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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
________________________________________________________
FORM 10-Q
_________________________________________________________
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2021
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _______ to _______
___________________________________________________________________
 
Commission file number: 001-10898
___________________________________________________________________
The Travelers Companies, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 ____________________________________________________________________
Minnesota   41-0518860
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization) 		  (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
485 Lexington Avenue
New York, NY 10017
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
 (917) 778-6000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
_________________________________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class   Trading Symbol(s)   Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, without par value   TRV   New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.        Yes ý    No o 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).         
Yes ý    No o 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ý Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐    No ý 
The number of shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock, without par value, outstanding at July 15, 2021 was 249,492,900.



The Travelers Companies, Inc.
 
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
 
For Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2021
_________________________________________________________
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
    Page
   
     
Item 1.  
     
 
Consolidated Statement of Income (Loss) (Unaudited) — Three Months and Six Months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020
3
     
 
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) — Three Months and Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020
4
     
 
Consolidated Balance Sheet — June 30, 2021 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2020
5
     
 
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited) — Three Months and Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020
6
     
 
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (Unaudited) — Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020
7
     
 
8
     
Item 2.
31
     
Item 3.
65
     
Item 4.
65
     
   
     
Item 1.
66
     
Item 1A.
66
     
Item 2.
66
     
Item 5.
66
     
Item 6.
67
     
 
68
     

2

PART 1 — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 
Item 1.  FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF INCOME (LOSS) (Unaudited)
(in millions, except per share amounts)
 
Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
2021 2020 2021 2020
Revenues
Premiums $ 7,616  $ 6,955  $ 15,002  $ 14,184 
Net investment income 818  268  1,519  879 
Fee income 104  114  205  222 
Net realized investment gains (losses) 61  13  105  (85)
Other revenues 88  51  169  109 
Total revenues 8,687  7,401  17,000  15,309 
Claims and expenses
Claims and claim adjustment expenses 5,045  5,107  10,015  9,896 
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs 1,254  1,173  2,461  2,351 
General and administrative expenses 1,174  1,121  2,337  2,258 
Interest expense 83  85  165  169 
Total claims and expenses 7,556  7,486  14,978  14,674 
Income (loss) before income taxes 1,131  (85) 2,022  635 
Income tax expense (benefit) 197  (45) 355  75 
Net income (loss) $ 934  $ (40) $ 1,667  $ 560 
Net income (loss) per share
Basic $ 3.70  $ (0.16) $ 6.58  $ 2.19 
Diluted $ 3.66  $ (0.16) $ 6.53  $ 2.19 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding
Basic 250.7  251.6  251.4  253.6 
Diluted 253.1  251.6  253.6  254.7 
Cash dividends declared per common share $ 0.88  $ 0.85  $ 1.73  $ 1.67 

 









The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
3

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)
(in millions)
 
Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
2021 2020 2021 2020
Net income (loss) $ 934  $ (40) $ 1,667  $ 560 
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Changes in net unrealized gains on investment securities:
Having no credit losses recognized in the consolidated statement of income (loss) 533  2,359  (1,063) 1,784 
Having credit losses recognized in the consolidated statement of income (loss) —  3  —  (3)
Net changes in benefit plan assets and obligations 26  21  51  44 
Net changes in unrealized foreign currency translation 40  52  66  (216)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes 599  2,435  (946) 1,609 
Income tax expense (benefit) 121  504  (213) 367 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes 478  1,931  (733) 1,242 
Comprehensive income $ 1,412  $ 1,891  $ 934  $ 1,802 
 


































The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
4

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
(in millions)
 
June 30,
2021 		December 31,
2020
(Unaudited)
Assets
Fixed maturities, available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost $71,465 and $68,830; allowance for expected credit losses of $2 and $2)
$ 75,576  $ 74,003 
Equity securities, at fair value (cost $394 and $387)
513  453 
Real estate investments 1,015  1,026 
Short-term securities 5,703  5,511 
Other investments 3,738  3,430 
Total investments 86,545  84,423 
Cash 689  721 
Investment income accrued 608  603 
Premiums receivable (net of allowance for expected credit
    losses of $105 and $105)
8,555  7,829 
Reinsurance recoverables (net of allowance for estimated uncollectible
  reinsurance of $135 and $146)
8,209  8,350 
Ceded unearned premiums 1,080  772 
Deferred acquisition costs 2,501  2,358 
Contractholder receivables (net of allowance for expected credit
   losses of $19 and $19)
4,016  4,242 
Goodwill 4,020  3,976 
Other intangible assets 314  317 
Other assets 3,222  3,173 
Total assets $ 119,759  $ 116,764 
Liabilities    
Claims and claim adjustment expense reserves $ 55,906  $ 54,521 
Unearned premium reserves 16,210  15,222 
Contractholder payables 4,035  4,261 
Payables for reinsurance premiums 638  356 
Deferred taxes 415  558 
Debt 7,290  6,550 
Other liabilities 6,109  6,095 
Total liabilities 90,603  87,563 
Shareholders’ equity    
Common stock (1,750.0 shares authorized; 249.5 and 252.4 shares issued and outstanding)
24,002  23,743 
Retained earnings 39,998  38,771 
Accumulated other comprehensive income 1,769  2,502 
Treasury stock, at cost (532.6 and 527.3 shares)
(36,613) (35,815)
Total shareholders’ equity 29,156  29,201 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 119,759  $ 116,764 





The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
5

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)
(in millions)
 
Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
2021 2020 2021 2020
Common stock        
Balance, beginning of period $ 23,905  $ 23,542  $ 23,743  $ 23,469 
Employee share-based compensation 61  29  169  56 
Compensation amortization under share-based plans and other changes
36  35  90  81 
Balance, end of period 24,002  23,606  24,002  23,606 
Retained earnings        
Balance, beginning of period 39,285  37,325  38,771  36,977 
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1, 2020
—  —  —  (43)
Net income (loss) 934  (40) 1,667  560 
Dividends (224) (218) (440) (428)
Other 3  2  —  3 
Balance, end of period 39,998  37,069  39,998  37,069 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
       
Balance, beginning of period 1,291  (49) 2,502  640 
Other comprehensive income (loss) 478  1,931  (733) 1,242 
Balance, end of period 1,769  1,882  1,769  1,882 
Treasury stock, at cost        
Balance, beginning of period (36,212) (35,614) (35,815) (35,143)
Treasury stock acquired — share repurchase authorizations (400) —  (756) (425)
Net shares acquired related to employee share-based compensation plans
(1) —  (42) (46)
Balance, end of period (36,613) (35,614) (36,613) (35,614)
Total shareholders’ equity $ 29,156  $ 26,943  $ 29,156  $ 26,943 
Common shares outstanding        
Balance, beginning of period 251.5  252.8  252.4  255.5 
Treasury stock acquired — share repurchase authorizations (2.6) —  (5.0) (3.5)
Net shares issued under employee share-based compensation plans
0.6  0.4  2.1  1.2 
Balance, end of period 249.5  253.2  249.5  253.2 
 











The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
6

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)
(in millions)
Six Months Ended June 30,
2021 2020
Cash flows from operating activities    
Net income $ 1,667  $ 560 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:    
Net realized investment (gains) losses (105) 85 
Depreciation and amortization 450  391 
Deferred federal income tax expense (benefit) 57  (71)
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs 2,461  2,351 
Equity in (income) loss from other investments (513) 186 
Premiums receivable (718) (571)
Reinsurance recoverables 154  60 
Deferred acquisition costs (2,601) (2,453)
Claims and claim adjustment expense reserves 1,313  1,455 
Unearned premium reserves 968  643 
Other (94) (344)
Net cash provided by operating activities 3,039  2,292 
Cash flows from investing activities    
Proceeds from maturities of fixed maturities 4,347  3,071 
Proceeds from sales of investments:    
Fixed maturities 2,482  1,220 
Equity securities 45  54 
Other investments 195  139 
Purchases of investments:    
Fixed maturities (9,462) (4,790)
Equity securities (41) (59)
Real estate investments (14) (24)
Other investments (221) (228)
Net purchases of short-term securities (194) (1,147)
Securities transactions in course of settlement 229  94 
Acquisition, net of cash acquired (38) — 
Other (113) (144)
Net cash used in investing activities (2,785) (1,814)
Cash flows from financing activities    
Treasury stock acquired — share repurchase authorizations (756) (425)
Treasury stock acquired — net employee share-based compensation (42) (46)
Dividends paid to shareholders (436) (426)
Issuance of debt 739  490 
Issuance of common stock — employee share options 206  65 
Net cash used in financing activities (289) (342)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash 3  (7)
Net increase (decrease) in cash (32) 129 
Cash at beginning of year 721  494 
Cash at end of period $ 689  $ 623 
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information    
Income taxes paid $ 342  $ 17 
Interest paid $ 163  $ 166 




The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
7
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)

1.     BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 
Basis of Presentation
 
The interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of The Travelers Companies, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, the Company). These financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and are unaudited.  In the opinion of the Company’s management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation have been reflected.  Certain financial information that is normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, but that is not required for interim reporting purposes, has been omitted.  All material intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.  The accompanying interim consolidated financial statements and related notes should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (the Company’s 2020 Annual Report).
 
The preparation of the interim consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the interim consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and claims and expenses during the reporting period.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.

 Adoption of Accounting Standards

Income Taxes - Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes

In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued updated guidance for the accounting for income taxes. The updated guidance is intended to simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing several exceptions contained in existing guidance and amending other existing guidance to simplify several other income tax accounting matters. The Company adopted the updated guidance for the quarter ended March 31, 2021. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

For additional information regarding accounting standards that the Company adopted during the periods presented, see note 1 of notes to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.


2.    SEGMENT INFORMATION

Nature of Operations
 
The Company’s results are reported in the following three business segments — Business Insurance, Bond & Specialty Insurance and Personal Insurance. These segments reflect the manner in which the Company’s businesses are currently managed and represent an aggregation of products and services based on the type of customer, how the business is marketed and the manner in which risks are underwritten. For more information regarding the Company’s nature of operations, see the “Nature of Operations” section of note 1 of notes to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.
8
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
2.    SEGMENT INFORMATION, Continued
The following tables summarize the components of the Company’s revenues, income (loss) and total assets by reportable business segments:
(For the three months ended June 30, in millions) Business
Insurance 		Bond & Specialty
Insurance 		Personal
Insurance 		Total
Reportable
Segments
2021        
Premiums $ 3,880  $ 776  $ 2,960  $ 7,616 
Net investment income 615  64  139  818 
Fee income 97  —  7  104 
Other revenues 57  7  24  88 
Total segment revenues (1)
$ 4,649  $ 847  $ 3,130  $ 8,626 
Segment income (1)
$ 643  $ 187  $ 121  $ 951 
2020        
Premiums $ 3,735  $ 693  $ 2,527  $ 6,955 
Net investment income 180  42  46  268 
Fee income 108  —  6  114 
Other revenues 36  5  10  51 
Total segment revenues (1)
$ 4,059  $ 740  $ 2,589  $ 7,388 
Segment income (loss) (1)
$ (58) $ 72  $ 10  $ 24 
_________________________________________________________
(1)Segment revenues for reportable business segments exclude net realized investment gains (losses) and revenues included in "interest expense and other." Segment income (loss) for reportable business segments equals net income (loss) excluding the after-tax impact of net realized investment gains (losses) and income (loss) from "interest expense and other."

(For the six months ended June 30, in millions) Business
Insurance 		Bond & Specialty
Insurance 		Personal
Insurance 		Total
Reportable
Segments
2021        
Premiums $ 7,679  $ 1,519  $ 5,804  $ 15,002 
Net investment income 1,138  123  258  1,519 
Fee income 192  —  13  205 
Other revenues 110  12  47  169 
Total segment revenues (1)
$ 9,119  $ 1,654  $ 6,122  $ 16,895 
Segment income (1)
$ 960  $ 324  $ 435  $ 1,719 
2020        
Premiums $ 7,599  $ 1,360  $ 5,225  $ 14,184 
Net investment income 633  97  149  879 
Fee income 210  —  12  222 
Other revenues 67  10  32  109 
Total segment revenues (1)
$ 8,509  $ 1,467  $ 5,418  $ 15,394 
Segment income (1)
$ 231  $ 194  $ 346  $ 771 
(1)Segment revenues for reportable business segments exclude net realized investment gains (losses) and revenues included in "interest expense and other." Segment income for reportable business segments equals net income excluding the after-tax impact of net realized investment gains (losses) and income (loss) from "interest expense and other."

9
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
2.    SEGMENT INFORMATION, Continued
Business Segment Reconciliations
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Revenue reconciliation        
Earned premiums        
Business Insurance:        
Domestic:        
Workers’ compensation $ 810  $ 818  $ 1,621  $ 1,717 
Commercial automobile 709  676  1,404  1,360 
Commercial property 556  514  1,087  1,022 
General liability 618  580  1,225  1,181 
Commercial multi-peril 899  883  1,769  1,769 
Other 14  11  28  23 
Total Domestic 3,606  3,482  7,134  7,072 
International 274  253  545  527 
Total Business Insurance 3,880  3,735  7,679  7,599 
Bond & Specialty Insurance:        
Domestic:        
Fidelity and surety 276  271  542  528 
General liability 347  296  678  583 
Other 55  60  111  118 
Total Domestic 678  627  1,331  1,229 
International 98  66  188  131 
Total Bond & Specialty Insurance 776  693  1,519  1,360 
Personal Insurance:        
Domestic:        
Automobile 1,405  1,154  2,775  2,505 
Homeowners and Other 1,377  1,221  2,685  2,397 
Total Domestic 2,782  2,375  5,460  4,902 
International 178  152  344  323 
Total Personal Insurance 2,960  2,527  5,804  5,225 
Total earned premiums 7,616  6,955  15,002  14,184 
Net investment income 818  268  1,519  879 
Fee income 104  114  205  222 
Other revenues 88  51  169  109 
Total segment revenues 8,626  7,388  16,895  15,394 
Other revenues —  —  —  — 
Net realized investment gains (losses) 61  13  105  (85)
Total revenues $ 8,687  $ 7,401  $ 17,000  $ 15,309 
Income reconciliation, net of tax        
Total segment income $ 951  $ 24  $ 1,719  $ 771 
Interest Expense and Other (1)
(72) (74) (141) (145)
Core income (loss) 879  (50) 1,578  626 
Net realized investment gains (losses) 47  10  81  (66)
Impact of changes in tax laws and/or tax rates (2)
8  —  8  — 
Net income (loss) $ 934  $ (40) $ 1,667  $ 560 
_________________________________________________________
(1) The primary component of Interest Expense and Other was after-tax interest expense of $65 million and $67 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $130 million and $133 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(2) Impact is recognized in the accounting period in which the change is enacted.
10
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
2.    SEGMENT INFORMATION, Continued
(in millions) June 30,
2021 		December 31,
2020
Asset reconciliation    
Business Insurance $ 90,219  $ 88,422 
Bond & Specialty Insurance 10,073  9,420 
Personal Insurance 18,846  18,328 
Total assets by reportable segment 119,138  116,170 
Other assets (1)
621  594 
Total consolidated assets $ 119,759  $ 116,764 
 _________________________________________________________
(1)The primary components of other assets at both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were accrued over-funded benefit plan assets related to the Company’s qualified domestic pension plan and other intangible assets.

3.      INVESTMENTS
 
Fixed Maturities
 
The amortized cost and fair value of investments in fixed maturities classified as available for sale were as follows:
  Amortized Cost Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Gross Unrealized Fair Value
(at June 30, 2021, in millions) Gains Losses
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government and government agencies and authorities
$ 3,560  $ —  $ 38  $ 8  $ 3,590 
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions:
Local general obligation 17,590  —  1,188  24  18,754 
Revenue 11,048  —  787  12  11,823 
State general obligation 1,324  —  85  1  1,408 
Pre-refunded 3,482  —  205  —  3,687 
Total obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions
33,444  —  2,265  37  35,672 
Debt securities issued by foreign governments 1,024  —  15  3  1,036 
Mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and pass-through securities
1,722  —  99  1  1,820 
All other corporate bonds 31,703  2  1,813  70  33,444 
Redeemable preferred stock 12  —  2  —  14 
Total $ 71,465  $ 2  $ 4,232  $ 119  $ 75,576 

11
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
3.    INVESTMENTS, Continued
  Amortized Cost Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Gross Unrealized Fair Value
(at December 31, 2020, in millions) Gains Losses
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government and government agencies and authorities
$ 2,111  $ —  $ 38  $ —  $ 2,149 
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions:
 
Local general obligation 17,289  —  1,370  2  18,657 
Revenue 11,806  —  909  —  12,715 
State general obligation 1,343  —  101  —  1,444 
Pre-refunded 3,325  —  219  —  3,544 
Total obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions
33,763  —  2,599  2  36,360 
Debt securities issued by foreign governments 1,028  —  26  —  1,054 
Mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and pass-through securities
2,222  —  139  —  2,361 
All other corporate bonds 29,683  2  2,382  9  32,054 
Redeemable preferred stock 23  —  2  —  25 
Total $ 68,830  $ 2  $ 5,186  $ 11  $ 74,003 
 
Pre-refunded bonds of $3.69 billion and $3.54 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, were bonds for which states or municipalities have established irrevocable trusts, almost exclusively comprised of U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government and government agencies and authorities.  These trusts were created to fund the payment of principal and interest due under the bonds.
 
Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities classified as available for sale were $2.48 billion and $1.22 billion during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Gross gains of $43 million and $31 million and gross losses of $5 million and $1 million were realized on those sales during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
 
Equity Securities
 
The cost and fair value of investments in equity securities were as follows:
    Fair
(at June 30, 2021, in millions) Cost Gross Gains Gross Losses Value
Public common stock $ 359  $ 111  $ 3  $ 467 
Non-redeemable preferred stock 35  11  —  46 
Total $ 394  $ 122  $ 3  $ 513 
 
    Fair
(at December 31, 2020, in millions) Cost Gross Gains Gross Losses Value
Public common stock $ 352  $ 70  $ 12  $ 410 
Non-redeemable preferred stock 35  8  —  43 
Total $ 387  $ 78  $ 12  $ 453 
 
For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $51 million and $(33) million of net gains (losses) on equity securities still held as of June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Net realized losses on equity securities still held for the first six months of 2020 were driven by the impact of changes in fair value attributable to the disruption in global financial markets associated with the global pandemic beginning in March 2020.

12
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
3.    INVESTMENTS, Continued
Unrealized Investment Losses
 
The following tables summarize, for all fixed maturities classified as available for sale in an unrealized loss position at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time those securities have been continuously in an unrealized loss position.  The fair value amounts reported in the tables are estimates that are prepared using the process described in note 4 herein and in note 4 of notes to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.  The Company also relies upon estimates of several factors in its review and evaluation of individual investments, using the process described in note 1 of notes to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report to determine whether a credit loss impairment exists.
  Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total
(at June 30, 2021, in millions) Fair
Value 		Gross
Unrealized
Losses 		Fair
Value 		Gross
Unrealized
Losses 		Fair
Value 		Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fixed maturities            
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government and government agencies and authorities
$ 451  $ 8  $ —  $ —  $ 451  $ 8 
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions
2,719  37  —  —  2,719  37 
Debt securities issued by foreign governments
273  3  —  —  273  3 
Mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and pass-through securities
45  1  1  —  46  1 
All other corporate bonds 3,007  68  64  2  3,071  70 
Total $ 6,495  $ 117  $ 65  $ 2  $ 6,560  $ 119 
 
  Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total
(at December 31, 2020, in millions) Fair
Value 		Gross
Unrealized
Losses 		Fair
Value 		Gross
Unrealized
Losses 		Fair
Value 		Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fixed maturities    
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government and government agencies and authorities
$ 92  $ —  $ —    $ —  $ 92  $ — 
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions
245  2  —    —  245  2 
Debt securities issued by foreign governments
7  —  —    —  7  — 
Mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and pass-through securities
20  —  1    —  21  — 
All other corporate bonds 681  6  97    3  778  9 
Total $ 1,045  $ 8  $ 98    $ 3  $ 1,143  $ 11 
 
At June 30, 2021, the Company had no fixed maturity investments reported at fair value for which fair value was less than 80% of amortized cost.
 
13
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
3.    INVESTMENTS, Continued
Credit Impairment Charges
 
The following tables present changes in the allowance for expected credit losses on fixed maturities classified as available for sale for the category of All Other Corporate Bonds (no other categories of fixed maturities currently have an allowance for expected credit losses):
Fixed Maturities
At and For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 At and For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
(in millions) All Other Corporate Bonds All Other Corporate Bonds
Balance, beginning of period $ 2  $ 4 
Additions for expected credit losses on securities where no credit losses were previously recognized
1  4 
Additions (reductions) for expected credit losses on securities where credit losses were previously recognized
(1) — 
Reductions due to sales/defaults of credit-impaired securities
—  — 
Reductions for impairments of securities which the Company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell (1)
—  — 
Balance, end of period $ 2  $ 8 
(1)Credit impairment charges recognized in net realized investment gains (losses) for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 included $0 million and $2 million, respectively, of credit losses on fixed maturity securities which the Company had the intent to sell. An allowance for expected credit losses was not previously recorded for these securities.
Fixed Maturities
At and For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 At and For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
(in millions) All Other Corporate Bonds All Other Corporate Bonds
Balance, beginning of period $ 2  $ — 
Additions for expected credit losses on securities where no credit losses were previously recognized 1  8 
Additions (reductions) for expected credit losses on securities where credit losses were previously recognized (1) — 
Reductions due to sales/defaults of credit-impaired securities —  — 
Reductions for impairments of securities which the Company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell (1)
—  — 
Balance, end of period $ 2  $ 8 
(1)Credit impairment charges recognized in net realized investment gains (losses) for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 included $0 million and $14 million, respectively, of credit losses on fixed maturity securities which the Company had the intent to sell. An allowance for expected credit losses was not previously recorded for these securities.

Total net credit impairment charges included in net realized investment gains (losses) in the consolidated statement of income (loss) were $0 million and $46 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively and $0 million and $62 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Credit losses related to the fixed maturity portfolio for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 represented less than 1% of the fixed maturity portfolio on a pre-tax basis and less than 1% of shareholders’ equity on an after-tax basis. 
14
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
3.    INVESTMENTS, Continued
Other Investments

Included in other investments are private equity, hedge fund and real estate partnerships that are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and typically report their financial statement information to the Company one month to three months following the end of the reporting period. Accordingly, net investment income from these other investments is generally reflected in the Company's financial statements on a quarter lag basis.
 
4.    FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
 
The Company’s estimates of fair value for financial assets and financial liabilities are based on the framework established in the fair value accounting guidance.  The framework is based on the inputs used in valuation, gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and requires that observable inputs be used in the valuations when available.  The disclosure of fair value estimates in the fair value accounting guidance hierarchy is based on whether the significant inputs into the valuation are observable.  In determining the level of the hierarchy in which the estimate is disclosed, the highest priority is given to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s significant market assumptions.  The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement is reported is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the measurement in its entirety.  The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:
 
•Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the Company has the ability to access.
•Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets; or valuations based on models where the significant inputs are observable (e.g., interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data.
•Level 3 - Valuations based on models where significant inputs are not observable.  The unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use.
 
Valuation of Investments Reported at Fair Value in Financial Statements
 
The Company utilized a pricing service to estimate fair value measurements for approximately 99% of its fixed maturities at both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
 
While the vast majority of the Company’s fixed maturities are included in Level 2, the Company holds a number of municipal bonds and corporate bonds which are not valued by the pricing service and estimates the fair value of these bonds using either another internal pricing matrix, a present value income approach, or a broker quote (collectively, the other methodologies). The other methodologies include some unobservable inputs that are significant to the valuation.  Due to the limited amount of observable market information available in the estimation of fair value, the Company includes the fair value estimates for bonds that are valued using the other methodologies in Level 3. 

For more information regarding the valuation of the Company’s fixed maturities, equity securities and other investments, see note 4 of notes to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.

Other Liabilities

The Company has a put/call option that was entered into in connection with a business acquisition that allows the Company to acquire the remaining shares of the acquired company at a future date. The fair value of the put/call option at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was $4 million and $5 million, respectively, and was determined using an internal model and is based on the acquired company's financial performance, adjusted for a risk margin and discounted to present value. The Company includes the fair value estimate of the put/call option in Level 3.
 
Fair Value Hierarchy
 
The following tables present the level within the fair value hierarchy at which the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities are measured on a recurring basis.
15
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
4.    FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS, Continued
   
(at June 30, 2021, in millions) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Invested assets:        
Fixed maturities        
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government and government agencies and authorities
$ 3,590  $ 3,590  $ —  $ — 
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions
35,672  —  35,668  4 
Debt securities issued by foreign governments 1,036  —  1,036  — 
Mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and pass-through securities
1,820  —  1,806  14 
All other corporate bonds 33,444  —  33,299  145 
Redeemable preferred stock 14  —  14  — 
Total fixed maturities 75,576  3,590  71,823  163 
Equity securities        
Public common stock 467  467  —  — 
Non-redeemable preferred stock 46  21  25  — 
Total equity securities 513  488  25  — 
Other investments 53  18  —  35 
Total $ 76,142  $ 4,096  $ 71,848  $ 198 
Other liabilities $ 4  $ —  $ —  $ 4 
 
(at December 31, 2020, in millions) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Invested assets:        
Fixed maturities        
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government and government agencies and authorities
$ 2,149  $ 2,149  $ —  $ — 
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions
36,360  —  36,349  11 
Debt securities issued by foreign governments 1,054  —  1,054  — 
Mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and pass-through securities
2,361  —  2,361  — 
All other corporate bonds 32,054  —  31,899  155 
Redeemable preferred stock 25  3  22  — 
Total fixed maturities 74,003  2,152  71,685  166 
Equity securities        
Public common stock 410  410  —  — 
Non-redeemable preferred stock 43  18  25  — 
Total equity securities 453  428  25  — 
Other investments 52  17  —  35 
Total $ 74,508  $ 2,597  $ 71,710  $ 201 
Other liabilities $ 5  $ —  $ —  $ 5 
 
16
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
4.    FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS, Continued
There was no significant activity in Level 3 of the hierarchy during the six months ended June 30, 2021 or the year ended December 31, 2020.
 
Financial Instruments Disclosed, But Not Carried, At Fair Value
 
The following tables present the carrying value and fair value of the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities disclosed, but not carried, at fair value, and the level within the fair value hierarchy at which such assets and liabilities are categorized.
(at June 30, 2021, in millions) Carrying
Value 		Fair
Value 		Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Financial assets          
Short-term securities $ 5,703  $ 5,703  $ 831  $ 4,814  $ 58 
Financial liabilities          
Debt $ 7,190  $ 9,258  $ —  $ 9,258  $ — 
Commercial paper $ 100  $ 100  $ —  $ 100  $ — 
 
(at December 31, 2020, in millions) Carrying
Value 		Fair
Value 		Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Financial assets          
Short-term securities $ 5,511  $ 5,511  $ 630  $ 4,829  $ 52 
Financial liabilities          
Debt $ 6,450  $ 8,976  $ —  $ 8,976  $ — 
Commercial paper $ 100  $ 100  $ —  $ 100  $ — 
The Company had no material assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during the six months ended June 30, 2021 or the year ended December 31, 2020.

5.    ALLOWANCE FOR EXPECTED CREDIT LOSSES

Premiums Receivable

The following tables present the balances of premiums receivable, net of the allowance for expected credit losses, at June 30, 2021 and 2020, and the changes in the allowance for expected credit losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
At and For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 At and For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
(in millions) Premiums Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Premiums Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
 
Balance, beginning of period $ 8,167  $ 110  $ 8,202  $ 78 
Current period change for expected credit losses 14  24 
Write-offs of uncollectible premiums receivable 19  8 
Balance, end of period $ 8,555  $ 105  $ 8,459  $ 94 

17
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
5.    ALLOWANCE FOR EXPECTED CREDIT LOSSES, Continued
At and For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 At and For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
(in millions) Premiums Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Premiums Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
 
Balance, beginning of period $ 7,829  $ 105  $ 7,909  $ 49 
Current period change for expected credit losses 30  67 
Write-offs of uncollectible premiums receivable 30  22 
Balance, end of period $ 8,555  $ 105  $ 8,459  $ 94 

Reinsurance Recoverables

The following tables present the balances of reinsurance recoverables, net of the allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance, at June 30, 2021 and 2020, and the changes in the allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
At and For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 At and For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
(in millions) Reinsurance Recoverables, Net of Allowance for Estimated Uncollectible Reinsurance Allowance for Estimated Uncollectible Reinsurance Reinsurance Recoverables, Net of Allowance for Estimated Uncollectible Reinsurance Allowance for Estimated Uncollectible Reinsurance
 
Balance, beginning of period $ 8,345  $ 142  $ 8,152  $ 149 
Current period change for estimated uncollectible reinsurance (7) 7 
Write-offs of uncollectible reinsurance recoverables —  — 
Balance, end of period $ 8,209  $ 135  $ 8,093  $ 156 

At and For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 At and For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
(in millions) Reinsurance Recoverables, Net of Allowance for Estimated Uncollectible Reinsurance Allowance for Estimated Uncollectible Reinsurance Reinsurance Recoverables, Net of Allowance for Estimated Uncollectible Reinsurance Allowance for Estimated Uncollectible Reinsurance
 
Balance, beginning of period $ 8,350  $ 146  $ 8,235  $ 92 
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1, 2020
—  53 
Current period change for estimated uncollectible reinsurance (11) 11 
Write-offs of uncollectible reinsurance recoverables —  — 
Balance, end of period $ 8,209  $ 135  $ 8,093  $ 156 

Of the total reinsurance recoverables at June 30, 2021, after deducting mandatory pools and associations and before allowances for estimated uncollectible reinsurance, $5.72 billion, or 87%, were rated by A.M. Best Company.  The Company utilizes updated A.M. Best credit ratings on a quarterly basis when determining the allowance. Of the total rated by A.M. Best
18
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
5.    ALLOWANCE FOR EXPECTED CREDIT LOSSES, Continued
Company, 94% were rated A- or better. The remaining 13% of reinsurance recoverables were comprised of the following: 6% related to captive insurance companies, 1% related to the Company’s participation in voluntary pools, and 6% related to balances of companies not rated by A.M. Best Company.  Certain of the Company's reinsurance recoverables are collateralized by letters of credit, funds held or trust agreements.

Contractholder Receivables

The following tables present the balances of contractholder receivables, net of the allowance for expected credit losses, at June 30, 2021 and 2020, and the changes in the allowance for expected credit losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
At and For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 At and For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
(in millions) Contractholder Receivables, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Contractholder Receivables, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
 
Balance, beginning of period $ 4,271  $ 19  $ 4,634  $ 20 
Current period change for expected credit losses —  2 
Write-offs of uncollectible contractholder receivables —  — 
Balance, end of period $ 4,016  $ 19  $ 4,314  $ 22 

At and For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 At and For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
(in millions) Contractholder Receivables, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Contractholder Receivables, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
 
Balance, beginning of period $ 4,242  $ 19  $ 4,599  $ 20 
Current period change for expected credit losses —  2 
Write-offs of uncollectible contractholder receivables —  — 
Balance, end of period $ 4,016  $ 19  $ 4,314  $ 22 

19

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued

6.          GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Goodwill
 
The following table presents the carrying amount of the Company’s goodwill by segment.  Each reportable segment includes goodwill associated with the Company’s international business which is subject to the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.
(in millions) June 30,
2021 		December 31,
2020
Business Insurance $ 2,619  $ 2,613 
Bond & Specialty Insurance 550  550 
Personal Insurance (1)
825  787 
Other 26  26 
Total $ 4,020  $ 3,976 
 _________________________________________________________

(1) Goodwill at June 30, 2021 included approximately $33 million associated with a business acquired in the first quarter of 2021, which is deductible for tax purposes.

Other Intangible Assets
 
The following tables present a summary of the Company’s other intangible assets by major asset class.
(at June 30, 2021, in millions) Gross
Carrying
Amount 		Accumulated
Amortization 		Net
Subject to amortization
Customer-related $ 105  $ 37  $ 68 
Contract-based (1)
205  186  19 
Total subject to amortization 310  223  87 
Not subject to amortization 227  —  227 
Total $ 537  $ 223  $ 314 
 
(at December 31, 2020, in millions) Gross
Carrying
Amount 		Accumulated
Amortization 		Net
Subject to amortization
Customer-related $ 101  $ 31  $ 70 
Contract-based (1)
205  184  21 
Total subject to amortization 306  215  91 
Not subject to amortization 226  —  226 
Total $ 532  $ 215  $ 317 
 _________________________________________________________
(1)Contract-based intangible assets subject to amortization are comprised of fair value adjustments on claims and claim adjustment expense reserves, reinsurance recoverables and other contract-related intangible assets. Fair value adjustments recorded in connection with insurance acquisitions were based on management’s estimate of nominal claims and claim adjustment expense reserves and reinsurance recoverables. The method used calculated a risk adjustment to a risk-free discounted reserve that would, if reserves ran off as expected, produce results that yielded the assumed cost-of-capital on the capital supporting the loss reserves.  The fair value adjustments are reported as other intangible assets on the consolidated balance sheet, and the amounts measured in accordance with the acquirer’s accounting policies for insurance contracts have been reported as part of the claims and claim adjustment expense reserves and reinsurance recoverables. The intangible assets are being recognized into income over the expected payment pattern. Because the time value of money and the risk adjustment (cost of capital) components of the intangible assets run off at different rates, the amount recognized in income may be a net benefit in some periods and a net expense in other periods.
 
20
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued

6.    GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS, Continued
Amortization expense of intangible assets was $3 million for each of the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, and $7 million for each of the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.  Amortization expense for all intangible assets subject to amortization is estimated to be $7 million for the remainder of 2021, $14 million in 2022, $13 million in 2023, $13 million in 2024 and $12 million in 2025. Amortization expense for intangible assets arising from insurance contracts acquired in a business combination is estimated to be $2 million for the remainder of 2021, $3 million in 2022, $3 million in 2023, $2 million in 2024 and $2 million in 2025.

7.    INSURANCE CLAIM RESERVES

Claims and claim adjustment expense reserves were as follows:
(in millions) June 30,
2021 		December 31,
2020
Property-casualty $ 55,895  $ 54,510 
Accident and health 11  11 
Total $ 55,906  $ 54,521 
 
The following table presents a reconciliation of beginning and ending property casualty reserve balances for claims and claim adjustment expenses:
Six Months Ended June 30,
(in millions) 2021 2020
Claims and claim adjustment expense reserves at beginning of year $ 54,510  $ 51,836 
Less reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses 8,153  8,035 
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1, 2020
—  53 
Net reserves at beginning of year 46,357  43,854 
Estimated claims and claim adjustment expenses for claims arising in the current year 10,430  9,826 
Estimated increase (decrease) in claims and claim adjustment expenses for
 claims arising in prior years
(459) 16 
Total increases 9,971  9,842 
Claims and claim adjustment expense payments for claims arising in:    
Current year 3,113  2,664 
Prior years 5,274  5,674 
Total payments 8,387  8,338 
Unrealized foreign exchange (gain) loss 53  (137)
Net reserves at end of period 47,994  45,221 
Plus reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses 7,901  7,876 
Claims and claim adjustment expense reserves at end of period $ 55,895  $ 53,097 
 
Gross claims and claim adjustment expense reserves at June 30, 2021 increased by $1.39 billion from December 31, 2020, primarily reflecting the impacts of (i) catastrophe losses in the first six months of 2021, (ii) loss cost trends for the current accident year and (iii) reduced claim settlement activity largely due to the disruptions in the judicial system related to COVID-19.
 
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses at June 30, 2021 decreased by $252 million from December 31, 2020, primarily reflecting the impacts of cash collections in the first six months of 2021, partially offset by catastrophe losses in the same period.

21
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
7.    INSURANCE CLAIM RESERVES, Continued
Prior Year Reserve Development
 
The following disclosures regarding reserve development are on a “net of reinsurance” basis.
 
For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, estimated claims and claim adjustment expenses incurred included $459 million and $(16) million, respectively, of net favorable (unfavorable) development for claims arising in prior years, including $499 million and $29 million, respectively, of net favorable prior year reserve development, and $24 million of accretion of discount in each period that impacted the Company's results of operations.
 
Business Insurance. Net favorable prior year reserve development in the second quarter of 2021 totaled $73 million, primarily driven by better than expected loss experience in domestic operations in the workers' compensation product line for multiple accident years, partially offset by an increase in reserves related to run-off operations. There was no net prior year reserve development in the second quarter of 2020, which reflected better than expected loss experience in domestic operations in the workers' compensation and commercial property product lines for multiple accident years, offset by higher than expected loss experience in domestic operations for primary and excess coverages in the general liability (excluding asbestos and environmental) product line for multiple accident years and higher than expected loss experience in domestic operations in the commercial multi-peril product line for recent accident years.

Net favorable prior year reserve development in the first six months of 2021 totaled $207 million, primarily driven by better than expected loss experience in domestic operations in the workers' compensation product line for multiple accident years and in the commercial property and commercial automobile product lines for recent accident years, partially offset by an increase in reserves related to run-off operations and an increase to environmental reserves. Net favorable prior year reserve development in the first six months of 2020 totaled $5 million, primarily driven by better than expected loss experience in domestic operations in the workers' compensation and commercial property product lines for multiple accident years, largely offset by higher than expected loss experience in domestic operations in the commercial automobile and commercial multi-peril product lines for recent accident years and higher than expected loss experience in domestic operations for primary and excess coverages in the general liability (excluding asbestos and environmental) product line for multiple accident years.

Bond & Specialty Insurance.  Net favorable prior year reserve development in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 totaled $44 million and $59 million, respectively, primarily driven by better than expected loss experience in the segment's domestic operations in the fidelity and surety product lines for recent accident years. Net unfavorable prior year reserve development in both of the second quarter and first six months of 2020 was $33 million, primarily driven by higher than expected loss experience in domestic operations in the general liability product line for recent accident years.

Personal Insurance.  Net favorable prior year reserve development in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 totaled $65 million and $233 million, respectively, primarily driven by better than expected loss experience in the segment's domestic operations in both the automobile and homeowners and other product lines for recent accident years. Net favorable prior year reserve development in the second quarter and first six months of 2020 totaled $35 million and $57 million, respectively, primarily driven by better than expected loss experience in domestic operations in both the automobile and homeowners and other product lines for multiple accident years.

22

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued

8.    OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME AND ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
 
The following table presents the changes in the Company’s accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021.
  Changes in Net Unrealized Gains on Investment Securities    
(in millions) Having No Credit
Losses Recognized in
the Consolidated
Statement of Income (Loss) 		Having Credit 
Losses Recognized 
in the Consolidated
Statement of 
Income (Loss) 		Net Benefit Plan Assets and
Obligations
Recognized in
Shareholders’ 
Equity 		Net Unrealized
Foreign Currency
Translation 		Total Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income
Balance, March 31, 2021 $ 2,635  $ 182  $ (812) $ (714) $ 1,291 
Other comprehensive income (OCI) before reclassifications, net of tax 441  —  —  36  477 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax
(19) —  20  —  1 
Net OCI, current period 422  —  20  36  478 
Balance, June 30, 2021 $ 3,057  $ 182  $ (792) $ (678) $ 1,769 
 
Changes in Net Unrealized Gains on Investment Securities
(in millions) Having No Credit Losses Recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income (Loss) Having Credit 
Losses Recognized 
in the Consolidated
Statement of 
Income (Loss) 		Net Benefit Plan Assets and Obligations Recognized in Shareholders’ Equity Net Unrealized Foreign Currency Translation Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 3,892  $ 182  $ (832) $ (740) $ 2,502 
Other comprehensive income (loss) (OCI) before reclassifications, net of tax (805) —  —  62  (743)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax (30) —  40  —  10 
Net OCI, current period (835) —  40  62  (733)
Balance, June 30, 2021 $ 3,057  $ 182  $ (792) $ (678) $ 1,769 

23
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
8.    OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME AND ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME, Continued

The following table presents the pre-tax components of the Company’s other comprehensive income (loss) and the related income tax expense (benefit).
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Changes in net unrealized gains on investment securities:
       
Having no credit losses recognized in the consolidated statement of income (loss) $ 533  $ 2,359  $ (1,063) $ 1,784 
Income tax expense (benefit) 111  500  (228) 382 
Net of taxes 422  1,859  (835) 1,402 
Having credit losses recognized in the consolidated statement of income (loss) —  3  —  (3)
Income tax expense (benefit) —  1  —  (1)
Net of taxes —  2  —  (2)
Net changes in benefit plan assets and obligations 26  21  51  44 
Income tax expense 6  4  11  9 
Net of taxes 20  17  40  35 
Net changes in unrealized foreign currency translation 40  52  66  (216)
Income tax expense (benefit) 4  (1) 4  (23)
Net of taxes 36  53  62  (193)
Total other comprehensive income (loss) 599  2,435  (946) 1,609 
Total income tax expense (benefit) 121  504  (213) 367 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes $ 478  $ 1,931  $ (733) $ 1,242 
 
24
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
8.    OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME AND ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME, Continued

The following table presents the pre-tax and related income tax (expense) benefit components of the amounts reclassified from the Company’s AOCI to the Company’s consolidated statement of income (loss).
Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Reclassification adjustments related to unrealized gains on investment securities:
   
Having no credit losses recognized in the consolidated statement of income (loss) (1)
$ (24) $ (10) $ (38) $ (8)
Income tax expense (2)
(5) (2) (8) (2)
Net of taxes (19) (8) (30) (6)
Having credit losses recognized in the consolidated statement of income (loss) (1)
—  —  —  — 
Income tax benefit (2)
—  —  —  — 
Net of taxes —  —  —  — 
Reclassification adjustment related to benefit plan assets and obligations:
       
Claims and claim adjustment expenses (3)
11  9  21  18 
General and administrative expenses (3)
15  13  30  25 
Total 26  22  51  43 
Income tax benefit (2)
6  5  11  9 
Net of taxes 20  17  40  34 
Reclassification adjustment related to foreign currency translation (1)
—  —  —  — 
Income tax benefit (2)
—  —  —  — 
Net of taxes —  —  —  — 
Total reclassifications 2  12  13  35 
Total income tax benefit 1  3  3  7 
Total reclassifications, net of taxes $ 1  $ 9  $ 10  $ 28 
 _________________________________________________________
(1)   (Increases) decreases net realized investment gains (losses) on the consolidated statement of income (loss).
(2)   (Increases) decreases income tax expense on the consolidated statement of income (loss).
(3)    Increases (decreases) expenses on the consolidated statement of income (loss).

9.     DEBT
 
Debt Issuance.  On June 8, 2021, the Company issued $750 million aggregate principal amount of 3.05% senior notes that will mature on June 8, 2051.  The net proceeds of the issuance, after the deduction of the underwriting discount and expenses payable by the Company, totaled approximately $739 million.  Interest on the senior notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on June 8 and December 8.  Prior to December 8, 2050, the senior notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at the Company’s option, at any time or from time to time, at a redemption price equal to the greater of (a) 100% of the principal amount of any senior notes to be redeemed or (b) the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest to but excluding December 8, 2050 on any senior notes to be redeemed (exclusive of interest accrued to the date of redemption) discounted to the date of redemption on a semi-annual basis (assuming a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months) at the then current Treasury rate (as defined in the senior notes), plus 15 basis points.  On or after
25
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
9.     DEBT, Continued
December 8, 2050, the senior notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at the Company’s option, at any time or from time to time, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of any senior notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.
10.     COMMON SHARE REPURCHASES
 
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company repurchased 2.6 million and 5.0 million common shares, respectively, under its share repurchase authorizations for total cost of $400 million and $756 million, respectively. The average cost per share repurchased was $157.18 and $152.65, respectively.  In addition, the Company acquired 917 shares and 0.3 million shares for a total cost of approximately $144,000 and $42 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, that were not part of its publicly announced share repurchase authorizations.  These shares consisted of shares retained to cover payroll withholding taxes in connection with the vesting of restricted stock unit awards and performance share awards, and shares used by employees to cover the price of certain stock options that were exercised.

On April 20, 2021, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase authorization that added an additional $5.0 billion of repurchase capacity. At June 30, 2021, the Company had $5.41 billion of capacity remaining under its share repurchase authorizations.

11.     EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE
 
The following is a reconciliation of the income (loss) and share data used in the basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share computations for the periods presented:
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(in millions, except per share amounts) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Basic and Diluted    
Net income (loss), as reported $ 934  $ (40) $ 1,667  $ 560 
Participating share-based awards — allocated income (7) (1) (12) (3)
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders — basic and diluted $ 927  $ (41) $ 1,655  $ 557 
Common Shares    
Basic    
Weighted average shares outstanding 250.7  251.6  251.4  253.6 
Diluted    
Weighted average shares outstanding 250.7  251.6  251.4  253.6 
Weighted average effects of dilutive securities — stock options and performance shares
2.4  —  2.2  1.1 
Total 253.1  251.6  253.6  254.7 
Net Income (Loss) per Common Share    
Basic $ 3.70  $ (0.16) $ 6.58  $ 2.19 
Diluted $ 3.66  $ (0.16) $ 6.53  $ 2.19 
Net loss per basic and diluted common share for the three months ended June 30, 2020 excluded the allocation of $2 million of undistributed loss to participating share-based awards, since such allocation would result in anti-dilution of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three months ended June 30, 2020. In addition, the net loss per diluted common share for the three months ended June 30, 2020 excluded the weighted average effects of 0.7 million stock options and performance shares, since the impact of these potential shares of common stock and their effects on income was anti-dilutive for the three months ended June 30, 2020.
26
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
12.      SHARE-BASED INCENTIVE COMPENSATION

The following information relates to fully vested stock option awards at June 30, 2021:
 
                                           Stock Options Number Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price 		Weighted
Average
Contractual
Life
Remaining 		Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
($ in millions)
Vested at end of period (1)
7,604,850  $ 123.90  6.4 years $ 196 
Exercisable at end of period 4,401,105  $ 117.65  4.9 years $ 141 
_________________________________________________________
(1)Represents awards for which the requisite service has been rendered, including those that are retirement eligible.

The total compensation cost for all share-based incentive compensation awards recognized in earnings was $36 million and $34 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $89 million and $80 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The related tax benefits recognized in the consolidated statement of income (loss) were $6 million for each of the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, and $15 million and $14 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The total unrecognized compensation cost related to all nonvested share-based incentive compensation awards at June 30, 2021 was $212 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years.

13.    PENSION PLANS, RETIREMENT BENEFITS AND SAVINGS PLANS
 
The following table summarizes the components of net periodic benefit cost (benefit) for the Company’s pension and postretirement benefit plans recognized in the consolidated statement of income (loss) for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
  Pension Plans Postretirement Benefit Plans
(for the three months ended June 30, in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Benefit):        
Service cost $ 36  $ 33  $ —  $ — 
Non-service cost (benefit):        
Interest cost on benefit obligation $ 20  $ 28  $ —  $ 1 
Expected return on plan assets (68) (68) —  — 
Amortization of unrecognized:
Prior service benefit —  —  (1) — 
Net actuarial (gain) loss 27  23  —  (1)
Total non-service cost (benefit) (21) (17) (1) — 
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) $ 15  $ 16  $ (1) $ — 
 
27
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
13.                PENSION PLANS, RETIREMENT BENEFITS AND SAVINGS PLANS, Continued
The following table indicates the line items in which the respective service cost and non-service cost (benefit) are presented in the consolidated statement of income (loss) for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
 
  Pension Plans Postretirement Benefit Plans
(for the three months ended June 30, in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Service Cost:        
Claims and claim adjustment expenses $ 15  $ 14  $ —  $ — 
General and administrative expenses 21  19  —  — 
Total service cost 36  33  —  — 
Non-Service Cost (Benefit):        
Claims and claim adjustment expenses (8) (7) (1) — 
General and administrative expenses (13) (10) —  — 
Total non-service cost (benefit) (21) (17) (1) — 
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) $ 15  $ 16  $ (1) $ — 

The following table summarizes the components of net periodic benefit cost (benefit) for the Company’s pension and postretirement benefit plans recognized in the consolidated statement of income (loss) for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
  Pension Plans Postretirement Benefit Plans
(for the six months ended June 30, in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Benefit):        
Service cost $ 71  $ 66  $ —  $ — 
Non-service cost (benefit):        
Interest cost on benefit obligation 41  57  1  2 
Expected return on plan assets (137) (137) —  — 
Amortization of unrecognized:        
Prior service benefit —  —  (2) (2)
Net actuarial (gain) loss 54  46  (1) (1)
Total non-service cost (benefit) (42) (34) (2) (1)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) $ 29  $ 32  $ (2) $ (1)
 
The following table indicates the line items in which the respective service cost and non-service benefit cost (benefit) are presented in the consolidated statement of income (loss) for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
  Pension Plans Postretirement Benefit Plans
(for the six months ended June 30, in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Service Cost:        
Claims and claim adjustment expenses $ 29  $ 28  $ —  $ — 
General and administrative expenses 42  38  —  — 
Total service cost 71  66  —  — 
Non-Service Cost (Benefit):        
Claims and claim adjustment expenses (17) (14) (1) — 
General and administrative expenses (25) (20) (1) (1)
Total non-service cost (benefit) (42) (34) (2) (1)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) $ 29  $ 32  $ (2) $ (1)

28
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
14.    LEASES
The Company enters into lease agreements for real estate that is primarily used for office space in the ordinary course of business. These leases are accounted for as operating leases, whereby lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, and a right-of-use asset and lease liability is recognized as part of other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet.

Most leases include an option to extend or renew the lease term. The exercise of the renewal option is at the Company's discretion. The operating lease liability includes lease payments related to options to extend or renew the lease term if the Company is reasonably certain of exercising those options. The Company, in determining the present value of lease payments, utilizes either the rate implicit in the lease, if that rate is readily determinable, or the Company’s incremental secured borrowing rate commensurate with the term of the underlying lease.

Lease expense is included in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of income (loss). Additional information regarding the Company’s real estate operating leases is as follows:
Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Lease cost
Operating leases $ 22  $ 24  $ 45  $ 48 
Short-term leases (1)
1  1  1  1 
Lease expense 23  25  46  49 
Less: sublease income (2)
—  —  —  — 
Net lease cost $ 23  $ 25  $ 46  $ 49 
Other information on operating leases
Cash payments to settle a lease liability reported in cash flows
$ 27  $ 28  $ 53  $ 55 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities $ 7  $ 4  $ 19  $ 18 
Weighted average discount rate 2.41  % 2.94  % 2.41  % 2.94  %
Weighted average remaining lease term 4.8 years 4.9 years 4.8 years 4.9 years
_________________________________________________________

(1) Leases with a term of twelve months or less are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheet.
(2) Sublease income consists of rent from third parties of office space and is recognized as part of other revenues in the consolidated statement of income (loss).


15.    CONTINGENCIES, COMMITMENTS AND GUARANTEES
 
Contingencies
 
The major pending legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or to which any of the Company’s properties is subject are described below.
 
29
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited), Continued
15.    CONTINGENCIES, COMMITMENTS AND GUARANTEES, Continued
Asbestos and Environmental Claims and Litigation
 
In the ordinary course of its insurance business, the Company has received and continues to receive claims for insurance arising under policies issued by the Company asserting alleged injuries and damages from asbestos- and environmental-related exposures that are the subject of related coverage litigation. The Company is defending asbestos- and environmental-related litigation vigorously and believes that it has meritorious defenses; however, the outcomes of these disputes are uncertain. In this regard, the Company employs dedicated specialists and comprehensive resolution strategies to manage asbestos and environmental loss exposure, including settling litigation under appropriate circumstances. Currently, it is not possible to predict legal outcomes and their impact on future loss development for claims and litigation relating to asbestos and environmental claims. Any such development could be affected by future court decisions and interpretations, as well as future changes, if any, in applicable legislation. Because of these uncertainties, additional liabilities may arise for amounts in excess of the Company’s current insurance reserves. In addition, the Company’s estimate of ultimate claims and claim adjustment expenses may change. These additional liabilities or changes in estimates, or a range of either, cannot now be reasonably estimated and could result in income statement charges that could be material to the Company’s results of operations in future periods.
 
Other Proceedings Not Arising Under Insurance Contracts or Reinsurance Agreements
 
The Company is involved in other lawsuits, including lawsuits alleging extra-contractual damages relating to insurance contracts or reinsurance agreements, that do not arise under insurance contracts or reinsurance agreements. The legal costs associated with such lawsuits are expensed in the period in which the costs are incurred. Based upon currently available information, the Company does not believe it is reasonably possible that any such lawsuit or related lawsuits would be material to the Company’s results of operations or would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position or liquidity.

Other Commitments and Guarantees
 
Commitments
 
Investment Commitments — The Company has unfunded commitments to private equity limited partnerships, real estate partnerships and others.  These commitments totaled $1.65 billion and $1.76 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
 
Guarantees
 
The maximum amount of the Company’s contingent obligation for indemnifications related to the sale of businesses that are quantifiable was $351 million at June 30, 2021.
 
The maximum amount of the Company’s obligation related to the guarantee of certain insurance policy obligations of a former insurance subsidiary was $480 million at June 30, 2021, all of which is indemnified by a third party.  For more information regarding Company guarantees, see note 17 of notes to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.

30

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
Item 2.        MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 
The following is a discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
 
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
 
2021 Second Quarter Consolidated Results of Operations
 
•Net income of $934 million, or $3.70 per share basic and $3.66 per share diluted
•Net earned premiums of $7.62 billion
•Catastrophe losses of $475 million ($376 million after-tax)
•Net favorable prior year reserve development of $182 million ($144 million after-tax)
•Combined ratio of 95.3%
•Net investment income of $818 million ($682 million after-tax)
•Net realized investment gains of $61 million ($47 million after-tax)
•Operating cash flows of $1.85 billion
 
2021 Second Quarter Consolidated Financial Condition
 
•Total investments of $86.55 billion; fixed maturities and short-term securities comprised 94% of total investments
•Total assets of $119.76 billion
•Total debt of $7.29 billion, resulting in a debt-to-total capital ratio of 20.0% (22.0% excluding net unrealized investment gains, net of tax)
•Total capital returned to shareholders of $625 million, comprising $401 million of share repurchases and $224 million of dividends
•Shareholders’ equity of $29.16 billion
•Net unrealized investment gains of $4.11 billion ($3.24 billion after-tax)
•Book value per common share of $116.86
•Holding company liquidity of $2.43 billion

 
31

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

CONSOLIDATED OVERVIEW
 
Consolidated Results of Operations
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(in millions, except ratio and per share amounts) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Revenues        
Premiums $ 7,616  $ 6,955  $ 15,002  $ 14,184 
Net investment income 818  268  1,519  879 
Fee income 104  114  205  222 
Net realized investment gains (losses) 61  13  105  (85)
Other revenues 88  51  169  109 
Total revenues 8,687  7,401  17,000  15,309 
Claims and expenses        
Claims and claim adjustment expenses 5,045  5,107  10,015  9,896 
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs 1,254  1,173  2,461  2,351 
General and administrative expenses 1,174  1,121  2,337  2,258 
Interest expense 83  85  165  169 
Total claims and expenses 7,556  7,486  14,978  14,674 
Income (loss) before income taxes 1,131  (85) 2,022  635 
Income tax expense (benefit) 197  (45) 355  75 
Net income (loss) $ 934  $ (40) $ 1,667  $ 560 
Net income (loss) per share        
Basic $ 3.70  $ (0.16) $ 6.58  $ 2.19 
Diluted $ 3.66  $ (0.16) $ 6.53  $ 2.19 
Combined ratio        
Loss and loss adjustment expense ratio 65.6  % 72.7  % 66.1  % 69.0  %
Underwriting expense ratio 29.7  31.0  29.8  30.5 
Combined ratio 95.3  % 103.7  % 95.9  % 99.5  %
 
The following discussions of the Company’s net income (loss) and segment income (loss) are presented on an after-tax basis.  Discussions of the components of net income (loss) and segment income (loss) are presented on a pre-tax basis, unless otherwise noted.  Discussions of net income (loss) per common share are presented on a diluted basis.
 
Overview
Diluted net income per share was $3.66 in the second quarter of 2021, compared to a diluted net loss per share of $0.16 in the same period of 2020.  Net income was $934 million in the second quarter of 2021, compared to a net loss of $40 million in the same period of 2020.  Income before income taxes in the second quarter of 2021 primarily reflected the pre-tax impacts of (i) higher net investment income, (ii) lower catastrophe losses, (iii) higher net favorable prior year reserve development, (iv) higher net realized investment gains and (v) higher underwriting margins excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development ("underlying underwriting margins"). Catastrophe losses in the second quarters of 2021 and 2020 were $475 million and $854 million, respectively. Net favorable prior year reserve development in the second quarters of 2021 and 2020 was $182 million and $2 million, respectively. The higher underlying underwriting margins in the second quarter of 2021 were driven by Business Insurance and Bond & Specialty Insurance, partially offset by Personal Insurance. Underlying underwriting margins in the second quarters of both 2021 and 2020 included a net favorable impact from COVID-19 and related economic conditions. The Company recorded income tax expense in the second quarter of 2021 compared with an income tax benefit in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of the increase in income before income taxes.

32

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

Diluted net income per share of $6.53 in the first six months of 2021 increased by 198% over diluted net income per share of $2.19 in the same period of 2020.  Net income of $1.67 billion in the first six months of 2021 increased by 198% over net income of $560 million in the same period of 2020.  The increase in income before income taxes primarily reflected the pre-tax impacts of (i) higher net investment income, (ii) higher net favorable prior year reserve development, (iii) net realized investment gains compared to net realized investment losses in the same period of 2020 and (iv) higher underlying underwriting margins, partially offset by (v) higher catastrophe losses. Net favorable prior year reserve development in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 was $499 million and $29 million, respectively. Catastrophe losses in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 were $1.31 billion and $1.19 billion, respectively. The higher underlying underwriting margins in the first six months of 2021 were driven by Business Insurance and Bond & Specialty Insurance, partially offset by Personal Insurance. Underlying underwriting margins in the first six months of 2021 reflected a net favorable impact from COVID-19 and related economic conditions, compared with net charges associated with COVID-19 and related economic conditions in the same period of 2020. Income tax expense in the first six months of 2021 was higher than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of the increase in income before income taxes.

For discussion regarding the impact of COVID-19 and related economic conditions on the Company's results for the year ended December 31, 2020, see “Part II—Item 7—Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report. For further discussion regarding the potential future impacts of COVID-19 and related economic conditions on the Company, see “Outlook” herein and “The impact of COVID-19 and related risks could materially affect our results of operations, financial position and/or liquidity” included in “Part I—Item 1A—Risk Factors” in the Company's 2020 Annual Report.

The Company has insurance operations in Canada, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and throughout other parts of the world as a corporate member of Lloyd’s, as well as in Brazil and Colombia through joint ventures.  Because these operations are conducted in local currencies other than the U.S. dollar, the Company is subject to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. For the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, changes in foreign currency exchange rates impacted reported line items in the statement of income by insignificant amounts.  The impact of these changes was not material to the Company’s net income or segment income for the periods reported.
 
Revenues
 
Earned Premiums
Earned premiums in the second quarter of 2021 were $7.62 billion, $661 million or 10% higher than in the same period of 2020.  Earned premiums in the first six months of 2021 were $15.00 billion, $818 million or 6% higher than in the same period of 2020. In Business Insurance, earned premiums in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 increased by 4% and 1%, respectively, from the same periods of 2020. Earned premiums in Business Insurance in both periods of 2021 were negatively impacted by lower net written premiums in the preceding twelve months due to a modest reduction in exposures and a decrease in new business volume, in each case driven by COVID-19 and related economic conditions. Earned premiums in Business Insurance in both periods of 2020 were negatively impacted by reduced exposures and reductions in the Company's estimate of ultimate audit premiums receivable, in each case reflecting the impact of COVID-19 and related economic conditions, including a decrease in new business levels. In Bond & Specialty Insurance, earned premiums in each of the second quarter and first six months of 2021 increased by 12% over the same periods of 2020. Earned premiums in Bond & Specialty Insurance in both periods of 2021 and 2020 were not materially impacted by COVID-19 and related economic conditions. In Personal Insurance, earned premiums in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 increased by 17% and 11%, respectively, over the same periods of 2020.  Earned premiums in Personal Insurance in both periods of 2021 were not materially impacted by COVID-19 and related economic conditions. Earned premiums in Personal Insurance in both periods of 2020 were reduced by premium refunds provided to personal automobile customers in response to COVID-19 and related economic conditions. Factors contributing to the changes in earned premiums in each segment are discussed in more detail in the segment discussions that follow.
 
33

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

Net Investment Income
The following table sets forth information regarding the Company’s investments.
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(dollars in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Average investments (1)
$ 82,594  $ 76,635  $ 81,954  $ 76,508 
Pre-tax net investment income 818  268  1,519  879 
After-tax net investment income 682  251  1,272  770 
Average pre-tax yield (2)
4.0  % 1.4  % 3.7  % 2.3  %
Average after-tax yield (2)
3.3  % 1.3  % 3.1  % 2.0  %
_________________________________________________________ 
(1)Excludes net unrealized investment gains and losses and reflects cash, receivables for investment sales, payables on investment purchases and accrued investment income.
(2)Excludes net realized and net unrealized investment gains and losses.
 
Net investment income in the second quarter of 2021 was $818 million, $550 million or 205% higher than in the same period of 2020.  Net investment income in the first six months of 2021 was $1.52 billion, $640 million or 73% higher than in the same period of 2020. Net investment income from fixed maturity investments in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 was $493 million and $984 million, respectively, $5 million and $25 million lower, respectively, than in the same periods of 2020. The decreases primarily resulted from lower long-term interest rates, partially offset by a higher average level of fixed maturity investments. Net investment income from short-term securities in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 was $1 million and $4 million, respectively, $12 million and $31 million lower, respectively, than in the same periods of 2020. The decreases in both periods of 2021 primarily resulted from lower short-term interest rates. The Company's remaining investment portfolios had net investment income of $335 million and $553 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2021, respectively, compared with losses of $234 million and $146 million, respectively, in the same periods of 2020. Included in other investments are private equity, hedge fund and real estate partnerships that are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and typically report their financial statement information to the Company one month to three months following the end of the reporting period. Accordingly, net investment income from these other investments is generally reflected in the Company's financial statements on a quarter lag basis. The losses from these investments in both periods of 2020 was related to the disruption in global financial markets associated with COVID-19.

Fee Income
Fee income in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 was $104 million and $205 million, respectively, $10 million and $17 million lower, respectively, than in the same periods of 2020. The National Accounts market in Business Insurance is the primary source of the Company’s fee-based business and is discussed in the Business Insurance segment discussion that follows. 
Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses)
The following table sets forth information regarding the Company’s net realized investment gains (losses).
Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Credit impairment gains (losses):
Fixed maturities $ —  $ (6) $ —  $ (22)
Other investments —  (40) —  (40)
Net realized investment gains (losses) on equity securities still held
28  46  51  (33)
Other net realized investment gains, including from sales 33  13  54  10 
Total $ 61  $ 13  $ 105  $ (85)

Net realized investment gains on equity securities still held of $28 million and $51 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 were driven by the impact of changes in fair value attributable to favorable equity markets. Net realized investment gains (losses) on equity securities still held of $46 million and $(33) million in the second quarter and first six months of 2020 were driven by the impact of changes in fair value attributable to the volatility in global financial markets.
34

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

In the second quarter of 2020, the Company recorded a $40 million credit impairment loss from the other-than-temporary impairment of the carrying value of a joint venture investment included in other investments.

Other Revenues
Other revenues in the second quarters and first six months of both 2021 and 2020 included revenues from Simply Business and installment premium charges. Installment premium charges in both periods of 2020 were reduced by billing relief actions offered to customers as a result of COVID-19.
 
Claims and Expenses

Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses
Claims and claim adjustment expenses in the second quarter of 2021 were $5.05 billion, $62 million or 1% lower than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting (i) lower catastrophe losses, (ii) higher net favorable prior year reserve development, (iii) lower non-catastrophe weather-related losses in Business Insurance and (iv) a net charge associated with COVID-19 and related economic conditions in Business Insurance in the second quarter of 2020, largely offset by (v) loss cost trends, (vi) higher losses in the automobile product line in Personal Insurance due to a comparison to a low level of loss activity in the prior year quarter as a result of the pandemic, (vii) higher losses in the homeowners and other product line in Personal Insurance and (viii) higher business volumes. Catastrophe losses in the second quarter of 2021 primarily resulted from severe storms in several regions of the United States. Catastrophe losses in the second quarter of 2020 primarily resulted from severe storms in several regions of the United States and civil unrest. The impacts of COVID-19 and related economic conditions on claims and claim adjustment expenses are discussed in more detail in the segment discussions that follow.

Claims and claim adjustment expenses in the first six months of 2021 were $10.02 billion, $119 million or 1% higher than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting (i) higher catastrophe losses, (ii) loss cost trends, (iii) higher business volumes, (iv) higher losses in the homeowners and other product line in Personal Insurance and (v) higher losses in the automobile product line in Personal Insurance due to a comparison to a low level of loss activity in the prior year period as a result of the pandemic, partially offset by (vi) higher net favorable prior year reserve development and (vii) a net charge associated with COVID-19 and related economic conditions in Business Insurance in the first six months of 2020. Catastrophe losses in the first six months of 2021 included the second quarter events described above, as well as winter storms and wind storms in several regions of the United States in the first quarter of 2021. Catastrophe losses in the first six months of 2020 included the second quarter events described above, as well as tornado activity in Tennessee and other wind storms and winter storms in several regions of the United States in the first quarter of 2020. The impacts of COVID-19 and related economic conditions on claims and claim adjustment expenses are discussed in more detail in the segment discussions that follow.

Factors contributing to net favorable prior year reserve development during the second quarters and first six months of 2021 and 2020 are discussed in more detail in note 7 of notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Significant Catastrophe Losses
The following table presents the amount of losses recorded by the Company for significant catastrophes that occurred in the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the amount of net unfavorable (favorable) prior year reserve development recognized in the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 for significant catastrophes that occurred in 2020 and 2019, and the estimate of ultimate losses for those catastrophes at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. For purposes of the table, a significant catastrophe is an event for which the Company estimates its ultimate losses will be $100 million or more after reinsurance and before taxes. The Company's threshold for disclosing catastrophes is primarily determined at the reportable segment level and for 2021 ranged from $20 million to $30 million of losses before reinsurance and taxes. For the Company’s definition of a catastrophe, refer to “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Consolidated Overview” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.
35

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

  Losses Incurred/Unfavorable (Favorable)
Prior Year Reserve Development 		   
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
  Estimated Ultimate Losses
(in millions, pre-tax and net of reinsurance) (1)
2021 2020 2021 2020 June 30,
2021 		December 31, 2020
'
2019
PCS Serial Number:
33 — Severe wind storms
(1) 2 (2) 7 256  258
61 — Severe wind storms and tornadoes
—  11 (8) 11 109  117
2020
PCS Serial Number:
16 — Tennessee tornado activity
(2) (11) (3) 171 148  151
19 — Severe storms
(6) 121 (11) 121 123  134
20 — Severe storms
(9) 189 (14) 189 151  165
33 — Civil unrest
(2) 91 (2) 91 98  100
44 — Tropical Storm Isaias
(13) n/a (14) n/a 126  140
46 — Midwest derecho (5) n/a (10) n/a 202  212
68 — California wildfire - Glass fire (1) n/a (8) n/a 137  145
2021
PCS Serial Number:
15 — Winter storms (10) n/a 213  n/a 213  n/a
17 — Winter storms 15  n/a 495  n/a 495  n/a
29 — Severe wind storms 151  n/a 151  n/a 151  n/a
_________________________________________________________

(1) Amounts are reported pre-tax and net of recoveries under all applicable reinsurance treaties, except for the Company's 2020 and 2019 Underlying Property Aggregate Catastrophe Excess-of-Loss Treaties, the terms of which are described in "Part I—Item 1—Business" in the Company's 2020 Annual Report. Those treaties covered the accumulation of certain property losses arising from one or multiple occurrences (both catastrophe and non-catastrophe events) for the period January 1, 2020 through and including December 31, 2020, and the period January 1, 2019 through and including December 31, 2019, respectively. As a result, the benefits from those treaties are not included in the table above as the allocation of the treaty's benefit to each identified catastrophe changes each time there are additional events or changes in estimated losses from any covered event.

n/a: not applicable.

Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs in the second quarter of 2021 was $1.25 billion, $81 million or 7% higher than in the same period of 2020.  Amortization of deferred acquisition costs in the first six months of 2021 was $2.46 billion, $110 million or 5% higher than in the same period of 2020. The increases in both periods of 2021 were generally consistent with the increases in earned premiums. Amortization of deferred acquisition costs is discussed in more detail in the segment discussions that follow.
 
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses in the second quarter of 2021 were $1.17 billion, $53 million or 5% higher than in the same period of 2020. General and administrative expenses in the first six months of 2021 were $2.34 billion, $79 million or 3% higher than in the same period of 2020. The increases in both periods of 2021 primarily reflected the impact of costs associated with higher business volumes, partially offset by lower net expenses related to COVID-19 and related economic conditions. General and administrative expenses are discussed in more detail in the segment discussions that follow.
36

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

Interest Expense
Interest expense in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 was $83 million and $165 million, respectively, compared with $85 million and $169 million, respectively, in the same periods of 2020.
 
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
Income tax expense in the second quarter of 2021 was $197 million, compared to an income tax benefit of $45 million in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the $1.22 billion increase in income before income taxes in the second quarter of 2021. Income tax expense in the first six months of 2021 was $355 million, $280 million or 373% higher than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of the $1.39 billion increase in income before income taxes in the first six months of 2021.
 
The Company’s effective tax rate was 17% and (53%) in the second quarters of 2021 and 2020, respectively.  The Company's effective tax rate was 18% and 12% in the first six months of 2021 and 2020, respectively. The effective tax rates were lower than the statutory rate of 21% in all periods, primarily due to the impact of tax-exempt investment income on the calculation of the Company’s income tax provision.

Combined Ratio
 
The combined ratio of 95.3% in the second quarter of 2021 was 8.4 points lower than the combined ratio of 103.7% in the same period of 2020.  The loss and loss adjustment expense ratio of 65.6% in the second quarter of 2021 was 7.1 points lower than in the loss and loss adjustment expense ratio of 72.7% in the same period of 2020.  The underwriting expense ratio of 29.7% for the second quarter of 2021 was 1.3 points lower than the underwriting expense ratio of 31.0% in the same period of 2020. 

Catastrophe losses in the second quarters of 2021 and 2020 accounted for 6.3 points and 12.3 points, respectively, of the combined ratio. Net favorable prior year reserve development in the second quarter of 2021 provided 2.4 points of benefit to the combined ratio. Net favorable prior year reserve development in the second quarter of 2020 had no impact on the combined ratio. The combined ratio excluding prior year reserve development and catastrophe losses (“underlying combined ratio”) in the second quarter of 2021 was comparable to the 2020 ratio on the same basis, primarily reflecting (i) earned pricing that exceeded loss cost trends in Business Insurance and Bond & Specialty Insurance, (ii) a lower expense ratio resulting primarily from higher premium volumes, (iii) lower non-catastrophe weather-related losses in Business Insurance and (iv) a net charge associated with COVID-19 and related economic conditions in Business Insurance in the second quarter of 2020, offset by (v) higher losses in the homeowners and other product line in Personal Insurance and (vi) higher losses in the automobile product line in Personal Insurance due to a comparison to a low level of loss activity (net of premium refunds) in the prior year quarter as a result of the pandemic.
 
The combined ratio of 95.9% in the first six months of 2021 was 3.6 points lower than the combined ratio of 99.5% in the same period of 2020. The loss and loss adjustment expense ratio of 66.1% for the first six months of 2021 was 2.9 points lower than the loss and loss adjustment expense ratio of 69.0% in the same period of 2020.  The underwriting expense ratio of 29.8% for the first six months of 2021 was 0.7 points lower than the underwriting expense ratio of 30.5% in the same period of 2020.

Catastrophe losses in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 accounted for 8.7 points and 8.4 points, respectively, of the combined ratio.  Net favorable prior year reserve development in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 provided 3.3 points and 0.2 points, respectively, of benefit to the combined ratio. The underlying combined ratio in the first six months of 2021 was 0.8 points lower than the 2020 ratio on the same basis, primarily reflecting (i) earned pricing that exceeded loss cost trends in Business Insurance and Bond & Specialty Insurance and (ii) a lower expense ratio resulting primarily from higher premium volumes, partially offset by (iii) higher losses in the homeowners and other product line in Personal Insurance.

The combined ratio continues to be impacted by the tort environment, including more aggressive attorney involvement in insurance claims. 

37

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

Written Premiums
Consolidated gross and net written premiums were as follows:
  Gross Written Premiums
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Business Insurance $ 4,356  $ 4,127  $ 9,132  $ 8,921 
Bond & Specialty Insurance 919  770  1,753  1,520 
Personal Insurance 3,322  2,854  6,119  5,462 
Total $ 8,597  $ 7,751  $ 17,004  $ 15,903 
 
  Net Written Premiums
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Business Insurance $ 3,980  $ 3,777  $ 8,105  $ 7,967 
Bond & Specialty Insurance 854  734  1,577  1,397 
Personal Insurance 3,301  2,835  5,958  5,328 
Total $ 8,135  $ 7,346  $ 15,640  $ 14,692 
 
Gross and net written premiums in the second quarter of 2021 both increased by 11% over the same period of 2020. Gross and net written premiums in the first six months of 2021 increased by 7% and 6%, respectively, over the same period of 2020. Gross and net written premiums in Business Insurance in both periods of 2020 were negatively impacted by reduced exposures, reflecting the impact of COVID-19 and related economic conditions, including a decrease in new business levels. Gross and net written premiums in Bond & Specialty Insurance in both periods of 2021 and 2020 were negatively impacted by lower surety volumes, primarily due to COVID-19 and related economic conditions. Gross and net written premiums in Personal Insurance in both periods of 2021 were not materially impacted by COVID-19 and related economic conditions. Gross and net written premiums in Personal Insurance in both periods of 2020 were negatively impacted by premium refunds provided to personal automobile customers in response to COVID-19 and related economic conditions. Factors contributing to the changes in gross and net written premiums in each segment are discussed in more detail in the segment discussions that follow.




38

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS BY SEGMENT
 
Business Insurance

Results of Business Insurance were as follows:
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(dollars in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Revenues        
Earned premiums $ 3,880  $ 3,735  $ 7,679  $ 7,599 
Net investment income 615  180  1,138  633 
Fee income 97  108  192  210 
Other revenues 57  36  110  67 
Total revenues 4,649  4,059  9,119  8,509 
Total claims and expenses 3,869  4,158  7,967  8,270 
Segment income (loss) before income taxes 780  (99) 1,152  239 
Income tax expense (benefit) 137  (41) 192  8 
Segment income (loss) $ 643  $ (58) $ 960  $ 231 
Loss and loss adjustment expense ratio 64.3  % 75.8  % 68.2  % 73.3  %
Underwriting expense ratio 31.0  31.3  31.1  31.3 
Combined ratio 95.3  % 107.1  % 99.3  % 104.6  %

Overview
Segment income in the second quarter of 2021 was $643 million, compared with a segment loss of $58 million in the same period of 2020. The increase in segment income before income taxes primarily reflected the pre-tax impacts of (i) higher net investment income, (ii) lower catastrophe losses, (iii) higher underlying underwriting margins and (iv) net favorable prior year reserve development compared to no net prior year reserve development in the same period of 2020. Catastrophe losses in the second quarters of 2021 and 2020 were $149 million and $377 million, respectively. Net favorable prior year reserve development in the second quarter of 2021 was $73 million. The higher underlying underwriting margins primarily reflected the impacts of (i) earned pricing that exceeded loss cost trends, (ii) lower non-catastrophe weather-related losses, (iii) higher business volumes and (iv) a modest net charge associated with COVID-19 and related economic conditions in the second quarter of 2020. The segment recorded income tax expense in the second quarter of 2021 compared with an income tax benefit in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of the increase in segment income before income taxes.

Segment income in the first six months of 2021 was $960 million, $729 million or 316% higher than segment income of $231 million in the same period of 2020. The increase in segment income before income taxes primarily reflected the pre-tax impacts of (i) higher net investment income, (ii) higher underlying underwriting margins and (iii) higher net favorable prior year reserve development, partially offset by (iv) higher catastrophe losses. Net favorable prior year reserve development in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 was $207 million and $5 million, respectively. Catastrophe losses in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 were $655 million and $572 million, respectively. The higher underlying underwriting margins primarily reflected the impacts of (i) earned pricing that exceeded loss cost trends in the first six months of 2021 and (ii) a net charge associated with COVID-19 and related economic conditions in the first six months of 2020. Income tax expense in the first six months of 2021 was higher than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of the increase in income before income taxes.

39

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

Revenues
 
Earned Premiums
Earned premiums in the second quarter of 2021 of $3.88 billion increased by 4% from the same period of 2020. Earned premiums in the first six months of 2021 of $7.68 billion increased by 1% from the same period of 2020. Earned premiums in both periods of 2021 were negatively impacted by lower net written premiums in the preceding twelve months due to a modest reduction in exposures and a decrease in new business volume, in each case driven by COVID-19 and related economic conditions. Earned premiums in Business Insurance in both periods of 2020 were negatively impacted by reduced exposures and reductions in the Company's estimate of ultimate audit premiums receivable, in each case reflecting the impact of COVID-19 and related economic conditions, including a decrease in new business levels.

Net Investment Income
Net investment income in the second quarter of 2021 was $615 million, $435 million or 242% higher than in the same period of 2020.  Net investment income in the first six months of 2021 was $1.14 billion, $505 million or 80% higher than in the same period of 2020. Refer to the “Net Investment Income” section of the “Consolidated Results of Operations” discussion herein for a description of the factors contributing to the increases in the Company’s consolidated net investment income in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 compared with the same periods of 2020. In addition, refer to note 2 of notes to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report for a discussion of the Company’s net investment income allocation methodology.
 
Fee Income
National Accounts is the primary source of fee income due to revenue from its large deductible policies and service businesses, which include risk management, claims administration, loss control and risk management information services provided to third parties, as well as policy issuance and claims management services to workers' compensation residual market pools.  Fee income in the second quarter of 2021 was $97 million, $11 million or 10% lower than in the same period of 2020. Fee income in the first six months of 2021 was $192 million, $18 million or 9% lower than in the same period of 2020. The decreases in both periods of 2021 reflected lower claim volume under administration associated with its service businesses.

Other Revenues
Other revenues in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 were $57 million and $110 million, respectively, $21 million and $43 million higher, respectively, than in the same periods of 2020, primarily reflecting growth in revenues from Simply Business. Other revenues also included installment premium charges and other policyholder service charges. 
 
Claims and Expenses
 
Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses
Claims and claim adjustment expenses in the second quarter of 2021 were $2.54 billion, $341 million or 12% lower than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impacts of (i) lower catastrophes, (ii) reduced exposures, including the impact of COVID-19 and related economic conditions, (iii) net favorable prior year reserve development compared to no net prior year reserve development in the same period of 2020 and (iv) lower non-catastrophe weather-related losses, partially offset by (v) loss cost trends. Claims and claim adjustment expenses in the second quarter of 2020 were unfavorably impacted by modestly higher loss estimates in certain product lines associated with COVID-19 and related economic conditions.

Claims and claim adjustment expenses in the first six months of 2021 were $5.33 billion, $344 million or 6% lower than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of (i) reduced exposures, including the impact of COVID-19 and related economic conditions and (ii) higher net favorable prior year reserve development, partially offset by (iii) loss cost trends and (iv) higher catastrophe losses. Claims and claim adjustment expenses in the first six months of 2020 were unfavorably impacted by modestly higher loss estimates in certain product lines associated with COVID-19 and related economic conditions.

Factors contributing to net prior year reserve development during the second quarters and first six months of 2021 and 2020 are discussed in more detail in note 7 of notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs in the second quarter of 2021 was $642 million, $20 million or 3% higher than the same period of 2020. Amortization of deferred acquisition costs in the first six months of 2021 was $1.27 billion, $11 million or 1% higher than the same period of 2020. The changes in both periods of 2021 were generally consistent with the changes in earned premiums.
40

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

 
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses in the second quarter of 2021 were $688 million, $32 million or 5% higher than in the same period of 2020. General and administrative expenses in the first six months of 2021 were $1.37 billion, $30 million or 2% higher than in the same period of 2020. The increases in both periods of 2021 were primarily in support of business growth. General and administrative expenses in the second quarters and first six months of both 2021 and 2020 included the benefit of lower travel-related expenses attributable to COVID-19 and related economic conditions. General and administrative expenses in the second quarter and first six months of 2020 also included an increased allowance for expected credit losses on premiums receivable attributable to COVID-19 and related economic conditions.
 
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
Income tax expense in the second quarter of 2021 was $137 million, compared with an income tax benefit of $41 million in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of the $879 million increase in income before income taxes. Income tax expense in the first six months of 2021 was $192 million, $184 million higher than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of the $913 million increase in income before income taxes.

Combined Ratio
 
The combined ratio of 95.3% in the second quarter of 2021 was 11.8 points lower than the combined ratio of 107.1% in the same period of 2020.  The loss and loss adjustment expense ratio of 64.3% in the second quarter of 2021 was 11.5 points lower than the loss and loss adjustment expense ratio of 75.8% in the same period of 2020. The underwriting expense ratio of 31.0% for the second quarter of 2021 was 0.3 points lower than the underwriting expense ratio of 31.3% in the same period of 2020. 

Catastrophe losses in the second quarters of 2021 and 2020 accounted for 3.9 points and 10.1 points, respectively, of the combined ratio.  Net favorable prior year reserve development in the second quarter of 2021 provided 1.9 points of benefit to the combined ratio. There was no net prior year reserve development in the second quarter of 2020. The underlying combined ratio in the second quarter of 2021 was 3.7 points lower than the 2020 ratio on the same basis, primarily reflecting the impacts of (i) earned pricing that exceeded loss cost trends, (ii) lower non-catastrophe weather-related losses and (iii) a modest net charge associated with COVID-19 and related economic conditions in the second quarter of 2020.

The combined ratio of 99.3% in the first six months of 2021 was 5.3 points lower than the combined ratio of 104.6% in the same period of 2020. The loss and loss adjustment expense ratio of 68.2% in the first six months of 2021 was 5.1 points lower than the loss and loss adjustment expense ratio of 73.3% in the same period of 2020.  The underwriting expense ratio of 31.1% for the first six months of 2021 was 0.2 points lower than the underwriting expense ratio of 31.3% in the same period of 2020.

Catastrophe losses in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 accounted for 8.5 points and 7.5 points, respectively, of the combined ratio. Net favorable prior year reserve development in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 provided 2.7 points and 0.0 points of benefit to the combined ratio.  The underlying combined ratio in the first six months of 2021 was 3.6 points lower than the 2020 ratio on the same basis, primarily reflecting the impacts of (i) earned pricing that exceeded loss cost trends in the first six months of 2021 and (ii) a net charge associated with COVID-19 and related economic conditions in the first six months of 2020.

41

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

Written Premiums
Business Insurance’s gross and net written premiums by market were as follows:
  Gross Written Premiums
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Domestic:        
Select Accounts $ 727  $ 736  $ 1,478  $ 1,557 
Middle Market 2,243  2,107  4,808  4,676 
National Accounts 314  319  811  827 
National Property and Other 713  639  1,313  1,195 
Total Domestic 3,997  3,801  8,410  8,255 
International 359  326  722  666 
Total Business Insurance $ 4,356  $ 4,127  $ 9,132  $ 8,921 
 
  Net Written Premiums
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Domestic:        
Select Accounts $ 726  $ 734  $ 1,455  $ 1,533 
Middle Market 2,087  1,960  4,471  4,368 
National Accounts 213  215  503  516 
National Property and Other 647  585  1,092  1,013 
Total Domestic 3,673  3,494  7,521  7,430 
International 307  283  584  537 
Total Business Insurance $ 3,980  $ 3,777  $ 8,105  $ 7,967 
 
Gross written premiums in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 increased by 6% and 2%, respectively, from the same periods of 2020. Net written premiums in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 increased by 5% and 2%, respectively, from the same periods of 2020.

Select Accounts.  Net written premiums of $726 million in the second quarter of 2021 decreased by 1% from the same period of 2020. Net written premiums of $1.46 billion in the first six months of 2021 decreased by 5% from the same period of 2020. Retention rates remained strong in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 but declined from the same periods of 2020. Renewal premium changes in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 remained positive and were higher than in the same periods of 2020.  New business premiums in the second quarter of 2021 increased over the same period of 2020. New business premiums in the first six months of 2021 decreased from the same period of 2020.

Middle Market.  Net written premiums of $2.09 billion in the second quarter of 2021 increased by 6% from the same period of 2020. Net written premiums of $4.47 billion in the first six months of 2021 increased by 2% from the same period of 2020. Retention rates remained strong in the second quarter and first six months of 2021.  Renewal premium changes in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 remained positive and were higher than in the same periods of 2020.  New business premiums in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 increased over the same periods of 2020.

National Accounts.  Net written premiums of $213 million in the second quarter of 2021 decreased by 1% from the same period of 2020.  Net written premiums of $503 million in the first six months of 2021 decreased by 3% from the same period of 2020. Retention rates remained strong in the second quarter and first six months of 2021.  Renewal premium changes in the second quarter of 2021 remained positive and were higher than in the same period of 2020. Renewal premium changes in the first six months of 2021 remained positive and were slightly lower than in the same period of 2020. New business premiums in the second quarter of 2021 were comparable with the same period of 2020. New business premiums in the first six months of 2021 increased over the same period of 2020.
42

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

National Property and Other.  Net written premiums of $647 million in the second quarter of 2021 increased by 11% over the same period of 2020.  Net written premiums of $1.09 billion in the first six months of 2021 increased by 8% over the same period of 2020.  Retention rates remained strong in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 and increased over the same periods of 2020.  Renewal premium changes in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 remained positive and were lower than in the same periods of 2020. New business premiums in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 decreased from the same periods of 2020.

International.  Net written premiums of $307 million in the second quarter of 2021 increased by 8% over the same period of 2020. Net written premiums of $584 million in the first six months of 2021 increased by 9% over the same period of 2020. The increases in both periods of 2021 were primarily driven by changes in foreign currency exchange rates and the Company's operations at Lloyd's. 

Bond & Specialty Insurance
 
Results of Bond & Specialty Insurance were as follows:
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(dollars in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Revenues        
Earned premiums $ 776  $ 693  $ 1,519  $ 1,360 
Net investment income 64  42  123  97 
Other revenues 7  5  12  10 
Total revenues 847  740  1,654  1,467 
Total claims and expenses 612  654  1,250  1,230 
Segment income before income taxes 235  86  404  237 
Income tax expense 48  14  80  43 
Segment income $ 187  $ 72  $ 324  $ 194 
Loss and loss adjustment expense ratio 42.6  % 57.8  % 46.2  % 53.4  %
Underwriting expense ratio 35.5  36.0  35.4  36.5 
Combined ratio 78.1  % 93.8  % 81.6  % 89.9  %
 
Overview
Segment income in the second quarter of 2021 was $187 million, $115 million or 160% higher than segment income of $72 million in the same period of 2020. The increase in segment income before income taxes primarily reflected the pre-tax impacts of (i) net favorable prior year reserve development compared with net unfavorable prior year reserve development in the same period of 2020, (ii) higher underlying underwriting margins and (iii) higher net investment income. Net favorable prior year reserve development in the second quarter of 2021 was $44 million, as compared to net unfavorable prior year reserve development in the second quarter of 2020 of $33 million. Catastrophe losses in the second quarters of 2021 and 2020 were $3 million and $7 million, respectively. The higher underlying underwriting margins primarily reflected the impacts of (i) earned pricing that exceeded loss cost trends and (ii) higher business volumes. Underlying underwriting margins in the second quarters of both 2021 and 2020 included comparable loss activity related to the impact of COVID-19 and related economic conditions. Income tax expense in the second quarter of 2021 was higher than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of the increase in segment income before income taxes.

Segment income in the first six months of 2021 was $324 million, $130 million or 67% higher than segment income of $194 million in the same period of 2020. The increase in segment income before income taxes primarily reflected the pre-tax impacts of (i) net favorable prior year reserve development compared to net unfavorable prior year reserve development in the same period of 2020, (ii) higher underlying underwriting margins and (iii) higher net investment income, partially offset by (iv) higher catastrophe losses. Net favorable prior year reserve development in the first six months of 2021 was $59 million, as compared to net unfavorable prior year reserve development in the first six months of 2020 of $33 million.  Catastrophe losses in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 were $27 million and $8 million, respectively.  The higher underlying underwriting margins primarily reflected the impacts of (i) earned pricing that exceeded loss cost trends and (ii) higher business volumes.
43

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

Underlying underwriting margins in the first six months of both 2021 and 2020 included comparable loss activity related to the impact of COVID-19 and related economic conditions. Income tax expense in the first six months of 2021 was higher than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of the increase in segment income before income taxes.

Revenues
Earned Premiums
Earned premiums in the second quarter of 2021 were $776 million, $83 million or 12% higher than in the same period of 2020. Earned premiums in the first six months of 2021 were $1.52 billion, $159 million or 12% higher than in the same period of 2020. The increases in both periods of 2021 primarily reflected the increase in net written premiums over the preceding twelve months. Earned premiums in both periods of 2021 and 2020 were not materially impacted by COVID-19 and related economic conditions.

Net Investment Income
Net investment income in the second quarter of 2021 was $64 million, $22 million or 52% higher than in the same period of 2020. Net investment income in the first six months of 2021 was $123 million, $26 million or 27% higher than in the same period of 2020. Included in Bond & Specialty Insurance are certain legal entities whose invested assets and related net investment income are reported exclusively in this segment and not allocated among all business segments. Refer to the “Net Investment Income” section of “Consolidated Results of Operations” herein for a discussion of the increase in the Company’s consolidated net investment income in the second quarter of 2021 compared with the same period of 2020. In addition, refer to note 2 of notes to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report for a discussion of the Company’s net investment income allocation methodology.
 
Claims and Expenses
 
Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses
Claims and claim adjustment expenses in the second quarter of 2021 were $335 million, $68 million or 17% lower than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impacts of (i) net favorable prior year reserve development compared with net unfavorable prior year reserve development in the same period of 2020 and (ii) lower catastrophe losses, partially offset by (iii) higher business volumes. Claims and claim adjustment expenses in the second quarters of both 2021 and 2020 included comparable loss activity related to the impact of COVID-19 and related economic conditions.

Claims and claim adjustment expenses in the first six months of 2021 were $709 million, $21 million or 3% lower than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of (i) net favorable prior year reserve development compared to net unfavorable prior year reserve development in the same period of 2020, partially offset by (ii) higher business volumes and (iii) higher catastrophe losses. Claims and claim adjustment expenses in the first six months of both 2021 and 2020 included comparable loss activity related to the impact of COVID-19 and related economic conditions.

Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs in the second quarter of 2021 was $142 million, $14 million or 11% higher than in the same period of 2020.  Amortization of deferred acquisition costs in the first six months of 2021 was $276 million, $24 million or 10% higher than in the same period of 2020. The increases in both periods of 2021 were generally consistent with the increases in earned premiums.

General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses in the second quarter of 2021 were $135 million, $12 million or 10% higher than in the same period of 2020. General and administrative expenses in the first six months of 2021 were $265 million, $17 million or 7% higher than in the same period of 2020. The increases in both periods of 2021 primarily reflected the impacts of higher business volumes. The benefit of lower travel-related expenses related to COVID-19 and related economic conditions in the first six months of 2021 was higher compared to the benefit in the same period of 2020.
 
Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense in the second quarter of 2021 was $48 million, $34 million or 243% higher than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of the $149 million increase in segment income before income taxes. Income tax expense in the first six months of 2021 was $80 million, $37 million or 86% higher than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of the $167 million increase in segment income before income taxes.

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THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

Combined Ratio
 
The combined ratio of 78.1% in the second quarter of 2021 was 15.7 points lower than the combined ratio of 93.8% in the same period of 2020.  The loss and loss adjustment expense ratio of 42.6% in the second quarter of 2021 was 15.2 points lower than the loss and loss adjustment expense ratio of 57.8% in the same period of 2020. The underwriting expense ratio of 35.5% in the second quarter of 2021 was 0.5 points lower than the underwriting expense ratio of 36.0% in the same period of 2020.
 
Net favorable prior year reserve development in the second quarter of 2021 provided 5.7 points of benefit to the combined ratio. Net unfavorable prior year reserve development in the second quarter of 2020 accounted for 4.7 points of the combined ratio. Catastrophe losses in the second quarters of 2021 and 2020 accounted for 0.4 points and 1.0 points, respectively, of the combined ratio. The underlying combined ratio in the second quarter of 2021 was 4.7 points lower than the 2020 ratio on the same basis, primarily reflecting the impacts of (i) earned pricing that exceeded loss cost trends and (ii) a lower expense ratio resulting primarily from higher premium volumes. The underlying combined ratio in the second quarters of both 2021 and 2020 included comparable loss activity related to COVID-19 and related economic conditions.

The combined ratio of 81.6% in the first six months of 2021 was 8.3 points lower than the combined ratio of 89.9% in the same period of 2020. The loss and loss adjustment expense ratio of 46.2% in the first six months of 2021 was 7.2 points lower than the loss and loss adjustment expense ratio of 53.4% in the same period of 2020.  The underwriting expense ratio of 35.4% in the first six months of 2021 was 1.1 points lower than the underwriting expense ratio of 36.5% in the same period of 2020.

Net favorable prior year reserve development in the first six months of 2021 provided 3.9 points of benefit to the combined ratio. Net unfavorable prior year reserve development in the first six months of 2020 accounted for 2.4 points of the combined ratio.  Catastrophe losses in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 accounted for 1.7 points and 0.6 points, respectively, of the combined ratio.  The underlying combined ratio in the first six months of 2021 was 3.1 points lower than the 2020 ratio on the same basis, primarily reflecting the impacts of (i) earned pricing that exceeded loss cost trends and (ii) a lower expense ratio resulting primarily from higher premium volumes. The underlying combined ratio in the first six months of both 2021 and 2020 included comparable loss activity related to COVID-19 and related economic conditions.

Written Premiums
The Bond & Specialty Insurance segment’s gross and net written premiums were as follows:
  Gross Written Premiums
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Domestic:        
Management Liability $ 553  $ 466  $ 1,055  $ 904 
Surety 239  228  474  478 
Total Domestic 792  694  1,529  1,382 
International 127  76  224  138 
Total Bond & Specialty Insurance $ 919  $ 770  $ 1,753  $ 1,520 
  Net Written Premiums
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Domestic:        
Management Liability $ 497  $ 438  $ 941  $ 839 
Surety 232  220  432  435 
Total Domestic 729  658  1,373  1,274 
International 125  76  204  123 
Total Bond & Specialty Insurance $ 854  $ 734  $ 1,577  $ 1,397 
 
Gross and net written premiums in the second quarter of 2021 increased by 19% and 16%, respectively, over the same period of 2020. Gross and net written premiums in the first six months of 2021 increased by 15% and 13%, respectively, over the same
45

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

period of 2020. Gross and net written premiums in both periods of 2021 and 2020 were negatively impacted by lower surety volumes, primarily due to COVID-19 and related economic conditions.
 
Domestic.  Net written premiums of $729 million in the second quarter of 2021 increased by 11% over the same period of 2020. Net written premiums of $1.37 billion in the first six months of 2021 increased by 8% over the same period of 2020.  Excluding the surety line of business, for which the following are not relevant measures, retention rates remained strong in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 but declined from the same periods of 2020. Renewal premium changes in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 remained positive and were higher than in the same periods of 2020. New business premiums in the second quarter of 2021 increased over the same period of 2020. New business premiums in the first six months of 2021 decreased from the same period of 2020.
 
International.  Net written premiums of $125 million and $204 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2021, respectively, increased by 64% and 66%, respectively, over the same periods of 2020. The increases in both periods of 2021 were primarily driven by increases in the United Kingdom and Canada, including the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Personal Insurance
 
Results of Personal Insurance were as follows:
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(dollars in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Revenues        
Earned premiums $ 2,960  $ 2,527  $ 5,804  $ 5,225 
Net investment income 139  46  258  149 
Fee income 7  6  13  12 
Other revenues 24  10  47  32 
Total revenues 3,130  2,589  6,122  5,418 
Total claims and expenses 2,984  2,580  5,582  4,989 
Segment income before income taxes 146  9  540  429 
Income tax expense (benefit) 25  (1) 105  83 
Segment income $ 121  $ 10  $ 435  $ 346 
Loss and loss adjustment expense ratio 73.3  % 72.2  % 68.6  % 66.9  %
Underwriting expense ratio 26.4  29.1  26.5  27.6 
Combined ratio 99.7  % 101.3  % 95.1  % 94.5  %
 
Overview
Segment income in the second quarter of 2021 was $121 million, $111 million higher than segment income of $10 million in the same period of 2020. The increase in segment income before income taxes primarily reflected the pre-tax impacts of (i) lower catastrophe losses, (ii) higher net investment income and (iii) higher net favorable prior year reserve development, partially offset by (iv) lower underlying underwriting margins. Catastrophe losses in the second quarters of 2021 and 2020 were $323 million and $470 million, respectively. Net favorable prior year reserve development in the second quarters of 2021 and 2020 was $65 million and $35 million, respectively. The lower underlying underwriting margins primarily reflected the impacts of (i) higher losses in the homeowners and other product line and (ii) higher losses in the automobile product line due to a comparison to a low level of loss activity (net of premium refunds) in the prior year quarter as a result of the pandemic, partially offset by (iii) higher business volumes. Income tax expense in the second quarter of 2021 was higher than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of the increase in segment income before income taxes.
46

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

Segment income in the first six months of 2021 was $435 million, $89 million or 26% higher than segment income of $346 million in the same period of 2020. The increase in segment income before income taxes primarily reflected the pre-tax impacts of (i) higher net favorable prior year reserve development and (ii) higher net investment income, partially offset by (iii) lower underlying underwriting margins. Net favorable prior year reserve development in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 was $233 million and $57 million, respectively. Catastrophe losses in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 were $628 million and $607 million, respectively.  The lower underlying underwriting margins primarily reflected the impacts of (i) higher losses in the homeowners and other product line, partially offset by (ii) higher business volumes. Income tax expense in the first six months of 2021 was higher than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of the increase in segment income before income taxes.

Revenues
 
Earned Premiums
Earned premiums in the second quarter of 2021 were $2.96 billion, $433 million or 17% higher than in the same period of 2020.  Earned premiums in the first six months of 2021 were $5.80 billion, $579 million or 11% higher than in the same period of 2020. The increases in both periods of 2021 primarily reflected the increase in net written premiums over the preceding twelve months. Net written and earned premiums in both periods of 2021 were not materially impacted by COVID-19 and related economic conditions. Net written and earned premiums in both periods of 2020 were reduced by premium refunds provided in the second quarter of 2020 to personal automobile customers in response to COVID-19 and related economic conditions.

Net Investment Income
Net investment income in the second quarter of 2021 was $139 million, $93 million or 202% higher than in the same period of 2020. Net investment income in the first six months of 2021 was $258 million, $109 million or 73% higher than in the same period of 2020. Refer to the “Net Investment Income” section of the “Consolidated Results of Operations” discussion herein for a description of the factors contributing to the increases in the Company’s consolidated net investment income in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 compared with the same periods of 2020. In addition, refer to note 2 of notes to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report for a discussion of the Company’s net investment income allocation methodology.
 
Other Revenues
Other revenues in the second quarters and first six months of 2021 and 2020 primarily consisted of installment premium charges. Installment premium charges in both periods of 2021 were higher than in the same periods of 2020, primarily attributed to the impact of billing relief actions offered to customers as a result of COVID-19 in the second quarter of 2020.
 
Claims and Expenses
 
Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses
Claims and claim adjustment expenses in the second quarter of 2021 were $2.17 billion, $347 million or 19% higher than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impacts of (i) higher losses in the automobile product line due to a comparison to a low level of loss activity in the prior year quarter as a result of the pandemic, (ii) higher losses in the homeowners and other product line, (iii) higher business volumes and (iv) loss cost trends, partially offset by (v) lower catastrophe losses and (vi) higher net favorable prior year reserve development.

Claims and claim adjustment expenses in the first six months of 2021 were $3.98 billion, $484 million or 14% higher than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impacts of (i) higher losses in the homeowners and other product line, (ii) higher losses in the automobile product line due to a comparison to a low level of loss activity in the prior year period as a result of the pandemic, (iii) higher business volumes and (iv) loss cost trends, partially offset by (v) higher net favorable prior year reserve development.

Factors contributing to net favorable prior year reserve development during the second quarter and first six months of 2021 and 2020 are discussed in more detail in note 7 of notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.
 
47

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs in the second quarter of 2021 was $470 million, $47 million or 11% higher than in the same period of 2020. Amortization of deferred acquisition costs in the first six months of 2021 was $916 million, $75 million or 9% higher than in the same period of 2020. The increases in both periods of 2021 were generally consistent with the increases in earned premiums before the impact of premium refunds referred to above.
 
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses in the second quarter of 2021 were $343 million, $10 million or 3% higher than in the same period of 2020. General and administrative expenses in the first six months of 2021 were $687 million, $34 million or 5% higher than in the same period of 2020. The increases in both periods of 2021 primarily reflected the impacts of higher business volumes and normal variability in expenses. The totals in both periods of 2020 included higher contingent commissions and an increased allowance for expected credit losses on premiums receivable, in each case due to the impact of COVID-19 and related economic conditions.

Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
Income tax expense in the second quarter of 2021 was $25 million, compared with an income tax benefit of $1 million in same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the impact of the $137 million increase in segment income before income taxes. Income tax expense in the first six months of 2021 was $105 million, $22 million or 27% higher than in the same period of 2020, primarily reflecting the $111 million increase in segment income before income taxes.

Combined Ratio
 
The combined ratio of 99.7% in the second quarter of 2021 was 1.6 points lower than the combined ratio of 101.3% in the same period of 2020.  The loss and loss adjustment expense ratio of 73.3% in the second quarter of 2021 was 1.1 points higher than the loss and loss adjustment expense ratio of 72.2% in the same period of 2020.  The underwriting expense ratio of 26.4% for the second quarter of 2021 was 2.7 points lower than the underwriting expense ratio of 29.1% in the same period of 2020.
 
Catastrophe losses in the second quarters of 2021 and 2020 accounted for 10.9 points and 18.6 points, respectively, of the combined ratio. Net favorable prior year reserve development in the second quarters of 2021 and 2020 provided 2.2 points and 1.3 points, respectively, of benefit to the combined ratio. The underlying combined ratio in the second quarter of 2021 was 7.0 points higher than the 2020 ratio on the same basis, primarily reflecting the impacts of (i) higher losses in the homeowners and other product line and (ii) higher losses in the automobile product line due to a comparison to a low level of loss activity (net of premium refunds) in the prior year quarter as a result of the pandemic.

The combined ratio of 95.1% in the first six months of 2021 was 0.6 points higher than the combined ratio of 94.5% in the same period of 2020. The loss and loss adjustment expense ratio of 68.6% in the first six months of 2021 was 1.7 points higher than the loss and loss adjustment expense ratio of 66.9% in the same period of 2020.  The underwriting expense ratio of 26.5% in the first six months of 2021 was 1.1 points lower than the underwriting expense ratio of 27.6% in the same period of 2020.

Catastrophe losses in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 accounted for 10.8 points and 11.6 points, respectively, of the combined ratio.  Net favorable prior year reserve development in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 provided 4.0 points and 1.1 points, respectively, of benefit to the combined ratio.  The underlying combined ratio in the first six months of 2021 was 4.3 points higher than the 2020 ratio on the same basis, primarily reflecting the impact of higher losses in the homeowners and other product line.
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THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

Written Premiums
Personal Insurance’s gross and net written premiums were as follows:
  Gross Written Premiums
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Domestic:        
Automobile $ 1,472  $ 1,207  $ 2,859  $ 2,553 
Homeowners and Other 1,648  1,471  2,916  2,587 
Total Domestic 3,120  2,678  5,775  5,140 
International 202  176  344  322 
Total Personal Insurance $ 3,322  $ 2,854  $ 6,119  $ 5,462 
 
  Net Written Premiums
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Domestic:        
Automobile $ 1,467  $ 1,204  $ 2,842  $ 2,537 
Homeowners and Other 1,634  1,458  2,778  2,475 
Total Domestic 3,101  2,662  5,620  5,012 
International 200  173  338  316 
Total Personal Insurance $ 3,301  $ 2,835  $ 5,958  $ 5,328 
 
Gross and net written premiums in the second quarter of 2021 both increased by 16% over the same period of 2020. Gross and net written premiums in the first six months of 2021 both increased by 12% over the same period of 2020. Gross and net written premiums in both periods of 2020 were negatively impacted by premium refunds provided in the second quarter of 2020 to personal automobile customers in response to COVID-19 and related economic conditions.

Domestic
Automobile net written premiums of $1.47 billion and $2.84 billion in the second quarter and first six months of 2021, respectively, increased by 22% and 12%, respectively, over the same periods of 2020. Net written premiums in both periods of 2020 were negatively impacted by premium refunds provided in the second quarter of 2020 to personal automobile customers in response to COVID-19 and related economic conditions. Retention rates remained strong in the second quarter and first six months of 2021.  Renewal premium changes in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 were not significant and were lower than in the same periods of 2020.  New business premiums in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 increased over the same periods of 2020.

Homeowners and Other net written premiums of $1.63 billion and $2.78 billion in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 both increased by 12% over the same periods of 2020.  Retention rates remained strong in the second quarter and first six months of 2021.  Renewal premium changes in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 remained positive and were slightly higher than in the same periods of 2020.  New business premiums in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 increased over the same periods of 2020.
 
For its Domestic business, Personal Insurance had approximately 8.7 million and 8.2 million active policies at June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

International
International net written premiums of $200 million and $338 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2021, respectively, increased by 16% and 7%, respectively, from the same periods of 2020, primarily driven by changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

49

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

For its International business, Personal Insurance had approximately 486,000 and 505,000 active policies at June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Interest Expense and Other
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 		Six Months Ended
June 30,
(in millions) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Income (loss) $ (72) $ (74) $ (141) $ (145)
 
The Income (loss) for Interest Expense and Other in the second quarters of 2021 and 2020 was $(72) million and $(74) million, respectively.  Pre-tax interest expense in the second quarters of 2021 and 2020 was $83 million and $85 million respectively. After-tax interest expense in the second quarters of 2021 and 2020 was $65 million and $67 million, respectively. The Income (loss) for Interest Expense and Other in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 was $(141) million and $(145) million, respectively. Pre-tax interest expense in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 was $165 million and $169 million, respectively. After-tax interest expense in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 was $130 million and $133 million, respectively.

ASBESTOS CLAIMS AND LITIGATION
 
The Company believes that the property and casualty insurance industry has suffered from court decisions and other trends that have expanded insurance coverage for asbestos claims far beyond the original intent of insurers and policyholders. The Company has received and continues to receive a significant number of asbestos claims. Factors underlying these claim filings include continued intensive advertising by lawyers seeking asbestos claimants and the focus by plaintiffs on defendants, such as manufacturers of talcum powder, who were not traditionally primary targets of asbestos litigation. The focus on these defendants is primarily the result of the number of traditional asbestos defendants who have sought bankruptcy protection in previous years.  The bankruptcy of many traditional defendants has also caused increased settlement demands against those policyholders who are not in bankruptcy but remain in the tort system. Currently, in many jurisdictions, those who allege very serious injury and who can present credible medical evidence of their injuries are receiving priority trial settings in the courts, while those who have not shown any credible disease manifestation are having their hearing dates delayed or placed on an inactive docket. Prioritizing claims involving credible evidence of injuries, along with the focus on defendants who were not traditionally primary targets of asbestos litigation, contributes to the claims and claim adjustment expense payment patterns experienced by the Company. The Company’s asbestos-related claims and claim adjustment expense experience also has been impacted by the unavailability of other insurance sources potentially available to policyholders, whether through exhaustion of policy limits or through the insolvency of other participating insurers.
 
The Company continues to be involved in disputes, including litigation, with a number of policyholders, some of whom are in bankruptcy, over coverage for asbestos-related claims. Many coverage disputes with policyholders are only resolved through settlement agreements. Because many policyholders make exaggerated demands, it is difficult to predict the outcome of settlement negotiations. Settlements involving bankrupt policyholders may include extensive releases which are favorable to the Company, but which could result in settlements for larger amounts than originally anticipated. Although the Company has seen a reduction in the overall risk associated with these disputes, it remains difficult to predict the ultimate cost of these claims. As in the past, the Company will continue to pursue settlement opportunities.

In addition to claims against policyholders, proceedings have been launched directly against insurers, including the Company, by individuals challenging insurers’ conduct with respect to the handling of past asbestos claims and by individuals seeking damages arising from alleged asbestos-related bodily injuries.   It is possible that other direct actions against insurers, including the Company, could be filed in the future.  It is difficult to predict the outcome of these proceedings, including whether the plaintiffs would be able to sustain these actions against insurers based on novel legal theories of liability. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses to any such claims and has received favorable rulings in certain jurisdictions.

Because each policyholder presents different liability and coverage issues, the Company generally reviews the exposure presented by each policyholder with open claims at least annually.  Among the factors the Company may consider in the course of this review are: available insurance coverage, including the role of any umbrella or excess insurance the Company has issued to the policyholder; limits and deductibles; an analysis of the policyholder’s potential liability; the jurisdictions involved; past and anticipated future claim activity and loss development on pending claims; past settlement values of similar claims; allocated claim adjustment expense; the potential role of other insurance; the role, if any, of non-asbestos claims or potential non-asbestos claims in any resolution process; and applicable coverage defenses or determinations, if any, including the determination as to
50

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

whether or not an asbestos claim is a products/completed operation claim subject to an aggregate limit and the available coverage, if any, for that claim.
 
The Company’s quarterly asbestos reserve reviews include an analysis of exposure and claim payment patterns by policyholder, as well as recent settlements, policyholder bankruptcies, judicial rulings and legislative actions.  The Company also analyzes developing payment patterns among policyholders and the assumed reinsurance component of reserves, as well as projected reinsurance billings and recoveries. In addition, the Company reviews its historical gross and net loss and expense paid experience, year-by-year, to assess any emerging trends, fluctuations, or characteristics suggested by the aggregate paid activity. Conventional actuarial methods are not utilized to establish asbestos reserves, and the Company’s evaluations have not resulted in a reliable method to determine a meaningful average asbestos defense or indemnity payment. Over the past decade, the property and casualty insurance industry, including the Company, has experienced net unfavorable prior year reserve development with regard to asbestos reserves, but the Company believes that over that period there has been a reduction in the volatility associated with the Company’s overall asbestos exposure as the overall asbestos environment has evolved from one dominated by exposure to significant litigation risks, particularly coverage disputes relating to policyholders in bankruptcy who were asserting that their claims were not subject to the aggregate limits contained in their policies, to an environment primarily driven by a frequency of litigation related to individuals with mesothelioma. The Company’s overall view of the current underlying asbestos environment is essentially unchanged from recent periods, and there remains a high degree of uncertainty with respect to future exposure to asbestos claims.

Net asbestos paid loss and loss expenses in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 were $88 million and $108 million, respectively. Net asbestos reserves were $1.25 billion and $1.17 billion at June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, respectively.
 
The following table displays activity for asbestos losses and loss expenses and reserves:
(at and for the six months ended June 30, in millions) 2021 2020
Beginning reserves:    
Gross $ 1,668  $ 1,601 
Ceded (330) (322)
Net 1,338  1,279 
Incurred losses and loss expenses:    
Gross —  — 
Ceded —  — 
Net —  — 
Paid loss and loss expenses:    
Gross 103  129 
Ceded (15) (21)
Net 88  108 
Foreign exchange and other:    
Gross —  (2)
Ceded —  — 
Net —  (2)
Ending reserves:    
Gross 1,565  1,470 
Ceded (315) (301)
Net $ 1,250  $ 1,169 
_________________________________________________________
See “—Uncertainty Regarding Adequacy of Asbestos and Environmental Reserves.”

51

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

ENVIRONMENTAL CLAIMS AND LITIGATION
 
The Company has received and continues to receive claims from policyholders who allege that they are liable for injury or damage arising out of the alleged storage, emissions or disposal of toxic substances, frequently under policies issued prior to the mid-1980s. These claims are mainly brought pursuant to various state or federal statutes that require a liable party to undertake or pay for environmental remediation. For example, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) enables private parties as well as federal and state governments to take action with respect to releases and threatened releases of hazardous substances. This federal statute permits the recovery of response costs from some liable parties and may require liable parties to undertake their own remedial action. Liability under these statutes may be joint and several with other responsible parties. The Company has also been, and continues to be, involved in litigation involving insurance coverage issues pertaining to environmental claims. The Company believes that some court decisions pertaining to environmental claims have interpreted the insurance coverage to be broader than the original intent of the insurers and policyholders.
 
In establishing environmental reserves, the Company evaluates the exposure presented by each policyholder and the anticipated cost of resolution, if any. In the course of this analysis, the Company generally considers the probable liability, available coverage and relevant judicial interpretations. In addition, the Company considers the many variables presented, such as: the nature of the alleged activities of the policyholder at each site; the number of sites; the total number of potentially responsible parties at each site; the nature of the alleged environmental harm and the corresponding remedy at each site; the nature of government enforcement activities at each site; the ownership and general use of each site; the overall nature of the insurance relationship between the Company and the policyholder, including the role of any umbrella or excess insurance the Company has issued to the policyholder; the involvement of other insurers; the potential for other available coverage, including the number of years of coverage; the role, if any, of non-environmental claims or potential non-environmental claims in any resolution process; and the applicable law in each jurisdiction. Conventional actuarial methods are not used to estimate these reserves.

Over the past several years, the Company has experienced generally favorable trends in the number of new policyholders tendering environmental claims for the first time and in the number of pending declaratory judgment actions relating to environmental matters. These policyholders continue to present smaller exposures, are involved in fewer hazardous waste sites and are lower tier defendants than policyholders presenting such claims in the past. Further, in many instances, clean-up costs have been reduced because regulatory agencies are willing to accept risk-based site analyses and more efficient clean-up technologies. However, the degree to which those favorable trends have continued has been less than anticipated.  In addition, reserve development on existing environmental claims as well as the costs associated with coverage litigation on environmental matters have been greater than anticipated, driven by claims and legal developments in a limited number of jurisdictions. The Company increased its environmental reserves by $19 million and $52 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2021, respectively, and $17 million and $34 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2020, respectively. Net environmental paid loss and loss expenses in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 were $35 million and $24 million, respectively. Net environmental reserves were $323 million and $330 million at June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, respectively.
  
UNCERTAINTY REGARDING ADEQUACY OF ASBESTOS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESERVES
 
As a result of the processes and procedures discussed above, management believes that the reserves carried for asbestos and environmental claims are appropriately established based upon known facts, current law and management’s judgment. However, the uncertainties surrounding the final resolution of these claims continue, and it is difficult to determine the ultimate exposure for asbestos and environmental claims and related litigation. As a result, these reserves are subject to revision as new information becomes available and as claims develop. The continuing uncertainties include, without limitation:

•the risks and lack of predictability inherent in complex litigation;
•a further increase in the cost to resolve, and/or the number of, asbestos and environmental claims beyond that which is anticipated;
•the emergence of a greater number of asbestos claims than anticipated as a result of extended life expectancies resulting from medical advances and lifestyle improvements;
•the role of any umbrella or excess policies we have issued;
•the resolution or adjudication of disputes concerning coverage for asbestos and environmental claims in a manner inconsistent with our previous assessment of these disputes;
•the number and outcome of direct actions against us;
•future developments pertaining to our ability to recover reinsurance for asbestos and environmental claims;
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THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

•any impact on asbestos defendants we insure due to the bankruptcy of other asbestos defendants;
•the unavailability of other insurance sources potentially available to policyholders, whether through exhaustion of policy limits or through the insolvency of other participating insurers; and
•uncertainties arising from the insolvency or bankruptcy of policyholders.

Changes in the legal, regulatory and legislative environment may impact the future resolution of asbestos and environmental claims and result in adverse loss reserve development.  The emergence of a greater number of asbestos or environmental claims beyond that which is anticipated may result in adverse loss reserve development. Changes in applicable legislation and future court and regulatory decisions and interpretations, including the outcome of legal challenges to legislative and/or judicial reforms establishing medical criteria for the pursuit of asbestos claims, could affect the settlement of asbestos and environmental claims.  It is also difficult to predict the ultimate outcome of complex coverage disputes until settlement negotiations near completion and significant legal questions are resolved or, failing settlement, until the dispute is adjudicated. This is particularly the case with policyholders in bankruptcy where negotiations often involve a large number of claimants and other parties and require court approval to be effective. As part of its continuing analysis of asbestos and environmental reserves, the Company continues to study the implications of these and other developments.
Because of the uncertainties set forth above, additional liabilities may arise for amounts in excess of the Company’s current reserves.  In addition, the Company’s estimate of claims and claim adjustment expenses may change.  These additional liabilities or increases in estimates, or a range of either, cannot now be reasonably estimated and could result in income statement charges that could be material to the Company’s operating results in future periods.

INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO
 
The Company’s invested assets at June 30, 2021 were $86.55 billion, of which 94% was invested in fixed maturity and short-term investments, 1% in equity securities, 1% in real estate investments and 4% in other investments.  Because the primary purpose of the investment portfolio is to fund future claims payments, the Company employs a thoughtful investment philosophy that focuses on appropriate risk-adjusted returns.  A significant majority of funds available for investment are deployed in a widely diversified portfolio of high quality, liquid, taxable U.S. government, tax-exempt and taxable U.S. municipal and taxable corporate and U.S. agency mortgage-backed bonds.
 
The carrying value of the Company’s fixed maturity portfolio at June 30, 2021 was $75.58 billion.  The Company closely monitors the duration of its fixed maturity investments, and investment purchases and sales are executed with the objective of having adequate funds available to satisfy the Company’s insurance and debt obligations.  The weighted average credit quality of the Company’s fixed maturity portfolio, both including and excluding U.S. Treasury securities, was “Aa2” at both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.  Below investment grade securities represented 1.6% and 1.8% of the total fixed maturity investment portfolio at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The weighted average effective duration of fixed maturities and short-term securities was 4.0 (4.3 excluding short-term securities) at June 30, 2021 and 3.8 (4.0 excluding short-term securities) at December 31, 2020.

 Obligations of States, Municipalities and Political Subdivisions
 
The Company’s fixed maturity investment portfolio at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 included $35.67 billion and $36.36 billion, respectively, of securities that are obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions (collectively referred to as the municipal bond portfolio).  The municipal bond portfolio is diversified across the United States, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico and includes general obligation and revenue bonds issued by states, cities, counties, school districts and similar issuers.  Included in the municipal bond portfolio at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were $3.69 billion and $3.54 billion, respectively, of pre-refunded bonds, which are bonds for which states or municipalities have established irrevocable trusts, almost exclusively comprised of U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government and government agencies and authorities.  These trusts were created to fund the payment of principal and interest due under the bonds.  The irrevocable trusts are verified as to their sufficiency by an independent verification agent of the underwriter, issuer or trustee.  All of the Company’s holdings of securities issued by Puerto Rico and related entities have either been pre-refunded and therefore are defeased by U.S. Treasury securities or have FHA guarantees subject to federal appropriation.
 
The Company bases its investment decision on the underlying credit characteristics of the municipal security. The weighted average credit rating of the municipal bond portfolio was "Aaa/Aa1" at both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
 
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

Mortgage-Backed Securities, Collateralized Mortgage Obligations and Pass-Through Securities
 
The Company’s fixed maturity investment portfolio at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 included $1.82 billion and $2.36 billion, respectively, of residential mortgage-backed securities, which include pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs), all of which are subject to prepayment risk (either shortening or lengthening of duration).  While prepayment risk for securities and its effect on income cannot be fully controlled, particularly when interest rates move dramatically, the Company’s investment strategy generally favors securities that reduce this risk within expected interest rate ranges.  Included in the totals at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were $1.01 billion and $1.24 billion, respectively, of GNMA, FNMA, FHLMC (excluding FHA project loans) and Canadian government guaranteed residential mortgage-backed pass-through securities classified as available for sale.  Also included in those totals were residential CMOs classified as available for sale with a fair value of $812 million and $1.12 billion at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Approximately 71% and 65% of the Company’s CMO holdings at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, were guaranteed by or fully collateralized by securities issued by GNMA, FNMA or FHLMC.  The weighted average credit rating of the $238 million and $396 million of non-guaranteed CMO holdings at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was "Aa2" and "Aa1", respectively. The weighted average credit rating of all of the above securities was "Aaa/Aa1" at both June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.  For further discussion regarding the Company’s investments in residential CMOs, see “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Investment Portfolio” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.
 
Equity Securities, Real Estate and Short-Term Investments
 
See note 1 of notes to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report for further information about these invested asset classes.
 
Other Investments
 
The Company also invests in private equity, hedge fund and real estate partnerships, and joint ventures.  Also included in other investments are non-public common and preferred equities and derivatives.  These asset classes have historically provided a higher return than investments in fixed maturities but are subject to more volatility.  At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the carrying value of the Company’s other investments was $3.74 billion and $3.43 billion, respectively.

Investments in private equity, hedge fund and real estate partnerships are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and typically report their financial statement information to the Company one to three months following the end of the reporting period. Accordingly, net investment income from these other investments is generally reflected in the Company's financial statements on a quarter lag basis.

CATASTROPHE REINSURANCE COVERAGE

The Company's catastrophe reinsurance coverage is discussed in the "Catastrophe Reinsurance" section of "Part I - Item 1 - Business" in the Company's 2020 Annual Report. Except as discussed below, there have been no material changes to the Company's catastrophe reinsurance coverage from that reported in the Company's 2020 Annual Report.

Catastrophe Bonds. Consistent with the terms of the Company’s indemnity reinsurance agreement with Long Point Re III Ltd., the attachment point and maximum limit were reset to adjust the expected loss of the layer within a predetermined range. For the period from May 25, 2021 through and including May 24, 2022, the Company will be entitled to begin recovering amounts under this reinsurance agreement if the covered losses in the covered area for a single occurrence reach an attachment amount of $1.980 billion. The full $500 million coverage amount is available until such covered losses reach a maximum of $2.480 billion.

Other Catastrophe Reinsurance Treaties. Catastrophe reinsurance treaties that renewed on July 1, 2021 were as follows:

•Northeast Property Catastrophe Excess-of-Loss Reinsurance Treaty. This treaty provides up to $600 million part of $850 million of coverage, subject to a $2.25 billion retention (i.e., for every dollar of loss between $2.25 billion and $3.10 billion this treaty provides 71 cents of coverage), for losses arising from a single occurrence and allows for one reinstatement. Coverage is provided on an all perils basis, including but not limited to hurricanes, tornadoes, hail storms, earthquakes, winter storms and/or freeze losses (coverage is included for terrorism events in limited circumstances). Coverage for cyber events applies only in limited circumstances and coverage for communicable
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

disease and nuclear, biological and radiological terrorism attacks is excluded from this treaty. The treaty covers territory from Virginia to Maine for the period July 1, 2021 through and including June 30, 2022. Losses from a covered event anywhere in North America and waters contiguous thereto may be used to satisfy the retention. Recoveries under the catastrophe bonds (if any) would be first applied to reduce losses subject to this treaty.

•Middle Market Earthquake Catastrophe Excess-of-Loss Reinsurance Treaty. This treaty provides for up to $253 million part of $275 million of coverage, subject to a $110 million retention (i.e., for every dollar of loss between $110 million and $375 million this treaty provides 92 cents of coverage), for losses arising from an earthquake, including other ensuing causes of loss such as fire following and sprinkler leakage, incurred under policies written by Technology, Public Sector Services and Commercial Accounts in Business Insurance for the period July 1, 2021 through and including June 30, 2022. The treaty covers the United States and Canada, their territories, possessions and waters contiguous thereto.

•Canadian Property Catastrophe Excess-of-Loss Reinsurance Treaty.  This treaty provides coverage for 50% of losses in excess of C$100 million (US$81 million at June 30, 2021), up to C$200 million (US$161 million at June 30, 2021) and for 100% of losses in excess of C$200 million (US$161 million at June 30, 2021), up to C$600 million (US$484 million at June 30, 2021), in each case with respect to the accumulation of net property losses arising out of one occurrence on business written by the Company’s Canadian businesses for the period July 1, 2021 through and including June 30, 2022.  The treaty covers all property written by the Company’s Canadian businesses, including, but not limited to, habitational property, commercial property, inland marine, ocean marine and auto physical damages exposures. Coverage for cyber events applies only in limited circumstances and coverage for communicable disease and nuclear, biological and radiological terrorism attacks is excluded from this treaty.

The Company regularly reviews its catastrophe reinsurance coverage and may adjust such coverage in the future.

REINSURANCE RECOVERABLES
 
For a description of the Company’s reinsurance recoverables, refer to “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Reinsurance Recoverables” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.
 
The following table summarizes the composition of the Company’s reinsurance recoverables:
(in millions) June 30, 2021 December 31, 2020
Gross reinsurance recoverables on paid and unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses $ 3,702  $ 3,731 
Gross structured settlements 2,885  2,964 
Mandatory pools and associations  1,757  1,801 
Gross reinsurance recoverables 8,344  8,496 
Allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance (135) (146)
Net reinsurance recoverables $ 8,209  $ 8,350 

Net reinsurance recoverables at June 30, 2021 decreased by $141 million from December 31, 2020.

OUTLOOK
 
The following discussion provides outlook information for certain key drivers of the Company’s results of operations and capital position.

The impacts of COVID-19 and related economic conditions on the Company's financial results, which began to affect the Company late in the first quarter of 2020, continue to be uncertain and are outside the Company’s control. As a result, it is difficult to anticipate its impact on the Company's results for the remainder of 2021. For additional information on the risks posed by COVID-19, see “The impact of COVID-19 and related risks could materially affect our results of operations, financial position and/or liquidity” included in “Part I—Item 1A—Risk Factors” in the Company's 2020 Annual Report.

Premiums.  The Company’s earned premiums are a function of net written premium volume.  Net written premiums comprise both renewal business and new business and are recognized as earned premium over the term of the underlying policies. When
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

business renews, the amount of net written premiums associated with that business may increase or decrease (renewal premium change) as a result of increases or decreases in rate and/or insured exposures, which the Company considers as a measure of units of exposure (such as the number and value of vehicles or properties insured).  Net written premiums from both renewal and new business, and therefore earned premiums, are impacted by competitive market conditions as well as general economic conditions, which, particularly in the case of Business Insurance, affect audit premium adjustments, policy endorsements and mid-term cancellations.  Net written premiums may also be impacted by the structure of reinsurance programs and related costs, as well as changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

As a result of improvements in economic conditions, particularly in the United States, the impact on premiums related to COVID-19 in the second quarter of 2021 was less significant than recent prior periods. While we expect some negative impacts on premiums related to COVID-19 to continue for the remainder of 2021 and beyond, such as the impact on audit premiums related to policies written in 2020, we believe such impacts should continue to decrease over time to the extent the COVID-19 environment remains stable and the economic environment continues to improve.

Overall, the Company expects that retention levels (the amount of expiring premium that renews, before the impact of renewal premium changes) will remain strong by historical standards during the remainder of 2021.

Property and casualty insurance market conditions are expected to remain competitive during the remainder of 2021 for new business.  In each of the Company’s business segments, new business generally has less of an impact on underwriting profitability than renewal business, given the volume of new business relative to renewal business.  However, in periods of meaningful increases in new business, despite its positive impact on underwriting gains over time, the impact of higher new business levels may negatively impact the combined ratio for a period of time. In periods of meaningful decreases in new business, despite its negative impact on underwriting gains over time, the impact of lower new business levels may positively impact the combined ratio for a period of time.

Underwriting Gain/Loss. The Company’s underwriting gain/loss can be significantly impacted by catastrophe losses and net favorable or unfavorable prior year reserve development, as well as underlying underwriting margins. Underlying underwriting margins can be impacted by a number of factors, including variability in non-catastrophe weather, large loss and other loss activity, including variability in losses attributable to COVID-19 and related economic conditions; changes in current period loss estimates resulting from prior period loss development; changes in loss trend, including as a result of COVID-19 and related economic conditions; changes in business mix; changes in reinsurance coverages and/or costs; premium adjustments; and variability in expenses and assessments.

Catastrophe losses and non-catastrophe weather-related losses are inherently unpredictable from period to period. The Company’s results of operations could be adversely impacted if significant catastrophe and non-catastrophe weather-related losses were to occur.

On average for the ten-year period ended December 31, 2020, the Company experienced approximately 44% of its annual catastrophe losses during the second quarter, primarily arising out of severe wind and hail storms, including tornadoes. Hurricanes, wildfires and winter storms tend to happen at other times of the year and can also have a material impact on the Company's results of operations. Catastrophe losses incurred in a particular quarter in any given year may differ materially from historical experience. In addition, most of the Company's reinsurance programs renew on January 1 or July 1 of each year, and, therefore, any changes to the cost or coverage terms of such programs will be effective after such dates.

Over much of the past decade, the Company’s results have included significant amounts of net favorable prior year reserve development driven by better than expected loss experience. However, given the inherent uncertainty in estimating claims and claim adjustment expense reserves, loss experience could develop such that the Company recognizes in future periods higher or lower levels of favorable prior year reserve development, no favorable prior year reserve development or, as was the case in 2019, unfavorable prior year reserve development. In addition, the ongoing review of prior year claims and claim adjustment expense reserves, or other changes in current period circumstances, may result in the Company revising current year loss estimates upward or downward in future periods of the current year.

It is possible that changes in economic conditions and steps taken by federal, state and/or local governments and the Federal Reserve in response to COVID-19 or other circumstances could lead to higher or lower inflation than the Company anticipated, which could in turn lead to an increase or decrease in the Company’s loss costs and the need to strengthen or reduce claims and claim adjustment expense reserves. These impacts of inflation on loss costs and claims and claim adjustment expense reserves could be more pronounced for those lines of business that require a relatively longer period of time to finalize and settle claims for a given accident year and, accordingly, are relatively more inflation sensitive. In addition, labor shortages, higher costs of used vehicles and parts, and increased demand and decreased supply for raw materials have adversely impacted severity in our
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auto and property businesses and may continue to do so in future quarters. For a further discussion, see “Part I—Item 1A—Risk Factors—If actual claims exceed our claims and claim adjustment expense reserves, or if changes in the estimated level of claims and claim adjustment expense reserves are necessary, including as a result of, among other things, changes in the legal/tort, regulatory and economic environments in which the Company operates, our financial results could be materially and adversely affected” in the Company's 2020 Annual Report.

Economic conditions and therefore the Company’s results of operations may be impacted by a variety of other factors as well, many of which could continue to be affected by COVID-19, such as the reopening of the economy, financial market turmoil, supply chain disruptions, extraordinary monetary and fiscal policy measures, fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, changes in tariffs or other international trade regulations, the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union, the political and regulatory environment, changes to the U.S. Federal budget and further potential changes in tax laws or health care legislation in the United States.

Investment Portfolio.  The Company expects to continue to focus its investment strategy on maintaining a high-quality investment portfolio and a relatively short average effective duration.  The weighted average effective duration of fixed maturities and short-term securities was 4.0 (4.3 excluding short-term securities) at June 30, 2021.  From time to time, the Company enters into short positions in U.S. Treasury futures contracts to manage the duration of its fixed maturity portfolio.  At June 30, 2021, the Company had no open U.S. Treasury futures contracts.  The Company continually evaluates its investment alternatives and mix.  Currently, the majority of the Company’s investments are comprised of a widely diversified portfolio of high-quality, liquid, taxable U.S. government, tax-exempt and taxable U.S. municipal and taxable corporate and U.S. agency mortgage-backed bonds.

The Company also invests much smaller amounts in equity securities; real estate; private equity, hedge fund and real estate partnerships; and joint ventures.  These investment classes have the potential for higher returns but also the potential for higher degrees of risk, including less stable rates of return and less liquidity.

Approximately 30% of the fixed maturity portfolio is expected to mature over the next three years (including the early redemption of bonds, assuming interest rates (including credit spreads) do not rise significantly by applicable call dates). As a result, the overall yield on and composition of its portfolio could be meaningfully impacted by the types of investments available for reinvestment with the proceeds of maturing bonds.

Net investment income is a material contributor to the Company’s results of operations. Based on the impact of expected lower reinvestment yields on fixed income investments, partially offset by our current expectations for slightly higher levels of fixed income investments, the Company expects that after-tax net investment income from that portfolio will be approximately $425 million to $435 million for each remaining quarter of 2021. This expectation could be impacted by further disruptions in global financial markets associated with the continuing impact of COVID-19. Included in other investments are private equity, hedge fund and real estate partnerships that are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and typically report their financial statement information to the Company one month to three months following the end of the reporting period. Accordingly, net investment income or loss from these other investments is generally reflected in the Company's financial statements on a quarter lag basis. Further changes in global financial markets could impact the Company’s net investment income in future periods from its non-fixed income investment portfolio, positively or negatively.

The Company had net pre-tax realized investment gains of $105 million in the first six months of 2021. Changes in global financial markets due to the continuing impact of COVID-19 could result in net realized investment gains or losses in the Company’s investment portfolio.

The Company had a net pre-tax unrealized investment gain of $4.11 billion ($3.24 billion after-tax) in its fixed maturity investment portfolio at June 30, 2021.  While the Company does not attempt to predict future interest rate movements, a rising interest rate environment would reduce the market value of fixed maturity investments and, therefore, reduce shareholders’ equity, and a declining interest rate environment would have the opposite effects. Additionally, further disruptions in global financial markets associated with the continuing impact of COVID-19 could also impact the market value of the Company’s investment portfolio. The Company's investment portfolio has benefited from certain tax exemptions (primarily those related to interest from municipal bonds) and certain other tax laws, including, but not limited to, those governing dividends-received deductions and tax credits (such as foreign tax credits). Changes in these laws could adversely impact the value of the Company's investment portfolio. See "Our businesses are heavily regulated by the states and countries in which we conduct business, including licensing, market conduct and financial supervision, and changes in regulation, including higher tax rates, may reduce our profitability and limit our growth" included in “Part I—Item 1A—Risk Factors” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.
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For further discussion of the Company’s investment portfolio, see “Investment Portfolio.” For a discussion of the risks to the Company’s business during or following a financial market disruption and risks to the Company’s investment portfolio, see the risk factors entitled “During or following a period of financial market disruption or an economic downturn, our business could be materially and adversely affected” and “Our investment portfolio is subject to credit and interest rate risk, and may suffer reduced or low returns or material realized or unrealized losses” included in “Part I—Item 1A—Risk Factors” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.  For a discussion of the risks to the Company’s investments from foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, see the risk factor entitled “We are subject to additional risks associated with our business outside the United States” included in “Part I—Item 1A—Risk Factors” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report and see “Part II—Item 7A—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk-Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.

Capital Position. The Company believes it has a strong capital position and, as part of its ongoing efforts to create shareholder value, expects to continue to return capital not needed to support its business operations to its shareholders, subject to the considerations described below, including the impact of COVID-19 and related economic conditions.  The Company expects that, generally over time, the combination of dividends to common shareholders and common share repurchases will likely not exceed net income.  The Company also expects that to the extent that it continues to grow premium volumes, the level of capital to support the Company's financial strength ratings will also increase, and accordingly, the amount of capital returned to shareholders relative to earnings would be somewhat less than it otherwise would have been absent the growth in premium volumes. The timing and actual number of shares to be repurchased in the future will depend on a variety of additional factors, including the Company’s financial position, earnings, share price, catastrophe losses, maintaining capital levels commensurate with the Company’s desired ratings from independent rating agencies, changes in levels of written premiums, funding of the Company’s qualified pension plan, capital requirements of the Company’s operating subsidiaries, legal requirements, regulatory constraints, other investment opportunities (including mergers and acquisitions and related financings), market conditions and other factors. For information regarding the Company’s common share repurchases in 2021, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

As a result of the Company’s business outside of the United States, primarily in Canada, the United Kingdom (including Lloyd’s), the Republic of Ireland and in Brazil through a joint venture, the Company’s capital is also subject to the effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Strengthening of the U.S. dollar in comparison to other currencies could result in a reduction in shareholders’ equity, while a weakening of the U.S. dollar in comparison to other currencies could result in an increase in shareholders' equity. For additional discussion of the Company’s foreign exchange market risk exposure, see “Part II—Item 7A—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.

Many of the statements in this “Outlook” section and in “Liquidity and Capital Resources” are forward-looking statements, which are subject to risks and uncertainties that are often difficult to predict and beyond the Company’s control.  Actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.  Further, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report and the Company undertakes no obligation to update them.  See “—Forward Looking Statements.”  For a discussion of potential risks and uncertainties that could impact the Company’s results of operations or financial position, see “Part I—Item 2—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" herein and “Part I—Item 1A—Risk Factors” and “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report, in each case as updated by the Company's periodic filings with the SEC.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

The Company's liquidity and capital resources were not materially impacted by COVID-19 and related economic conditions during the first six months of 2021. For further discussion regarding the potential future impacts of COVID-19 and related economic conditions on the Company's liquidity and capital resources, see “Outlook” herein and “The impact of COVID-19 and related risks could materially affect our results of operations, financial position and/or liquidity” included in “Part I—Item 1A—Risk Factors” in the Company's 2020 Annual Report.
Liquidity is a measure of a company’s ability to generate sufficient cash flows to meet the cash requirements of its business operations and to satisfy general corporate purposes when needed.
 
Operating Company Liquidity.  The liquidity requirements of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries are met primarily by funds generated from premiums, fees, income received on investments and investment maturities.  The Company believes that cash
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flows from operating activities are sufficient to meet the future liquidity requirements of its insurance subsidiaries. Additionally, investment maturities provide a significant level of available liquidity without requiring the sale of investment securities. For further discussion of operating company liquidity, see “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.
 
Holding Company Liquidity.  TRV’s liquidity requirements primarily include shareholder dividends, debt servicing, common share repurchases and, from time to time, contributions to its qualified domestic pension plan.  At June 30, 2021, TRV held total cash and short-term invested assets in the United States aggregating $2.43 billion and having a weighted average maturity of 46 days.  TRV has established a holding company liquidity target equal to its estimated annual pre-tax interest expense and common shareholder dividends (currently approximately $1.21 billion).  TRV’s holding company liquidity of $2.43 billion at June 30, 2021 exceeded this target, and it is the opinion of the Company’s management that these assets are sufficient to meet TRV’s current liquidity requirements.

TRV is not dependent on dividends or other forms of repatriation from its foreign operations to support its liquidity needs. The undistributed earnings of the Company’s foreign operations are intended to be permanently reinvested in those operations, and such earnings were not material to the Company’s financial position or liquidity at June 30, 2021.

TRV has a shelf registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that expires on June 10, 2022 which permits it to issue securities from time to time.  TRV also has a $1.0 billion line of credit facility with a syndicate of financial institutions that expires on June 4, 2023. At June 30, 2021, the Company had $100 million of commercial paper outstanding. TRV is not reliant on its commercial paper program to meet its operating cash flow needs. The Company has no senior notes or junior subordinated debentures maturing until April 2026, at which time $200 million of senior notes will mature.
 
The Company utilized uncollateralized letters of credit issued by major banks with an aggregate limit of approximately $249 million to provide a portion of the capital needed to support its obligations at Lloyd’s at June 30, 2021. If uncollateralized letters of credit are not available at a reasonable price or at all in the future, the Company can collateralize these letters of credit or may have to seek alternative means of supporting its obligations at Lloyd’s, which could include utilizing holding company funds on hand.
 
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 was $3.04 billion and $2.29 billion, respectively. The increase in cash flows in the first six months of 2021 primarily reflected the impacts of higher levels of cash received for premiums, partially offset by higher levels of income taxes paid. Cash received for premiums in the prior year period was adversely impacted by premium refunds provided in the second quarter of 2020 to personal automobile customers in response to COVID-19 and related economic conditions.

Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 was $2.79 billion and $1.81 billion, respectively.  The Company’s consolidated total investments at June 30, 2021 increased by $2.12 billion, or 3% from year-end 2020, primarily reflecting the impacts of (i) net cash flows provided by operating activities, partially offset by (ii) a decrease in net unrealized gains on investments at June 30, 2021 as compared with December 31, 2020, due to the impact of higher interest rates during the first six months of 2021, and (iii) net cash used in financing activities.

Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 was $289 million and $342 million, respectively.  The totals in both 2021 and 2020 reflected common share repurchases and dividends paid to shareholders, partially offset by the net proceeds from the issuance of debt and employee stock option exercises. Common share repurchases in the first six months of 2021 and 2020 were $798 million and $471 million, respectively. 
 
Dividends.  Dividends paid to shareholders were $436 million and $426 million in the first six months of 2021 and 2020, respectively. The declaration and payment of future dividends to holders of the Company’s common stock will be at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors and will depend upon many factors, including the Company’s financial position, earnings, capital requirements of the Company’s operating subsidiaries, legal requirements, regulatory constraints and other factors as the Board of Directors deems relevant.  Dividends will be paid by the Company only if declared by its Board of Directors out of funds legally available, subject to any other restrictions that may be applicable to the Company.  On July 20,
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

2021, the Company announced that it declared a regular quarterly dividend of $0.88 per share, payable September 30, 2021 to shareholders of record on September 10, 2021.
 
Share Repurchases.  The Company’s Board of Directors has approved common share repurchase authorizations under which repurchases may be made from time to time in the open market, pursuant to pre-set trading plans meeting the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, in private transactions or otherwise.  The authorizations do not have a stated expiration date.  The Company expects that, generally over time, the combination of dividends to common shareholders and common share repurchases will likely not exceed net income. The Company also expects that to the extent that it continues to grow premium volumes, the level of capital to support the Company's financial strength ratings will also increase, and accordingly, the amount of capital returned to shareholders relative to earnings would be somewhat less than it otherwise would have been absent the growth in premium volumes. The timing and actual number of shares to be repurchased in the future will depend on a variety of factors, including the Company’s financial position, earnings, share price, catastrophe losses, maintaining capital levels commensurate with the Company’s desired ratings from independent rating agencies, changes in levels of written premiums, funding of the Company’s qualified pension plan, capital requirements of the Company’s operating subsidiaries, legal requirements, regulatory constraints, other investment opportunities (including mergers and acquisitions and related financings), market conditions and other factors.  During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company repurchased 2.6 million and 5.0 million common shares under its share repurchase authorizations for a total cost of $400 million and $756 million, respectively. The average cost per share repurchased was $157.18 and $152.65, respectively.  On April 20, 2021, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase authorization that added an additional $5.0 billion of repurchase capacity to the $805 million of capacity remaining at that date. At June 30, 2021, the Company had $5.41 billion of capacity remaining under its share repurchase authorizations.

Capital Structure.  The following table summarizes the components of the Company’s capital structure at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
(in millions) June 30,
2021 		December 31,
2020
Debt:    
Short-term $ 100  $ 100 
Long-term 7,254  6,504 
Net unamortized fair value adjustments and debt issuance costs (64) (54)
Total debt 7,290  6,550 
Shareholders’ equity:    
Common stock and retained earnings, less treasury stock 27,387  26,699 
Accumulated other comprehensive income 1,769  2,502 
Total shareholders’ equity 29,156  29,201 
Total capitalization $ 36,446  $ 35,751 
 
On June 8, 2021, the Company issued $750 million aggregate principal amount of 3.05% senior notes that will mature on June 8, 2051. The Company intends to use the net proceeds of the notes for general corporate purposes. See note 9 of notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements for further discussion regarding the terms of the senior notes.

The following table provides a reconciliation of total capitalization presented in the foregoing table to total capitalization excluding net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes, included in shareholders' equity.
(dollars in millions) June 30,
2021 		December 31,
2020
Total capitalization $ 36,446  $ 35,751 
Less: net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes, included in shareholders' equity
3,239  4,074 
Total capitalization excluding net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes, included in shareholders' equity
$ 33,207  $ 31,677 
Debt-to-total capital ratio 20.0  % 18.3  %
Debt-to-total capital ratio excluding net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes, included in shareholders' equity
22.0  % 20.7  %

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THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

The debt-to-total capital ratio excluding net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes, included in shareholders’ equity, is calculated by dividing (a) debt by (b) total capitalization excluding net unrealized gains and losses on investments, net of taxes, included in shareholders’ equity. Net unrealized gains and losses on investments can be significantly impacted by both interest rate movements and other economic factors. Accordingly, in the opinion of the Company’s management, the debt-to-total capital ratio calculated on this basis provides another useful metric for investors to understand the Company’s financial leverage position. The Company’s ratio of debt-to-total capital excluding after-tax net unrealized investment gains included in shareholders’ equity of 22.0% at June 30, 2021 was within the Company’s target range of 15% to 25%.

RATINGS

Ratings are an important factor in assessing the Company’s competitive position in the insurance industry. The Company receives ratings from the following major rating agencies: A.M. Best Company (A.M. Best), Fitch Ratings (Fitch), Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s) and Standard & Poor’s Corp. (S&P). The following rating agency action was taken with respect to the Company since April 20, 2021, the date on which the Company's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 was filed with the SEC. For additional discussion of ratings, see “Part I—Item 1—Business—Ratings” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.

•On May 5, 2021, Fitch affirmed all ratings of the Company. The outlook for all ratings is stable.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
 
For a description of the Company’s critical accounting estimates, refer to “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.  The Company considers its most significant accounting estimates to be those applied to claims and claim adjustment expense reserves and related reinsurance recoverables, and impairments of investments, goodwill and other intangible assets. Except as shown in the table below, there have been no material changes to the Company’s critical accounting estimates since December 31, 2020.
 
Claims and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves
The table below displays the Company’s gross claims and claim adjustment expense reserves by product line.  Because establishment of claims and claim adjustment expense reserves is an inherently uncertain process involving estimates and the application of judgment, currently established claims and claim adjustment expense reserves may change.  The Company reflects adjustments to the reserves in the results of operations in the period the estimates are changed.  These changes in estimates could result in income statement charges that could be material to the Company’s operating results in future periods.  In particular, a portion of the Company’s gross claims and claim adjustment expense reserves (totaling $1.93 billion at June 30, 2021) are for asbestos and environmental claims and related litigation.  Asbestos and environmental reserves are included in the General liability, Commercial multi-peril and International and other lines in the summary table below.  While the ongoing review of asbestos and environmental claims and associated liabilities considers the inconsistencies of court decisions as to coverage, plaintiffs’ expanded theories of liability and the risks inherent in complex litigation and other uncertainties, in the opinion of the Company’s management, it is possible that the outcome of the continued uncertainties regarding these claims could result in liability in future periods that differs from current reserves by an amount that could be material to the Company’s future operating results. Asbestos and environmental reserves are discussed separately; see “Asbestos Claims and Litigation”, “Environmental Claims and Litigation” and “Uncertainty Regarding Adequacy of Asbestos and Environmental Reserves” in this report.
 
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THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS, Continued

Gross claims and claim adjustment expense reserves by product line were as follows:
  June 30, 2021 December 31, 2020
(in millions) Case IBNR Total Case IBNR Total
General liability $ 5,324  $ 8,484  $ 13,808  $ 5,267  $ 8,098  $ 13,365 
Commercial property 1,137  411  1,548  1,006  366  1,372 
Commercial multi-peril 2,431  2,453  4,884  2,354  2,311  4,665 
Commercial automobile 2,566  2,343  4,909  2,551  2,231  4,782 
Workers’ compensation 10,193  9,543  19,736  10,271  9,514  19,785 
Fidelity and surety 195  378  573  215  317  532 
Personal automobile 1,937  1,546  3,483  1,901  1,514  3,415 
Personal homeowners and other 976  1,357  2,333  901  1,168  2,069 
International and other 2,524  2,097  4,621  2,565  1,960  4,525 
Property-casualty 27,283  28,612  55,895  27,031  27,479  54,510 
Accident and health 11  —  11  11  —  11 
Claims and claim adjustment expense reserves
$ 27,294  $ 28,612  $ 55,906  $ 27,042  $ 27,479  $ 54,521 
 
The $1.39 billion increase in gross claims and claim adjustment expense reserves since December 31, 2020 primarily reflected the impacts of (i) catastrophe losses in the first six months of 2021, (ii) loss cost trends for the current accident year and (iii) reduced claim settlement activity largely due to the disruptions in the judicial system related to COVID-19.

FUTURE APPLICATION OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
 
See note 1 of notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements contained in this quarterly report and in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report for a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements.

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THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 
This report contains, and management may make, certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.  All statements, other than statements of historical facts, may be forward-looking statements.  Words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “likely,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “projects,” “believes,” “views,” “estimates” and similar expressions are used to identify these forward-looking statements.  These statements include, among other things, the Company’s statements about:
 
•the Company’s outlook and its future results of operations and financial condition (including, among other things, anticipated premium volume, premium rates, renewal premium changes, underwriting margins and underlying underwriting margins, net and core income, investment income and performance, loss costs, return on equity, core return on equity and expected current returns, and combined ratios and underlying combined ratios);
•the impact of COVID-19 and related economic conditions, including the potential impact on the Company's investments;
•the impact of legislative or regulatory actions or court decisions taken in response to COVID-19 or otherwise;
•share repurchase plans;
•future pension plan contributions;
•the sufficiency of the Company’s asbestos and other reserves;
•the impact of emerging claims issues as well as other insurance and non-insurance litigation;
•the cost and availability of reinsurance coverage;
•catastrophe losses;
•the impact of investment (including changes in interest rates), economic (including inflation, changes in tax law, changes in commodity prices and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates) and underwriting market conditions;
•strategic and operational initiatives to improve profitability and competitiveness;
•the Company's competitive advantages;
•new product offerings;
•the impact of new or potential regulations imposed or to be imposed by the United States or other nations, including tariffs or other barriers to international trade; and
•the impact of developments in the tort environment, such as increased attorney involvement in insurance claims and legislation allowing victims of sexual abuse to file or proceed with claims that otherwise would have been time-barred.
 
The Company cautions investors that such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are difficult to predict and generally beyond the Company’s control, that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied or projected by, the forward-looking information and statements.
 
Some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ include, but are not limited to, the following:
 
Insurance-Related Risks

•high levels of catastrophe losses, including as a result of factors such as increased concentrations of insured exposures in catastrophe-prone areas, could materially and adversely affect the Company’s results of operations, its financial position and/or liquidity, and could adversely impact the Company’s ratings, the Company’s ability to raise capital and the availability and cost of reinsurance;
•if actual claims exceed the Company’s claims and claim adjustment expense reserves, or if changes in the estimated level of claims and claim adjustment expense reserves are necessary, including as a result of, among other things, changes in the legal/tort, regulatory and economic environments in which the Company operates, the Company’s financial results could be materially and adversely affected;
•the Company’s business could be harmed because of its potential exposure to asbestos and environmental claims and related litigation;
•the Company is exposed to, and may face adverse developments involving, mass tort claims such as those relating to exposure to potentially harmful products or substances; and
•the effects of emerging claim and coverage issues on the Company’s business are uncertain, and court decisions or legislative changes that take place after the Company issues its policies can result in an unexpected increase in the number of claims and have a material adverse impact on the Company's results of operations.

Financial, Economic and Credit Risks

•during or following a period of financial market disruption or an economic downturn, the Company’s business could be materially and adversely affected;
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THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS, Continued
•the Company’s investment portfolio is subject to credit and interest rate risk, and may suffer reduced or low returns or material realized or unrealized losses;
•the Company may not be able to collect all amounts due to it from reinsurers, reinsurance coverage may not be available to the Company in the future at commercially reasonable rates or at all and the Company is exposed to credit risk related to its structured settlements;
•the Company is exposed to credit risk in certain of its insurance operations and with respect to certain guarantee or indemnification arrangements that it has with third parties;
•a downgrade in the Company’s claims-paying and financial strength ratings could adversely impact the Company’s business volumes, adversely impact the Company’s ability to access the capital markets and increase the Company’s borrowing costs; and
•the inability of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to the Company’s holding company in sufficient amounts would harm the Company’s ability to meet its obligations, pay future shareholder dividends and/or make future share repurchases.

Business and Operational Risks

•the impact of COVID-19 and related risks could materially affect the Company's results of operations, financial position and/or liquidity, including with respect to revenues, claims and claim adjustment expenses, general and administrative expenses, investments, inflation, adverse legislative and/or regulatory action, operational disruptions and heightened cyber security risks and foreign currency exchange rate changes;
•the intense competition that the Company faces, and the impact of innovation, technological change and changing customer preferences on the insurance industry and the markets in which it operates, could harm its ability to maintain or increase its business volumes and its profitability;
•disruptions to the Company’s relationships with its independent agents and brokers or the Company’s inability to manage effectively a changing distribution landscape could adversely affect the Company;
•the Company’s efforts to develop new products, expand in targeted markets, improve business processes and workflows or make acquisitions may not be successful and may create enhanced risks;
•the Company may be adversely affected if its pricing and capital models provide materially different indications than actual results;
•loss of or significant restrictions on the use of particular types of underwriting criteria, such as credit scoring, or other data or methodologies, in the pricing and underwriting of the Company’s products could reduce the Company’s future profitability; and
•the Company is subject to additional risks associated with its business outside the United States.

Technology and Intellectual Property Risks

•if, as a result of cyber attacks or otherwise, the Company experiences difficulties with technology, data and network security, outsourcing relationships or cloud-based technology, the Company’s ability to conduct its business could be negatively impacted;
•the Company’s business success and profitability depend, in part, on effective information technology systems and on continuing to develop and implement improvements in technology, particularly as its business processes become more digital; and
•intellectual property is important to the Company’s business, and the Company may be unable to protect and enforce its own intellectual property or the Company may be subject to claims for infringing the intellectual property of others.

Regulatory and Compliance Risks

•the Company's businesses are heavily regulated by the states and countries in which it conducts business, including licensing, market conduct and financial supervision, and changes in regulation, including higher tax rates, may reduce the Company's profitability and limit its growth; and
•the Company could be adversely affected if its controls designed to ensure compliance with guidelines, policies and legal and regulatory standards are not effective.

In addition, the Company’s share repurchase plans depend on a variety of factors, including the Company’s financial position, earnings, share price, catastrophe losses, maintaining capital levels commensurate with the Company’s desired ratings from independent rating agencies, changes in levels of written premiums, funding of the Company’s qualified pension plan, capital requirements of the Company’s operating subsidiaries, legal requirements, regulatory constraints, other investment
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THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS, Continued
opportunities (including mergers and acquisitions and related financings), market conditions and other factors, including the ongoing level of uncertainty related to COVID-19.

The Company’s forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report or as of the date they are made, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update forward-looking statements.  For a more detailed discussion of these factors, see the information under the captions “Part I—Item 2—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" herein and “Part I—Item 1A—Risk Factors” and “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report, in each case as updated by the Company's periodic filings with the SEC.

WEBSITE AND SOCIAL MEDIA DISCLOSURE
 
The Company may use its website and/or social media outlets, such as Facebook and Twitter, as distribution channels of material company information.  Financial and other important information regarding the Company is routinely posted on and accessible through the Company’s website at http://investor.travelers.com, its Facebook page at https://www.facebook.com/travelers and its Twitter account (@Travelers) at https://twitter.com/Travelers.  In addition, you may automatically receive email alerts and other information about the Company when you enroll your email address by visiting the “Email Notifications” section under the “Investor Toolkit” section at http://investor.travelers.com.

Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
 
For the Company’s disclosures about market risk, please see “Part II—Item 7A—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report filed with the SEC.  There have been no material changes to the Company’s disclosures about market risk in Part II—Item 7A of the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.

Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
 
The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act)) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2021.  Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of June 30, 2021, the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to accomplish their objectives at the reasonable assurance level.

During the quarter ended June 30, 2021, the Company transitioned its lockbox premium remittance processing for Personal Insurance to a new third-party vendor and implemented a cloud-based technology to utilize a software-assisted account reconciliation process across the Company. The change in lockbox vendor resulted in certain changes to business processes and, along with the new account reconciliation process, changes in internal control over financial reporting. Other than these two items, there were no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Management reviewed and tested the effectiveness of the internal controls over financial reporting related to these two items and concluded they were effective.

The Company regularly seeks to identify, develop and implement improvements to its technology systems and business processes, some of which may affect its internal control over financial reporting. These changes may include such activities as implementing new, more efficient systems, updating existing systems or platforms, automating manual processes or utilizing technology developed by third parties.  These systems changes are often phased in over multiple periods in order to limit the implementation risk in any one period, and as each change is implemented the Company monitors its effectiveness as part of its internal control over financial reporting.

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THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.         LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
 
The information required with respect to this item can be found under “Contingencies” in note 15 of notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements contained in this quarterly report and is incorporated by reference into this Item 1.

Item 1A.  RISK FACTORS
 
For a discussion of the Company’s potential risks or uncertainties, please see “Part I—Item 1A—Risk Factors” and “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report and "Part I—Item 2—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” herein, in each case as updated by the Company's periodic filings with the SEC. There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Part I—Item 1A of the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.

Item 2.         UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

The table below sets forth information regarding repurchases by the Company of its common stock during the periods indicated.

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Period Beginning Period Ending Total number of
shares
purchased 		Average price paid
per share 		Total number of
shares purchased
as part of
publicly announced
plans or programs 		Approximate
dollar value of
shares that may
yet be purchased
under the
plans or programs
(in millions)
April 1, 2021 April 30, 2021 258  $ 150.05  —  $ 5,805 
May 1, 2021 May 31, 2021 1,355,484  $ 158.51  1,354,825  $ 5,590 
June 1, 2021 June 30, 2021 1,190,235  $ 155.66  1,190,235  $ 5,405 
Total   2,545,977  $ 157.18  2,545,060  $ 5,405 
 
The Company’s Board of Directors has approved common share repurchase authorizations under which repurchases may be made from time to time in the open market, pursuant to pre-set trading plans meeting the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, in private transactions or otherwise. The most recent authorization was approved by the Board of Directors on April 20, 2021 and added $5.0 billion of repurchase capacity to the $805 million capacity remaining at that date. The authorizations do not have a stated expiration date. The timing and actual number of shares to be repurchased in the future will depend on a variety of factors, including the Company’s financial position, earnings, share price, catastrophe losses, maintaining capital levels commensurate with the Company’s desired ratings from independent rating agencies, funding of the Company’s qualified pension plan, capital requirements of the Company’s operating subsidiaries, legal requirements, regulatory constraints, other investment opportunities (including mergers and acquisitions and related financings), market conditions and other factors.
 
The Company acquired 917 shares for a total cost of approximately $144,000 during the three months ended June 30, 2021 that were not part of the publicly announced share repurchase authorizations.  These shares consisted of shares retained to cover payroll withholding taxes in connection with the vesting of restricted stock unit awards and performance share awards, and shares used by employees to cover the price of certain stock options that were exercised.

For additional information regarding the Company’s share repurchases, see “Part I—Item 2—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Item 5.   OTHER INFORMATION
 
Executive Ownership and Sales. All of the Company’s executive officers are subject to the Company’s executive stock ownership policy. For a summary of this policy as currently in effect, see “Compensation Discussion and Analysis—Additional
Compensation Information—Stock Ownership Guidelines, Anti-Hedging and Pledging Policies, and Other Trading Restrictions” in the Company’s proxy statement filed with the SEC on April 2, 2021. From time to time, some of the Company’s executives may determine that it is advisable to diversify their investments for personal financial planning reasons,
66

THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Item 5. OTHER INFORMATION, Continued
or may seek liquidity for other reasons, and may, in compliance with the stock ownership policy, sell shares of common stock of the Company on the open market, in private transactions or to the Company. To effect such sales, from time to time, some of the Company’s executives may enter into trading plans designed to comply with the Company’s Securities Trading Policy and the provisions of Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The trading plans will not reduce any of the executives’ ownership of the Company’s shares below the applicable executive stock ownership guidelines. The Company does not undertake any obligation to report Rule 10b5-1 plans that may be adopted by any employee or director of the Company in the future, or to report any modifications or termination of any publicly announced plan. As of the date of this report, none of the Company's "named executive officers" (i.e. an executive officer included in the compensation disclosures in the Company's most recent proxy statement) has entered into a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan that remains in effect.

Item 6.   EXHIBITS
Exhibit Number   Description of Exhibit
     
3.1  
     
3.2  
10.1*
10.2†*
31.1†  
     
31.2†  
     
32.1†  
     
32.2†  
     
101.1†  
The following information from The Travelers Companies, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021 formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Statement of Income for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020; (ii) Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020; (iii) Consolidated Balance Sheet at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020; (iv) Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020; (v) Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020; (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; and (vii) the cover page.
104.1 Cover Page Interactive Data File (Embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101.1).
________________________________________________________
†                          Filed herewith.
*                          Management contract or compensatory plan in which directors and/or executive officers are eligible to participate.
 
The total amount of securities authorized pursuant to any instrument defining rights of holders of long-term debt of the Company does not exceed 10% of the total assets of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries.  Therefore, the Company is not filing any instruments evidencing long-term debt.  However, the Company will furnish copies of any such instrument to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
 
Copies of any of the exhibits referred to above will be furnished to security holders who make written request therefor to The Travelers Companies, Inc., 385 Washington Street, Saint Paul, MN 55102, Attention: Corporate Secretary.
 
The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure except for the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them for other than that purpose.  In particular, any representations and warranties made by the Company in these agreements or other
67


THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and do not apply in any other context or at any time other than the date they were made.

SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, The Travelers Companies, Inc. has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
    THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC.
    (Registrant)
     
Date: July 20, 2021 By /S/   CHRISTINE K. KALLA
    Christine K. Kalla
Executive Vice President and General Counsel
(Authorized Signatory)
     
Date: July 20, 2021 By /S/    DOUGLAS K. RUSSELL
   
Douglas K. Russell
Senior Vice President and Corporate Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)

68
                                        EXHIBIT 10.2
CURRENT DIRECTOR COMPENSATION PROGRAM
As of May 20, 2021

1.Annual Retainer: $135,000 - Paid in quarterly installments in arrears at the end of each quarter in cash or, if the director so elects, in deferred stock units to be distributed at a later date designated by the director.

2.Annual Deferred Stock Award: $180,000 (effective with respect to awards granted after December 31, 2021) – Awarded in February to incumbent directors who are nominated for re-election at the next shareholders’ meeting in the form of deferred stock units. Deferred stock units vest one day prior to the date of the annual shareholder meeting occurring in the year following the year of the date of grant. Vested deferred stock units are distributed either in a lump sum six months after termination of service as a director or, if the director so elects, in annual installments beginning at least six months following termination of service as a director.

3.Committee Chair Fees: The annual amount of committee chair fees, which are paid quarterly in arrears, are as follows: Audit - $30,000, Compensation - $30,000, Nominating and Governance - $25,000, Investment and Capital Markets - $25,000 and Risk - $30,000.

4.Lead Director: The Lead Director will be paid $50,000 per year (payable in arrears in quarterly installments as of the last business day of each quarter).
1


Exhibit 31.1
 
CERTIFICATION
 
I, Alan D. Schnitzer, certify that:
 
1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021 of The Travelers Companies, Inc. (the Company);
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:  
a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c)evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d)disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Company’s most recent fiscal quarter (the Company’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
Date:   July 20, 2021   By: /S/ ALAN D. SCHNITZER
    Alan D. Schnitzer
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
 

1


Exhibit 31.2
 
CERTIFICATION
 
I, Daniel S. Frey, certify that:
 
1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021 of The Travelers Companies, Inc. (the Company);
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:  
a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c)evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d)disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Company’s most recent fiscal quarter (the Company’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
Date:   July 20, 2021   By: /S/ DANIEL S. FREY
    Daniel S. Frey
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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Exhibit 32.1
 
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC.
CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED
PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, the undersigned officer of The Travelers Companies, Inc. (the “Company”), hereby certifies that the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
Date:   July 20, 2021   By: /S/ ALAN D. SCHNITZER
    Alan D. Schnitzer
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

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Exhibit 32.2
 
THE TRAVELERS COMPANIES, INC.
CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED
PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, the undersigned officer of The Travelers Companies, Inc. (the “Company”), hereby certifies that the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
Date:   July 20, 2021   By: /S/ DANIEL S. FREY
    Daniel S. Frey
 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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