (d) the commencement of proceedings by the PBGC to terminate a Pension Plan; (e) a failure by the Company or any ERISA Affiliate to make required contributions to a Pension Plan or Multiemployer Plan, or the imposition of a lien in favor of a Pension Plan under Section 430(k) of the Code or Section 303(k) of ERISA; (f) an event or condition which might reasonably be expected to constitute grounds under Section 4042 of ERISA for the termination of, or the appointment of a trustee to administer, any Pension Plan for the imposition of any liability under Section 4069 or 4212(c) of ERISA; (g) the imposition of any liability under Title IV of ERISA, other than PBGC premiums due but not delinquent under Section 4007 of ERISA, upon the Company or any ERISA Affiliate; (h) an application for a funding waiver pursuant to Section 412 of the Code or Section 302(c) of ERISA with respect to any Plan; or (i) a determination that a Plan is, or is reasonably expected to be, in “at risk” status (within the meaning of Section 430 of the Code or Section 303 of ERISA).
“ERISA Termination Event” means the filing of a notice of intent to terminate a Pension Plan, or the treatment of a plan amendment as the termination of a Pension Plan, under Sections 4041, 4041A or 4042 of ERISA.
“Event of Default” is defined in Section 11.

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

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A-4



“Fair Market Value” means, at any time and with respect to any property, the sale value of such property that would be realized in an arm’s-length sale at such time between an informed and willing buyer and an informed and willing seller (neither being under a compulsion to buy or sell).

FATCA” means (a) Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code, as of the date of this Agreement (or any amended or successor version that is substantively comparable and not materially more onerous to comply with), together with any current or future regulations or official interpretations thereof, (b) any treaty, law or regulation of any other jurisdiction, or relating to an intergovernmental agreement between the United States of America and any other jurisdiction, which (in either case) facilitates the implementation of the foregoing clause (a), and
(c)any agreements entered into pursuant to Section 1471(b)(1) of the Code.

“FERC Accounting Principles” means the accounting requirements of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission as set forth in its applicable Uniform System of Accounts and published accounting releases.
“Financial Contract” means any agreement, device or arrangement providing for payments related to fluctuations of interest rates, including, but not limited to, interest rate swap or exchange agreements, interest rate cap or collar protection agreements and interest rate options.
“Form 10-K” is defined in Section 7.1(b).

“Form 10-Q” is defined in Section 7.1(a).

“GAAP” means generally accepted accounting principles as in effect from time to time in the United States of America.
“Governmental Authority” means

(a)the government of

(i)the United States of America or any state or other political subdivision thereof, or
(ii)any other jurisdiction in which the Company or any Subsidiary conducts all or any part of its business, or which asserts jurisdiction over any properties of the Company or any Subsidiary, or
(b)any entity exercising executive, legislative, judicial, regulatory or administrative functions of, or pertaining to, any such government.
“Governmental Official” means any governmental official or employee, employee of any government-owned or government-controlled entity, political party, any official of a political

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A-5



party, candidate for political office, official of any public international organization or anyone else acting in an official capacity.

“Guaranty” means, with respect to any Person, any obligation (except the endorsement in the ordinary course of business of negotiable instruments for deposit or collection) of such Person guaranteeing or in effect guaranteeing any indebtedness, dividend or other obligation of any other Person in any manner, whether directly or indirectly, including obligations incurred through an agreement, contingent or otherwise, by such Person:
(a)to purchase such indebtedness or obligation or any property constituting security therefor;
(b)to advance or supply funds (i) for the purchase or payment of such indebtedness or obligation, or (ii) to maintain any working capital or other balance sheet condition or any income statement condition of any other Person or otherwise to advance or make available funds for the purchase or payment of such indebtedness or obligation;
(c)to lease properties or to purchase properties or services primarily for the purpose of assuring the owner of such indebtedness or obligation of the ability of any other Person to make payment of the indebtedness or obligation; or
(d)otherwise to assure the owner of such indebtedness or obligation against loss in respect thereof.
In any computation of the indebtedness or other liabilities of the obligor under any Guaranty, the indebtedness or other obligations that are the subject of such Guaranty shall be assumed to be direct obligations of such obligor.
“Hazardous Materials” means any and all pollutants, toxic or hazardous wastes or other substances that might pose a hazard to health and safety, the removal of which may be required or the generation, manufacture, refining, production, processing, treatment, storage, handling, transportation, transfer, use, disposal, release, discharge, spillage, seepage or filtration of which is or shall be restricted, prohibited or penalized by any applicable law, including asbestos, urea formaldehyde foam insulation, polychlorinated biphenyls, petroleum, petroleum products, lead based paint, radon gas or similar restricted, prohibited or penalized substances.

“holder” means, with respect to any Note, the Person in whose name such Note is registered in the register maintained by the Company pursuant to Section 13.1, provided, however, that if such Person is a nominee, then for the purposes of Sections 7, 12, 17.2 and 18 and any related definitions in this Schedule B, “holder” shall mean the beneficial owner of such Note whose name and address appears in such register.
“Indebtedness” with respect to any Person means, at any time, without duplication,

(a)its liabilities for borrowed money and its redemption obligations in respect of mandatorily Redeemable Preferred Stock;
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A-6



(b)its liabilities for the deferred purchase price of property acquired by such Person (excluding accounts payable arising in the ordinary course of business but including all liabilities created or arising under any conditional sale or other title retention agreement with respect to any such property);

(c)(i) all liabilities appearing on its balance sheet in accordance with GAAP in respect of Capital Leases and (ii) all liabilities which would appear on its balance sheet in accordance with GAAP in respect of Synthetic Leases assuming such Synthetic Leases were accounted for as Capital Leases;

(d)all liabilities for borrowed money secured by any Lien with respect to any property owned by such Person, whether or not it has assumed or otherwise become liable for such liabilities (other than Indebtedness of others secured by Liens, neither assumed nor guaranteed by the Company or any Subsidiary nor with respect to which the Company or any Subsidiary pays principal and/or interest, existing upon real estate or rights in or relating to real estate acquired by the Company or any Subsidiary for substation, metering station, gathering line, transmission line, transportation line, distribution line or right of way purposes to the extent such Lien does not, or the foreclosure thereof would not, materially impair the value of such property or the use of such property for the purpose for which it was acquired by the Company or such Subsidiary);
(e)all its liabilities in respect of letters of credit or instruments serving a similar function issued or accepted for its account by banks and other financial institutions whether or not representing obligations for borrowed money;
(f)the aggregate Swap Termination Value of all Swap Contracts of such
Person;

(g)all Securitization Obligations of such Person;

(h)all Attributable Debt;

(i)Preferred Stock of any Subsidiary held by a Person other than the Company or a Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of the Company; and
(j)any Guaranty of such Person with respect to liabilities of a type described in any of clauses (a) through (i) hereof.
Indebtedness of any Person shall include all obligations of such Person of the character described in clauses (a) through (j) to the extent such Person remains legally liable in respect thereof notwithstanding that any such obligation is deemed to be extinguished under GAAP.

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“Indenture” means the Indenture, dated as of December 15, 2003, made by and between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, and all indentures supplemental thereto.
“INHAM Exemption” is defined in Section 6.2(e).

“Institutional Investor” means (a) any Purchaser of a Note, (b) any holder of a Note holding (together with one or more of its affiliates) more than 10% of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes then outstanding, (c) any bank, trust company, savings and loan association or other financial institution, any pension plan, any investment company, any insurance company, any broker or dealer, or any other similar financial institution or entity, regardless of legal form, and (d) any Related Fund of any holder of any Note.
“Interest Expense” means, for any period, the sum of (a) gross consolidated interest expense of the Company and its Subsidiaries determined in conformity with GAAP plus (b) to the extent not otherwise included in the determination of gross consolidated interest expense of the Company and its Subsidiaries in accordance with GAAP, the cost to the Company of, and the net amount payable (or minus the net amount receivable) under, all Financial Contracts of the Company and its Subsidiaries during such period (whether or not actually paid or received during such period) plus (c) all dividends paid, declared or otherwise accrued in respect of Preferred Stock of the Company and any Subsidiary that is not a Wholly-Owned Subsidiary plus
(k)the consolidated yield or discount accrued during such period on all Securitization Obligations.
“Lease Rentals” means, with respect to any period, the sum of the minimum amount of rental and other obligations required to be paid during such period by the Company or any Subsidiary as lessee under all leases of real or personal property (other than Capital Leases), excluding any amounts required to be paid by the lessee (whether or not therein designated as rental or additional rental) (a) which are on account of maintenance and repairs, insurance, taxes, assessments, water rates and similar charges, or (b) which are based on profits, revenues or sales realized by the lessee from the leased property or otherwise based on the performance of the lessee.
“Lien” means, with respect to any Person, any mortgage, lien, pledge, charge, security interest or other encumbrance, or any interest or title of any vendor, lessor, lender or other secured party to or of such Person under any conditional sale or other title retention agreement or Capital Lease, upon or with respect to any property or asset of such Person (including in the case of stock, stockholder agreements, voting trust agreements and all similar arrangements).
“Make-Whole Amount” is defined in Section 8.6.

“Material” means material in relation to the business, operations, affairs, financial condition, assets, properties, or prospects of the Company.
“Material Adverse Effect” means a material adverse effect on (a) the business, operations, affairs, financial condition, assets or properties of the Company, (b) the ability of the
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A-8



Company to perform its obligations under this Agreement and the Notes, (c) the ability of any Subsidiary Guarantor to perform its obligations under its Subsidiary Guaranty, or (d) the validity or enforceability of this Agreement or the Notes.
“Material Credit Facility” means, as to the Company,

(a)the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 18, 2023, among the Company, the several financial institutions from time to time thereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, including any renewals, extensions, amendments, supplements, restatements, replacements or refinancing thereof; and
(b)any other agreement(s) creating or evidencing indebtedness for borrowed money entered into on or after the date of Closing by the Company, or in respect of which the Company is an obligor or otherwise provides a guarantee or other credit support (“Credit Facility”), in a principal amount outstanding or available for borrowing equal to or greater than $200,000,000 (or the equivalent of such amount in the relevant currency of payment, determined as of the date of the closing of such facility based on the exchange rate of such other currency); and if no Credit Facility or Credit Facilities equal or exceed such amounts, then the largest Credit Facility shall be deemed to be a Material Credit Facility.
“Maturity Date” is defined in the first paragraph of each Note.

“MDU” means MDU Resources Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

“MDUEC” means MDU Energy Capital, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company.

“Multiemployer Plan” means any Plan that is a “multiemployer plan” (as such term is defined in Section 4001(a)(3) of ERISA).
“NAIC” means the National Association of Insurance Commissioners.

“Net Worth” means, as of the date of any determination,

(a)the sum of (i) the par value (or value stated on the books of the Company) of the capital stock (but excluding treasury stock and capital stock subscribed and unissued) of the Company plus (ii) the amount of the paid-in capital and retained earnings of the Company, in each case as such amounts would be shown on a consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of such time prepared in accordance with GAAP, minus
(b)to the extent included in clause (a), all amounts properly attributable to Subsidiaries of the Company, if any, in the capital stock and paid-in capital and retained earnings of the Company.
Non-U.S. Plan” means any plan, fund or other similar program that (a) is established or maintained outside the United States of America by the Company or any Subsidiary primarily for the benefit of employees of the Company or one or more Subsidiaries residing outside the United
{00529100.DOC; 9}
A-9



States of America, which plan, fund or other similar program provides, or results in, retirement income, a deferral of income in contemplation of retirement or payments to be made upon termination of employment, and (b) is not subject to ERISA or the Code.
“Notes” is defined in Section 1.

“NRSRO” means (a) Fitch, Inc., Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. or Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services, or (b) any other credit rating agency that is recognized as a nationally recognized statistical rating organization by the SEC and approved by the Required Holders (such approval not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed), so long as, in each case, any such credit rating agency described in clause (a) or (b) above continues to be a nationally recognized statistical rating organization recognized by the SEC and is approved as a “Credit Rating Provided” (or similar designation) by the NAIC.
“OFAC” means the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the United States Department of the Treasury.
“OFAC Sanctions Program” means any economic or trade sanction that OFAC is responsible for administering and enforcing. A list of OFAC Sanctions Programs may be found at http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/Programs.aspx.
“Officer’s Certificate” means a certificate of a Senior Financial Officer or of any other officer of the Company whose responsibilities extend to the subject matter of such certificate.
“PBGC” means the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation referred to and defined in ERISA.
“Pension Plan” means a pension plan (as defined in Section 3(2) of ERISA) subject to Title IV of ERISA which the Company or any ERISA Affiliate sponsors, maintains, or to which it makes, is making, or is obligated to make contributions, or in the case of a multiple employer plan (as described in Section 4064(a) of ERISA) has made contributions at any time during the immediately preceding five plan years but excluding any Multiemployer Plan.
“Person” means an individual, partnership, corporation, limited liability company, association, trust, unincorporated organization, business entity or Governmental Authority.
“Plan” means an “employee benefit plan” (as defined in Section 3(3) of ERISA) subject to Title I of ERISA that is or, within the preceding five years, has been established or maintained, or to which contributions are or, within the preceding five years, have been made or required to be made, by the Company or any ERISA Affiliate or with respect to which the Company or any ERISA Affiliate may have any liability.
“Preferred Stock” means any class of capital stock of a Person that is preferred over any other class of capital stock (or similar equity interests) of such Person as to the payment of dividends or the payment of any amount upon liquidation or dissolution of such Person.

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“property” or “properties” means, unless otherwise specifically limited, real or personal property of any kind, tangible or intangible, choate or inchoate.
“Proposed Prepayment Date” is defined in Section 8.9(c).

“PTE” is defined in Section 6.2(a).

“Purchaser” or “Purchasers” means each of the purchasers that has executed and delivered this Agreement to the Company and such Purchaser’s successors and assigns (so long as any such assignment complies with Section 13.2), provided, however, that any Purchaser of a Note that ceases to be the registered holder or a beneficial owner (through a nominee) of such Note as the result of a transfer thereof pursuant to Section 13.2 shall cease to be included within the meaning of “Purchaser” of such Note for the purposes of this Agreement upon such transfer.
“QPAM Exemption” is defined in Section 6.2(d).

“Qualified Institutional Buyer” means any Person who is a “qualified institutional buyer” within the meaning of such term as set forth in Rule 144A(a)(1) under the Securities Act.
“Redeemable Preferred Stock” of any Person means any equity interest of such Person that by its terms (or by the terms of any equity interest into which it is convertible or for which it is exchangeable) or otherwise (including on the happening of any event), is required to be redeemed for cash or other property or is redeemable for cash or other property at the option of the holder thereof, in whole or in part, on or prior to the Maturity Date; or is exchangeable for Indebtedness at any time, in whole or in part, on or prior to the Maturity Date provided that Redeemable Preferred Stock shall not include any equity interest by virtue of the fact that it may be exchanged or converted at the option of the holder or of the Company for equity interests of the Company having no preference as to dividends, distributions or liquidation over any other equity interests of the Company.

“Related Fund” means, with respect to any holder of any Note, any fund or entity that
(a) invests in Securities or bank loans, and (b) is advised or managed by such holder, the same investment advisor as such holder or by an affiliate of such holder or such investment advisor.
“Reportable Event” means any of the events set forth in Section 4043(b) or 4043(c) of ERISA or the regulations thereunder, other than any such event for which the 30-day notice requirement under ERISA has been waived in regulations issued by the PBGC.
“Required Holders” means the holders of at least 51% in principal amount of the Notes at the time outstanding (exclusive of Notes then owned by the Company or any of its Affiliates).
“Responsible Officer” means any Senior Financial Officer and any other officer of the Company with responsibility for the administration of the relevant portion of this Agreement.
“Sale-and-Leaseback Transaction” means a transaction or series of transactions pursuant to which the Company or any Subsidiary shall sell or transfer to any Person (other than
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A-11



the Company or a Subsidiary) any property, whether now owned or hereafter acquired, and, as part of the same transaction or series of transactions, the Company or any Subsidiary shall rent or lease as lessee (other than pursuant to a Capital Lease), or similarly acquire the right to possession or use of, such property or one or more properties which it intends to use for the same purpose or purposes as such property.

“SEC” means the Securities and Exchange Commission of the United States of America.

“Secured Indebtedness” means any Indebtedness of the Company that is secured in any manner by any Lien on any property, provided, however, that “Secured Indebtedness” will not include Indebtedness secured by Liens permitted under Section 10.5 (other than Sections 10.5(k) or (n)) of this Agreement.

“Securities” or “Security” shall have the meaning specified in section 2(a)(1) of the Securities Act.
“Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933 and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder from time to time in effect.
“Securitization Obligations” means, with respect to any Securitization Transaction, the aggregate investment or claim held at any time by all purchasers, assignees or transferees of (or of interests in) or holders of obligations that are supported or secured by accounts receivable, lease receivables and other rights to payment in connection with such Securitization Transaction.

“Securitization Transaction” means any sale, assignment or other transfer by the Company or any Subsidiary of accounts receivable, lease receivables or other payment obligations owing to the Company or such Subsidiary or any interest in any of the foregoing, together in each case with any collections and other proceeds thereof, any collection or deposit accounts related thereto, and any collateral, guaranties or other property or claims in favor of the Company or such Subsidiary supporting or securing payment by the obligor thereon of, or otherwise related to, any such receivables.
“Senior Financial Officer” means the president, chief financial officer, principal accounting officer, treasurer, assistant treasurer or comptroller of the Company.
“Senior Indebtedness” means and includes all Indebtedness of the Company owing to any Person which is not a Subsidiary or Affiliate and which is not expressed to be junior or subordinate to any other Indebtedness of the Company.
“Source” is defined in Section 6.2.

State Sanctions List” means a list that is adopted by any state Governmental Authority within the United States of America pertaining to Persons that engage in investment or other commercial activities in Iran or any other country that is a target of economic sanctions imposed under U.S. Economic Sanctions Laws.

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“Subsidiary” means, as to any Person, any other Person in which such first Person or one or more of its Subsidiaries or such first Person and one or more of its Subsidiaries owns sufficient equity or voting interests to enable it or them (as a group) ordinarily, in the absence of contingencies, to elect a majority of the directors (or Persons performing similar functions) of such second Person, and any partnership or joint venture if more than a 50% interest in the profits or capital thereof is owned by such first Person or one or more of its Subsidiaries or such first Person and one or more of its Subsidiaries (unless such partnership or joint venture can and does ordinarily take major business actions without the prior approval of such Person or one or more of its Subsidiaries). Unless the context otherwise clearly requires, any reference to a “Subsidiary” is a reference to a Subsidiary of the Company.
“Subsidiary Guarantor” means each Subsidiary that has executed and delivered a Subsidiary Guaranty.
“Subsidiary Guaranty” is defined in Section 9.9(a).

“Substitute Purchaser” is defined in Section 21.

“SVO” means the Securities Valuation Office of the NAIC.

“Swap Contract” means (a) any and all interest rate swap transactions, basis swap transactions, basis swaps, credit derivative transactions, forward rate transactions, commodity swaps, commodity options, forward commodity contracts, equity or equity index swaps or options, bond or bond price or bond index swaps or options or forward foreign exchange transactions, cap transactions, floor transactions, currency options, spot contracts or any other similar transactions or any of the foregoing (including any options to enter into any of the foregoing), and (b) any and all transactions of any kind, and the related confirmations, which are subject to the terms and conditions of, or governed by, any form of master agreement published by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc., or any International Foreign Exchange Master Agreement.
“Swap Termination Value” means, in respect of any one or more Swap Contracts, after taking into account the effect of any legally enforceable netting agreement relating to such Swap Contracts, (a) for any date on or after the date such Swap Contracts have been closed out and termination value(s) determined in accordance therewith, such termination value(s), and (b) for any date prior to the date referenced in clause (a), the amount(s) determined as the mark-to- market value(s) for such Swap Contracts, as determined based upon one or more mid-market or other readily available quotations provided by any recognized dealer in such Swap Contracts.

“Synthetic Lease” means, at any time, any lease (including leases that may be terminated by the lessee at any time) of any property (a) that is accounted for as an operating lease under GAAP and (b) in respect of which the lessee retains or obtains ownership of the property so leased for United States federal income tax purposes, other than any such lease under which such Person is the lessor.

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“Total Company Capitalization” shall mean, as of any date of determination, the sum of (a) Net Worth plus (b) Company Indebtedness. In determining Total Company Capitalization, Net Worth and Company Indebtedness attributable to any Subsidiary shall be excluded.
“Total Debt” means the total consolidated Indebtedness of the Company and its Subsidiaries.
“Unfunded Pension Liability” means the excess of a Pension Plan’s benefit liabilities under Section 302(d)(7) of ERISA, over the current value of that Plan’s assets, determined in accordance with the assumptions used for funding the Pension Plan pursuant to Section 412 of the Code for the applicable plan year.

United States Person” has the meaning set forth in Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code.

“USA PATRIOT Act” means United States Public Law 107-56, Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001 and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder from time to time in effect.
“U.S. Economic Sanctions Laws” means those laws, executive orders, enabling legislation or regulations administered and enforced by the United States pursuant to which economic sanctions have been imposed on any Person, entity, organization, country or regime, including the Trading with the Enemy Act, the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, the Iran Sanctions Act, the Sudan Accountability and Divestment Act and any other OFAC Sanctions Program.
“Wholly-Owned Subsidiary” means, at any time, any Subsidiary all of the equity interests (except directors’ qualifying shares) and voting interests of which are owned by any one or more of the Company and the Company’s other Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries at such time.
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A-14


SCHEDULE 1(a)

Form of 2039 Note Montana-Dakota Utilities Co.
5.90% SENIOR NOTE DUE JULY 11, 2039

No. [    ]    [Date]
$[    ]    PPN 61201# AS4


FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the undersigned, MONTANA-DAKOTA UTILITIES CO.. (herein called the “Company”), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, hereby promises to pay to [        ], or registered assigns, the principal sum of [    ] DOLLARS (or so much thereof as shall not have been prepaid) on July 11, 2039 (the “Maturity Date”), with interest (computed on the basis of a 360-day year of twelve 30-day months) (a) on the unpaid balance hereof at the rate of 5.90% per annum from the date hereof, payable semiannually, on the 11th day of January and July in each year, commencing with the January 11 or July 11 next succeeding the date hereof, and on the Maturity Date, until the principal hereof shall have become due and payable, and (b) to the extent permitted by law, (x) on any overdue payment of interest and (y) during the continuance of an Event of Default, on such unpaid balance and on any overdue payment of any Make-Whole Amount, at a rate per annum from time to time equal to the greater of (i) 7.90% or (ii) 2% over the rate of interest publicly announced by Bank of America from time to time in New York, New York as its “base” or “prime” rate, payable semiannually as aforesaid (or, at the option of the registered holder hereof, on demand).
Payments of principal of, interest on and any Make-Whole Amount with respect to this Note are to be made in lawful money of the United States of America at Bank of America or at such other place as the Company shall have designated by written notice to the holder of this Note as provided in the Note Purchase Agreement referred to below.

This Note is one of a series of Senior Notes (herein called the “Notes”) issued pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement, dated July 11, 2024 (as from time to time amended, the “Note Purchase Agreement”), between the Company and the respective Purchasers named therein and is entitled to the benefits thereof. Each holder of this Note will be deemed, by its acceptance hereof, to have (i) agreed to the confidentiality provisions set forth in Section 20 of the Note Purchase Agreement and (ii) made the representation set forth in Section 6.2 of the Note Purchase Agreement. Unless otherwise indicated, capitalized terms used in this Note shall have the respective meanings ascribed to such terms in the Note Purchase Agreement.
This Note is a registered Note and, as provided in the Note Purchase Agreement, upon surrender of this Note for registration of transfer accompanied by a written instrument of transfer
{00529100.DOC; 9}
SCHEDULE 1(a)
(to Note Purchase Agreement)


duly executed, by the registered holder hereof or such holder’s attorney duly authorized in writing, a new Note for a like principal amount will be issued to, and registered in the name of, the transferee. Prior to due presentment for registration of transfer, the Company may treat the person in whose name this Note is registered as the owner hereof for the purpose of receiving payment and for all other purposes, and the Company will not be affected by any notice to the contrary.
This Note is subject to optional prepayment, in whole or from time to time in part, at the times and on the terms specified in the Note Purchase Agreement, but not otherwise.
If an Event of Default occurs and is continuing, the principal of this Note may be declared or otherwise become due and payable in the manner, at the price (including any applicable Make-Whole Amount) and with the effect provided in the Note Purchase Agreement.
This Note shall be construed and enforced in accordance with, and the rights of the Company and the holder of this Note shall be governed by, the law of the State of New York excluding choice-of-law principles of the law of such State that would permit the application of the laws of a jurisdiction other than such State.

MONTANA-DAKOTA UTILITIES CO.


By     
[Title]
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SCHEDULE 1(a)
(to Note Purchase Agreement)


SCHEDULE 1(b)

Form of 2054 Note Montana-Dakota Utilities Co.
6.03% SENIOR NOTE DUE JULY 11, 2054

No. [    ]    [Date]
$[    ]    PPN 61201# AT2


FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the undersigned, MONTANA-DAKOTA UTILITIES CO.. (herein called the “Company”), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, hereby promises to pay to [        ], or registered assigns, the principal sum of [    ] DOLLARS (or so much thereof as shall not have been prepaid) on July 11, 2054 (the “Maturity Date”), with interest (computed on the basis of a 360-day year of twelve 30-day months) (a) on the unpaid balance hereof at the rate of 6.03% per annum from the date hereof, payable semiannually, on the 11th day of January and July in each year, commencing with the January 11 or July 11 next succeeding the date hereof, and on the Maturity Date, until the principal hereof shall have become due and payable, and (b) to the extent permitted by law, (x) on any overdue payment of interest and (y) during the continuance of an Event of Default, on such unpaid balance and on any overdue payment of any Make-Whole Amount, at a rate per annum from time to time equal to the greater of (i) 8.03% or (ii) 2% over the rate of interest publicly announced by Bank of America from time to time in New York, New York as its “base” or “prime” rate, payable semiannually as aforesaid (or, at the option of the registered holder hereof, on demand).
Payments of principal of, interest on and any Make-Whole Amount with respect to this Note are to be made in lawful money of the United States of America at Bank of America or at such other place as the Company shall have designated by written notice to the holder of this Note as provided in the Note Purchase Agreement referred to below.

This Note is one of a series of Senior Notes (herein called the “Notes”) issued pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement, dated July 11, 2024 (as from time to time amended, the “Note Purchase Agreement”), between the Company and the respective Purchasers named therein and is entitled to the benefits thereof. Each holder of this Note will be deemed, by its acceptance hereof, to have (i) agreed to the confidentiality provisions set forth in Section 20 of the Note Purchase Agreement and (ii) made the representation set forth in Section 6.2 of the Note Purchase Agreement. Unless otherwise indicated, capitalized terms used in this Note shall have the respective meanings ascribed to such terms in the Note Purchase Agreement.
This Note is a registered Note and, as provided in the Note Purchase Agreement, upon surrender of this Note for registration of transfer accompanied by a written instrument of transfer
{00529100.DOC; 9}
SCHEDULE 1(b)
(to Note Purchase Agreement)


duly executed, by the registered holder hereof or such holder’s attorney duly authorized in writing, a new Note for a like principal amount will be issued to, and registered in the name of, the transferee. Prior to due presentment for registration of transfer, the Company may treat the person in whose name this Note is registered as the owner hereof for the purpose of receiving payment and for all other purposes, and the Company will not be affected by any notice to the contrary.
This Note is subject to optional prepayment, in whole or from time to time in part, at the times and on the terms specified in the Note Purchase Agreement, but not otherwise.
If an Event of Default occurs and is continuing, the principal of this Note may be declared or otherwise become due and payable in the manner, at the price (including any applicable Make-Whole Amount) and with the effect provided in the Note Purchase Agreement.
This Note shall be construed and enforced in accordance with, and the rights of the Company and the holder of this Note shall be governed by, the law of the State of New York excluding choice-of-law principles of the law of such State that would permit the application of the laws of a jurisdiction other than such State.

MONTANA-DAKOTA UTILITIES CO.


By     
[Title]
{00529100.DOC; 9}
SCHEDULE 1(b)
(to Note Purchase Agreement)


SCHEDULE 4.4(a)



FORM OF OPINION OF COHEN TAUBER SPIEVACK & WAGNER P.C.

[Letterhead of Cohen Tauber Spievack & Wagner P.C.]
[Closing Date]


To the Persons Listed on Annex 1 hereto Ladies and Gentlemen:
We have acted as special counsel for Montana-Dakota Utilities Co., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), in connection with the negotiation, execution and delivery of the Note Purchase Agreement dated July 11, 2024 (the “Note Purchase Agreement”), between the Company and each of the Purchasers listed on Annex 1 hereto (the “Purchasers”) which provides, among other things, for the issuance and sale by the Company of its 5.90% Senior Notes due July 11, 2039 in the aggregate principal amount of $72,000,000 and its 6.03% Senior Notes due July 11, 2054 in the aggregate principal amount of $53,000,000 (the “Notes”). Capitalized terms used herein that are defined in the Note Purchase Agreement have the respective meanings specified in the Note Purchase Agreement unless otherwise defined or stated herein. This letter is being delivered to you in satisfaction of the condition set forth in Section 4.4(a) of the Note Purchase Agreement.
For the purpose of rendering the opinions contained herein, we have examined and reviewed the:
(a)Note Purchase Agreement;

(b)Notes;

(c)Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company; and
(d)resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors of the Company regarding the Note Purchase Agreement and the Notes.
We have also examined such certificates of public officials, certificates of officers of the Company and copies certified to our satisfaction of corporate documents and records of the Company, and have made such other investigations, as we have deemed relevant and necessary for the purpose of rendering this opinion. We have relied upon such certificates of public officials and of officers of the Company with respect to the accuracy of material factual matters contained therein. In our examination, we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures (other
{00529100.DOC; 9}
                
SCHEDULE 4.4(a)
(to Note Purchase Agreement)


than the Company’s), the legal capacity of natural persons, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals and the conformity with original documents of all documents submitted to us as certified or photostatic copies. We have also assumed, with your consent, the due execution and delivery, pursuant to due authorization, of the Note Purchase Agreement by all parties thereto other than the Company and the validity and binding effect of the Note Purchase Agreement upon such parties and the payment by the Purchasers of the purchase price for the Notes.

With respect to the opinion expressed in paragraph 6 below, we have also relied upon the representations made in Sections 5.13 and 6.1 of the Note Purchase Agreement, and the Offeree Letter regarding the limited nature of the offering of the Notes.
Based on and subject to the foregoing and upon such investigation as we have deemed necessary, and subject to the qualifications set forth below, it is our opinion that:
1.The Company is a corporation duly incorporated, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the state of Delaware and has all requisite corporate power to own its property and authority to carry on its business as now conducted.
2.The Company (i) has the requisite corporate power and authority to execute and deliver the Note Purchase Agreement, (ii) has, on the date hereof, the requisite corporate power and authority to issue and sell the Notes, and (iii) has, from and after the date of the execution of the Note Purchase Agreement, the requisite corporate power and authority to perform its obligations set forth in the Note Purchase Agreement and the Notes.
3.The Note Purchase Agreement and the Notes have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action on the part of the Company, the Note Purchase Agreement and the Notes have been executed and delivered by a duly authorized officer of the Company, and constitute legal, valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms, subject, as to enforceability, to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency (including, without limitation, all laws relating to fraudulent transfers), reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally and to general principles of equity, including, without limitation, concepts of materiality, reasonableness, good faith and fair dealing (regardless of whether enforcement is sought in a proceeding in equity or at law).
4.The execution and delivery by the Company of the Note Purchase Agreement and the Notes, and the issuance and sale by the Company of the Notes, and the performance by the Company of its obligations thereunder did not and will not conflict with or violate any provision of its Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation or Amended and Restated Bylaws or any provision of any law, rule or regulation currently in effect that is applicable to the Company.
{00529100.DOC; 9}
                    
4.4(a)-2


5.All consents, approvals and authorizations of, and all designations, declarations, filings, registrations, qualifications and recordations with, Governmental Authorities required on the part of the Company, have been obtained or made in connection with the execution and delivery of the Note Purchase Agreement and the Notes and the issuance and sale of the Notes and the intended use of the proceeds thereof, other than the delivery by the Company of a Report of Securities Issued to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (the “FERC”) of the issuance of the Notes, which Report is required to be delivered not later than 30 days after the Closing, and an informational filing to the Public Service Commission of Wyoming (the “WPSC”), describing the securities issued, which will be promptly filed after the Closing. The validity and enforceability of the Note Purchase Agreement and the Notes against the Company is not conditioned upon the delivery of a Report of Securities Issued to the FERC or the informational filing to the WPSC.
6.(A) The registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, of the offering, issuance and sale of the Notes under the circumstances contemplated by the Note Purchase Agreement is not required, and (B) the Company is not required to qualify an indenture with respect to the Notes under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended.
7.Neither the issuance of the Notes nor the intended use of the proceeds of the Notes (as set forth in Section 5.14 of the Note Purchase Agreement) will violate Regulations T, U or X of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
8.The Company is not an “investment company” or a company “controlled” by an “investment company” within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.
This opinion is limited to matters of the laws of the State of New York, the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware and the federal laws of the United States of America. We express no opinion as to the laws of any other jurisdiction.
In rendering this opinion, we have relied with your consent as to all matters of Arizona, Idaho, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington and Wyoming law addressed therein, upon the opinion of Paul R. Sanderson, Esq., Bismarck, North Dakota, Chief Legal Officer of the Company.

This opinion is intended solely for your use and is rendered solely in connection with the Note Purchase Agreement, and without our written consent may not be (a) relied on by you for any other purpose or (b) relied upon by any other Person or entity for any purpose, except that
(i) this opinion may be delivered to each subsequent institutional holder of the Notes and each subsequent institutional holder of the Notes may rely upon this opinion as of the date hereof,
(ii) Paul R. Sanderson, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary of the Company, may rely upon this opinion for purposes of rendering his opinion dated the date hereof pursuant to Section 4.4(a) of the Note Purchase Agreement, and (iii) your special counsel, Chapman and Cutler LLP, shall be entitled to rely upon the opinions expressed herein for the sole purpose of rendering their opinion

{00529100.DOC; 9}
                    
4.4(a)-3



to be rendered pursuant to Section 4.4(b) of the Note Purchase Agreement. The opinions expressed above are limited to the law and facts in effect on the date hereof. We disclaim any obligation to advise you of facts, circumstances, events or developments which hereafter may be brought to our attention that might alter, affect or modify the opinions expressed herein.

Very truly yours,
{00529100.DOC; 9}
                    
4.4(a)-4


SCHEDULE 4.4(b)


FORM OF OPINION OF CHIEF LEGAL OFFICER OF THE COMPANY


[Closing Date]


To the Persons Listed on Annex 1 hereto Ladies and Gentlemen:
I am Chief Legal Officer of Montana-Dakota Utilities Co., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and in such capacity, I am familiar with that certain Note Purchase Agreement, dated July 11, 2024 (the “Note Purchase Agreement”), between the Company and the Purchasers listed on Annex 1 hereto (the “Purchasers”) which provides, among other things, for the issuance and sale by the Company of its 5.90% Senior Notes due July 11, 2039 in the aggregate principal amount of $72,000,000 and its 6.03% Senior Notes due July 11, 2054 in the aggregate principal amount of $53,000,000 (the “Notes”). Capitalized terms used herein that are defined in the Note Purchase Agreement have the respective meanings specified in the Note Purchase Agreement unless otherwise defined or stated herein. This letter is being delivered to you in satisfaction of the condition set forth in Section 4.4(a) of the Note Purchase Agreement.

For the purpose of rendering the opinions contained herein, I have examined and reviewed the:
(a)Note Purchase Agreement;

(b)Notes;

(c)Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws of the Company, and;

(d)resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors of the Company regarding the Note Purchase Agreement and the Notes.
I have also examined such certificates of public officials, certificates of officers of the Company, and copies of corporate documents and records of the Company, and have made such other investigations, as I have deemed relevant and necessary for the purpose of rendering this opinion. I have relied upon such certificates of public officials and of officers of the Company with respect to the accuracy of material factual matters contained therein. In my examination, I have assumed the genuineness of all signatures (other than the Company’s), the legal capacity of natural persons, the authenticity of all documents submitted to me as originals and the




SCHEDULE 4.4(b)
{00529100.DOC; 9}    (To Note Purchase Agreement)



conformity with original documents of all documents submitted to me as certified or photostatic copies. I have also assumed, with your consent, the due execution and delivery, pursuant to due authorization, of the Note Purchase Agreement by all parties thereto other than the Company and the validity and binding effect of the Note Purchase Agreement upon such parties.

In rendering this opinion, I have relied, to the extent I deemed necessary and proper, on warranties and representations as to certain factual matters contained in the Note Purchase Agreement.
Based on and subject to the foregoing and upon such investigation as I have deemed necessary, and subject to the qualifications set forth below, it is my opinion that:
1.The Company has been duly qualified and is in good standing as a foreign corporation and is in good standing in Arizona, Idaho, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington and Wyoming.

2.To my knowledge after due inquiry, there is no judgment, order, action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation, at law or in equity, before any court or Governmental Authority, arbitration board or tribunal, pending or threatened against the Company that questions the validity of the Note Purchase Agreement or the Notes.

3.Neither (a) the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of the Note Purchase Agreement nor (b) the issuance and sale by the Company of the Notes or the performance by the Company of the Notes (i) will violate any provision of any law, rule or regulation or, to my knowledge after due inquiry, any order, writ or decree currently in effect applicable to the Company, or (ii) to my knowledge after due inquiry, will violate or conflict with, constitute a violation of, result in a breach of any provision of, or constitute a default under any agreement or instrument to which the Company is a party or by which its properties may be bound.
4.All consents, approvals and authorizations of, and all designations, declarations, filings, registrations, qualifications and recordations with, Governmental Authorities required on the part of the Company have been obtained or made in connection with the execution and delivery of the Note Purchase Agreement and the Notes and the issuance and sale of the Notes and the intended use of the proceeds thereof, other than the delivery by the Company of a Report of Securities Issued to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (the “FERC”) of the issuance of the Notes, which Report is required to be delivered not later than 30 days after the Closing, and an informational filing to the Public Service Commission of Wyoming, describing the securities issued, which will be promptly filed after the Closing. The validity and enforceability of the Note Purchase Agreement and the Notes against the Company is not conditioned upon the delivery of a Report of Securities Issued to the FERC or the informational filing to the Public Service Commission of Wyoming.
{00529100.DOC; 9}
                    
4.4(b)-2


I am a member of the North Dakota Bar and do not hold myself out as an expert on the laws of any other state, but I have made a study of the laws of such other jurisdictions insofar as such laws are involved in the conclusions expressed in this opinion. Insofar as the opinions expressed herein relate to the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware or the federal laws of the United States of America, I have relied with your consent on the opinion, dated the date hereof, of Cohen Tauber Spievack & Wagner P.C., special counsel to the Company.
This opinion is intended solely for your use and is rendered solely in connection with the Note Purchase Agreement, and without my written consent may not be (a) relied on by you for any other purpose or (b) relied upon by any other Person or entity for any purpose, except that
(i) this opinion may be delivered to each subsequent institutional holder of the Notes and each subsequent institutional holder of the Notes may rely upon this opinion as of the date hereof,
(ii) Cohen Tauber Spievack & Wagner P.C., special counsel to the Company, shall be entitled to rely upon this opinion in rendering its opinion dated the date hereof, pursuant to Section 4.4(a) of the Note Purchase Agreement, and (iii) your special counsel, Chapman and Cutler LLP, shall be entitled to rely upon this opinion for the sole purpose of rendering their opinion to be rendered pursuant to Section 4.4(b) of the Note Purchase Agreement. The opinions expressed above are limited to the law and facts in effect on the date hereof. I disclaim any obligation to advise you of facts, circumstances, events or developments which hereafter may be brought to my attention that might alter, affect or modify the opinions expressed herein.

Very truly yours,


Paul R. Sanderson
Chief Legal Officer and Secretary
{00529100.DOC; 9}
                    
4.4(b)-3


Schedule 4.4(c)

FORM OF OPINION OF SPECIAL COUNSEL TO THE PURCHASERS

[To Be Provided on a Case by Case Basis]


















































SCHEDULE 4.4(c)
{00529100.DOC; 9}    (To Note Purchase Agreement)



SCHEDULE 5.3
DISCLOSURE MATERIALS


Investor Presentation dated June 2024
{00529100.DOC; 9}
                    
SCHEDULE 5.3


SCHEDULE 5.4


AFFILIATES, DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

I.Affiliates (other than Subsidiaries)

1.Bombard Electric, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company
2.Bombard Mechanical, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company
3.Capital Electric Construction Company, Inc., a Kansas corporation
4.Capital Electric Line Builders LLC, a Kansas limited liability company
5.Cascade Natural Gas Corporation, a Washington corporation
6.CEHI, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company
7.Centennial Holdings Capital LLC, a Delaware limited liability company
8.Desert Fire Holdings, Inc., a Nevada corporation
9.Desert Fire Protection, a Nevada Limited Partnership
10.Desert Fire Protection, Inc., a Nevada corporation
11.Desert Fire Protection, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company
12.Duro Electric Company, a Colorado corporation
13.E.S.I., Inc., an Ohio corporation
14.Everus Construction, Inc., a Delaware corporation
15.Everus Industrial Services, Inc., a Delaware corporation
16.Everus United Construction Solutions, Inc., a Delaware corporation
17.Fidelity Exploration & Production Company, a Delaware corporation
18.Frebco, Inc., an Ohio corporation
19.FutureSource Capital Corp., a Delaware corporation
20.Intermountain Gas Company, an Idaho corporation
21.International Line Builders, Inc., a Delaware corporation
22.InterSource Insurance Company, a Vermont corporation
23.Lone Mountain Excavation & Utilities, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company
24.Loy Clark Pipeline Co., an Oregon corporation
25.MDU BenefitCo, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company
26.MDU Energy Capital, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company
27.MDU Resources Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation
28.OEG, Inc., an Oregon corporation
29.PerLectric, Inc., a Virginia corporation
30.Prairie Cascade Energy Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company
31.Prairie Intermountain Energy Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company
32.Rocky Mountain Contractors, Inc., a Montana corporation
33.USI Industrial Services, Inc., a Delaware corporation
34.The Wagner Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation
35.The Wagner-Smith Company, an Ohio corporation
36.Wagner-Smith Equipment Co., a Delaware corporation
{00529100.DOC; 9}
                    
SCHEDULE 5.4-1


37.WBI Canadian Pipeline, Ltd., a Canadian corporation
38.WBI Energy, Inc., a Delaware corporation
39.WBI Energy Midstream, LLC, a Colorado limited liability company
40.WBI Energy Transmission, Inc., a Delaware corporation
41.WBI Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation

II.Company’s Directors and Officers

Directors:

Nicole A. Kivisto Paul R. Sanderson Garret Senger Jason L. Vollmer

Officers:

Mark A. Chiles    Vice President – Customer Service
Patrick C. Darras    Vice President – Engineering and Operations Services Hart Gilchrist    Vice President – Safety, Process Improvement and
Operations Systems
Anne M. Jones    Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer Nicole A. Kivisto    Chair of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer Margaret (Peggy) A. Link    Vice President and Chief Information Officer
Scott W. Madison    Executive Vice President – Business Development and Gas
Supply
Eric P. Martuscelli    Vice President – Field Operations Darcy Neigum    Vice President – Electric Supply
Tammy J. Nygard    Controller
Paul R. Sanderson    Chief Legal Officer and Secretary Garret Senger    Chief Utilities Officer
Jason L. Vollmer    Treasurer
Allison R. Waldon    Assistant Secretary
{00529100.DOC; 9}
                    
SCHEDULE 5.4-2


SCHEDULE 5.7


GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORIZATION


1.Order, dated October 14, 2022, from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) in Docket No. ES22-63-000

2.Order, dated October 4, 2022, from the Public Service Commission of Montana in Docket No. 2022.08.082, Order No. 7865

3.Order, dated November 14, 2022, from the Public Service Commission of Wyoming in Docket No. 30013-390-GS22, Record No. 17159
{00529100.DOC; 9}
                    
SCHEDULE 5.4-3


SCHEDULE 5.15
EXISTING INDEBTEDNESS
a)All outstanding Indebtedness of the Company as of the date of this Agreement.


    3/31/2024    
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial Paper
158,800
4.24% Senior Notes due July 2024
60,000
3.78% Senior Notes due October 2025
87,000
4.34% Senior Notes due July 2026
40,000
6.33% Senior Notes due August 2026
100,000
4.03% Senior Notes due December 2030
52,000
3.36% Senior Notes due March 2032
20,000
5.98% Senior Notes due December 2033
30,000
3.73% Senior Notes due March 2037
40,000
3.66% Senior Notes due October 2039
50,000
5.18% Senior Notes due April 2044
50,000
4.87% Senior Notes due October 2045
11,000
4.15% Senior Notes due November 2046
40,000
3.98% Senior Notes due October 2049
50,000
3.22% Senior Notes due September 2051
55,000
3.22% Senior Notes due December 2051
50,000
4.08% Senior Notes due November 2059
100,000
3.31% Senior Notes due December 2061
20,000
Term Loan due September 2032
6,500
Minot Air Force Base Note Payable – Due 2038
    357    
Total debt
  $1,020,457    
b) Agreements limiting Indebtedness:

1)Note Purchase Agreement, dated August 24, 2006, among the Company and the holders of the notes issued thereunder, as amended.

2)Note Purchase Agreement, dated January 28, 2014, among the Company and the holders of the notes issued thereunder, as amended.


Schedule 5.15
{00529100.DOC; 9}    (To Note Purchase Agreement)



3)Note Purchase Agreement, dated October 29, 2015, among the Company and the holders of the notes issued thereunder, as amended

4)Note Purchase Agreement, dated November 21, 2016, among the Company and the holders of the notes issued thereunder, as amended.

5)Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated October 18, 2023, among the Company, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and various Lenders party thereto.

6)Indenture, dated as of December 15, 2003, between the Company and The Bank of New York, as trustee.

7)Term Loan Agreement, dated as of September 5, 2017, among the Company, US Bank National Association, as Administrative Agent, and the various Lenders party thereto.

8)Note Purchase Agreement, dated July 24, 2019, among the Company and the holders of the notes issued thereunder.
9)    Note Purchase Agreement, dated September 15, 2021, among the Company and the holders of the notes issued thereunder.







































{00529100.DOC; 9}    5.15-2



SCHEDULE 10.5
EXISTING LIENS

NONE

















































Schedule 10.5
{00529100.DOC; 9}    (To Note Purchase Agreement)