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PART I
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We have been under conservatorship, with the Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”) acting as conservator, since September 6, 2008. As conservator, FHFA succeeded to all rights, titles, powers and privileges of the company, and of any shareholder, officer or director of the company with respect to the company and its assets. The conservator has since provided for the exercise of certain functions and authorities by our Board of Directors. Our directors do not have any fiduciary duties to any person or entity except to the conservator and, accordingly, are not obligated to consider the interests of the company, the holders of our equity or debt securities, or the holders of Fannie Mae MBS unless specifically directed to do so by the conservator.
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We do not know when or how the conservatorship will terminate, what further changes to our business will be made during or following conservatorship, what form we will have and what ownership interest, if any, our current common and preferred stockholders will hold in us after the conservatorship is terminated or whether we will continue to exist following conservatorship. Members of Congress and the Administration continue to express the importance of housing finance system reform.
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We are not currently permitted to pay dividends or other distributions to stockholders. Our agreements with the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”) include a commitment from Treasury to provide us with funds to maintain a positive net worth under specified conditions; however, the U.S. government does not guarantee our securities or other obligations. Our agreements with Treasury also include covenants that significantly restrict our business activities. For additional information on the conservatorship, the uncertainty of our future, and our agreements with Treasury, see “Business—Conservatorship, Treasury Agreements and Housing Finance Reform” and “Risk Factors—GSE and Conservatorship Risk.”
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Forward-looking statements in this report are based on management’s current expectations and are subject to significant uncertainties and changes in circumstances, as we describe in “Business—Forward-Looking Statements.” Future events and our future results may differ materially from those reflected in our forward-looking statements due to a variety of factors, including those discussed in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this report.
You can find a “Glossary of Terms Used in This Report” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (‘MD&A’).”
Item 1. Business
Fannie Mae is a leading source of financing for mortgages in the United States, with $4.2 trillion in assets as of December 31, 2021. Organized as a government-sponsored entity, Fannie Mae is a shareholder-owned corporation. Our charter is an act of Congress, which establishes that our purposes are to provide liquidity and stability to the residential mortgage market and to promote access to mortgage credit. We were initially established in 1938.
Our revenues are primarily driven by guaranty fees we receive for assuming the credit risk on loans underlying the mortgage-backed securities we issue. We do not originate loans or lend money directly to borrowers. Rather, we work primarily with lenders who originate loans to borrowers. We securitize those loans into Fannie Mae mortgage-backed securities that we guarantee (which we refer to as Fannie Mae MBS or our MBS).
Effectively managing credit risk is key to our business. In exchange for assuming credit risk on the loans we acquire, we receive guaranty fees. These fees take into account the credit risk characteristics of the loans we acquire. Guaranty fees are set at the time we acquire loans and do not change over the life of the loan. How long a loan remains in our guaranty book is heavily dependent on interest rates. When interest rates decrease, a larger portion of our book of business turns over as more loans refinance. On the other hand, as interest rates increase, fewer loans refinance and our book turns over more slowly. Since guaranty fees are set at the time a loan is originated, the impact of any change in guaranty fees on future revenues depends on the rates at which loans in our book of business turn over and new loans are added.
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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Business | Executive Summary
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Please read this summary together with our MD&A, our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2021 and the accompanying notes.
Summary of Our Financial Performance
2021 vs. 2020
•Net revenues increased $4.6 billion in 2021 compared with 2020, primarily due to higher base guaranty fee income as the size of our guaranty book of business grew along with higher average guaranty fees related to the loans in our book of business in 2021. This was coupled with an increase in net amortization income as a result of high prepayment volumes from loan refinancings as a result of the continued low interest-rate environment. The loans and associated debt of consolidated trusts that liquidated in 2021 had larger unamortized deferred fees than those that liquidated in 2020. The increase in net revenues in 2021 was partially offset by a decrease in net interest income from our portfolios compared with 2020 due to lower average balances and lower yields on our mortgage loans and assets offset by lower borrowing costs on our long-term funding debt.
•Net income increased $10.4 billion in 2021 compared with 2020, mainly due to higher net revenues as discussed above plus a shift from credit-related expense in 2020 to credit-related income in 2021. Credit-related income in 2021 was primarily driven by strong actual and forecasted home price growth, a benefit from the redesignation of certain nonperforming and reperforming loans and a reduction in our estimate of losses we expect to incur as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by a provision for higher actual and projected interest rates. In addition, fair value gains in 2021 were primarily driven by declines in the fair value of risk management derivatives and trading securities, offset by the impact of hedge accounting. Fair value losses in 2020, before we implemented hedge accounting, were primarily driven by declines in the fair value of commitments to sell mortgage-related securities as prices increased during the commitment period. See “Consolidated Results of Operations—Hedge Accounting Impact” for further details on the impact of our fair value hedge accounting.
•Net worth increased by $22.1 billion in 2021 to $47.4 billion as of December 31, 2021. The increase is attributed to $22.1 billion of comprehensive income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021.
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Business | Executive Summary
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2020 vs. 2019
•Net revenues increased $3.4 billion in 2020 compared with 2019, primarily driven by an increase in net amortization income as a result of interest rates declining to historically low levels, leading to record levels of refinancing activity in 2020.
•Net income decreased $2.4 billion in 2020 compared with 2019, primarily driven by a shift from credit-related income to credit-related expense, driven by the economic dislocation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and lower loan redesignation activity, as well as a reduction in investment gains driven by a decrease in the volume of reperforming loan sales. This was partially offset by the increase in net revenues from higher net amortization income discussed above.
•Net worth increased by $10.7 billion to $25.3 billion in 2020. The increase is attributed to $11.8 billion of comprehensive income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 offset by a charge of $1.1 billion to retained earnings due to our implementation of Accounting Standards Update 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments and related amendments (the “CECL standard”) on January 1, 2020. See “Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—New Accounting Guidance—Adoption of the CECL Standard” for further details on our implementation of the CECL standard.
Financial Performance Outlook
Our financial results benefited significantly in 2021 from high refinance volumes, which contributed to our net amortization income, and the high pace of home price growth, which contributed to our credit-related income. We expect the pace of home price growth to moderate in 2022, and we have already seen a decline in the volume of refinancings beginning in the second half of 2021, as interest rates have risen. Specifically, we expect increases in mortgage interest rates and fewer refinancings as the large number of borrowers who have refinanced recently will result in fewer borrowers who can benefit from a refinancing in the future, leading to lower amortization income from prepayment activity. In addition, we expect the positive benefit to credit-related income (expense) from home price growth to decline in 2022 compared with 2021 as we expect home price growth to slow. See “MD&A—Key Market Economic Indicators” for a discussion of how home prices, interest rates and other macroeconomic factors can affect our financial results.
Our long-term financial performance will depend on many factors, including:
•the size of and our share of the U.S. mortgage market, which in turn will depend upon population growth, household formation and housing supply;
•borrower performance, the guaranty fees we receive, and changes in home prices, interest rates and other macroeconomic factors, including the impact of climate change on these factors; and
•the impact of actions by FHFA, the Administration and Congress relating to our business and housing finance reform, including our capital requirements, our ongoing financial obligations to Treasury, restrictions on our activities and our business footprint, our competitive environment and pricing, and actions we are required to take to support borrowers or the mortgage market.
For information about how we may be impacted by general economic conditions, see “Risk Factors—Market and Industry Risk.” For information about the potential impacts of climate change, see “Risk Factors—Credit Risk” and “MD&A—Risk Management—Climate Change and Natural Disaster Risk Management.” For information about the impact of actions by FHFA, the Administration and Congress, see “Risk Factors—GSE and Conservatorship Risk.”
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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Business | Our Mission, Strategy and Charter
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Liquidity Provided in 2021
Through our single-family and multifamily business segments, we provided $1.4 trillion in liquidity to the mortgage market in 2021, which enabled the financing of approximately 5.5 million home purchases, refinancings and rental units.
Fannie Mae Provided $1.4 trillion in Liquidity in 2021
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Unpaid Principal Balance
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Units
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$451B
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1.5M
Single-Family Home Purchases
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$904B
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3.3M
Single-Family Refinancings
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$69B
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694K
Multifamily Rental Units
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For information about the financing we have provided through our green bonds and our Sustainable Bond Framework, see “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance—Corporate Governance—ESG Matters.”
Our Mission, Strategy and Charter
Our Mission and Strategy
Our mission is to facilitate equitable and sustainable access to homeownership and quality affordable rental housing across America. We are pursuing this mission through our strategic objectives:
•Build on our mission-first culture to become a globally-recognized, top-performing environmental, social and governance (ESG) financial services company by delivering positive mission and community outcomes to serve homeowners and tenants.
•Ensure that Fannie Mae is a financially secure company that is able to attract private capital by managing risk to the firm and the housing finance system to fulfill its mission.
•Increase operational agility and efficiency, accelerating the digital transformation of the firm to deliver more value and reliable, modern platforms in support of the broader housing finance system.
Our Charter
The Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act (the “Charter Act”) establishes the parameters under which we operate and our purposes, which are to:
•provide stability in the secondary market for residential mortgages;
•respond appropriately to the private capital market;
•provide ongoing assistance to the secondary market for residential mortgages (including activities relating to mortgages on housing for low- and moderate-income families involving a reasonable economic return that may be less than the return earned on other activities) by increasing the liquidity of mortgage investments and improving the distribution of investment capital available for residential mortgage financing; and
•promote access to mortgage credit throughout the nation (including central cities, rural areas and underserved areas) by increasing the liquidity of mortgage investments and improving the distribution of investment capital available for residential mortgage financing.
The Charter Act specifies that our operations are to be financed by private capital to the maximum extent feasible. We are expected to earn reasonable economic returns on all our activities. However, we may accept lower returns on certain activities relating to mortgages on housing for low- and moderate-income families in order to support those segments of the market. We expect the lower returns to be offset by activities that yield higher returns.
Principal balance limitations. To meet our purposes, the Charter Act authorizes us to purchase and securitize mortgage loans secured by single-family and multifamily properties. Our acquisitions of single-family conventional mortgage loans are subject to maximum original principal balance limits, known as “conforming loan limits.” The conforming loan limits are adjusted each year based on FHFA’s housing price index. For 2021, the conforming loan limit for mortgages secured by one-family residences was set at $548,250, with higher limits for mortgages secured by two- to four-family residences and in four statutorily-designated states and territories (Alaska, Hawaii, Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands).
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Business | Our Mission, Strategy and Charter
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For 2022, FHFA increased the national conforming loan limit for one-family residences to $647,200. In addition, higher loan limits of up to 150% of the otherwise applicable loan limit apply in certain high-cost areas. Certain loans above the baseline conforming loan limit will be subject to a recently announced increase in upfront fees, which we discuss in “MD&A—Single-Family Business—Single-Family Business Metrics.” The Charter Act does not impose maximum original principal balance limits on loans we purchase or securitize that are insured by the Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”) or guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”).
The Charter Act also includes the following provisions:
•Credit enhancement requirements. The Charter Act generally requires credit enhancement on any single-family conventional mortgage loan that we purchase or securitize that has a loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratio over 80% at the time of purchase. The credit enhancement may take the form of one or more of the following: (1) insurance or a guaranty by a qualified insurer on the portion of the unpaid principal balance of a mortgage loan that exceeds 80% of the property value; (2) a seller’s agreement to repurchase or replace the loan in the event of default; or (3) retention by the seller of at least a 10% participation interest in the loan. Regardless of LTV ratio, the Charter Act does not require us to obtain credit enhancement to purchase or securitize loans insured by FHA or guaranteed by the VA.
•Issuances of our securities. We are authorized, upon the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, to issue debt obligations and mortgage-related securities. Neither the U.S. government nor any of its agencies guarantees, directly or indirectly, our debt or mortgage-related securities.
•Authority of Treasury to purchase our debt obligations. At the discretion of the Secretary of the Treasury, Treasury may purchase our debt obligations up to a maximum of $2.25 billion outstanding at any one time.
•Exemption for our securities offerings. Our securities offerings are exempt from registration requirements under the federal securities laws. As a result, we do not file registration statements or prospectuses with the SEC with respect to our securities offerings. However, our equity securities are not treated as exempt securities for purposes of Sections 12, 13, 14 or 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Consequently, we are required to file periodic and current reports with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K. Our non-equity securities are exempt securities under the Exchange Act.
•Exemption from specified taxes. Fannie Mae is exempt from taxation by states, territories, counties, municipalities and local taxing authorities, except for taxation by those authorities on our real property. We are not exempt from the payment of federal corporate income taxes.
•Limitations. We may not originate mortgage loans or advance funds to a mortgage seller on an interim basis, using mortgage loans as collateral, pending the sale of the mortgages in the secondary market. We may purchase or securitize mortgage loans only on properties located in the United States and its territories.
We support market liquidity by issuing Fannie Mae MBS that are readily traded in the capital markets. We create Fannie Mae MBS by placing mortgage loans in a trust and issuing securities that are backed by those mortgage loans. Monthly payments received on the loans are the primary source of payments passed through to Fannie Mae MBS holders. We guarantee to the MBS trust that we will supplement amounts received by the MBS trust as required to permit timely payment of principal and interest on the trust certificates. In return for this guaranty, we receive guaranty fees.
Below we discuss the three broad categories of our securitization transactions and the uniform mortgage-backed securities we issue.
Securitization Transactions
We currently securitize a substantial majority of the single-family and multifamily mortgage loans we acquire. Our securitization transactions primarily fall within three broad categories: lender swap transactions, portfolio securitizations, and structured securitizations.
Lender Swap Transactions
In a single-family “lender swap transaction,” a mortgage lender that operates in the primary mortgage market generally delivers a pool of mortgage loans to us in exchange for Fannie Mae MBS backed by these mortgage loans. Lenders may hold the Fannie Mae MBS they receive from us or sell them to investors. A pool of mortgage loans is a group of mortgage loans with similar characteristics. After receiving the mortgage loans in a lender swap transaction, we place them in a trust for which we serve as trustee. This trust is established for the sole purpose of holding the mortgage
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Business | Mortgage Securitizations
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loans separate and apart from our corporate assets. We guarantee to each MBS trust that we will supplement amounts received by the MBS trust as required to permit timely payment of principal and interest on the related Fannie Mae MBS. We are entitled to a portion of the interest payment as a fee for providing our guaranty. The mortgage servicer also retains a portion of the interest payment as a fee for servicing the loan. Then, on behalf of the trust, we make monthly distributions to the Fannie Mae MBS certificateholders from the principal and interest payments and other collections on the underlying mortgage loans.
Lender Swap Transaction
Our Multifamily business generally creates multifamily Fannie Mae MBS in lender swap transactions in a manner similar to our Single-Family business. Multifamily lenders typically deliver only one mortgage loan to back each multifamily Fannie Mae MBS. The characteristics of each mortgage loan are used to establish guaranty fees on a risk-adjusted basis. Securitizing a multifamily mortgage loan into a Fannie Mae MBS facilitates its sale into the secondary market.
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Business | Mortgage Securitizations
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Portfolio Securitization Transactions
We also purchase mortgage loans and mortgage-related securities for securitization and sale at a later date through our “portfolio securitization transactions.” Most of our portfolio securitization transactions are driven by our single-family whole loan conduit activities, pursuant to which we purchase single-family whole loans from a large group of typically small to mid-sized lenders principally for the purpose of securitizing the loans into Fannie Mae MBS, which may then be sold to dealers and investors.
Portfolio Securitization Transaction
Structured Securitization Transactions
In a “structured securitization transaction,” we create structured Fannie Mae MBS, typically for lenders or securities dealers, in exchange for a transaction fee. In these transactions, the lender or dealer “swaps” a mortgage-related asset that it owns (typically a mortgage security) in exchange for a structured Fannie Mae MBS we issue. The process for issuing Fannie Mae MBS in a structured securitization is similar to the process involved in our lender swap securitizations described above.
We also issue structured transactions backed by multifamily Fannie Mae MBS through the Fannie Mae Guaranteed Multifamily Structures (“Fannie Mae GeMSTM”) program, which provides additional liquidity and stability to the multifamily market, while expanding the investor base for multifamily Fannie Mae MBS.
Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities, or UMBS
Overview
Since 2019, we and Freddie Mac have each been issuing UMBS®, a uniform mortgage-backed security intended to maximize liquidity for both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac mortgage-backed securities in the to-be-announced (“TBA”) market.
Certain aspects of the securitization process for our single-family Fannie Mae MBS issuances are performed by Common Securitization Solutions, LLC (“CSS”), which is a limited liability company we own jointly with Freddie Mac. CSS operates a common securitization platform, which was designed to allow for the potential integration of additional market participants in the future. In October 2021, FHFA announced its determination, after a nearly two-year review, that CSS should focus on maintaining the resiliency of Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s mortgage-backed securities platform instead of expanding its role to serve a broader market.
UMBS and Structured Securities
Each of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (the “GSEs”) issues and guarantees UMBS and structured securities backed by UMBS and other securities, as described below.
•UMBS. Each of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac issues and guarantees UMBS that are directly backed by the mortgage loans it has acquired, referred to as “first-level securities.” UMBS issued by Fannie Mae are backed only by mortgage loans that Fannie Mae has acquired, and similarly UMBS issued by Freddie Mac are backed
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Business | Mortgage Securitizations
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only by mortgage loans that Freddie Mac has acquired. There is no commingling of Fannie Mae- and Freddie Mac-acquired loans within UMBS.
Mortgage loans backing UMBS are limited to fixed-rate mortgage loans eligible for financing through the TBA market. We continue to issue some types of Fannie Mae MBS that are not TBA-eligible and therefore are not issued as UMBS, such as single-family Fannie Mae MBS backed by adjustable-rate mortgages and all multifamily Fannie Mae MBS.
•Structured Securities. Each of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also issues and guarantees structured mortgage-backed securities, referred to as “second-level securities,” that are resecuritizations of UMBS or previously-issued structured securities. In contrast to UMBS, second-level securities can be commingled—that is, they can include both Fannie Mae securities and Freddie Mac securities as the underlying collateral for the security. These structured securities include Supers®, which are single-class resecuritizations, and Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”), which are multi-class resecuritizations. While Supers are backed only by TBA-eligible securities, REMICs can be backed by TBA-eligible or non-TBA-eligible securities.
The key features of UMBS are the same as those of legacy single-family Fannie Mae MBS. Accordingly, all single-family Fannie Mae MBS that are directly backed by fixed-rate loans and generally eligible for trading in the TBA market are considered UMBS, whether issued before or after the introduction of UMBS. In this report, we use the term “Fannie Mae-issued UMBS” to refer to single-family Fannie Mae MBS that are directly backed by fixed-rate mortgage loans and generally eligible for trading in the TBA market. We use the term “Fannie Mae MBS” or “our MBS” to refer to any type of mortgage-backed security that we issue, including UMBS, Supers, REMICs and other types of single-family or multifamily mortgage-backed securities. References to our single-family guaranty book of business in this report exclude Freddie Mac-acquired mortgage loans underlying Freddie Mac mortgage-related securities that we have resecuritized.
Common Securitization Platform
We rely on the common securitization platform operated by CSS to securitize the single-family MBS we issue and for ongoing administrative functions for our single-family MBS. We do not use the common securitization platform for multifamily Fannie Mae MBS. See “Risk Factors—GSE and Conservatorship Risk” for a discussion of risks posed by our reliance on CSS.
Managing Mortgage Credit Risk
Effectively pricing and managing credit risk is key to our business. Below we discuss key elements of how we are compensated for and manage the risk of credit losses through the life cycle of our loans and how we measure our credit risk.
Loan Acquisition Policies
Loans we acquire must be underwritten in accordance with our guidelines and standards.
•In Single-Family, the vast majority of loans we acquire are assessed by Desktop Underwriter® (DU®), our proprietary single-family automated underwriting system. DU performs a comprehensive evaluation of the primary risk factors of a mortgage. We regularly review DU’s underlying models to determine whether its risk analysis and eligibility assessment appropriately reflect current market conditions and loan performance data to ensure the loans we acquire are consistent with our risk appetite and FHFA guidance.
•In Multifamily, we acquire the vast majority of our loans through our Delegated Underwriting and Servicing (DUS®) Program. DUS lenders, who must be pre-approved by us, are delegated the authority to underwrite and service loans for delivery to us in accordance with our standards and requirements. Based on a given loan’s unique characteristics and our established delegation criteria, lenders assess whether a loan must be reviewed by us. If review is required, our internal credit team will assess the loan’s risk profile to determine if it meets our risk tolerances. DUS lenders also share with us the risk of loss on our multifamily loans, thereby aligning our interests throughout the life of the loan. FHFA has instructed us to limit the volume and nature of multifamily loans we acquire, and our senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury also includes covenants with respect to our multifamily loan acquisition volume. We continue to closely monitor our multifamily loan acquisitions and market conditions and, as appropriate, make changes to our standards and requirements to
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Business | Managing Mortgage Credit Risk
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ensure the multifamily loans we acquire are consistent with our risk appetite, the senior preferred stock purchase agreement, and FHFA guidance.
For more information about our mortgage acquisition policies and underwriting standards, see “MD&A—Single-Family Business—Single-Family Mortgage Credit Risk Management” and “MD&A—Multifamily Business—Multifamily Mortgage Credit Risk Management.” For information on the restrictions on our single-family and multifamily loan acquisitions, see “Conservatorship, Treasury Agreements and Housing Finance Reform—Treasury Agreements—Covenants under Treasury Agreements” and “MD&A—Multifamily Business—Multifamily Business Metrics.”
In exchange for managing credit risk on the loans we acquire, we receive guaranty fees that take into account, among other factors, the credit risk characteristics of the loans we acquire. We provide information about our guaranty fees in “MD&A—Single-Family Business—Single-Family Business Metrics” and in “MD&A—Multifamily Business—Multifamily Business Metrics.”
Loan Performance Management
We closely monitor the performance of loans in our guaranty book of business and we work to reduce defaults and mitigate the severity of credit losses through our servicing policies and practices.
Single-Family Loans
•For single-family loans, the most important loan performance criteria we monitor are (1) serious delinquency rates, which are typically strong indicators of loans that are at a heightened risk of default, and (2) mark-to-market LTV ratios, which affect both the likelihood of losses and the potential severity of any losses we may ultimately realize. While mark-to-market LTV ratios are significantly impacted by changes in home prices, which are outside our control, we have an array of loss mitigation tools to try to reduce defaults on delinquent loans and to minimize the severity of the losses we do incur.
•We consider single-family loans to be seriously delinquent when they are 90 days or more past due or in the foreclosure process. Once a single-family loan becomes 36 days past due, the servicer is required to make weekly attempts, for the next six months, to contact the borrower to try to engage in steps to resolve the delinquency. Our loss mitigation tools include payment forbearance, repayment plans, payment deferrals and loan modifications. We describe these tools and discuss them further in “MD&A—Single-Family Business—Single-Family Mortgage Credit Risk Management—Single-Family Problem Loan Management—Loan Workout Metrics.” Successful loan reperformance is heavily influenced by the effective use of these tools and the amount of equity the borrower has in their home.
•Some loans that become seriously delinquent subsequently become current or repay in full without a modification or other loan workout. However, we modify a substantial portion of our seriously delinquent loans. When a loan does not cure on its own and we are not able to provide a workout for it, the likelihood of default increases. See “MD&A—Single-Family Business—Single-Family Mortgage Credit Risk Management” for more information on the performance of our modified single-family loans.
•As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, in 2020 our loss mitigation pivoted to payment forbearance, providing up to 18 months in some cases to borrowers affected by the pandemic. Forbearance is typically used in instances where the duration and impact of a borrower’s hardship are uncertain, such as disasters like hurricanes and flooding, to give the borrower time to understand whether, and to what extent, a loss mitigation solution will be needed to return to paying status. Because payments are not required during forbearance, our serious delinquency rate increased as a result of the large number of loans in forbearance. Most of the loans that entered forbearance as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic have since exited, resolving their delinquency in many cases through a payment deferral or other form of loan workout. We provide information about our single-family loans that received forbearance in “MD&A—Single-Family Business—Single-Family Mortgage Credit Risk Management—Single-Family Problem Loan Management—Single-Family Loans in Forbearance.”
•For delinquent loans that are unable to reperform, we use alternatives to foreclosure where possible, such as short sales, which reduce our credit losses while helping borrowers avoid foreclosure. We provide more information on short sales and our other foreclosure alternatives in “MD&A—Single-Family Business—Single-Family Mortgage Credit Risk Management—Single-Family Problem Loan Management—Loan Workout Metrics—Foreclosure Alternatives.” We work to obtain the highest price possible for the properties sold in short sales. When we acquire properties, including through foreclosure, our primary objectives are to facilitate equitable and sustainable access to homeownership, quality affordable rental housing, and housing for owner occupant and community-minded purchasers, while obtaining the highest price possible. The value of the underlying property relative to the loan’s unpaid principal balance has a significant impact on the severity of loss we incur as a
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Business | Managing Mortgage Credit Risk
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result of loan default. We provide information on the mark-to-market LTV ratio of loans in our single-family conventional book of business in “MD&A—Single-Family Business—Single-Family Mortgage Credit Risk Management—Single-Family Portfolio Diversification and Monitoring.”
•Our credit loss mitigation strategy also involves selling nonperforming and reperforming loans thereby removing them from our guaranty book of business. We discuss sales of nonperforming and reperforming single-family loans in “MD&A—Single-Family Business—Single-Family Mortgage Credit Risk Management—Nonperforming and Reperforming Loan Sales” and “MD&A—Single-Family Business—Single-Family Mortgage Credit Risk Management—Other Single-Family Credit Information—Single-Family Credit Loss Metrics and Loan Sale Performance.”
•We present additional information on the credit characteristics and performance of our single-family loans in “MD&A—Single-Family Business—Single-Family Mortgage Credit Risk Management—Single-Family Portfolio Diversification and Monitoring” and “Single-Family Problem Loan Management” and “Note 13, Concentrations of Credit Risk—Risk Characteristics of our Guaranty Book of Business.”
Multifamily Loans
•For multifamily loans, key indicators of heightened risk of default are debt service coverage ratios (“DSCRs”), particularly loans with an estimated current DSCR below 1.0, and serious delinquency rates. We consider a multifamily loan seriously delinquent when it is 60 days or more past due.
•For loans with indicators of heightened default risk, our DUS lenders, through their delegated authority, work with us to maintain the credit quality of the multifamily book of business and prevent foreclosures through loss mitigation strategies such as payment forbearance or loan modification.
•For loans that ultimately default, we work to minimize the severity of loss in several ways, including pursuing contractual remedies through our DUS loss-sharing arrangements and with providers of additional credit enhancements where available.
•Similar to single-family, we also offer forbearance for borrowers experiencing temporary challenges, like natural disasters and financial hardship, to help both borrowers and renters. During the COVID-19 pandemic, we delegated to our multifamily lenders the ability to provide forbearance for up to six monthly payments for most loan types. While FHFA extended the forbearance program indefinitely, the delegation to our lenders expired on September 30, 2021, and we determine whether to offer forbearance relief based on the borrower’s circumstances through our normal loss mitigation procedures. A majority of the loans that entered forbearance as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic have since exited through completion of their repayment plan or otherwise reinstating.
•We present information on the credit characteristics and performance of our multifamily loans in “MD&A—Multifamily Business—Multifamily Mortgage Credit Risk Management—Multifamily Portfolio Diversification and Monitoring” and “Note 13, Concentrations of Credit Risk—Risk Characteristics of our Guaranty Book of Business.”
Sharing and Selling Credit Risk
In addition to managing credit risk through our selling and servicing practices, we also share and transfer credit risk to third parties through a variety of credit enhancement products and programs.
•For single-family loans we acquire with an LTV ratio over 80% our charter requires credit enhancement, which we typically meet through third-party primary mortgage insurance.
•Our Multifamily business uses a shared-risk business model that distributes credit risk to the private markets, primarily through our DUS program. Under DUS, our multifamily lenders typically share with us approximately one-third of the credit risk on these loans, aligning the interests of lenders and Fannie Mae. DUS lenders receive credit-risk-related compensation in exchange for sharing risk. The lender risk-sharing we obtain through our DUS program accompanies our multifamily loans at the time we acquire them.
•We use other types of credit enhancements, including pool mortgage insurance and credit risk transfer transactions. In our credit risk transfer transactions, we use risk-sharing capabilities we have developed to obtain credit enhancement by transferring portions of our single-family and multifamily mortgage credit risk on reference pools of mortgage loans to the private market. In most of our credit risk transfer transactions, investors receive payments, which effectively reduce the guaranty fee income we retain on the loans. Our credit risk transfer transactions are designed to transfer to the investors, in exchange for these payments, a portion of the losses we expect would be incurred in an economic downturn or a stressed credit environment.
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Business | Managing Mortgage Credit Risk
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For more information about our loans with credit enhancement, see “MD&A—Single-Family Business—Single-Family Mortgage Credit Risk Management—Single-Family Credit Enhancement and Transfer of Mortgage Credit Risk” and “MD&A—Multifamily Business—Multifamily Mortgage Credit Risk Management—Transfer of Multifamily Mortgage Credit Risk.”
Measuring Credit Risk and the Impact of Changes on Our Results
Our best estimate of future credit losses is reflected in our single-family and multifamily loss reserves, which for periods on or after January 1, 2020 are calculated using a lifetime credit loss methodology under the CECL standard. We update our estimate of credit losses quarterly based on the credit profile of our loans as well as certain actual and forecasted economic data. Changes in our estimate affect our benefit or provision for credit losses, which, combined with foreclosed property expense, comprises our credit-related income or expense.
We provide information on our loss reserves in “MD&A—Single-Family Business—Single-Family Mortgage Credit Risk Management—Single-Family Problem Loan Management—Other Single-Family Credit information” and “MD&A—Multifamily Business—Multifamily Mortgage Credit Risk Management—Multifamily Problem Loan Management and Foreclosure Prevention—Other Multifamily Credit information.” We provide information on our credit related income or expense in “MD&A—Consolidated Results of Operations—Credit-Related Income (Expense).”
Conservatorship, Treasury Agreements and Housing Finance Reform
Conservatorship
On September 6, 2008, the Director of FHFA appointed FHFA as our conservator, pursuant to authority provided by the Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992, as amended, including by the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (together, the “GSE Act”). The conservatorship is a statutory process designed to preserve and conserve our assets and property and put the company in a sound and solvent condition.
The conservatorship has no specified termination date. For more information on the risks to our business relating to the conservatorship and uncertainties regarding the future of our company and business, as well as the adverse effects of the conservatorship on the rights of holders of our common and preferred stock, see “Risk Factors—GSE and Conservatorship Risk.”
Our conservatorship could terminate through a receivership. For information on the circumstances under which FHFA is required or permitted to place us into receivership and the potential consequences of receivership, see “Legislation and Regulation—GSE-Focused Matters—Receivership” and “Risk Factors—GSE and Conservatorship Risk.”
Management of the Company during Conservatorship
Upon its appointment, the conservator immediately succeeded to (1) all rights, titles, powers and privileges of Fannie Mae, and of any shareholder, officer or director of Fannie Mae with respect to Fannie Mae and its assets, and (2) title to the books, records and assets of any other legal custodian of Fannie Mae. The conservator subsequently issued an order that provided for our Board of Directors to exercise specified functions and authorities. The conservator also provided instructions regarding matters for which conservator decision or notification is required. The conservator retains the authority to amend or withdraw its order and instructions at any time. For more information on the functions and authorities of our Board of Directors during conservatorship, see “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance—Corporate Governance—Conservatorship and Board Authorities.”
Our directors serve on behalf of the conservator and exercise their authority as directed by and with the approval, where required, of the conservator. Our directors have no fiduciary duties to any person or entity except to the conservator. Accordingly, our directors are not obligated to consider the interests of the company, the holders of our equity or debt securities, or the holders of Fannie Mae MBS unless specifically directed to do so by the conservator.
Because we are in conservatorship, our common stockholders currently do not have the ability to elect directors or to vote on other matters. The conservator eliminated common and preferred stock dividends (other than dividends on the senior preferred stock issued to Treasury) during the conservatorship.
Powers of the Conservator under the GSE Act
FHFA has broad powers when acting as our conservator. As conservator, FHFA can direct us to enter into contracts or enter into contracts on our behalf. Further, FHFA may transfer or sell any of our assets or liabilities (subject to limitations and post-transfer notice provisions for transfers of certain types of financial contracts), without any approval, assignment of rights or consent of any party. However, mortgage loans and mortgage-related assets that have been transferred to a
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Fannie Mae MBS trust must be held by the conservator for the beneficial owners of the Fannie Mae MBS and cannot be used to satisfy the general creditors of the company. Neither the conservatorship nor the terms of our agreements with Treasury change our obligation to make required payments on our debt securities or perform under our mortgage guaranty obligations.
A Supreme Court decision in June 2021, in Collins et al. v. Yellen, Secretary of the Treasury, et al., held that the President has the power to remove the Director of FHFA for any reason, not just for cause. The Supreme Court’s opinion in Collins v. Yellen also included an expansive interpretation of FHFA’s authority as conservator under the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, noting that “when the FHFA acts as a conservator, it may aim to rehabilitate the regulated entity in a way that, while not in the best interests of the regulated entity, is beneficial to the Agency and, by extension, the public it serves.” With FHFA’s broad powers as conservator, changes in leadership at FHFA, including changes resulting from a change in Administration, could result in significant changes to the goals FHFA establishes for us and could have a material impact on our business and financial results. See “Risk Factors—GSE and Conservatorship Risk” for more information how conservatorship impacts us.
Treasury Agreements
On September 7, 2008, Fannie Mae, through FHFA in its capacity as conservator entered into a senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury, pursuant to which we issued to Treasury one million shares of Variable Liquidation Preference Senior Preferred Stock, Series 2008-2, which we refer to as the “senior preferred stock,” and a warrant to purchase shares of common stock equal to 79.9% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on a fully diluted basis at the time the warrant is exercised for a nominal price. The senior preferred stock purchase agreement and the dividend and liquidation provisions of the senior preferred stock have been amended multiple times, most recently in January 2021, pursuant to a letter agreement between us, through FHFA in its capacity as conservator, and Treasury. Some provisions added to the agreement in January 2021 were subsequently temporarily suspended pursuant to a September 2021 letter agreement. Below we discuss the terms of the senior preferred stock purchase agreement and the senior preferred stock as they are currently in effect. See “Risk Factors—GSE and Conservatorship Risk” for a description of the risks to our business relating to the senior preferred stock purchase agreement, as well as the adverse effects of the senior preferred stock and the warrant on the rights of holders of our common stock and other series of preferred stock.
Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement
Funds Available for Draw
The senior preferred stock purchase agreement provides that, on a quarterly basis, we may draw funds up to the amount, if any, by which our total liabilities exceed our total assets, as reflected in our consolidated balance sheet, prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”), for the applicable fiscal quarter (referred to as the “deficiency amount”), up to the maximum amount of remaining funding under the agreement. As of the date of this filing, the maximum amount of remaining funding under the agreement is $113.9 billion. If we were to draw additional funds from Treasury under the agreement with respect to a future period, the amount of remaining funding under the agreement would be reduced by the amount of our draw. The senior preferred stock purchase agreement provides that the deficiency amount will be calculated differently if we become subject to receivership or other liquidation process.
Commitment Fee and “Capital Reserve End Date”
The senior preferred stock purchase agreement provides for the payment of an unspecified quarterly commitment fee to Treasury to compensate Treasury for its ongoing support under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement. The amount of this fee, as well as a number of the agreement’s other terms and the terms of the senior preferred stock, depend on whether we have reached the “capital reserve end date,” which is defined as the last day of the second consecutive fiscal quarter during which we have maintained capital equal to, or in excess of, all of the capital requirements and buffers under the enterprise regulatory capital framework discussed in “Legislation and Regulation—GSE-Focused Matters—Capital.” Under the agreement, (1) through and continuing until the capital reserve end date, the periodic commitment fee will not be set, accrue, or be payable, and (2) not later than the capital reserve end date, we and Treasury, in consultation with the Chair of the Federal Reserve, will agree to set the periodic commitment fee. Treasury’s funding commitment under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement has no expiration date. The agreement provides that Treasury’s funding commitment will terminate under any of the following circumstances: (1) the completion of our liquidation and fulfillment of Treasury’s obligations under its funding commitment at that time; (2) the payment in full of, or reasonable provision for, all of our liabilities (whether or not contingent, including mortgage guaranty obligations); or (3) the funding by Treasury of the maximum amount that may be funded under the agreement. In addition, Treasury may terminate its funding commitment and declare the agreement null and void if a court vacates,
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modifies, amends, conditions, enjoins, stays or otherwise affects the appointment of the conservator or otherwise curtails the conservator’s powers.
Debt and MBS Holders
In the event of our default on payments with respect to our debt securities or guaranteed Fannie Mae MBS, if Treasury fails to perform its obligations under its funding commitment and if we and/or the conservator are not diligently pursuing remedies with respect to that failure, the agreement provides that any holder of such defaulted debt securities or Fannie Mae MBS may file a claim in the United States Court of Federal Claims for relief requiring Treasury to fund us up to (1) the amount necessary to cure the payment defaults on our debt and Fannie Mae MBS, (2) the deficiency amount, or (3) the amount of remaining funding under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement, whichever is the least. Any payment that Treasury makes under those circumstances will be treated for all purposes as a draw under the agreement that will increase the liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock.
Most provisions of the senior preferred stock purchase agreement may be waived or amended by mutual agreement of the parties; however, no waiver or amendment of the agreement is permitted that would decrease Treasury’s aggregate funding commitment or add conditions to Treasury’s funding commitment if the waiver or amendment would adversely affect in any material respect the holders of our debt securities or guaranteed Fannie Mae MBS.
Senior Preferred Stock
Dividend Provisions
Treasury, as the holder of the senior preferred stock, is entitled to receive, when, as and if declared, out of legally available funds, cumulative quarterly cash dividends. The dividends we have paid to Treasury on the senior preferred stock during conservatorship have been declared by, and paid at the direction of, our conservator, acting as successor to the rights, titles, powers and privileges of the Board of Directors. Dividend payments we make to Treasury do not restore or increase the amount of funding available to us under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement.
The dividend provisions of the senior preferred stock were amended pursuant to the January 2021 letter agreement to permit us to retain increases in our net worth until our net worth exceeds the amount of adjusted total capital necessary for us to meet the capital requirements and buffers under the enterprise regulatory capital framework. As described more fully below, after the capital reserve end date, the amount of quarterly dividends to Treasury will be equal to the lesser of any quarterly increase in our net worth and a 10% annual rate on the then-current liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock. As a result of these provisions, our ability to retain earnings in excess of the capital requirements and buffers set forth in the enterprise regulatory capital framework will be limited.
Dividend Amount Prior to Capital Reserve End Date
The terms of the senior preferred stock provide for dividends each quarter in the amount, if any, by which our net worth as of the end of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter exceeds an applicable capital reserve amount. The January 2021 letter agreement increased the applicable capital reserve amount, starting with the quarterly dividend period ending on December 31, 2020, from $25 billion to the amount of adjusted total capital necessary for us to meet the capital requirements and buffers set forth in enterprise regulatory capital framework. If our net worth does not exceed this amount as of the end of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter, then dividends will neither accumulate nor be payable for such period. Our net worth is defined as the amount, if any, by which our total assets (excluding Treasury’s funding commitment and any unfunded amounts related to the commitment) exceed our total liabilities (excluding any obligation with respect to capital stock), in each case as reflected on our balance sheet prepared in accordance with GAAP.
Dividend Amount Following Capital Reserve End Date
Beginning on the first dividend period following the capital reserve end date, the applicable quarterly dividend amount on the senior preferred stock will be the lesser of:
(1) a 10% annual rate on the then-current liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock; and
(2) an amount equal to the incremental increase in our net worth during the immediately prior fiscal quarter.
However, the applicable quarterly dividend amount will immediately increase to a 12% annual rate on the then-current liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock if we fail to timely pay dividends in cash to Treasury. This increased dividend amount will continue until the dividend period following the date we have paid, in cash, full cumulative dividends to Treasury (including any unpaid dividends), at which point the applicable quarterly dividend amount will revert to the prior calculation method.
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Liquidation Preference
Shares of the senior preferred stock have no par value and have a stated value and initial liquidation preference equal to $1,000 per share, for an aggregate initial liquidation preference of $1 billion.
Under the terms that currently govern the senior preferred stock, the aggregate liquidation preference will be increased by the following:
•any amounts Treasury pays to us pursuant to its funding commitment under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement (a total of $119.8 billion as of the date of this filing);
•any quarterly commitment fees that are payable but not paid in cash (no such fees have become payable, nor will they under the current terms of the senior preferred stock purchase agreement and the senior preferred stock);
•any dividends that are payable but not paid in cash to Treasury, regardless of whether or not they are declared; and
•at the end of each fiscal quarter through and including the capital reserve end date, an amount equal to the increase in our net worth, if any, during the immediately prior fiscal quarter.
The aggregate liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock was $163.7 billion as of December 31, 2021. It will increase to $168.9 billion as of March 31, 2022 due to the increase in our net worth during the fourth quarter of 2021.
The senior preferred stock ranks ahead of our common stock and all other outstanding series of our preferred stock, as well as any capital stock we issue in the future, as to both dividends and rights upon liquidation. As a result, if we are liquidated, the holder of the senior preferred stock is entitled to its then current liquidation preference before any distribution is made to the holders of our common stock or other preferred stock.
Limitations on Redemption and Paydown of Liquidation Preference; Requirement to Pay Net Proceeds of Capital Stock Issuances to Reduce Liquidation Preference
We are not permitted to redeem the senior preferred stock prior to the termination of Treasury’s funding commitment under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement. Moreover, we are not permitted to pay down the liquidation preference of the outstanding shares of senior preferred stock except to the extent of (1) accumulated and unpaid dividends previously added to the liquidation preference and not previously paid down; and (2) quarterly commitment fees previously added to the liquidation preference and not previously paid down. In addition to these exceptions, if we issue any shares of capital stock for cash while the senior preferred stock is outstanding, the net proceeds of the issuance, with the exception of up to $70 billion in aggregate gross cash proceeds from the issuance of common stock, must be used to pay down the liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock. The liquidation preference of each share of senior preferred stock may not be paid down below $1,000 per share prior to the termination of Treasury’s funding commitment. Following the termination of Treasury’s funding commitment, we may pay down the liquidation preference of all outstanding shares of senior preferred stock at any time, in whole or in part.
Additional Senior Preferred Stock Provisions
The senior preferred stock provides that we may not, at any time, declare or pay dividends on, make distributions with respect to, or redeem, purchase or acquire, or make a liquidation payment with respect to, any common stock or other securities ranking junior to the senior preferred stock unless (1) full cumulative dividends on the outstanding senior preferred stock (including any unpaid dividends added to the liquidation preference) have been declared and paid in cash, and (2) all amounts required to be paid with the net proceeds of any issuance of capital stock for cash (as described in the preceding paragraph) have been paid in cash. Shares of the senior preferred stock are not convertible. Shares of the senior preferred stock have no general or special voting rights, other than those set forth in the certificate of designation for the senior preferred stock or otherwise required by law. The consent of holders of at least two-thirds of all outstanding shares of senior preferred stock is generally required to amend the terms of the senior preferred stock or to create any class or series of stock that ranks prior to or on parity with the senior preferred stock.
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Net Worth, Treasury Funding and Senior Preferred Stock Dividends
The charts below show information about our net worth, the remaining amount of Treasury’s funding commitment to us, senior preferred stock dividends we have paid Treasury and funds we have drawn from Treasury pursuant to its funding commitment.
(1)Aggregate amount of dividends we have paid to Treasury on the senior preferred stock from 2008 through December 31, 2021. Under the terms of the senior preferred stock purchase agreement, dividend payments we make to Treasury do not offset our draws of funds from Treasury.
(2)Aggregate amount of funds we have drawn from Treasury pursuant to the senior preferred stock purchase agreement from 2008 through December 31, 2021.
Common Stock Warrant
Pursuant to the senior preferred stock purchase agreement, on September 7, 2008, we, through FHFA in its capacity as conservator, issued to Treasury a warrant to purchase shares of our common stock equal to 79.9% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on a fully diluted basis on the date the warrant is exercised, for an exercise price of $0.00001 per share. The warrant may be exercised in whole or in part at any time on or before September 7, 2028.
Covenants under Treasury Agreements
The senior preferred stock purchase agreement contains covenants that prohibit us from taking a number of actions without the prior written consent of Treasury, including:
•paying dividends or other distributions on or repurchasing our equity securities (other than the senior preferred stock or warrant);
•issuing equity securities, except for stock issuances made (1) to Treasury, (2) pursuant to obligations that existed at the time we entered conservatorship, and (3) as amended by the January 2021 letter agreement, for common stock ranking pari passu or junior to the common stock issued to Treasury in connection with the exercise of its warrant, provided that (i) Treasury has already exercised its warrant in full, and (ii) all currently pending significant litigation relating to the conservatorship and the August 2012 amendment to the senior preferred stock purchase agreement has been resolved, which may require Treasury’s assent. Net proceeds of the issuance of any shares of capital stock for cash while the senior preferred stock is outstanding, except for up to $70 billion in aggregate gross cash proceeds from the issuance of common stock, must be used to pay down the liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock;
•terminating or seeking to terminate our conservatorship, other than through a receivership, except that, as revised by the January 2021 letter agreement, FHFA can terminate our conservatorship without the prior consent of Treasury if several conditions are met, including (1) all currently pending significant litigation relating to the conservatorship and the August 2012 amendment to the senior preferred stock purchase agreement has been resolved, and (2) for two or more consecutive quarters, our common equity tier 1 capital (as defined in the enterprise regulatory capital framework), together with any stockholder equity that would result from a firm
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commitment public underwritten offering of common stock which is fully consummated concurrent with the termination of conservatorship, equals or exceeds at least 3% of our adjusted total assets (as defined in the enterprise regulatory capital framework);
•selling, transferring, leasing or otherwise disposing of any assets, except for dispositions for fair market value in limited circumstances including if (a) the transaction is in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past practice or (b) the assets have a fair market value individually or in the aggregate of less than $250 million; and
•issuing subordinated debt.
Covenants in the senior preferred stock purchase agreement also subject us to limits on the amount of mortgage assets that we may own and the total amount of our indebtedness.
•Mortgage Asset Limit. The amount of mortgage assets we are permitted to own is $250 billion and, as a result of the January 2021 letter agreement, will decrease to $225 billion on December 31, 2022. We are currently managing our business to a $225 billion cap pursuant to instructions from FHFA. Our mortgage assets as of December 31, 2021 were $111.2 billion. Our mortgage asset calculation also includes 10% of the notional value of interest-only securities we hold. We disclose the amount of our mortgage assets each month in the “Endnotes” to our Monthly Summaries, which are available on our website and announced in a press release.
•Debt Limit. Our debt limit under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement is set at 120% of the amount of mortgage assets we were allowed to own under the agreement on December 31 of the immediately preceding calendar year. This debt limit is currently $300 billion, and it will decrease to $270 billion as of December 31, 2022. As calculated for this purpose, our indebtedness as of December 31, 2021 was $202.5 billion. We disclose the amount of our indebtedness on a monthly basis under the caption “Total Debt Outstanding” in our Monthly Summaries, which are available on our website and announced in a press release.
Compensation. Another covenant prohibits us from entering into any new compensation arrangements or increasing amounts or benefits payable under existing compensation arrangements with any of our executive officers (as defined by Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules) without the consent of the Director of FHFA, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury.
Annual Risk Management Plan Covenant. Each year we remain in conservatorship we are required to provide Treasury a risk management plan that sets out our strategy for reducing our risk profile, describes the actions we will take to reduce the financial and operational risk associated with each of our business segments, and includes an assessment of our performance against the planned actions described in the prior year’s plan. We submitted our most recent risk management plan to Treasury in December 2021.
Covenants Added in January 2021 and Currently in Effect
In addition to the changes described above to covenants already in the senior preferred stock purchase agreement, the January 2021 letter agreement added additional covenants:
•Enterprise Regulatory Capital Framework. We are required to comply with the terms of the enterprise regulatory capital framework as adopted by FHFA in November 2020 and published by FHFA in the Federal Register on December 17, 2020, disregarding any subsequent amendments or modifications to the framework.
•New Business Restrictions. Additional restrictive covenants impact our single-family business activities:
◦Requirement to Provide Equitable Access for Single-Family Acquisitions. We:
▪may not vary our pricing or acquisition terms for single-family loans based on the business characteristics of the seller, including the seller’s size, charter type, or volume of business with us; and
▪must offer to purchase at all times, for equivalent cash consideration and on substantially the same terms, any single-family mortgage loan that (1) is of a class of loans that we then offer to acquire for inclusion in our mortgage-backed securities or for other non-cash consideration, (2) is offered by a seller that has been approved to do business with us, and (3) has been originated and sold in compliance with our underwriting standards.
◦Single-Family Loan Eligibility Requirements Program. We are required to maintain a program, which we began implementing in the second quarter of 2021, reasonably designed to ensure that the single-family loans we acquire are limited to:
▪qualified mortgages, except government-backed loans;
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▪loans exempt from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s (the “CFPB’s”) ability-to-repay and qualified mortgage rule, except timeshares and home equity lines of credit;
▪loans secured by an investment property;
▪refinancing loans with streamlined underwriting originated in accordance with our eligibility criteria for high loan-to-value refinancings;
▪loans originated with temporary underwriting flexibilities during times of exigent circumstances, as determined in consultation with FHFA;
▪loans secured by manufactured housing; and
▪such other loans that FHFA may designate that were eligible for purchase by us as of the date of the January 2021 letter agreement.
Covenants Added in January 2021 and Temporarily Suspended in September 2021
The business restrictions described below were added to the senior preferred stock purchase agreement as a result of the January 2021 letter agreement and subsequently temporarily suspended pursuant to a letter agreement dated September 14, 2021. The suspension of these provisions will terminate on the later of one year after the date of the agreement and six months after Treasury notifies us. As a result, we do not know when these suspensions will end. Although the restrictions on these activities under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement are temporarily suspended, in the ordinary course of business these and other business activities are subject to constraints from a variety of sources, including board- and management-approved risk limits, capital considerations and FHFA instructions. These suspended restrictions are as follows:
•Single Counterparty Volume Cap on Single-Family Acquisitions for Cash. This suspended provision would require that we not acquire more than $1.5 billion in single-family loans for cash consideration from any single seller (including its affiliates) during any period comprising four calendar quarters. Loan acquisitions through lender swap securitization transactions would not be subject to this limitation.
•Limit on Multifamily Volume. This suspended provision would require that we not acquire more than $80 billion in multifamily mortgage assets in any 52-week period, with this multifamily volume cap to be adjusted up or down by FHFA at the end of each calendar year based on changes to the consumer price index. Additionally, at least 50% of our multifamily acquisitions in any calendar year must, at the time of acquisition, be classified as mission-driven, consistent with FHFA guidelines. Although this provision has been suspended, FHFA establishes a cap on our new multifamily business volume and requires that a minimum portion of our multifamily business volume be mission-driven, focused on certain affordable and underserved market segments. For more information on our multifamily volume cap, see “Legislation and Regulation—Multifamily Business Volume Cap” and “MD&A—Multifamily Business—Multifamily Business Metrics.”
•Limit on Specified Higher-Risk Single-Family Acquisitions. This suspended provision would prohibit our acquisition of a single-family mortgage loan if, following the acquisition, more than 3% of our single-family loans that result from a refinancing or 6% of our single-family loans that do not result from a refinancing would have two or more of the higher-risk characteristics listed below at origination. The 3% and 6% measurements would each be based on loans we acquired during the preceding 52-week period. The higher-risk characteristics are:
•a combined loan-to-value ratio greater than 90%;
•a debt-to-income ratio greater than 45%; and
•a FICO credit score (or equivalent credit score) less than 680.
•Limit on Acquisitions of Single-Family Mortgage Loans Backed by Second Homes and Investment Properties. This suspended provision would require that we limit our acquisitions of single-family mortgage loans secured by either second homes or investment properties to not more than 7% of the single-family mortgage loans we have acquired during the preceding 52-week period.
Equitable Housing Finance Plan
In September 2021, FHFA instructed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to submit Equitable Housing Finance Plans to FHFA by the end of 2021, which we have done. In our plan, we were required to identify and address barriers to sustainable housing opportunities, including our goals and action plan to advance equity in housing finance for the next three years. FHFA is also requiring Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to submit annual progress reports on the actions undertaken during the prior year to implement their plans.
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As contemplated by the instruction, the goals and action plans established by the Equitable Housing Finance Plan address identified sustainable housing barriers, including:
•reducing the homeownership gap for a racial or ethnic group with a significant homeownership rate disparity; and
•reducing underinvestment or undervaluation in racially or ethnically concentrated areas of poverty, areas with significant disparities in opportunity, or formerly redlined areas that remain racially or ethnically concentrated areas of poverty or otherwise underserved or undervalued.
In connection with our Equitable Housing Finance Plan and in support of other efforts we may undertake to support equitable housing, we anticipate establishing and supporting special purpose credit programs. Under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, creditors can create special purpose credit programs for groups that have been historically disadvantaged in obtaining credit; such programs benefit applicants who would otherwise be denied credit or receive it on less favorable terms. In response to uncertainty in the industry, in December 2021, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”) issued guidance clarifying that these programs, if they conform with the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, generally do not violate the Fair Housing Act.
For more information on our initial Equitable Housing Finance Plan, see “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance—ESG Matters—Social—Racial Equity.”
Housing Finance Reform
After Fannie Mae was placed in conservatorship, policymakers and others focused significant attention on how to reform the nation’s housing finance system, including what role, if any, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac should play in that system. Despite this attention, efforts in Congress to enact meaningful reform have been limited, particularly in recent years. The Administration and Congress may consider housing finance reforms or legislation that could result in significant changes in our structure and role in the future, including proposals that would result in Fannie Mae’s liquidation or dissolution. There continues to be significant uncertainty regarding the timing, content and impact of future legislative and regulatory actions affecting us. See “Risk Factors—GSE and Conservatorship Risk” for a description of risks associated with our future and potential housing finance reform.
Legislation and Regulation
As a federally chartered corporation and as a financial institution, we are subject to government regulation and oversight. FHFA, our primary regulator, regulates our safety and soundness and our mission, and also acts as our conservator. FHFA is an independent agency of the federal government with general supervisory and regulatory authority over Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the Federal Home Loan Banks (“FHLBs”). HUD and FHFA regulate us with respect to fair lending matters. Our regulators also include the SEC and Treasury. In addition, even if we are not directly subject to an agency’s regulation or oversight, regulations by that agency that affect mortgage lenders and servicers, debt investors, or the markets for our MBS or debt securities could have a significant impact on us.
GSE-Focused Matters
We describe below matters applicable specifically to Fannie Mae. These matters relate to legislation, regulation or, in some cases, conservatorship. In the following section, we describe matters that are applicable more broadly or to other mortgage or capital market participants and that may directly or indirectly affect us.
Capital
The GSE Act sets forth minimum and critical capital requirements for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and provides that the Director of FHFA shall establish risk-based capital requirements and may establish higher minimum capital requirements. FHFA has suspended the statute’s capital classifications during conservatorship. Although existing statutory and regulatory capital requirements are not binding during conservatorship, we continue to submit capital reports to FHFA and FHFA monitors our capital levels.
Conservatorship Capital Framework
In 2017, FHFA directed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to implement an aligned risk measurement framework for evaluating business decisions and performance during conservatorship. The conservatorship capital framework included specific requirements relating to the risk of our book of business and modeled returns on our new acquisitions. We discuss below our transition from the conservatorship capital framework to our new enterprise regulatory capital framework.
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Enterprise Regulatory Capital Framework
In November 2020, FHFA adopted a final rule establishing a new regulatory capital framework for the GSEs. The new regulatory capital framework implements the statutory capital requirements and establishes supplemental risk-based and leverage-based capital requirements beyond what is expressly required in the GSE Act. The framework provides a granular assessment of credit risk specific to different mortgage loan categories, as well as components for market risk and operational risk. The regulatory capital framework set forth in the rule includes the following:
•Supplemental capital requirements relating to the amount and form of the capital we hold, based largely on definitions of capital used in U.S. banking regulators’ regulatory capital framework. The rule specifies complementary leverage-based and risk-based requirements, which together determine the requirements for each tier of capital;
•A requirement that we hold prescribed capital buffers that can be drawn down in periods of financial stress and then rebuilt over time as economic conditions improve. If we fall below the prescribed buffer amounts, we must restrict capital distributions such as stock repurchases and dividends, as well as discretionary bonus payments to executives, until the buffer amounts are restored. The prescribed capital buffers represent the amount of capital we are required to hold above the minimum risk-based and leverage-based capital requirements.
◦The risk-based capital buffers consist of three separate components: a stability capital buffer, a stress capital buffer, and a countercyclical capital buffer. Taken together, these risk-based buffers comprise the prescribed capital conservation buffer amount, or PCCBA. The PCCBA must be comprised entirely of common equity Tier 1 capital; and
◦Separately, the prescribed leverage-based buffer amount, or PLBA, represents the amount of Tier 1 capital we are required to hold above the minimum Tier 1 leverage-based capital requirement.
•A requirement to file quarterly public capital reports starting in 2022, regardless of our status in conservatorship;
•Specific minimum percentages, or “floors,” on the risk-weights applicable to single-family and multifamily exposures, which has the effect of increasing the capital required to be held for loans otherwise subject to lower risk weights;
•Specific floors on the risk-weights applicable to retained portions of credit risk transfer transactions, which has the effect of decreasing the capital relief obtained from these transactions; and
•Additional elements based on U.S. banking regulators’ regulatory capital framework, including the planned eventual introduction of an advanced approach to complement the standardized approach for measuring risk-weighted assets.
The enterprise regulatory capital framework went into effect in February 2021, but the dates on which we must comply with the requirements of the capital framework are staggered and largely dependent on whether we remain in conservatorship. Under the rule, our compliance with the capital buffers will be required upon exit from conservatorship, and our compliance with the base regulatory requirements will be required by the later of our exit from conservatorship or such later date as may be specified by FHFA. Further, the compliance date for advanced approaches of the rule will be January 1, 2025, or such later date as may be specified by FHFA. Reporting requirements under the enterprise regulatory capital framework took effect for periods beginning on January 1, 2022, including public reporting of our calculations of regulatory capital levels, buffers, adjusted total assets, and total risk-weighted assets.
When it is fully applicable to Fannie Mae, this framework will require us to hold significantly more capital than the statutory minimum capital requirement, and we currently have a $100.3 billion deficit of core capital relative to that statutory requirement. We believe that, if we were fully capitalized under the framework, our returns on our current business would not be sufficient to attract private investors. See “Risk Factors—GSE and Conservatorship Risk” for a discussion of Fannie Mae’s uncertain future and the potential impact of insufficient returns on capital. See “Note 12, Regulatory Capital Requirements” for more information about our statutory capital classification measures.
In 2021, FHFA sought comments on three proposed rulemakings that would amend the enterprise regulatory capital framework:
•In September 2021, FHFA proposed refining the prescribed leverage buffer amount and the capital treatment of credit risk transfer transactions. Even if the amendments are adopted as proposed, the senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury currently includes a covenant that requires us to comply with the terms of the enterprise regulatory capital framework as it became effective in February 2021, disregarding any subsequent amendments or modifications. The comment period on the proposed rule closed in November 2021.
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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19
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Business | Legislation and Regulation
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•In October 2021, FHFA proposed additional public disclosure requirements relating to our capital requirements under the framework, our available capital and our risk and capital management processes. The comment period on the proposed rule closed in January 2022.
•In December 2021, FHFA proposed amendments requiring us to submit annual capital plans to FHFA and provide prior notice for certain capital actions. The proposed amendments would also incorporate the determination of the stress capital buffer into the capital planning process. The comment period on the proposed amendments will close on February 25, 2022.
Since the enterprise regulatory capital framework went into effect, we have been reviewing our business decisions continuously as they relate to both the new capital requirements and the conservatorship capital framework, because we have measured our risk and returns on our business against the conservatorship capital framework, but the loans we have been acquiring and any related credit-risk sharing transactions we enter into will also impact our future capital requirements. We expect to complete in 2022 our transition from using the conservatorship capital framework to make business and risk decisions to using the new enterprise regulatory capital framework and certain risk measures. Managing our business to take into account our new capital requirements and measures of risk requires balancing potentially competing business objectives, including furthering our mission objectives, prudently managing risk, and earning a competitive return. We will need significantly more capital to meet the enterprise regulatory capital framework’s requirements, which may have a significant impact on our business, but we cannot measure the full impact at this time because the timing of when many of the provisions of the new framework will become applicable depends on factors outside our control. We are developing our ongoing business strategy to align our business activities with our new capital requirements and measures of risk.
Portfolio Standards
The GSE Act requires FHFA to establish standards governing our portfolio holdings, to ensure that they are backed by sufficient capital and consistent with our mission and safe and sound operations. FHFA is also required to monitor our portfolio and, in some circumstances, may require us to dispose of or acquire assets. In 2010, FHFA adopted, as the standard for our portfolio holdings, the portfolio limits specified in the senior preferred stock purchase agreement described under “Conservatorship, Treasury Agreements and Housing Finance Reform—Treasury Agreements—Covenants under Treasury Agreements,” as it may be amended from time to time. The rule is effective for as long as we remain subject to the terms and obligations of the senior preferred stock purchase agreement.
Stress Testing
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) requires certain financial companies to conduct annual stress tests to determine whether the companies have the capital necessary to absorb losses as a result of adverse economic conditions. Under FHFA regulations implementing this requirement, each year we are required to conduct a stress test using two different scenarios of financial conditions provided by FHFA—baseline and severely adverse—and to publish a summary of our stress test results for the severely adverse scenario by August 15. We publish our stress test results on our website. We and FHFA published our most recent stress test results for the severely adverse scenario on August 13, 2021.
FHFA Proposed Liquidity Requirements
In June 2020, FHFA instructed us to meet prescriptive liquidity requirements. In December 2020, those requirements became effective and FHFA issued a proposed rule in line with the updated requirements. Liquidity requirements affect the amount of liquid assets we are required to hold, and to meet FHFA’s instructions and proposed rule, we hold more liquid assets than we were required to hold under our previous framework. For information about our liquidity requirements, see “MD&A—Liquidity and Capital Management—Liquidity Management—Liquidity and Funding Risk Management Practices and Contingency Planning.”
Receivership
Under the GSE Act, FHFA must place us into receivership if the Director of FHFA makes a written determination that our assets are less than our obligations (that is, we have a net worth deficit) or if we have not been paying our debts as they become due, in either case, for a period of 60 days. FHFA has notified us that the measurement period for any mandatory receivership determination with respect to our assets and liabilities would commence no earlier than the SEC public filing deadline for our quarterly or annual financial statements and would continue for 60 calendar days thereafter. FHFA has advised us that if, during that 60-day period, we receive funds from Treasury in an amount at least equal to the deficiency amount under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement, the Director of FHFA will not make a mandatory receivership determination.
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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20
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Business | Legislation and Regulation
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In addition, we could be put into receivership at the discretion of the Director of FHFA at any time for other reasons set forth in the GSE Act. The statutory grounds for discretionary appointment of a receiver include: a substantial dissipation of assets or earnings due to unsafe or unsound practices; the existence of an unsafe or unsound condition to transact business; an inability to meet our obligations in the ordinary course of business; a weakening of our condition due to unsafe or unsound practices or conditions; critical undercapitalization; undercapitalization and no reasonable prospect of becoming adequately capitalized; the likelihood of losses that will deplete substantially all of our capital; or by consent.
The appointment of FHFA as receiver would immediately terminate the conservatorship. In the event of receivership, the GSE Act requires FHFA, as the receiver, to organize a limited-life regulated entity with respect to Fannie Mae. Among other requirements, the GSE Act provides that this limited-life regulated entity:
•would succeed to Fannie Mae’s charter and thereafter operate in accordance with and subject to such charter;
•would assume, acquire or succeed to our assets and liabilities to the extent that such assets and liabilities are transferred by FHFA to the entity; and
•would not be permitted to assume, acquire or succeed to any of our obligations to shareholders.
Placement into receivership would likely have a material adverse effect on holders of our common stock and preferred stock, and could have a material adverse effect on holders of our debt securities and Fannie Mae MBS. Should we be placed into receivership, different assumptions would be required to determine the carrying value of our assets, which could lead to substantially different financial results. For more information on the risks to our business relating to receivership and uncertainties regarding the future of our business, see “Risk Factors—GSE and Conservatorship Risk.”
Resolution Planning
In May 2021, FHFA issued a final rule requiring us to develop a plan for submission to FHFA that would assist FHFA in planning for the rapid and orderly resolution of the company if FHFA is appointed as our receiver. The stated goals in the rule for our resolution plan are to:
•minimize disruption in the national housing finance markets by providing for the continued operation of our core business lines in receivership by a newly constituted limited-life regulated entity;
•preserve the value of our franchise and assets;
•facilitate the division of assets and liabilities between the limited-life regulated entity and the receivership estate;
•ensure that investors in our guaranteed mortgage-backed securities and our unsecured debt bear losses in the order of their priority established under the GSE Act, while minimizing unnecessary losses and costs to these investors; and
•foster market discipline by making clear that no extraordinary government support will be available to indemnify investors against losses or fund the resolution of the company.
The rule requires that we submit our initial resolution plan to FHFA by April 6, 2023, and subsequent resolution plans not later than every two years thereafter unless otherwise notified by FHFA. The rule provides that, in developing our resolution plan, we must assume that receivership may occur under severely adverse economic conditions, and we may not assume the provision or continuation of extraordinary support by the U.S. government (including support under our senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury).
Affordable Housing Allocations
The GSE Act requires us to set aside in each fiscal year an amount equal to 4.2 basis points for each dollar of the unpaid principal balance of our new business purchases and to pay this amount to specified HUD and Treasury funds in support of affordable housing. New business purchases consist of single-family and multifamily whole mortgage loans purchased during the period and single-family and multifamily mortgage loans underlying Fannie Mae MBS issued during the period pursuant to lender swaps, which we describe in “Mortgage Securitizations.” We are prohibited from passing through the cost of these allocations to the originators of the mortgage loans that we purchase or securitize. For each year’s new business purchases since 2015, we have set aside amounts for these contributions and transferred the funds when directed by FHFA to do so. See “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence—Transactions with Related Persons—Treasury Interest in Affordable Housing Allocations” for information on our contribution for 2021 new business purchases.
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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21
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Business | Legislation and Regulation
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Fair Lending
The GSE Act requires the Secretary of HUD to assure that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac meet their fair lending obligations. Among other things, HUD periodically reviews and comments on our underwriting and appraisal guidelines to ensure consistency with the Fair Housing Act. In July 2021, FHFA issued a Policy Statement on Fair Lending describing its statutory authority and policies for supervisory oversight and enforcement of fair lending matters with respect to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. In August 2021, FHFA and HUD entered into a memorandum of understanding regarding fair housing and fair lending coordination. Among other things, the memorandum of understanding allows HUD and FHFA to coordinate on investigations, compliance reviews, and ongoing monitoring of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to ensure compliance with the Fair Housing Act. In December 2021, FHFA released an advisory bulletin to provide FHFA's supervisory expectations and guidance to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac on fair lending and fair housing compliance.
FHFA Rule on Credit Score Models
Under an FHFA rule that became effective in October 2019, we are required to validate and approve third-party credit score models and obtain FHFA’s approval of our determination. We must evaluate the models for factors such as accuracy, reliability and integrity, as well as impacts on fair lending and the mortgage industry. We have determined that the “classic FICO® Score” from Fair Isaac Corporation should be approved for our continued use as a credit score model and FHFA approved this determination. We continue to consider additional credit score model applications in accordance with the rule. Fannie Mae uses credit scores to establish a minimum credit threshold for mortgage lending, provide a foundation for risk-based pricing, and support disclosures to investors.
Housing Goals
In this and the following sections, we discuss our housing goals and our duty to serve obligations pursuant to the GSE Act, as well as FHFA’s requirement, as our conservator, that a portion of our new multifamily business be focused on affordable and underserved markets. In pursuit of our mission to facilitate equitable and sustainable access to homeownership and quality affordable rental housing across America, and at FHFA’s instruction, we are also looking at additional ways to help very low-, low- and moderate-income borrowers attain and sustain homeownership.
Our housing goals, which are established by FHFA in accordance with the GSE Act, require that a specified amount of mortgage loans we acquire meet standards relating to affordability or location. For single-family goals, our acquisitions are measured against the lower of benchmarks set by FHFA or the level of goals-qualifying originations in the primary mortgage market. Multifamily goals are established as a number of units to be financed.
Housing Goals for 2020 and 2021
In December 2021, FHFA determined that we met all of our 2020 single-family and multifamily housing goals. We believe we also met our 2021 single-family and multifamily housing goals, and FHFA will make a final determination regarding our 2021 performance later in the year, after data regarding the share of goals-qualifying originations in the primary mortgage market, reported under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, becomes available. The tables below display information about our housing goals for 2020 and 2021 and performance against our 2020 goals.
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Single-Family Housing Goals(1)
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2020
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2021
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FHFA Benchmark
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Single-Family
Market Level
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Result
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FHFA Benchmark
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Low-income (≤80% of area median income) families home purchases
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24
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%
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27.6
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%
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29.0
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%
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24
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%
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Very low-income (≤50% of area median income) families home purchases
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6
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7.0
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7.3
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6
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Low-income areas home purchases(2)
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18
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22.4
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23.6
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18
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Low-income and high-minority areas home purchases(3)
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14
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17.6
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18.3
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14
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Low-income families refinances
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21
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21.0
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21.2
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21
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(1) The FHFA benchmarks and our results are expressed as a percentage of the total number of eligible single-family mortgages acquired during the period. The Single-Family Market level is the percentage of eligible single-family mortgages originated in the primary mortgage market.
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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22
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Business | Legislation and Regulation
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(2) These mortgage loans must be secured by a property that is (a) in a low-income census tract, (b) in a high-minority census tract and affordable to moderate-income families (those with incomes less than or equal to 100% of area median income), or (c) in a designated disaster area and affordable to moderate-income families.
(3) These mortgage loans must be secured by a property that is (a) in a low-income census tract or (b) in a high-minority census tract and affordable to moderate-income families.
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Multifamily Housing Goals(1)
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2020
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2021
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Goal
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Result
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Goal
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Low-income families
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315,000
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441,773
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315,000
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Very low-income families
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60,000
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95,416
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60,000
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Small affordable multifamily properties(2)
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10,000
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21,797
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10,000
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(1) FHFA goals and our results are expressed as number of units financed during the period.
(2) Small affordable multifamily properties are those with 5 to 50 units that are affordable to low-income families.
Housing goals for 2022 to 2024
In December 2021, FHFA published a final rule establishing new benchmark levels for our single-family housing goals for 2022 through 2024 and new multifamily housing goals for 2022.
Single-Family Housing Goals for 2022 to 2024
FHFA will continue to evaluate our performance against the single-family housing goals using a two-part approach that compares the goals-qualifying share of our single-family mortgage acquisitions against both a benchmark level and a market level. To meet a single-family housing goal or subgoal, the percentage of our mortgage acquisitions that meet each goal or subgoal must equal or exceed either the benchmark level set in advance by FHFA or the market level for that year. The market level is determined retrospectively each year based on actual goals-qualifying originations in the primary mortgage market as measured by FHFA based on Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data for that year.
The final rule establishes two new single-family home purchase subgoals to replace the prior low-income areas subgoal. The new minority census tracts subgoal targets borrowers with income at or below area median income (“AMI”) who reside in minority census tracts (defined as census tracts with a minority population of at least 30% and a median income below AMI). The new low-income census tracts subgoal targets (1) borrowers who reside in low-income census tracts that are not minority census tracts, regardless of income, and (2) borrowers with income greater than AMI who reside in low-income census tracts that are minority census tracts. Consistent with current practice, FHFA will set the overall low-income areas goal on an annual basis to take account of mortgage loans made to borrowers who reside in designated disaster areas.
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Prior Benchmark Level
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Current Benchmark Level
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Single-Family Goals
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2018-2021
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2022-2024
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Low-Income Home Purchase Goal
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24%
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28%
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Very Low-Income Home Purchase Goal
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6%
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7%
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Minority Census Tracts Subgoal (New)
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N/A
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10%
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Low-Income Census Tracts Subgoal (New)
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N/A
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4%
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Low-Income Refinance Goal
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21%
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26%
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Multifamily Housing Goals for 2022
In response to comments on its rule proposal, FHFA's final rule established multifamily housing goals for 2022 only, rather than for 2022 through 2024. FHFA will evaluate our performance for 2022 against the following multifamily goals and subgoals.
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Prior Goal
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Current Goal
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Multifamily Goals
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2018-2021
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2022
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Low-Income Goal
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315,000
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415,000
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Very Low-Income Subgoal
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60,000
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88,000
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Small Multifamily (5-50 Units) Low-Income Subgoal
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10,000
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17,000
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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23
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Business | Legislation and Regulation
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The 2022 goals proposed by FHFA are at significantly higher levels than our 2018 to 2021 goals, particularly for the small multifamily low-income subgoal.
As described in “Risk Factors—GSE and Conservatorship Risk,” actions we may take to meet our housing goals and duty to serve requirements described below may increase our credit losses and credit-related expense.
Multifamily Business Volume Cap
As our conservator, FHFA has established caps on our new multifamily business volume and requirements that a portion of our multifamily volume be focused on affordable and underserved markets. Our multifamily loan purchase cap for 2022 is $78 billion, and a minimum of 50% of loan purchases must be mission-driven, focused on specified affordable and underserved market segments. In addition, 25% of loan purchases must be affordable to residents earning 60% or less of area median income, up from the 20% requirement in 2021. Multifamily business that meets the minimum 25% requirement also counts as meeting the minimum 50% requirement. See “MD&A—Multifamily Business—Multifamily Business Metrics” for more information about our multifamily business volume cap, which is a requirement under the scorecard FHFA issued establishing 2022 corporate performance objectives for us. More information on FHFA’s 2022 Scorecard is provided in our current report on Form 8-K filed on November 18, 2021.
Duty to Serve Underserved Markets
The GSE Act requires that we serve very low-, low-, and moderate-income families in three specified underserved markets: manufactured housing, affordable housing preservation and rural housing. Under FHFA’s implementing “duty to serve” rule, we are required to adopt an underserved markets plan for each underserved market covering a three-year period that sets forth the activities and objectives we will undertake to meet our duty to serve that market.
The types of activities that are eligible for duty to serve credit in each underserved market are summarized below:
•Manufactured housing market. For the manufactured housing market, duty to serve credit is available for eligible activities relating to manufactured homes (whether titled as real property or personal property (known as chattel)) and loans for specified categories of manufactured housing communities.
•Affordable housing preservation market. For the affordable housing preservation market, duty to serve credit is available for eligible activities relating to preserving the affordability of housing for renters and buyers under specified programs enumerated in the GSE Act and other comparable affordable housing programs administered by state and local governments, subject to FHFA approval. Duty to serve credit also is available for activities related to small multifamily rental properties, energy efficiency improvements on existing multifamily rental and single-family first lien properties, certain shared equity homeownership programs, the purchase or rehabilitation of certain distressed properties, and activities under HUD’s Choice Neighborhoods Initiative and Rental Assistance Demonstration programs.
•Rural housing market. For the rural housing market, duty to serve credit is available for eligible activities related to housing in rural areas, including activities related to housing in high-needs rural regions and for high-needs rural populations.
FHFA reviews our draft underserved markets plans. In response to comments we received from FHFA on our initially proposed plans for 2022 to 2024, we have revised our draft plans for further FHFA consideration.
FHFA has also established an annual process for evaluating our achievements under the plans, with performance results to be reported to Congress annually. If FHFA determines that we failed to meet the requirements of an underserved markets plan, it may result in the imposition of a housing plan that could require us to take additional steps. In October 2021, FHFA reported its determination that we complied with our 2020 duty to serve requirements and its finding that we performed a satisfactory job of increasing the liquidity and distribution of available capital in each of the three underserved markets. We believe we also met our 2021 duty to serve obligations. FHFA will determine our performance with respect to our 2021 duty to serve obligations in 2022.
Guaranty Fees and Pricing
Our guaranty fees and pricing are subject to regulatory, legislative and conservatorship requirements:
•FHFA, in its capacity as conservator, can direct us to make changes to our guaranty fee pricing for new single-family acquisitions. FHFA has also provided guidance relating to our guaranty fee pricing. For new single-family acquisitions, FHFA has instructed us to meet a specified minimum return on equity target based on our capital requirements. In addition, FHFA has instructed us to establish a long-term target for returns at the enterprise level, which may impact our guaranty fees.
•FHFA in its regulatory capacity, has established minimum base guaranty fees that generally apply to our acquisitions of 30-year and 15-year single-family fixed-rate loans in lender swap transactions.
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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24
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Business | Legislation and Regulation
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•In December 2011, Congress enacted the Temporary Payroll Tax Cut Continuation Act of 2011 (the “TCCA”) which, among other provisions, required that we increase our single-family guaranty fees by at least 10 basis points and remit this increase to Treasury. To meet our obligations under the TCCA and at the direction of FHFA, we increased the guaranty fee on all single-family residential mortgages delivered to us by 10 basis points effective April 1, 2012. The resulting revenue is included in net interest income and the expense is recognized as “TCCA fees.” In November 2021, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act was enacted, which extended to October 1, 2032 our obligation under the TCCA to collect 10 basis points in guaranty fees on single-family residential mortgages delivered to us and pay the associated revenue to Treasury. In January 2022, FHFA advised us to continue to pay these TCCA fees to Treasury with respect to all single-family loans acquired by us before October 1, 2032, and to continue to remit these amounts to Treasury on and after October 1, 2032 with respect to loans we acquired before this date until those loans are paid off or otherwise liquidated. As noted in “Glossary of Terms Used in This Report,” in this report we use the term “TCCA fees” to refer to the expense recognized as a result of the 10 basis point increase in guaranty fees on all single-family residential mortgages delivered to us on or after April 1, 2012 pursuant to the Temporary Payroll Tax Cut Continuation Act of 2011 and as extended by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, which we remit to Treasury on a quarterly basis.
New Products and Activities
The GSE Act requires us to obtain prior approval from FHFA before initially offering new products and to provide advance notice to FHFA of new activities, subject to certain exceptions. FHFA adopted an interim final rule implementing these provisions in July 2009, but subsequently concluded that permitting us to engage in new products was inconsistent with the goals of the conservatorship and instructed us not to submit new product requests under the rule. In October 2020, FHFA issued a proposed rule that, if adopted as final, would replace the interim final rule. The proposed rule establishes a process for the review of new products and activities by FHFA, including providing for a public notice and comment period with respect to new products. The proposed rule also establishes revised criteria for determining what constitutes a new activity that requires notice to FHFA and describes the activities that are excluded from the requirements of the proposed rule. The proposed rule, if adopted as a final rule, would apply to Fannie Mae, and any affiliates of Fannie Mae, both during and after a transition from conservatorship. In January 2021, we submitted a comment letter recommending various modifications to the proposed rule to streamline FHFA’s review of new products and activities.
Executive Compensation
The amount of compensation we may pay our executives is subject to a number of legal and regulatory restrictions, particularly while we are in conservatorship. For a description of our executive compensation program and legal, regulatory and conservatorship requirements that affect our executive compensation, see “Executive Compensation.”
FHFA Rule on Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities
We and Freddie Mac are required to align our programs, policies and practices that affect the prepayment rates of TBA-eligible MBS pursuant to an FHFA rule. The rule is intended to ensure that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac programs, policies and practices that individually have a material effect on cash flows (including policies that affect prepayment speeds) are and will remain aligned regardless of whether we and Freddie Mac are in conservatorship. The rule provides a non-exhaustive list of covered programs, policies and practices, including management decisions or actions about: single-family guaranty fees; the spread between the note rate on the mortgage and the pass-through coupon on the MBS; eligibility standards for sellers, servicers, and private mortgage insurers; distressed loan servicing requirements; removal of mortgage loans from securities; servicer compensation; and proposals that could materially change the credit risk profile of the single-family mortgages securitized by a GSE. We believe that our policies and practices are generally aligned with the requirements specified by FHFA pursuant to the rule. However, FHFA may mandate alignment efforts in the future, and the impact of any such efforts on our business or our MBS is uncertain.
Industry and General Matters
The CARES Act and other Relief
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of legislative and executive actions were taken by the federal government and state and local governments to assist affected borrowers and renters and to slow the spread of the pandemic. While many of the provisions described below are no longer in effect, the pandemic continues, and new requirements and prohibitions may be imposed in the future that could, depending on their scope and the extent they apply to our business, have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results.
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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25
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Business | Legislation and Regulation
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The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, referred to as the CARES Act, which was enacted in March 2020, contained a number of provisions aimed at providing relief for individuals and businesses that applied to the loans we guarantee. The CARES Act included a requirement that our servicers provide forbearance (that is, a temporary suspension of the borrower’s monthly mortgage payments) for up to 360 days upon the request of any single-family borrower experiencing a financial hardship caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act also temporarily suspended certain foreclosures and foreclosure-related evictions for single-family properties, and the act instituted a temporary moratorium on tenant evictions for nonpayment of rent that applied to any single-family or multifamily property that secured a mortgage loan we own or guarantee. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (the “CDC”) issued orders establishing a temporary prohibition on certain residential evictions for nonpayment of rent, which the U.S. Supreme Court ultimately invalidated in August 2021. The CFPB issued a rule that prohibited servicers from initiating new foreclosures, with limited exceptions, on certain mortgage loans secured by the borrower’s principal residence until after December 31, 2021. Many states and localities also issued executive orders or enacted legislation requiring mortgage forbearance, foreclosure and eviction moratoriums, and rent flexibilities.
See “MD&A—Single-Family Business—Single-Family Mortgage Credit Risk Management” and “MD&A—Multifamily Business—Multifamily Mortgage Credit Risk Management” for more information on the actions we have taken and are taking to support borrowers affected by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the current status of loans that received COVID-19-related forbearance.
Risk Retention
Under a rule implementing the Dodd-Frank Act’s credit risk retention requirement, sponsors of securitization transactions are generally required to retain a 5% economic interest in the credit risk of the securitized assets. The rule offers several compliance options, one of which is to have either Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac (so long as they remain in conservatorship or receivership with capital support from the United States) securitize and fully guarantee the assets, in which case no further retention of credit risk is required. A potential exit from conservatorship, or changes we make in our business upon any potential exit from conservatorship to comply with the rule, could reduce our market share or adversely impact our business. Securities backed solely by mortgage loans meeting the definition of a “qualified residential mortgage” are exempt from the risk retention requirements of the rule. The rule currently defines “qualified residential mortgage” to have the same meaning as the term “qualified mortgage” as defined by the CFPB in connection with its ability-to-repay rule discussed below.
Ability-to-Repay Rule and the Qualified Mortgage Patch
The Dodd-Frank Act amended the Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”) to require creditors to determine that borrowers have a “reasonable ability to repay” most mortgage loans prior to making such loans. In 2013, the CFPB issued a rule that, among other things, requires creditors to determine a borrower’s “ability to repay” a mortgage loan. If a creditor fails to comply, a borrower may be able to offset a portion of the amount owed in a foreclosure proceeding or recoup monetary damages. The rule offers several options for complying with the ability-to-repay requirement, including making loans that meet certain terms and characteristics (referred to as “qualified mortgages”), which may provide creditors and their assignees with special protection from liability. A loan will be a standard qualified mortgage under the rule if, among other things, (1) the points and fees paid in connection with the loan do not exceed 3% of the total loan amount, (2) the loan term does not exceed 30 years, (3) the loan is fully amortizing with no negative amortization, interest-only or balloon features and (4) the debt-to-income (“DTI”) ratio on the loan does not exceed 43% at origination and is underwritten according to Appendix Q in the rule. The CFPB also created the qualified mortgage “patch,” pursuant to which a special class of conventional mortgage loans are considered qualified mortgages if they (1) meet the points and fees, term and amortization requirements of qualified mortgages generally and (2) are eligible for sale to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. In 2013, FHFA directed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to limit our acquisition of single-family loans to those loans that meet the points and fees, term and amortization requirements for qualified mortgages, or to loans that are exempt from the ability-to-repay rule, such as loans made to investors.
In December 2020, the CFPB published a rule amendment that eliminated the qualified mortgage patch and replaced the 43% DTI ratio limit and certain other requirements for a standard qualified mortgage with a pricing and underwriting framework. The final qualified mortgage rule went into effect in March 2021, with lenders initially required to comply beginning in July 2021. In April 2021, the CFPB published a final rule extending the mandatory compliance date to October 2022 and thereby also extending the qualified mortgage patch. The CFPB has indicated that it will consider changes to the final rule during the extended implementation timeframe. Although the rule’s implementation is delayed, the terms of our senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury require that most single-family loans we purchase be qualified mortgages under the terms of the final rule that went into effect in March 2021. We do not expect the final qualified mortgage rule, as published, to impact our business significantly. See “Risk Factors—GSE and Conservatorship Risk” and “Risk Factors—Legal and Regulatory Risk” for more information on risks presented by regulatory changes in the financial services industry.
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TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure (“TRID”)
The Dodd-Frank Act required the CFPB to streamline and simplify the disclosures required under TILA and the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act. In October 2015, the CFPB’s final rule implementing these changes went into effect. Although this rule applies to mortgage originators and is not directly applicable to us, we could face potential liability for certain errors in the required disclosures in connection with the loans we acquire from lenders. It remains unclear what sorts of errors will give rise to liability. Consistent with a 2015 directive from FHFA, we do not conduct post-purchase loan file reviews for technical compliance with TRID, and we currently do not exercise our contractual remedies, including requiring the lender to repurchase the loan, for noncompliance with the provisions of TRID, except in two limited circumstances: if the required form is not used; or if a particular practice would impair enforcement of the note or mortgage or would result in assignee liability, and a court of law, regulator or other authoritative body has determined that such practice violates TRID.
Single-Counterparty Credit Limit
The Federal Reserve Board has adopted rules to restrict the counterparty credit exposures of U.S.-based global systemically important banks (“U.S. GSIBs”) and certain large bank holding companies, large savings and loan holding companies, and U.S. intermediate holding companies that are subsidiaries of foreign banking organizations. These rules generally limit the exposure of a covered organization to any counterparty and its affiliates to no more than 25% of the covered organization’s tier 1 capital. U.S. GSIBs must adhere to a stricter limit of 15% of their tier 1 capital for exposures to any other U.S. GSIB or non-bank entity supervised by the Federal Reserve.
While Fannie Mae is in conservatorship, a covered organization’s exposures involving claims on or directly and fully guaranteed by Fannie Mae are exempt from these restrictions and Fannie Mae MBS and debt can be used as collateral to reduce a banking organization’s counterparty exposure. We do not know what impact, if any, these rules may have on our lenders’ or counterparties’ business practices, or whether and to what extent this rule may adversely affect demand for or the liquidity of securities we issue. The Federal Reserve Board has indicated that a change in the conservatorship status of the GSEs could affect aspects of the Federal Reserve Board’s regulatory framework, and that it “will continue to monitor and take into consideration any future changes to the conservatorship status of the GSEs, including the extent and type of support received by the GSEs.”
Transition from LIBOR and Alternative Reference Rates
In 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates the London Inter-bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), announced its intention to stop persuading or compelling the group of major banks that sustains LIBOR to submit rate quotations after 2021. ICE Benchmark Administration (“IBA”), the administrator of LIBOR, ceased publication of one-week and two-month U.S. dollar LIBOR after December 2021 and has stated its intention to cease publication of the remaining U.S. dollar LIBOR tenors, including one-month, three-month, six-month and one-year LIBOR, after June 2023. We are exposed to LIBOR-based financial instruments, primarily relating to our acquisitions of loans and securities, sales of securities, and derivative transactions, that have been entered into previously and mature after June 2023. However, we no longer acquire LIBOR loans or securities, issue LIBOR securities or enter into LIBOR derivatives transactions that increase our LIBOR risk exposure, so our exposure to LIBOR continues to diminish.
We have been actively seeking to facilitate an orderly transition from LIBOR to emerging alternative rates. We established an internal office focused on LIBOR transition issues that is overseen by our LIBOR Enterprise Steering Council, which includes members of senior management. We also coordinate with FHFA on our LIBOR transition efforts. As part of these efforts, we have sought to identify the risks inherent in this transition and engaged external business and legal consultants focused on LIBOR and alternative indices. We continue to analyze potential risks associated with the LIBOR transition, including financial, operational, legal, reputational and compliance risks.
In addition to the work we are doing on an enterprise level to facilitate an orderly transition from LIBOR, we also are a voting member of the Alternative Reference Rates Committee (the “ARRC”) and participate in its working groups. The ARRC is a group of private-market participants convened by the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to identify a set of alternative U.S. dollar reference interest rates and an adoption plan for those alternative rates. Banking and financial regulators, including FHFA, also participate in the ARRC as ex-officio members. In 2017, the ARRC recommended an alternative reference rate, referred to as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). The Federal Reserve Bank of New York began publishing SOFR in 2018.
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Business | Legislation and Regulation
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In support of the ARRC’s efforts to develop SOFR as a key market index, we issued the market’s first SOFR securities in 2018, and through December 31, 2021 we have issued a total of $136.1 billion in SOFR-indexed floating-rate corporate debt. Since 2020, we have taken numerous steps to transition our financial instruments away from LIBOR; including using SOFR-indexed adjustable-rate mortgage products for new originations for our single-family business and our multifamily business, ceasing our purchase of any LIBOR adjustable-rate mortgage loans, issuing SOFR-indexed REMIC securities, and ceasing the issuance of new LIBOR REMIC securities. We supported the initial development of SOFR-indexed interest rate swaps and futures transactions and continue to execute these SOFR trades on a frequent basis. We have not issued LIBOR debt securities since 2017, and we no longer enter into new LIBOR derivatives trades that increase our LIBOR risk exposure.
Our LIBOR-indexed derivative contracts historically represented the single largest category (measured by notional amount) of our LIBOR exposure. During 2021, we terminated the vast majority of our LIBOR derivatives transactions (and, where appropriate, entered into new SOFR derivatives trades). While we have a small amount of remaining legacy LIBOR derivatives trades that will mature after June 2023, the related contracts provide that LIBOR will be replaced with SOFR once LIBOR ceases to be published.
Given that our derivatives LIBOR exposure has been significantly decreased and the transition to SOFR has been addressed, our three principal sources of continued exposure to LIBOR arise from (1) single-family and multifamily LIBOR-based adjustable-rate mortgage loans that we have securitized or own; (2) LIBOR-indexed REMIC structured securities that we have issued; and (3) LIBOR indexed credit risk transfer securities. Each of those products allow us to select a replacement index if LIBOR ceases to be published or, for products issued in 2020 or after, uses fallback language based on the recommendations of the ARRC. In coordination with Freddie Mac, and in consultation with FHFA, we have been providing frequent public updates about these LIBOR products by means of a publicly-available LIBOR transition playbook.
While we have the ability to select the replacement index for many of these LIBOR products, the transition from LIBOR will require action by many market participants and leadership from organizations such as the ARRC member firms, FHFA, our advisors, and other regulators. In October 2021, the ARRC announced that it will develop any and all remaining final details of the ARRC’s recommended fallback rates for LIBOR consumer products no later than one year before the date when LIBOR is expected to cease (that is, by June 30, 2022). This timeline is meant to provide market participants sufficient time to prepare for an orderly transition. Such an announcement will allow us to announce our transition plans for our LIBOR-indexed consumer products shortly thereafter.
In addition, federal legislation is being considered by Congress that is aimed at providing a fair and orderly transition from LIBOR to alternative rates. In December 2021, the House of Representatives passed the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act of 2021 by an overwhelming vote. The goal of this bill is to facilitate a smooth transition from LIBOR to alternative rates, provide a transparent and fair process, and provide a litigation safe harbor for market participants that act in accordance with such legislation, and related federal agency rulemakings for their contracts associated with their LIBOR financial instruments. We cannot predict the likelihood that any legislation is passed, related rulemakings or decisions are made, or the impact of those actions and decisions. See “Risk Factors—Market and Industry Risk” for a discussion of the risks to our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and net worth posed by the discontinuance of LIBOR.
Our employees are key to ensuring our long-term success and meeting our strategic objectives. We had approximately 7,400 employees as of December 18, 2021, our final pay-period end date in 2021. Because we design, build and maintain complex systems to support our specialized role in the secondary mortgage market, approximately 39% of our employees work in technology-related jobs. An improving economy and increased remote work opportunities have increased the competition we face from other companies in hiring new employees, as well as in retaining our employees. Competition is especially high for employees with technology skills. Voluntary attrition of our employees has increased over the past year, consistent with a national trend. In addition to attrition rates, our vacancy rate at any given point in time can be affected by other factors such as hiring priorities, labor market conditions, headcount growth rates, and the timing of onboarding new employees. As of December 18, 2021, approximately 9% of positions across the company were vacant, and approximately 12% of our technology-related positions were vacant. We discuss how restrictions on our compensation and uncertainty with respect to our future negatively affect our ability to retain and recruit employees in “Risk Factors—GSE and Conservatorship Risk.” Despite conservatorship, an uncertain future, and limitations on the compensation we are able to offer, we believe many employees and potential recruits are attracted by our mission and the compelling nature of our work.
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Employee Engagement
We are committed to maintaining an engaged workforce as we believe engagement is critical to the ongoing achievement of the company’s and the conservator’s goals. We monitor employee engagement through regular surveys. In 2021, the vast majority of our employees agreed with statements such as whether they would recommend Fannie Mae as a great place to work, which we consider to be strong indicators of their engagement. We believe our ability to recruit and retain employees and keep them engaged is influenced by the opportunity to do interesting work that supports our mission. We also offer employee benefits to encourage involvement in socially positive efforts, including those that echo our mission. Specifically, we offer employees up to $5,000 per year in matching charitable gifts (subject to overall available funding) and 10 hours of paid leave each month to engage in volunteer activities. We have also established a relief fund to which our employees can make charitable donations to assist employees who have suffered losses as a result of a natural disaster or other catastrophic event.
Employee Development
We invest in our employees’ development to support the success of the company as well as our employees. We seek to provide training and opportunities that enable employees to develop digital, leadership and other critical skills we need to achieve our strategic objectives and fulfill our mission. In recent years, we have worked on instilling lean management techniques, practices and behaviors throughout our workforce and Agile development principles for employees engaged in product development. We also emphasize to our employees their responsibility for and role in managing risk through our risk-assessment and monitoring activities, training and corporate messaging. In 2021, these efforts enabled us to respond to demands created by the continued high business volumes and impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic with commercial speed and agility, as well as to respond to a high volume of regulatory and conservatorship developments and demands, including our new capital framework.
Safety and Resiliency
In 2021, we continued to prioritize the safety and resiliency of our workforce. Recognizing that our employees are balancing a number of competing obligations, we seek to provide an environment that supports our business needs while helping employees better meet their personal obligations. While most of our employees currently work remotely, depending on COVID-19 transmission rates, we permit employees who choose to do so to work at our office locations, upon compliance with established COVID-19 safety protocols. We plan to operate in a hybrid work model in the future, with office space where teams come together when it makes sense, but with flexibility regarding when employees will be in the office. We currently expect that a significant majority of our employees will continue to work remotely for the foreseeable future. To date, our business resiliency plans and technology systems have effectively supported this remote work arrangement. To support our employees in their remote work environment, we have offered technology stipends. We have also taken a number of steps to support employee resiliency, including extending our summertime practice of half-day flexible Fridays through the balance of 2021 and, more recently, through 2022.
Diversity and Inclusion
We seek to foster an environment in which all employees are treated with dignity and respect, have the opportunity to contribute to meaningful work, and perform that work in an inclusive environment free from discrimination, harassment, and retaliation. We believe this commitment helps us attract and retain a skilled, diverse workforce. As of December 18, 2021, racial or ethnic minorities constituted 57% of our overall workforce and 24% of our officer-level employees, and women constituted 44% of our overall workforce and 35% of our officer-level employees. Supporting our role in the secondary mortgage market requires employees with specialized technology skills. As a result, we consider our workforce diversity in the context of fintech companies, whose operations are based on a blend of financial services products and technology platforms, rather than financial services firms or other companies that have significant retail operations or a large number of administrative roles. We sponsor programs and activities to cultivate a diverse and inclusive work environment by focusing on inclusive leadership principles, talent development, enterprise accessibility, team and group dynamics, and a consistent communications strategy that reinforces the practice of driving inclusion to achieve innovative solutions. We established an Employee Inclusive Culture Council in 2021, composed of employees representing a broad cross-section of the diversity at Fannie Mae, to support culture initiatives relating to our mission and values. We also support ten voluntary, grassroots employee resource groups that are open to all employees, support diversity and inclusion, and provide a forum for members to come together for professional growth and development, cultural awareness, education, community service, and networking across the organization. In 2021, we engaged leaders to continue championing diversity and inclusion through our officer-led Diversity Advisory Council to ensure the integration of our diversity and inclusion strategy throughout the company. We also leveraged our leader-led “Courageous Conversations” to promote inclusion and understanding by raising awareness of employees' diverse experiences and perspectives.
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See “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance—Corporate Governance—Human Capital Management Oversight” for information on oversight of human capital management by our Board of Directors’ Compensation and Human Capital Committee and see “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance—ESG Matters—Diversity and Inclusion—Diverse Workforce and Inclusive Workplace” for additional information.
Where You Can Find Additional Information
We make available free of charge through our website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10‑Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all other SEC reports and amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file the material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Our website address is www.fanniemae.com. Materials that we file with the SEC are also available from the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov. You may also request copies of any filing from us, at no cost, by calling the Fannie Mae Investor Relations & Marketing Helpline at 1-800-2FANNIE (1-800-232-6643). The availability of printed copies of these materials may be delayed at times when our COVID safety protocols require employees to work remotely.
References in this report to our website or to the SEC’s website do not incorporate information appearing on those websites unless we explicitly state that we are incorporating the information.
Forward-Looking Statements
This report includes statements that constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Exchange Act. In addition, we and our senior management may from time to time make forward-looking statements in our other filings with the SEC, our other publicly available written statements and orally to analysts, investors, the news media and others. Forward-looking statements often include words such as “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “seek,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “project,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “likely,” “may,” “will” or similar words. Examples of forward-looking statements in this report include, among others, statements relating to our expectations regarding the following matters:
•our future financial performance, financial condition and net worth, and the factors that will affect them, including our expectations regarding our future net revenues, amortization income and guaranty fees;
•economic, mortgage market and housing market conditions (including expectations regarding home price growth, refinance volumes and interest rates), the factors that will affect those conditions, and the impact of those conditions on our business and financial results;
•our business plans and strategies, and their impact;
•our expectations relating to the enterprise regulatory capital framework;
•our plans relating to and the effects of our credit risk transfer transactions, as well as the factors that will affect our engagement in future transactions;
•the impact of the CFPB’s final rule eliminating the qualified mortgage patch on our business;
•volatility in our future financial results and the impact of our adoption of hedge accounting on such volatility;
•the size and composition of our retained mortgage portfolio;
•the amount and timing of our purchases of loans from MBS trusts;
•the impact of legislation and regulation on our business or financial results;
•the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business;
•our payments to HUD and Treasury funds under the GSE Act;
•our future off-balance sheet exposure to Freddie Mac-issued securities;
•the risks to our business;
•future delinquency rates, defaults, forbearances, modifications and other loss mitigation activity, foreclosures, and credit losses relating to the loans in our guaranty book of business and the factors that will affect them, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic;
•the performance of loans in our book of business, including loans in trial modifications or forbearance, and the factors that will affect such performance;
•our expectations regarding our employees’ remote work arrangements;
•the amount of our outstanding debt and how we will meet our debt obligations; and
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Business | Forward-Looking Statements
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•our response to legal and regulatory proceedings and their impact on our business or financial condition.
Forward-looking statements reflect our management’s current expectations, forecasts or predictions of future conditions, events or results based on various assumptions and management’s estimates of trends and economic factors in the markets in which we are active and that otherwise impact our business plans. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance. By their nature, forward-looking statements are subject to significant risks and uncertainties and changes in circumstances. Our actual results and financial condition may differ, possibly materially, from the anticipated results and financial condition indicated in these forward-looking statements.
There are a number of factors that could cause actual conditions, events or results to differ materially from those described in our forward-looking statements, including, among others, the following:
•uncertainty regarding our future, our exit from conservatorship and our ability to raise or earn the capital needed to meet our capital requirements;
•significant challenges we face in retaining and hiring qualified executives and other employees;
•the duration, spread and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic; the actions taken to contain the virus or treat its impact, including government actions to mitigate the economic impact of the pandemic and COVID-19 vaccination rates; the effectiveness of available COVID-19 vaccines over time and against variants of the coronavirus; the nature, extent and success of the forbearance, payment deferrals, modifications and other loss mitigation options we provide to borrowers affected by the pandemic; accounting elections and estimates relating to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; borrower and renter behavior in response to the pandemic and its economic impact; the extent to which current economic and operating conditions continue, including whether any future outbreaks or increases in new COVID-19 cases interrupt economic recovery; and how quickly and to what extent affected borrowers, renters and counterparties recover from the negative economic impact of the pandemic;
•the impact of the senior preferred stock purchase agreement and the enterprise regulatory capital framework, as well as future legislative and regulatory requirements or changes, governmental initiatives, or executive orders affecting us, such as the enactment of housing finance reform legislation, including changes that limit our business activities or our footprint or impose new mandates on us;
•actions by FHFA, Treasury, HUD, the CFPB or other regulators, Congress, the Executive Branch, or state or local governments that affect our business;
•changes in the structure and regulation of the financial services industry;
•the potential impact of a change in the corporate income tax rate, which we expect would affect our capital requirements and net income in the quarter of enactment as a result of a change in our measurement of our deferred tax assets and our net income in subsequent quarters as a result of the change in our effective federal income tax rate;
•the timing and level of, as well as regional variation in, home price changes;
•future interest rates and credit spreads;
•developments that may be difficult to predict, including: market conditions that result in changes in our net amortization income from our guaranty book of business, fluctuations in the estimated fair value of our derivatives and other financial instruments that we mark to market through our earnings; and developments that affect our loss reserves, such as changes in interest rates, home prices or accounting standards, or events such as natural or other disasters, the emergence of widespread health emergencies or pandemics, or other disruptive or catastrophic events;
•uncertainties relating to the discontinuance of LIBOR, or other market changes that could impact the loans we own or guarantee or our MBS;
•disruptions or instability in the housing and credit markets;
•the size and our share of the U.S. mortgage market and the factors that affect them, including population growth and household formation;
•growth, deterioration and the overall health and stability of the U.S. economy, including U.S. GDP, unemployment rates, personal income, inflation and other indicators thereof;
•changes in fiscal or monetary policy;
•our and our competitors’ future guaranty fee pricing and the impact of that pricing on our competitive environment and guaranty fee revenues;
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•the volume of mortgage originations;
•the size, composition, quality and performance of our guaranty book of business and retained mortgage portfolio;
•the competitive environment in which we operate, including the impact of legislative, regulatory or other developments on levels of competition in our industry and other factors affecting our market share;
•how long loans in our guaranty book of business remain outstanding;
•the effectiveness of our business resiliency plans and systems;
•changes in the demand for Fannie Mae MBS, in general or from one or more major groups of investors;
•our conservatorship, including any changes to or termination (by receivership or otherwise) of the conservatorship and its effect on our business;
•the investment by Treasury, including the impact of recent changes or potential future changes to the terms of the senior preferred stock purchase agreement, and its and their effect on our business, including restrictions imposed on us by the terms of the senior preferred stock purchase agreement, the senior preferred stock, and Treasury’s warrant, as well as the extent that these or other restrictions on our business and activities are applied to us through other mechanisms even if we cease to be subject to these agreements and instruments;
•adverse effects from activities we undertake to support the mortgage market and help borrowers, renters, lenders and servicers;
•actions we may be required to take by FHFA, in its role as our conservator or as our regulator, such as actions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in the type of business we do, or actions relating to UMBS or our resecuritization of Freddie Mac-issued securities;
•limitations on our business imposed by FHFA, in its role as our conservator or as our regulator;
•our current and future objectives and activities in support of those objectives, including actions we may take to reach additional underserved borrowers or address barriers to sustainable housing opportunities and advance equity in housing finance;
•the possibility that changes in leadership at FHFA or the Administration may result in changes that affect our company or our business;
•our reliance on CSS and the common securitization platform for a majority of our single-family securitization activities, our reduced influence over CSS as a result of changes made in 2020 to the CSS limited liability company agreement, and any additional changes FHFA may require in our relationship with or in our support of CSS;
•a decrease in our credit ratings;
•limitations on our ability to access the debt capital markets;
•constraints on our entry into new credit risk transfer transactions;
•significant changes in forbearance, modification and foreclosure activity;
•the volume and pace of future nonperforming and reperforming loan sales and their impact on our results and serious delinquency rates;
•changes in borrower behavior;
•actions we may take to mitigate losses, and the effectiveness of our loss mitigation strategies, management of our REO inventory and pursuit of contractual remedies;
•defaults by one or more institutional counterparties;
•resolution or settlement agreements we may enter into with our counterparties;
•our need to rely on third parties to fully achieve some of our corporate objectives;
•our reliance on mortgage servicers;
•changes in GAAP, guidance by the Financial Accounting Standards Board and changes to our accounting policies;
•changes in the fair value of our assets and liabilities;
•the stability and adequacy of the systems and infrastructure that impact our operations, including ours and those of CSS, our other counterparties and other third parties;
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Business | Forward-Looking Statements
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•the impact of increasing interdependence between the single-family mortgage securitization programs of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in connection with UMBS;
•operational control weaknesses;
•our reliance on models and future updates we make to our models, including the assumptions used by these models;
•domestic and global political risks and uncertainties;
•natural disasters, environmental disasters, terrorist attacks, widespread health emergencies or pandemics, infrastructure failures, or other disruptive or catastrophic events;
•severe weather events, fires, floods or other climate change events or impacts, including those for which we may be uninsured or under-insured or that may affect our counterparties, and other risks resulting from climate change and efforts to address climate change and related risks;
•cyber attacks or other information security breaches or threats; and
•the other factors described in “Risk Factors.”
Readers are cautioned not to unduly rely on the forward-looking statements we make and to place these forward-looking statements into proper context by carefully considering the factors discussed in “Risk Factors” in this report. These forward-looking statements are representative only as of the date they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required under the federal securities laws.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Risk Factors Summary:
The summary of risks below provides an overview of the principal risks we are exposed to in the normal course of our business activities. This summary does not contain all of the information that may be important to you, and you should read the more detailed discussion of risks that follows this summary.
GSE and Conservatorship Risk
•The future of our company is uncertain.
•Our business activities are significantly affected by the conservatorship and the senior preferred stock purchase agreement.
•Our regulator is authorized or required to place us into receivership under specified conditions, which would result in our liquidation, and FHFA, acting as receiver, proceeding to realize on our assets. Amounts recovered by our receiver from these actions may not be sufficient to repay the liquidation preference of any series of our preferred stock or to provide any proceeds to common shareholders.
•Our business and results of operations may be materially adversely affected if we are unable to retain and recruit well-qualified executives and other employees. The conservatorship, the uncertainty of our future, and limitations on our executive and employee compensation put us at a disadvantage compared to many other companies with which we compete for talent. In addition, the improving economy and increased remote work opportunities have increased the competition we face in retaining and hiring executives and other employees.
•Pursuing our housing goals, duty to serve obligations, and Equitable Housing Finance Plan may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
•The conservatorship and agreements with Treasury adversely affect our common and preferred shareholders.
•The liquidity and market value of our MBS could be adversely affected by negative developments in the UMBS market.
•Our issuance of UMBS and structured securities backed by Freddie Mac-issued securities exposes us to operational and counterparty credit risk.
•Our reliance on CSS and the common securitization platform exposes us to third-party risk.
•We are limited in our ability to diversify our business and may be prohibited from undertaking activities that management believes would benefit our business.
•An active trading market in our equity securities may cease to exist, which would adversely affect the market price and liquidity of our common and preferred stock.
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Risk Factors | Risk Factors Summary
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Credit Risk
•We may incur significant credit losses and credit-related expenses on the loans in our book of business.
•One or more of our institutional counterparties may fail to fulfill their contractual obligations to us, resulting in financial losses, business disruption and decreased ability to manage risk.
•Our financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected if mortgage servicers fail to perform their obligations to us.
•We may incur losses as a result of claims under our mortgage insurance policies not being paid in full or at all.
•Mortgage fraud could result in significant financial losses and harm to our reputation.
•We may suffer losses if borrowers suffer property damage as a result of a hazard for which we do not require insurance, such as flooding outside of certain areas, if property or flood insurance is unobtainable or prohibitively costly, if their claims under insurance policies are not paid, or if their insurance is insufficient to cover all losses.
•The occurrence of major natural or other disasters in the United States or its territories and the impact of climate change could negatively impact our credit losses and credit-related expenses.
Operational Risk
•A failure in our operational systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties, could materially adversely affect our business, impair our liquidity, cause financial losses and harm our reputation.
•A breach of the security of our systems or facilities, or those of third parties with which we do business, including as a result of cyber attacks, could damage or disrupt our business or result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential information, which could damage our reputation, result in regulatory sanctions and/or increase our costs and cause losses.
•Our concurrent implementation of multiple new initiatives may increase our operational risk and result in one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.
•Material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting could result in errors in our reported results or disclosures that are not complete or accurate.
•Failure of our models to produce reliable results may adversely affect our ability to manage risk and make effective business decisions.
Liquidity and Funding Risk
•Limitations on our ability to access the debt capital markets could have a material adverse effect on our ability to fund our operations, and our liquidity contingency plans may be difficult or impossible to execute during a sustained liquidity crisis.
•A decrease in the credit ratings on our senior unsecured debt could have an adverse effect on our ability to issue debt on reasonable terms, particularly if such a decrease were not based on a similar action on the credit ratings of the U.S. government. A decrease in our credit ratings also could require that we post additional collateral for our derivatives contracts.
Market and Industry Risk
•Changes in interest rates or our loss of the ability to manage interest-rate risk successfully could adversely affect our financial results and condition, and increase interest-rate risk.
•Changes in spreads could materially impact our results of operations, net worth and the fair value of our net assets.
•Uncertainty relating to the discontinuance of LIBOR may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and net worth.
•Our business and financial results are affected by general economic conditions, including home prices and employment trends, and changes in economic conditions or financial markets may materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.
•A decline in activity in the U.S. housing market or increasing interest rates could lower our business volumes or otherwise adversely affect our results of operations, net worth and financial condition.
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Risk Factors | Risk Factors Summary
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Legal and Regulatory Risk
•Regulatory changes in the financial services industry may negatively impact our business.
•Legislative, regulatory or judicial actions could negatively impact our business, results of operations, financial condition or net worth.
General Risk
•The COVID-19 pandemic may continue to adversely affect our business and financial results.
•Our business and financial results could be materially adversely affected by legal or regulatory proceedings.
•Changes in accounting standards and policies can be difficult to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial results.
•In many cases, our accounting policies and methods, which are fundamental to how we report our financial condition and results of operations, require management to make judgments and estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. Management also relies on models in making these estimates.
Risk Factors
Refer to “MD&A—Key Market Economic Indicators,” “MD&A—Risk Management,” “MD&A—Single-Family Business” and “MD&A—Multifamily Business” for more detailed descriptions of the primary risks to our business and how we seek to manage those risks.
The risks we face could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and net worth, and could cause our actual results to differ materially from our past results or the results contemplated by any forward-looking statements we make. We believe the risks described below and in the other sections of this report referenced above are the most significant we face; however, these are not the only risks we face. We face additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial.
GSE and Conservatorship Risk
The future of our company is uncertain.
The company faces an uncertain future, including how long we will continue to exist in our current form, the extent of our role in the market, the level of government support of our business, how long we will be in conservatorship, what form we will have, what ownership interest, if any, our current common and preferred stockholders will hold in us after the conservatorship is terminated, and whether we will continue to exist following conservatorship. The conservatorship has been in place since 2008, is indefinite in duration and the timing, conditions and likelihood of our emerging from conservatorship are uncertain. Our conservatorship could terminate through a receivership. Termination of the conservatorship, other than in connection with a receivership, requires Treasury’s consent under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement; unless (1) the pending significant lawsuits relating to the amendment of the senior preferred stock purchase agreement and/or the conservatorship have been resolved, and (2) for two or more consecutive quarters, our common equity tier 1 capital, together with any other common stock that we may issue in a public offering, equals or exceeds 3% of our “adjusted total assets” under our enterprise regulatory capital framework.
We currently have a significant deficit of core capital relative to our statutory minimum capital requirement. Moreover, the enterprise regulatory capital framework, when it is fully applicable, will require us to hold more capital than the statutory requirement. Our efforts to build sufficient capital to meet our requirements can be significantly affected by growth in our book of business, which can drive increases in our required capital that offset or even outpace increases in our available capital. In addition, we believe that, if we were fully capitalized under the framework, our returns on our current business would not be sufficient to attract private investors, which would limit our options for exiting conservatorship. Increasing our returns may require substantial increases in our pricing or changes in other aspects of our business that could significantly affect our competitive position, our loan acquisition volumes, or the type of business we do, including the level of support we provide to low- and moderate-income borrowers and renters. For more information on the enterprise regulatory capital framework see “Business—Legislation and Regulation—GSE-Focused Matters—Capital—Enterprise Regulatory Capital Framework.”
After Fannie Mae was placed into conservatorship, policymakers and others focused significant attention on how to reform the nation’s housing finance system, including what role, if any, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac should play in that system. Despite this attention, efforts in Congress to enact meaningful reform have been limited, particularly in recent years. The Administration and Congress may consider housing finance reforms or legislation that could result in significant changes in our structure and role in the future, including proposals that would result in Fannie Mae’s liquidation or dissolution. Congress may consider legislation, or federal agencies such as FHFA may consider regulations or administrative actions, to increase the competition we face, reduce our market share, further expand our
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Risk Factors | GSE and Conservatorship Risk
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obligations to provide funds to Treasury, constrain our business operations, or subject us to other obligations that may adversely affect our business. We cannot predict the timing or content of housing finance reform legislation or other legislation, regulations or administrative actions that will impact our activities, nor can we predict the extent of such impact.
Our business activities are significantly affected by the conservatorship and the senior preferred stock purchase agreement.
In conservatorship our business is not managed with a strategy to maximize shareholder returns while fulfilling our mission. Our directors have no fiduciary duties to any person or entity except to the conservator. Accordingly, our directors are not obligated to consider the interests of the company, the holders of our equity or debt securities, or the holders of Fannie Mae MBS in making or approving a decision unless specifically directed to do so by the conservator. The Supreme Court’s opinion in Collins v. Yellen in June 2021 included an expansive interpretation of FHFA’s authority as conservator under the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (“HERA”), noting that “when the FHFA acts as a conservator, it may aim to rehabilitate the regulated entity in a way that, while not in the best interests of the regulated entity, is beneficial to the Agency and, by extension, the public it serves.” As conservator, FHFA can direct us to enter into contracts or enter into contracts on our behalf, and generally has the power to transfer or sell any of our assets or liabilities. FHFA can prevent us from engaging in business activities or transactions that we believe would benefit our business and financial results. For example, because FHFA can direct us to make changes to our guaranty fee pricing, our ability to address changing market conditions, pursue certain strategic objectives, or manage the mix of loans we acquire is constrained. Additionally, FHFA may require us to undertake activities that are costly or difficult to implement.
With FHFA’s broad powers as conservator, changes in leadership at FHFA, including those resulting from a change in the Administration, could result in significant changes to the goals FHFA establishes for us and could have a material impact on our business and financial results. In Collins v. Yellen, the Supreme Court concluded that the for-cause restriction on the President’s power to remove the FHFA Director under HERA violates the Constitution’s separation of powers. Accordingly, the Supreme Court held that the President has the power to remove the Director of FHFA for any reason, not just for cause.
Even if we are released from conservatorship, we remain subject to the terms of the senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury, under which we issued the senior preferred stock and warrant. The senior preferred stock purchase agreement can only be canceled or modified with the consent of Treasury. The agreement includes a number of covenants that significantly restrict our business activities. Additionally, under our senior preferred stock purchase agreement, we are subject to a $300 billion debt limit, which will decrease to $270 billion as of December 31, 2022. The unpaid principal balance of our aggregate indebtedness was $202.5 billion as of December 31, 2021. Because of our debt limit, our business activities may be constrained. For more information about the covenants in the senior preferred stock purchase agreement and their potential impact on our business, see “Business—Conservatorship, Treasury Agreements and Housing Finance Reform—Treasury Agreements—Covenants under Treasury Agreements.”
Our regulator is authorized or required to place us into receivership under specified conditions, which would result in our liquidation, and FHFA, acting as receiver, proceeding to realize on our assets. Amounts recovered by our receiver from these actions may not be sufficient to repay the liquidation preference of any series of our preferred stock or to provide any proceeds to common shareholders.
FHFA is required to place us into receivership if the Director of FHFA makes a written determination that our assets are less than our obligations or if we have not been paying our debts as they become due, in either case, for a period of 60 days after the SEC filing deadline for any of our Form 10-Ks or Form 10-Qs. Although Treasury committed to providing us funds in accordance with the terms of the senior preferred stock purchase agreement, if we need funding from Treasury to avoid triggering FHFA’s obligation, Treasury may not be able to provide sufficient funds to us within the required 60 days if it has exhausted its borrowing authority, if there is a government shutdown, or if the funding we need exceeds the amount available to us under the agreement. In addition, we could be put into receivership at the discretion of the Director of FHFA at any time for the reasons set forth in the GSE Act, including if our Board or shareholders consent to the appointment of a receiver or, if under the definitions in the GSE Act, we are undercapitalized with no reasonable prospect of becoming adequately capitalized or critically undercapitalized. Under the GSE Act, FHFA succeeded to all of the rights, titles, powers and privileges of our board of directors and shareholders. In addition, we have not held sufficient core or total capital to meet the critical capital requirements in the GSE Act since 2008.
A receivership would terminate the conservatorship. In addition to the powers FHFA has as our conservator, the appointment of FHFA as our receiver would terminate all rights and claims that our shareholders and creditors may have against our assets or under our charter arising from their status as shareholders or creditors, except for their right to payment, resolution or other satisfaction of their claims as permitted under the GSE Act. If we are placed into receivership and do not or cannot fulfill our MBS guaranty obligations, there may be significant delays of any payments to our MBS holders, and the MBS holders could become unsecured creditors of ours with respect to claims made under
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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Risk Factors | GSE and Conservatorship Risk
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our guaranty to the extent the mortgage collateral underlying the Fannie Mae MBS is insufficient to satisfy the claims of the MBS holders.
In the event of a liquidation of our assets, only after payment of the administrative expenses of the receiver and the immediately preceding conservator, the secured and unsecured claims against the company (including repaying all outstanding debt obligations), and the liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock, would any liquidation proceeds be available to repay the liquidation preference on any other series of preferred stock. Finally, only after the liquidation preference on all series of preferred stock is repaid would any liquidation proceeds be available for distribution to the holders of our common stock. In the event of such a liquidation, we can make no assurances that there would be sufficient proceeds to make any distribution to holders of our preferred stock or common stock, other than to Treasury as the holder of our senior preferred stock.
Our business and results of operations may be materially adversely affected if we are unable to retain and recruit well-qualified executives and other employees. The conservatorship, the uncertainty of our future, and limitations on our executive and employee compensation put us at a disadvantage compared to many other companies with which we compete for talent. In addition, the improving economy and increased remote work opportunities have increased the competition we face in retaining and hiring executives and other employees.
Our business is highly dependent on the talents and efforts of our executives and other employees. The conservatorship, the uncertainty of our future, and limitations on executive and employee compensation have had, and are likely to continue to have, an adverse effect on our ability to retain and recruit talent. Voluntary attrition of our executives and other employees has increased over the past year compared with prior years. Attrition in key management positions and challenges in finding replacements could harm our ability to manage our business effectively, to successfully implement strategic initiatives, and ultimately could adversely affect our financial performance.
Actions taken by Congress, FHFA and Treasury to date, or that may be taken by them or other government agencies in the future, have had, and may continue to have, an adverse effect on our retention and recruitment of executives and other employees. We are subject to significant restrictions on the amount and type of compensation we may pay while under conservatorship. For example:
•The Equity in Government Compensation Act of 2015 limits the compensation and benefits for our Chief Executive Officer to the same level in effect as of January 1, 2015 while we are in conservatorship or receivership. Accordingly, annual direct compensation for our Chief Executive Officer is limited to base salary at an annual rate of $600,000.
•The Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge Act of 2012, known as the STOCK Act, and related FHFA regulations prohibit our senior executives from receiving bonuses during conservatorship.
•As our conservator, FHFA has the authority to approve the terms and amounts of our executive compensation and may require changes to our executive compensation program. FHFA has advised us that, given our conservatorship status, our executive compensation program is designed generally to provide for lower pay levels relative to large financial services firms that are not in conservatorship. FHFA has instructed us to benchmark to the lower end of the range of market compensation for new executive hires and compensation increase requests for existing executives, which limits our ability to offer market-competitive compensation for our executives if FHFA does not grant an exception. See “Executive Compensation—Compensation Discussion and Analysis—2021 Executive Compensation Program; Chief Executive Officer Compensation” for a description of FHFA’s primary objectives for our executive compensation program, as well as directives and guidance FHFA has provided relating to our executive compensation during conservatorship.
•The terms of our senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury contain specified restrictions relating to compensation, including a prohibition on selling or issuing equity securities without Treasury’s prior written consent except under limited circumstances, which effectively eliminates our ability to offer equity-based compensation to our employees.
As a result of the restrictions on our compensation, we have not been able to incent and reward excellent performance with compensation structures that provide upside potential to our executives, which places us at a disadvantage compared to many other companies in attracting and retaining executives. In addition, the restrictions on our compensation and the uncertainty of potential action by Congress or the Administration with respect to our future— including whether we will exit conservatorship, how long it may take before we exit conservatorship, or whether housing finance reform will result in a significant restructuring of the company or the company no longer continuing to exist—also negatively affects our ability to retain and recruit executives and other employees.
The cap on our Chief Executive Officer compensation continues to make retention and succession planning for this position particularly difficult, and it may make it difficult to attract qualified candidates for this critical role in the future.
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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Risk Factors | GSE and Conservatorship Risk
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In June 2021, FHFA issued a request for input on executive compensation at FHFA’s regulated entities. The request for input asked for public feedback on our executive compensation program both during and after conservatorship. Further changes in our executive compensation program could affect our ability to retain and recruit executive officers.
We face competition from the financial services and technology industries, and from businesses outside of these industries, for qualified executives and other employees. An improving economy and increased remote work opportunities have increased the competition we face from other companies in hiring new executives and other employees, as well as in retaining our executives and employees. If this increased competition for executive and employee talent persists and if we are unable to retain, promote and attract executives and other employees with the necessary skills and talent, we would face increased risks for operational failures. If there were several high-level departures at approximately the same time, our ability to conduct our business could be materially adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Pursuing our housing goals, duty to serve obligations, and Equitable Housing Finance Plan may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We are required by the GSE Act to support the housing market in ways that could adversely affect our financial results and condition. For example, we are subject to housing goals that require a portion of the mortgage loans we acquire to be for low- and very low-income families, families in low-income census tracts and moderate-income families in minority census tracts or designated disaster areas. We also have a duty to serve very low-, low- and moderate-income families in three underserved markets: manufactured housing, affordable housing preservation and rural areas. In September 2021, FHFA instructed us to prepare and implement a three-year Equitable Housing Finance Plan. This plan, which was submitted to FHFA in December 2021, is intended to advance equity in housing finance by working to remove barriers to affordable rental housing and homeownership experienced by members of underserved populations, particularly racial and ethnic groups with a significant homeownership rate disparity. We may take actions to support the housing market, including to meet our housing goals, duty to serve obligations and Equitable Housing Finance Plan, that could adversely affect our profitability. For example, we may acquire loans that offer lower expected returns or increase our credit losses and credit-related expenses. If we do not meet our housing goals or duty to serve requirements, and FHFA finds that the goals or requirements were feasible, we may become subject to a housing plan with additional requirements that could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. The potential penalties for failure to comply with housing plan requirements include a cease-and-desist order and civil money penalties. See “Business—Legislation and Regulation—GSE-Focused Matters” for more information on our housing goals and duty to serve underserved markets and “Business—Conservatorship, Treasury Agreements and Housing Finance Reform—Equitable Housing Finance Plan” for more information on our Equitable Housing Finance Plan.
The conservatorship and agreements with Treasury adversely affect our common and preferred shareholders.
The material adverse effects of the conservatorship on our shareholders under our agreements with Treasury include the following:
No voting rights during conservatorship. During conservatorship, our common shareholders do not have the ability to elect directors or to vote on other matters unless the conservator delegates this authority to them.
No dividends to common or preferred shareholders, other than to Treasury. Our conservator announced in September 2008 that we would not pay any dividends on the common stock or on any series of preferred stock, other than the senior preferred stock, while we are in conservatorship. In addition, under the terms of the senior preferred stock purchase agreement, dividends may not be paid to common or preferred shareholders (other than on the senior preferred stock) without the prior written consent of Treasury, regardless of whether we are in conservatorship.
Our profits directly increase the liquidation preference of Treasury’s senior preferred stock and, once they exceed our capital reserve amount, will be payable to Treasury as dividends. The senior preferred stock ranks senior to our common stock and all other series of our preferred stock, as well as any capital stock we issue in the future, as to both dividends and distributions upon liquidation. Accordingly, if we are liquidated, the senior preferred stock is entitled to its then-current liquidation preference, before any distribution is made to the holders of our common stock or other preferred stock. See “Business—Conservatorship, Treasury Agreements and Housing Finance Reform—Treasury Agreements—Senior Preferred Stock” for more information on the aggregate liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock.
Exercise of the Treasury warrant would substantially dilute the investment of current shareholders. If Treasury exercises its warrant to purchase shares of our common stock equal to 79.9% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on a fully diluted basis, the ownership interest in the company of our then-existing common shareholders will be substantially diluted.
We are not managed for the benefit of shareholders. Because we are in conservatorship, we are not managed with a strategy to maximize shareholder returns.
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The senior preferred stock purchase agreement, senior preferred stock and warrant can only be canceled or modified with the consent of Treasury. For additional description of the conservatorship and our agreements with Treasury, see “Business—Conservatorship, Treasury Agreements and Housing Finance Reform.”
The liquidity and market value of our MBS could be adversely affected by negative developments in the UMBS market.
The success of UMBS is largely predicated on the fungibility of UMBS issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. If investors stop viewing Fannie Mae-issued UMBS and Freddie Mac-issued UMBS as fungible, or if investors prefer Freddie Mac-issued UMBS over Fannie Mae-issued UMBS, it could adversely affect the liquidity and market value of Fannie Mae MBS, the volume of our UMBS issuances and our guaranty fee revenues. FHFA adopted a rule to align Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac programs, policies and practices that affect the prepayment rates of TBA-eligible mortgage-backed securities to support the fungibility of Fannie Mae-issued UMBS and Freddie Mac-issued UMBS. However, these alignment efforts may not be successful over the long term and the prepayment rates on Fannie Mae-issued UMBS and Freddie Mac-issued UMBS could diverge in a manner that is disadvantageous for us.
The continued support of FHFA, Treasury, the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, and certain other regulatory bodies is critical to the success of UMBS. If any of these entities were to cease its support, the liquidity and market value of Fannie Mae-issued UMBS could be adversely affected. Furthermore, if either we or Freddie Mac exits conservatorship, it is unclear whether our and Freddie Mac’s programs, policies and practices in support of UMBS and resecuritizations of each other’s securities would be sustained.
Our issuance of UMBS and structured securities backed by Freddie Mac-issued securities exposes us to operational and counterparty credit risk.
When we resecuritize Freddie Mac-issued UMBS or other Freddie Mac securities, our guaranty of principal and interest extends to the underlying Freddie Mac security. Although we have an indemnification agreement with Freddie Mac, in the event Freddie Mac were to fail (for credit or operational reasons) to make a payment due on its securities underlying a Fannie Mae-issued structured security, we would be obligated under our guaranty to fund any shortfall and make the entire payment on the related Fannie Mae-issued structured security on that payment date. Our pricing does not currently reflect any incremental credit, liquidity or operational risk associated with our guaranty of resecuritized Freddie Mac securities, or capital requirements related to those exposures. As a result, a failure by Freddie Mac to meet its obligations under the terms of its securities that back structured securities we issue could have a material adverse effect on our earnings and financial condition, and we could be dependent on Freddie Mac and on the senior preferred stock purchase agreements that we and Freddie Mac each have with Treasury to avoid a liquidity event or a default under our guaranty. We expect this risk exposure to increase as we issue more structured securities backed directly or indirectly by Freddie Mac-issued securities going forward.
In addition, UMBS have created significant interdependence between the single-family mortgage securitization programs of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Accordingly, the market value and liquidity profile of single-family Fannie Mae MBS could be affected by financial and operational incidents relating to Freddie Mac, even if those incidents do not directly relate to Fannie Mae or Fannie Mae MBS. Similarly, any disruption in Freddie Mac’s securitization activities or any adverse events affecting Freddie Mac’s significant mortgage sellers and servicers also could adversely affect the market value of single-family Fannie Mae MBS.
Our reliance on CSS and the common securitization platform exposes us to third-party risk.
We rely on CSS and its common securitization platform for the operation of a majority of our single-family securitization activities. Although we jointly own CSS with Freddie Mac, there are limitations on our ability to control CSS. Under our limited liability company agreement for CSS, as currently amended, we and Freddie Mac have limited ability to control CSS Board decisions, even after an exit from conservatorship, including decisions about strategy, business operations and funding.
The CSS Board of Managers has two members designated by each GSE, as well as a Board Chair, who is the CSS CEO, and up to three additional Board members. Board actions must be approved by a majority vote and, while we and Freddie Mac both remain in conservatorship, FHFA has the right to designate the Board members not designated by the GSEs, and the Board may not take any actions absent the Chair’s consent. Although the limited liability company agreement would require our approval for certain “material decisions” if either we or Freddie Mac have exited conservatorship, the Board may approve a number of actions even after conservatorship over the objection of the members we and Freddie Mac designate, including: approval of the annual budget and strategic plan for CSS (so long as it does not involve a material business change); withdrawal of capital by a member; and requiring capital contributions necessary to support CSS’s ordinary business operations. It is possible that FHFA may require us to make additional changes to the CSS limited liability company agreement, or may otherwise impose restrictions or provisions relating to CSS or UMBS, that may adversely affect us.
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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Risk Factors | GSE and Conservatorship Risk
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We do not currently pay service fees to CSS under our customer services agreement; its operations are funded entirely through capital contributions from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac pursuant to the limited liability company agreement. During conservatorship, FHFA can direct us to enter into an amendment of the customer services agreement, or enter such an amendment on our behalf, that could provide for a fee structure that would survive an exit from conservatorship absent a further amendment to the customer services agreement, which a majority of the Board would have to approve. Although implementation of any fee changes could require a further amendment to the customer services agreement, we might not have significant leverage to negotiate that amendment and the associated fee changes given our dependence on CSS.
Our securitization activities are complex and present significant operational and technological challenges and risks. Any measures we take to mitigate these challenges and risks might not be sufficient to prevent a disruption to our securitization activities. Our business activities could be adversely affected and the market for single-family Fannie Mae MBS could be disrupted if the common securitization platform were to fail or otherwise become unavailable to us or if CSS were unable to perform its obligations to us. Any such failure or unavailability could have a significant adverse impact on our business and could adversely affect the liquidity or market value of our single-family MBS. In addition, a failure by CSS to maintain effective controls and procedures could result in material errors in our reported results or disclosures that are not complete or accurate.
We are limited in our ability to diversify our business and may be prohibited from undertaking activities that management believes would benefit our business.
As a federally chartered corporation, we are subject to the limitations imposed by the Charter Act, extensive regulation, supervision and examination by FHFA and regulation by other federal agencies, including Treasury, HUD and the SEC. The Charter Act defines our permissible business activities. For example, we may not originate mortgage loans or purchase single-family loans in excess of the conforming loan limits, and our business is limited to the U.S. housing finance sector. FHFA, as our regulator, may impose additional limitations on our business. For example, the GSE Act requires us to obtain prior approval from FHFA for new products and to provide prior notice to FHFA of new activities that we consider not to be products. In September 2020, FHFA proposed a rule to implement these requirements that, if adopted, would permit FHFA to establish terms, conditions, or limitations with respect to any new product or new activity. In addition, as described in a previous risk factor, our business activities are subject to significant restrictions as a result of the conservatorship and the senior preferred stock purchase agreement. These limitations and requirements may cause us to delay or prevent us from undertaking new business activities management believes would benefit our business. Further, as a result of these limitations and requirements on our ability to diversify our operations, our financial condition and results of operations depend almost entirely on conditions in a single sector of the U.S. economy, specifically, the U.S. housing market. Weak or unstable conditions in the U.S. housing market can therefore have a significant adverse effect on our business that we cannot mitigate through diversification.
An active trading market in our equity securities may cease to exist, which would adversely affect the market price and liquidity of our common and preferred stock.
Our common stock and preferred stock are now traded exclusively in the over-the-counter market, and are not currently listed on any securities exchanges. We cannot predict the actions of market makers, investors or other market participants, and can offer no assurances that the market for our securities will be stable. If there is no active trading market in our equity securities, the market price and liquidity of the securities will be adversely affected. In addition, the market price of our common stock and preferred stock is subject to significant volatility, which may be due to other factors described in these “Risk Factors,” as well as speculation regarding our future, economic and political conditions generally, liquidity in the over-the-counter market in which our stock trades, and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Such factors could cause the market price of our common stock and preferred stock to decline significantly, which may result in significant losses to holders of our common stock and preferred stock.
Credit Risk
We may incur significant credit losses and credit-related expenses on the loans in our book of business.
We are exposed to a significant amount of mortgage credit risk on our $4.0 trillion guaranty book of business. Borrowers may fail to make required payments on mortgage loans we own or guaranty. This exposes us to the risk of credit losses and credit-related expenses.
In general, significant home price declines or increased loan delinquencies could materially increase our credit losses and credit-related expense. Loan delinquencies, among other factors, are influenced by income growth rates and unemployment levels, which affect borrowers’ ability to repay their mortgage loans. Home price growth is cyclical and changes in home prices affect the amount of equity that borrowers have in their homes. As home prices increase, the severity of losses we incur on defaulted loans that we hold or guarantee decreases because the amount we can recover from the properties securing the loans increases. Conversely, declines in home prices increase the losses we incur on
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Risk Factors | Credit Risk
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defaulted loans. The pace of rapid home price growth that we have experienced over the last year is not expected to continue. If home prices decline rapidly and a large number of borrowers default on their loans, we could experience significant credit losses on our book of business. In addition, the economic dislocation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant increase in the serious delinquency rate of the single-family and multifamily loans in our guaranty book of business in 2020. While our single-family and multifamily serious delinquency rates declined in 2021 due to the ongoing economic recovery and the decline in the number of our loans in forbearance plans, they remain higher than pre-pandemic levels. Our loans currently in forbearance generally have a somewhat weaker credit profile than our overall guaranty book of business. If a large number of borrowers cannot repay the amounts owed at the end of their forbearance plans or over time, or fail to qualify for repayment plans, payment deferrals or modifications, this could result in significantly higher defaults on the mortgage loans in our guaranty book of business. We may ultimately experience greater losses than we currently expect and may have high credit-related expenses in future periods.
The credit performance of loans in our book of business could deteriorate in the future, particularly if we experience home price declines, economic dislocation and elevated unemployment, resulting in significantly higher credit losses and credit-related expenses. We present detailed information about the risk characteristics of our single-family conventional guaranty book of business in “MD&A—Single-Family Business” and our multifamily guaranty book of business in “MD&A—Multifamily Business.”
While we use certain credit enhancements to mitigate some of our potential future credit losses, we may not be able to obtain as much protection from our credit enhancements as we would like, for a number of reasons:
•Some of the credit enhancements we use, such as mortgage insurance, Credit Insurance Risk TransferTM (“CIRTTM”) transactions and DUS lender loss-sharing arrangements, are subject to the risk that the counterparties may not meet their obligations to us.
•Our credit risk transfer transactions have limited terms, after which they provide limited or no further credit protection on the covered loans.
•Our credit risk transfer transactions are not designed to shield us from all losses because we retain a portion of the risk of future losses on loans covered by these transactions, including all or a portion of the first loss risk in most transactions.
•In the event of a sufficiently severe economic downturn, we may not be able to enter into new back-end credit risk transfer transactions for our recent acquisitions on economically advantageous terms.
•Mortgage insurance does not protect us from all losses on covered loans. For example, mortgage insurance does not cover property damage that is not already covered by the hazard or flood insurance we require, and such damage may result in a reduction to, or a denial of mortgage insurance benefits. A property damaged by a flood that was outside a Federal Emergency Management Agency (“FEMA”)-designated Special Flood Hazard Area, where we require coverage, or a property damaged by an earthquake are the most likely scenarios where property damage may result in a default not covered by hazard insurance.
One or more of our institutional counterparties may fail to fulfill their contractual obligations to us, resulting in financial losses, business disruption and decreased ability to manage risk.
We rely on our institutional counterparties to provide services and credit enhancements that are critical to our business. We face the risk that one or more of our institutional counterparties may fail to fulfill their contractual obligations to us. If an institutional counterparty defaults on its obligations to us, it could also negatively impact our ability to operate our business, as we outsource some of our critical functions to third parties, such as mortgage servicing, single-family Fannie Mae MBS issuance and administration, and certain technology functions.
Our primary exposures to institutional counterparties are with credit guarantors that provide credit enhancements on the mortgage assets that we hold in our retained mortgage portfolio or that back our Fannie Mae MBS, including;
•mortgage insurers and reinsurers, including those that participate in our CIRT transactions, and multifamily lenders with risk sharing arrangements;
•mortgage servicers that service the loans we hold in our retained mortgage portfolio or that back our Fannie Mae MBS;
•mortgage sellers and servicers that are obligated to repurchase loans from us or reimburse us for losses in certain circumstances;
•the financial institutions that issue the investments, including overnight bank deposits, held in our other investments portfolio; and
•derivatives counterparties.
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We also have counterparty exposure to custodial depository institutions; mortgage originators, investors and dealers; debt security dealers; central counterparty clearing institutions; and document custodians.
The concentration of our counterparties in similar or related businesses heightens our counterparty risk exposure. We routinely enter into a high volume of transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, mortgage lenders and commercial banks, and mortgage insurers, resulting in a significant credit concentration with respect to this industry. We may also have multiple exposures to particular counterparties, as many of our counterparties perform several types of services for us. For example, our lenders or their affiliates may also act as derivatives counterparties, mortgage servicers, custodial depository institutions or document custodians. Accordingly, if one of these counterparties were to become insolvent or otherwise default on its obligations to us, it could harm our business and financial results in a variety of ways.
An institutional counterparty may default on its obligations to us for a number of reasons, such as changes in financial condition that affect its credit rating, changes in its servicer rating, a reduction in liquidity, operational failures or insolvency. In the event of a bankruptcy or receivership of one of our counterparties, we may be required to establish our ownership rights to the assets these counterparties hold on our behalf to the satisfaction of the bankruptcy court or receiver, which could result in a delay in accessing these assets causing a decline in their value. Counterparty defaults or limitations on their ability to do business with us could result in significant financial losses or hamper our ability to do business or manage the risks to our business. In addition, if we are unable to replace a defaulting counterparty that performs services critical to our business, it could adversely affect our ability to conduct our operations and manage risk.
We have significant exposure to institutions in the financial services industry relating to derivatives, funding, short-term lending, securities, and other transactions. We depend on our ability to enter into derivatives transactions with our derivatives counterparties in order to manage the duration and prepayment risk of our retained mortgage portfolio. If we lose access to our derivatives counterparties, it could adversely affect our ability to manage these risks.
We use clearinghouses to facilitate many of our derivative trades. If the clearinghouse or the clearing member we use to access the clearinghouse defaults, we could lose margin that we have posted with the clearing member or clearinghouse. We are also a clearing member of two divisions of Fixed Income Clearing Corporation (“FICC”), a central counterparty (“CCP”). One FICC division clears our trades involving securities purchased under agreements to resell, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and other non-mortgage related securities. The other division clears our forward purchase and sale commitments of mortgage-related securities, including dollar roll transactions. As a clearing member of FICC, we could be exposed to the losses if the CCP or one or more of the CCP’s clearing members fails to perform its obligations, because each FICC clearing member is required to absorb a portion of the losses incurred by other clearing members if they fail to meet their obligations to the clearinghouse. For more information, see “MD&A—Risk Management—Institutional Counterparty Credit Risk Management—Other Counterparties—Central Counterparty Clearing Institutions.”
Our financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected if mortgage servicers fail to perform their obligations to us.
We delegate the servicing of the mortgage loans in our guaranty book of business to mortgage servicers; we do not have our own servicing function. Functions performed by mortgage servicers on our behalf include collecting and delivering principal and interest payments, administering escrow accounts, monitoring and reporting delinquencies, performing default prevention activities and other functions. A servicer’s inability or other failure to perform these functions or to follow our requirements could negatively impact our ability to, among other things:
•manage our book of business;
•collect amounts due to us;
•actively manage troubled loans; and
•implement our homeownership assistance, foreclosure prevention and other loss mitigation efforts.
A large portion of our single-family guaranty book is serviced by non-depository servicers. The potentially lower financial strength, liquidity and operational capacity of non-depository mortgage sellers and servicers compared with depository mortgage sellers and servicers may negatively affect their ability to fully satisfy their financial obligations or to properly service the loans on our behalf.
If we replace a mortgage servicer, we likely would incur costs and potential increases in servicing fees and could also face operational risks. If a mortgage servicer fails, it could result in a temporary disruption in servicing and loss mitigation activities relating to the loans serviced by that mortgage servicer, particularly if there is a loss of experienced servicing personnel. We may also face challenges in transferring a large servicing portfolio.
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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42
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Risk Factors | Credit Risk
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Multifamily mortgage servicing is typically performed by the lenders who sell the mortgages to us, including non-depository servicers. We are exposed to the risk that multifamily servicers could come under financial pressure, which could potentially result in a decline in the quality of the servicing they provide us.
The actions we have taken to mitigate our credit risk exposure to mortgage servicers may not be sufficient to prevent us from experiencing significant financial losses or business interruptions in the event they cannot fulfill their obligations to us.
We may incur losses as a result of claims under our mortgage insurance policies not being paid in full or at all.
We rely heavily on mortgage insurers to provide insurance against borrower defaults on single-family conventional mortgage loans with LTV ratios over 80% at the time of acquisition. Although our primary mortgage insurer counterparties currently approved to write new business must meet risk-based asset requirements, there is still a risk that these counterparties may fail to fulfill their obligations to pay our claims under insurance policies.
With respect to primary mortgage insurers that we have approved to write coverage on loans sold to us, we currently do not differentiate pricing based on counterparty strength or operational performance. Additionally, we would not revoke a primary mortgage insurer’s status as an eligible insurer unless there was a material violation of our private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements. Further, we do not generally select the provider of primary mortgage insurance on a specific loan, because the selection is usually made by the lender at the time the loan is originated. Accordingly, we have limited ability to manage our concentration risk with respect to primary mortgage insurers.
Three of our mortgage insurer counterparties that are currently not approved to write new business—PMI Mortgage Insurance Co. (“PMI”), Triad Guaranty Insurance Corporation (“Triad”) and Republic Mortgage Insurance Company (“RMIC”)—are currently in run-off. Mortgage insurers that are in run-off continue to collect renewal premiums and process claims on their existing insurance business, but are no longer approved to write new insurance with us, which increases the risk that the mortgage insurer will fail to pay claims fully. Entering run-off may limit sources of profits and liquidity for the mortgage insurer and could also cause the quality and speed of its claims processing to deteriorate. PMI and Triad have been paying only a portion of policyholder claims and deferring the remaining portion and it is uncertain whether they will be permitted in the future to pay their deferred policyholder claims or increase or decrease the amount of cash they pay on claims. RMIC is no longer deferring payments on policyholder claims, but remains in run-off. For more information on mortgage insurers in run-off and our risk in force mortgage insurance coverage see “Note 13, Concentrations of Credit Risk—Other Concentrations.”
On at least a quarterly basis, we assess our mortgage insurer counterparties’ respective abilities to fulfill their obligations to us, and our loss reserves take into account this assessment. If our assessment indicates their ability to pay claims has deteriorated significantly or if our projected claim amounts have increased, we could experience an increase in credit-related expenses and credit losses.
Mortgage fraud could result in significant financial losses and harm to our reputation.
We use a process of delegated underwriting in which lenders make specific representations and warranties about the characteristics of the mortgage loans we purchase and securitize. As a result, we do not independently verify most borrower information that is provided to us. This exposes us to the risk that one or more of the parties involved in a transaction (the borrower, seller, broker, appraiser, title agent, lender or servicer) will engage in fraud by misrepresenting facts about a mortgage loan. Similarly, we rely on delegated servicing of loans and use of a variety of external resources to manage our REO inventory. We have experienced financial losses resulting from mortgage fraud, including institutional fraud perpetrated by counterparties. In the future, we may experience additional financial losses or reputational damage as a result of mortgage fraud.
We may suffer losses if borrowers suffer property damage as a result of a hazard for which we do not require insurance, such as flooding outside of certain areas, if property or flood insurance is unobtainable or prohibitively costly, if their claims under insurance policies are not paid, or if their insurance is insufficient to cover all losses.
In general, we require borrowers to obtain and maintain property insurance to cover the risk of damage to their homes or properties resulting from hazards such as fire, wind and, for properties in a Special Flood Hazard Area as designated by FEMA, flooding. To the extent that borrowers suffer property damage as a result of a hazard for which we do not generally require insurance, such as earthquake damage or flood damage on a property located outside a Special Flood Hazard Area, are unable to obtain insurance and suffer property damage, their claims under insurance policies are not paid, or their insurance is insufficient to cover their losses, they may not pay their mortgage loans, which negatively impacts our credit losses and credit-related expenses. Hazard insurers may experience financial strain and be unable to make payments on related claims during any period in which significant numbers of mortgaged properties are damaged by natural or other disasters.
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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Risk Factors | Credit Risk
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Only a small portion of loans in our guaranty book of business as of December 31, 2021 was located in a Special Flood Hazard Area, for which we require flood insurance: 2.9% of loans in our single-family guaranty book of business and 6.3% of loans in our multifamily guaranty book of business. We believe that only a small portion of borrowers in most places outside of a Special Flood Hazard Area obtain flood insurance. The risk of significant flooding in places outside of a Special Flood Hazard Area (that is, in places where we do not require flood insurance) is expected to increase in the coming years as a result of climate change. Single-family borrowers who obtain flood insurance generally rely on the National Flood Insurance Program (“NFIP”), which was recently extended through February 18, 2022. If Congress fails to extend or re-authorize the program upon future expirations, FEMA may not have sufficient funds to pay claims for flood damage, and borrowers may not be able to renew their flood insurance coverage or obtain new policies through the NFIP. In addition, NFIP insurance does not cover temporary living expenses, and the maximum limit of coverage available under NFIP for a single-family residential property is $250,000, which may not be sufficient to cover all losses.
Increases in the intensity or frequency of floods or other weather-related disasters as a result of climate change will expand the foregoing risks. Insurers in some areas have become less willing to continue writing coverage or have significantly increased insurance premiums in certain areas for certain perils. As coverage becomes unavailable or prohibitively expensive in an area, home prices may be negatively impacted, and fewer loans in the area may be eligible for acquisition by Fannie Mae. Ultimately, the desirability of areas that frequently experience hurricanes, wildfires or other natural disasters may diminish over time, which can depress home prices or adversely affect the region’s economy, which may negatively impact our financial results.
The occurrence of major natural or other disasters in the United States or its territories and the impact of climate change could negatively impact our credit losses and credit-related expenses.
We conduct our business in the single-family and multifamily residential mortgage markets and own or guarantee the performance of mortgage loans throughout the United States and its territories. The occurrence of a major natural or environmental disaster, terrorist attack, cyber attack, pandemic, or similar event (a “major disruptive event”) in the United States or its territories could negatively impact our credit losses and credit-related expenses in the affected geographic area or, depending on the magnitude, scope and nature of the event, nationally, in a number of ways. The COVID-19 pandemic, for example, has exposed us to substantial credit-related expenses and risk of credit losses.
A major disruptive event that either damages or destroys single-family or multifamily real estate securing mortgage loans in our book of business or negatively impacts the ability of borrowers to make principal and interest payments on mortgage loans in our book of business could increase our delinquency rates, default rates and average loan loss severity of our book of business in the affected region or regions. Further, a major disruptive event or a long-lasting increase in the vulnerability of an area to disasters that affects borrowers’ ability to make payments on their mortgages, discourages housing activity, including homebuilding or home buying, or causes a deterioration in housing conditions or the general economy in the affected region could lower the volume of originations in the mortgage market, influence home prices and property values in the affected region or in adjacent regions and increase delinquency rates and default rates. Any of these outcomes could generate significant credit losses and credit-related expenses.
Recent years have seen frequent and severe natural disasters in the U.S., including wildfires, hurricanes, high winds, severe flooding, mudslides, and environmental contamination. The frequency and intensity of major weather-related events are indicative of the impact of climate change and this change is expected to persist for the foreseeable future. Population growth and an increase in people living in high-risk areas, such as coastal areas vulnerable to severe storms and flooding, have also increased the impact of these events. Although our financial exposure from these events is mitigated to the extent our book of business is geographically diverse, we remain exposed to risk, particularly in connection with the risk of geographically widespread weather events and changes in weather patterns, as well as geographic areas where our book of business is more heavily concentrated. As a result, any continuation or increase in recent weather trends or their unpredictability, or any single natural disaster of significant scope or intensity, could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
Further, legal or regulatory responses to concerns about global climate change may impact the housing markets and, as a result, our business. Steps to address the risk of more frequent or severe weather events resulting from climate change could result in a potentially disruptive transition away from carbon-intense industries. Such a transition could negatively impact certain industries and regional economies, affecting the ability of borrowers in those industries or regions to pay their mortgage loans.
Operational Risk
A failure in our operational systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties, could materially adversely affect our business, impair our liquidity, cause financial losses and harm our reputation.
Shortcomings or failures in our internal processes, people, data management or systems could disrupt our business or have a material adverse effect on our risk management, liquidity, financial statement reliability, financial condition and
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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Risk Factors | Operational Risk
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results of operations. Such a failure could result in legislative or regulatory intervention or sanctions, liability to counterparties, financial losses, business disruptions and damage to our reputation. For example, our business is highly dependent on our ability to manage and process, on a daily basis, an extremely large number of transactions, many of which are highly complex, across numerous and diverse markets that continuously and rapidly change and evolve. These transactions are subject to various legal, accounting and regulatory standards. Our financial, accounting, data processing or other operating systems and facilities may fail to operate properly or become disabled or damaged as a result of a number of factors, including events that are wholly or partially beyond our control, adversely affecting our ability to process these transactions or manage associated data with reliability and integrity. In addition, we rely on information provided by third parties in processing many of our transactions; that information may be incorrect or we may fail to properly manage or analyze it or properly monitor its data quality.
We rely upon business processes that are highly dependent on people, technology and equipment, data and the use of numerous complex systems and models to manage our business and produce books and records upon which our financial statements and risk reporting are prepared. This reliance increases the risk that we may be exposed to financial, reputational or other losses as a result of inadequately designed internal processes or data management architecture, inflexible technology or the failure of our systems. In addition, our use of third-party service providers for some of our business and technology functions increases the risk that an operational failure by a third party will adversely affect us. For example, we use third-party service providers for cloud infrastructure services. We have experienced interruptions in access to our platforms as a result of connectivity issues with third-party cloud-based platforms and related data centers and could experience disruptions again if there is a lapse of service, interruption of internet service provider connectivity or damage to third-party cloud-based platforms or any related data centers. Additionally, we may not have sufficient capacity to recover all data and services in the event of an outage or other event resulting in data loss or corruption, which could cause financial losses and reputational harm. While we continue to enhance our technology, infrastructure, operational controls and organizational structure in order to reduce our operational risk, these actions may not be effective to manage these risks and may create additional operational risk and expenses as we execute these enhancements.
Our ability to manage and aggregate data may be limited by the effectiveness of our policies, programs, processes, systems and practices that govern how data is acquired, validated, stored, protected, processed and shared. Failure to manage data effectively and to aggregate data in an accurate and timely manner may limit our ability to manage current and emerging risks, as well as to manage changing business needs.
We also face the risk of operational failure, termination or capacity constraints of any of the clearing agents, paying agents, exchanges, clearinghouses or other financial intermediaries, including CSS and Freddie Mac, we use to facilitate our securities and derivatives transactions. Moreover, the consolidation and interconnectivity among clearing agents, exchanges and clearing houses increases the risk of operational failure, on both an individual basis and an industry-wide basis. Any such failure, termination or constraint could adversely affect our ability to effect transactions or manage our exposure to risk.
Substantially all of our employees and business operations functions are consolidated in two metropolitan areas: Washington, DC and Dallas, Texas. As a result of this concentration of our employees and facilities, a major disruptive event at either location could impact our ability to operate notwithstanding the business continuity plans and facilities that we have in place, including our out-of-region data center for disaster recovery. Moreover, because of the concentration of our employees in the Washington, DC and Dallas metropolitan areas, a regional disruption in one of these areas could prevent our employees from accessing our facilities, working remotely, or communicating with or traveling to other locations. Further, if the frequency, severity or unpredictability of weather-related events in the Washington, DC or Dallas regions increases as a result of changing weather patterns, then these disruptions could occur regularly or last for longer periods of time. Accordingly, the occurrence of one or more major disruptive events could materially adversely affect our ability to conduct our business and lead to financial losses.
We may experience significant business disruptions as a result of COVID-19 and its variants. If a significant number of our executives or other employees, or family members for whom they provide care, contract COVID-19 during the same time period, it could materially adversely affect our ability to manage our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. The risk of executives, other employees or their family members contracting COVID-19 may increase with the further reopening of workplaces and schools.
At this time, a significant majority of our employees are working remotely and we currently expect that they will continue to work remotely for the foreseeable future. While our transition to a remote work environment has been successful to date, this remote work arrangement increases the risk that technological, cybersecurity or other operational incidents could materially adversely affect our business operations. This remote work arrangement could also materially adversely affect our ability to maintain effective controls, which could result in material errors to our reported financial results or disclosures that are not complete or accurate.
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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Risk Factors | Operational Risk
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A breach of the security of our systems or facilities, or those of third parties with which we do business, including as a result of cyber attacks, could damage or disrupt our business or result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential information, which could damage our reputation, result in regulatory sanctions and/or increase our costs and cause losses.
Our operations rely on the secure receipt, processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks and with our business partners, including proprietary, confidential or personal information that is subject to privacy laws, regulations or contractual obligations. Information security risks for large institutions like us have significantly increased in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies and the use of the Internet, mobile, telecommunications and cloud technologies to conduct or automate financial transactions. A number of financial services companies, consumer-based companies and other organizations have reported the unauthorized disclosure of client, customer or other confidential information, as well as cyber attacks involving the dissemination, theft and destruction of corporate information, intellectual property, cash or other valuable assets. There have also been several highly publicized ransomware cyber attacks where hackers have requested “ransom” payments in exchange for not disclosing stolen customer information or for unlocking or not disabling the target company’s computer or other systems.
We have been, and likely will continue to be, the target of cyber attacks, computer viruses, malicious code, social engineering attacks, including phishing attacks, denial of service attacks and other information security threats. To date, cyber attacks have not had a material impact on our financial condition, results or business. However, we could suffer material financial or other losses in the future as a result of cyber attacks, and these attacks and their impacts are hard to predict. Our risk and exposure to these matters remains heightened because of, among other things:
•the evolving nature of these threats;
•the current global economic and political environment;
•our prominent size and scale and our role in the financial services industry;
•the outsourcing of some of our business operations;
•the ongoing shortage of qualified cybersecurity professionals;
•our migration to cloud-based systems;
•our increased use of employee-owned devices for business communication;
•the large number of our employees working remotely; and
•the interconnectivity and interdependence of third parties to our systems.
Despite our efforts to ensure the integrity of our software, computers, systems and information, we may not be able to anticipate, detect or recognize threats to our systems and assets, or to implement effective preventive measures against all cyber threats, especially because the techniques used are increasingly sophisticated, change frequently, are complex, and are often not recognized until launched. In addition, recent large-scale cyber attacks suggest that the risk of damaging cyberattacks impacting us and/or third-parties with which we do business is increasing. We expect cyber attack and breach incidents to continue, and we are unable to predict the direct or indirect impact of future attacks or breaches on our business operations.
We routinely identify cyber threats as well as vulnerabilities in our systems and work to address them. Some cyber vulnerabilities take a substantial amount of time to resolve. In addition, efforts to resolve them may be insufficient. Further, these efforts involve costs that can be significant as cyber attack methods continue to rapidly evolve. Cyber attacks can originate from a variety of sources, including external parties who are affiliated with foreign governments or are involved with organized crime or terrorist organizations. Cybersecurity risks also derive from human error, fraud or malice on the part of our employees or third parties. Third parties have, and will likely continue to, attempt to induce employees, lenders (including servicers) or other users of our systems to disclose sensitive information or provide access to our systems or network, or to our data or that of our counterparties or borrowers, and these types of risks may be difficult to detect or prevent.
The occurrence of a cyber attack, breach, unauthorized access, misuse, computer virus or other malicious code or other cybersecurity event could jeopardize or result in the unauthorized disclosure, gathering, monitoring, misuse, corruption, loss or destruction of confidential and other information that belongs to us, our lenders, our counterparties, third-party service providers or borrowers that is processed and stored in, and transmitted through, our computer systems and networks. The occurrence of such an event could also result in damage to our software, computers or systems, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our, our lenders’, our counterparties’ or third parties’ operations. This could result in significant financial losses, loss of lenders and business opportunities, reputational damage, litigation,
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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Risk Factors | Operational Risk
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regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, reimbursement or other compensatory costs, or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Cyber attacks can occur and persist for an extended period of time without detection. Investigations of cyber attacks are inherently unpredictable, and it takes time to complete an investigation and have full and reliable information. While we are investigating a cyber attack, we do not necessarily know the extent of the harm or how best to remediate it, and we can repeat or compound certain errors or actions before we discover and remediate them. In addition, announcing that a cyber attack has occurred increases the risk of additional cyber attacks, and preparing for this elevated risk can delay the announcement of a cyber attack. All or any of these challenges could further increase the costs and consequences of a cyber attack. These factors may also inhibit our ability to provide rapid, complete and reliable information about a cyber attack to our lenders, counterparties and regulators, as well as the public.
In addition, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures and to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures arising from operational and security risks. Although we maintain insurance coverage relating to cybersecurity risks, our insurance may not be sufficient to provide adequate loss coverage in all circumstances.
Because we are interconnected with and dependent on third-party vendors, exchanges, clearing houses, fiscal and paying agents, and other financial intermediaries, including CSS, we could be materially adversely impacted if any of them is subject to a successful cyber attack or other information security event. Third parties with which we do business may also be sources of cybersecurity or other technological risks. We outsource certain functions and these relationships allow for the external storage and processing of our information, as well as lender, counterparty and borrower information, including on cloud-based systems. We also share this type of information with regulatory agencies and their vendors. While we engage in actions to mitigate our exposure resulting from our information-sharing activities, ongoing threats may result in unauthorized access, loss or destruction of data or other cybersecurity incidents with increased costs and consequences to us such as those described above.
We routinely transmit and receive personal, confidential and proprietary information by electronic means. In addition, our lenders maintain personal, confidential and proprietary information on systems we provide. We have discussed and worked with lenders, vendors, service providers, counterparties and other third parties to develop secure transmission capabilities and protect against cyber attacks, but we do not have, and may be unable to put in place, secure capabilities with all of our lenders, vendors, service providers, counterparties and other third parties and we may not be able to ensure that these third parties have appropriate controls in place to protect the confidentiality of the information. An interception, misuse or mishandling of personal, confidential or proprietary information being sent to or received from a lender, vendor, service provider, counterparty or other third party could result in legal liability, substantial fines, regulatory action and reputational harm. Furthermore the legal and regulatory environment related to data privacy and cybersecurity is constantly changing. An actual or perceived failure by us, lenders, vendors, service providers, counterparties or other third parties to comply with privacy, data protection and information security laws, regulations, standards, policies and contractual obligations could result in legal liability, substantial fines, regulatory action and reputational harm.
Our concurrent implementation of multiple new initiatives may increase our operational risk and result in one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.
We are currently implementing a number of initiatives in furtherance of both our and our conservator’s strategic objectives. The magnitude of the many new initiatives we are undertaking may increase our operational risk. Many of these initiatives involve significant changes to our business processes, controls, systems and infrastructure, require substantial attention from management, and present significant operational challenges for us. Some business initiatives that we are currently developing or executing against include a new general ledger platform, our environmental, social and governance initiatives, enhancements and efficiencies to our operational processes, and enhancements to our existing and development of new information technology and other systems. For example, for the past several years we have been transitioning our core information technology systems to third-party cloud-based platforms. If completing this initiative is delayed or we fail to complete it in a well-managed, secure and effective manner, we may experience unplanned service disruption or unforeseen costs, which could result in material harm to our business and results of operations. In addition, FHFA as our conservator is requiring that we undertake a number of initiatives, including those set forth in their 2022 scorecard. While implementation of each individual initiative creates operational challenges, implementing multiple initiatives during the same time period significantly increases these challenges. Due to the operational complexity associated with these changes and the limited time periods for implementing them, we believe there is a risk that implementing these changes could result in one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in a future period. If this were to occur, we could experience material errors in our reported financial results. In addition, FHFA, Treasury, other agencies of the U.S. government or Congress may require us to implement additional initiatives in the future that could further increase our operational risk.
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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Risk Factors | Operational Risk
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Material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting could result in errors in our reported results or disclosures that are not complete or accurate.
Management has determined that, as of the date of this filing, we have ineffective disclosure controls and procedures that result in a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, has expressed an adverse opinion on our internal control over financial reporting because of the material weakness. Our ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and material weakness could result in errors in our reported results or disclosures that are not complete or accurate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.
Our material weakness relates specifically to the impact of the conservatorship on our disclosure controls and procedures. Because we are under the control of FHFA, some of the information that we may need to meet our disclosure obligations may be solely within the knowledge of FHFA. As our conservator, FHFA has the power to take actions without our knowledge that could be material to our shareholders and other stakeholders, and could significantly affect our financial performance or our continued existence as an ongoing business. Because FHFA currently functions as both our regulator and our conservator, there are inherent structural limitations on our ability to design, implement, test or operate effective disclosure controls and procedures relating to information known to FHFA. As a result, we have not been able to update our disclosure controls and procedures in a manner that adequately ensures the accumulation and communication to management of information known to FHFA that is needed to meet our disclosure obligations under the federal securities laws, including disclosures affecting our financial statements. Given the structural nature of this material weakness, we do not expect to remediate this weakness while we are under conservatorship. See “Controls and Procedures” for further discussion of management’s conclusions on our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting.
Failure of our models to produce reliable results may adversely affect our ability to manage risk and make effective business decisions.
We make significant use of quantitative models to measure and monitor our risk exposures and to manage our business. For example, we use models to measure and monitor our exposures to interest rate, credit and market risks, and to forecast credit losses. We use this information in making business decisions relating to strategies, initiatives, transactions, pricing and products.
Models are inherently imperfect predictors of actual results because they are based on historical data and assumptions regarding factors such as future loan demand, borrower behavior, creditworthiness and home price trends. Other potential sources of inaccurate or inappropriate model results include errors in computer code, bad data, misuse of data, or use of a model for a purpose outside the scope of the model’s design. Modeling often assumes that historical data or experience can be relied upon as a basis for forecasting future events, an assumption that may be especially tenuous in the face of unprecedented events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Given the challenges of predicting future behavior, management judgment is used at every stage of the modeling process, from model design decisions regarding core underlying assumptions, to interpreting and applying final model output. To control for these inherent imperfections, our models are validated by an independent model risk management team within our Enterprise Risk Management Division and are subject to control requirements set by our model risk policies.
When market conditions change quickly and in unforeseen ways, there is an increased risk that the model assumptions and data inputs for our models are not representative of the most recent market conditions, which requires management judgment to make adjustments or overrides to our models. In a rapidly changing environment, it may not be possible to update existing models quickly enough to properly account for the most recently available data and events.
If our models fail to produce reliable results on an ongoing basis we may not make appropriate risk management decisions, including decisions affecting loan purchases, management of credit losses, guaranty fee pricing, and asset and liability management. Moreover, strategies we employ to manage and govern the risks associated with our use of models may not be effective or fully reliable.
Liquidity and Funding Risk
Limitations on our ability to access the debt capital markets could have a material adverse effect on our ability to fund our operations, and our liquidity contingency plans may be difficult or impossible to execute during a sustained liquidity crisis.
Our ability to fund our business depends on our ongoing access to the debt capital markets. Market concerns about matters such as the extent of government support for our business and debt securities, the future of our business (including future profitability, future structure, regulatory actions and our status as a government-sponsored enterprise) and the creditworthiness of the U.S. government could cause a severe negative effect on our access to the unsecured
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Risk Factors | Liquidity and Funding Risk
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debt markets, particularly for long-term debt. We believe that our ability in recent years to issue debt of varying maturities at attractive pricing resulted from federal government support of our business. As a result, we believe that our status as a government-sponsored enterprise and continued federal government support are essential to maintaining our access to debt funding. Changes or perceived changes in federal government support of our business, our debt securities or our status as a government-sponsored enterprise, including changes arising in connection with efforts to end our conservatorship, could materially and adversely affect our ability to fund our business. There can be no assurance that the government will continue to support our business or our debt securities, or that our current level of access to debt funding will continue. If our senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury is amended in the future to reduce its support for our debt securities issued after such amendment, it could materially increase our borrowing costs or materially adversely affect our access to the debt capital markets.
Future changes or disruptions in the financial markets could significantly change the amount, mix and cost of funds we obtain, as well as our liquidity position. If we are unable to issue both short- and long-term debt securities at attractive rates and in amounts sufficient to operate our business and meet our obligations, it likely would interfere with the operation of our business and have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and net worth.
Our liquidity contingency plans may be difficult or impossible to execute during a sustained market liquidity crisis. If the financial markets experience substantial volatility in the future similar to or more intensely than in 2020, it could significantly adversely affect the amount, mix and cost of funds we obtain, as well as our liquidity position. If we cannot access the unsecured debt markets, our ability to repay maturing indebtedness and fund our operations could be eliminated or significantly impaired. In this event, our alternative source of liquidity, our other investments portfolio, may not be sufficient to meet our liquidity needs.
A decrease in the credit ratings on our senior unsecured debt could have an adverse effect on our ability to issue debt on reasonable terms, particularly if such a decrease were not based on a similar action on the credit ratings of the U.S. government. A decrease in our credit ratings also could require that we post additional collateral for our derivatives contracts.
A reduction in our credit ratings could materially adversely affect our liquidity, our ability to conduct our normal business operations, our financial condition and our results of operations. Credit ratings on our senior unsecured debt, as well as the credit ratings of the U.S. government, are primary factors that could affect our borrowing costs and our access to the debt capital markets. Credit ratings on our debt are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating agencies. Actions by governmental entities impacting the support our business or our debt securities receive from Treasury could adversely affect the credit ratings on our senior unsecured debt. If our senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury is amended to reduce its support for our debt securities issued after such amendment, it could result in a downgrade in the credit ratings on our senior unsecured debt.
Because we rely on the U.S. government for capital support, in recent years, when a rating agency has taken an action relating to the U.S. government’s credit rating, they have taken a similar action relating to our ratings at approximately the same time. S&P, Moody’s and Fitch have all indicated that they would likely lower their ratings on the debt of Fannie Mae and certain other government-related entities if they were to lower their ratings on the U.S. government. As a result, if a future government shutdown or other event results in downgrades of the government’s credit rating, our credit ratings may be similarly downgraded. We currently cannot predict the potential impact of a credit ratings downgrade on demand for our securities or on our business.
A reduction in our credit ratings also could cause derivatives clearing organizations or their members to demand that we post additional collateral for our derivative contracts. Our credit ratings and ratings outlook are included in “MD&A—Liquidity and Capital Management—Liquidity Management—Credit Ratings.”
Market and Industry Risk
Changes in interest rates or our loss of the ability to manage interest-rate risk successfully could adversely affect our financial results and condition, and increase interest-rate risk.
We are subject to interest-rate risk, which is the risk that movements in interest rates will adversely affect the value of our assets or liabilities or our future earnings. Our exposure to interest-rate risk primarily arises from two sources: our “net portfolio,” which we define as our retained mortgage portfolio assets, other investments portfolio, outstanding debt of Fannie Mae used to fund the retained mortgage portfolio assets and other investments portfolio, mortgage commitments and risk management derivatives; and our consolidated MBS trusts. We describe these risks in more detail in “MD&A—Risk Management—Market Risk Management, Including Interest-Rate Risk Management.” Changes in interest rates affect both the value of our mortgage assets and prepayment rates on our mortgage loans, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results and condition, as well as our liquidity.
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Risk Factors | Market and Industry Risk
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Our ability to manage interest-rate risk depends on our ability to issue debt instruments with a range of maturities and other features, including call provisions, at attractive rates and to engage in derivatives transactions. We must exercise judgment in selecting the amount, type and mix of debt and derivative instruments that will most effectively manage our interest-rate risk. The amount, type and mix of financial instruments that are available to us may not offset possible future changes in the spread between our borrowing costs and the interest we earn on our mortgage assets. We mark to market changes in the estimated fair value of our derivatives through our earnings on a quarterly basis, but we do not similarly mark to market changes in some of the financial instruments that generate our interest-rate risk exposures. As a result, changes in interest rates, particularly significant changes, can have a significant adverse effect on our earnings and net worth for the quarter in which the changes occur, depending on the nature of the changes and the derivatives and short-term investments we hold at that time.
We have experienced significant fair value losses in some periods due to changes in interest rates. Although we implemented hedge accounting in 2021 to reduce the impact of benchmark interest-rate volatility on our financial results, earnings variability driven by other factors, such as spreads or changes in amortization recognized in net interest income, remains. We describe how changes in amortization affect net interest income in “MD&A—Consolidated Results of Operations—Net Interest Income.” In addition, our ability to effectively reduce earnings volatility is dependent on having the right mix and volume of interest-rate swaps available. As our portfolio of interest-rate swaps varies over time, our ability to reduce earnings volatility through hedge accounting may vary as well.
Changes in interest rates also can affect our credit losses. When interest rates increase, our credit losses from loans with adjustable payment terms may increase as borrower payments increase at their reset dates, which increases the borrower’s risk of default. Rising interest rates may also reduce the opportunity for these borrowers to refinance into a fixed-rate loan. Similarly, many borrowers may have additional debt obligations, such as home equity lines of credit and second liens, that also have adjustable payment terms. If a borrower’s payment on his or her other debt obligations increases due to rising interest rates or a change in amortization, it increases the risk that the borrower may default on a loan we own or guarantee. In addition to increasing the risk of future borrower defaults, rising interest rates reduce expected future loan prepayments, which lengthens the expected life of our loans and therefore increases our loss reserves related to any concessions we may have provided on those loans.
Changes in spreads could materially impact our results of operations, net worth and the fair value of our net assets.
Spread risk can result from changes in the spread between our mortgage assets, including mortgage purchase and sale commitments, and the debt and derivatives we use to hedge our position, as well as the current market spreads of our Connecticut Avenue Securities® (“CAS”) deals issued prior to 2016, which are subject to fair value accounting. Changes in market conditions, including changes in interest rates, liquidity, prepayment and default expectations, and the level of uncertainty in the market for a particular asset class may cause fluctuations in spreads. Changes in mortgage spreads have contributed to significant volatility in our financial results in certain periods, due to fluctuations in the estimated fair value of the financial instruments that we mark to market through our earnings, and this could occur again in a future period. Changes in mortgage spreads could cause significant fair value losses, and could adversely affect our near-term financial results and net worth. We do not actively manage or hedge our spread risk after we purchase mortgage assets, other than through asset monitoring and disposition.
Uncertainty relating to the discontinuance of LIBOR may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and net worth.
In 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced its intention to stop persuading or compelling the group of major banks that sustain LIBOR to submit rate quotations after 2021. ICE Benchmark Administration, the administrator of LIBOR, ceased publication of one-week and two-month U.S. dollar LIBOR after December 2021, and has stated its intention to cease publication of overnight, one-month, three-month, six-month and one-year U.S. dollar LIBOR tenors after June 2023. We have exposure to one-month, three-month, six-month and one-year LIBOR, including in financial instruments that mature after June 2023.
Efforts are underway to identify and transition to a set of alternative reference rates. As described in “Business—Legislation and Regulation—Industry and General Matters—Transition from LIBOR and Alternative Reference Rates,” the ARRC has recommended an alternative reference rate referred to as SOFR. However, SOFR is calculated based on different criteria than LIBOR. Accordingly, SOFR and LIBOR may diverge, particularly in times of macroeconomic stress. Since the initial publication of SOFR in 2018, daily changes in SOFR have at times been more volatile than daily changes in comparable benchmark or market rates, and SOFR may be subject to direct influence by activities of the Federal Reserve and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in ways that other rates may not be. For example, at the direction of the Federal Reserve, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York conducted overnight and term repurchase agreement (“repo”) operations to help maintain the federal funds rate within a target range starting in September 2019. Those activities lasted for an extended period of months and directly impacted prevailing SOFR rates.
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Risk Factors | Market and Industry Risk
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While many of our LIBOR-indexed financial instruments allow us to take discretionary action to select an alternative reference rate if LIBOR is discontinued, our use of an alternative reference rate may be subject to legal challenges. There is considerable uncertainty as to how the financial services industry will address the discontinuance of LIBOR in financial instruments. This uncertainty could result in disputes and litigation with counterparties and borrowers surrounding the implementation of alternative reference rates in our financial instruments that reference LIBOR. Financial instruments indexed to LIBOR could experience disparate outcomes based on their contractual terms, ability to amend those terms, market or product type, legal or regulatory jurisdiction, and other factors. There can be no assurance that legislative or regulatory actions will dictate what happens if LIBOR ceases or is no longer representative or viable, or what those actions might be. In addition, while the ARRC was created to ensure a successful transition from LIBOR, there can be no assurance that the ARRC will endorse practices that create a smooth transition and minimize value transfers between market participants, or that its endorsed practices will be broadly adopted by market participants. Divergent industry or market participant actions could result after LIBOR is no longer available, representative, or viable. It is uncertain what effect any divergent industry practices will have on the performance of financial instruments, including those that we own or have issued. Alternative reference rates that replace LIBOR may not yield the same or similar economic results over the lives of the financial instruments, which could adversely affect the value of and return on these instruments. The discontinuance of LIBOR could result in our paying higher interest rates on our current LIBOR-indexed obligations, adversely affect the yield on and fair value of the loans and securities we hold or guarantee that reference LIBOR, and increase the costs of or affect our ability to effectively use derivative instruments to manage interest-rate risk.
These developments could have a material impact on us, adjustable-rate mortgage borrowers, investors, and our lenders and counterparties. This could result in losses, reputational damage, litigation or costs, or otherwise adversely affect our business.
Our business and financial results are affected by general economic conditions, including home prices and employment trends, and changes in economic conditions or financial markets may materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.
In general, a prolonged period of slow growth in the U.S. economy or any deterioration in general economic conditions or financial markets could materially adversely affect our results of operations, net worth and financial condition. Our business is significantly affected by the status of the U.S. economy, including home prices and employment trends, as well as economic output levels, interest and inflation rates, and shifts in fiscal and monetary policies. For example, in December 2021 the Federal Reserve announced it would begin to significantly reduce its bond and mortgage-backed securities purchases in response to inflation concerns. We also expect interest rates on Treasury securities to increase in 2022 in anticipation of further inflation or a shift in monetary policy. The market impact from such policies may create upward pressure on mortgage interest rates likely leading to a slowdown in housing demand, deceleration in the pace of home price appreciation and a reduction in demand for mortgage-backed securities, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.
Global economic conditions can also adversely affect our business and financial results. Changes or volatility in market conditions resulting from deterioration in or uncertainty regarding global economic conditions can adversely affect the value of our assets, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations, net worth and financial condition. Differing rates of economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic around the world along with continued dislocations in supply chains remain a concern for policy makers and financial markets. To the extent global economic conditions negatively affect the U.S. economy, they also could negatively affect the credit performance of the loans in our book of business.
Volatility or uncertainty in global or domestic political conditions also can significantly affect economic conditions and financial markets. Global or domestic political unrest also could affect growth and financial markets. We describe above the risks to our business posed by changes in interest rates and changes in spreads. In addition, future changes or disruptions in financial markets could significantly change the amount, mix and cost of funds we obtain, as well as our liquidity position.
A decline in activity in the U.S. housing market or increasing interest rates could lower our business volumes or otherwise adversely affect our results of operations, net worth and financial condition.
Our business volume is affected by the rate of growth in total U.S. residential mortgage debt outstanding and the size of the U.S. residential mortgage market. A decline in mortgage debt outstanding reduces the unpaid principal balance of mortgage loans available for us to acquire, which in turn could reduce our net interest income and adversely affect our financial results. Various factors may impact our business volume, including:
•Rising interest rates, which generally result in fewer mortgage originations, particularly for refinances, as we have seen in the second half of 2021.
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Risk Factors | Market and Industry Risk
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•Lower home prices and multifamily property valuations, which could preclude some borrowers from being able to refinance their loans.
Legal and Regulatory Risk
Regulatory changes in the financial services industry may negatively impact our business.
Changes in the regulation of the financial services industry are affecting and are expected to continue to affect many aspects of our business. Changes to financial regulations could affect our business directly or indirectly if they affect our lenders and counterparties. Examples of regulatory changes that have affected us or may affect us in the future include: rules requiring the clearing of certain derivatives transactions and margin and capital rules for uncleared derivative trades, which impose additional costs on us; and the Dodd-Frank Act risk retention and single-counterparty credit limit requirements.
Additional changes in regulations applicable to U.S. banks could affect the volume and characteristics of mortgage loans available in the market and could also affect demand for our debt securities and MBS, as U.S. banks purchase a large amount of our debt securities and MBS. New or revised liquidity or capital requirements applicable to U.S. banks could materially affect banks’ willingness to deliver loans to us and demand by those banks for our debt securities and MBS. Developments in connection with the single-counterparty credit limit regulations, including those taken in anticipation of our eventual exit from conservatorship, could also cause our lenders and investors to change their business practices.
The actions of Treasury, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the CFPB, the SEC, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Reserve and international central banking authorities directly or indirectly impact financial institutions’ cost of funds for lending, capital-raising and investment activities, which could increase our borrowing costs or make borrowing more difficult for us. Changes in monetary policy are beyond our control and difficult to anticipate.
Overall, these legislative and regulatory changes could affect us in substantial and unforeseeable ways and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and net worth.
Legislative, regulatory or judicial actions could negatively impact our business, results of operations, financial condition or net worth.
Legislative, regulatory or judicial actions at the federal, state or local level could negatively impact our business, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity or net worth. Legislative, regulatory or judicial actions could affect us in a number of ways, including by imposing significant additional costs on us and diverting management attention or other resources. For example, the enterprise regulatory capital framework, when it is fully applicable, will require us to hold more capital than the statutory requirement, which may require us to change or limit certain business activities to maintain appropriate risk-adjusted returns. We could also be affected by:
•Actions taken by the U.S. Congress, Treasury, the Federal Reserve, FHFA or other national, state or local government agencies or legislatures in response to the continued spread of COVID-19 and its variants, such as expanding or extending our obligations to help borrowers, renters or counterparties affected by the pandemic or imposing new business shut-downs or other restrictions.
•Legislative or regulatory changes that expand our, or our servicers’, responsibility and liability for securing, maintaining or otherwise overseeing properties prior to foreclosure, which could increase our costs.
•Court decisions concluding that we or our affiliates are governmental actors, which could impose additional burdens and requirements on us.
•Designation as a systemically important financial institution by the Financial Stability Oversight Council (the “FSOC”). We have not been designated as a systemically important financial institution; however, the FSOC announced in 2020 that it will continue to monitor the secondary mortgage market activities of the GSEs to ensure potential risks to financial stability are adequately addressed. Designation as a systemically important financial institution would result in our becoming subject to additional regulation and oversight by the Federal Reserve Board.
•Other agencies of the U.S. government or Congress asking us to take actions to support the housing and mortgage markets or in support of other goals. For example, in December 2011, Congress enacted the TCCA under which we increased our guaranty fee on all single-family mortgages delivered to us by 10 basis points. The revenue generated by this fee increase is paid to Treasury. In November 2021, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act was enacted, which extended to October 1, 2032 our obligation under the TCCA to collect 10 basis points in guaranty fees on single-family residential mortgages delivered to us and pay the associated revenue to Treasury.
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Risk Factors | General Risk
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General Risk
The COVID-19 pandemic may continue to adversely affect our business and financial results.
The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant adverse effect on the U.S. economy, particularly in the second quarter of 2020. Although certain economic conditions in the United States improved in 2021, the pandemic continues to evolve, as recently experienced with the rapid spread of the Omicron variant, and risks to the U.S. economy from the COVID-19 pandemic remain that could negatively affect our business and financial results. The emergence of other new, more infectious variants of the coronavirus, potential waning of vaccine effectiveness over time and lower vaccination rates in certain areas of the country could lead to new shut-downs or other business restrictions or constraints in various locales and reductions in business activity. If this occurs and negatively affects the economic recovery, it could impact the ability of borrowers and renters to make their monthly payments, which could negatively affect our business and financial results.
Factors that may impact the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic affects our business, financial results and financial condition include: the duration of the pandemic, the prevalence and severity of future outbreaks; the actions taken to contain the virus, or treat its impact, including government actions to mitigate the economic impact of the pandemic and COVID-19 vaccination rates; the effectiveness and availability of COVID-19 vaccines over time; the nature, extent and success of the forbearance, payment deferrals, modifications and other loss mitigation options we provide to borrowers affected by the pandemic; accounting elections and estimates relating to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; borrower and renter behavior in response to the pandemic and its economic impact; future economic and operating conditions, including interruptions to economic recovery from outbreaks or increases in COVID-19 cases or severity; and how quickly and to what extent affected borrowers, renters and counterparties recover from the negative economic impact of the pandemic. To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects our business and financial results, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in these risk factors.
Our business and financial results could be materially adversely affected by legal or regulatory proceedings.
We are a party to various claims and other legal proceedings. We are periodically involved in government investigations. We may be required to establish accruals and to make substantial payments in the event of adverse judgments or settlements of any such claims, investigations or proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and net worth. Any legal proceeding or governmental investigation, even if resolved in our favor, could result in negative publicity, reputational harm or cause us to incur significant legal and other expenses. In addition, responding to these matters could divert significant internal resources away from managing our business.
In addition, a number of lawsuits have been filed against the U.S. government relating to the senior preferred stock purchase agreement and the conservatorship. See “Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies” and “Legal Proceedings” for a description of these lawsuits. These lawsuits, and actions Treasury or FHFA may take in response to these lawsuits, could have a material impact on our business.
Changes in accounting standards and policies can be difficult to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial results.
Our accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. From time to time, the FASB or the SEC changes the financial accounting and reporting standards or the policies that govern the preparation of our financial statements. In addition, FHFA provides guidance that affects our adoption or implementation of financial accounting or reporting standards. These changes can be difficult to predict and expensive to implement, and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We could be required to apply new or revised guidance retrospectively, which may result in the revision of prior-period financial statements by material amounts. The implementation of new or revised accounting guidance, could have a material adverse effect on our financial results or net worth.
In many cases, our accounting policies and methods, which are fundamental to how we report our financial condition and results of operations, require management to make judgments and estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. Management also relies on models in making these estimates.
Our accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. Our management must exercise judgment in applying many of these accounting policies and methods so that they comply with GAAP and reflect management’s judgment of the most appropriate manner to report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, management must select the appropriate accounting policy or method from two or more acceptable alternatives, any of which might be reasonable under the circumstances but might affect the amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses that we report. See “Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for a description of our significant accounting policies.
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We have identified our allowance for loan losses accounting policy as critical to the presentation of our financial condition and results of operations. This policy is described in “MD&A—Critical Accounting Estimates.” We believe this policy is critical because it requires management to make particularly subjective or complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and because of the likelihood that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions.
Because our financial statements involve estimates for amounts that are very large, even a small change in the estimate can have a significant impact for the reporting period. For example, because our allowance for loan losses is so large, even a change that has a small impact relative to the size of this allowance can have a meaningful impact on our results for the quarter in which we make the change. Because loans are evaluated for impairment under the CECL standard, our credit-related income or expense now reflects expected lifetime losses, rather than just incurred losses, as were recognized under the pre-CECL model. As a result, the CECL standard has introduced additional volatility to our results.
Many of our accounting methods involve substantial use of models, which are inherently imperfect predictors of actual results because they are based on assumptions, including about future events. For example, we determine expected lifetime losses on loans and other financial instruments subject to the CECL standard using models. Our actual results could differ significantly from those generated by our models. As a result, the estimates that we use to prepare our financial statements, as well as our estimates of our future results of operations, may be inaccurate, perhaps significantly.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
There are no physical properties that are material to us.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
This item describes our material legal proceedings. We describe additional material legal proceedings in “Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies,” which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition to the matters specifically described or incorporated by reference in this item, we are involved in a number of legal and regulatory proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business that we do not expect will have a material impact on our business or financial condition. However, litigation claims and proceedings of all types are subject to many factors and their outcome and effect on our business and financial condition generally cannot be predicted accurately.
We establish an accrual for legal claims only when a loss is probable and we can reasonably estimate the amount of such loss. The actual costs of resolving legal claims may be substantially higher or lower than the amounts accrued for those claims. If certain of these matters are determined against us, FHFA or Treasury, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition, including our net worth.
Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreements Litigation
Between June 2013 and August 2018, preferred and common stockholders of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac filed lawsuits in multiple federal courts against one or more of the United States, Treasury and FHFA, challenging actions taken by the defendants relating to the Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac senior preferred stock purchase agreements and the conservatorships of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Some of these lawsuits also contain claims against Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The legal claims being advanced by one or more of these lawsuits include challenges to the net worth sweep dividend provisions of the senior preferred stock that were implemented pursuant to August 2012 amendments to the agreements, the payment of dividends to Treasury under the net worth sweep dividend provisions, and FHFA’s decision to require Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to draw funds from Treasury in order to pay dividends to Treasury prior to the August 2012 amendments. The plaintiffs seek various forms of equitable and injunctive relief as well as damages.
Amendments to our senior preferred stock purchase agreement made pursuant to the January 2021 letter agreement provide that we may take certain actions without Treasury’s prior written consent only when all currently pending significant litigation relating to the conservatorship and to the August 2012 amendments to the agreement has been resolved. For more information, see “Business—Conservatorship, Treasury Agreements and Housing Finance Reform—Treasury Agreements.” The cases that remain pending or were terminated after September 30, 2021 are as follows:
District of Columbia. Fannie Mae is a defendant in two cases pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, including a consolidated class action. In both cases, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac stockholders filed amended complaints on November 1, 2017 against us, FHFA as our conservator and Freddie Mac. On September 28,
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2018, the court dismissed all of the plaintiffs’ claims in these cases, except for their claims for breach of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Both cases, and a third case that was voluntarily dismissed on November 18, 2021, are described in “Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies.”
Southern District of Texas (Collins v. Yellen). On October 20, 2016, preferred and common stockholders filed a complaint against FHFA and Treasury in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas. On May 22, 2017, the court dismissed the case. On September 6, 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, sitting en banc, affirmed the district court’s dismissal of claims against Treasury, but reversed the dismissal of claims against FHFA.
On June 23, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court held that FHFA did not exceed its statutory powers as conservator when it agreed to the net worth sweep dividend provisions of the third amendment to the senior preferred stock purchase agreements in August 2012. The court also held that the provision of the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 that restricts the President’s power to remove the FHFA Director without cause violates the Constitution’s separation of powers and, thus, the FHFA Director may be removed by the President for any reason. The court rejected plaintiffs’ request to rescind the third amendment to the senior preferred stock purchase agreements. However, the Supreme Court remanded the case to the Fifth Circuit for further proceedings on the sole issue of whether the stockholders suffered compensable harm related to the constitutional claim during the limited time-period when a Senate-confirmed FHFA Director was in office.
Western District of Michigan. On June 1, 2017, preferred and common stockholders of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac filed a complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief against FHFA and Treasury in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan. FHFA and Treasury moved to dismiss the case on September 8, 2017, and plaintiffs filed a motion for summary judgment on October 6, 2017. On September 8, 2020, the court denied plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment and granted defendants’ motion to dismiss. The plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on October 27, 2020.
District of Minnesota. On June 22, 2017, preferred and common stockholders of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac filed a complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief against FHFA and Treasury in the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota. The court dismissed the case on July 6, 2018. On October 6, 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part the district court’s ruling and remanded the case to the district court to determine whether the stockholders suffered compensable harm and are entitled to retrospective relief.
Eastern District of Pennsylvania. On August 16, 2018, common stockholders of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac filed a complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief against FHFA and Treasury in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. FHFA and Treasury moved to dismiss the case on November 16, 2018, and plaintiffs filed a motion for summary judgment on December 21, 2018.
U.S. Court of Federal Claims. Numerous cases are pending against the United States in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. Fannie Mae is a nominal defendant in four of these cases: Fisher v. United States of America, filed on December 2, 2013; Rafter v. United States of America, filed on August 14, 2014; Perry Capital LLC v. United States of America, filed on August 15, 2018; and Fairholme Funds Inc. v. United States, which was originally filed on July 9, 2013, and amended publicly to include Fannie Mae as a nominal defendant on October 2, 2018. Plaintiffs in these cases allege that the net worth sweep dividend provisions of the senior preferred stock that were implemented pursuant to the August 2012 amendment constitute a taking of Fannie Mae’s property without just compensation in violation of the U.S. Constitution. The Fisher plaintiffs are pursuing this claim derivatively on behalf of Fannie Mae, while the Rafter, Perry Capital and Fairholme Funds plaintiffs are pursuing the claim both derivatively and directly against the United States. Plaintiffs in Rafter also allege direct and derivative breach of contract claims against the government. The Perry Capital and Fairholme Funds plaintiffs allege similar breach of contract claims, as well as direct and derivative breach of fiduciary duty claims against the government. Plaintiffs in Fisher request just compensation to Fannie Mae in an unspecified amount. Plaintiffs in Rafter, Perry Capital and Fairholme Funds seek just compensation for themselves on their direct claims and payment of damages to Fannie Mae on their derivative claims. The United States filed a motion to dismiss the Fisher, Rafter and Fairholme Funds cases on August 1, 2018. On December 6, 2019, the court entered an order in the Fairholme Funds case that granted the government’s motion to dismiss all the direct claims but denied the motion as to all of the derivative claims brought on behalf of Fannie Mae. On June 18, 2020, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit agreed to hear the appeal of the court’s December 6, 2019 order. In the Fisher case, the court denied the government’s motion to dismiss on May 8, 2020 and, on August 21, 2020, the Federal Circuit denied the Fisher plaintiffs’ request for interlocutory appeal. Oral argument in the Fairholme Funds case that is on appeal took place on August 4, 2021.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None.
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Fannie Mae 2021 Form 10-K
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55
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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FANNIE MAE
(In conservatorship)
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Organization
Fannie Mae is a leading source of financing for mortgages in the United States. We are a shareholder-owned corporation organized as a government-sponsored entity (“GSE”) and existing under the Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act (the “Charter Act” or our “charter”). Our charter is an act of Congress, and we have a purpose under that charter to provide liquidity and stability to the residential mortgage market and to promote access to mortgage credit. Our regulators include the Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”), the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”), the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), and the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”). The U.S. government does not guarantee our securities or other obligations.
We operate in the secondary mortgage market, primarily working with lenders who originate loans to borrowers. We do not originate loans or lend money directly to consumers in the primary mortgage market. Instead, we securitize mortgage loans originated by lenders into Fannie Mae mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) that we guarantee; purchase mortgage loans and mortgage-related securities, primarily for securitization and sale at a later date; manage mortgage credit risk; and engage in other activities that increase the supply of affordable housing.
We have two reportable business segments: Single-Family and Multifamily. The Single-Family business operates in the secondary mortgage market relating to loans secured by properties containing four or fewer residential dwelling units. The Multifamily business operates in the secondary mortgage market relating primarily to loans secured by properties containing five or more residential units. We describe the management reporting and allocation process used to generate our segment results in “Note 10, Segment Reporting.”
Conservatorship
On September 7, 2008, the Secretary of the Treasury and the Director of FHFA announced several actions taken by Treasury and FHFA regarding Fannie Mae, which included: (1) placing us in conservatorship, with FHFA acting as our conservator, and (2) the execution of a senior preferred stock purchase agreement by our conservator, on our behalf, and Treasury, pursuant to which we issued to Treasury both senior preferred stock and a warrant to purchase common stock.
Under the Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992, as amended, including by the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (together, the “GSE Act”), the conservator immediately succeeded to (1) all rights, titles, powers and privileges of Fannie Mae, and of any stockholder, officer or director of Fannie Mae with respect to Fannie Mae and its assets, and (2) title to the books, records and assets of any other legal custodian of Fannie Mae. The conservator subsequently issued an order that provided for our Board of Directors to exercise specified functions and authorities. The conservator also provided instructions regarding matters for which conservator decision or notification is required. The conservator retains the authority to amend or withdraw its order and instructions at any time.
The conservator has the power to transfer or sell any asset or liability of Fannie Mae (subject to limitations and post-transfer notice provisions for transfers of qualified financial contracts) without any approval, assignment of rights or consent of any party. However, mortgage loans and mortgage-related assets that have been transferred to a Fannie Mae MBS trust must be held by the conservator for the beneficial owners of the Fannie Mae MBS and cannot be used to satisfy the general creditors of Fannie Mae. Neither the conservatorship nor the terms of our agreements with Treasury change our obligation to make required payments on our debt securities or perform under our mortgage guaranty obligations.
The conservatorship has no specified termination date and there continues to be significant uncertainty regarding our future, including how long we will continue to exist in our current form, the extent of our role in the market, the level of government support of our business, how long we will be in conservatorship, what form we will have and what ownership interest, if any, our current common and preferred stockholders will hold in us after the conservatorship is terminated and whether we will continue to exist following conservatorship. Under the GSE Act, FHFA must place us into receivership if the Director of FHFA makes a written determination that our assets are less than our obligations or if we have not been paying our debts, in either case, for a period of 60 days. In addition, the Director of FHFA may place
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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us into receivership at the Director’s discretion at any time for other reasons set forth in the GSE Act, including if we are critically undercapitalized or if we are undercapitalized and have no reasonable prospect of becoming adequately capitalized. Should we be placed into receivership, different assumptions would be required to determine the carrying value of our assets, which could lead to substantially different financial results. Treasury has made a commitment under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement to provide funding to us under certain circumstances if we have a net worth deficit. We are not aware of any plans of FHFA (1) to fundamentally change our business model, or (2) to reduce the aggregate amount available to or held by the company under our capital structure, which includes the senior preferred stock purchase agreement.
Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, Senior Preferred Stock and Warrant
Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement
Under our senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury, in September 2008 we issued Treasury one million shares of senior preferred stock and a warrant to purchase shares of our common stock. The senior preferred stock purchase agreement and the dividend and liquidation provisions of the senior preferred stock were amended in January 2021 pursuant to a letter agreement between Fannie Mae, through FHFA in its capacity as conservator, and Treasury. The changes include the following:
•The dividend provisions of the senior preferred stock were amended to permit us to retain increases in our net worth until our net worth exceeds the amount of adjusted total capital necessary for us to meet the capital requirements and buffers under the enterprise regulatory capital framework discussed in “Note 12, Regulatory Capital Requirements.” After the “capital reserve end date,” which is defined as the last day of the second consecutive fiscal quarter during which we have had and maintained capital equal to, or in excess of, all of the capital requirements and buffers under the enterprise regulatory capital framework, the amount of quarterly dividends to Treasury will be equal to the lesser of any quarterly increase in our net worth and a 10% annual rate on the then-current liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock.
•At the end of each fiscal quarter, through and including the capital reserve end date, the liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock will be increased by an amount equal to the increase in our net worth, if any, during the immediately prior fiscal quarter.
•We may issue and retain up to $70 billion in proceeds from the sale of common stock without Treasury’s prior consent, provided that (1) Treasury has already exercised its warrant in full, and (2) all currently pending significant litigation relating to the conservatorship and to an amendment to the senior preferred stock purchase agreement made in August 2012 has been resolved, which may require Treasury’s assent.
•FHFA may release us from conservatorship without Treasury’s consent after (1) all currently pending significant litigation relating to the conservatorship and to the August 2012 amendment to the senior preferred stock purchase agreement has been resolved, and (2) our common equity tier 1 capital, together with any other common stock that we may issue in a public offering, equals or exceeds 3% of our “adjusted total assets” under our enterprise regulatory capital framework.
•New restrictive covenants were added relating to our single-family and multifamily business activities.
On September 14, 2021, Fannie Mae, through FHFA acting in its capacity as Fannie Mae’s conservator, entered into a letter agreement with Treasury temporarily suspending certain of the restrictive business covenants that were added in the January 2021 letter agreement amending the senior preferred stock purchase agreement. The September 2021 letter agreement provides that the suspension of these provisions will terminate on the later of one year after the date of the agreement and six months after Treasury notifies us.
Treasury has made a commitment under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement to provide funding to us under certain circumstances if we have a net worth deficit. Pursuant to the senior preferred stock purchase agreement, we have received a total of $119.8 billion from Treasury as of December 31, 2021, and the amount of remaining funding available to us under the agreement is $113.9 billion. We have not received any funding from Treasury under this commitment since the first quarter of 2018.
Dividend provisions of the senior preferred stock permit us to retain increases in our net worth until our net worth exceeds the amount of adjusted total capital necessary for us to meet the capital requirements and buffers under the enterprise regulatory capital framework established by FHFA in November 2020. The aggregate liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock increased to $163.7 billion as of December 31, 2021 and will further increase to $168.9 billion as of March 31, 2022 due to the $5.2 billion increase in our net worth during the fourth quarter of 2021.
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
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F-9
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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Both the January and September 2021 letter agreements have been accounted for as modifications of the senior preferred stock purchase agreement. As a result, there is no change in the carrying value of the senior preferred stock.
The terms of the senior preferred stock purchase agreement, as amended, including Treasury’s funding commitment, are described more fully in “Note 11, Equity.”
Senior Preferred Stock
For information about the senior preferred stock, see “Note 11, Equity.”
Warrant
On September 7, 2008, we issued to Treasury a warrant to purchase, at a nominal price, shares of our common stock equal to 79.9% of the total common stock outstanding on a fully diluted basis on the date the warrant is exercised. The warrant may be exercised, in whole or in part, at any time on or before September 7, 2028. We recorded the warrant at fair value in our stockholders’ equity as a component of additional paid-in-capital. The fair value of the warrant was calculated using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model. Since the warrant has an exercise price of $0.00001 per share, the model is insensitive to the risk-free rate and volatility assumptions used in the calculation and the share value of the warrant is equal to the price of the underlying common stock. We estimated that the fair value of the warrant at issuance was $3.5 billion based on the price of our common stock on September 8, 2008, which was after the dilutive effect of the warrant had been reflected in the market price. Subsequent changes in the fair value of the warrant are not recognized in our financial statements. If the warrant is exercised, the stated value of the common stock issued will be reclassified as “Common stock” in our consolidated balance sheets. Because the warrant’s exercise price per share is considered non-substantive (compared to the market price of our common stock), the warrant was determined to have characteristics of non-voting common stock, and thus is included in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share. The weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for 2021, 2020 and 2019 included shares of common stock that would be issuable upon full exercise of the warrant issued to Treasury.
Impact of U.S. Government Support
We continue to rely on support from Treasury to eliminate any net worth deficits we may experience in the future, which would otherwise trigger our being placed into receivership. Based on consideration of all the relevant conditions and events affecting our operations, including our reliance on the U.S. government, we continue to operate as a going concern and in accordance with FHFA’s provision of authority.
In addition to MBS issuances, we fund our business through the issuance of short-term and long-term debt securities in the domestic and international capital markets. Accordingly, we are subject to “roll over,” or refinancing, risk on our outstanding debt. Our ability to issue long-term debt has been strong primarily due to actions taken by the federal government to support our business and our debt securities.
We believe that our status as a government-sponsored enterprise and continued federal government support are essential to maintaining our access to debt funding. Changes or perceived changes in federal government support of our business without appropriate capitalization of the company could materially and adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. Changes or perceived changes in our status as a government-sponsored enterprise could also materially and adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, due to our reliance on the U.S. government’s support, our access to debt funding or the cost of debt funding also could be materially adversely affected by a change or perceived change in the creditworthiness of the U.S government. A downgrade in our credit ratings could reduce demand for our debt securities and increase our borrowing costs. Future changes or disruptions in the financial markets could significantly impact the amount, mix and cost of funds we obtain, which also could increase our liquidity and “roll over” risk and have a material adverse impact on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Related Parties
Because Treasury holds a warrant to purchase shares of Fannie Mae common stock equal to 79.9% of the total number of shares of Fannie Mae common stock, we and Treasury are deemed related parties. As of December 31, 2021, Treasury held an investment in our senior preferred stock with an aggregate liquidation preference of $163.7 billion. See “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, Senior Preferred Stock and Warrant” above for additional information on transactions under this agreement and the modifications made in the January 2021 and September 2021 letter agreements.
FHFA’s control of both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac has caused Fannie Mae, FHFA and Freddie Mac to be deemed related parties. Additionally, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac jointly own Common Securitization Solutions, LLC (“CSS”), a limited liability company created to operate a common securitization platform; as a result, CSS is deemed a related
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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party. As a part of our joint ownership, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and CSS are parties to a limited liability company agreement that sets forth the overall framework for the joint venture, including Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s rights and responsibilities as members of CSS. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and CSS are also parties to a customer services agreement that sets forth the terms under which CSS provides mortgage securitization services to us and Freddie Mac, including the operation of the common securitization platform, as well as an administrative services agreement. CSS operates as a separate company from us and Freddie Mac, with all funding and limited administrative support services and other resources provided to it by us and Freddie Mac.
In the ordinary course of business, Fannie Mae may purchase and sell securities issued by Treasury and Freddie Mac. These transactions occur on the same terms as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with unrelated parties. Some of the structured securities we issue are backed in whole or in part by Freddie Mac securities. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each have agreed to indemnify the other party for losses caused by: its failure to meet its payment or other specified obligations under the trust agreements pursuant to which the underlying resecuritized securities were issued; its failure to meet its obligations under the customer services agreement; its violations of laws; or with respect to material misstatements or omissions in offering documents, ongoing disclosures and related materials relating to the underlying resecuritized securities. Additionally, we make regular income tax payments to and receive tax refunds from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), a bureau of Treasury. We received a refund of $27 million, from the IRS during the year ended December 31, 2021 for income tax adjustments related to the 2016 tax year.
Transactions with Treasury
Treasury Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement and Senior Preferred Stock
Fannie Mae, through FHFA acting in its capacity as Fannie Mae’s conservator, entered into letter agreements with Treasury on January 14, 2021 and September 14, 2021. For a description of the terms of the letter agreements, see “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, Senior Preferred Stock and Warrant” above.
Treasury Making Home Affordable Program
Our administrative expenses were reduced by $17 million, $19 million and $20 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, due to reimbursements from Treasury and Freddie Mac for expenses incurred as program administrator for Treasury’s Home Affordable Modification Program (“HAMP”) and other initiatives under Treasury’s Making Home Affordable Program.
Obligation to Pay TCCA Fees to Treasury
In December 2011, Congress enacted the Temporary Payroll Cut Continuation Act of 2011 (“TCCA”) which, among other provisions, required that we increase our single-family guaranty fees by at least 10 basis points and remit this increase to Treasury. To meet our obligations under the TCCA and at the direction of FHFA, we increased the guaranty fee on all single-family residential mortgages delivered to us by 10 basis points effective April 1, 2012. The resulting fee revenue and expense are recorded in “Interest income: Mortgage loans” and “TCCA fees,” respectively, in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
In 2020, FHFA provided guidance that we are not required to accrue or remit TCCA fees to Treasury with respect to loans backing MBS trusts that have been delinquent for four months or longer. Once payments on such loans resume, we will resume accrual and remittance to Treasury of the associated TCCA fees on the loans.
In November 2021, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act was enacted, which extended to October 1, 2032 our obligation under the TCCA to collect 10 basis points in guaranty fees on single-family residential mortgages delivered to us and pay the associated revenue to Treasury. In January 2022, FHFA advised us to continue to pay these TCCA fees to Treasury with respect to all single-family loans acquired by us before October 1, 2032, and to continue to remit these amounts to Treasury on and after October 1, 2032 with respect to loans we acquired before this date until those loans are paid off or otherwise liquidated.
We recognized $3.1 billion, $2.7 billion and $2.4 billion in TCCA fees during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, of which $801 million and $697 million had not been remitted as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Treasury Interest in Affordable Housing Allocations
The GSE Act requires us to set aside certain funding obligations, a portion of which is attributable to Treasury’s Capital Magnet Fund. These funding obligations, recognized in “Other expenses, net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, are measured as the product of 4.2 basis points and the unpaid principal balance of our total new business purchases for the respective period, with 35% of this amount payable to Treasury’s Capital Magnet Fund. We recognized $209 million, $211 million and $98 million in “Other expenses, net” in connection with Treasury’s Capital Magnet Fund for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We paid
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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$211 million and $98 million to Treasury’s Capital Magnet Fund in 2021 and 2020, respectively. In 2022, we expect to pay $209 million to Treasury’s Capital Magnet Fund based on our new business purchases in 2021.
Transactions with FHFA
The GSE Act authorizes FHFA to establish an annual assessment for regulated entities, including Fannie Mae, which is payable on a semi-annual basis (April and October), for FHFA’s costs and expenses, as well as to maintain FHFA’s working capital. We recognized FHFA assessment fees, which are recorded in “Administrative expenses” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, of $140 million, $139 million and $121 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Transactions with CSS and Freddie Mac
We contributed capital to CSS, the company we jointly own with Freddie Mac, of $76 million, $88 million and $105 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). To conform to our current-period presentation, we have reclassified certain amounts reported in our prior periods’ consolidated financial statements.
Presentation of Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents
Restricted cash and cash equivalents includes funds held by consolidated MBS trusts that have not yet been remitted to MBS certificateholders under the terms of our servicing guide and the related trust agreements. In 2021, Fannie Mae, in its role as trustee, began to invest funds held by consolidated trusts directly in eligible short-term third-party investments, which may include investments in cash equivalents that are composed of overnight repurchase agreements and U.S. Treasuries that have a maturity at the date of acquisition of three months or less. The funds underlying these short-term investments are restricted per the trust agreements. Accordingly, any investment in cash equivalents should be classified as restricted and is presented as “Restricted cash and cash equivalents” in our consolidated balance sheets to reflect the investment of funds related to MBS trusts.
Presentation of Freestanding Credit Enhancement Expense and Recoveries
Freestanding credit enhancements primarily include our Connecticut Avenue Securities® (“CAS”) and Credit Insurance Risk TransferTM (“CIRTTM”) programs, enterprise-paid mortgage insurance (“EPMI”), and certain lender risk-sharing arrangements, including our multifamily Delegated Underwriting and Servicing (“DUS®”) program. We have revised our presentation of the expenses and recoveries associated with these programs as described below.
Credit Enhancement Expense
Credit enhancement expense consists of costs associated with our freestanding credit enhancements. We exclude from this expense costs related to our CAS transactions accounted for as debt instruments and credit risk transfer programs accounted for as derivative instruments. Starting in 2020, we began presenting credit enhancement expense as a separate line item in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income for all periods presented, as these expenses have become a more significant driver of our results of operations. Previously, credit enhancement expenses had been presented in “Other expenses, net.”
Change in Expected Credit Enhancement Recoveries
Change in expected credit enhancement recoveries consists of the change in benefits recognized from our freestanding credit enhancements, including any realized amounts. Benefits, if any, from our CAS, CIRT and EPMI programs are presented in “Change in expected credit enhancement recoveries” for all periods presented. Benefits from other lender risk-sharing programs, including our multifamily DUS program, were recorded as a reduction of credit-related expense in periods prior to 2020. However, with our adoption of the Current Expected Credit Loss standard on January 1, 2020, benefits from freestanding credit enhancements are no longer recorded as a reduction of credit-related expenses. These benefits from lender risk-sharing have been presented in “Change in expected credit enhancement recoveries” on a prospective basis beginning January 1, 2020.
Use of Estimates
Preparing consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect our reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the dates of our consolidated financial statements, as well as our reported amounts of revenues and expenses
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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during the reporting periods. Management has made significant estimates in a variety of areas including, but not limited to, our allowance for loan losses. Actual results could be different from these estimates.
Principles of Consolidation
Our consolidated financial statements include our accounts as well as the accounts of the other entities in which we have a controlling financial interest. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The typical condition for a controlling financial interest is ownership of a majority of the voting interests of an entity. A controlling financial interest may also exist in an entity such as a variable interest entity (“VIE”) through arrangements that do not involve voting interests. The majority of Fannie Mae’s controlling interests arise from arrangements with VIEs.
VIE Assessment
We have interests in various entities that are considered VIEs. A VIE is an entity (1) that has total equity at risk that is not sufficient to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other entities, (2) where the group of equity holders does not have the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, or the obligation to absorb the entity’s expected losses or the right to receive the entity’s expected residual returns, or both, or (3) where the voting rights of some investors are not proportional to their obligations to absorb the expected losses of the entity, their rights to receive the expected residual returns of the entity, or both, and substantially all of the entity’s activities either involve or are conducted on behalf of an investor that has disproportionately few voting rights.
We determine whether an entity is a VIE by performing a qualitative analysis, which requires certain subjective decisions including, but not limited to, the design of the entity, the variability that the entity was designed to create and pass along to its interest holders, the rights of the parties and the purpose of the arrangement.
The primary types of VIE entities with which we are involved are securitization trusts guaranteed by us via lender swap and portfolio securitization transactions, special-purpose vehicles (“SPVs”) associated with certain credit risk transfer programs, limited partnership investments in low-income housing tax credit (“LIHTC”) and other housing partnerships, as well as mortgage and asset-backed trusts that were not created by us. For more information on the primary types of VIE entities with which we are involved, see “Note 2, Consolidations and Transfers of Financial Assets.”
Primary Beneficiary Determination
If an entity is a VIE, we consider whether our variable interest in that entity causes us to be the primary beneficiary. We are deemed to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE when we have both (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, and (2) exposure to benefits and/or losses that could potentially be significant to the entity. The primary beneficiary of the VIE is required to consolidate and account for the assets, liabilities, and noncontrolling interests of the VIE in its consolidated financial statements. The assessment of which party has the power to direct the activities of the VIE may require significant management judgment when (1) more than one party has power or (2) more than one party is involved in the design of the VIE but no party has the power to direct the ongoing activities that could be significant.
We continually assess whether we are the primary beneficiary of the VIEs with which we are involved and therefore may consolidate or deconsolidate a VIE through the duration of our involvement. Examples of certain events that may change whether or not we consolidate the VIE include a change in the design of the entity or a change in our ownership in the entity.
Measurement of Consolidated Assets and Liabilities
When we are the transferor of assets into a VIE that we consolidate at the time of the transfer, we continue to recognize the assets and liabilities of the VIE at the amounts that they would have been recognized if we had not transferred them, and no gain or loss is recognized. For all other VIEs that we consolidate (that is, those for which we are not the transferor), we recognize the assets and liabilities of the VIE in our consolidated financial statements at fair value, and we recognize a gain or loss for the difference between (1) the fair value of the consideration paid, fair value of noncontrolling interests and the reported amount of any previously held interests, and (2) the net amount of the fair value of the assets and liabilities recognized upon consolidation. However, for the securitization trusts established under our lender swap program, no gain or loss is recognized if the trust is consolidated at formation as there is no difference in the respective fair value of (1) and (2) above. We record gains or losses that are associated with the consolidation of VIEs as a component of “Investment gains, net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
If we cease to be deemed the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we deconsolidate the VIE. We use fair value to measure the initial cost basis for any retained interests that are recorded upon the deconsolidation of a VIE. Any difference between
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the fair value and the previous carrying amount of our investment in the VIE is recorded in “Investment gains, net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
Purchase/Sale of Fannie Mae Securities
We actively purchase and sell guaranteed MBS that have been issued through lender swap and portfolio securitization transactions. The accounting for the purchase and sale of our guaranteed MBS issued by the trusts differs based on the characteristics of the securitization trusts and whether the trusts are consolidated and is discussed in “Single-Class Securitization Trusts,” “Single-Class Resecuritization Trusts” and “Multi-Class Resecuritization Trusts” below.
Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities (“UMBS”)
Uniform Mortgage-Backed Securities (“UMBS”) are common mortgage-backed securities issued by both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to finance fixed-rate mortgage loans backed by one- to four-unit single-family properties. We and Freddie Mac began issuing UMBS and resecuritizing UMBS certificates into structured securities in June 2019. The structured securities backed by UMBS that we issue include Supers, which are single-class resecuritization transactions, Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit securities (“REMICs”) and interest-only and principal-only strip securities (“SMBS”), which are multi-class resecuritization transactions.
Since June 2019, we have resecuritized UMBS, Supers and other structured securities issued by Freddie Mac. The mortgage loans that serve as collateral for Freddie Mac-issued UMBS are not held in trusts that are consolidated by Fannie Mae. When we include Freddie Mac securities in our structured securities, we are subject to additional credit risk because we guarantee securities that were not previously guaranteed by Fannie Mae. However, Freddie Mac continues to guarantee the payment of principal and interest on the underlying Freddie Mac securities that we have resecuritized. We have concluded that this additional credit risk is negligible because of the funding commitment available to Freddie Mac through its senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury.
Single-Class Securitization Trusts
We create single-class securitization trusts to issue single-class Fannie Mae MBS (including UMBS) that evidence an undivided interest in the mortgage loans held in the trust. Investors in single-class Fannie Mae MBS receive principal and interest payments in proportion to their percentage ownership of the MBS issuance. We guarantee to each single-class securitization trust that we will supplement amounts received by the securitization trust as required to permit timely payments of principal and interest on the related Fannie Mae MBS. This guaranty exposes us to credit losses on the loans underlying Fannie Mae MBS.
Single-class securitization trusts are used for lender swap and portfolio securitization transactions. A lender swap transaction occurs when a mortgage lender delivers a pool of single-family mortgage loans to us, which we immediately deposit into an MBS trust. The MBS are then issued to the lender in exchange for the mortgage loans. A portfolio securitization transaction occurs when we purchase mortgage loans from third-party sellers for cash and later deposit these loans into an MBS trust. The securities issued through a portfolio securitization are then sold to investors for cash. We consolidate single-class securitization trusts that are issued under these programs when our role as guarantor and master servicer provides us with the power to direct matters, such as the servicing of the mortgage loans, that impact the credit risk to which we are exposed. In contrast, we do not consolidate single-class securitization trusts when other organizations have the power to direct these activities (for example, when the loan collateral is subject to a Federal Housing Administration guaranty and related Servicing Guide).
When we purchase single-class Fannie Mae MBS issued from a consolidated trust, we account for the transaction as an extinguishment of the related debt in our consolidated financial statements. We record a gain or loss on the extinguishment of such debt to the extent that the purchase price of the MBS does not equal the carrying value of the related consolidated debt reported in our consolidated balance sheets (including unamortized premiums, discounts or other cost basis adjustments) at the time of purchase. When we sell single-class Fannie Mae MBS that were issued from a consolidated trust, we account for the transaction as the issuance of debt in our consolidated financial statements. We amortize the related premiums, discounts and other cost basis adjustments into income over the contractual life of the MBS.
If a single-class securitization trust is not consolidated, we account for the purchase and subsequent sale of such securities as the transfer of an investment security in accordance with the accounting guidance for transfers of financial assets.
Single-Class Resecuritization Trusts
Fannie Mae single-class resecuritization trusts are created by depositing MBS into a new securitization trust for the purpose of aggregating multiple mortgage-related securities into one combined security. Single-class resecuritization
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
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F-14
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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securities pass through directly to the holders of the securities all of the cash flows of the underlying MBS held in the trust. Since June 2019, these securities can be collateralized directly or indirectly by cash flows from underlying securities issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, or a combination of both. Resecuritization trusts backed directly or indirectly only by Fannie Mae MBS are non-commingled resecuritization trusts. Resecuritization trusts collateralized directly or indirectly by cash flows either in part or in whole from Freddie Mac MBS are commingled resecuritization trusts.
Securities issued by our non-commingled single-class resecuritization trusts are backed solely by Fannie Mae MBS, and the guaranty we provide on the trust does not subject us to additional credit risk because we have already provided a guarantee on the underlying securities. Further, the securities issued by our non-commingled single-class resecuritization trusts pass through all of the cash flows of the underlying Fannie Mae MBS directly to the holders of the securities. Accordingly, these securities are deemed to be substantially the same as the underlying Fannie Mae MBS collateral. Additionally, our involvement with these trusts does not provide us with any incremental rights or powers that would enable us to direct any activities of the trusts. We have concluded that we are not the primary beneficiary of and, as a result, we do not consolidate our non-commingled single-class resecuritization trusts. Therefore, we account for purchases and sales of securities issued by non-commingled single-class resecuritization trusts as extinguishments and issuances of the underlying MBS debt, respectively.
Securities issued by our commingled single-class resecuritization trusts are backed in whole or in part by Freddie Mac securities. As discussed in “Note 6, Financial Guarantees,” the guaranty we provide to the commingled single-class resecuritization trust subjects us to additional credit risk to the extent that we are providing a guaranty for the timely payment of principal and interest on the underlying Freddie Mac securities that we have not previously guaranteed. Accordingly, securities issued by our commingled resecuritization trusts are not deemed to be substantially the same as the underlying collateral. We do not have any incremental rights or powers related to commingled single-class resecuritization trusts that would enable us to direct any activities of the underlying trust. As a result, we have concluded that we are not the primary beneficiary of, and therefore do not consolidate, our commingled single-class resecuritization trusts unless we have the unilateral right to dissolve the trust. We have this right when we hold 100% of the beneficial interests issued by the resecuritization trust. Therefore, we account for purchases and sales of these securities as the transfer of an investment security in accordance with the accounting guidance for transfers of financial assets.
Multi-Class Resecuritization Trusts
Multi-class resecuritization trusts are trusts we create to issue multi-class Fannie Mae structured securities, including REMICs and SMBS, in which the cash flows of the underlying mortgage assets are divided, creating several classes of securities, each of which represents a beneficial ownership interest in a separate portion of cash flows. We guarantee to each multi-class resecuritization trust that we will supplement amounts received by the trusts as required to permit timely guaranty payments on the related Fannie Mae structured securities. Since June 2019, these multi-class structured securities can be collateralized, directly or indirectly, by securities issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or a combination of both.
The guaranty we provide to our non-commingled multi-class resecuritization trusts does not subject us to additional credit risk, because the underlying assets are Fannie Mae-issued securities for which we have already provided a guaranty. However, for commingled multi-class structured securities, we are subject to additional credit risk to the extent we are providing a guaranty for the timely payment of principal and interest on the underlying Freddie Mac securities that we have not previously guaranteed. For both commingled and non-commingled multi-class resecuritization trusts, we may also be exposed to prepayment risk via our ownership of securities issued by these trusts. We do not have the ability via our involvement with a multi-class resecuritization trust to impact either the credit risk or prepayment risk to which we are exposed. Therefore, we have concluded that we do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest and do not consolidate multi-class resecuritization trusts unless we have the unilateral right to dissolve the trust as noted below.
Securities issued by multi-class resecuritization trusts do not directly pass through all of the cash flows of the underlying securities, and therefore the issued and underlying securities are not considered substantially the same. Accordingly, we account for purchases and sales of securities issued by the multi-class resecuritization trusts as transfers of an investment security in accordance with the accounting guidance for transfers of financial assets.
Since June 2019, we may include UMBS, Supers and other structured securities that are either issued or backed by securities issued by Freddie Mac in our resecuritization trusts. As a result, we adopted a consolidation threshold for multi-class resecuritization trusts that is based on our ability to unilaterally dissolve the resecuritization trust. This ability exists only when we hold 100% of the outstanding beneficial interests issued by the resecuritization trust. This change in the consolidation threshold was applied prospectively upon the introduction of UMBS in the second quarter of 2019 and prior-period amounts were not recast. Prior to the introduction of UMBS, we consolidated multi-class
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
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F-15
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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resecuritization trusts when we held a substantial portion of the outstanding beneficial interests issued by the trust. Our adoption of the updated consolidation threshold did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Transfers of Financial Assets
We evaluate each transfer of financial assets to determine whether the transfer qualifies as a sale. If a transfer does not meet the criteria for sale treatment, the transferred assets remain in our consolidated balance sheets and we record a liability to the extent of any proceeds received in connection with the transfer. We record transfers of financial assets in which we surrender control of the transferred assets as sales.
When a transfer that qualifies as a sale is completed, we derecognize all assets transferred and recognize all assets obtained and liabilities incurred at fair value. The difference between the carrying basis of the assets transferred and the fair value of the net proceeds from the sale is recorded as a component of “Investment gains, net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Retained interests are primarily derived from transfers associated with our portfolio securitizations in the form of Fannie Mae securities. We separately describe the subsequent accounting, as well as how we determine fair value, for our retained interests in the “Investments in Securities” section of this note.
We enter into repurchase agreements that involve contemporaneous trades to purchase and sell securities. These transactions are accounted for as secured financings since the transferor has not relinquished control over the transferred assets. These transactions are reported as securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase in our consolidated balance sheets except for securities purchased under agreements to resell on an overnight basis, which are included in cash and cash equivalents in our consolidated balance sheets.
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents and Statements of Cash Flows
Short-term investments that have a maturity at the date of acquisition of three months or less and are readily convertible to known amounts of cash are generally considered cash equivalents. We also include securities purchased under agreements to resell on an overnight basis in “cash and cash equivalents” in our consolidated balance sheets. We may pledge as collateral certain short-term investments classified as cash equivalents.
“Restricted cash and cash equivalents” in our consolidated balance sheets represents cash advanced to the extent such amounts are due to, but have not yet been remitted to, MBS certificateholders. Similarly, when we or our servicers collect and hold cash that is due to certain Fannie Mae MBS trusts in advance of our requirement to remit these amounts to the trusts, we recognize the collected cash amounts as restricted cash. In addition, we recognize restricted cash when we and our servicers advance payments on delinquent loans to consolidated Fannie Mae MBS trusts. Cash may also be recognized as restricted cash as a result of restrictions related to certain consolidated partnership funds as well as for certain collateral arrangements for which we do not have the right to use the cash. Fannie Mae, in its role as trustee, invests funds held by consolidated trusts directly in eligible short-term third-party investments, which may include investments in cash equivalents that are composed of overnight repurchase agreements and U.S. Treasuries that have a maturity at the date of acquisition of three months or less. The funds underlying these short-term investments are restricted per the trust agreements.
In the presentation of our consolidated statements of cash flows, we present cash flows from derivatives that do not contain financing elements and mortgage loans held for sale at acquisition as operating activities. We present cash flows from securities purchased under agreements to resell or similar arrangements as investing activities. Cash flows from securities sold under agreements to repurchase are presented as financing activities in “Other, net.” We classify cash flows from trading securities based on their nature and purpose.
We classify cash flows related to mortgage loans acquired as held-for-investment, including loans of Fannie Mae and loans of consolidated trusts, as either investing activities (for principal repayments or sales proceeds) or operating activities (for interest received from borrowers included as a component of our net income). Cash flows related to debt securities issued by consolidated trusts are classified as either financing activities (for repayments of principal to certificateholders) or operating activities (for interest payments to certificateholders included as a component of our net income). We distinguish between the payments and proceeds related to the debt of Fannie Mae and the debt of consolidated trusts, as applicable. We present our non-cash activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows at the associated unpaid principal balance.
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
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F-16
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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Investments in Securities
Securities Classified as Trading or Available-for-Sale
We classify and account for our securities as either trading or available-for-sale (“AFS”). We measure trading securities at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets with unrealized and realized gains and losses included as a component of “Fair value gains (losses), net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. We include interest and dividends on securities in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Interest income includes the amortization of cost basis adjustments, including premiums and discounts, recognized as a yield adjustment using the interest method over the contractual term of the security. We measure AFS securities at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets, with unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of income taxes. We recognize realized gains and losses on AFS securities when securities are sold. We calculate the gains and losses using the specific identification method and record them in “Investment gains, net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. As of December 31, 2021, we did not have any securities classified as held-to-maturity.
Fannie Mae MBS included in “Investments in securities”
When we own Fannie Mae MBS issued by unconsolidated trusts, we do not derecognize any components of the guaranty assets, guaranty obligations, or any other outstanding recorded amounts associated with the guaranty transaction because our contractual obligation to the MBS trust remains in force until the trust is liquidated. We determine the fair value of Fannie Mae MBS based on observable market prices because most Fannie Mae MBS are actively traded. For any subsequent purchase or sale, we continue to account for any outstanding recorded amounts associated with the guaranty transaction on the same basis of accounting.
Impairment of Available-for-Sale Debt Securities
An AFS debt security is impaired if the fair value of the investment is less than its amortized cost basis. In these circumstances, we separate the difference between the amortized cost basis of the security and its fair value into the amount representing the credit loss, which we recognize as an allowance in “Benefit (provision) for credit losses” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, and the amount related to all other factors, which we recognize in “Total other comprehensive loss,” net of taxes, in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Credit losses are evaluated on an individual security basis and are limited to the difference between the fair value of the debt security and its amortized cost basis. If we intend to sell a debt security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security before recovery, any allowance for credit losses on the debt security is reversed and the amortized cost basis of the debt security is written down to its fair value through “Investment gains, net.”
Mortgage Loans
Loans Held for Sale
When we acquire mortgage loans that we intend to sell or securitize via trusts that will not be consolidated, we classify the loans as held for sale (“HFS”). We report the carrying value of HFS loans at the lower of cost or fair value. Any excess of an HFS loan’s cost over its fair value is recognized as a valuation allowance, with changes in the valuation allowance recognized as “Investment gains, net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. We recognize interest income on HFS loans on an accrual basis, unless we determine that the ultimate collection of contractual principal or interest payments in full is not reasonably assured. Purchased premiums, discounts and other cost basis adjustments on HFS loans are deferred upon loan acquisition, included in the cost basis of the loan, and not amortized. We determine any lower of cost or fair value adjustment on HFS loans at an individual loan level.
For nonperforming loans transferred from held for investment (“HFI”) to HFS, based upon a change in our intent, we record the loans at the lower of cost or fair value on the date of transfer. When the fair value of the nonperforming loan is less than its amortized cost, we record a write-off against the allowance for loan losses in an amount equal to the difference between the amortized cost basis and the fair value of the loan. If the amount written off upon transfer exceeds the allowance related to the transferred loan, we record the excess in provision for credit losses, whereas if the amounts written off are less than the allowance related to the loans, we recognize a benefit for credit losses.
Nonperforming loans include both seriously delinquent and reperforming loans, which are loans that were previously delinquent but are performing again because payments on the mortgage loan have become current with or without the use of a loan modification plan. Single-family seriously delinquent loans are loans that are 90 days or more past due or in the foreclosure process. Multifamily seriously delinquent loans are loans that are 60 days or more past due.
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
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F-17
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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In the event that we reclassify a performing loan from HFI to HFS, based upon a change in our intent, the allowance for loan losses previously recorded on the HFI mortgage loan is reversed through “Benefit (provision) for credit losses” at the time of reclassification. The mortgage loan is reclassified into HFS at its amortized cost basis and a valuation allowance is established to the extent that the amortized cost basis of the loan exceeds its fair value. The initial recognition of the valuation allowance and any subsequent changes are recorded as a gain or loss in “Investment gains, net.”
Loans Held for Investment
When we acquire mortgage loans that we have the ability and the intent to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity, we classify the loans as HFI. When we consolidate a securitization trust, we recognize the loans underlying the trust in our consolidated balance sheets. The trusts do not have the ability to sell mortgage loans and the use of such loans is limited exclusively to the settlement of obligations of the trusts. Therefore, mortgage loans acquired when we have the intent to securitize via consolidated trusts are generally classified as HFI in our consolidated balance sheets both prior to and subsequent to their securitization.
We report the carrying value of HFI loans at the unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized premiums and discounts, other cost basis adjustments, and allowance for loan losses. We define the amortized cost of HFI loans as unpaid principal balance and accrued interest receivable, net, including any unamortized premiums, discounts, and other cost basis adjustments. For purposes of our consolidated balance sheets, we present accrued interest receivable separately from the amortized cost of our loans held for investment. We recognize interest income on HFI loans on an accrual basis using the effective yield method over the contractual life of the loan, including the amortization of any deferred cost basis adjustments, such as the premium or discount at acquisition, unless we determine that the ultimate collection of contractual principal or interest payments in full is not reasonably assured.
Nonaccrual Loans
For loans not subject to the COVID-19-related nonaccrual policy described below, we discontinue accruing interest when we believe collectability of principal and interest is not reasonably assured, which for a single-family loan we have determined, based on our historical experience, to be when the loan becomes two months or more past due according to its contractual terms. Interest previously accrued but not collected on such loans is reversed through interest income at the date the loan is placed on nonaccrual status.
For single-family loans on nonaccrual status, we recognize income when cash payments are received. We return a non-modified single-family loan to accrual status at the point when the borrower brings the loan current. We return a modified single-family loan to accrual status at the point when the borrower has successfully made all required payments during the trial period (generally three to four months) and the modification is made permanent.
We place a multifamily loan on nonaccrual status when the loan becomes two months or more past due according to its contractual terms unless the loan is well secured such that collectability of principal and accrued interest is reasonably assured. For multifamily loans on nonaccrual status, we apply any payment received on a cost recovery basis to reduce principal on the mortgage loan. We return a multifamily loan to accrual status when the borrower cures the delinquency of the loan. Single-family and multifamily loans are reported past due if a full payment of principal and interest is not received within one month of its due date.
For loans negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, we continue to recognize interest income for up to six months of delinquency provided that the loan was either current as of March 1, 2020 or originated after March 1, 2020. For single-family loans, we continue to accrue interest income beyond six months of delinquency provided that the collection of principal and interest continues to be reasonably assured. Multifamily loans that are in a forbearance arrangement are placed on nonaccrual status when the borrower is six months past due unless the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection.
Single-family and multifamily loans on nonaccrual status that have been placed in a repayment plan or that have been brought current through a modification or a payment deferral are returned to accrual status once the borrower has made six consecutive contractual payments under the terms of the repayment plan or the modified loan. For loans in a forbearance arrangement that are placed on nonaccrual status, cash payments for interest are applied as a reduction of accrued interest receivable until the receivable has been reduced to zero, and then recognized as interest income. If interest is capitalized pursuant to a loan modification, any capitalized interest that had not been previously recognized as interest income is recorded as a discount to the loan and amortized over the life of the loan.
For loans that have been negatively impacted by COVID-19, we establish a valuation allowance for expected credit losses on the accrued interest receivable balance applying the process that we have established for both single-family and multifamily loans. The credit expense related to this valuation allowance is classified as a component of the provision for credit losses. Accrued interest receivable is written off when the amount is deemed to be uncollectible, in
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
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F-18
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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accordance with our write-off policy for mortgage loans. Loans that are in active forbearance plans are not evaluated for write-off.
For loans not subject to the COVID-19 related guidance, we have elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable balances as we have a nonaccrual policy to ensure the timely reversal of unpaid accrued interest. See “Note 4, Allowance for Loan Losses” for additional information about our current-period provision for loan losses, including a discussion of the estimates used in measuring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our allowance.
Restructured Loans
A modification to the contractual terms of a loan that results in granting a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty is considered a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”). Our loss mitigation programs primarily include modifications that result in the capitalization of past due amounts in combination with interest rate reductions and/or the extension of the loan’s maturity date. Such restructurings are granted to borrowers in financial difficulty on either a permanent or contingent basis, as in the case of modifications with a trial period. We consider these types of loan restructurings to be TDRs.
We generally do not include principal or past due interest forgiveness as part of our loss mitigation programs, and, as a result, we generally do not charge off any outstanding principal or accrued interest amounts at the time of loan modification. We believe that the loan underwriting activities we perform as a part of our loan modification process coupled with the borrower’s successful performance during any required trial period provides us reasonable assurance regarding the collectability of the principal and interest due in accordance with the loan’s modified terms, which include any past due interest amounts that are capitalized as principal at the time of modification. As such, the loan is returned to accrual status when the loan modification is completed (i.e., at the end of the trial period), and we accrue interest thereafter in accordance with our interest accrual policy. If the loan was on nonaccrual status prior to entering the trial period, it remains on nonaccrual status until the borrower demonstrates performance via the trial period and the modification is finalized.
We also engage in other loss mitigation activities with troubled borrowers, which include repayment plans, forbearance arrangements, and modifications that are limited to the capitalization of past due amounts (i.e., payment deferrals). For all of these activities, we consider the deferral or capitalization of three or fewer missed payments to represent only an insignificant delay, and thus not a TDR. If we defer or capitalize more than three missed payments either through a legal or informal modification, the delay is no longer considered insignificant, and the restructuring is accounted for as a TDR. Our current TDR accounting described herein is temporarily impacted by our election to account for certain eligible loss mitigation activities under the relief granted pursuant to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) as described below.
We measure impairment of a loan restructured in a TDR based on the excess of the amortized cost in the loan over the present value of the expected future cash inflows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate. Costs incurred to complete a TDR are expensed as incurred. However, when foreclosure is probable, we measure impairment based on the difference between our amortized cost in the loan and the fair value of the underlying property, adjusted for the estimated costs to sell the property and estimated insurance or other proceeds we expect to receive.
TDR Accounting and Disclosure Relief Pursuant to the CARES Act
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, referred to as the CARES Act, which was enacted in March 2020, provides temporary relief from the accounting and reporting requirements for TDRs regarding certain loan modifications related to COVID-19. In December of 2020, the temporary relief provided by the CARES Act was extended pursuant to the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021. The CARES Act as extended provides that a financial institution may elect to suspend the TDR requirements under GAAP for loan modifications related to the COVID-19 pandemic that occur between March 1, 2020 through the earlier of January 1, 2022 or 60 days after the date on which the COVID-19 national emergency terminates (the “Applicable Period”), as long as the loan was not more than 30 days delinquent as of December 31, 2019. Loan modifications as defined by the CARES Act include forbearance arrangements, repayment plans, interest rate modifications and any similar arrangements that defer or delay the payment of principal or interest.
We have elected to account for eligible loan modifications under the TDR relief provided by the CARES Act. Therefore, the initial relief (i.e., the forbearance arrangement) and the subsequent agreements (i.e., repayment plans, payment deferrals and loan modifications) that are necessary to allow the borrower to repay the past due amounts (collectively, the “COVID-19 Relief”), will not be subject to the specialized accounting or disclosures that are required for TDRs if the initial relief related to COVID-19 is granted during the Applicable Period and the borrower was no more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019.
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
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F-19
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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Allowance for Loan Losses
The Current Expected Credit Loss Standard
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” in June 2016, which was later amended by ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05 and ASU 2019-11. These ASUs (the “CECL standard”) replaced the incurred loss impairment methodology for loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment with a methodology that reflects lifetime expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable forecast information to develop a lifetime credit loss estimate. The CECL standard also requires credit losses related to AFS debt securities to be recorded through an allowance for credit losses. Our adoption of this standard on January 1, 2020 did not have a material impact on our portfolio of AFS debt securities.
The CECL standard became effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2020. We changed our accounting policies as described below and implemented system, model and process changes to adopt the standard. Upon adoption, we used a discounted cash flow method to measure expected credit losses on our single-family mortgage loans and an undiscounted loss method to measure expected credit losses on our multifamily mortgage loans. The models used to estimate credit losses incorporate our historical credit loss experience, adjusted for current economic forecasts and the current credit profile of our loan book of business. For single-family, the model uses reasonable and supportable forecasts for key economic drivers, such as home prices as well as a range of possible future interest rate environments, which drive prepayment speeds and impact the measurement of the interest-rate concession provided on modified loans. For multifamily, the model uses forecasted rental income and property valuations.
Allowance for Loan Losses
Our allowance for loan losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of HFI loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. The allowance for loan losses reflects an estimate of expected credit losses on single-family and multifamily HFI loans held by Fannie Mae and by consolidated Fannie Mae MBS trusts. Estimates of credit losses are based on expected cash flows derived from internal models that estimate loan performance under simulated ranges of economic environments. Our modeled loan performance is based on our historical experience of loans with similar risk characteristics, adjusted to reflect current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Our historical loss experience and our credit loss estimates capture the possibility of remote events that could result in credit losses on loans that are considered low risk. The allowance for loan losses does not consider benefits from freestanding credit enhancements, such as our CAS and CIRT programs and multifamily DUS lender risk-sharing arrangements, which are recorded in “Other assets” in our consolidated balance sheets.
Changes to our estimate of expected credit losses, including changes due to the passage of time, are recorded through the benefit (provision) for credit losses. When calculating our allowance for loan losses, we consider only our amortized cost in the loans at the balance sheet date. We record write-offs as a reduction to the allowance for loan losses when losses are confirmed through the receipt of assets in satisfaction of a loan, such as the underlying collateral upon foreclosure or cash upon completion of a short sale. Additionally, we record write-offs as a reduction to our allowance for loan losses when a loan is determined to be uncollectible and upon the transfer of a nonperforming loan from HFI to HFS. The excess of a loan’s unpaid principal balance, accrued interest and any applicable cost basis adjustments (“our total exposure”) over the fair value of the assets is treated as a write-off loss that is deducted from the allowance for loan losses. We include expected recoveries of amounts previously written off and expected to be written off in determining our allowance for loan losses.
Single-Family Loans
We estimate the amount expected to be collected on our single-family loans using a discounted cash flow approach. Our allowance for loan losses is calculated as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the loan and the present value of expected cash flows on the loan. Expected cash flows include payments from the borrower, net of servicing fees, contractually attached credit enhancements and proceeds from the sale of the underlying collateral, net of selling costs.
When foreclosure of a single-family loan is probable, the allowance for loan losses is calculated as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the loan and the fair value of the collateral as of the reporting date, adjusted for the estimated costs to sell the property and the amount of expected recoveries from contractually attached credit enhancements or other proceeds we expect to receive.
Expected cash flows are developed using internal models that capture market and loan characteristic inputs. Market inputs include information such as actual and forecasted home prices, interest rates, volatility and spreads, while loan characteristic inputs include information such as mark-to-market loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios, delinquency status,
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
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F-20
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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geography and borrower FICO credit scores. The model assigns a probability to borrower events including contractual payment, loan payoff and default under various economic environments based on historical data, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.
The two primary drivers of our forecasted economic environments are interest rates and home prices. Our model projects the range of possible interest rate scenarios over the life of the loan based on actual interest rates and observed option pricing volatility in the capital markets. We develop regional forecasts based on Metropolitan Statistical Area data for single-family home prices using a multi-path simulation that captures home price projections over a five-year period, the period for which we can develop reasonable and supportable forecasts. After the five-year period, the home price forecast reverts to a historical long-term growth rate.
Expected cash flows on the loan are discounted at the effective interest rate on the loan, adjusted for expected prepayments. For single-family loans that have not been modified in a TDR, the discount rate is updated each reporting period to reflect changes in expected prepayments. Expected cash flows do not include expected extensions of the contractual term unless such extension is the result of a reasonably expected TDR.
We consider the effects of actual and reasonably expected TDRs in our estimate of credit losses. These effects include any economic concession provided or expected to be provided to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. We consider our current servicing practices and our historical experience to estimate reasonably expected TDRs. When a loan is contractually modified in a TDR, to capture the concession, the discount rate on the loan is locked to the rate in effect just prior to the modification and is no longer updated for changes in expected prepayments.
Multifamily Loans
Our allowance for loan losses on multifamily loans is calculated based on estimated probabilities of default and loss severities to derive expected loss ratios, which are then applied to the amortized cost basis of the loans. Our probabilities of default and severity are estimated using internal models based on historical loss experience of loans with similar risk characteristics that affect credit performance, such as debt service coverage ratio (“DSCR”), mark-to-market LTV ratio, collateral type, age, loan size, geography, prepayment penalty term and note type. Our models simulate a range of possible future economic scenarios, which are used to estimate probabilities of default and loss severities. Key inputs to our models include rental income, which drives expected DSCRs for our loans, and property values. Our reasonable and supportable forecasts for multifamily rental income and property values, which are projected based on Metropolitan Statistical Area data, extend through the contractual maturity of the loans. For TDRs, we use a discounted cash flow approach to estimate expected credit losses.
When foreclosure of a multifamily loan is probable, the allowance for loan losses is calculated as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the loan and the fair value of the collateral as of the reporting date, adjusted for the estimated costs to sell the property.
Measurement of Credit Losses Prior to the Adoption of the CECL Standard
For periods prior to the adoption of the CECL standard, we recognized credit losses for loans that were collectively evaluated for impairment based on an incurred-loss approach, which limited our measurement of credit losses to credit events that were estimated to have already occurred. Under this approach, credit losses were calculated to represent probable losses on loans classified as held for investment, including both loans held in our portfolio and loans held in consolidated Fannie Mae MBS trusts. Loan losses on individually impaired loans including loans that were restructured as TDRs were determined based on the present value of lifetime expected cash flows. Lifetime expected cash flows were discounted at the effective interest rate of the original loan or the effective interest rate at acquisition for an acquired credit-impaired loan to determine the present value of the loan. However, when foreclosure was probable on an individually impaired loan, credit losses were determined based on the fair value of the underlying property, adjusted for the estimated discounted costs to sell the property and estimated insurance or other proceeds we expected to receive.
For single-family loans that were collectively evaluated for impairment, we recognized credit losses using a model that estimated the probability of default and severity of losses on loans with similar risk characteristics given multiple factors, such as origination year, mark-to-market LTV ratio, delinquency status and loan product type. Loss severity estimates reflected current available information on actual events and conditions that had already occurred, including current home prices. Our loss severity estimates did not incorporate assumptions about future changes in home prices. We did, however, use recent regional historical sales and appraisal information, including the sales of our own foreclosed properties, to develop our loss severity estimates for all loan categories.
For all multifamily loans that were collectively evaluated for impairment, we estimated credit losses using an internal model that applied loss factors to loans in similar risk categories. Our loss factors were developed based on our historical default and loss severity experience. Management could also apply judgment to adjust the loss factors derived
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
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F-21
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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from our models, taking into consideration model imprecision and specific known events, such as current credit conditions, that could affect the credit quality of our multifamily loan portfolio but were not yet reflected in our model-generated loss factors.
For individually impaired multifamily loans, we determined credit losses based on the fair value of the underlying property less the estimated discounted costs to sell the property and any lender loss sharing or other proceeds we expected to receive. However, when an individually impaired loan had been modified through a TDR and foreclosure of the loan was not probable, we determined credit losses based on the present value of expected cash flows discounted at the loan’s original interest rate.
We identified multifamily loans for evaluation for impairment through a credit risk assessment process. As part of this assessment process, we stratified multifamily loans into different internal risk categories based on the credit risk inherent in each individual loan and management judgment. We categorized loan credit risk, taking into consideration available operating statements and expected cash flows from the underlying property, the estimated value of the property, the historical loan payment experience and current relevant market conditions that could impact credit quality.
Advances to Lenders
Advances to lenders represent our payments of cash in exchange for the receipt of mortgage loans from lenders in a transfer that is accounted for as a secured lending arrangement. These transfers primarily occur when we provide early funding to lenders for loans that they will subsequently either sell to us or securitize into a Fannie Mae MBS that they will deliver to us. We individually negotiate early lender funding advances with our lenders. Early lender funding advances have terms up to 60 days and earn a short-term market rate of interest.
We report cash outflows from advances to lenders as an investing activity in our consolidated statements of cash flows. Settlements of the advances to lenders, other than through lender repurchases of loans, are not collected in cash, but rather in the receipt of either loans or Fannie Mae MBS. Accordingly, this activity is reflected as a non-cash transfer in our consolidated statements of cash flows in the line item entitled “Transfers from advances to lenders to loans held for investment of consolidated trusts.”
Acquired Property, Net
We recognize foreclosed property (i.e., “Acquired property, net”) upon the earlier of the loan foreclosure event or when we take physical possession of the property (i.e., through a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure transaction). We initially measure foreclosed property at its fair value less its estimated costs to sell. We treat any excess of our amortized cost in the loan over the fair value less estimated costs to sell the property as a write-off to the “Allowance for loan losses” in our consolidated balance sheets. Any excess of the fair value less estimated costs to sell the property over our amortized cost in the loan is recognized first to recover any previously written-off amounts, then to recover any forgone, contractually due interest, and lastly to “Foreclosed property expense” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
We classify foreclosed properties as HFS when we intend to sell the property and the following conditions are met at either acquisition or within a relatively short period thereafter: we are actively marketing the property and it is available for immediate sale in its current condition such that the sale is reasonably expected to take place within one year. We report these properties at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less estimated selling costs. We do not depreciate these properties.
We recognize a loss for any subsequent write-down of the property to its fair value less its estimated costs to sell through a valuation allowance with an offsetting charge to “Foreclosed property expense” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. We recognize a recovery for any subsequent increase in fair value less estimated costs to sell up to the cumulative loss previously recognized through the valuation allowance. We recognize gains or losses on sales of foreclosed property through “Foreclosed property expense” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
Properties that do not meet the criteria to be classified as HFS are classified as held for use and are recorded in “Other assets” in our consolidated balance sheets. These properties are depreciated and are evaluated for impairment when circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the property is no longer recoverable.
Commitments to Purchase and Sell Mortgage Loans and Securities
We enter into commitments to purchase and sell mortgage-backed securities and to purchase single-family and multifamily mortgage loans. Certain commitments to purchase or sell mortgage-backed securities and to purchase single-family mortgage loans are accounted for as derivatives. Our commitments to purchase multifamily loans are not accounted for as derivatives because they do not meet the criteria for net settlement.
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
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F-22
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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When derivative purchase commitments settle, we include the fair value on the settlement date in the cost basis of the loan or unconsolidated security we purchase. When derivative commitments to sell securities settle, we include the fair value of the commitment on the settlement date in the cost basis of the security we sell. Purchases and sales of securities issued by our consolidated MBS trusts are treated as extinguishments or issuances of debt, respectively. For commitments to purchase and sell securities issued by our consolidated MBS trusts, we recognize the fair value of the commitment on the settlement date as a component of debt extinguishment gains and losses or in the cost basis of the debt issued, respectively.
Regular-way securities trades provide for delivery of securities within the time generally established by regulations or conventions in the market in which the trade occurs and are exempt from application of derivative accounting. Commitments to purchase or sell securities that we account for on a trade-date basis are also exempt from the derivative accounting requirements. We record the purchase and sale of an existing security on its trade date when the commitment to purchase or sell the existing security settles within the period of time that is customary in the market in which those trades take place.
Additionally, contracts for the forward purchase or sale of when-issued and to-be-announced (“TBA”) securities are exempt from the derivative accounting requirements if there is no other way to purchase or sell that security, delivery of that security and settlement will occur within the shortest period possible for that type of security and it is probable at inception and throughout the term of the individual contract that physical delivery of the security will occur. Since our commitments for the purchase of when-issued and TBA securities can be net settled and we do not document that physical settlement is probable, we account for all such commitments as derivatives.
Derivative Instruments
We recognize our derivatives as either assets or liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets at their fair value on a trade date basis. Changes in fair value and interest accruals on derivatives not in qualifying fair value hedging relationships are recorded as “Fair value gains (losses), net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. We offset the carrying amounts of certain derivatives that are in gain positions and loss positions as well as cash collateral receivables and payables associated with derivative positions pursuant to the terms of enforceable master netting arrangements. We offset these amounts only when we have the legal right to offset under the contract and we have met all the offsetting conditions. For our over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivative positions, our master netting arrangements allow us to net derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty. For our cleared derivative contracts, our master netting arrangements allow us to net our exposure by clearing organization and by clearing member.
After offsetting, we report derivatives in a gain position in “Other assets” and derivatives in a loss position in “Other liabilities” in our consolidated balance sheets.
We evaluate financial instruments that we purchase or issue and other financial and non-financial contracts for embedded derivatives. To identify embedded derivatives that we must account for separately, we determine whether: (1) the economic characteristics of the embedded derivative are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the financial instrument or other contract (i.e., the host contract); (2) the financial instrument or other contract itself is not already measured at fair value with changes in fair value included in earnings; and (3) a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative. If the embedded derivative meets all three of these conditions, we elect to carry the hybrid contract in its entirety at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in earnings.
Fair Value Hedge Accounting
In January 2021, to reduce earnings volatility related to changes in benchmark interest rates, we began applying fair value hedge accounting to certain pools of single-family mortgage loans and certain issuances of our funding debt by designating such instruments as the hedged item in hedging relationships with interest-rate swaps. In these relationships, we have designated the change in the benchmark interest rate, either the London Inter-bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), as the risk being hedged. We have elected to use the last-of-layer method to hedge certain pools of single-family mortgage loans. This election involves establishing fair value hedging relationships on the portion of each loan pool that is not expected to be affected by prepayments, defaults and other events that affect the timing and amount of cash flows. The term of each hedging relationship is generally one business day and we establish hedging relationships daily to align our hedge accounting with our risk management practices.
We apply hedge accounting to qualifying hedging relationships. A qualifying hedging relationship exists when changes in the fair value of a derivative hedging instrument are expected to be highly effective in offsetting changes in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the risk being hedged during the term of the hedging relationship. We assess
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
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F-23
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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hedge effectiveness using statistical regression analysis. A hedging relationship is considered highly effective if the total change in fair value of the hedging instrument and the change in the fair value of the hedged item due to changes in the benchmark interest rate offset each other within a range of 80% to 125% and certain other statistical tests are met.
If a hedging relationship qualifies for hedge accounting, the change in the fair value of the interest-rate swaps and the change in the fair value of the hedged item for the risk being hedged are recorded through net interest income. A corresponding basis adjustment is recorded against the hedged item, either the pool of mortgage loans or the debt, for the changes in the fair value attributable to the risk being hedged. For hedging relationships that hedge pools of single-family mortgage loans, basis adjustments are allocated to individual single-family loans based on the relative unpaid principal balance of each loan at the termination of the hedging relationship. The cumulative basis adjustments on the hedged item are amortized into earnings using the effective interest method over the contractual life of the hedged item, with amortization beginning upon termination of the hedging relationship.
All changes in fair value of the designated portion of the derivative hedging instrument (i.e., interest-rate swap), including interest accruals, are recorded in the same line item in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income used to record the earnings effect of the hedged item. Therefore, changes in the fair value of the hedged mortgage loans and debt attributable to the risk being hedged are recognized in “Interest income” or “Interest expense,” respectively, along with the changes in the fair value of the respective derivative hedging instruments.
The recognition of basis adjustments on the hedged item and the subsequent amortization are noncash activities and are removed from net income to derive the “Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities” in our consolidated statement of cash flows. Cash paid or received on designated derivative instruments during a hedging relationship is reported as “Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities” in the consolidated statement of cash flows.
See “Note 3, Mortgage Loans,” “Note 7, Short-Term and Long-Term Debt” and “Note 8, Derivative Instruments” for additional information on our fair value hedge accounting policy and related disclosures.
Collateral
We enter into various transactions where we pledge and accept collateral, the most common of which are our derivative transactions. Required collateral levels vary depending on the credit rating and type of counterparty. We also pledge and receive collateral under our repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements. In order to reduce potential exposure to repurchase counterparties, a third-party custodian typically maintains the collateral and any margin. We monitor the fair value of the collateral received from our counterparties, and we may require additional collateral from those counterparties, as we deem appropriate.
Cash Collateral
We record cash collateral accepted from a counterparty that we have the right to use as “Cash and cash equivalents” and cash collateral accepted from a counterparty that we do not have the right to use as “Restricted cash and cash equivalents” in our consolidated balance sheets. We net our obligation to return cash collateral pledged to us against the fair value of derivatives in a gain position recorded in “Other assets” in our consolidated balance sheets as part of our counterparty netting calculation.
For derivative positions with the same counterparty under master netting arrangements where we pledge cash collateral, we remove it from “Cash and cash equivalents” and net the right to receive it against the fair value of derivatives in a loss position recorded in “Other liabilities” in our consolidated balance sheets as a part of our counterparty netting calculation.
Non-Cash Collateral
We classify securities pledged to counterparties as either “Investments in securities” or “Cash and cash equivalents” in our consolidated balance sheets. Securities pledged to counterparties that have been consolidated with the underlying assets recognized as loans are included as “Mortgage loans” in our consolidated balance sheets.
Our liability to third party holders of Fannie Mae MBS that arises as the result of a consolidation of a securitization trust is collateralized by the underlying loans and/or mortgage-related securities.
Debt
Our consolidated balance sheets contain debt of Fannie Mae as well as debt of consolidated trusts. We report debt issued by us as “Debt of Fannie Mae” and by consolidated trusts as “Debt of consolidated trusts.” Debt issued by us represents debt that we issue to third parties to fund our general business activities and certain credit risk-sharing securities. The debt of consolidated trusts represents the amount of Fannie Mae MBS issued from such trusts that is held by third-party certificateholders and prepayable without penalty at any time. We report deferred items, including
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
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F-24
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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premiums, discounts and other cost basis adjustments, as adjustments to the related debt balances in our consolidated balance sheets.
We classify interest expense as either short-term or long-term based on the contractual maturity of the related debt. We recognize the amortization of premiums, discounts and other cost basis adjustments through interest expense using the effective interest method usually over the contractual term of the debt. Amortization of premiums, discounts and other cost basis adjustments begins at the time of debt issuance.
When we purchase a Fannie Mae MBS issued from a consolidated single-class securitization trust, we extinguish the related debt of the consolidated trust as the MBS debt is no longer owed to a third-party. We record debt extinguishment gains or losses related to debt of consolidated trusts to the extent that the purchase price of the MBS does not equal the carrying value of the related consolidated MBS debt reported in our consolidated balance sheet (including unamortized premiums, discounts and other cost basis adjustments) at the time of purchase as a component of “Other expenses, net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
Income Taxes
We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the differences in the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that are applicable to the period(s) that the differences are expected to reverse. We adjust deferred tax assets and liabilities for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates in the period of enactment. We recognize investment and other tax credits through our effective tax rate calculation assuming that we will be able to realize the full benefit of the credits. We invest in LIHTC projects and elect the proportional amortization method for the associated tax credits. We amortize the cost of a LIHTC investment each reporting period in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received. We recognize the resulting amortization as a component of the “provision for federal income taxes” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
We reduce our deferred tax assets by an allowance if, based on the weight of available positive and negative evidence, it is more likely than not (a probability of greater than 50%) that we will not realize some portion, or all, of the deferred tax asset.
We account for uncertain tax positions using a two-step approach whereby we recognize an income tax benefit if, based on the technical merits of a tax position, it is more likely than not that the tax position would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authority, which includes all related appeals and litigation. We then measure the recognized tax benefit based on the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement with the taxing authority, considering all information available at the reporting date. We recognize interest expense and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits as “Other expenses, net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
Earnings per Share
Earnings per share (“EPS”) is presented for basic and diluted EPS. We compute basic EPS by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. However, as a result of our conservatorship status and the terms of the senior preferred stock, no amounts would be available to distribute as dividends to common or preferred stockholders (other than to Treasury as the holder of the senior preferred stock). Net income attributable to common stockholders excludes amounts attributable to the senior preferred stock, which increase the liquidation preference as described above in “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, Senior Preferred Stock and Warrant.” Weighted average common shares includes 4.7 billion shares for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, and 4.6 billion shares for the year ended December 31, 2019, that would be issued upon the full exercise of the warrant issued to Treasury from the date the warrant was issued through December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The calculation of diluted EPS includes all the components of basic earnings per share, plus the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents such as convertible securities and stock options. Weighted-average shares outstanding is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the dilutive potential common shares had been issued. Our diluted EPS weighted-average shares outstanding includes 26 million shares of convertible preferred stock for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, and 131 million shares of convertible preferred stock for the year ended December 31, 2019. During periods in which a net loss attributable to common stockholders has been incurred, potential common equivalent shares outstanding are not included in the calculation because it would have an anti-dilutive effect.
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
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F-25
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
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New Accounting Guidance
Adoption of the CECL Standard
As described above, the CECL standard became effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2020. The adoption of the standard on January 1, 2020 reduced our retained earnings by $1.1 billion on an after-tax basis. The adoption of this guidance increased our overall credit loss reserves primarily as the result of an increase in our single-family loan loss reserves that were previously evaluated on a collective basis for impairment. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in estimated credit losses on loans that were previously considered individually impaired (our TDRs).
The increase in our single-family and multifamily loan loss reserves that were previously evaluated on a collective basis was primarily driven by the migration from an incurred-loss approach, which allowed us to consider only default events and economic conditions that already existed as of each financial reporting date, to an estimate that incorporates both expected default events over the expected life of each mortgage loan and a forecast of key inputs, such as home price (single-family) or rental income (multifamily), in different economic environments over a reasonable and supportable period. The increase in loss reserves for the single-family portion of our book was low relative to its size due to the credit quality of these loans and because, as of the date of adoption, our model forecasted home price growth.
The allowance for loan losses on the TDR book was already measured using an expected lifetime credit loss estimate. The credit losses on this portion of our single-family book decreased upon the adoption of the CECL standard because the new guidance required us to exclude from our estimate of credit losses all pre-foreclosure and post-foreclosure costs that are expected to be advanced after the balance sheet date. Prior to the adoption of the CECL standard, we incorporated these costs in our estimate of credit losses for this book.
Reference Rate Reform
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The FASB subsequently clarified the scope of this guidance with the issuance of ASU 2021-01: Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope in January 2021. These accounting standard updates provide optional practical expedients and exceptions to current accounting guidance when financial instruments, hedge accounting relationships and other contractual arrangements are amended as part of reference rate reform. The primary objective of these standards is to ease the administrative burden of accounting for contracts while transitioning to an alternative reference rate. Fannie Mae has elected to apply certain of the practical expedients related to modifications of financial instrument contracts and modifications to the rate used for discounting, margining and contract price alignment of certain derivative instruments. The adoption of these standards and the election of these practical expedients did not have a material impact on our financial statements.
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
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F-26
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Consolidations and Transfers of Financial Assets
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2. Consolidations and Transfers of Financial Assets
We have interests in various entities that are considered to be VIEs. The primary types of entities are:
•securitization and resecuritization trusts, guaranteed by us via lender swap transactions;
•portfolio securitization transactions;
•commingled resecuritization trusts;
•mortgage-backed trusts that were not created by us;
•housing partnerships that are established to finance the acquisition, construction, development or rehabilitation of affordable multifamily and single-family housing; and
•certain credit risk transfer transactions.
These interests include investments in securities issued by VIEs, such as Fannie Mae MBS created pursuant to our securitization transactions. We consolidate the substantial majority of our single-class securitization trusts because our role as guarantor and master servicer provides us with the power to direct matters (primarily the servicing of mortgage loans) that impact the credit risk to which we are exposed. In contrast, we do not consolidate single-class securitization trusts when other organizations have the power to direct these activities unless we have the unilateral ability to dissolve the trust. We also do not consolidate our resecuritization trusts unless we have the unilateral ability to dissolve the trust. Historically, the vast majority of underlying assets of our resecuritization trusts were limited to Fannie Mae securities that were collateralized by mortgage loans held in consolidated trusts. However, with our issuance of UMBS, we include securities issued by Freddie Mac in some of our resecuritization trusts. The mortgage loans that serve as collateral for Freddie Mac-issued securities are not held in trusts that are consolidated by Fannie Mae.
Types of VIEs
Securitization and Resecuritization Trusts
Under our lender swap and portfolio securitization transactions, mortgage loans are transferred to a trust specifically for the purpose of issuing a single class of guaranteed securities that are collateralized by the underlying mortgage loans referred to as “first-level securities.” The trust’s permitted activities include receiving the transferred assets, issuing beneficial interests, establishing the guaranty and servicing the underlying mortgage loans. In our capacity as issuer, master servicer, trustee and guarantor, we earn fees for our obligations to each trust. Additionally, we may retain or purchase a portion of the securities issued by each trust.
In our structured securitization transactions, we earn fees for assisting lenders and dealers with the design and issuance of structured mortgage-related securities, referred to as “second-level securities.” In contrast to first-level securities, the trust assets can include both Fannie Mae securities and Freddie Mac securities as the underlying collateral. These structured securities include Fannie Megas® and Supers®, which are single-class resecuritizations, as well as REMICs and SMBS, which are multi-class resecuritizations, and separate the cash flows from underlying assets into separately tradable interests. When we issue a structured security backed in whole or in part by Freddie Mac securities, we provide a new and separate guaranty of principal and interest on the newly-formed structured security. If Freddie Mac were to fail to make a payment due on its securities underlying a Fannie Mae-issued structured security, we would be obligated under our guaranty to fund any shortfall. To the extent that the trust assets are Fannie Mae securities, the trust has permitted activities that are similar to those for our lender swap and portfolio securitization transactions. Additionally, we may retain or purchase a portion of the securities issued by each trust.
We also hold investments in or provide a guaranty of mortgage-backed securities that have been issued via private-label trusts. These trusts are structured to provide investors with a beneficial interest in a pool of receivables or other financial assets, typically mortgage loans. The trusts act as vehicles to allow loan originators to securitize assets. Securities are structured from the underlying pool of assets to provide for varying degrees of risk. The originators of the financial assets or the underwriters of the transaction create the trusts and typically own the residual interest in the trusts’ assets. Our involvement in these entities is typically limited to our investment in the beneficial interests that we have purchased or the guaranty we provide.
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
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F-27
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Consolidations and Transfers of Financial Assets
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Limited Partnerships
We invest in various limited partnerships that sponsor affordable housing projects utilizing the LIHTC pursuant to Section 42 of the Internal Revenue Code. The purpose of these investments is to increase the supply of affordable housing in the United States and to serve communities in need. In addition, our investments in LIHTC partnerships generate both tax credits and net operating losses that may reduce our federal income tax liability. Our LIHTC investments primarily represent limited partnership interests in entities that have been organized by a fund manager who acts as the general partner. These fund investments seek out equity investments in LIHTC operating partnerships that have been established to identify, develop and operate multifamily housing that is leased to qualifying residential tenants.
SPVs Associated with Our Credit Risk Transfer Programs
We transfer mortgage credit risk to investors through Connecticut Avenue Securities (“CAS”) REMIC and CAS credit-linked note (“CLN”) trusts. In October 2019, we issued our first Multifamily Connecticut Avenue Securities (“MCAS”) transaction, which is a CAS CLN, and in December 2019, we issued our first single-family CAS CLN. The structure of CAS CLNs is similar to CAS REMICs; however, CAS CLNs allow us to transfer risk on reference pools containing seasoned loans. Since the REMIC election was not made on the loans in the reference pools at the time of acquisition, these trusts do not qualify as REMICs. Each CAS trust is a separate legal entity which issues notes that are fully collateralized by amounts deposited into a collateral account held by the CAS trust. To the extent that collateral held by the CAS trust and the earnings thereon are insufficient relative to the payments due to holders of the CAS notes, we may be required to make payments to the CAS trust. The CAS trusts qualify as VIEs. We do not have the power to direct significant activities of the CAS trusts while the CAS notes are outstanding, and, therefore, we do not consolidate CAS trusts.
Consolidated VIEs
If an entity is a VIE, we consider whether our variable interest in that entity causes us to be the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary of the VIE is required to consolidate and account for the assets, liabilities and noncontrolling interests of the VIE in its consolidated financial statements. An enterprise is deemed to be the primary beneficiary when the enterprise has the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and exposure to benefits and/or losses could potentially be significant to the entity. In general, the investors in the obligations of consolidated VIEs have recourse only to the assets of those VIEs and do not have recourse to us, except where we provide a guaranty to the VIE.
We continually assess whether we are the primary beneficiary of the VIEs with which we are involved and therefore may consolidate or deconsolidate a VIE through the duration of our involvement. As of December 31, 2021, we consolidated $85 million in unpaid principal balance of certain VIEs that were not consolidated as of December 31, 2020. As a result of consolidating these entities, we derecognized our investment in these entities and recognized the assets and liabilities of the consolidated entities at fair value.
Transfers of Financial Assets
We issue Fannie Mae MBS through portfolio securitization transactions by transferring pools of mortgage loans or mortgage-related securities to one or more trusts or special purpose entities. We are considered to be the transferor when we transfer assets from our own retained mortgage portfolio in a portfolio securitization transaction. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the unpaid principal balance of portfolio securitizations was $682.9 billion, $745.2 billion and $278.6 billion, respectively. The substantial majority of these portfolio securitization transactions generally do not qualify for sale treatment. Portfolio securitization trusts that do qualify for sale treatment primarily consist of loans that are guaranteed or insured, in whole or in part, by the U.S. government.
We retain interests from the transfer and sale of mortgage-related securities to unconsolidated single-class and multi-class portfolio securitization trusts. As of December 31, 2021, the unpaid principal balance of retained interests was $1.1 billion and its related fair value was $2.0 billion. The unpaid principal balance of retained interests was $1.7 billion and its related fair value was $2.9 billion as of December 31, 2020. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the principal, interest and other fees received on retained interests was $558 million, $700 million and $595 million, respectively.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-28
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Consolidations and Transfers of Financial Assets
|
Portfolio Securitizations
We consolidate the substantial majority of our single-class MBS trusts; therefore, these portfolio securitization transactions do not qualify for sale treatment. The assets and liabilities of consolidated trusts created via portfolio securitization transactions that do not qualify as sales are reported in our consolidated balance sheets.
We recognize assets obtained and liabilities incurred in qualifying sales of portfolio securitizations at fair value. Proceeds from the initial sale of securities from portfolio securitizations were $666 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. We had no proceeds from the initial sale of securities from portfolio securitizations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2019. Our continuing involvement in the form of guaranty assets and guaranty liabilities with assets that were transferred into unconsolidated trusts is not material to our consolidated financial statements.
Unconsolidated VIEs
We do not consolidate VIEs when we are not deemed to be the primary beneficiary. Our unconsolidated VIEs include securitization and resecuritization trusts, limited partnerships, and certain SPVs designed to transfer credit risk. The following table displays the carrying amount and classification of our assets and liabilities that relate to our involvement with unconsolidated securitization and resecuritization trusts.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Assets and liabilities recorded in our consolidated balance sheets related to unconsolidated mortgage-backed trusts:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Assets:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trading securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
|
$
|
984
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,611
|
|
Non-Fannie Mae
|
|
|
3,030
|
|
|
|
|
3,608
|
|
Total trading securities
|
|
|
4,014
|
|
|
|
|
5,219
|
|
Available-for-sale securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
|
495
|
|
|
|
|
1,168
|
|
Non-Fannie Mae
|
|
|
200
|
|
|
|
|
318
|
|
Total available-for-sale securities
|
|
|
695
|
|
|
|
|
1,486
|
|
Other assets
|
|
|
35
|
|
|
|
|
41
|
|
Other liabilities
|
|
|
(41)
|
|
|
|
|
(67)
|
|
Net carrying amount
|
|
|
$
|
4,703
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
6,679
|
|
Our maximum exposure to loss generally represents the greater of our carrying value in the entity or the unpaid principal balance of the assets covered by our guaranty. Our involvement in unconsolidated resecuritization trusts may give rise to additional exposure to loss depending on the type of resecuritization trust. Fannie Mae non-commingled resecuritization trusts are backed entirely by Fannie Mae MBS. These non-commingled single-class and multi-class resecuritization trusts are not consolidated and do not give rise to any additional exposure to loss as we already consolidate the underlying collateral.
Fannie Mae commingled resecuritization trusts are backed in whole or in part by Freddie Mac securities. The guaranty that we provide to these commingled resecuritization trusts may increase our exposure to loss to the extent that we are providing a guaranty for the timely payment and interest on the underlying Freddie Mac securities that we have not previously guaranteed. Our maximum exposure to loss for these unconsolidated trusts is measured by the amount of Freddie Mac securities that are held in these resecuritization trusts.
Our maximum exposure to loss related to unconsolidated securitization and resecuritization trusts, which includes but is not limited to our exposure to these Freddie Mac securities, was approximately $220 billion and $146 billion as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The total assets of our unconsolidated securitization and resecuritization trusts were approximately $250 billion and $180 billion as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The maximum exposure to loss for our unconsolidated limited partnerships and similar legal entities, which consist of LIHTC, community investments and other entities, was $292 million and the related net carrying value was $288 million as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2020, the maximum exposure to loss was $126 million and the related net carrying value was $121 million. The total assets of these limited partnership investments were $3.7 billion and $2.6 billion as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The maximum exposure to loss related to our involvement with unconsolidated SPVs that transfer credit risk represents the unpaid principal balance and accrued interest payable of obligations issued by the CAS and MCAS SPVs. The
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-29
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Consolidations and Transfers of Financial Assets
|
maximum exposure to loss related to these unconsolidated SPVs was $10.4 billion and $11.4 billion as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The total assets related to these unconsolidated SPVs were $10.4 billion and $11.4 billion as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The unpaid principal balance of our multifamily loan portfolio was $403.5 billion as of December 31, 2021. As our lending relationship does not provide us with a controlling financial interest in the borrower entity, we do not consolidate these borrowers regardless of their status as either a VIE or a voting interest entity. We have excluded these entities from our VIE disclosures. However, the disclosures we have provided in “Note 3, Mortgage Loans,” “Note 4, Allowance for Loan Losses” and “Note 6, Financial Guarantees” with respect to this population are consistent with the FASB’s stated objectives for the disclosures related to unconsolidated VIEs.
3. Mortgage Loans
We own single-family mortgage loans, which are secured by four or fewer residential dwelling units, and multifamily mortgage loans, which are secured by five or more residential dwelling units. We classify these loans as either HFI or HFS. We report the amortized cost of HFI loans for which we have not elected the fair value option at the unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized premiums and discounts, hedge-related basis adjustments, other cost basis adjustments, and accrued interest receivable, net. For purposes of our consolidated balance sheets, we present accrued interest receivable, net separately from the amortized cost of our loans held for investment. We report the carrying value of HFS loans at the lower of cost or fair value and record valuation changes in “Investment gains, net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. See “Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and “Note 8, Derivative Instruments” for additional information on hedge-related basis adjustments and on the implementation of our fair value hedge accounting program in January 2021.
For purposes of the single-family mortgage loan disclosures below, we display loans by class of financing receivable type. Financing receivable classes used for disclosure consist of: “20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate,” “15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate,” “Adjustable-rate” and “Other.” The “Other” class primarily consists of reverse mortgage loans, interest-only loans, negative-amortizing loans and second liens.
The following table displays the carrying value of our mortgage loans and allowance for loan losses.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Single-family
|
|
$
|
3,495,573
|
|
|
$
|
3,216,146
|
|
Multifamily
|
|
403,452
|
|
|
373,722
|
|
Total unpaid principal balance of mortgage loans
|
|
3,899,025
|
|
|
3,589,868
|
|
Cost basis and fair value adjustments, net
|
|
74,846
|
|
|
74,576
|
|
Allowance for loan losses for HFI loans
|
|
(5,629)
|
|
|
(10,552)
|
|
Total mortgage loans(1)
|
|
$
|
3,968,242
|
|
|
$
|
3,653,892
|
|
(1)Excludes $9.1 billion and $9.8 billion of accrued interest receivable, net of allowance as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-30
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Mortgage Loans
|
The following table displays information about our redesignation of loans and the sales of mortgage loans during the period.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
2019
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Single family loans redesignated from HFI to HFS:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amortized cost
|
|
$
|
16,606
|
|
|
$
|
8,309
|
|
|
$
|
18,245
|
|
Lower of cost or fair value adjustment at time of redesignation(1)
|
|
(372)
|
|
|
(291)
|
|
|
(995)
|
|
Allowance reversed at time of redesignation
|
|
1,605
|
|
|
963
|
|
|
2,484
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Single family loans redesignated from HFS to HFI:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amortized cost
|
|
$
|
5
|
|
|
$
|
144
|
|
|
$
|
28
|
|
Allowance established at time of redesignation
|
|
(1)
|
|
|
(15)
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Single-family loans sold:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unpaid principal balance
|
|
$
|
16,977
|
|
|
$
|
9,519
|
|
|
$
|
19,737
|
|
Realized gains, net
|
|
1,624
|
|
|
831
|
|
|
1,238
|
|
(1)Consists of the write-off against the allowance at the time of redesignation.
The amortized cost of single-family mortgage loans for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process was $4.4 billion and $5.0 billion as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As a result of our various loss mitigation and foreclosure prevention efforts, we expect that a portion of the loans in the process of formal foreclosure proceedings will not ultimately foreclose. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we prohibited our servicers from completing foreclosures on our single-family loans through July 31, 2021, except in the case of vacant or abandoned properties. In addition, our servicers were required to comply with a Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”) rule that prohibited certain new single-family foreclosures on mortgage loans secured by the borrower’s principal residence until after December 31, 2021.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-31
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Mortgage Loans
|
Aging Analysis
The following tables display an aging analysis of the total amortized cost of our HFI mortgage loans by portfolio segment and class, excluding loans for which we have elected the fair value option.
Pursuant to the CARES Act, for purposes of reporting to the credit bureaus, servicers must report a borrower receiving a COVID-19-related payment accommodation during the covered period, such as a forbearance plan or loan modification, as current if the borrower was current prior to receiving the accommodation and the borrower makes all required payments in accordance with the accommodation. For purposes of our disclosures regarding delinquency status, we report loans receiving COVID-19-related payment forbearance as delinquent according to the contractual terms of the loan.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2021
|
|
|
30 - 59 Days
Delinquent
|
|
60 - 89 Days Delinquent
|
|
Seriously Delinquent(1)
|
|
Total Delinquent
|
|
Current
|
|
Total
|
|
Loans 90 Days or More Delinquent and Accruing Interest
|
|
Nonaccrual Loans with No Allowance
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Single-family:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate
|
|
$
|
22,862
|
|
|
$
|
5,192
|
|
|
$
|
38,288
|
|
|
$
|
66,342
|
|
|
$
|
2,902,763
|
|
|
$
|
2,969,105
|
|
|
$
|
24,236
|
|
|
$
|
6,271
|
|
15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate
|
|
2,024
|
|
|
326
|
|
|
1,799
|
|
|
4,149
|
|
|
529,278
|
|
|
533,427
|
|
|
1,454
|
|
|
193
|
|
Adjustable-rate
|
|
161
|
|
|
36
|
|
|
374
|
|
|
571
|
|
|
25,771
|
|
|
26,342
|
|
|
287
|
|
|
63
|
|
Other(2)
|
|
786
|
|
|
204
|
|
|
1,942
|
|
|
2,932
|
|
|
35,013
|
|
|
37,945
|
|
|
1,008
|
|
|
545
|
|
Total single-family
|
|
25,833
|
|
|
5,758
|
|
|
42,403
|
|
|
73,994
|
|
|
3,492,825
|
|
|
3,566,819
|
|
|
26,985
|
|
|
7,072
|
|
Multifamily(3)
|
|
114
|
|
|
N/A
|
|
1,693
|
|
|
1,807
|
|
|
404,398
|
|
|
406,205
|
|
|
317
|
|
|
107
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
25,947
|
|
|
$
|
5,758
|
|
|
$
|
44,096
|
|
|
$
|
75,801
|
|
|
$
|
3,897,223
|
|
|
$
|
3,973,024
|
|
|
$
|
27,302
|
|
|
$
|
7,179
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2020
|
|
|
30 - 59 Days
Delinquent
|
|
60 - 89 Days Delinquent
|
|
Seriously Delinquent(1)
|
|
Total Delinquent
|
|
Current
|
|
Total
|
|
Loans 90 Days or More Delinquent and Accruing Interest
|
|
Nonaccrual Loans with No Allowance
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Single-family:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate
|
|
$
|
24,928
|
|
|
$
|
9,414
|
|
|
$
|
88,276
|
|
|
$
|
122,618
|
|
|
$
|
2,619,585
|
|
|
$
|
2,742,203
|
|
|
$
|
68,526
|
|
|
$
|
6,028
|
|
15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate
|
|
1,987
|
|
|
601
|
|
|
5,028
|
|
|
7,616
|
|
|
449,443
|
|
|
457,059
|
|
|
4,292
|
|
|
240
|
|
Adjustable-rate
|
|
268
|
|
|
97
|
|
|
1,143
|
|
|
1,508
|
|
|
29,933
|
|
|
31,441
|
|
|
907
|
|
|
114
|
|
Other(2)
|
|
1,150
|
|
|
458
|
|
|
5,037
|
|
|
6,645
|
|
|
47,937
|
|
|
54,582
|
|
|
2,861
|
|
|
771
|
|
Total single-family
|
|
28,333
|
|
|
10,570
|
|
|
99,484
|
|
|
138,387
|
|
|
3,146,898
|
|
|
3,285,285
|
|
|
76,586
|
|
|
7,153
|
|
Multifamily(3)
|
|
1,140
|
|
|
N/A
|
|
3,688
|
|
|
4,828
|
|
|
372,598
|
|
|
377,426
|
|
|
610
|
|
|
302
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
29,473
|
|
|
$
|
10,570
|
|
|
$
|
103,172
|
|
|
$
|
143,215
|
|
|
$
|
3,519,496
|
|
|
$
|
3,662,711
|
|
|
$
|
77,196
|
|
|
$
|
7,455
|
|
(1)Single-family seriously delinquent loans are loans that are 90 days or more past due or in the foreclosure process. Multifamily seriously delinquent loans are loans that are 60 days or more past due.
(2)Reverse mortgage loans included in “Other” are not aged due to their nature and are included in the current column.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-32
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Mortgage Loans
|
(3)Multifamily loans 60-89 days delinquent are included in the seriously delinquent column.
Credit Quality Indicators
The following tables display the total amortized cost of our single-family HFI loans by class, year of origination and credit quality indicator, excluding loans for which we have elected the fair value option. The estimated mark-to-market LTV ratio is a primary factor we consider when estimating our allowance for loan losses for single-family loans. As LTV ratios increase, the borrower’s equity in the home decreases, which may negatively affect the borrower’s ability to refinance or to sell the property for an amount at or above the outstanding balance of the loan.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2021, by Year of Origination(1)
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
2019
|
|
2018
|
|
2017
|
|
Prior
|
|
Total
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Estimated mark-to-market LTV ratio:(2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than or equal to 80%
|
|
$
|
798,830
|
|
|
$
|
881,290
|
|
|
$
|
177,909
|
|
|
$
|
87,825
|
|
|
$
|
111,059
|
|
|
$
|
666,327
|
|
|
$
|
2,723,240
|
|
Greater than 80% and less than or equal to 90%
|
|
129,340
|
|
|
39,689
|
|
|
2,689
|
|
|
1,056
|
|
|
622
|
|
|
1,687
|
|
|
175,083
|
|
Greater than 90% and less than or equal to 100%
|
|
66,667
|
|
|
2,278
|
|
|
544
|
|
|
229
|
|
|
57
|
|
|
460
|
|
|
70,235
|
|
Greater than 100%
|
|
21
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
9
|
|
|
16
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
467
|
|
|
547
|
|
Total 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate
|
|
994,858
|
|
|
923,269
|
|
|
181,151
|
|
|
89,126
|
|
|
111,760
|
|
|
668,941
|
|
|
2,969,105
|
|
15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than or equal to 80%
|
|
196,163
|
|
|
157,076
|
|
|
25,390
|
|
|
9,595
|
|
|
20,715
|
|
|
121,027
|
|
|
529,966
|
|
Greater than 80% and less than or equal to 90%
|
|
2,576
|
|
|
259
|
|
|
16
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
2,864
|
|
Greater than 90% and less than or equal to 100%
|
|
579
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
590
|
|
Greater than 100%
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
7
|
|
Total 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate
|
|
199,318
|
|
|
157,340
|
|
|
25,406
|
|
|
9,600
|
|
|
20,720
|
|
|
121,043
|
|
|
533,427
|
|
Adjustable-rate:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than or equal to 80%
|
|
6,166
|
|
|
2,235
|
|
|
1,065
|
|
|
1,236
|
|
|
2,524
|
|
|
12,501
|
|
|
25,727
|
|
Greater than 80% and less than or equal to 90%
|
|
438
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
479
|
|
Greater than 90% and less than or equal to 100%
|
|
135
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
136
|
|
Greater than 100%
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
Total adjustable-rate
|
|
6,739
|
|
|
2,261
|
|
|
1,072
|
|
|
1,240
|
|
|
2,526
|
|
|
12,504
|
|
|
26,342
|
|
Other:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than or equal to 80%
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
34
|
|
|
268
|
|
|
655
|
|
|
26,930
|
|
|
27,887
|
|
Greater than 80% and less than or equal to 90%
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
275
|
|
|
284
|
|
Greater than 90% and less than or equal to 100%
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
133
|
|
|
136
|
|
Greater than 100%
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
141
|
|
|
143
|
|
Total other
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
34
|
|
|
273
|
|
|
664
|
|
|
27,479
|
|
|
28,450
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
1,200,915
|
|
|
$
|
1,082,870
|
|
|
$
|
207,663
|
|
|
$
|
100,239
|
|
|
$
|
135,670
|
|
|
$
|
829,967
|
|
|
$
|
3,557,324
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total for all classes by LTV ratio:(2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than or equal to 80%
|
|
$
|
1,001,159
|
|
|
$
|
1,040,601
|
|
|
$
|
204,398
|
|
|
$
|
98,924
|
|
|
$
|
134,953
|
|
|
$
|
826,785
|
|
|
$
|
3,306,820
|
|
Greater than 80% and less than or equal to 90%
|
|
132,354
|
|
|
39,973
|
|
|
2,712
|
|
|
1,067
|
|
|
632
|
|
|
1,972
|
|
|
178,710
|
|
Greater than 90% and less than or equal to 100%
|
|
67,381
|
|
|
2,284
|
|
|
544
|
|
|
231
|
|
|
60
|
|
|
597
|
|
|
71,097
|
|
Greater than 100%
|
|
21
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
9
|
|
|
17
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
613
|
|
|
697
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
1,200,915
|
|
|
$
|
1,082,870
|
|
|
$
|
207,663
|
|
|
$
|
100,239
|
|
|
$
|
135,670
|
|
|
$
|
829,967
|
|
|
$
|
3,557,324
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-33
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Mortgage Loans
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2020, by Year of Origination(1)
|
|
|
2020
|
|
2019
|
|
2018
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
|
Prior
|
|
Total
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Estimated mark-to-market LTV ratio:(2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than or equal to 80%
|
|
$
|
794,156
|
|
|
$
|
233,994
|
|
|
$
|
135,849
|
|
|
$
|
183,315
|
|
|
$
|
221,172
|
|
|
$
|
775,636
|
|
|
$
|
2,344,122
|
|
Greater than 80% and less than or equal to 90%
|
|
157,500
|
|
|
85,227
|
|
|
23,440
|
|
|
5,270
|
|
|
1,592
|
|
|
5,958
|
|
|
278,987
|
|
Greater than 90% and less than or equal to 100%
|
|
109,743
|
|
|
4,186
|
|
|
820
|
|
|
250
|
|
|
124
|
|
|
1,994
|
|
|
117,117
|
|
Greater than 100%
|
|
28
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
28
|
|
|
77
|
|
|
81
|
|
|
1,756
|
|
|
1,977
|
|
Total 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate
|
|
1,061,427
|
|
|
323,414
|
|
|
160,137
|
|
|
188,912
|
|
|
222,969
|
|
|
785,344
|
|
|
2,742,203
|
|
15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than or equal to 80%
|
|
181,418
|
|
|
41,374
|
|
|
15,768
|
|
|
31,497
|
|
|
46,088
|
|
|
132,596
|
|
|
448,741
|
|
Greater than 80% and less than or equal to 90%
|
|
6,105
|
|
|
811
|
|
|
35
|
|
|
14
|
|
|
8
|
|
|
20
|
|
|
6,993
|
|
Greater than 90% and less than or equal to 100%
|
|
1,274
|
|
|
9
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
1,303
|
|
Greater than 100%
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
13
|
|
|
22
|
|
Total 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate
|
|
188,797
|
|
|
42,194
|
|
|
15,809
|
|
|
31,518
|
|
|
46,102
|
|
|
132,639
|
|
|
457,059
|
|
Adjustable-rate:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than or equal to 80%
|
|
2,935
|
|
|
1,839
|
|
|
2,412
|
|
|
4,765
|
|
|
2,678
|
|
|
16,248
|
|
|
30,877
|
|
Greater than 80% and less than or equal to 90%
|
|
234
|
|
|
152
|
|
|
79
|
|
|
19
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
501
|
|
Greater than 90% and less than or equal to 100%
|
|
56
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
62
|
|
Greater than 100%
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
|
Total adjustable-rate
|
|
3,225
|
|
|
1,994
|
|
|
2,492
|
|
|
4,784
|
|
|
2,683
|
|
|
16,263
|
|
|
31,441
|
|
Other:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than or equal to 80%
|
|
—
|
|
|
41
|
|
|
328
|
|
|
811
|
|
|
1,028
|
|
|
36,216
|
|
|
38,424
|
|
Greater than 80% and less than or equal to 90%
|
|
—
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
20
|
|
|
43
|
|
|
30
|
|
|
1,298
|
|
|
1,393
|
|
Greater than 90% and less than or equal to 100%
|
|
—
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
8
|
|
|
16
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
602
|
|
|
638
|
|
Greater than 100%
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
8
|
|
|
9
|
|
|
631
|
|
|
652
|
|
Total other
|
|
—
|
|
|
45
|
|
|
360
|
|
|
878
|
|
|
1,077
|
|
|
38,747
|
|
|
41,107
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
1,253,449
|
|
|
$
|
367,647
|
|
|
$
|
178,798
|
|
|
$
|
226,092
|
|
|
$
|
272,831
|
|
|
$
|
972,993
|
|
|
$
|
3,271,810
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total for all classes by LTV ratio:(2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than or equal to 80%
|
|
$
|
978,509
|
|
|
$
|
277,248
|
|
|
$
|
154,357
|
|
|
$
|
220,388
|
|
|
$
|
270,966
|
|
|
$
|
960,696
|
|
|
$
|
2,862,164
|
|
Greater than 80% and less than or equal to 90%
|
|
163,839
|
|
|
86,192
|
|
|
23,574
|
|
|
5,346
|
|
|
1,635
|
|
|
7,288
|
|
|
287,874
|
|
Greater than 90% and less than or equal to 100%
|
|
111,073
|
|
|
4,200
|
|
|
832
|
|
|
270
|
|
|
137
|
|
|
2,608
|
|
|
119,120
|
|
Greater than 100%
|
|
28
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
35
|
|
|
88
|
|
|
93
|
|
|
2,401
|
|
|
2,652
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
1,253,449
|
|
|
$
|
367,647
|
|
|
$
|
178,798
|
|
|
$
|
226,092
|
|
|
$
|
272,831
|
|
|
$
|
972,993
|
|
|
$
|
3,271,810
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1)Excludes $9.5 billion and $13.5 billion as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, of mortgage loans guaranteed or insured, in whole or in part, by the U.S. government or one of its agencies, which represents primarily reverse mortgages for which we do not calculate an estimated mark-to-market LTV ratio.
(2)The aggregate estimated mark-to-market LTV ratio is based on the unpaid principal balance of the loan divided by the estimated current value of the property as of the end of each reported period, which we calculate using an internal valuation model that estimates periodic changes in home value.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-34
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Mortgage Loans
|
The following tables display the total amortized cost of our multifamily HFI loans by year of origination and credit-risk rating, excluding loans for which we have elected the fair value option. Property rental income and property valuations are key inputs to our internally assigned credit risk ratings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2021, by Year of Origination
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
2019
|
|
2018
|
|
2017
|
|
Prior
|
|
Total
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Internally assigned credit risk rating:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-classified(1)
|
|
$
|
58,986
|
|
|
$
|
79,602
|
|
|
$
|
64,278
|
|
|
$
|
55,552
|
|
|
$
|
44,037
|
|
|
$
|
87,549
|
|
|
$
|
390,004
|
|
Classified(2)
|
|
21
|
|
|
595
|
|
|
2,288
|
|
|
2,114
|
|
|
4,091
|
|
|
7,092
|
|
|
16,201
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
59,007
|
|
|
$
|
80,197
|
|
|
$
|
66,566
|
|
|
$
|
57,666
|
|
|
$
|
48,128
|
|
|
$
|
94,641
|
|
|
$
|
406,205
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2020, by Year of Origination
|
|
|
2020
|
|
2019
|
|
2018
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
|
Prior
|
|
Total
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Internally assigned credit risk rating:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-classified(1)
|
|
$
|
71,977
|
|
|
$
|
68,296
|
|
|
$
|
62,087
|
|
|
$
|
50,907
|
|
|
$
|
43,174
|
|
|
$
|
70,933
|
|
|
$
|
367,374
|
|
Classified(2)
|
|
37
|
|
|
1,041
|
|
|
1,529
|
|
|
2,616
|
|
|
1,579
|
|
|
3,250
|
|
|
10,052
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
72,014
|
|
|
$
|
69,337
|
|
|
$
|
63,616
|
|
|
$
|
53,523
|
|
|
$
|
44,753
|
|
|
$
|
74,183
|
|
|
$
|
377,426
|
|
(1)A loan categorized as “Non-classified” is current or adequately protected by the current financial strength and debt service capability of the borrower.
(2)Represents loans classified as “Substandard” or “Doubtful.” Loans classified as “Substandard” have a well-defined weakness that jeopardizes the timely full repayment. “Doubtful” refers to a loan with a weakness that makes collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable based on existing conditions and values. We had loans with an amortized cost of less than $1 million classified as doubtful as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Troubled Debt Restructurings
A modification to the contractual terms of a loan that results in granting a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties is considered a TDR. In addition to formal loan modifications, we also engage in other loss mitigation activities with troubled borrowers, which include repayment plans and forbearance arrangements, both of which represent informal agreements with the borrower that do not result in the legal modification of the loan’s contractual terms. We account for these informal restructurings as a TDR if we defer more than three missed payments. We also classify loans to certain borrowers who have received bankruptcy relief as TDRs. However, our current TDR accounting described herein is temporarily impacted by our election to account for certain eligible loss mitigation activities under the COVID-19 relief granted pursuant to the CARES Act and the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021. See “Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for more information on the COVID-19 relief from TDR accounting and disclosure requirements.
The substantial majority of the loan modifications accounted for as a TDR result in term extensions, interest rate reductions or a combination of both. The average term extension of a single-family modified loan was 145 months, 163 months and 162 months for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The average interest rate reduction was 0.57, 0.37 and 0.13 percentage points for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-35
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Mortgage Loans
|
The following table displays the number of loans and amortized cost of loans classified as a TDR during the period.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
2019
|
|
Number of Loans
|
|
Amortized Cost
|
|
Number of Loans
|
|
Amortized Cost
|
|
Number of Loans
|
|
Amortized Cost
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Single-family:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed rate
|
|
10,815
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,717
|
|
|
|
|
29,938
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
5,125
|
|
|
|
|
43,283
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
7,140
|
|
|
15-year or less, amortizing fixed rate
|
|
1,165
|
|
|
|
|
93
|
|
|
|
|
2,956
|
|
|
|
|
257
|
|
|
|
|
4,762
|
|
|
|
|
424
|
|
|
Adjustable-rate
|
|
116
|
|
|
|
|
17
|
|
|
|
|
467
|
|
|
|
|
72
|
|
|
|
|
813
|
|
|
|
|
123
|
|
|
Other
|
|
524
|
|
|
|
|
56
|
|
|
|
|
1,688
|
|
|
|
|
211
|
|
|
|
|
3,001
|
|
|
|
|
403
|
|
|
Total single-family
|
|
12,620
|
|
|
|
|
1,883
|
|
|
|
|
35,049
|
|
|
|
|
5,665
|
|
|
|
|
51,859
|
|
|
|
|
8,090
|
|
|
Multifamily
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
11
|
|
|
|
|
56
|
|
|
Total TDRs
|
|
12,620
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,883
|
|
|
|
|
35,049
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
5,665
|
|
|
|
|
51,870
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
8,146
|
|
|
For loans that defaulted in the period presented and that were classified as a TDR in the twelve months prior to the default, the following table displays the number of loans and the amortized cost of these loans at the time of payment default. For purposes of this disclosure, we define loans that had a payment default as: single-family and multifamily loans with completed TDRs that liquidated during the period, either through foreclosure, deed-in-lieu of foreclosure, or a short sale; single-family loans with completed modifications that are two or more months delinquent during the period; or multifamily loans with completed modifications that are one or more months delinquent during the period.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
2019
|
|
Number of Loans
|
|
Amortized Cost
|
|
Number of Loans
|
|
Amortized Cost
|
|
Number of Loans
|
|
Amortized Cost
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
|
Single-family:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed rate
|
|
7,799
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,302
|
|
|
|
|
14,127
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
2,578
|
|
|
|
|
15,189
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
2,366
|
|
|
15-year or less, amortizing fixed rate
|
|
489
|
|
|
|
|
37
|
|
|
|
|
148
|
|
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
|
|
594
|
|
|
|
|
45
|
|
|
Adjustable-rate
|
|
33
|
|
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
|
|
16
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
91
|
|
|
|
|
14
|
|
|
Other
|
|
922
|
|
|
|
|
166
|
|
|
|
|
1,291
|
|
|
|
|
208
|
|
|
|
|
1,975
|
|
|
|
|
315
|
|
|
Total single-family
|
|
9,243
|
|
|
|
|
1,510
|
|
|
|
|
15,582
|
|
|
|
|
2,798
|
|
|
|
|
17,849
|
|
|
|
|
2,740
|
|
|
Multifamily
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
|
|
16
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
18
|
|
|
Total TDRs that subsequently defaulted
|
|
9,243
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,510
|
|
|
|
|
15,586
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
2,814
|
|
|
|
|
17,851
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
2,758
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-36
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Mortgage Loans
|
Nonaccrual Loans
The table below displays the accrued interest receivable written off through the reversal of interest income for nonaccrual loans.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Accrued interest receivable written off through the reversal of interest income:
|
|
|
|
|
Single-family
|
|
$
|
163
|
|
|
$
|
206
|
|
Multifamily
|
|
1
|
|
|
19
|
|
The table below includes the amortized cost of and interest income recognized on our HFI single-family and multifamily loans on nonaccrual status by class, excluding loans for which we have elected the fair value option.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
2019
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
|
Amortized Cost
|
|
Total Interest Income Recognized(1)
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Single-family:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate
|
|
$
|
17,599
|
|
|
$
|
22,907
|
|
|
$
|
23,427
|
|
|
$
|
292
|
|
|
$
|
461
|
|
15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate
|
|
430
|
|
|
853
|
|
|
858
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
15
|
|
Adjustable-rate
|
|
107
|
|
|
270
|
|
|
288
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
5
|
|
Other
|
|
1,101
|
|
|
2,475
|
|
|
2,973
|
|
|
15
|
|
|
43
|
|
Total single-family
|
|
19,237
|
|
|
26,505
|
|
|
27,546
|
|
|
314
|
|
|
524
|
|
Multifamily
|
|
1,259
|
|
|
2,069
|
|
|
435
|
|
|
14
|
|
|
59
|
|
Total nonaccrual loans
|
|
$
|
20,496
|
|
|
$
|
28,574
|
|
|
$
|
27,981
|
|
|
$
|
328
|
|
|
$
|
583
|
|
(1)Single-family interest income recognized includes amounts accrued while the loans were performing, including the amortization of any deferred cost basis adjustments, as well as payments received on nonaccrual loans held as of period end. Multifamily interest income recognized includes amounts accrued while the loans were performing and the amortization of any deferred cost basis adjustments for nonaccrual loans held as of period end.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-37
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Allowance for Loan Losses
|
4. Allowance for Loan Losses
We maintain an allowance for loan losses for HFI loans held by Fannie Mae and by consolidated Fannie Mae MBS trusts, excluding loans for which we have elected the fair value option. When calculating our allowance for loan losses, we consider the unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized premiums and discounts, and other cost basis adjustments of HFI loans at the balance sheet date. We record write-offs as a reduction to our allowance for loan losses at the point of foreclosure, completion of a short sale, upon the redesignation of nonperforming and reperforming loans from HFI to HFS or when a loan is determined to be uncollectible.
The following table displays changes in our allowance for single-family loans, multifamily loans and total allowance for loan losses, including the transition impact of adopting the CECL standard, on January 1, 2020. See “Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for additional information and accounting policies on loans held for sale and changes resulting from our adoption of the CECL standard.
The benefit or provision for loan losses excludes provision for accrued interest receivable losses, guaranty loss reserves and credit losses on available-for-sale (“AFS”) debt securities. Cumulatively, these amounts are recognized as “Benefit (provision) for credit losses” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Single-family allowance for loan losses:
|
|
|
|
|
Beginning balance
|
|
$
|
(9,344)
|
|
|
$
|
(8,759)
|
|
Transition impact of the adoption of the CECL standard
|
|
—
|
|
|
(1,229)
|
|
Benefit (provision) for loan losses
|
|
4,503
|
|
|
127
|
|
Write-offs
|
|
417
|
|
|
457
|
|
Recoveries
|
|
(419)
|
|
|
(93)
|
|
Other
|
|
(107)
|
|
|
153
|
|
Ending Balance
|
|
$
|
(4,950)
|
|
|
$
|
(9,344)
|
|
Multifamily allowance for loan losses:
|
|
|
|
|
Beginning balance
|
|
$
|
(1,208)
|
|
|
(257)
|
|
Transition impact of the adoption of the CECL standard
|
|
—
|
|
|
(493)
|
|
Benefit (provision) for loan losses
|
|
519
|
|
|
(593)
|
|
Write-offs
|
|
59
|
|
|
136
|
|
Recoveries
|
|
(49)
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
Ending Balance
|
|
$
|
(679)
|
|
|
$
|
(1,208)
|
|
Total allowance for loan losses:
|
|
|
|
|
Beginning balance
|
|
$
|
(10,552)
|
|
|
$
|
(9,016)
|
|
Transition impact of the adoption of the CECL standard
|
|
—
|
|
|
(1,722)
|
|
Benefit (provision) for loan losses
|
|
5,022
|
|
|
(466)
|
|
Write-offs
|
|
476
|
|
|
593
|
|
Recoveries
|
|
(468)
|
|
|
(94)
|
|
Other
|
|
(107)
|
|
|
153
|
|
Ending Balance
|
|
$
|
(5,629)
|
|
|
$
|
(10,552)
|
|
Our benefit or provision for loan losses can vary substantially from period to period based on a number of factors, such as changes in actual and forecasted home prices or property valuations, fluctuations in actual and forecasted interest rates, borrower payment behavior, events such as natural disasters or pandemics, the type, volume and effectiveness of our loss mitigation activities, including forbearances and loan modifications, the volume of foreclosures completed, and the redesignation of loans from HFI to HFS. Our benefit or provision can also be impacted by updates to the models, assumptions, and data used in determining our allowance for loan losses. As described below, our benefit or provision for loan losses and our loss reserves have been significantly affected by our estimates of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the pace and strength of the economy’s subsequent recovery, which require significant management judgment.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-38
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Allowance for Loan Losses
|
The primary factors that contributed to our single-family benefit for loan losses for 2021 were:
•Benefit from actual and forecasted home price growth. In 2021, actual home price growth was at record levels. We expect home price growth to moderate in 2022, with slower growth expected thereafter. Higher home prices decrease the likelihood that loans will default and reduce the amount of credit loss on loans that do default, which impacts our estimate of losses and ultimately reduces our loss reserves and provision for loan losses.
•Benefit from the redesignation of certain nonperforming and reperforming single-family loans from HFI to HFS. We redesignated certain nonperforming and reperforming single-family loans from HFI to HFS, as we no longer intend to hold them for the foreseeable future or to maturity. Upon redesignation of these loans, we recorded the loans at the lower of cost or fair value with a write-off against the allowance for loan losses. Amounts recorded in the allowance related to these loans exceeded the amounts written off, resulting in a net benefit for loan losses.
•Benefit from changes in assumptions regarding COVID-19 forbearance and loan delinquencies. During the first half of 2021, management used its judgment to supplement the loss projections developed by our credit loss model to account for uncertainty arising from the COVID-19 pandemic that was not represented in historical data or otherwise captured by our credit model. For the second half of 2021, management removed the remaining non-modeled adjustment as the effects of the government’s economic stimulus, the vaccine rollout, and the effectiveness of COVID-19-related loss mitigation strategies were much less uncertain. Specifically, the decrease in uncertainty as of December 31, 2021 compared with the end of 2020 was primarily driven by the passage of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 and the broad implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination program in the United States, which contributed to a significant increase in business activity and helped support continued economic growth. There has also been a steady decline in the number of borrowers in a COVID-19-related forbearance, lessening expectations of loan losses. Additionally, we believe the array of possible future economic environments included in our credit model, which captures scenarios that may be remote, combined with data consumed over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, such as forbearance outcomes, have removed the need to continue to supplement modeled results.
The impact of these factors was partially offset by the impact of the following factor, which reduced our single-family benefit for loan losses recognized in 2021.
•Provision for higher actual and projected interest rates. Actual and projected interest rates were higher as of December 31, 2021 compared with December 31, 2020. As mortgage rates increase, we expect a decrease in future prepayments on single-family loans, including modified loans. Lower expected prepayments extend the expected lives of modified loans, which increases the expected impairment relating to term and interest-rate concessions provided on these loans, resulting in a provision for loan losses.
The primary factors that contributed to our single-family benefit for loan losses in 2020 were:
•Benefit from actual and expected home price growth. In the first quarter of 2020, we significantly reduced our expectations for home price growth to near-zero for 2020. However, the negative impact from the first quarter of 2020 was more than offset by a robust increase in actual home price growth through the remainder of 2020 despite the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, we also expected more moderate home price growth for 2021.
•Benefit from lower actual and projected interest rates. For much of 2020, we continued to be in a historically low interest rate environment, which we expected to continue in 2021. We expected continuing low interest rates would result in a continuing high level of prepayments on single-family loans, including modified loans. Higher expected prepayments shorten the expected lives of modified loans, which decreases the expected impairment relating to term and interest-rate concessions provided on these loans and results in a benefit for loan losses.
•Benefit from the redesignation of certain reperforming single-family loans from HFI to HFS. In the third quarter of 2020, we resumed sales of reperforming loans after our suspension of new loan sales in the second quarter of 2020. As a result, we redesignated certain reperforming single-family loans from HFI to HFS in the second half of 2020, as we no longer intended to hold them for the foreseeable future or to maturity. Upon redesignation of these loans, we recorded the loans at the lower of cost or fair value with a write-off against the allowance for loan losses. Amounts recorded in the allowance related to these loans exceeded the amounts written off, resulting in a benefit.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-39
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Allowance for Loan Losses
|
These benefits were substantially offset by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including increased delinquencies, as described below.
•Provision from changes in actual and expected loan delinquencies and change in assumptions regarding COVID-19 forbearance, which included adjustments to modeled results. The economic dislocation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic was a significant driver of credit-related expenses during 2020, with the majority of the impact recognized in the first quarter of 2020. Estimating expected loan losses as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic required significant management judgment regarding a number of matters, including our expectations surrounding the length of time that loans would remain in forbearance and the type and extent of loss mitigation that might be needed when loans exited a COVID-19-related forbearance, political uncertainty and the high degree of uncertainty regarding the future course of the pandemic, including new strains of the virus and its effect on the economy. As a result, we believed the model used to estimate single-family loan losses did not capture the entirety of losses we expected to incur relating to COVID-19 at that time. Accordingly, management used its judgment to significantly increase the loss projections developed by our credit loss model in the first quarter of 2020. The model consumed data from the initial quarters of the pandemic, including loan delinquencies, and updated credit profile data for loans in forbearance. As more of this data was consumed by our credit loss model throughout the year, we reduced the non-modeled adjustment initially recorded in the first quarter of 2020.
However, management continued to apply its judgment and supplement model results as of December 31, 2020, taking into account the continued high degree of uncertainty regarding the future impact of the pandemic and its effect on the economy at that time.
The primary factor that contributed to a decrease in single-family write-offs in 2020 compared with 2019 was a reduction in the volume of reperforming loans redesignated from HFI to HFS.
The primary factors that contributed to our multifamily benefit for loan losses for 2021 were:
•Benefit from actual and projected economic data. In 2021, property value forecasts increased due to continued demand for multifamily housing. In addition, improved job growth led to an increase in projected average property net operating income, which reduced the probability of loan defaults, resulting in a benefit for loan losses for the year.
•Benefit from lower expected loan losses as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Similar to our single-family benefit for loan losses described above, for the first half of 2021 management used its judgment to supplement the loss projections developed by our credit loss model to account for uncertainty arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. For the second half of 2021, management removed the remaining non-modeled adjustment as the effects of the economic stimulus, the vaccine rollout, and the effectiveness of COVID-19-related loss mitigation strategies were much less uncertain.
Our multifamily provision for loan losses in 2020 was driven by higher expected losses as a result of the economic dislocation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and heightened economic uncertainty, driven by elevated unemployment, which we expected would result in a decrease in multifamily property net operating income and property values. In addition, the multifamily provision for loan losses included increased expected loan losses on seniors housing loans, as these properties were disproportionately impacted by the pandemic. Consistent with the single-family discussion above, we believed the model we used to estimate multifamily loan losses did not capture the entirety of losses we expected to incur relating to COVID-19 at that time. Accordingly, management used its judgment to increase the loss projections developed by our credit loss model. The model consumed data from the initial quarters of the pandemic, but we continued to apply management judgment and supplement model results as of December 31, 2020, taking into account the continued high degree of uncertainty that remained related to the impact of the pandemic.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-40
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Allowance for Loan Losses
|
The following table displays changes in single-family and multifamily allowance for loan losses for the year ended 2019 prior to the adoption of the CECL standard. For a description of our previous allowance and impairment methodology refer to “Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
2019
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Single-family allowance for loan losses:
|
|
|
Beginning balance
|
|
$
|
(13,969)
|
|
Benefit for loan losses
|
|
3,988
|
|
Write-offs
|
|
1,299
|
|
Recoveries
|
|
(71)
|
|
Other
|
|
(6)
|
|
Ending Balance
|
|
$
|
(8,759)
|
|
Multifamily allowance for loan losses:
|
|
|
Beginning balance
|
|
$
|
(234)
|
|
Provision for loan losses
|
|
(27)
|
|
Write-offs
|
|
8
|
|
Recoveries
|
|
(4)
|
|
Ending Balance
|
|
$
|
(257)
|
|
Total allowance for loan losses:
|
|
|
Beginning balance
|
|
$
|
(14,203)
|
|
Benefit for loan losses
|
|
3,961
|
|
Write-offs
|
|
1,307
|
|
Recoveries
|
|
(75)
|
|
Other
|
|
(6)
|
|
Ending Balance
|
|
$
|
(9,016)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-41
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Investments in Securities
|
5. Investments in Securities
Trading Securities
Trading securities are recorded at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded as “Fair value gains (losses), net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. The following table displays our investments in trading securities.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Mortgage-related securities:
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
$
|
1,576
|
|
|
$
|
2,404
|
|
Other agency(1)
|
|
2,893
|
|
|
3,451
|
|
Private-label and other mortgage securities
|
|
137
|
|
|
158
|
|
Total mortgage-related securities (includes $593 million and $793 million, respectively, related to consolidated trusts)
|
|
4,606
|
|
|
6,013
|
|
Non-mortgage-related securities:
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. Treasury securities
|
|
83,581
|
|
|
130,456
|
|
Other securities
|
|
19
|
|
|
73
|
|
Total non-mortgage-related securities
|
|
83,600
|
|
|
130,529
|
|
Total trading securities
|
|
$
|
88,206
|
|
|
$
|
136,542
|
|
(1)Consists of Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae mortgage-related securities.
The following table displays information about our net trading gains (losses).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31,
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
2019
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
|
Net trading gains (losses)
|
|
$
|
(1,060)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
513
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
322
|
|
|
Net trading gains (losses) recognized in the period related to securities still held at period end
|
|
(997)
|
|
|
|
|
252
|
|
|
|
|
238
|
|
|
Available-for-Sale Securities
We record AFS securities at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, recorded net of tax, as a component of “Other comprehensive loss” and we recognize realized gains and losses from the sale of AFS securities in “Investment gains, net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. We define the amortized cost basis of our AFS securities as unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized premiums and discounts, and other cost basis adjustments. Pursuant to the CECL standard, we record an allowance for credit losses for AFS securities that reflects the impairment for credit losses, which are limited to the amount that fair value is less than the amortized cost. Impairment due to non-credit losses are recorded as unrealized losses within “Other comprehensive loss.”
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-42
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Investments in Securities
|
The following tables display the amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, gross unrealized gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”), and fair value by major security type for AFS securities.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2021
|
|
|
Total Amortized Cost(1)
|
|
Allowance for Credit Losses(3)
|
|
Gross Unrealized Gains in AOCI
|
|
Gross Unrealized Losses in AOCI
|
|
Total Fair Value(1)
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
|
$
|
492
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
14
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(11)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
495
|
|
|
Other agency(2)
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
Alt-A and subprime private-label securities
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage revenue bonds
|
|
|
142
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
|
|
(3)
|
|
|
|
|
144
|
|
|
Other mortgage-related securities
|
|
|
178
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
181
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
$
|
827
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
24
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(14)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
837
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2020
|
|
|
Total Amortized Cost(1)
|
|
Allowance for Credit Losses
|
|
Gross Unrealized Gains
|
|
Gross Unrealized Losses
|
|
Total Fair Value(1)
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
|
$
|
1,094
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
86
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(12)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,168
|
|
|
Other agency(2)
|
|
|
59
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
65
|
|
|
Alt-A and subprime private-label securities
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage revenue bonds
|
|
|
211
|
|
|
|
|
(3)
|
|
|
|
|
8
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
216
|
|
|
Other mortgage-related securities
|
|
|
238
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
242
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
$
|
1,606
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(3)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
106
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(12)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,697
|
|
|
s
(1)We exclude from amortized cost and fair value accrued interest of $2 million and $6 million as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, which we record in “Other assets” in our consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Other agency securities consist of securities issued by Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae.
(3)Total allowance for credit losses is less than $0.5 million as of December 31, 2021.
Fannie Mae and Other Agency Securities
Our Fannie Mae and other agency AFS securities consist of securities issued by us, Freddie Mac, or Ginnie Mae. The principal and interest on these securities are guaranteed by the issuing agency. We believe that the guaranty provided by the issuing agency, the support provided to the agencies by the U.S. government, the importance of the agencies to the liquidity and stability in the secondary mortgage market, and the long history of zero credit losses on agency mortgage-related securities are all indicators that there are currently no credit losses on these securities, even if the security is in an unrealized loss position. In addition, we generally hold these securities that are in an unrealized loss position to recovery. As a result, unless we intend to sell the security, we do not recognize an allowance for credit losses on agency mortgage-related securities.
Non-Agency Mortgage-Related Securities
As of December 31, 2021, substantially all of our non-agency mortgage-related securities were in an unrealized gain position. As a result, we have not recognized an allowance for credit losses on these securities.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-43
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Investments in Securities
|
The following tables display additional information regarding gross unrealized losses and fair value by major security type for AFS securities in an unrealized loss position, excluding allowance for credit losses.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2021
|
|
|
Less Than 12 Consecutive Months
|
|
12 Consecutive Months or Longer
|
|
|
Gross Unrealized Losses in AOCI
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
Gross Unrealized Losses in AOCI
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
|
$
|
(5)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
225
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(6)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
102
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage revenue bonds
|
|
|
(3)
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
$
|
(8)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
228
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(6)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
102
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2020
|
|
|
Less Than 12 Consecutive Months
|
|
12 Consecutive Months or Longer
|
|
|
Gross Unrealized Losses in AOCI
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
Gross Unrealized Losses in AOCI
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
|
$
|
(1)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
40
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(11)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
94
|
|
|
Mortgage revenue bonds
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
$
|
(1)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
40
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(11)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
94
|
|
|
The following table displays the gross realized gains and proceeds on sales of AFS securities.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
2019
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Gross realized gains
|
|
$
|
59
|
|
|
$
|
57
|
|
|
$
|
265
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total proceeds (excludes initial sale of securities from new portfolio securitizations)
|
|
582
|
|
|
361
|
|
|
537
|
|
The following tables display net unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities and other amounts accumulated within our accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
|
Net unrealized gains on AFS securities for which we have not recorded an allowance for credit losses
|
|
$
|
9
|
|
|
$
|
74
|
|
|
|
|
Net unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities for which we have recorded an allowance for credit losses
|
|
(2)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
Other
|
|
31
|
|
|
42
|
|
|
|
Accumulated other comprehensive income
|
|
$
|
38
|
|
|
$
|
116
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
|
|
2019
|
|
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
|
Net unrealized gains on AFS securities for which we have not recorded other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”)
|
|
|
$
|
97
|
|
|
|
|
Net unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities for which we have recorded OTTI
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
Other
|
|
|
34
|
|
|
|
Accumulated other comprehensive income
|
|
|
$
|
131
|
|
|
|
|
Prior to our adoption of the CECL standard on January 1, 2020, we evaluated AFS securities for other-than-temporary impairment. The balance of the unrealized credit-loss component of AFS securities held by us and recognized in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income was $36 million as of December 31, 2019.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-44
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Investments in Securities
|
Maturity Information
The following table displays the amortized cost and fair value of our AFS securities by major security type and remaining contractual maturity, assuming no principal prepayments. The contractual maturity of mortgage-backed securities is not a reliable indicator of their expected life because borrowers generally have the right to prepay their obligations at any time.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2021
|
|
|
Total Carrying Amount (1)
|
|
Total
Fair
Value
|
|
One Year or Less
|
|
After One Year
Through Five Years
|
|
After Five Years Through Ten Years
|
|
After Ten Years
|
|
|
|
|
Net Carrying Amount (1)
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
Net Carrying Amount (1)
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
Net Carrying Amount (1)
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
Net Carrying Amount (1)
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
|
$
|
492
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
495
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
11
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
12
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
478
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
480
|
|
|
Other agency
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
11
|
|
|
|
|
11
|
|
|
Alt-A and subprime private-label securities
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage revenue bonds
|
|
|
142
|
|
|
|
|
144
|
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
|
|
107
|
|
|
|
|
108
|
|
|
Other mortgage-related securities
|
|
|
178
|
|
|
|
|
181
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
|
|
175
|
|
|
|
|
177
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
$
|
827
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
837
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
4
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
4
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
24
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
25
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
27
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
29
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
772
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
779
|
|
|
Weighted-average interest rate (2)
|
|
|
5.32
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.09
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.66
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7.75
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.19
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1)Net carrying amount consists of amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses on AFS debt securities but does not include any unrealized fair value gains or losses.
(2)Weighted-average interest rate includes the effects of discounts, premiums and other cost basis adjustments.
6. Financial Guarantees
We generate revenue by absorbing the credit risk of mortgage loans in unconsolidated trusts in exchange for a guaranty fee. We also provide credit enhancements on taxable or tax-exempt mortgage revenue bonds issued by state and local governmental entities to finance multifamily housing for low- and moderate-income families. Additionally, we issue long-term standby commitments that generally require us to purchase loans from lenders if the loans meet certain delinquency criteria.
We recognize a guaranty obligation for our obligation to stand ready to perform on our guarantees to unconsolidated trusts and other guaranty arrangements. These off-balance sheet guarantees expose us to credit losses primarily relating to the unpaid principal balance of our unconsolidated Fannie Mae MBS and other financial guarantees. The maximum remaining contractual term of our guarantees is 31 years; however, the actual term of each guaranty may be significantly less than the contractual term based on the prepayment characteristics of the related mortgage loans. With our adoption of the CECL standard on January 1, 2020, we measure our guaranty reserve for estimated credit losses for off-balance sheet exposures over the contractual period for which they are exposed to the credit risk, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the issuer.
As the guarantor of structured securities backed in whole or in part by Freddie Mac-issued securities, we extend our guaranty to the underlying Freddie Mac securities in our resecuritization trusts. However, Freddie Mac continues to guarantee the payment of principal and interest on the underlying Freddie Mac securities that we have resecuritized. We do not charge an incremental guaranty fee to include Freddie Mac securities in the structured securities that we issue. When we began issuing UMBS in June 2019, we entered into an indemnification agreement under which Freddie Mac agreed to indemnify us for losses caused by its failure to meet its payment or other specified obligations under the trust agreements pursuant to which the underlying resecuritized securities were issued. As a result, and due to the funding commitment available to Freddie Mac through its senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury, we have concluded that the associated credit risk is negligible. As such, we exclude from the following table Freddie Mac securities backing unconsolidated Fannie Mae-issued structured securities of approximately $212.3 billion and $137.3 billion as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-45
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Financial Guarantees
|
The following table displays our off-balance sheet maximum exposure, guaranty obligation recognized in our consolidated balance sheets and the potential maximum recovery from third parties through available credit enhancements and recourse related to our financial guarantees.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
Maximum Exposure
|
|
Guaranty Obligation
|
|
Maximum Recovery(1)
|
|
Maximum Exposure
|
|
Guaranty Obligation
|
|
Maximum Recovery(1)
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Unconsolidated Fannie Mae MBS
|
|
$
|
3,733
|
|
|
|
$
|
16
|
|
|
|
$
|
3,626
|
|
|
|
$
|
4,424
|
|
|
|
$
|
18
|
|
|
|
$
|
4,226
|
|
Other guaranty arrangements(2)
|
|
10,423
|
|
|
|
85
|
|
|
|
2,117
|
|
|
|
11,828
|
|
|
|
109
|
|
|
|
2,438
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
14,156
|
|
|
|
$
|
101
|
|
|
|
$
|
5,743
|
|
|
|
$
|
16,252
|
|
|
|
$
|
127
|
|
|
|
$
|
6,664
|
|
(1) Recoverability of such credit enhancements and recourse is subject to, among other factors, the ability of our mortgage insurers and the U.S. government, as a financial guarantor, to meet their obligations to us. For information on our mortgage insurers, see “Note 13, Concentrations of Credit Risk.”
(2) Primarily consists of credit enhancements and long-term standby commitments.
7. Short-Term and Long-Term Debt
In January 2021, we began applying fair value hedge accounting to certain debt issuances. The objective of our fair value hedges is to reduce GAAP earnings volatility related to changes in benchmark interest rates. See “Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and “Note 8, Derivative Instruments” for additional information on our fair value hedge accounting policy and related disclosures.
Short-Term Debt
The following table displays our outstanding short-term debt (debt with an original contractual maturity of one year or less) and weighted-average interest rates of this debt.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
|
Outstanding
|
|
Weighted- Average Interest Rate(1)
|
|
Outstanding
|
|
Weighted- Average Interest Rate(1)
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Short-term debt of Fannie Mae
|
|
$
|
2,795
|
|
|
0.03
|
%
|
|
$
|
12,173
|
|
|
0.18
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1)Includes the effects of discounts, premiums and other cost basis adjustments.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-46
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Short-Term and Long-Term Debt
|
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt represents debt with an original contractual maturity of greater than one year. The following table displays our outstanding long-term debt.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
|
Maturities
|
|
Outstanding(1)
|
|
Weighted- Average Interest Rate(2)
|
|
Maturities
|
|
Outstanding(1)
|
|
Weighted- Average Interest Rate(2)
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Senior fixed:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Benchmark notes and bonds
|
|
2022 - 2030
|
|
$
|
89,618
|
|
|
2.13
|
%
|
|
2021 - 2030
|
|
$
|
106,691
|
|
|
2.03
|
%
|
Medium-term notes(3)
|
|
2022 - 2031
|
|
38,312
|
|
|
0.60
|
|
|
2021 - 2030
|
|
48,524
|
|
|
0.63
|
|
Other(4)
|
|
2023 - 2038
|
|
7,045
|
|
|
3.73
|
|
|
2021 - 2038
|
|
6,701
|
|
|
3.90
|
|
Total senior fixed
|
|
|
|
134,975
|
|
|
1.78
|
|
|
|
|
161,916
|
|
|
1.69
|
|
Senior floating:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medium-term notes(3)
|
|
2022
|
|
51,583
|
|
|
0.32
|
|
|
2021 - 2022
|
|
100,089
|
|
|
0.35
|
|
Connecticut Avenue Securities(5)
|
|
2023 - 2031
|
|
11,166
|
|
|
4.30
|
|
|
2023 - 2031
|
|
14,978
|
|
|
4.16
|
|
Other(6)
|
|
2037
|
|
373
|
|
|
7.17
|
|
|
2037
|
|
416
|
|
|
7.75
|
|
Total senior floating
|
|
|
|
63,122
|
|
|
1.05
|
|
|
|
|
115,483
|
|
|
0.86
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total long-term debt of Fannie Mae(7)
|
|
|
|
198,097
|
|
|
1.55
|
|
|
|
|
277,399
|
|
|
1.34
|
|
Debt of consolidated trusts
|
|
2022 - 2061
|
|
3,957,299
|
|
|
1.89
|
|
|
2021 - 2060
|
|
3,646,164
|
|
|
1.88
|
|
Total long-term debt
|
|
|
|
$
|
4,155,396
|
|
|
1.88
|
%
|
|
|
|
$
|
3,923,563
|
|
|
1.85
|
%
|
(1)Outstanding debt balance consists of the unpaid principal balance, premiums and discounts, fair value adjustments, hedge-related basis adjustments, and other cost basis adjustments.
(2)Excludes the effects of fair value adjustments and hedge-related basis adjustments.
(3)Includes long-term debt with an original contractual maturity of greater than 1 year and up to 10 years, excluding zero-coupon debt.
(4)Includes other long-term debt with an original contractual maturity of greater than 10 years and foreign exchange bonds.
(5)Consists of CAS debt issued prior to November 2018, a portion of which is reported at fair value. See “Note 2, Consolidations and Transfers of Financial Assets” for more information about our CAS structures issued beginning November 2018.
(6)Consists of structured debt instruments that are reported at fair value.
(7)Includes unamortized discounts and premiums, fair value adjustments, hedge-related cost basis adjustments, and other cost basis adjustments in a net discount position of $1.6 billion and $392 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Our long-term debt includes a variety of debt types. We issue fixed and floating-rate medium-term notes with maturities greater than one year that are issued through dealer banks. We also offer Benchmark Notes® in regularly-scheduled issuances that provide increased efficiency, liquidity and tradability to the market. Additionally, we have historically issued notes and bonds denominated in a foreign currency. We effectively convert all outstanding foreign currency-denominated transactions into U.S. dollars through the use of foreign currency swaps for the purpose of funding our mortgage assets. Our long-term debt also includes CAS securities issued prior to November 2018, which are credit risk-sharing securities that transfer a portion of the credit risk on specified pools of single-family mortgage loans to the investors in these securities.
Our other long-term debt includes callable and non-callable securities, which include all long-term non-Benchmark securities, such as zero-coupon bonds, fixed rate and other long-term securities, and are generally negotiated underwritings with one or more dealers or dealer banks.
Characteristics of Debt
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the face amount of our debt securities of Fannie Mae was $202.5 billion and $290.0 billion, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, we had zero-coupon debt with a face amount of $3.2 billion, which had an effective interest rate of 0.66%. As of December 31, 2020, we had zero-coupon debt with a face amount of $5.1 billion, which had an effective interest rate of 0.50%.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-47
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Short-Term and Long-Term Debt
|
We issue callable debt instruments to manage the duration and prepayment risk of expected cash flows of the mortgage assets we own. Our outstanding debt as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 included $47.0 billion and $57.5 billion, respectively, of callable debt that could be redeemed, in whole or in part, at our option on or after a specified date.
The following table displays the amount of our long-term debt as of December 31, 2021 by year of maturity for each of the years 2022 through 2026 and thereafter. The first column assumes that we pay off this debt at maturity or on the call date if the call has been announced, while the second column assumes that we redeem our callable debt at the next available call date.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Long-Term Debt by
Year of Maturity
|
|
Assuming Callable Debt
Redeemed at Next
Available Call Date
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
2022
|
|
|
$
|
65,617
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
100,564
|
|
|
2023
|
|
|
23,255
|
|
|
|
|
20,856
|
|
|
2024
|
|
|
18,817
|
|
|
|
|
14,169
|
|
|
2025
|
|
|
38,141
|
|
|
|
|
21,614
|
|
|
2026
|
|
|
9,598
|
|
|
|
|
7,195
|
|
|
Thereafter
|
|
|
42,669
|
|
|
|
|
33,699
|
|
|
Total long-term debt of Fannie Mae(1)
|
|
|
198,097
|
|
|
|
|
198,097
|
|
|
Debt of consolidated trusts(2)
|
|
|
3,957,299
|
|
|
|
|
3,957,299
|
|
|
Total long-term debt
|
|
|
$
|
4,155,396
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
4,155,396
|
|
|
(1) Includes unamortized discounts and premiums, fair value adjustments, hedge-related cost basis adjustments, and other cost basis adjustments.
(2) Contractual maturity of debt of consolidated trusts is not a reliable indicator of expected maturity because borrowers of the underlying loans generally have the right to prepay their obligations at any time.
8. Derivative Instruments
Derivative instruments are an integral part of our strategy in managing interest-rate risk. Derivative instruments may be privately-negotiated, bilateral contracts, or they may be listed and traded on an exchange. We refer to our derivative transactions made pursuant to bilateral contracts as our over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivative transactions and our derivative transactions accepted for clearing by a derivatives clearing organization as our cleared derivative transactions. We typically do not settle the notional amount of our risk management derivatives; rather, notional amounts provide the basis for calculating actual payments or settlement amounts. The derivative contracts we use for interest-rate risk management purposes fall into these broad categories:
•Interest-rate swap contracts. An interest-rate swap is a transaction between two parties in which each party agrees to exchange payments tied to different interest rates or indices for a specified period of time, generally based on a notional amount of principal. The types of interest-rate swaps we use include pay-fixed swaps, receive-fixed swaps and basis swaps.
•Interest-rate option contracts. These contracts primarily include pay-fixed swaptions, receive-fixed swaptions, cancelable swaps and interest-rate caps. A swaption is an option contract that allows us or a counterparty to enter into a pay-fixed or receive-fixed swap at some point in the future.
•Foreign currency swaps. These swaps convert debt that we issue in foreign denominated currencies into U.S. dollars. We enter into foreign currency swaps only to the extent that we hold foreign currency debt.
•Futures. These are standardized exchange-traded contracts that either obligate a buyer to buy an asset at a predetermined date and price or a seller to sell an asset at a predetermined date and price. The types of futures contracts we enter into include SOFR and U.S. Treasury.
We account for certain forms of credit risk transfer transactions as derivatives. In our credit risk transfer transactions, a portion of the credit risk associated with losses on a reference pool of mortgage loans is transferred to a third party. We enter into derivative transactions that are associated with some of our credit risk transfer transactions, whereby we manage investment risk to guarantee that certain unconsolidated VIEs have sufficient cash flows to pay their contractual obligations.
We enter into forward purchase and sale commitments that lock in the future delivery of mortgage loans and mortgage-related securities at a fixed price or yield. Certain commitments to purchase mortgage loans and purchase or sell mortgage-related securities meet the criteria of a derivative. We typically settle the notional amount of our mortgage commitments that are accounted for as derivatives.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-48
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Derivative Instruments
|
We recognize all derivatives as either assets or liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets at their fair value on a trade-date basis. Fair value amounts, which are (1) netted to the extent a legal right of offset exists and is enforceable by law at the counterparty level and (2) inclusive of the right or obligation associated with the cash collateral posted or received, are recorded in “Other assets” or “Other liabilities” in our consolidated balance sheets. See “Note 15, Fair Value” for additional information on derivatives recorded at fair value. We present cash flows from derivatives as operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.
Fair Value Hedge Accounting
As discussed in “Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” we implemented a fair value hedge accounting program in January 2021. Pursuant to this program, we may designate certain interest-rate swaps as hedging instruments in hedges of the change in fair value attributable to the designated benchmark interest rate for certain closed pools of fixed-rate, single-family mortgage loans or our funding debt. For hedged items in qualifying fair value hedging relationships, changes in fair value attributable to the designated risk are recognized as a basis adjustment to the hedged item. We also report changes in the fair value of the derivative hedging instrument in the same consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income line item used to recognize the earnings effect of the hedged item’s basis adjustment. The objective of our fair value hedges is to reduce GAAP earnings volatility related to changes in benchmark interest rates.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-49
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Derivative Instruments
|
Notional and Fair Value Position of our Derivatives
The following table displays the notional amount and estimated fair value of our asset and liability derivative instruments.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2021
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notional Amount
|
|
Estimated Fair Value
|
|
|
Notional Amount
|
|
Estimated Fair Value
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Asset Derivatives
|
|
Liability Derivatives
|
|
|
|
Asset Derivatives
|
|
Liability Derivatives
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Risk management derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Swaps:(1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pay-fixed
|
|
$
|
4,347
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Receive-fixed
|
|
40,686
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total risk management derivatives designated as hedging instruments
|
|
45,033
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Risk management derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Swaps:(1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pay-fixed
|
|
56,817
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
99,822
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
(684)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Receive-fixed
|
|
56,874
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(1,131)
|
|
|
|
|
126,234
|
|
|
314
|
|
|
(137)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basis
|
|
250
|
|
|
152
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
250
|
|
|
203
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Foreign currency
|
|
336
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
(34)
|
|
|
|
|
476
|
|
|
59
|
|
|
(60)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Swaptions:(1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pay-fixed
|
|
4,341
|
|
|
52
|
|
|
(2)
|
|
|
|
|
7,555
|
|
|
37
|
|
|
(118)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Receive-fixed
|
|
1,091
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
(21)
|
|
|
|
|
4,055
|
|
|
346
|
|
|
(16)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Futures(1)
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
64,398
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total risk management derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
|
|
119,709
|
|
|
239
|
|
|
(1,188)
|
|
|
|
|
302,790
|
|
|
962
|
|
|
(1,015)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Netting adjustment(2)
|
|
—
|
|
|
(237)
|
|
|
1,173
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(905)
|
|
|
995
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total risk management derivatives portfolio
|
|
164,742
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
(15)
|
|
|
|
|
302,790
|
|
|
57
|
|
|
(20)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage commitment derivatives:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage commitments to purchase whole loans
|
|
13,192
|
|
|
17
|
|
|
(5)
|
|
|
|
|
35,343
|
|
|
145
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Forward contracts to purchase mortgage-related securities
|
|
58,021
|
|
|
83
|
|
|
(34)
|
|
|
|
|
144,822
|
|
|
844
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Forward contracts to sell mortgage-related securities
|
|
111,173
|
|
|
69
|
|
|
(158)
|
|
|
|
|
228,027
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(1,426)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total mortgage commitment derivatives
|
|
182,386
|
|
|
169
|
|
|
(197)
|
|
|
|
|
408,192
|
|
|
989
|
|
|
(1,426)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Credit enhancement derivatives
|
|
19,256
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(21)
|
|
|
|
|
28,197
|
|
|
179
|
|
|
(49)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Derivatives at fair value
|
|
$
|
366,384
|
|
|
$
|
171
|
|
|
$
|
(233)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
739,179
|
|
|
$
|
1,225
|
|
|
$
|
(1,495)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1)Centrally cleared derivatives have no ascribable fair value because the positions are settled daily.
(2)The netting adjustment represents the effect of the legal right to offset under legally enforceable master netting arrangements to settle with the same counterparty on a net basis, including cash collateral posted and received. Cash collateral posted was $966 million and $658 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Cash collateral received was $30 million and $568 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-50
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Derivative Instruments
|
We record all gains and losses, including accrued interest, on derivatives while they are not in a qualifying hedging relationship in “Fair value gains (losses), net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. The following table displays, by type of derivative instrument, the fair value gains and losses, net on our derivatives.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
2019
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Risk management derivatives:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Swaps:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pay-fixed
|
|
$
|
2,207
|
|
|
$
|
(2,764)
|
|
|
$
|
(3,964)
|
|
Receive-fixed
|
|
(1,783)
|
|
|
2,226
|
|
|
3,685
|
|
Basis
|
|
(51)
|
|
|
43
|
|
|
46
|
|
Foreign currency
|
|
(26)
|
|
|
23
|
|
|
24
|
|
Swaptions:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pay-fixed
|
|
38
|
|
|
(146)
|
|
|
(380)
|
|
Receive-fixed
|
|
(217)
|
|
|
595
|
|
|
117
|
|
Futures
|
|
1
|
|
|
(76)
|
|
|
273
|
|
Net contractual interest expense on interest-rate swaps
|
|
16
|
|
|
(261)
|
|
|
(833)
|
|
Total risk management derivatives fair value gains (losses), net
|
|
185
|
|
|
(360)
|
|
|
(1,032)
|
|
Mortgage commitment derivatives fair value gains (losses), net
|
|
551
|
|
|
(2,654)
|
|
|
(1,043)
|
|
Credit enhancement derivatives fair value gains (losses), net
|
|
(178)
|
|
|
182
|
|
|
(35)
|
|
Total derivatives fair value gains (losses), net
|
|
$
|
558
|
|
|
$
|
(2,832)
|
|
|
$
|
(2,110)
|
|
Effect of Fair Value Hedge Accounting
The following table displays the effect of fair value hedge accounting on our consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income, including gains and losses recognized on fair value hedging relationships.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2021
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest Income: Mortgage Loans
|
|
Interest Expense: Long-Term Debt
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Total amounts presented in our consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
98,930
|
|
|
$
|
(70,084)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gains (losses) from fair value hedging relationships:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage loans HFI and related interest-rate contracts:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hedged items
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
140
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
Discontinued hedge-related basis adjustment amortization
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(6)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(145)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
Interest accruals on derivative hedging instruments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(12)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
Debt of Fannie Mae and related interest-rate contracts:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hedged items
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
1,370
|
|
|
|
Discontinued hedge-related basis adjustment amortization
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(89)
|
|
|
|
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(1,308)
|
|
|
|
Interest accruals on derivative hedging instruments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
223
|
|
|
|
Gains (losses) recognized in net interest income on fair value hedging relationships
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(23)
|
|
|
$
|
196
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-51
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Derivative Instruments
|
Hedged Items in Fair Value Hedging Relationships
The following table displays the carrying amounts of the hedged items that have been in qualifying fair value hedges recorded in our consolidated balance sheet, including the hedged item's cumulative basis adjustments and the closed portfolio balances under the last-of-layer method. The hedged item carrying amounts and total basis adjustments include both open and discontinued hedges. The amortized cost and designated UPB consists only of open hedges as of December 31, 2021.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2021
|
|
|
Carrying Amount Assets (Liabilities)
|
|
Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Basis Adjustments Included in the Carrying Amount
|
|
Closed Portfolio of Mortgage Loans Under Last-of-Layer Method
|
|
|
|
Total Basis Adjustments(1)(2)
|
|
Remaining Adjustments - Discontinued Hedge
|
|
Total Amortized Cost
|
|
Designated UPB
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Mortgage loans HFI
|
|
$
|
174,080
|
|
|
$
|
134
|
|
|
$
|
134
|
|
|
$
|
56,786
|
|
|
$
|
4,389
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Debt of Fannie Mae
|
|
(72,174)
|
|
|
1,281
|
|
|
1,281
|
|
|
N/A
|
|
N/A
|
(1) No basis adjustment associated with open hedges, as all hedges are designated at the close of business, with a one-day term.
(2) Based on the unamortized balance of the hedge-related cost basis.
Derivative Counterparty Credit Exposure
Our derivative counterparty credit exposure relates principally to interest-rate derivative contracts. We are exposed to the risk that a counterparty in a derivative transaction will default on payments due to us, which may require us to seek a replacement derivative from a different counterparty. This replacement may be at a higher cost, or we may be unable to find a suitable replacement. We manage our derivative counterparty credit exposure relating to our risk management derivative transactions mainly through enforceable master netting arrangements, which allow us to net derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty or clearing organization and clearing member. For our OTC derivative transactions, we require counterparties to post collateral, which may include cash, U.S. Treasury securities, agency debt and agency mortgage-related securities.
See “Note 14, Netting Arrangements” for information on our rights to offset assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
9. Income Taxes
Provision for Federal Income Taxes
We are subject to federal income tax, but we are exempt from state and local income taxes. The following table displays the components of our provision for federal income taxes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
2019
|
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Current income tax benefit (provision)
|
|
|
$
|
(5,521)
|
|
|
$
|
(3,803)
|
|
|
$
|
(2,089)
|
|
Deferred income tax benefit (provision)(1)
|
|
|
(252)
|
|
|
729
|
|
|
(1,328)
|
|
Provision for federal income taxes
|
|
|
$
|
(5,773)
|
|
|
$
|
(3,074)
|
|
|
$
|
(3,417)
|
|
(1)Amount excludes the current income tax effect of items recognized directly in “Total stockholders' equity.”
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-52
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Income Taxes
|
The following table displays the difference between the statutory corporate tax rate and our effective tax rate.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
2019
|
Statutory corporate tax rate
|
|
|
21.0
|
|
%
|
|
|
21.0
|
|
%
|
|
|
21.0
|
|
%
|
Equity investments in affordable housing projects
|
|
|
(0.1)
|
|
|
|
|
(0.1)
|
|
|
|
|
(0.2)
|
|
|
Change in unrecognized tax benefits
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
(1.2)
|
|
|
Other
|
|
|
(0.2)
|
|
|
|
|
(0.2)
|
|
|
|
|
(0.2)
|
|
|
Effective tax rate
|
|
|
20.7
|
|
%
|
|
|
20.7
|
|
%
|
|
|
19.4
|
|
%
|
Our effective tax rate is the provision for federal income taxes expressed as a percentage of income or loss before federal income taxes. Our effective tax rates for the years 2021, 2020, and 2019 were impacted by the benefits of our investments in housing projects eligible for low-income housing tax credits. Our effective tax rate for 2019 was also impacted by the favorable resolution of our uncertain tax position, which reduced our provision for federal income taxes by $205 million.
Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
We evaluate our deferred tax assets for recoverability using a consistent approach which considers the relative impact of negative and positive evidence, including our historical profitability and projections of future taxable income.
As of December 31, 2021, we continued to conclude that the positive evidence in favor of the recoverability of our deferred tax assets outweighed the negative evidence and that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized. Our framework for assessing the recoverability of deferred tax assets requires us to weigh all available evidence, to the extent it exists, including:
•the sustainability of recent profitability required to realize the deferred tax assets;
•the cumulative net income or losses in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income in recent years;
•unsettled circumstances that, if unfavorably resolved, would adversely affect future operations and profit levels on a continuing basis in future years; and
•the funding available to us under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement.
The following table displays our deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Deferred tax assets:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage and mortgage-related assets
|
|
$
|
7,547
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
8,241
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allowance for loan losses and basis in acquired property, net
|
|
1,060
|
|
|
|
|
1,798
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Derivative instruments
|
|
778
|
|
|
|
|
602
|
|
|
|
|
|
Partnership and other equity investments
|
|
88
|
|
|
|
|
129
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest-only securities
|
|
3,977
|
|
|
|
|
2,561
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total deferred tax assets
|
|
13,450
|
|
|
|
|
13,331
|
|
|
|
|
|
Deferred tax liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unrealized gains on AFS securities, net
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
20
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other, net
|
|
733
|
|
|
|
|
364
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total deferred tax liabilities
|
|
735
|
|
|
|
|
384
|
|
|
|
|
|
Deferred tax assets, net
|
|
$
|
12,715
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
12,947
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-53
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Income Taxes
|
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
We have no unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. We had unrecognized tax benefits of $416 million as of January 1, 2019 that were reduced by decreases in prior year tax positions of $416 million in 2019. We had no unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2019.
Our tax years 2016 and 2018 through 2020 remain open to examination by the IRS.
10. Segment Reporting
We have two reportable business segments, which are based on the type of business activities each perform: Single-Family and Multifamily. Results of our two business segments are intended to reflect each segment as if it were a stand-alone business. The sum of the results for our two business segments equals our consolidated results of operations.
The section below provides a discussion of our business segments.
Single-Family Business Segment
•Works with lenders to acquire and securitize single-family mortgage loans delivered to us by lenders into Fannie Mae MBS.
•Issues structured Fannie Mae MBS backed by single-family mortgage assets and provides other services to single-family lenders.
•Prices and manages the credit risk on loans in our single-family guaranty book of business. Also enters into transactions that transfer a portion of the credit risk on some of the loans in our single-family guaranty book of business to third parties.
•Works to reduce costs of defaulted single-family loans through home retention solutions and foreclosure alternatives, management of foreclosures and our REO inventory, selling nonperforming loans and pursuing contractual remedies from lenders, servicers and providers of credit enhancements.
Multifamily Business Segment
•Works with lenders to acquire and securitize multifamily mortgage loans delivered to us by lenders into Fannie Mae MBS.
•Issues structured multifamily Fannie Mae MBS through our Fannie Mae Guaranteed Multifamily Structures (“Fannie Mae GeMSTM”) program and provides other services to our multifamily lenders.
•Prices and manages the credit risk on loans in our multifamily guaranty book of business. Lenders retain a portion of the credit risk in most multifamily transactions.
•Enters into transactions that transfer an additional portion of Fannie Mae’s credit risk on some of the loans in our multifamily guaranty book of business to third parties.
•Works to maintain credit quality of the book, prevent foreclosure, reduce costs of defaulted multifamily loans, manage our REO inventory, and pursue contractual remedies from lenders, servicers and providers of credit enhancements.
Segment Allocations and Results
The majority of our assets, revenues and expenses are directly associated with each respective business segment and are included in determining its asset balance and operating results. Those assets, revenues and expenses that are not directly attributable to a particular business segment are allocated based on the size of each segment’s guaranty book of business. The substantial majority of the gains and losses associated with our risk management derivatives, including the impact of hedge accounting, are allocated to our Single-Family business segment.
The following table displays total assets by segment.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Single-Family
|
|
$
|
3,782,447
|
|
|
$
|
3,569,130
|
|
|
Multifamily
|
|
446,719
|
|
|
416,619
|
|
|
Total assets
|
|
$
|
4,229,166
|
|
|
$
|
3,985,749
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-54
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Segment Reporting
|
We operate our business solely in the United States and its territories, and accordingly, we generate no revenue from and have no long-lived assets, other than financial instruments, in geographic locations other than the United States and its territories.
The following tables display our segment results.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
|
|
|
Single-Family
|
|
|
Multifamily
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Net interest income(1)(9)
|
|
$
|
25,429
|
|
|
|
$
|
4,158
|
|
|
|
$
|
29,587
|
|
Fee and other income(2)
|
|
269
|
|
|
|
92
|
|
|
|
361
|
|
Net revenues
|
|
25,698
|
|
|
|
4,250
|
|
|
|
29,948
|
|
Investment gains (losses), net(3)
|
|
1,392
|
|
|
|
(40)
|
|
|
|
1,352
|
|
Fair value gains (losses), net(4)(9)
|
|
167
|
|
|
|
(12)
|
|
|
|
155
|
|
Administrative expenses
|
|
(2,557)
|
|
|
|
(508)
|
|
|
|
(3,065)
|
|
Credit-related income:(5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Benefit for credit losses
|
|
4,600
|
|
|
|
530
|
|
|
|
5,130
|
|
Foreclosed property expense
|
|
(14)
|
|
|
|
(19)
|
|
|
|
(33)
|
|
Total credit-related income
|
|
4,586
|
|
|
|
511
|
|
|
|
5,097
|
|
TCCA fees(6)
|
|
(3,071)
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
(3,071)
|
|
Credit enhancement expense(7)
|
|
(812)
|
|
|
|
(239)
|
|
|
|
(1,051)
|
|
Change in expected credit enhancement recoveries(8)
|
|
(86)
|
|
|
|
(108)
|
|
|
|
(194)
|
|
Other expenses, net
|
|
(1,194)
|
|
|
|
(28)
|
|
|
|
(1,222)
|
|
Income before federal income taxes
|
|
24,123
|
|
|
|
3,826
|
|
|
|
27,949
|
|
Provision for federal income taxes
|
|
(4,996)
|
|
|
|
(777)
|
|
|
|
(5,773)
|
|
Net income
|
|
$
|
19,127
|
|
|
|
$
|
3,049
|
|
|
|
$
|
22,176
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31, 2020
|
|
|
Single-Family
|
|
|
Multifamily
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Net interest income(1)(9)
|
|
$
|
21,502
|
|
|
|
$
|
3,364
|
|
|
|
$
|
24,866
|
|
Fee and other income(2)
|
|
368
|
|
|
|
94
|
|
|
|
462
|
|
Net revenues
|
|
21,870
|
|
|
|
3,458
|
|
|
|
25,328
|
|
Investment gains, net(3)
|
|
728
|
|
|
|
179
|
|
|
|
907
|
|
Fair value gains (losses), net(4)(9)
|
|
(2,539)
|
|
|
|
38
|
|
|
|
(2,501)
|
|
Administrative expenses
|
|
(2,559)
|
|
|
|
(509)
|
|
|
|
(3,068)
|
|
Credit-related expense:(5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Provision for credit losses
|
|
(75)
|
|
|
|
(603)
|
|
|
|
(678)
|
|
Foreclosed property expense
|
|
(157)
|
|
|
|
(20)
|
|
|
|
(177)
|
|
Total credit-related expense
|
|
(232)
|
|
|
|
(623)
|
|
|
|
(855)
|
|
TCCA fees(6)
|
|
(2,673)
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
(2,673)
|
|
Credit enhancement expense(7)
|
|
(1,141)
|
|
|
|
(220)
|
|
|
|
(1,361)
|
|
Change in expected credit enhancement recoveries(8)
|
|
89
|
|
|
|
144
|
|
|
|
233
|
|
Other expenses, net
|
|
(1,055)
|
|
|
|
(76)
|
|
|
|
(1,131)
|
|
Income before federal income taxes
|
|
12,488
|
|
|
|
2,391
|
|
|
|
14,879
|
|
Provision for federal income taxes
|
|
(2,607)
|
|
|
|
(467)
|
|
|
|
(3,074)
|
|
Net income
|
|
$
|
9,881
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,924
|
|
|
|
$
|
11,805
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-55
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Segment Reporting
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31, 2019
|
|
|
Single-Family
|
|
|
Multifamily
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Net interest income(1)(9)
|
|
$
|
18,013
|
|
|
|
$
|
3,280
|
|
|
|
$
|
21,293
|
|
Fee and other income(2)
|
|
453
|
|
|
|
113
|
|
|
|
566
|
|
Net revenues
|
|
18,466
|
|
|
|
3,393
|
|
|
|
21,859
|
|
Investment gains, net(3)
|
|
1,589
|
|
|
|
181
|
|
|
|
1,770
|
|
Fair value gains (losses), net(4)(9)
|
|
(2,216)
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
(2,214)
|
|
Administrative expenses
|
|
(2,565)
|
|
|
|
(458)
|
|
|
|
(3,023)
|
|
Credit-related income (expense):(5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Benefit (provision) for credit losses
|
|
4,038
|
|
|
|
(27)
|
|
|
|
4,011
|
|
Foreclosed property income (expense)
|
|
(523)
|
|
|
|
8
|
|
|
|
(515)
|
|
Total credit-related income (expense)
|
|
3,515
|
|
|
|
(19)
|
|
|
|
3,496
|
|
TCCA fees(6)
|
|
(2,432)
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
(2,432)
|
|
Credit enhancement expense(7)
|
|
(927)
|
|
|
|
(207)
|
|
|
|
(1,134)
|
|
Change in expected credit enhancement recoveries(8)
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
Other expenses, net
|
|
(734)
|
|
|
|
(11)
|
|
|
|
(745)
|
|
Income before federal income taxes
|
|
14,696
|
|
|
|
2,881
|
|
|
|
17,577
|
|
Provision for federal income taxes
|
|
(2,859)
|
|
|
|
(558)
|
|
|
|
(3,417)
|
|
Net income
|
|
$
|
11,837
|
|
|
|
$
|
2,323
|
|
|
|
$
|
14,160
|
|
(1)Net interest income primarily consists of guaranty fees received as compensation for assuming and managing the credit risk on loans underlying Fannie Mae MBS held by third parties for the respective business segment, and the difference between the interest income earned on the respective business segment’s mortgage assets in our retained mortgage portfolio and the interest expense associated with the debt funding those assets. Revenues from single-family guaranty fees include revenues generated by the 10 basis point increase in guaranty fees pursuant to the TCCA, the incremental revenue from which is remitted to Treasury and not retained by us. Also includes yield maintenance revenue we recognized on the prepayment of multifamily loans.
(2)Single-family fee and other income primarily consists of compensation for engaging in structured transactions and providing other lender services. Multifamily fee and other income consists of fees associated with Multifamily business activities, including credit enhancements for tax-exempt multifamily housing revenue bonds.
(3)Single-family investment gains and losses primarily consist of gains and losses on the sale of mortgage assets. Multifamily investment gains and losses primarily consist of gains and losses on resecuritization activity.
(4)Single-family fair value gains and losses primarily consist of fair value gains and losses on risk management and mortgage commitment derivatives, trading securities, fair value option debt, and other financial instruments associated with our single-family guaranty book of business. Multifamily fair value gains and losses primarily consist of fair value gains and losses on MBS commitment derivatives, trading securities and other financial instruments associated with our multifamily guaranty book of business.
(5)Credit-related income or expense is based on the guaranty book of business of the respective business segment and consists of the applicable segment’s benefit or provision for credit losses and foreclosed property income or expense on loans underlying the segment’s guaranty book of business.
(6)Consists of the portion of our single-family guaranty fees that is remitted to Treasury pursuant to the TCCA.
(7)Single-family credit enhancement expense consists of costs associated with our freestanding credit enhancements, which include primarily costs associated with our CIRT, CAS and EPMI programs. Multifamily credit enhancement expense primarily consists of costs associated with our MCIRT and MCAS programs as well as amortization expense for certain lender risk-sharing programs. Excludes CAS transactions accounted for as debt instruments and credit risk transfer programs accounted for as derivative instruments.
(8)Consists of change in benefits recognized from our freestanding credit enhancements, primarily from our CAS and CIRT programs as well as certain lender risk-sharing arrangements, including our multifamily DUS® program.
(9)In January 2021, we began applying fair value hedge accounting. For qualifying hedging relationships, fair value changes attributable to movements in the designated benchmark interest rates for hedged mortgage loans and funding debt and the fair value change of the designated portion of the paired interest-rate swaps are recognized in “Net interest income.” In prior years, all fair value changes for interest-rate swaps were recognized in “Fair value gains (losses), net.” See “Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and “Note 8, Derivative Instruments” for additional information on our fair value hedge accounting policy and related disclosures.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-56
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Equity
|
11. Equity
Common Stock
Shares of common stock outstanding, net of shares held as treasury stock, totaled 1.2 billion as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
During conservatorship, the rights and powers of shareholders are suspended. Accordingly, our common shareholders have no ability to elect directors or to vote on other matters during the conservatorship unless FHFA elects to delegate this authority to them. The senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury prohibits the payment of dividends on common stock without the prior written consent of Treasury. The conservator also has eliminated common stock dividends. In addition, we issued a warrant to Treasury that provides Treasury with the right to purchase for a nominal price shares of our common stock equal to 79.9% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on a fully diluted basis on the date of exercise, which would substantially dilute the ownership in Fannie Mae of our common stockholders at the time of exercise. Refer to the “Senior Preferred Stock and Common Stock Warrant” section of this note for more information.
Preferred Stock
The following table displays our senior preferred stock and preferred stock outstanding.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Issued and Outstanding as of December 31,
|
|
|
|
Annual Dividend Rate as of December 31, 2021
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
Stated Value per Share
|
|
|
|
|
|
Title
|
|
Issue Date
|
|
Shares
|
|
Amount
|
|
Shares
|
|
Amount
|
|
|
|
|
Redeemable on or After
|
|
(Dollars and shares in millions, except per share amounts)
|
|
Senior Preferred Stock
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Series 2008-2
|
|
September 8, 2008
|
|
1
|
|
|
$
|
120,836
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
$
|
120,836
|
|
|
$
|
120,836
|
|
(1)
|
N/A
|
|
(2)
|
N/A
|
(3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Preferred Stock
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Series D
|
|
September 30, 1998
|
|
3
|
|
|
$
|
150
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
$
|
150
|
|
|
$
|
50
|
|
|
5.250
|
%
|
|
|
September 30, 1999
|
|
Series E
|
|
April 15, 1999
|
|
3
|
|
|
150
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
150
|
|
|
50
|
|
|
5.100
|
|
|
|
April 15, 2004
|
|
Series F
|
|
March 20, 2000
|
|
14
|
|
|
690
|
|
|
14
|
|
|
690
|
|
|
50
|
|
|
0.150
|
|
|
(4)
|
March 31, 2002
|
(5)
|
Series G
|
|
August 8, 2000
|
|
6
|
|
|
288
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
288
|
|
|
50
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(6)
|
September 30, 2002
|
(5)
|
Series H
|
|
April 6, 2001
|
|
8
|
|
|
400
|
|
|
8
|
|
|
400
|
|
|
50
|
|
|
5.810
|
|
|
|
April 6, 2006
|
|
Series I
|
|
October 28, 2002
|
|
6
|
|
|
300
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
300
|
|
|
50
|
|
|
5.375
|
|
|
|
October 28, 2007
|
|
Series L
|
|
April 29, 2003
|
|
7
|
|
|
345
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
345
|
|
|
50
|
|
|
5.125
|
|
|
|
April 29, 2008
|
|
Series M
|
|
June 10, 2003
|
|
9
|
|
|
460
|
|
|
9
|
|
|
460
|
|
|
50
|
|
|
4.750
|
|
|
|
June 10, 2008
|
|
Series N
|
|
September 25, 2003
|
|
5
|
|
|
225
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
225
|
|
|
50
|
|
|
5.500
|
|
|
|
September 25, 2008
|
|
Series O
|
|
December 30, 2004
|
|
50
|
|
|
2,500
|
|
|
50
|
|
|
2,500
|
|
|
50
|
|
|
7.000
|
|
|
(7)
|
December 31, 2007
|
|
Convertible Series 2004-I(8)
|
|
December 30, 2004
|
|
—
|
|
|
2,492
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
2,492
|
|
|
100,000
|
|
|
5.375
|
|
|
|
January 5, 2008
|
|
Series P
|
|
September 28, 2007
|
|
40
|
|
|
1,000
|
|
|
40
|
|
|
1,000
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
4.500
|
|
|
(9)
|
September 30, 2012
|
|
Series Q
|
|
October 4, 2007
|
|
15
|
|
|
375
|
|
|
15
|
|
|
375
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
6.750
|
|
|
|
September 30, 2010
|
|
Series R(10)
|
|
November 21, 2007
|
|
21
|
|
|
530
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
530
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
7.625
|
|
|
|
November 21, 2012
|
|
Series S
|
|
December 11, 2007
|
|
280
|
|
|
7,000
|
|
|
280
|
|
|
7,000
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
7.750
|
|
|
(11)
|
December 31, 2010
|
(12)
|
Series T(13)
|
|
May 19, 2008
|
|
89
|
|
|
2,225
|
|
|
89
|
|
|
2,225
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
8.250
|
|
|
|
May 20, 2013
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
556
|
|
|
$
|
19,130
|
|
|
556
|
|
|
$
|
19,130
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1)Initial stated value per share was $1,000. Based on our draws of funds under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury, the stated value per share on December 31, 2021 was $120,836.
(2)Dividends on the senior preferred stock are currently calculated based on our net worth as of the end of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter less an applicable capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $25 billion, effective for dividend periods beginning July 1, 2019 and ending September 30, 2020. The capital reserve amount, starting with the quarterly dividend period ending on December 31,
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-57
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Equity
|
2020, increased to the amount of adjusted total capital necessary for us to meet the capital requirements and buffers set forth in the enterprise regulatory capital framework described in “Note 12, Regulatory Capital Requirements.”
(3)Any liquidation preference of our senior preferred stock in excess of $1 billion may be repaid through an issuance of common or preferred stock, which would require the consent of the conservator and Treasury. The initial $1 billion liquidation preference may be repaid only in conjunction with termination of Treasury’s funding commitment under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement.
(4)Rate effective March 31, 2020. Variable dividend rate resets every two years at a per annum rate equal to the two-year Constant Maturity U.S. Treasury Rate (“CMT”) minus 0.16% with a cap of 11% per year.
(5)Represents initial call date. Redeemable every two years thereafter.
(6)Rate effective September 30, 2020. Variable dividend rate resets every two years at a per annum rate equal to the two-year CMT rate minus 0.18% with a cap of 11% per year.
(7)Rate effective December 31, 2021. Variable dividend rate resets quarterly thereafter at a per annum rate equal to the greater of 7% or 10-year CMT rate plus 2.375%.
(8)Issued and outstanding shares were 24,922 as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
(9)Rate effective December 31, 2021. Variable dividend rate resets quarterly thereafter at a per annum rate equal to the greater of 4.5% or 3-Month LIBOR plus 0.75%.
(10)On November 21, 2007, we issued 20 million shares of preferred stock in the amount of $500 million. Subsequent to the initial issuance, we issued an additional 1.2 million shares in the amount of $30 million on December 14, 2007 under the same terms as the initial issuance.
(11)Rate effective December 31, 2021. Variable dividend rate resets quarterly thereafter at a per annum rate equal to the greater of 7.75% or 3-Month LIBOR plus 4.23%.
(12)Represents initial call date. Redeemable every five years thereafter.
(13)On May 19, 2008, we issued 80 million shares of preferred stock in the amount of $2.0 billion. Subsequent to the initial issuance, we issued an additional 8 million shares in the amount of $200 million on May 22, 2008 and 1 million shares in the amount of $25 million on June 4, 2008 under the same terms as the initial issuance.
As described under “Senior Preferred Stock and Common Stock Warrant” below, we issued senior preferred stock that ranks senior to all other series of preferred stock as to both dividends and distributions upon dissolution, liquidation or winding down of the company. The senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury also prohibits the payment of dividends on preferred stock (other than the senior preferred stock) without the prior written consent of Treasury. The conservator also has eliminated preferred stock dividends, other than dividends on the senior preferred stock.
Each series of our preferred stock has no par value, is non-participating, is non-voting and has a liquidation preference equal to the stated value per share. None of our preferred stock is convertible into or exchangeable for any of our other stock or obligations, with the exception of the Convertible Series 2004-1.
Shares of the Convertible Series 2004-1 Preferred Stock are convertible at any time, at the option of the holders, into shares of Fannie Mae common stock at a conversion price of $94.31 per share of common stock (equivalent to a conversion rate of 1,060.3329 shares of common stock for each share of Series 2004-1 Preferred Stock). The conversion price is adjustable, as necessary, to maintain the stated conversion rate into common stock. Events which may trigger an adjustment to the conversion price include certain changes in our common stock dividend rate, subdivisions of our outstanding common stock into a greater number of shares, combinations of our outstanding common stock into a smaller number of shares and issuances of any shares by reclassification of our common stock. No such events have occurred.
Holders of preferred stock (other than the senior preferred stock) are entitled to receive non-cumulative, quarterly dividends when, and if, declared by our Board of Directors, but have no right to require redemption of any shares of preferred stock. Payment of dividends on preferred stock (other than the senior preferred stock) is not mandatory but has priority over payment of dividends on common stock, which are also declared by the Board of Directors. If dividends on the preferred stock are not paid or set aside for payment for a given dividend period, dividends may not be paid on our common stock for that period. There were no dividends declared or paid on preferred stock for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, or 2019.
After a specified period, we have the option to redeem preferred stock (other than the senior preferred stock) at its redemption price plus the dividend (whether or not declared) for the then-current period accrued to, but excluding, the date of redemption. The redemption price is equal to the stated value for all issues of preferred stock except Series O, which has a redemption price of $50 to $52.50 depending on the year of redemption and Convertible Series 2004-1, which has a redemption price of $105,000 per share.
Our preferred stock is traded in the over-the-counter market.
Senior Preferred Stock and Common Stock Warrant
On September 8, 2008, we issued to Treasury one million shares of Variable Liquidation Preference Senior Preferred Stock, Series 2008-2, with an aggregate stated value and initial liquidation preference of $1.0 billion. On September 7, 2008, we issued a warrant to purchase common stock to Treasury. The warrant gives Treasury the right to purchase
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-58
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Equity
|
shares of our common stock equal to 79.9% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on a fully diluted basis on the date of exercise. The senior preferred stock and the warrant were issued to Treasury as an initial commitment fee in consideration of the commitment from Treasury to provide funds to us under the terms and conditions set forth in the senior preferred stock purchase agreement. We did not receive any cash proceeds as a result of issuing these shares or the warrant. We have assigned a value of $4.5 billion to Treasury’s commitment, which was recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in-capital at the time of the issuance and was partially offset by the aggregate fair value of the warrant. There was no impact to the total balance of stockholders’ equity as a result of the issuance.
Variable Liquidation Preference Senior Preferred Stock, Series 2008-2
Dividend Provisions
As a result of the January 2021 letter agreement, the dividend rate and liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock depend on whether we have reached the “capital reserve end date” which is defined in the January 2021 letter agreement as the last day of the second consecutive fiscal quarter during which we have maintained capital equal to, or in excess of, all of the capital requirements and buffers under the enterprise regulatory capital framework discussed in “Note 12, Regulatory Capital Requirements.”
Treasury, as the holder of the senior preferred stock, is entitled to receive, when, as and if declared, out of legally available funds, cumulative quarterly cash dividends. We had no dividends declared and paid on the senior preferred stock for the years ended December 31, 2021 or 2020. Dividends declared and paid on the senior preferred stock were $5.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019. The dividends we have paid to Treasury on the senior preferred stock during conservatorship have been declared by, and paid at the direction of, our conservator, acting as successor to the rights, titles, powers and privileges of the Board of Directors. Dividend payments we make to Treasury do not restore or increase the amount of funding available to us under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement.
Dividend amount prior to capital reserve end date.
The terms of the senior preferred stock provide for dividends each quarter in the amount, if any, by which our net worth as of the end of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter exceeds an applicable capital reserve amount. The January 2021 letter agreement increased the applicable capital reserve amount, starting with the quarterly dividend period ending on December 31, 2020, from $25 billion to the amount of adjusted total capital necessary for us to meet the capital requirements and buffers set forth in the enterprise regulatory capital framework. If our net worth does not exceed this amount as of the end of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter, then dividends will neither accumulate nor be payable for such period. Our net worth is defined as the amount, if any, by which our total assets (excluding Treasury’s funding commitment and any unfunded amounts related to the commitment) exceed our total liabilities (excluding any obligation with respect to capital stock), in each case as reflected on our balance sheet prepared in accordance with GAAP.
Dividend amount following capital reserve end date.
Beginning on the first dividend period following the capital reserve end date, the applicable quarterly dividend amount on the senior preferred stock will be the lesser of:
(1) a 10% annual rate on the then-current liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock; and
(2) an amount equal to the incremental increase in our net worth during the immediately prior fiscal quarter.
However, the applicable quarterly dividend amount will immediately increase to a 12% annual rate on the then-current liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock if we fail to timely pay dividends in cash to Treasury. This increased dividend amount will continue until the dividend period following the date we have paid, in cash, full cumulative dividends to Treasury (including any unpaid dividends), at which point the applicable quarterly dividend amount will revert to the prior calculation method.
Liquidation Preference
Shares of the senior preferred stock have no par value and have a stated value and initial liquidation preference equal to $1,000 per share, for an aggregate initial liquidation preference of $1 billion.
Under the terms that currently govern the senior preferred stock, the aggregate liquidation preference will be increased by the following:
•any amounts Treasury pays to us pursuant to its funding commitment under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement (a total of $119.8 billion as of the date of this filing);
•any quarterly commitment fees that are payable but not paid in cash (no such fees have become payable, nor will they under the current terms of the agreement and the senior preferred stock);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-59
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Equity
|
•any dividends that are payable but not paid in cash to Treasury, regardless of whether or not they are declared; and
•at the end of each fiscal quarter, by an amount equal to the increase in our net worth, if any, during the immediately prior fiscal quarter.
The aggregate liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock was $163.7 billion as of December 31, 2021 and will further increase to $168.9 billion as of March 31, 2022, due to the increase in our net worth during the fourth quarter of 2021.
The senior preferred stock ranks ahead of our common stock and all other outstanding series of our preferred stock, as well as any capital stock we issue in the future, as to both dividends and rights upon liquidation. As a result, if we are liquidated, the holder of the senior preferred stock is entitled to its then current liquidation preference before any distribution is made to the holders of our common stock or other preferred stock.
Limitations on Redemption and Paydown of Liquidation Preference; Requirement to Pay Net Proceeds of Capital Stock Issuances to Reduce Liquidation Preference
We are not permitted to redeem the senior preferred stock prior to the termination of Treasury’s funding commitment under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement. Moreover, we are not permitted to pay down the liquidation preference of the outstanding shares of senior preferred stock except to the extent of (1) accumulated and unpaid dividends previously added to the liquidation preference and not previously paid down; and (2) quarterly commitment fees previously added to the liquidation preference and not previously paid down. In addition to these exceptions, if we issue any shares of capital stock for cash while the senior preferred stock is outstanding, the net proceeds of the issuance, with the exception of up to $70 billion in aggregate gross cash proceeds from the issuance of common stock, must be used to pay down the liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock; however, the liquidation preference of each share of senior preferred stock may not be paid down below $1,000 per share prior to the termination of Treasury’s funding commitment. Following the termination of Treasury’s funding commitment, we may pay down the liquidation preference of all outstanding shares of senior preferred stock at any time, in whole or in part.
Limitations on Dividends, Distributions, etc.
The senior preferred stock provides that we may not declare or pay dividends on, make distributions with respect to, or redeem, purchase or acquire, or make a liquidation payment with respect to, any common stock or other securities ranking junior to the senior preferred stock unless (1) full cumulative dividends on the outstanding senior preferred stock (including any unpaid dividends added to the liquidation preference) have been declared and paid in cash; and (2) all amounts required to be paid with the net proceeds of any issuance of capital stock for cash (as described in the preceding paragraph) have been paid in cash.
Common Stock Warrant
The warrant gives Treasury the right to purchase shares of our common stock equal to 79.9% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on a fully diluted basis on the date the warrant is exercised. The warrant may be exercised in whole or in part at any time on or before September 7, 2028, by delivery to Fannie Mae of:
•a notice of exercise;
•payment of the exercise price of $0.00001 per share; and
•the warrant.
If the market price of one share of common stock is greater than the exercise price, in lieu of exercising the warrant by payment of the exercise price, Treasury may elect to receive shares equal to the value of the warrant (or portion thereof being canceled) pursuant to the formula specified in the warrant. Upon exercise of the warrant, Treasury may assign the right to receive the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise to any other person. If the warrant is exercised, the stated value of the common stock issued will be reclassified as “Common stock” in our consolidated balance sheets. As of February 15, 2022, Treasury has not exercised the warrant.
Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement with Treasury
Funding Commitment
Under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement, Treasury made a commitment to provide funding, under certain conditions, to eliminate deficits in our net worth. As of December 31, 2021, Treasury has provided us with a total of $119.8 billion under its senior preferred stock purchase agreement funding commitment, and the amount of funding remaining available to us under the agreement was $113.9 billion.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-60
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Equity
|
If we were to have a net worth deficit in a future period, we would be required to obtain additional funding from Treasury pursuant to the senior preferred stock purchase agreement to avoid being placed into receivership. If we were to draw additional funds from Treasury under the agreement with respect to a future period, the amount of remaining funding under the agreement would be reduced by the amount of our draw.
The senior preferred stock purchase agreement provides that the deficiency amount will be calculated differently if we become subject to receivership or other liquidation process. The deficiency amount may be increased above the otherwise applicable amount upon our mutual written agreement with Treasury. In addition, if the Director of FHFA determines that the Director will be mandated by law to appoint a receiver for us unless our capital is increased by receiving funds under the commitment in an amount up to the deficiency amount (subject to the maximum amount that may be funded under the agreement), then FHFA, in its capacity as our conservator, may request that Treasury provide funds to us in such amount. The senior preferred stock purchase agreement also provides that, if we have a deficiency amount as of the date of completion of the liquidation of our assets, we may request funds from Treasury in an amount up to the deficiency amount (subject to the maximum amount that may be funded under the agreement). Any amounts that we draw under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement will be added to the liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock. No additional shares of senior preferred stock are required to be issued under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement.
Commitment Fee
The senior preferred stock purchase agreement provides for the payment of an unspecified quarterly commitment fee to Treasury to compensate Treasury for its ongoing support under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement. As amended by the January 2021 letter agreement, the agreement provides that (1) through and continuing until the capital reserve end date, the periodic commitment fee will not be set, accrue, or be payable, and (2) not later than the capital reserve end date, we and Treasury, in consultation with the Chair of the Federal Reserve, will agree to set the periodic commitment fee.
Covenants
The senior preferred stock purchase agreement contains covenants that prohibit us from taking a number of actions without the prior written consent of Treasury, including:
•declaring or paying dividends or making other distributions on or redeeming, purchasing, retiring or otherwise acquiring our equity securities (other than the senior preferred stock or warrant);
•selling or issuing equity securities, except for stock issuances made (1) to Treasury, (2) pursuant to obligations that existed at the time we entered conservatorship, and (3) as amended by the January 2021 letter agreement, for common stock ranking pari passu or junior to the common stock issued to Treasury in connection with the exercise of its warrant, provided that (i) Treasury has already exercised its warrant in full, and (ii) all currently pending significant litigation relating to the conservatorship and the August 2012 amendment to the senior preferred stock purchase agreement has been resolved, which may require Treasury’s assent. Net proceeds of the issuance of any shares of capital stock for cash while the senior preferred stock is outstanding, except for up to $70 billion in aggregate gross cash proceeds from the issuance of common stock, must be used to pay down the liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock;
•terminating or seeking to terminate our conservatorship, other than through a receivership, except that, as revised by the January 2021 letter agreement, FHFA can terminate our conservatorship without the prior consent of Treasury if several conditions are met, including (1) all currently pending significant litigation relating to the conservatorship and the August 2012 amendment to the senior preferred stock purchase agreement has been resolved, and (2) for two or more consecutive quarters, our common equity tier 1 capital (as defined in the enterprise regulatory capital framework), together with any stockholder equity that would result from a firm commitment public underwritten offering of common stock which is fully consummated concurrent with the termination of conservatorship, equals or exceeds at least 3% of our adjusted total assets (as defined in the enterprise regulatory capital framework);
•selling, transferring, leasing or otherwise disposing of any assets, except for dispositions for fair market value in limited circumstances including if (a) the transaction is in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past practice or (b) the assets have a fair market value individually or in the aggregate of less than $250 million;
•incurring indebtedness that would result in our aggregate indebtedness exceeding $300 billion;
•issuing subordinated debt;
•entering into a corporate reorganization, recapitalization, merger, acquisition or similar event; and
•engaging in transactions with affiliates other than on arm’s-length terms or in the ordinary course of business.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-61
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Equity
|
Covenants in the senior preferred stock purchase agreement also subject us to limits on the amount of mortgage assets that we may own and the total amount of our indebtedness.
•Mortgage Asset Limit. The amount of mortgage assets we are permitted to own is $250 billion and, as a result of the January 2021 letter agreement, will decrease to $225 billion on December 31, 2022. We are currently managing our business to a $225 billion cap pursuant to instructions from FHFA. Our mortgage assets as of December 31, 2021 were $111.2 billion, which includes 10% of the notional value of interest-only securities we hold. This adjustment is based on instruction from FHFA for the purpose of measuring mortgage assets against the cap.
•Debt Limit. Our debt limit under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement is set at 120% of the amount of mortgage assets we were allowed to own under the agreement on December 31 of the immediately preceding calendar year. This debt limit is currently $300 billion, and it will decrease to $270 billion as of December 31, 2022. As calculated for this purpose, our indebtedness as of December 31, 2021 was $202.5 billion.
Another covenant prohibits us from entering into any new compensation arrangements or increasing amounts or benefits payable under existing compensation arrangements with any of our executive officers (as defined by SEC rules) without the consent of the Director of FHFA, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury.
In addition to the changes described above to covenants already in the senior preferred stock purchase agreement, the January 2021 letter agreement added additional covenants:
•We are required to comply with the terms of the enterprise regulatory capital framework as published by FHFA in the Federal Register on December 17, 2020, disregarding any subsequent amendments or modifications to the framework.
•Additional restrictive covenants impact our single-family business activities, including the type of loans we may acquire. Additional single-family and multifamily business restrictions that were added to the agreement in January 2021 were subsequently temporarily suspended pursuant to a letter agreement dated September 14, 2021 between us, through FHFA in its capacity as conservator, and Treasury.
Annual Risk Management Plan Covenant. Each year we remain in conservatorship we are required to provide Treasury a risk management plan that sets out our strategy for reducing our risk profile, describes the actions we will take to reduce the financial and operational risk associated with each of our business segments, and includes an assessment of our performance against the planned actions described in the prior year’s plan. We submitted our most recent annual risk management plan to Treasury in December 2021.
Although the senior preferred stock purchase agreement does not specify penalties for failure to comply with the covenants in the agreement, FHFA, as our conservator and regulator, has the authority to direct compliance and to impose consequences for noncompliance.
Termination Provisions
The senior preferred stock purchase agreement provides that Treasury’s funding commitment will terminate under any of the following circumstances:
•the completion of our liquidation and fulfillment of Treasury’s obligations under its funding commitment at that time;
•the payment in full of, or reasonable provision for, all of our liabilities (whether or not contingent, including mortgage guaranty obligations); or
•the funding by Treasury of the maximum amount under the agreement.
In addition, Treasury may terminate its funding commitment and declare the senior preferred stock purchase agreement null and void if a court vacates, modifies, amends, conditions, enjoins, stays or otherwise affects the appointment of the conservator or otherwise curtails the conservator’s powers. Treasury may not terminate its funding commitment solely by reason of our being in conservatorship, receivership or other insolvency proceeding, or due to our financial condition or any adverse change in our financial condition.
Waivers and Amendments
The senior preferred stock purchase agreement provides that most provisions of the agreement may be waived or amended by mutual written agreement of the parties. No waiver or amendment of the agreement, however, may decrease Treasury’s aggregate funding commitment or add conditions to Treasury’s funding commitment if the waiver or amendment would adversely affect in any material respect the holders of our debt securities or guaranteed Fannie Mae MBS.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-62
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Equity
|
Third-party Enforcement Rights
If we default on payments with respect to our debt securities or guaranteed Fannie Mae MBS and Treasury fails to perform its obligations under its funding commitment, and if we and/or the conservator are not diligently pursuing remedies in respect of that failure, the holders of these debt securities or Fannie Mae MBS may file a claim for relief in the United States Court of Federal Claims. The relief, if granted, would require Treasury to fund to us the lesser of (1) the amount necessary to cure the payment defaults on our debt and Fannie Mae MBS and (2) the lesser of (a) the deficiency amount and (b) the maximum amount available under the agreement less the aggregate amount of funding previously provided under the commitment. Any payment that Treasury makes under those circumstances would be treated for all purposes as a draw under the senior preferred stock purchase agreement that would increase the liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock.
12. Regulatory Capital Requirements
Enterprise Regulatory Capital Framework
In November 2020, FHFA adopted a final rule establishing a new regulatory capital framework for the GSEs, which we refer to as the “enterprise regulatory capital framework.” The framework establishes new risk-based and leverage-based capital requirements for the GSEs. These requirements go beyond the current statutory capital requirements of Fannie Mae. The final rule went into effect in February 2021, but the dates on which we must comply with the requirements of the capital framework are staggered and largely dependent on whether we remain in conservatorship.
The new regulatory capital framework provides a granular assessment of credit risk specific to different mortgage loan categories, as well as components for market risk and operational risk. The regulatory capital framework set forth in the final rule includes the following:
•Supplemental capital requirements relating to the amount and form of the capital we hold, based largely on definitions of capital used in U.S. banking regulators’ regulatory capital framework. The final rule specifies complementary leverage-based and risk-based requirements, which together determine the requirements for each tier of capital;
•A requirement that we hold prescribed capital buffers that can be drawn down in periods of financial stress and then rebuilt over time as economic conditions improve. If we fall below the prescribed buffer amounts, we must restrict capital distributions such as stock repurchases and dividends, as well as discretionary bonus payments to executives, until the buffer amounts are restored. The prescribed capital buffers represent the amount of capital we are required to hold above the minimum risk-based and leverage-based capital requirements; and
•specific minimum percentages, or “floors,” on the risk-weights applicable to single-family and multifamily exposures as well as retained portions of credit risk transfer transactions.
Under the final capital rule, regardless of our status in conservatorship, reporting requirements under the enterprise regulatory capital framework take effect on January 1, 2022, including public reporting of our calculations of regulatory capital levels, buffers, adjusted total assets, and total risk-weighted assets, as defined in the final rule. These reporting requirements are not expected to replace existing statutory capital reporting that is required by FHFA, as discussed below.
Statutory Capital Classifications
Though FHFA suspended our statutory capital classifications during conservatorship, we continue to submit capital reports to FHFA for monitoring purposes. These capital classification measures are determined based on guidance from FHFA, in which FHFA (1) directed us, for loans backing Fannie Mae MBS held by third parties, to continue reporting our minimum capital requirements based on 0.45% of the unpaid principal balance and critical capital based on 0.25% of the unpaid principal balance, regardless of whether these loans have been consolidated pursuant to accounting rules, and (2) issued a regulatory interpretation stating that our minimum capital requirements are not automatically affected by the consolidation accounting guidance. Additionally, these capital classification measures exclude the funds provided to us by Treasury pursuant to the senior preferred stock purchase agreement, as the senior preferred stock does not qualify as core capital due to its cumulative dividend provisions.
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-63
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Regulatory Capital Requirements
|
The following table displays our current capital classification measures.
|
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|
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|
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|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Core capital(1)
|
|
$
|
(73,517)
|
|
|
$
|
(95,694)
|
|
Statutory minimum capital requirement(2)
|
|
26,810
|
|
|
28,603
|
|
Deficit of core capital relative to statutory minimum capital requirement
|
|
$
|
(100,327)
|
|
|
$
|
(124,297)
|
|
(1)The sum of (a) the stated value of our outstanding common stock (common stock less treasury stock); (b) the stated value of our outstanding non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock; (c) our paid-in capital; and (d) our retained earnings (accumulated deficit). Core capital does not include: (a) accumulated other comprehensive income or (b) senior preferred stock.
(2)Generally, the sum of (a) 2.50% of on-balance sheet assets, except those underlying Fannie Mae MBS held by third parties; (b) 0.45% of the unpaid principal balance of outstanding Fannie Mae MBS held by third parties; and (c) up to 0.45% of other off-balance sheet obligations, which may be adjusted by the Director of FHFA under certain circumstances.
Our critical capital requirement is generally equal to the sum of: (1) 1.25% of on-balance sheet assets, except those underlying Fannie Mae MBS held by third parties; (2) 0.25% of the unpaid principal balance of outstanding Fannie Mae MBS held by third parties; and (3) 0.25% of other off-balance sheet obligations, which may be adjusted by the Director of FHFA under certain circumstances.
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had a minimum capital deficiency of $100.3 billion and $124.3 billion, respectively. See “Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and “Note 11, Equity” for more information on capital and the terms of our senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury and the senior preferred stock we issued to Treasury.
Restrictions on Capital Distributions and Dividends
Statutory Restrictions. Under the GSE Act, FHFA has authority to prohibit capital distributions, including payment of dividends, if we fail to meet our capital requirements. If FHFA classifies us as significantly undercapitalized, we must obtain the approval of the Director of FHFA for any dividend payment. Under the Charter Act and the GSE Act, we are not permitted to make a capital distribution if, after making the distribution, we would be undercapitalized. The Director of FHFA, however, may permit us to repurchase shares if the repurchase is made in connection with the issuance of additional shares or obligations in at least an equivalent amount and will reduce our financial obligations or otherwise improve our financial condition.
Restrictions Relating to Conservatorship. Our conservator announced on September 7, 2008 that we would not pay any dividends on the common stock or on any series of preferred stock, other than the senior preferred stock. In addition, FHFA’s regulations relating to conservatorship and receivership operations prohibit us from paying any dividends while in conservatorship unless authorized by the Director of FHFA. The Director of FHFA has directed us to make dividend payments on the senior preferred stock on a quarterly basis for every dividend period for which dividends were payable.
Restrictions Under Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement and Senior Preferred Stock. The senior preferred stock purchase agreement prohibits us from declaring or paying any dividends on Fannie Mae equity securities (other than the senior preferred stock) without the prior written consent of Treasury. In addition, the provisions of the senior preferred stock provide for dividends each quarter prior to the capital reserve end date in the amount, if any, by which our net worth as of the end of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter exceeds an applicable capital reserve amount. Starting with the quarterly dividend period ending on December 31, 2020, the applicable capital reserve amount is the amount of adjusted total capital necessary for us to meet the capital requirements and buffers set forth in the enterprise regulatory capital framework discussed above. After the capital reserve end date, the amount of quarterly dividends to Treasury will be equal to the lesser of any quarterly increase in our net worth and a 10% annual rate on the then-current liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock. As a result of this change, our ability to retain earnings in excess of the capital requirements and buffers set forth in the enterprise regulatory capital framework will be limited. For more information on the terms of the senior preferred stock purchase agreement and senior preferred stock, see “Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and “Note 11, Equity.”
Additional Restrictions Relating to Preferred Stock. Payment of dividends on our common stock is also subject to the prior payment of dividends on our preferred stock and our senior preferred stock. Payment of dividends on all outstanding preferred stock, other than the senior preferred stock, is also subject to the prior payment of dividends on the senior preferred stock.
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-64
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Concentrations of Credit Risk
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13. Concentrations of Credit Risk
Concentrations of credit risk arise when a number of customers and counterparties engage in similar activities or have similar economic characteristics that make them susceptible to similar changes in industry conditions, which could affect their ability to meet their contractual obligations. Based on our assessment of business conditions that could impact our financial results, we have determined that concentrations of credit risk exist among:
•single-family and multifamily borrowers (including geographic concentrations and loans with certain higher-risk characteristics);
•mortgage insurers;
•mortgage sellers and servicers;
•multifamily lenders with risk sharing; and
•derivative counterparties and parties associated with our off-balance sheet transactions.
Concentrations for each of these groups are discussed below.
Single-Family Loan Borrowers
Regional economic conditions may affect a borrower’s ability to repay his or her mortgage loan and the property value underlying the loan. Geographic concentrations increase the exposure of our portfolio to changes in credit risk. Single-family borrowers are primarily affected by home prices and interest rates.
To manage credit risk and comply with legal requirements, we typically require primary mortgage insurance or other credit enhancements if the current LTV ratio (i.e., the ratio of the unpaid principal balance of a loan to the current value of the property that serves as collateral) of a single-family conventional mortgage loan is greater than 80% when the loan is delivered to us.
Multifamily Loan Borrowers
Numerous factors affect a multifamily borrower’s ability to repay the loan and the value of the property underlying the loan. Multifamily loans are generally non-recourse to the borrower. The most significant factors affecting credit risk are rental income, property valuations, and general economic conditions. The average unpaid principal balance for multifamily loans is significantly larger than for single-family borrowers and, therefore, individual defaults for multifamily borrowers can result in more significant losses. We continually monitor the performance and risk characteristics of our multifamily loans, underlying properties and borrowers on an ongoing basis.
As part of our multifamily risk management activities, we perform detailed loan reviews that evaluate property performance, borrower and geographic concentrations, lender qualifications, counterparty risk and contract compliance. We generally require mortgage servicers to obtain and submit periodic property operating information and condition reviews, allowing us to monitor the performance of individual loans. We use this information to evaluate the credit quality of our portfolio, identify potential problem loans and initiate appropriate loss mitigation activities.
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Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
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F-65
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Concentrations of Credit Risk
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Geographic Concentration
The following table displays the regional geographic concentration of single-family and multifamily loans in our guaranty book of business, measured by the unpaid principal balance of the loans.
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Geographic Concentration(1)
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|
Percentage of Single-Family Conventional Guaranty Book of Business
|
|
Percentage of Multifamily Guaranty Book of Business
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
Midwest
|
|
14
|
|
%
|
|
|
14
|
|
%
|
|
|
11
|
|
%
|
|
|
11
|
|
%
|
Northeast
|
|
16
|
|
|
|
|
17
|
|
|
|
|
15
|
|
|
|
|
15
|
|
|
Southeast
|
|
23
|
|
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
|
|
27
|
|
|
|
|
27
|
|
|
Southwest
|
|
18
|
|
|
|
|
19
|
|
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
West
|
|
29
|
|
|
|
|
28
|
|
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
Total
|
|
100
|
|
%
|
|
|
100
|
|
%
|
|
|
100
|
|
%
|
|
|
100
|
|
%
|
(1)Midwest consists of IL, IN, IA, MI, MN, NE, ND, OH, SD and WI. Northeast consists of CT, DE, ME, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, PR, RI, VT and VI. Southeast consists of AL, DC, FL, GA, KY, MD, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA and WV. Southwest consists of AZ, AR, CO, KS, LA, MO, NM, OK, TX and UT. West consists of AK, CA, GU, HI, ID, MT, NV, OR, WA and WY.
Risk Characteristics of our Guaranty Book of Business
One of the measures by which we gauge our credit risk is the delinquency status of the mortgage loans in our guaranty book of business.
For single-family and multifamily loans, we use this information, in conjunction with housing market and other economic data, to structure our pricing and our eligibility and underwriting criteria to reflect the current risk of loans with higher-risk characteristics, and in some cases we decide to significantly reduce our participation in riskier loan product categories. Management also uses this data together with other credit risk measures to identify key trends that guide the development of our loss mitigation strategies.
We report the delinquency status of our single-family and multifamily guaranty book of business below. We report loans receiving COVID-19-related payment forbearance as delinquent according to the contractual terms of the loans.
Single-Family Credit Risk Characteristics
For single-family loans, management monitors the serious delinquency rate, which is the percentage of single-family loans, based on the number of loans that are 90 days or more past due or in the foreclosure process, and loans that have higher risk characteristics, such as high mark-to-market LTV ratios.
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|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-66
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|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Concentrations of Credit Risk
|
The following tables display the delinquency status and serious delinquency rates for specified loan categories of our single-family conventional guaranty book of business.
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As of December 31,
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
30 Days Delinquent
|
|
60 Days Delinquent
|
|
Seriously Delinquent(1)
|
|
30 Days Delinquent
|
|
60 Days Delinquent
|
|
Seriously Delinquent(1)
|
Percentage of single-family conventional guaranty book of business based on UPB
|
0.73
|
%
|
|
0.16
|
%
|
|
1.20
|
%
|
|
0.88
|
%
|
|
0.33
|
%
|
|
3.10
|
%
|
Percentage of single-family conventional loans based on loan count
|
0.86
|
|
|
0.20
|
|
|
1.25
|
|
|
1.02
|
|
|
0.36
|
|
|
2.87
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
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|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
Percentage of
Single-Family
Conventional
Guaranty Book
of Business Based on UPB
|
|
Seriously Delinquent
Rate(1)
|
|
Percentage of
Single-Family
Conventional
Guaranty Book
of Business Based on UPB
|
|
Seriously Delinquent
Rate(1)
|
Estimated mark-to-market LTV ratio:
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
80.01% to 90%
|
5
|
%
|
|
0.88
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%
|
|
9
|
%
|
|
4.17
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%
|
90.01% to 100%
|
2
|
|
|
0.51
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
1.85
|
|
Greater than 100%
|
*
|
|
12.41
|
|
|
*
|
|
22.43
|
|
Geographical distribution:
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
California
|
19
|
|
|
1.01
|
|
|
19
|
|
|
2.62
|
|
Florida
|
6
|
|
|
1.59
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
4.17
|
|
Illinois
|
3
|
|
|
1.55
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
3.10
|
|
New Jersey
|
3
|
|
|
1.90
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
4.57
|
|
New York
|
5
|
|
|
2.24
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
4.79
|
|
All other states
|
64
|
|
|
1.16
|
|
|
64
|
|
|
2.59
|
|
Product distribution:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alt-A
|
1
|
|
|
4.96
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
9.32
|
|
Vintages:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2004 and prior
|
1
|
|
|
3.48
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
5.88
|
|
2005-2008
|
2
|
|
|
5.87
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
9.98
|
|
2009-2021
|
97
|
|
|
1.01
|
|
|
96
|
|
|
2.39
|
|
* Represents less than 0.5% of single-family conventional book of business.
(1)Based on loan count, consists of single-family conventional loans that were 90 days or more past due or in the foreclosure process as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Multifamily Credit Risk Characteristics
For multifamily loans, management monitors the serious delinquency rate, which is the percentage of multifamily loans, based on unpaid principal balance, that are 60 days or more past due, and loans with other higher risk characteristics to determine our overall credit quality of our multifamily book of business. Higher risk characteristics include, but are not limited to, current DSCR below 1.0 and original LTV ratios greater than 80%. We stratify multifamily loans into different internal risk categories based on the credit risk inherent in each individual loan.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-67
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Concentrations of Credit Risk
|
The following tables display the delinquency status and serious delinquency rates for specified loan categories of our multifamily guaranty book of business.
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
2021(1)
|
|
2020(1)
|
|
30 Days Delinquent
|
|
Seriously Delinquent(2)
|
|
30 Days Delinquent
|
|
Seriously Delinquent(2)
|
Percentage of multifamily guaranty book of business
|
0.03
|
%
|
|
0.42
|
%
|
|
0.29
|
%
|
|
0.98
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
Percentage of Multifamily Guaranty Book of Business(1)
|
|
Serious Delinquency Rate(2)(3)
|
|
Percentage of Multifamily Guaranty Book of Business(1)
|
|
Serious Delinquency Rate(2)(3)
|
Original LTV ratio:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Greater than 80%
|
1
|
%
|
|
0.13
|
%
|
|
1
|
%
|
|
1.04
|
%
|
Less than or equal to 80%
|
99
|
|
|
0.42
|
|
|
99
|
|
|
0.98
|
|
Current DSCR below 1.0(4)
|
2
|
|
|
13.90
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
21.19
|
|
(1)Calculated based on the aggregate unpaid principal balance of multifamily loans for each category divided by the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans in our multifamily guaranty book of business.
(2)Consists of multifamily loans that were 60 days or more past due as of the dates indicated.
(3)Calculated based on the unpaid principal balance of multifamily loans that were seriously delinquent divided by the aggregate unpaid principal balance of multifamily loans for each category included in our multifamily guaranty book of business.
(4)Our estimates of current DSCRs are based on the latest available income information from annual statements for these properties.
Other Concentrations
Mortgage Insurers. Mortgage insurance “risk in force” refers to our maximum potential loss recovery under the applicable mortgage insurance policies in force and is generally based on the loan-level insurance coverage percentage and, if applicable, any aggregate pool loss limit, as specified in the policy.
The following table displays our total mortgage insurance risk in force by primary and pool insurance, as well as the total risk-in-force mortgage insurance coverage as a percentage of the single-family conventional guaranty book of business.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
|
Risk in Force
|
|
Percentage of Single-Family Conventional Guaranty Book of Business
|
|
Risk in Force
|
|
Percentage of Single-Family Conventional Guaranty Book of Business
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Mortgage insurance risk in force:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Primary mortgage insurance
|
|
$
|
176,587
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
170,890
|
|
|
|
Pool mortgage insurance
|
|
261
|
|
|
|
|
291
|
|
|
|
Total mortgage insurance risk in force
|
|
$
|
176,848
|
|
|
5
|
%
|
|
$
|
171,181
|
|
|
5
|
%
|
Mortgage insurance only covers losses that are realized after the borrower defaults and title to the property is subsequently transferred, such as after a foreclosure, short-sale, or a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure. Also, mortgage insurance does not protect us from all losses on covered loans. For example, mortgage insurance does not cover property damage that is not covered by the hazard insurance we require, and such damage may result in a reduction to, or a denial of, mortgage insurance benefits. Specifically, a property damaged by a flood that was outside a Federal Emergency Management Agency (“FEMA”)-identified Special Flood Hazard Area, where we require coverage, or a property damaged by an earthquake are the most likely scenarios where property damage may result in a default not covered by hazard insurance.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-68
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Concentrations of Credit Risk
|
The table below displays our mortgage insurer counterparties that provided approximately 10% or more of the risk in force mortgage insurance coverage on mortgage loans in our single-family conventional guaranty book of business.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Percentage of Risk-in-Force Coverage by Mortgage Insurer
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
Counterparty:(1)
|
|
|
Arch Capital Group Ltd.
|
|
19
|
%
|
|
21
|
%
|
Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Corp.
|
|
19
|
|
|
18
|
|
Radian Guaranty, Inc.
|
|
17
|
|
|
19
|
|
Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corp.
|
|
17
|
|
|
16
|
|
Essent Guaranty, Inc.
|
|
16
|
|
|
16
|
|
National Mortgage Insurance Corp.
|
|
11
|
|
|
9
|
|
Others
|
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
|
Total
|
|
100
|
%
|
|
100
|
%
|
(1)Insurance coverage amounts provided for each counterparty may include coverage provided by affiliates and subsidiaries of the counterparty.
Three of our mortgage insurer counterparties that are currently not approved to write new business—PMI Mortgage Insurance Co. (“PMI”), Triad Guaranty Insurance Corporation (“Triad”) and Republic Mortgage Insurance Company (“RMIC”)—are currently in run-off. A mortgage insurer that is in run-off continues to collect renewal premiums and process claims on its existing insurance business, but no longer writes new insurance, which increases the risk that the mortgage insurer will fail to pay claims fully. Entering run-off may limit sources of profits and liquidity for the mortgage insurer and could also cause the quality and speed of its claims processing to deteriorate. In addition, the insurer may only pay a portion of policyholder claims and defer the remaining portion. Of the three insurers, PMI and Triad are currently paying 77.5% and 75%, respectively, of their claims in cash and deferring the remainder. These three mortgage insurers provided a combined $1.5 billion, or 1%, of the risk in force mortgage insurance coverage of our single-family conventional guaranty book of business as of December 31, 2021.
We have counterparty credit risk relating to the potential insolvency of, or non-performance by, monoline mortgage insurers that insure single-family loans we purchase or guarantee. There is risk that these counterparties may fail to fulfill their obligations to pay our claims under insurance policies. On at least a quarterly basis, we assess our mortgage insurer counterparties’ respective abilities to fulfill their obligations to us. Our assessment includes financial reviews and analyses of the insurers’ portfolios and capital adequacy. If we determine that it is probable that we will not collect all of our claims from one or more of our mortgage insurer counterparties, it could increase our loss reserves, which could adversely affect our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition and net worth.
When we estimate the credit losses that are inherent in our mortgage loans and under the terms of our guaranty obligations, we also consider the recoveries that we expect to receive from primary mortgage insurance, as mortgage insurance recoveries reduce the severity of the loss associated with defaulted loans if the borrower defaults and title to the property is subsequently transferred. Mortgage insurance does not cover credit losses that result from a reduction in mortgage interest paid by the borrower in connection with a loan modification, forbearance of principal, or forbearance of scheduled loan payments. We evaluate the financial condition of our mortgage insurer counterparties and adjust the contractually due recovery amounts to ensure that expected credit losses as of the balance sheet date are included in our loss reserve estimate. As a result, if our assessment of one or more of our mortgage insurer counterparties’ ability to fulfill their respective obligations to us worsens, it could increase our loss reserves. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, our estimated benefit from mortgage insurance, which is based on estimated credit losses as of period end, reduced our loss reserves by $559 million and $1.4 billion, respectively.
When an insured loan held in our retained mortgage portfolio subsequently goes into foreclosure, we charge off the loan, eliminating any previously-recorded loss reserves, and record REO and a mortgage insurance receivable for the claim proceeds deemed probable of recovery, as appropriate. However, if a mortgage insurer rescinds, cancels or denies insurance coverage, the initial receivable becomes due from the mortgage seller or servicer. We had outstanding receivables of $533 million recorded in “Other assets” in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021 and $560 million as of December 31, 2020 related to amounts claimed on insured, defaulted loans excluding government-insured loans. We assessed these outstanding receivables for collectability, and established a valuation allowance of $479 million as of December 31, 2021 and $497 million as of December 31, 2020, which reduced our claim receivable to the amount considered probable of collection.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-69
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Concentrations of Credit Risk
|
Mortgage Servicers and Sellers. Mortgage servicers collect mortgage and escrow payments from borrowers, pay taxes and insurance costs from escrow accounts, monitor and report delinquencies, and perform other required activities, including loss mitigation, on our behalf. Our mortgage servicers and sellers may also be obligated to repurchase loans or foreclosed properties, reimburse us for losses or provide other remedies under certain circumstances, such as if it is determined that the mortgage loan did not meet our underwriting or eligibility requirements, if certain loan representations and warranties are violated or if mortgage insurers rescind coverage. Our representation and warranty framework does not require repurchase for loans that have breaches of certain selling representations and warranties if they have met specified criteria for relief.
Our business with mortgage servicers is concentrated. The table below displays the percentage of our single-family guaranty book of business serviced by our top five depository single-family mortgage servicers and top five non-depository single-family mortgage servicers (i.e., servicers that are not insured depository institutions), and identifies one servicer that serviced 10% or more of our single-family guaranty book of business based on unpaid principal balance.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Percentage of Single-Family
Guaranty Book of Business
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (together with its affiliates)
|
|
10
|
%
|
|
13
|
%
|
Remaining top five depository servicers
|
|
11
|
|
|
11
|
|
Top five non-depository servicers
|
|
23
|
|
|
24
|
|
Total
|
|
44
|
%
|
|
48
|
%
|
The table below displays the percentage of our multifamily guaranty book of business serviced by our top five multifamily mortgage servicers, and identifies two servicers that serviced 10% or more of our multifamily guaranty book of business based on unpaid principal balance.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Percentage of Multifamily
Guaranty Book of Business
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
Walker & Dunlop, Inc.
|
|
12
|
%
|
|
12
|
%
|
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (together with its affiliates)
|
|
11
|
|
|
12
|
|
Remaining top five servicers
|
|
24
|
|
|
24
|
|
Total
|
|
47
|
%
|
|
48
|
%
|
If a significant mortgage servicer or seller counterparty, or a number of mortgage servicers or sellers, fails to meet their obligations to us, it could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We mitigate these risks in several ways, including:
•establishing minimum standards and financial requirements for our servicers;
•monitoring financial and portfolio performance as compared with peers and internal benchmarks; and
•for our largest mortgage servicers, conducting periodic financial reviews to confirm compliance with servicing guidelines and servicing performance expectations.
We may take one or more of the following actions to mitigate our credit exposure to mortgage servicers that present a higher risk:
•require a guaranty of obligations by higher-rated entities;
•transfer exposure to third parties;
•require collateral;
•establish more stringent financial requirements;
•work with underperforming major servicers to improve operational processes; and
•suspend or terminate the selling and servicing relationship if deemed necessary.
Multifamily Lenders with Risk Sharing. We enter into risk sharing agreements with lenders pursuant to which the lenders agree to bear all or some portion of the credit losses on the covered loans. Our maximum potential loss recovery from lenders under these risk sharing agreements on both Delegated Underwriting and Servicing (“DUS”) and non-DUS
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-70
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Concentrations of Credit Risk
|
multifamily loans was $97.6 billion as of December 31, 2021, compared with $92.9 billion as of December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2021, 52% of our maximum potential loss recovery on multifamily loans was from five DUS lenders, as compared with 51% as of December 31, 2020.
Derivatives Counterparties. For information on credit risk associated with our derivative transactions and repurchase agreements see “Note 8, Derivative Instruments” and “Note 14, Netting Arrangements.”
14. Netting Arrangements
We use master netting arrangements, which allow us to offset certain financial instruments and collateral with the same counterparty, to minimize counterparty credit exposure. The tables below display information related to derivatives, securities purchased under agreements to resell or similar arrangements, and securities sold under agreements to repurchase or similar arrangements, which are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement that are either offset or not offset in our consolidated balance sheets.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2021
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gross Amount Offset(1)
|
|
Net Amount Presented in our Consolidated Balance Sheets
|
|
Amounts Not Offset in our Consolidated Balance Sheets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gross Amount
|
|
|
|
|
Financial Instruments(2)
|
|
|
Collateral(3)
|
|
|
Net Amount
|
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
|
Assets:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OTC risk management derivatives
|
|
$
|
239
|
|
|
|
$
|
(237)
|
|
|
$
|
2
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
2
|
|
|
Cleared risk management derivatives
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Mortgage commitment derivatives
|
|
169
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
169
|
|
|
|
(133)
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
36
|
|
|
Total derivative assets
|
|
408
|
|
|
|
(237)
|
|
|
171
|
|
(4)
|
|
(133)
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
38
|
|
|
Securities purchased under agreements to resell or similar arrangements(5)
|
|
64,843
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
64,843
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
(64,843)
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Total assets
|
|
$
|
65,251
|
|
|
|
$
|
(237)
|
|
|
$
|
65,014
|
|
|
|
$
|
(133)
|
|
|
|
$
|
(64,843)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
38
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OTC risk management derivatives
|
|
$
|
(1,188)
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,183
|
|
|
$
|
(5)
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(5)
|
|
|
Cleared risk management derivatives
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
(10)
|
|
|
(10)
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Mortgage commitment derivatives
|
|
(197)
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(197)
|
|
|
|
133
|
|
|
|
56
|
|
|
|
|
(8)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities
|
|
$
|
(1,385)
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,173
|
|
|
$
|
(212)
|
|
(4)
|
|
$
|
133
|
|
|
|
$
|
66
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(13)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-71
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Netting Arrangements
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2020
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gross Amount Offset(1)
|
|
Net Amount Presented in our Consolidated Balance Sheets
|
|
Amounts Not Offset in our Consolidated Balance Sheets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gross Amount
|
|
|
|
|
Financial Instruments(2)
|
|
|
Collateral(3)
|
|
|
Net Amount
|
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
|
Assets:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OTC risk management derivatives
|
|
$
|
962
|
|
|
|
$
|
(952)
|
|
|
$
|
10
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
10
|
|
|
Cleared risk management derivatives
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
47
|
|
|
47
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
47
|
|
|
Mortgage commitment derivatives
|
|
989
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
989
|
|
|
|
(406)
|
|
|
|
(53)
|
|
|
|
|
530
|
|
|
Total derivative assets
|
|
1,951
|
|
|
|
(905)
|
|
|
1,046
|
|
(4)
|
|
(406)
|
|
|
|
(53)
|
|
|
|
|
587
|
|
|
Securities purchased under agreements to resell or similar arrangements(5)
|
|
46,644
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
46,644
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
(46,644)
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Total assets
|
|
$
|
48,595
|
|
|
|
$
|
(905)
|
|
|
$
|
47,690
|
|
|
|
$
|
(406)
|
|
|
|
$
|
(46,697)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
587
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OTC risk management derivatives
|
|
$
|
(1,015)
|
|
|
|
$
|
999
|
|
|
$
|
(16)
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(16)
|
|
|
Cleared risk management derivatives
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
(4)
|
|
|
(4)
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
(2)
|
|
|
Mortgage commitment derivatives
|
|
(1,426)
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(1,426)
|
|
|
|
406
|
|
|
|
1,017
|
|
|
|
|
(3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities
|
|
$
|
(2,441)
|
|
|
|
$
|
995
|
|
|
$
|
(1,446)
|
|
(4)
|
|
$
|
406
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,019
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(21)
|
|
|
(1) Represents the effect of the right to offset under legally enforceable master netting arrangements to settle with the same counterparty on a net basis, including cash collateral posted and received and accrued interest.
(2) Mortgage commitment derivative amounts reflect where we have recognized both an asset and a liability with the same counterparty under an enforceable master netting arrangement but we have not elected to offset the related amounts in our consolidated balance sheets.
(3) Represents collateral received that has not been recognized and not offset in our consolidated balance sheets as well as collateral posted which has been recognized but not offset in our consolidated balance sheets. Does not include collateral held or posted in excess of our exposure. The fair value of non-cash collateral we pledged which the counterparty was permitted to sell or repledge was $2.5 billion and $4.7 billion as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The fair value of non-cash collateral received was $64.9 billion and $46.6 billion, of which $25.6 billion and $46.6 billion could be sold or repledged as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. None of the underlying collateral was sold or repledged as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(4) Excludes derivative assets recognized in our consolidated balance sheets of $179 million as of December 31, 2020, and derivative liabilities recognized in our consolidated balance sheets of $21 million and $49 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, that were not subject to enforceable master netting arrangements. We had no derivative assets recognized in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021 that were not subject to enforceable master netting arrangements.
(5) Includes $29.1 billion and $18.4 billion of securities purchased under agreements to resell classified as “Cash and cash equivalents” in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Includes $15.0 billion in securities purchased under agreements to resell classified as “Restricted cash and cash equivalents” in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021. There were no securities purchased under agreements to resell classified as “Restricted cash and cash equivalents” as of December 31, 2020.
Derivative instruments are recorded at fair value and securities purchased under agreements to resell or similar arrangements are recorded at amortized cost in our consolidated balance sheets.
We determine our rights to offset the assets and liabilities presented above with the same counterparty, including collateral posted or received, based on the contractual arrangements entered into with our individual counterparties and various rules and regulations that would govern the insolvency of a derivative counterparty. The following is a description, under various agreements, of the nature of those rights and their effect or potential effect on our financial position.
The terms of the majority of our contracts for OTC risk management derivatives are governed under master agreements of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association Inc. (“ISDA”). These agreements provide that all transactions entered into under the agreement with the counterparty constitute a single contractual relationship. An event of default by the counterparty allows the early termination of all outstanding transactions under the same ISDA agreement and we may offset all outstanding amounts related to the terminated transactions including collateral posted or received.
The terms of our contracts for cleared derivatives are governed under the rules of the clearing organization and the agreement between us and the clearing member of that clearing organization. In the event of a clearing organization
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-72
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Netting Arrangements
|
default, all open positions at the clearing organization are closed and a net position (on a clearing member by clearing member basis) is calculated. Unless otherwise transferred, in the event of a clearing member default, all open positions cleared through that clearing member are closed and a net position is calculated.
The terms of our contracts for mortgage commitment derivatives are primarily governed by the Fannie Mae Single-Family Selling Guide (“Selling Guide”), for Fannie Mae-approved lenders, or Master Securities Forward Transaction Agreements (“MSFTA”), for counterparties that are not Fannie Mae-approved lenders. In the event of default by the counterparty, both the Selling Guide and the MSFTA allow us to terminate all outstanding transactions under the applicable agreement and offset all outstanding amounts related to the terminated transactions including collateral posted or received. Under the Selling Guide, upon a lender event of default, we generally may offset any amounts owed to a lender against any amounts a lender may owe us under any other existing agreement, regardless of whether or not such other agreements are in default or payments are immediately due.
The terms of our contracts for securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase are governed by Master Repurchase Agreements, which are based on the guidelines prescribed by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association. Master Repurchase Agreements provide that all transactions under the agreement constitute a single contractual relationship. An event of default by the counterparty allows the early termination of all outstanding transactions under the same agreement and we may offset all outstanding amounts related to the terminated transactions including collateral posted or received.
In addition to these contractual relationships, we are also a clearing member of two divisions of Fixed Income Clearing Corporation (“FICC”), a central counterparty (“CCP”). One FICC division clears our trades involving securities purchased under agreements to resell, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and other non-mortgage related securities. The other division clears our forward purchase and sale commitments of mortgage-related securities, including dollar roll transactions. As a result of these trades, we are required to post initial and variation margin payments and are exposed to the risk that FICC fails to perform. As a clearing member of FICC, we are exposed to the risk that the CCP or one or more of the CCP’s clearing members fails to perform its obligations as described below.
•A default by or the financial or operational failure of FICC would require us to replace contracts cleared through FICC, thereby increasing operational costs and potentially resulting in losses.
•We may also be exposed to losses if a clearing member of FICC defaults on its obligations as each clearing member is required to absorb a portion of those fellow-clearing member losses. As a result, we could lose the margin that we have posted to FICC. Moreover, our exposure could exceed the amount of margin that we previously posted to FICC, since FICC’s rules require non-defaulting clearing members to cover, on a pro rata basis, losses caused by a clearing member’s default.
•We are unable to develop an estimate of the maximum potential amount of future payments that we could be required to make to FICC under these arrangements as our exposure is dependent on the volume of trades FICC clearing members execute now and in the future, which varies daily. Although we are unable to develop an estimate of our maximum exposure, we expect that losses caused by any clearing member would be partially offset by the fair value of margin posted by the defaulting clearing member and any other available assets of the CCP for those purposes. We believe that the risk of loss is remote due to FICC's initial and daily mark-to-market margin requirements, guarantee funds and other resources that are available in the event of a default.
We actively monitor the risks associated with FICC in order to effectively manage this counterparty risk and our associated liquidity exposure.
15. Fair Value
We use fair value measurements for the initial recording of certain assets and liabilities and periodic remeasurement of certain assets and liabilities on a recurring or nonrecurring basis.
Fair Value Measurement
Fair value measurement guidance defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and sets forth disclosures around fair value measurements. This guidance applies whenever other accounting guidance requires or permits assets or liabilities to be measured at fair value. The guidance establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs into the valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority, Level 1, to measurements based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The next highest priority, Level 2, is given to measurements of assets and liabilities based on limited observable inputs or observable inputs for similar assets and liabilities. The lowest priority, Level 3, is given to measurements based on unobservable inputs.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-73
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Fair Value
|
Recurring Changes in Fair Value
The following tables display our assets and liabilities measured in our consolidated balance sheets at fair value on a recurring basis subsequent to initial recognition, including instruments for which we have elected the fair value option.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2021
|
|
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
|
|
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
|
|
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
|
|
Netting Adjustment(1)
|
|
Estimated Fair Value
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Recurring fair value measurements:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Assets:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash equivalents, including restricted cash equivalents(2)
|
|
$
|
250
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
250
|
|
|
Trading securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage-related securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
1,519
|
|
|
|
|
57
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
1,576
|
|
|
Other agency
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
2,893
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
2,893
|
|
|
Private-label and other mortgage securities
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
137
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
137
|
|
|
Non-mortgage-related securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. Treasury securities
|
|
83,581
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
83,581
|
|
|
Other securities
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
19
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
19
|
|
|
Total trading securities
|
|
83,581
|
|
|
|
|
4,568
|
|
|
|
|
57
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
88,206
|
|
|
Available-for-sale securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage-related securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
64
|
|
|
|
|
431
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
495
|
|
|
Other agency
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
Alt-A and subprime private-label securities
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage revenue bonds
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
144
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
144
|
|
|
Other
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
|
|
176
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
181
|
|
|
Total available-for-sale securities
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
84
|
|
|
|
|
753
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
837
|
|
|
Mortgage loans
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
4,209
|
|
|
|
|
755
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
4,964
|
|
|
Other assets:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Risk management derivatives:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Swaps
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
|
|
152
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
177
|
|
|
Swaptions
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
62
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
62
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Netting adjustment
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
(237)
|
|
|
|
|
(237)
|
|
|
Mortgage commitment derivatives
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
169
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
169
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total other assets
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
256
|
|
|
|
|
152
|
|
|
|
|
(237)
|
|
|
|
|
171
|
|
|
Total assets at fair value
|
|
$
|
83,831
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
9,117
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,717
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(237)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
94,428
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Long-term debt:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Of Fannie Mae:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Senior floating
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
2,008
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
373
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
2,381
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Of consolidated trusts
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
21,640
|
|
|
|
|
95
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
21,735
|
|
|
Total long-term debt
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
23,648
|
|
|
|
|
468
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
24,116
|
|
|
Other liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Risk management derivatives:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Swaps
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
1,165
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
1,165
|
|
|
Swaptions
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
23
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
23
|
|
|
Netting adjustment
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
(1,173)
|
|
|
|
|
(1,173)
|
|
|
Mortgage commitment derivatives
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
197
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
197
|
|
|
Credit enhancement derivatives
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
Total other liabilities
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
1,385
|
|
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
|
|
(1,173)
|
|
|
|
|
233
|
|
|
Total liabilities at fair value
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
25,033
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
489
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(1,173)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
24,349
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-74
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Fair Value
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2020
|
|
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
|
|
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
|
|
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
|
|
Netting Adjustment(1)
|
|
Estimated Fair Value
|
Recurring fair value measurements:
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Assets:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash equivalents, including restricted cash equivalents(2)
|
|
$
|
1,120
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,120
|
|
|
Trading securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage-related securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
2,310
|
|
|
|
|
94
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
2,404
|
|
|
Other agency
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
3,450
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
3,451
|
|
|
Private-label and other mortgage securities
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
158
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
158
|
|
|
Non-mortgage-related securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. Treasury securities
|
|
130,456
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
130,456
|
|
|
Other securities
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
73
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
73
|
|
|
Total trading securities
|
|
130,456
|
|
|
|
|
5,991
|
|
|
|
|
95
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
136,542
|
|
|
Available-for-sale securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage-related securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
973
|
|
|
|
|
195
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
1,168
|
|
|
Other agency
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
65
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
65
|
|
|
Alt-A and subprime private-label securities
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage revenue bonds
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
216
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
216
|
|
|
Other
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
|
|
235
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
242
|
|
|
Total available-for-sale securities
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
1,049
|
|
|
|
|
648
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
1,697
|
|
|
Mortgage loans
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
5,629
|
|
|
|
|
861
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
6,490
|
|
|
Other assets:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Risk management derivatives:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Swaps
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
376
|
|
|
|
|
203
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
579
|
|
|
Swaptions
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
383
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
383
|
|
|
Netting adjustment
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
(905)
|
|
|
|
|
(905)
|
|
|
Mortgage commitment derivatives
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
989
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
989
|
|
|
Credit enhancement derivatives
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
179
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
179
|
|
|
Total other assets
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
1,748
|
|
|
|
|
382
|
|
|
|
|
(905)
|
|
|
|
|
1,225
|
|
|
Total assets at fair value
|
|
$
|
131,576
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
14,417
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,986
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(905)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
147,074
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Long-term debt:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Of Fannie Mae:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Senior floating
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
3,312
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
416
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
3,728
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Of consolidated trusts
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
24,503
|
|
|
|
|
83
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
24,586
|
|
|
Total long-term debt
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
27,815
|
|
|
|
|
499
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
28,314
|
|
|
Other liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Risk management derivatives:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Swaps
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
881
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
881
|
|
|
Swaptions
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
134
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
134
|
|
|
Netting adjustment
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
(995)
|
|
|
|
|
(995)
|
|
|
Mortgage commitment derivatives
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
1,426
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
1,426
|
|
|
Credit enhancement derivatives
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
49
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
49
|
|
|
Total other liabilities
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
2,441
|
|
|
|
|
49
|
|
|
|
|
(995)
|
|
|
|
|
1,495
|
|
|
Total liabilities at fair value
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
30,256
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
548
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(995)
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
29,809
|
|
|
(1)Derivative contracts are reported on a gross basis by level. The netting adjustment represents the effect of the legal right to offset under legally enforceable master netting arrangements to settle with the same counterparty on a net basis, including cash collateral posted and received.
(2)Cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents are composed of U.S. Treasuries that have a maturity at the date of acquisition of three months or less.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-75
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Fair Value
|
The following tables display a reconciliation of all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). The tables also display gains and losses due to changes in fair value, including both realized and unrealized gains and losses, recognized in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for Level 3 assets and liabilities.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
|
|
|
|
|
Total Gains (Losses)
(Realized/Unrealized)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in Net Income Related to Assets and Liabilities Still Held as of December 31, 2021(4)(5)
|
|
Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in OCI Related to Assets and Liabilities Still Held as of December 31, 2021(1)
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2020
|
|
Included in Net Income
|
|
Included in Total OCI (Loss)(1)
|
|
Purchases(2)
|
|
Sales(2)
|
|
Issues(3)
|
|
Settlements(3)
|
|
Transfers out of Level 3
|
|
Transfers into
Level 3
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2021
|
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Trading securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage-related:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
$
|
94
|
|
|
$
|
(24)
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
18
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(164)
|
|
|
$
|
133
|
|
|
$
|
57
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
Other agency
|
|
1
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total trading securities
|
|
$
|
95
|
|
|
$
|
(24)
|
|
(5)(6)
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
18
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(165)
|
|
|
$
|
133
|
|
|
$
|
57
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Available-for-sale securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage-related:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
$
|
195
|
|
|
$
|
1
|
|
|
|
$
|
(1)
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(33)
|
|
|
$
|
(107)
|
|
|
$
|
376
|
|
|
$
|
431
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alt-A and subprime private-label securities
|
|
2
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
1
|
|
Mortgage revenue bonds
|
|
216
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
(5)
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(70)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
144
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(3)
|
|
Other
|
|
235
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(68)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
176
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
1
|
|
Total available-for-sale securities
|
|
$
|
648
|
|
|
$
|
14
|
|
(6)(7)
|
|
$
|
(7)
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(171)
|
|
|
$
|
(107)
|
|
|
$
|
376
|
|
|
$
|
753
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage loans
|
|
$
|
861
|
|
|
$
|
31
|
|
(5)(6)
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
89
|
|
|
$
|
(66)
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(194)
|
|
|
$
|
(86)
|
|
|
$
|
120
|
|
|
$
|
755
|
|
|
$
|
26
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
Net derivatives
|
|
333
|
|
|
(209)
|
|
(5)
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
131
|
|
|
(202)
|
|
|
—
|
|
Long-term debt:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Of Fannie Mae:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Senior floating
|
|
$
|
(416)
|
|
|
$
|
43
|
|
(5)
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(373)
|
|
|
$
|
43
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
Of consolidated trusts
|
|
(83)
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
(5)(6)
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
16
|
|
|
20
|
|
|
(47)
|
|
|
(95)
|
|
|
(2)
|
|
|
—
|
|
Total long-term debt
|
|
$
|
(499)
|
|
|
$
|
42
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
16
|
|
|
$
|
20
|
|
|
$
|
(47)
|
|
|
$
|
(468)
|
|
|
$
|
41
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-76
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Fair Value
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31, 2020
|
|
|
|
|
Total Gains (Losses)
(Realized/Unrealized)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in Net Income Related to Assets and Liabilities Still Held as of December 31, 2020(4)(5)
|
|
Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in OCI Related to Assets and Liabilities Still Held as of December 31, 2020(1)
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2019
|
|
Included in Net Income
|
|
Included in Total OCI (Loss)(1)
|
|
Purchases(2)
|
|
Sales(2)
|
|
Issues(3)
|
|
Settlements(3)
|
|
Transfers out of Level 3
|
|
Transfers into
Level 3
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2020
|
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Trading securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage-related:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
$
|
45
|
|
|
$
|
(12)
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(1)
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(48)
|
|
|
$
|
110
|
|
|
$
|
94
|
|
|
$
|
(8)
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
Other agency
|
|
1
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
Private-label and other mortgage securities
|
|
—
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(94)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(3)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
94
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
Total trading securities
|
|
$
|
46
|
|
|
$
|
(9)
|
|
(5)(6)
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(95)
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(3)
|
|
|
$
|
(49)
|
|
|
$
|
205
|
|
|
$
|
95
|
|
|
$
|
(8)
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Available-for-sale securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage-related:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
$
|
171
|
|
|
$
|
1
|
|
|
|
$
|
4
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(1)
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(15)
|
|
|
$
|
(243)
|
|
|
$
|
278
|
|
|
$
|
195
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alt-A and subprime private-label securities
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
Mortgage revenue bonds
|
|
315
|
|
|
(3)
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(98)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
216
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
4
|
|
Other
|
|
306
|
|
|
(6)
|
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(64)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
235
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
Total available-for-sale securities
|
|
$
|
792
|
|
|
$
|
(8)
|
|
(6)(7)
|
|
$
|
5
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(1)
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(177)
|
|
|
$
|
(243)
|
|
|
$
|
280
|
|
|
$
|
648
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage loans
|
|
$
|
688
|
|
|
$
|
47
|
|
(5)(6)
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(21)
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(132)
|
|
|
$
|
(104)
|
|
|
$
|
383
|
|
|
$
|
861
|
|
|
$
|
11
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
Net derivatives
|
|
162
|
|
|
233
|
|
(5)
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(80)
|
|
|
18
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
333
|
|
|
159
|
|
|
—
|
|
Long-term debt:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Of Fannie Mae:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Senior floating
|
|
$
|
(398)
|
|
|
$
|
(41)
|
|
(5)
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
23
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(416)
|
|
|
$
|
(41)
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
Of consolidated trusts
|
|
(75)
|
|
|
(2)
|
|
(5)(6)
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
18
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
(29)
|
|
|
(83)
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
|
—
|
|
Total long-term debt
|
|
$
|
(473)
|
|
|
$
|
(43)
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
41
|
|
|
$
|
5
|
|
|
$
|
(29)
|
|
|
$
|
(499)
|
|
|
$
|
(42)
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-77
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Fair Value
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
|
|
|
For the Year Ended December 31, 2019
|
|
|
|
|
Total Gains (Losses)
(Realized/Unrealized)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in Net Income Related to Assets and Liabilities Still Held as of December 31, 2019(4)(5)
|
|
Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in OCI Related to Assets and Liabilities Still Held as of December 31, 2019(1)
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2018
|
|
Included in Net Income
|
|
Included in Total OCI (Loss)(1)
|
|
Purchases(2)
|
|
Sales(2)
|
|
Issues(3)
|
|
Settlements(3)
|
|
Transfers out of Level 3
|
|
Transfers into
Level 3
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2019
|
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Trading securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage-related:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
$
|
32
|
|
|
$
|
3
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
77
|
|
|
$
|
(22)
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(16)
|
|
|
$
|
(108)
|
|
|
$
|
79
|
|
|
$
|
45
|
|
|
$
|
1
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
Other agency
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
Private-label and other mortgage securities
|
|
1
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
Total trading securities
|
|
$
|
33
|
|
|
$
|
3
|
|
(5)(6)
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
77
|
|
|
$
|
(22)
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(17)
|
|
|
$
|
(108)
|
|
|
$
|
80
|
|
|
$
|
46
|
|
|
$
|
1
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Available-for-sale securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage-related:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae
|
|
$
|
152
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
7
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(8)
|
|
|
$
|
(103)
|
|
|
$
|
123
|
|
|
$
|
171
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alt-A and subprime private-label securities
|
|
24
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
|
(5)
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(23)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
Mortgage revenue bonds
|
|
434
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
(3)
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(5)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(112)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
315
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
Other
|
|
342
|
|
|
13
|
|
|
|
(10)
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(37)
|
|
|
(3)
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
306
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(8)
|
|
Total available-for-sale securities
|
|
$
|
952
|
|
|
$
|
19
|
|
(6)(7)
|
|
$
|
(11)
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(28)
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(158)
|
|
|
$
|
(106)
|
|
|
$
|
124
|
|
|
$
|
792
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage loans
|
|
$
|
937
|
|
|
$
|
46
|
|
(5)(6)
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(52)
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(136)
|
|
|
$
|
(254)
|
|
|
$
|
147
|
|
|
$
|
688
|
|
|
$
|
26
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
Net derivatives
|
|
194
|
|
|
109
|
|
(5)
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(119)
|
|
|
(10)
|
|
|
(12)
|
|
|
162
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
—
|
|
Long-term debt:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Of Fannie Mae:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Senior floating
|
|
$
|
(351)
|
|
|
$
|
(47)
|
|
(5)
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(398)
|
|
|
$
|
(47)
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
Of consolidated trusts
|
|
(201)
|
|
|
(8)
|
|
(5)(6)
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(2)
|
|
|
19
|
|
|
200
|
|
|
(83)
|
|
|
(75)
|
|
|
(4)
|
|
|
—
|
|
Total long-term debt
|
|
$
|
(552)
|
|
|
$
|
(55)
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(2)
|
|
|
$
|
19
|
|
|
$
|
200
|
|
|
$
|
(83)
|
|
|
$
|
(473)
|
|
|
$
|
(51)
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
(1)Gains (losses) included in “Other comprehensive loss” are included in “Changes in unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities, net of reclassification adjustments and taxes” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
(2)Purchases and sales include activity related to the consolidation and deconsolidation of assets of securitization trusts.
(3)Issues and settlements include activity related to the consolidation and deconsolidation of liabilities of securitization trusts.
(4)Amount represents temporary changes in fair value. Amortization, accretion and the impairment of credit losses (other-than-temporary impairment in years prior to 2020) are not considered unrealized and are not included in this amount.
(5)Gains (losses) are included in “Fair value gains (losses), net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
(6)Gains (losses) are included in “Net interest income” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
(7)Gains (losses) are included in “Investment gains, net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-78
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Fair Value
|
The following tables display valuation techniques and the range and the weighted average of significant unobservable inputs for our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, excluding instruments for which we have elected the fair value option. Changes in these unobservable inputs can result in significantly higher or lower fair value measurements of these assets and liabilities as of the reporting date.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2021
|
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
Significant Valuation Techniques
|
|
Significant Unobservable Inputs(1)
|
|
Range(1)
|
|
Weighted - Average(1)(2)
|
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Recurring fair value measurements:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trading securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage-related securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Agency(3)
|
|
$
|
57
|
|
|
Various
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Available-for-sale securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage-related securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Agency(3)
|
|
379
|
|
|
Consensus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
52
|
|
|
Various
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total agency
|
|
431
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alt-A and subprime private-label securities
|
|
2
|
|
|
Various
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage Revenue Bonds
|
|
94
|
|
|
Single Vendor
|
|
Spreads (bps)
|
|
9.3
|
-
|
49.4
|
|
27.2
|
|
|
|
50
|
|
|
Various
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total mortgage revenue bonds
|
|
144
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other
|
|
175
|
|
|
Discounted Cash Flow
|
|
Spreads (bps)
|
|
409.0
|
-
|
434.0
|
|
422.0
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Various
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total other
|
|
176
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total available-for-sale securities
|
|
$
|
753
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net derivatives
|
|
$
|
152
|
|
|
Dealer Mark
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(21)
|
|
|
Discounted Cash Flow
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total net derivatives
|
|
$
|
131
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-79
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Fair Value
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2020
|
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
Significant Valuation Techniques
|
|
Significant Unobservable Inputs(1)
|
|
Range(1)
|
|
Weighted - Average(1)(2)
|
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Recurring fair value measurements:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trading securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage-related securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Agency(3)
|
|
$
|
95
|
|
|
Various
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Available-for-sale securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage-related securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Agency(3)
|
|
97
|
|
|
Consensus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
98
|
|
|
Various
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Agency
|
|
195
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alt-A and subprime private-label securities
|
|
2
|
|
|
Various
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage revenue bonds
|
|
144
|
|
|
Single Vendor
|
|
Spreads (bps)
|
|
32.0
|
-
|
315.3
|
|
93.4
|
|
|
|
72
|
|
|
Various
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total mortgage revenue bonds
|
|
216
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other
|
|
206
|
|
|
Discounted Cash Flow
|
|
Spreads (bps)
|
|
425.0
|
|
-
|
443.0
|
|
434.2
|
|
|
|
29
|
|
|
Various
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total other
|
|
235
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total available-for-sale securities
|
|
$
|
648
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net derivatives
|
|
$
|
203
|
|
|
Dealer Mark
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
130
|
|
|
Discounted Cash Flow
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total net derivatives
|
|
$
|
333
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1)Valuation techniques for which no unobservable inputs are disclosed generally reflect the use of third-party pricing services or dealers, and the range of unobservable inputs applied by these sources is not readily available or cannot be reasonably estimated. Where we have disclosed unobservable inputs for consensus and single vendor techniques, those inputs are based on our validations performed at the security level using discounted cash flows.
(2)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative fair value of the instruments.
(3)Includes Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac securities.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-80
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Fair Value
|
In our consolidated balance sheets certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis; that is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when we evaluate loans for impairment). We held no Level 1 assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2021 or 2020. We held $38 million and $25 million in Level 2 assets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, composed of mortgage loans held for sale that were impaired. We had no Level 2 liabilities that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2021 or 2020.
The following table displays valuation techniques for our Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair Value Measurements as of December 31,
|
|
|
Valuation Techniques
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Nonrecurring fair value measurements:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage loans held for sale, at lower of cost or fair value
|
|
Consensus
|
|
$
|
201
|
|
|
$
|
754
|
|
|
|
Single Vendor
|
|
1,383
|
|
|
333
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total mortgage loans held for sale, at lower of cost or fair value
|
|
|
|
1,584
|
|
|
1,087
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Single-family mortgage loans held for investment, at amortized cost
|
|
Internal Model
|
|
867
|
|
|
979
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Multifamily mortgage loans held for investment, at amortized cost
|
|
Appraisal
|
|
37
|
|
|
225
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Broker Price Opinion
|
|
118
|
|
|
40
|
|
|
|
Internal Model
|
|
23
|
|
|
125
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total multifamily mortgage loans held for investment, at amortized cost
|
|
|
|
178
|
|
|
390
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acquired property, net:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Single-family
|
|
Accepted Offer
|
|
13
|
|
|
35
|
|
|
|
Appraisal
|
|
73
|
|
|
89
|
|
|
|
Internal Model
|
|
75
|
|
|
41
|
|
|
|
Walk Forward
|
|
37
|
|
|
85
|
|
|
|
Various
|
|
11
|
|
|
11
|
|
Total single-family
|
|
|
|
209
|
|
|
261
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Multifamily
|
|
Various
|
|
34
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total nonrecurring assets at fair value
|
|
|
|
$
|
2,872
|
|
|
$
|
2,742
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-81
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Fair Value
|
We use valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The following is a description of the valuation techniques we use for fair value measurement and disclosure as well as our basis for classifying these measurements as Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy in more specific situations.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Instruments
|
Valuation Techniques
|
Classification
|
U.S Treasury Securities
|
We classify securities whose values are based on quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets as Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.
|
Level 1
|
Trading Securities and Available-for-Sale Securities
|
We classify securities in active markets as Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy if quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets are not available. For all valuation techniques used for securities where there is limited activity or less transparency around these inputs to the valuation, these securities are classified as Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
Single Vendor: Uses one vendor price to estimate fair value. We generally validate these observations of fair value through the use of a discounted cash flow technique whose unobservable inputs (for example, spreads) are disclosed in the table above.
Consensus: Uses an average of two or more vendor prices for similar securities. We generally validate these observations of fair value through the use of a discounted cash flow technique whose unobservable inputs (for example, spreads) are disclosed in the table above.
|
Level 2 and 3
|
|
Discounted Cash Flow: In the absence of prices provided by third-party pricing services supported by observable market data, we estimate the fair value of a portion of our securities using a discounted cash flow technique that uses inputs such as default rates, prepayment speeds, loss severity and spreads based on market assumptions where available.
For private-label securities, an increase in unobservable prepayment speeds in isolation would generally result in an increase in fair value, and an increase in unobservable spreads, severity rates or default rates in isolation would generally result in a decrease in fair value. For mortgage revenue bonds classified as Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy, an increase in unobservable spreads would result in a decrease in fair value. Although we have disclosed unobservable inputs for the fair value of our recurring Level 3 securities above, interrelationships exist among these inputs such that a change in one unobservable input typically results in a change to one or more of the other inputs.
|
|
Mortgage Loans Held for Investment
|
Build-up: We derive the fair value of performing mortgage loans using a build-up valuation technique starting with the base value for our Fannie Mae MBS with similar characteristics and then add or subtract the fair value of the associated guaranty asset, guaranty obligation (“GO”) and master servicing arrangement. We set the GO equal to the estimated fair value we would receive if we were to issue our guaranty to an unrelated party in a stand-alone arm’s length transaction at the measurement date. The fair value of the GO is estimated based on our current guaranty pricing for loans underwritten after 2008 and our internal valuation models considering management’s best estimate of key loan characteristics for loans underwritten before 2008. Our performing loans are generally classified as Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy to the extent that significant inputs are observable. To the extent that unobservable inputs are significant, the loans are classified as Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
|
Level 2 and 3
|
|
Consensus: Calculated through the extrapolation of indicative sample bids obtained from multiple active market participants plus the estimated value of any applicable mortgage insurance, the estimated fair value using the Consensus method represents an estimate of the prices we would receive if we were to sell these single-family nonperforming and certain reperforming loans in the whole loan market. The fair value of any mortgage insurance on a nonperforming or reperforming loan is estimated using product-specific pricing grids that have been derived from loan-level bids on whole loan transactions. These loans are classified as Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy because significant inputs are unobservable.
We estimate the fair value for a portion of our senior-subordinated trust structures using the average of two or more vendor prices at the security level as a proxy for estimating loan fair value. These loans are classified as Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy because significant inputs are unobservable.
|
|
|
Single Vendor: We estimate the fair value of our reverse mortgages using the single vendor valuation technique.
Internal Model: The internal model used to value collateral contains four sub-component models: 1) Location Model, 2) Neighborhood Model, 3) Automated Valuation Model (“AVM”) Imputation Model and 4) Final Valuation Model. These models consider characteristics of the property, neighborhood, local housing markets, underlying loan and home price growth to derive a final estimated value.
These loans are classified as Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy because significant inputs are unobservable.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-82
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Fair Value
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Instruments
|
Valuation Techniques
|
Classification
|
Mortgage Loans Held for Investment
|
Appraisal: We use appraisals to estimate the fair value for a portion of our multifamily loans based on either estimated replacement cost, the present value of future cash flows, or sales of similar properties. Significant unobservable inputs include estimated replacement or construction costs, property net operating income, capitalization rates, and adjustments made to sales of comparable properties based on characteristics such as financing, conditions of sale, and physical characteristics of the property.
Broker Price Opinion: We use broker price opinions to estimate the fair value for a portion of our multifamily loans. This technique uses both current property value and the property value adjusted for stabilization and market conditions. The unobservable inputs used in this technique are property net operating income and market capitalization rates to estimate property value.
Asset Manager Estimate: This technique uses the net operating income and tax assessments of the specific property as well as Metropolitan Statistical Area-specific market capitalization rates and average per unit sales values to estimate property fair value.
|
Level 2 and 3
|
|
An increase in prepayment speeds in isolation would generally result in an increase in the fair value of our mortgage loans classified as Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy, and an increase in severity rates, default rates or spreads in isolation would generally result in a decrease in fair value. Although we have disclosed unobservable inputs for the fair value of the mortgage loans classified as Level 3 above, interrelationships exist among these inputs such that a change in one unobservable input typically results in a change to one or more of the other inputs.
|
|
Mortgage Loans Held for Sale
|
Loans are reported at the lower of cost or fair value in our consolidated balance sheets. The valuation methodology and inputs used in estimating the fair value of HFS loans are the same as our HFI loans and are described above in “Mortgage Loans Held for Investment.” To the extent that significant inputs are unobservable, the loans are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
|
Level 2 and 3
|
Acquired Property, Net and Other Assets
|
Single-family acquired property valuation techniques
Accepted Offer: An Offer to Purchase Real Estate that has been submitted by a potential purchaser of an acquired property and accepted by Fannie Mae in a pending sale.
Appraisal: An appraisal is an estimate based on recent historical data of the value of a specific property by a certified or licensed appraiser. Adjustments are made for differences between comparable properties for unobservable inputs such as square footage, location, and condition of the property.
Broker Price Opinion: This technique provides an estimate of what the property is worth based upon a real estate broker’s use of specific market research and a sales comparison approach that is similar to the appraisal process. This information, all of which is unobservable, is used along with recent and pending sales and current listings of similar properties to arrive at an estimate of value.
|
Level 3
|
|
Appraisal and Broker Price Opinion Walk Forward (“Walk Forward”): We use these techniques to adjust appraisal and broker price opinion valuations for changing market conditions by applying a walk forward factor based on local price movements since the time the third-party value was obtained.
Internal Model: We use an internal model to estimate fair value for distressed properties. The valuation methodology and inputs used are described under “Mortgage Loans Held for Investment.”
|
|
|
Multifamily acquired property valuation techniques
Appraisal: We use this method to estimate property values for distressed properties. The valuation methodology and inputs used are described under “Mortgage Loans Held for Investment.”
Broker Price Opinion: We use this method to estimate property values for distressed properties. The valuation methodology and inputs used are described under “Mortgage Loans Held for Investment.”
Asset Manager Estimate: We use this method to estimate property values for distressed properties. The valuation methodology and inputs used are described under “Mortgage Loans Held for Investment.”
|
|
Asset and Liability Derivative Instruments (collectively “Derivatives”)
|
The valuation process for the majority of our risk management derivatives uses observable market data provided by third-party sources, resulting in Level 2 classification of the valuation hierarchy.
Single Vendor: We use one vendor price to estimate fair value. We generally validate these observations of fair value through the use of a discounted cash flow technique.
Clearing House: We use the clearing house-provided value for interest-rate derivatives which are transacted through a clearing house.
Internal Model: We use internal models to value interest-rate derivatives which are valued by referencing yield curves derived from observable interest rates and spreads to project and discount cash flows to present value.
Discounted Cash Flow: We use discounted cash flow to estimate fair value for credit enhancement derivatives related to CRT.
|
Level 2 and 3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-83
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Fair Value
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Instruments
|
Valuation Techniques
|
Classification
|
Asset and Liability Derivative Instruments (collectively “Derivatives”)
|
Dealer Mark: Certain highly complex structured swaps primarily use a single dealer mark due to lack of transparency in the market and may be modeled using observable interest rates and volatility levels as well as significant unobservable assumptions, resulting in Level 3 classification of the valuation hierarchy. Mortgage commitment derivatives that use observable market data, quotes and actual transaction price levels adjusted for market movement are typically classified as Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. To the extent mortgage commitment derivatives include adjustments for market movement that cannot be corroborated by observable market data, we classify them as Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
|
Level 2 and 3
|
Debt of Fannie Mae and Consolidated Trusts
|
We classify debt instruments that have quoted market prices in active markets for similar liabilities when traded as assets as Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. For all valuation techniques used for debt instruments where there is limited activity or less transparency around these inputs to the valuation, these debt instruments are classified as Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
Consensus: Uses an average of two or more vendor prices or dealer marks that represents estimated fair value for similar liabilities when traded as assets.
Single Vendor: Uses a single vendor price that represents estimated fair value for these liabilities when traded as assets.
Discounted Cash Flow: Uses spreads based on market assumptions where available.
The valuation methodology and inputs used in estimating the fair value of MBS assets are described under “Trading Securities and Available-for-Sale Securities.”
|
Level 2 and 3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-84
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Fair Value
|
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following table displays the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments. The fair value of financial instruments we disclose includes commitments to purchase multifamily and single-family mortgage loans that we do not record in our consolidated balance sheets. The fair values of these commitments are included as “Mortgage loans held for investment, net of allowance for loan losses.” The disclosure excludes all non-financial instruments; therefore, the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities does not represent the underlying fair value of our total consolidated assets and liabilities.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2021
|
|
|
Carrying
Value
|
|
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
|
|
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
|
|
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
|
|
Netting Adjustment
|
|
Estimated
Fair Value
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Financial assets:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash and cash equivalents
|
|
$
|
108,631
|
|
|
$
|
64,531
|
|
|
$
|
44,100
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
108,631
|
|
Securities purchased under agreements to resell or similar arrangements
|
|
20,743
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
20,743
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
20,743
|
|
Trading securities
|
|
88,206
|
|
|
83,581
|
|
|
4,568
|
|
|
57
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
88,206
|
|
Available-for-sale securities
|
|
837
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
84
|
|
|
753
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
837
|
|
Mortgage loans held for sale
|
|
5,134
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
178
|
|
|
5,307
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
5,485
|
|
Mortgage loans held for investment, net of allowance for loan losses
|
|
3,963,108
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
3,796,917
|
|
|
209,090
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
4,006,007
|
|
Advances to lenders
|
|
8,414
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
8,413
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
8,414
|
|
Derivative assets at fair value
|
|
171
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
256
|
|
|
152
|
|
|
(237)
|
|
|
171
|
|
Guaranty assets and buy-ups
|
|
92
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
207
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
207
|
|
Total financial assets
|
|
$
|
4,195,336
|
|
|
$
|
148,112
|
|
|
$
|
3,875,259
|
|
|
$
|
215,567
|
|
|
$
|
(237)
|
|
|
$
|
4,238,701
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Financial liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Short-term debt:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Of Fannie Mae
|
|
$
|
2,795
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
2,795
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
2,795
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Long-term debt:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Of Fannie Mae
|
|
198,097
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
205,142
|
|
|
799
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
205,941
|
|
Of consolidated trusts
|
|
3,957,299
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
3,951,537
|
|
|
32,644
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
3,984,181
|
|
Derivative liabilities at fair value
|
|
233
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
1,385
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
(1,173)
|
|
|
233
|
|
Guaranty obligations
|
|
101
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
101
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
101
|
|
Total financial liabilities
|
|
$
|
4,158,525
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
4,160,859
|
|
|
$
|
33,565
|
|
|
$
|
(1,173)
|
|
|
$
|
4,193,251
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-85
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Fair Value
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2020
|
|
|
Carrying
Value
|
|
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
|
|
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
|
|
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
|
|
Netting Adjustment
|
|
Estimated
Fair Value
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Financial assets:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash and cash equivalents
|
|
$
|
115,623
|
|
|
$
|
97,179
|
|
|
$
|
18,444
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
115,623
|
|
Securities purchased under agreements to resell or similar arrangements
|
|
28,200
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
28,200
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
28,200
|
|
Trading securities
|
|
136,542
|
|
|
130,456
|
|
|
5,991
|
|
|
95
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
136,542
|
|
Available-for-sale securities
|
|
1,697
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
1,049
|
|
|
648
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
1,697
|
|
Mortgage loans held for sale
|
|
5,197
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
116
|
|
|
5,502
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
5,618
|
|
Mortgage loans held for investment, net of allowance for loan losses
|
|
3,648,695
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
3,512,672
|
|
|
255,556
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
3,768,228
|
|
Advances to lenders
|
|
10,449
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
10,448
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
10,449
|
|
Derivative assets at fair value
|
|
1,225
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
1,748
|
|
|
382
|
|
|
(905)
|
|
|
1,225
|
|
Guaranty assets and buy-ups
|
|
115
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
258
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
258
|
|
Total financial assets
|
|
$
|
3,947,743
|
|
|
$
|
227,635
|
|
|
$
|
3,578,668
|
|
|
$
|
262,442
|
|
|
$
|
(905)
|
|
|
$
|
4,067,840
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Financial liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Short-term debt:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Of Fannie Mae
|
|
$
|
12,173
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
12,177
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
12,177
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Long-term debt:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Of Fannie Mae
|
|
277,399
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
288,414
|
|
|
878
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
289,292
|
|
Of consolidated trusts
|
|
3,646,164
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
3,756,673
|
|
|
31,584
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
3,788,257
|
|
Derivative liabilities at fair value
|
|
1,495
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
2,441
|
|
|
49
|
|
|
(995)
|
|
|
1,495
|
|
Guaranty obligations
|
|
127
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
82
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
82
|
|
Total financial liabilities
|
|
$
|
3,937,358
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
4,059,705
|
|
|
$
|
32,593
|
|
|
$
|
(995)
|
|
|
$
|
4,091,303
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-86
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Fair Value
|
The following is a description of the valuation techniques we use for fair value measurement of our financial instruments as well as our basis for classifying these measurements as Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy in certain specific situations.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Instruments
|
Description
|
Classification
|
Financial Instruments for which Fair Value Approximates Carrying Value
|
We hold certain financial instruments that are not carried at fair value but for which the carrying value approximates fair value due to the short-term nature and negligible credit risk inherent in them. These financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, the majority of advances to lenders, and securities sold/purchased under agreements to repurchase/resell.
|
Level 1 and 2
|
Securities Sold/Purchased Under Agreements to Repurchase/Resell
|
The carrying value for the majority of these specific instruments approximates the fair value due to the short-term nature and the negligible inherent credit risk, as they involve the exchange of collateral that is easily traded. Were we to calculate the fair value of these instruments, we would use observable inputs.
|
Level 2
|
Mortgage Loans Held for Sale
|
Loans are reported at the lower of cost or fair value in our consolidated balance sheets. The valuation methodology and inputs used in estimating the fair value of HFS loans are the same as for our HFI loans and are described under “Fair Value Measurement—Mortgage Loans Held for Investment” in the valuation techniques for assets and liabilities held at fair value table. To the extent that significant inputs are unobservable, the loans are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
|
Level 2 and 3
|
Mortgage Loans Held for Investment
|
For a description of loan valuation techniques, refer to “Fair Value Measurement—Mortgage Loans Held for Investment” in the valuation techniques for assets and liabilities held at fair value table. We measure the fair value of certain loans that are delivered under the Home Affordable Refinance Program® (“HARP®”) using a modified build-up approach while the loan is performing. Under this modified approach, we set the credit component of the consolidated loans (that is, the guaranty obligation) equal to the compensation we would currently receive for a loan delivered to us under the program because the total compensation for these loans is equal to their current exit price in the government-sponsored enterprise securitization market. If, subsequent to delivery, the refinanced loan becomes past due or is modified as a part of a troubled debt restructuring, the fair value of the guaranty obligation is then measured consistent with other loans that have similar characteristics.
|
Level 2 and 3
|
Advances to Lenders
|
The carrying value for the majority of our advances to lenders approximates the fair value due to the short-term nature and the negligible inherent credit risk. If we were to calculate the fair value of these instruments, we would use discounted cash flow models that use observable inputs such as spreads based on market assumptions, resulting in Level 2 classification. Advances to lenders also include loans that do not qualify for Fannie Mae MBS securitization and are valued using a discounted cash flow technique that uses estimated credit spreads of similar collateral and prepayment speeds that consider recent prepayment activity. We classify these valuations as Level 3 given that significant inputs are not observable or are determined by extrapolation of observable inputs.
|
Level 2 and 3
|
Guaranty Assets and Buy-ups
|
Guaranty assets related to our portfolio securitizations are recorded in our consolidated balance sheets at fair value on a recurring basis and are classified as Level 3. Guaranty assets in lender swap transactions are recorded in our consolidated balance sheets at the lower of cost or fair value. These assets, which are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, are also classified as Level 3.
We estimate the fair value of guaranty assets by using proprietary models to project cash flows based on management’s best estimate of key assumptions such as prepayment speeds and forward yield curves. Because guaranty assets are similar to an interest-only income stream, the projected cash flows are discounted at rates that consider the current spreads on interest-only swaps that reference Fannie Mae MBS and also liquidity considerations of the guaranty assets. The fair value of guaranty assets includes the fair value of any associated buy-ups.
|
Level 3
|
Guaranty Obligations
|
The fair value of all guaranty obligations, measured subsequent to their initial recognition, is our estimate of a hypothetical transaction price we would receive if we were to issue our guaranty to an unrelated party in a standalone arm’s-length transaction at the measurement date. The valuation methodology and inputs used in estimating the fair value of the guaranty obligations are described under “Fair Value Measurement—Mortgage loans held for investment—build-up” in the valuation techniques for assets and liabilities held at fair value.
|
Level 3
|
Fair Value Option
We elect the fair value option for loans and debt that contain embedded derivatives that would otherwise require bifurcation. Additionally, we elected the fair value option for our credit risk-sharing securities accounted for as debt of Fannie Mae issued under our CAS series prior to January 1, 2016. Under the fair value option, we elected to carry these instruments at fair value instead of bifurcating the embedded derivative from such instruments.
Interest income for the mortgage loans is recorded in “Interest income: Mortgage loans” and interest expense for the debt instruments is recorded in “Interest expense: Long-term debt” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-87
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Fair Value
|
The following table displays the fair value and unpaid principal balance of the financial instruments for which we have made fair value elections.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
2021
|
|
2020
|
|
|
Loans(1)
|
|
Long-Term Debt of Fannie Mae
|
|
Long-Term Debt of Consolidated Trusts
|
|
Loans(1)
|
|
Long-Term Debt of Fannie Mae
|
|
Long-Term Debt of Consolidated Trusts
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
Fair value
|
|
|
$
|
4,964
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
2,381
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
21,735
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
6,490
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
3,728
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
24,586
|
|
|
Unpaid principal balance
|
|
|
4,601
|
|
|
|
|
2,197
|
|
|
|
|
19,314
|
|
|
|
|
6,046
|
|
|
|
|
3,518
|
|
|
|
|
21,408
|
|
|
(1) Includes nonaccrual loans with a fair value of $86 million and $139 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The difference between unpaid principal balance and the fair value of these nonaccrual loans as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $3 million and $8 million, respectively. Includes loans that are 90 days or more past due with a fair value of $125 million and $257 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The difference between unpaid principal balance and the fair value of these 90 or more days past due loans as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $6 million and $14 million, respectively.
Changes in Fair Value under the Fair Value Option Election
We recorded gains of $28 million, $263 million and $357 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, from changes in the fair value of loans recorded at fair value in “Fair value gains (losses), net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
We recorded gains of $631 million and losses of $432 million and $765 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, from changes in the fair value of long-term debt recorded at fair value in “Fair value gains (losses), net” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
16. Commitments and Contingencies
We are party to various types of legal actions and proceedings, including actions brought on behalf of various classes of claimants. We also are subject to regulatory examinations, inquiries and investigations, and other information gathering requests. In some of the matters, indeterminate amounts are sought. Modern pleading practice in the U.S. permits considerable variation in the assertion of monetary damages or other relief. Jurisdictions may permit claimants not to specify the monetary damages sought or may permit claimants to state only that the amount sought is sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of the trial court. This variability in pleadings, together with our and our counsel’s actual experience in litigating or settling claims, leads us to conclude that the monetary relief that may be sought by plaintiffs bears little relevance to the merits or disposition value of claims.
We have substantial and valid defenses to the claims in the proceedings described below and intend to defend these matters vigorously. However, legal actions and proceedings of all types are subject to many uncertain factors that generally cannot be predicted with assurance. Accordingly, the outcome of any given matter and the amount or range of potential loss at particular points in time is frequently difficult to ascertain. Uncertainties can include how fact finders will evaluate documentary evidence and the credibility and effectiveness of witness testimony, and how courts will apply the law. Disposition valuations are also subject to the uncertainty of how opposing parties and their counsel may view the evidence and applicable law.
On a quarterly basis, we review relevant information about all pending legal actions and proceedings for the purpose of evaluating and revising our contingencies, accruals and disclosures. We establish an accrual only for matters when a loss is probable and we can reasonably estimate the amount of such loss. We are often unable to estimate the possible losses or ranges of losses, particularly for proceedings that are in their early stages of development, where plaintiffs seek indeterminate or unspecified damages, where there may be novel or unsettled legal questions relevant to the proceedings, or where settlement negotiations have not occurred or progressed. Given the uncertainties involved in any action or proceeding, regardless of whether we have established an accrual, the ultimate resolution of certain of these matters may be material to our operating results for a particular period, depending on, among other factors, the size of the loss or liability imposed and the level of our net income or loss for that period.
In addition to the matters specifically described below, we are involved in a number of legal and regulatory proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business that we do not expect will have a material impact on our business or financial condition.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-88
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | Commitments and Contingencies
|
Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreements Litigation
A consolidated class action (“In re Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement Class Action Litigations”) and a non-class action lawsuit, Fairholme Funds v. FHFA, filed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac shareholders against us, FHFA as our conservator, and Freddie Mac are pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. The lawsuits challenge the August 2012 amendment to each company’s senior preferred stock purchase agreement with Treasury.
Plaintiffs in these lawsuits filed amended complaints on November 1, 2017 alleging that the net worth sweep dividend provisions of the senior preferred stock that were implemented pursuant to the August 2012 amendments nullified certain of the shareholders’ rights, particularly the right to receive dividends. Plaintiffs seek unspecified damages, equitable and injunctive relief, and costs and expenses, including attorneys’ fees. Plaintiffs in the class action represent a class of Fannie Mae preferred shareholders and classes of Freddie Mac common and preferred shareholders. On September 28, 2018, the court dismissed all of the plaintiffs’ claims except for their claims for breach of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Plaintiffs in a third lawsuit, Arrowood Indemnity Company v. Fannie Mae, voluntarily dismissed their case, without prejudice, on November 18, 2021.
Given the stage of these lawsuits, the substantial and novel legal questions that remain, and our substantial defenses, we are currently unable to estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss arising from this litigation.
Unconditional Purchase and Lease Commitments
We have unconditional commitments related to the purchase of loans and mortgage-related securities. These include both on- and off-balance sheet commitments. A portion of these have been recorded as derivatives in our consolidated balance sheets.
We lease certain premises and equipment under agreements that expire at various dates through August 31, 2037. Some of these leases provide for payment by the lessee of property taxes, insurance premiums, cost of maintenance and other costs. Rental expenses for operating leases were $108 million, $94 million and $95 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The following table summarizes by remaining maturity, non-cancelable future commitments related to loan and mortgage purchases, operating leases and other agreements.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, 2021
|
|
|
Loans and Mortgage-Related Securities(1)
|
|
|
Operating Leases(2)
|
|
|
Other(3)
|
|
|
(Dollars in millions)
|
2022
|
|
$
|
76,053
|
|
|
|
$
|
61
|
|
|
|
$
|
136
|
|
2023
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
79
|
|
|
|
119
|
|
2024
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
80
|
|
|
|
14
|
|
2025
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
81
|
|
|
|
9
|
|
2026
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
82
|
|
|
|
6
|
|
Thereafter
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
738
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
76,053
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,121
|
|
|
|
$
|
284
|
|
(1)Primarily includes mortgage commitment derivatives.
(2)Includes amounts related to office buildings and equipment leases.
(3)Includes purchase commitments for certain telecommunications services, computer software and services, and other agreements and commitments.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fannie Mae (In conservatorship) 2021 Form 10-K
|
F-89
|