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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

(Mark One)

☒    ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019

OR

☐    TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to __________

1-35740

(Commission file number)

(479) 471-2500

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant (assuming for these purposes that all executive officers, directors, and affiliated holders of more than 10% of the Registrant’s outstanding common stock are “affiliates” of the Registrant) as of June 28, 2019, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $81,244,809 (based on the closing sale price of the Registrant’s common stock on that date as reported by Nasdaq).

As of February 10, 2020,   8,547,950 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding.

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USA TRUCK INC.

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among others, are forward-looking statements.  Such statements may be identified by their use of terms or phrases such as “expects,” “estimates,” “projects,” “believes,” “anticipates,” “focus,” “intends,” “plans,” “goals,” “may,” “if,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “potential,” “continue,” “future” and similar terms and phrases.  Forward-looking statements are based on currently available operating, financial, and competitive information.  Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, which could cause future events and actual results to differ materially from those set forth in, contemplated by, or underlying the forward-looking statements.  Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the section entitled “Item 1A., Risk Factors.”  Readers should review and consider the factors discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Form 10-K, along with various disclosures in our press releases, stockholder reports, and other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

All such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Form 10-K.  You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.  We expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or any change in the events, conditions, or circumstances on which any such information is based, except as required by law.

All forward-looking statements attributable to us, or persons acting on our behalf, are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement.

References to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” and words of similar import refer to USA Truck Inc., and its subsidiaries.

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conduct business with designated third party logistics providers.  Obtaining shipments through these providers is a significant opportunity that allows the Company to provide services for high-volume shippers to which it might not otherwise have access.  During 2019, one customer accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s consolidated operating revenues.  USAT Logistics was also dependent upon a single customer for more than 10% of its operating revenue.  The Company’s largest 10 customers comprised approximately 47% of the Company’s consolidated operating revenue.  Overall in 2019, the Company provided services to more than 800 customers across all USA Truck service offerings.  

Receivables collection during 2019 averaged approximately 35 days from the invoice date, compared to an average of approximately 38 days during 2018.  Factors contributing to the improvement in days to collection in 2019 were the result of coordination with customers to expedite their payment processes, where applicable, and more efficient and expedient invoicing and collections efforts by our accounts receivable team.

The average age of the Company’s in-service tractor fleet was approximately 30.8 months at December 31, 2019.  The Company’s equipment purchase and replacement decisions are based on a number of factors, including but not limited to, new equipment prices, the used equipment market, trade-in values, demand for freight services, prevailing interest rates, the attractiveness of lease terms, technological improvements, regulatory changes, fuel efficiency, equipment durability, equipment specifications and driver comfort.  Therefore, depending on the circumstances, the Company may accelerate or delay the acquisition and disposition of its tractors or trailers from time to time, or may choose to acquire revenue equipment through operating leases or financed purchases.

To simplify driver and mechanic training, control the cost of spare parts and tire inventory, and provide for a more efficient vehicle maintenance program, the Company purchases tractors and trailers manufactured to its specifications.  The Company has in place a preventive maintenance program intended to minimize equipment downtime and maintenance costs.

The Company finances the purchase of revenue equipment through its cash flows from operations, revolving credit agreement, finance and operating lease arrangements and proceeds from sales of used equipment.  Substantially all of the Company’s tractors and trailers are pledged to secure its obligations under financing arrangements.

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All Company and independent contractor tractors are equipped with in-cab communication technology, enabling two-way communications between the Company and its drivers, through both standardized and free-form messaging, including electronic logging.  The Company also has installed electronic logging devices (“ELDs”) on 100% of its tractor fleet.  This technology enables USA Truck to dispatch drivers efficiently in response to customers’ requests, to provide real-time information to customers about the status of their shipments and to provide documentation supporting accessorial charges.  Accessorial charges are charges to customers for additional services such as loading, unloading and detainment or equipment delays.  In addition, the Company utilizes satellite-based equipment tracking devices and cargo sensors on the majority of its trailers.  These tracking devices provide the Company with visibility on the locations and load status of its trailers.  The Company has also equipped the Company’s tractor fleet with forward-facing and in-ward facing event recorders.

Team Members

As of December 31, 2019, the Company had approximately 2,050 team members across all business segments, of which approximately 69% were Company drivers.  The Company believes team member relations to be good, and no team members are subject to union contracts or part of a collective bargaining unit.  

Recruitment, training, and retention of a professional driver workforce, the Company’s most valuable asset, are essential to the Company’s continued growth and fulfillment of customer needs.  USA Truck hires qualified professional drivers who hold a valid commercial driver’s license, satisfy applicable federal and state safety performance and measurement requirements, and meet USA Truck’s hiring criteria.  These guidelines relate primarily to safety history, road test evaluations, and various other evaluations, which include physical examinations and mandatory drug and alcohol testing.  In order to attract and retain safe drivers who are committed to customer service and safety, the Company focuses its driver operations around a collaborative and supportive team environment.  The Company provides comfortable, late model equipment, encourages direct communication with senior management, and pays competitive wages and benefits, and other incentives intended to encourage driver safety, retention, and long-term employment.  Drivers are compensated on a per mile basis, based on the length of haul and a predetermined number of miles.  Drivers are also compensated for accessorial services provided to customers.  Drivers and other employees are encouraged to participate in the Company’s 401(k) program, and Company-sponsored health, life, and dental plans.  The Company believes these factors aid in attracting, recruiting, and retaining professional drivers in a competitive driver market.

Independent Contractors

In addition to Company drivers, USA Truck enters into contracts with independent contractors, who provide a tractor and a driver and are responsible for all operating expenses in exchange for an agreed upon fee structure.  As of December 31, 2019, the Company had 421 independent contractor operated tractors, which comprised approximately 21% of the professional driving fleet during 2019, compared to approximately 24% at December 31, 2018.

Competition

The trucking industry includes both private fleets and for-hire carriers.  Private fleets consist of trucks owned and operated by shippers that move their own goods.  For-hire carriers include both truckload and less-than-truckload (“LTL”) operations.  The for-hire segment is highly competitive and includes thousands of carriers, none of which controls a meaningful share of the market.  This segment is characterized by many small carriers having revenues of less than $1 million per year and as few as one truck, and relatively few carriers with revenues exceeding $100 million per year.

USA Truck competes primarily with other truckload carriers, private fleets and, to a lesser extent, railroads and LTL carriers.  The principal competitive factors in the truckload segment of the industry are service and price, with rate discounting becoming particularly important during economic downturns or periods of uncertainty.  USA Truck’s focus is to differentiate itself primarily on the basis of service rather than rates.  Although an increase in the size of the market would benefit all truckload carriers, management believes that successful carriers are likely to grow market share by providing multiple service offerings, combined with superior customer service, at a competitive price.

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Safety and Risk Management

The Company emphasizes safe work habits as a core value throughout the entire organization, and provides proactive training and education relating to safety concepts, processes and procedures.  The Company conducts pre-employment, random, reasonable suspicion and post-accident alcohol and substance abuse testing in accordance with the Department of Transportation (“DOT”) regulations and the Company’s own policies.

Safety training for new drivers begins in orientation, when newly hired team members are taught safe driving and work techniques that emphasize the Company’s commitment to safety.  Upon completion of orientation, new student drivers are required to undergo on-the-road training for four to six weeks with experienced commercial motor vehicle drivers who have been selected for their professionalism and commitment to safety and who are trained to communicate safe driving techniques to new drivers.  New drivers who graduate from the program must also successfully complete post-training classroom and road testing before being assigned to their own tractor.  Additionally, all Company drivers participate in on-going training that focuses on collision and injury prevention, among other safety concepts.

The primary risks for which the Company is insured are cargo loss and damage, general liability, personal injury, property damage, workers’ compensation and employee medical expenses.  USA Truck is self-insured for a portion of claims exposure in each of these areas.  The Company’s self-insurance retention levels are $0.5 million for workers’ compensation claims per occurrence, $0.05 million for cargo loss and damage claims per occurrence and $1.0 million for bodily injury and property damage claims per occurrence.  For medical benefits, the Company self-insures up to $0.25 million per plan participant per year with an aggregate claim exposure limit determined by the Company’s year-to-date claims experience and its number of covered team members.  During the most recent renewal, the Company entered into multi-year structured insurance agreements in the $2 million to $10 million layer, locking in capacity and premiums for the policy term.  While there is increased risk, the Company believes the structure of the agreements shares the risk between the Company and providers.  The Company maintains insurance above the amounts for which it self-insures, subject to certain limits, with licensed insurance carriers.  The Company has excess general, auto and employer’s liability coverage in amounts substantially exceeding minimum legal requirements.  The Company is completely self-insured for physical damage to its own tractors and trailers, except that the Company carries catastrophic physical damage coverage to protect against natural disasters.

Although the Company believes the aggregate insurance limits should be sufficient to cover reasonably expected claims, it is possible that one or more claims could exceed the Company’s aggregate coverage limits.  An unexpected loss or changing conditions in the insurance market could adversely affect premium levels or result in our inability to find excess coverage in amounts we deem sufficient.  As a result, the Company’s insurance and claims expense could increase, or the Company could raise its self-insured retention or decrease its aggregate coverage limits when its policies are renewed or replaced.  If these costs increase, if reserves are increased, if the Company becomes unable to find excess coverage in amounts it deems sufficient, if claims in excess of coverage limits are experienced, or if a claim is experienced where coverage is not provided, the Company’s results of operations and financial condition in any one quarter or annual period could be materially and adversely affected.

Environmental Regulation

In August 2011, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”) and the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) adopted final rules that established the first-ever fuel economy and greenhouse gas standards for medium and heavy-duty vehicles, including the tractors the Company employs (the “Phase 1 Standards”).  The Phase 1 Standards apply to tractor model years 2014 to 2018 and require the achievement of an approximate 20 percent reduction in fuel consumption by the 2018 model year, which equates to approximately four fewer gallons of fuel used for every 100 miles traveled.  In October 2016, the EPA and NHTSA published the final rule mandating the next phase of tighter fuel efficiency and greenhouse gas standards for medium and heavy-duty tractors and trailers (the “Phase 2 Standards”) that apply to trailers beginning with model year 2018 and will apply to tractors beginning with model year 2021.  The Phase 2 Standards require nine percent and twenty-five percent reductions in emissions and fuel consumption for trailers and tractors, respectively, by 2027.  The Company believes these requirements could result in increased new tractor and trailer prices and additional parts and maintenance costs required to retrofit its tractors and trailers with technology to achieve compliance with such standards, which could adversely affect its operating results and profitability, particularly if such

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costs are not offset by potential fuel savings.  The Company cannot predict, however, the extent to which its operations and productivity will be impacted.  In October 2017, the EPA announced a proposal to repeal the Phase 2 Standards as they relate to gliders (which mix refurbished older components, including transmissions and pre-emission-rule engines, with a new frame, cab, steer axle, wheels, and other standard equipment).  Additionally, implementation of the Phase 2 Standards as they relate to trailers has been delayed due to a provisional stay granted in October 2017 by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, which is overseeing a case against the EPA and NHTSA by the Truck Trailer Manufacturers Association (“TTMA”) regarding the Phase 2 Standards.  In August 2018, the TTMA filed a motion to compel the agencies to submit a detailed status report and timeline for the completion of administrative review.  The EPA opposed the motion stating that it was working to develop a proposed rule while the NHTSA opposed the motion on the grounds that it is continuing to assess next steps.  The federal stay has been renewed every 90 days, the EPA has failed to file any meaningful status reports, and, consequently, the TTMA, on December 3, 2019, filed a motion requesting the Court move forward with its final determination in light of the lack of progress. On December 26, 2019, the Court lifted the abeyance on TTMA’s challenge to the Phase 2 Standards, and set a schedule for final briefs to be filed by June 2, 2020.  If the trailer provisions of the Phase 2 Standards are permanently removed, the Company expects that Phase 2 Standards would have a reduced impact on its operations.

The California Air Resources Board (“CARB”) also adopted emission control regulations that will apply to all heavy-duty tractors that pull 53-foot or longer box-type trailers within the State of California regardless of the state of origin.  The tractors and trailers subject to these CARB regulations must be either EPA SmartWay certified or equipped with low-rolling resistance tires and retrofitted with SmartWay-approved aerodynamic technologies.  The Company currently purchases SmartWay certified equipment in its new tractor and trailer acquisitions.  In addition, in February 2017 CARB proposed additional phase 2 standards that generally align with the federal Phase 2 standards with respect to model year 2018 to 2021 tractors, with some minor additional requirements.  As proposed, the enhanced California standards would stay in place even if the federal standards are vacated or otherwise diminished due to legislative or executive action.  CARB approved these standards in September 2018, and set a January 1, 2020 implementation date.  However, in December 2019, due to continuing uncertainty surrounding the federal rules on which the California standards are based, including the TTMA litigation and EPA inaction, CARB suspended enforcement of these standards for at least two years.  We will continue monitoring any developments with respect to CARB regulations.

Federal and state lawmakers also have proposed potential limits on carbon emissions under a variety of climate-change proposals.  In December 2018, a coalition of nine Northeast and mid-Atlantic states and the District of Columbia announced an agreement to develop regional limits on carbon emissions from transportation sources.  Compliance with such regulations has increased the cost of our new tractors, may increase the cost of any new trailers that we will operate, may require us to retrofit certain of our pre-2011 model year trailers that operate in California, and could impair equipment productivity and increase our operating expenses, including with respect to our Plus Power fleet.  Even though most of these proposals are yet to become law, these adverse effects, combined with the uncertainty as to the reliability of the newly designed diesel engines and the residual values of these vehicles, could materially increase our costs or otherwise adversely affect our business or operations.

In order to reduce exhaust emissions, some states and municipalities have begun to restrict the locations and amount of time where diesel-powered tractors may idle.  Further, the Phase 2 Standards include requirements to reduce particulate emissions caused by idling diesel engines.  These restrictions could force the Company to purchase on-board power units that do not require the engine to idle or to alter our drivers’ behavior, either of which could result in a decrease in productivity, or increase in driver turnover.

The Company’s terminals often are located in industrial areas where groundwater or other forms of environmental contamination may have occurred or could occur.  The Company’s operations involve the risks of fuel spillage or seepage, environmental damage, and hazardous waste disposal, among others.  Certain of the Company’s facilities have oil and/or fuel storage tanks and fueling islands.  A small percentage of the Company’s freight consists of low-grade hazardous substances, which subjects it to a wide array of regulations.  The Company has instituted programs to monitor and control environmental risks and promote compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations; however, if (i) the Company is involved in a spill or other accident involving hazardous substances; (ii) there are releases of hazardous substances the Company transports; (iii) soil or groundwater contamination is found at the Company’s facilities or results from its operations; or (iv) the Company is found to be in violation of, or fails to comply with, applicable environmental

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laws or regulations, then it could be subject to clean-up costs and liabilities, including substantial fines or penalties or civil and criminal liability, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on the Company’s business and results of operations.

Other Regulation

The Company’s operations are regulated and licensed by various United States federal and state, Canadian provincial, and Mexican federal agencies.  Interstate motor carrier operations are subject to safety requirements prescribed by the DOT.  Matters such as weight and equipment dimensions are also subject to United States federal and state regulation and Canadian provincial regulations.  The Company operates in the United States pursuant to operating authority granted by the DOT, in various Canadian provinces pursuant to operating authority granted by the Ministries of Transportation and Communications in such provinces, and within Mexico pursuant to operating authority granted by Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transportes.  To the extent that the Company conducts operations outside the United States, it is subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which prohibits United States companies and their intermediaries from bribing foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining favorable treatment.

The DOT, through the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (“FMCSA”), imposes safety and fitness regulations on the Company and its drivers, including rules that restrict driver hours-of-service (“HOS”).  Changes to such HOS rules can negatively impact the Company’s productivity and affect its operations and profitability by reducing the number of hours per day or week its drivers may operate and/or disrupting its network.  In 2018, FMCSA announced that it would revisit HOS rules and solicited public comment.  In response to the comments receive, on August 22, 2019, FMCSA released proposed rulemaking.  The proposed rule would revise existing HOS rules in order to alleviate unnecessary burdens placed on drivers in five key areas: (1) extending the 14-hour on-duty limitation by up to two hours during adverse driving conditions, (2) revising mandatory breaks after 8-hours of continuous driving, (3) reinstating the option for splitting up the required 10-hour off-duty rest break for drivers operating trucks that are equipped with a sleeper-berth compartment, (4) expanding short-haul exemptions from 12 hours on-duty to 14 hours on-duty and extending the distance limit within which the driver may operate from 100 air miles to 150 air miles in order to be consistent with the rules for long-haul drivers, and (5) allowing a one off-duty break of at least 30 minutes, but not more than three hours, that would pause a truck driver’s 14-hour driving window, provided the driver takes 10 consecutive hours off-duty at the end of the work shift.  The proposed rule underwent a public comment period that ended in October 2019.  While the proposed rulemaking may alleviate certain burdens on the Company’s productivity and operations, any future changes to HOS rules could materially and adversely affect the Company’s operations and profitability.

There are two methods of evaluating the safety and fitness of carriers.  The first method is the application of a safety rating that is based on an onsite investigation.  The Company currently has a satisfactory DOT safety rating under this method, which is the highest available rating under the current safety rating scale.  If the Company were to receive a conditional or unsatisfactory DOT safety rating, it could affect or restrict our operations as well as adversely affect the Company’s business, as some of its existing customer contracts require a satisfactory DOT safety rating.  In January 2016, FMCSA published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking outlining a revised safety rating measurement system, which would replace the current methodology.  Under the proposed rule, the current three safety ratings of “satisfactory,” “conditional,” and “unsatisfactory” would be replaced with a single safety rating of “unfit,” and a carrier would be deemed fit when no rating was assigned.  Moreover, the proposed rules would use roadside inspection data, in addition to investigations and onsite reviews, to determine a carrier’s safety fitness on a monthly basis.  Under the current rules, a safety rating can only be given upon completion of a comprehensive onsite audit or review.  The proposed rule underwent a public comment period that ended in June 2016 and several industry groups and lawmakers expressed their disagreement with the proposed rule, arguing that it violates the requirements of the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (the “FAST Act”) and that FMCSA must first finalize its review of the Compliance Safety Accountability (“CSA”) program scoring system, described in further detail below.  Based on this feedback and other concerns raised by industry stakeholders, in March 2017, FMCSA withdrew the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking related to the new safety rating system.  In its notice of withdrawal, the FMCSA noted that a new rulemaking related to a similar process may be initiated in the future.  Therefore, it is uncertain if, when, or under what form any such rule could be implemented.

In addition to the safety rating system, FMCSA has adopted the CSA program as an additional safety enforcement and compliance model that evaluates and ranks fleets on certain safety-related standards.  The CSA program analyzes data

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from roadside inspections, moving violations, crash reports from the last two years, and investigation results.  The data is organized into seven categories.  Carriers are grouped by category with other carriers that have a similar number of safety events (e.g., crashes, inspections, or violations) and carriers are ranked and assigned a rating percentile to prioritize them for interventions if they are above a certain threshold.  CSA scores are used by FMCSA to identify carriers with potential safety issues for interventions, including warning letters, inspections, and audits that can then lead to more formal agency action.  Additionally, a poor score may (i) impact driver recruiting and retention by causing high-quality drivers to seek employment with other carriers, (ii) cause the Company’s customers to direct their business away from the Company and to carriers with higher fleet rankings, (iii) subject the Company to an increase in compliance reviews and roadside inspections, (iv) increase insurance costs, or (v)  cause the Company to incur greater than expected expenses in its attempts to improve unfavorable scores, any of which could adversely affect the Company’s results of operations and profitability.

Under the CSA program, these scores were initially made available to the public in five of the seven categories.  However, pursuant to the FAST Act, which was signed into law in December 2015, FMCSA was required to remove from public view the previously available CSA scores while it reviews the reliability of the scoring system.  During this period of review by FMCSA, the Company will continue to have access to its scores and will still be subject to intervention by FMCSA when such scores are above the intervention thresholds.  A congressionally mandated report by the National Academy of Sciences related to the CSA program was released in June 2017 which recommended: (i) reconfiguring the underlying statistical model under the CSA’s Safety Measurement System (the percentile ranking categories used to target carriers for intervention) with a so-called item response theory model to more accurately target at-risk carriers, (ii) making the scoring system more transparent and easier for carriers to replicate and understand, and (iii) departing from using relative metrics as the sole means for targeting carriers.  In response to this report, FMCSA has created a small-scale IRT model but, due to data deficiencies and concerns that the complex model could not be adequately explained to both the trucking industry and the public, FMCSA has stated that it will not decide on whether to create and adopt the full-scale IRT model until September 2020.  FMCSA has also updated the CSA website improving data accessibility for enforcement users and carriers subject to the program.  In June 2019, a federal appropriations bill was introduced that, if passed, would force FMCSA to restore public access to the CSA.  This bill has yet to advance beyond the House Appropriations Committee.  Insofar as any of these changes increase the likelihood of us receiving unfavorable scores or mandate the FMCSA to restore public access to scores, our results of operations and profitability could be adversely affected.  The Company will continue to monitor FMCSA’s ITM testing and subsequent proposed rules that may affect the scoring methodology in order to continue to promote improvement of scores in all seven categories with ongoing reviews of all safety-related policies, programs and procedures for their effectiveness.

We have on certain occasions exceeded the established intervention thresholds in a number of the seven CSA safety-related categories.  Based on these unfavorable ratings, our driver fleet could be prioritized for intervention actions or roadside inspections, either of which could have a materially adverse effect our results of operations.  In addition, customers may be less likely to assign loads to us.  We have put procedures in place in an attempt to address areas where we have exceeded the thresholds.  However, we cannot guarantee these measures will be effective.

In 2015, FMCSA issued final rules requiring nearly all carriers, including the Company, to install and use ELDs in their tractors by December 2019, in order to electronically monitor truck miles and enforce HOS. Carriers are subject to citations, on a state-by-state basis, for non-compliance with the rule.  The Company was compliant with ELDs on 100% of all required vehicles prior to the December 2019 deadline.

In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, federal, state and municipal authorities implemented and continue to implement various security measures, including checkpoints and travel restrictions on large trucks.  The Transportation Security Administration (“TSA”) has adopted regulations that require determination by the TSA that each driver who applies for or renews his license for carrying hazardous materials is not a security threat.  These regulations were adopted as final on October 1, 2019.

In January 2016, FMCSA’s final rule related to driver coercion took effect.  Under this rule, carriers, shippers, receivers, or transportation intermediaries that are found to have coerced drivers to violate certain FMCSA regulations (including HOS rules) may be fined up to $16,000 for each offense.

In December 2016, FMCSA and DOT published the Commercial Driver’s License Drug and Alcohol Clearinghouse

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rule as mandated by the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act.  The rule establishes and mandates a query to the Clearinghouse by employers and prospective employers to determine if current or prospective drivers have had any drug/alcohol positives or refusals.  The rule went into effect in January 2017 and mandates compliance by January 2020 to allow time for the design and implementation of the clearinghouse IT systems.  This system has now been implemented and the Company is in compliance with all query requirements.  The Company anticipates that compliance with this system may decrease driver availability for both the industry as a whole, and our Company, specifically.

Other rules have been recently proposed or made final by FMCSA, including (i) a rule imposing a lifetime ban on driving commercial trucks for those who commit certain severe human trafficking offenses, (ii) a rule requiring the use of speed limiting devices on heavy duty tractors to restrict maximum speeds, which was proposed in 2016, and (iii) a rule setting forth minimum driver training standards for new drivers applying for commercial driver’s licenses for the first time and to experienced drivers upgrading their licenses or seeking a hazardous materials endorsement, which was made final in December 2016, with a compliance date in February 2020.  In July 2017, the DOT announced that it would no longer pursue a speed limiter rule, but left open the possibility that it could resume such a pursuit in the future.  The effect of these rules, to the extent they become effective, could result in a decrease in fleet production and driver availability, either of which could adversely affect the Company’s business or operations.

The use of independent contractors in the trucking industry has been challenged by tax and other regulatory authorities and has been the subject of class action lawsuits brought by current and former independent contractors who work, or have worked, in the industry.  In general, the regulatory efforts and litigation center around the view that independent contractor drivers in the trucking industry are employees rather than independent contractors.  In some cases the targeted companies have used a lease-purchase independent contractor agreement, which may make a company more susceptible to the claims.  The regulatory efforts have occurred on the state and in some cases on a federal level.  The factors that determine independent contractor versus employee status vary depending on the jurisdiction and the particular statute or law involved.  The regulatory effort and litigation include efforts to treat the independent contractors of trucking companies, such as ours, as employees for purposes of workers’ compensation, unemployment compensation, income taxes, minimum wage and overtime claims, expense reimbursement, meal and rest periods, employee benefits (health care, retirement, and other benefits), and other employment-related claims.  This issue may also arise in some tort cases.  In some cases, claimants have been successful in securing large settlements or have prevailed in their claims that the independent contractors are employees.

Federal legislators continue to introduce legislation concerning the classification of independent contractors as employees, including legislation that proposes to increase the tax and labor penalties against employers who intentionally or unintentionally misclassify employees as independent contractors and are found to have violated employee overtime or wage requirements.  Additionally, federal legislators have sought to (i) abolish the current safe harbor allowing taxpayers meeting certain criteria to treat individuals as independent contractors if they are following a long-standing, recognized practice, (ii) extend the Fair Labor Standards Act to independent contractors, and (iii) impose notice requirements based upon employment or independent contractor status and fines for failure to comply.

Some states have adopted initiatives to increase their revenues from items such as unemployment, workers’ compensation, and income taxes, and the Company believes a reclassification of independent contractor drivers as employees would help states with this initiative.  For example, in September 2019, California signed a bill into law that, as of January 2020, requires us to classify many of our independently contracted drivers as employees and treat them accordingly. This state law is being challenged in the federal courts by the California Trucking Association and the industry is actively lobbying the California legislature for an exemption.  However, recently issued opinions from the U.S. Department of Labor’s Wage and Hour Division and the National Labor Relations Board (“NLRB”) are consistent with the Company’s current treatment of its workforce.

If the independent contractors the Company engages were determined to be its employees, it would incur additional exposure under federal and state tax, workers’ compensation, unemployment benefits, labor, employment, and tort laws, which could potentially include prior periods, as well as potential liability for employee benefits and tax withholdings.  The Company currently observes and monitors its compliance with current related and applicable laws and regulations, but it cannot predict whether it will be the subject of regulatory efforts or litigation challenging the independent contractor status of its workforce.  The Company cannot predict laws and regulations adopted in the future regarding the classification

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of the independent contractor drivers it engages or the impact on the Company’s business or operations.

The regulatory environment has changed under the administration of President Trump.  In January 2017, the President signed an executive order requiring federal agencies to repeal two regulations for each new one they propose and imposing a regulatory budget, which would limit the amount of new regulatory costs federal agencies can impose on individuals and businesses each year.  The Company does not believe the order has had a significant impact on its industry.  However, the order, and other anti-regulatory action by the President and/or Congress, may inhibit future new regulations and/or lead to the repeal or delayed effectiveness of existing regulations.  Therefore, it is uncertain how the Company may be impacted in the future by existing, proposed, or repealed regulations.

For further discussion regarding such laws and regulations, refer to the “Risk Factors” section under Part 1, Item 1A of this Form 10-K.

Seasonality

In the trucking industry, revenue has historically followed a seasonal pattern for various commodities and customer businesses.  While peak freight demand has historically occurred in the months of September, October and November, no assurance can be provided that our current year experience will reflect this.  After the December holiday season and during the remaining winter months, freight volumes are typically lower as many customers reduce shipment levels.  Operating expenses have historically been higher in the winter months due primarily to decreased fuel efficiency, increased cold weather-related maintenance costs of revenue equipment and increased insurance and claims costs attributed to adverse winter weather conditions.  Revenue can also be impacted by weather, holidays and the number of business days that occur during a given period, as revenue is directly related to the available working days of shippers.

Available Information

USA Truck was incorporated in Delaware in September 1986 as a wholly owned subsidiary of ArcBest Corporation (formerly, ABF Freight System, Inc.), and was purchased by management in December 1988.  The initial public offering of the Company’s common stock was completed in March 1992.  The Company’s principal offices are located at 3200 Industrial Park Road, Van Buren, Arkansas 72956, and its telephone number is (479) 471-2500.

The Company maintains a website where additional information regarding USA Truck’s business and operations may be found.  The website address is www.usa-truck.com.  The website provides investor information free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing such materials with the SEC.  These materials include the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, stock ownership reports filed under Section 16 of the Exchange Act, and any amendments to such reports we file or furnish pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act.  Information provided on the Company website is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this Form 10-K.

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compliance with ongoing regulatory requirements; (v) strikes, work stoppages or work slowdowns at our facilities or at customer, port, border crossing or other shipping-related facilities; (vi) increases in interest rates, fuel taxes, insurance, tolls, and license and registration fees; and (vii) rising costs of healthcare.

We are affected by (i) recessionary economic cycles which may be characterized by weak demand and downward pressure on rates; (ii) changes in customers’ inventory levels and practices, including shrinking product/package sizes, and in the availability of funding for their working capital; and (iii) downturns in our customers’ business cycles, particularly in market segments and industries, such as retail and manufacturing, where we have significant customer concentration, and regions of the country, such as the midwest and southeast, where we have a significant amount of business.  Economic conditions may adversely affect our customers and their demand for and ability to pay for our services.  We may be required to increase our allowance for doubtful accounts for customers encountering adverse economic conditions.

Economic conditions that decrease shipping demand or increase the supply of available tractors and trailers can exert downward pressure on rates and equipment utilization, thereby decreasing asset productivity.  For our USAT Logistics segment, imbalance between capacity and demand is usually favorable to our financial performance, while market equilibrium is usually unfavorable to our financial performance as logistics services are generally of less value to either shippers or carriers in such environment.  The risks associated with these factors are heightened when the United States economy is weakened.  Some of the principal risks during such times, which risks we have experienced during prior recessionary periods, are as follows:

We are subject to cost increases that are outside our control that could materially reduce our profitability if we are unable to increase our rates sufficiently.  Such costs include, but are not limited to, increases in driver and office employee wages, fuel prices, purchased transportation costs, taxes, interest rates, tolls, license and registration fees, insurance and claims, equipment maintenance, tires and other ancillary equipment components and healthcare and other benefits for our employees.  Further, we may not be able to appropriately adjust our costs to changing market demands.  In order to maintain high efficiencies in our business model, it is necessary to adjust staffing levels to changing market demands.  In periods of rapid change, it is more difficult to match our staffing level to our business levels.

Changing impacts of regulatory measures could adversely impact our operating efficiency and productivity, decrease our operating revenues and profitability, and result in higher operating costs.  In addition, declines in the resale value of used revenue equipment can also affect our profitability and cash flows.  From time to time, various federal, state, or local taxes could also increase, including taxes on fuel.  We cannot predict whether, or in what form, any such increase will be enacted that may be applicable to us, but such an increase could adversely affect our results of operations.

In addition, we cannot predict future economic conditions, fuel price fluctuations, or how consumer confidence could be affected by actual or threatened armed conflicts or terrorist attacks, government efforts to combat terrorism, military action against a foreign state or group located in a foreign state, or heightened security requirements.  Enhanced security measures in connection with such events could impair our operating efficiency and productivity and result in higher operating costs.

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We operate in a highly competitive and fragmented industry, and numerous competitive factors could impair our ability to maintain or improve our results of operations.

Numerous competitive factors present in our industry could impair our ability to maintain or improve our current profitability and could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.  These factors include the following:

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We self-insure for a portion of our claims exposure, which could significantly increase the volatility of, and decrease the amount of, our earnings.

Our business results in claims and litigation related to personal injuries, property damage and workers’ compensation.  We self-insure a portion of our claims exposure, which could increase the volatility of, and decrease the amount of, our earnings, and could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.  Our future insurance and claims expenses may exceed historical levels, which could reduce our earnings.  We currently accrue amounts for liabilities based on our assessment of claims that arise and our insurance coverage for the periods in which the claims arise and we evaluate and revise these accruals from time-to-time based on additional information.  However, ultimate results may differ from our estimates due to a number of uncertainties, including evaluation of severity, legal costs, and claims that have been incurred but not reported, which could result in losses greater than our reserved amounts.  At certain times in the past, we have had to adjust our reserves, and future significant adjustments may occur.  Further, our self-insured retention levels could change and result in more volatility than in recent years.  If we are required to reserve or pay additional amounts because our estimates are revised or the claims ultimately prove to be more severe than originally assessed or if our self-insured retention levels change, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.  For further discussion regarding our self-insured retention levels, including our self-insured retention amounts, refer to the “Safety and Risk Management” section under Part 1, Item 1 of this Form 10-K.

We maintain insurance for most risk above the amounts for which we self-insure and the cost of, and retention levels for, such insurance could increase, and we could suffer claims for amounts in excess of such insurance, or claims that are not covered by our insurance, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We maintain insurance for most risks above the amounts for which we self-insure with licensed insurance carriers. If any claim is not covered by an insurance policy, exceeds our coverage, or falls outside the aggregate coverage limit, we would bear the excess or uncovered amount, in addition to our self-insured amount.  Although we believe our aggregate insurance limits are sufficient to cover reasonably expected claims, it is possible that one or more claims could exceed those limits.  Insurance carriers have recently raised premiums for the trucking industry.  Our insurance and claims expense could increase if we have a similar experience at renewal, or we could find it necessary to raise our self-insured retention or decrease our aggregate coverage limits when our policies are renewed or replaced.  Additionally, with respect to our insurance carriers, the industry is experiencing a decline in the number of carriers and underwriters that offer excess insurance policies or that are willing to provide insurance for trucking companies, and the necessity to go off-shore for insurance needs has increased.  This may have a material adverse effect on our insurance costs or make insurance in excess of our self-insured retention more difficult to find, as well as increase our collateral requirements for policies that require security.  In the event that (i) our insurance expenses increase, (ii) we become unable to find excess coverage in amounts we deem sufficient, (iii) we experience a claim in excess of our coverage limits, or (iv) we experience a claim for which we do not have coverage, there could be a materially adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Healthcare legislation and cost inflation also could negatively impact financial results by increasing annual employee healthcare costs.  In addition, rising healthcare costs could force us to make changes to our existing benefits program, which could negatively impact our ability to attract and retain employees.

Our indebtedness and finance and operating lease obligations could adversely affect our ability to respond to changes in our industry or business.

Our level of indebtedness and lease obligations is significant.  As a result of our current level of debt, finance leases, operating leases and encumbered assets, we believe:

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Our financing obligations could negatively impact our future operations, our ability to satisfy our capital needs, or our ability to engage in other business activities or strategic opportunities.  We also cannot assure you that additional financing will be available to us when required or, if available, will be on terms satisfactory to us.

In the future, we may need to obtain additional financing that may not be available or, if it is available, may result in a reduction in the percentage ownership of our then-existing stockholders.

We may need to raise additional funds in order to:

If the economy and/or the credit markets weaken, or we are unable to enter into finance or operating leases to acquire revenue equipment on terms favorable to us, our business, financial results and results of operations could be materially adversely affected, especially if consumer confidence declines and domestic spending decreases.  If adequate funds are not available or are not available on acceptable terms, our ability to fund our strategic initiatives, take advantage of new opportunities, develop or enhance technology or services or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited.  If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership of our then-existing stockholders may be diluted, and holders of these securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our then-existing stockholders.

Our revolving credit agreement and other financing arrangements contain certain covenants, restrictions, and requirements that we may be unable to comply with.  A default could result in the acceleration of all or part of any outstanding indebtedness, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, and the market price of our common stock.

On January 31, 2019, we entered into a five-year, $225.0 million senior secured revolving credit agreement (“Credit Facility”) with a group of lenders and Bank of America, N.A., as agent, pursuant to the terms of an Amended and Restated Security Agreement.

The Credit Facility contains a single springing financial covenant, which requires us to maintain a consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.0 to 1.0.  The financial covenant springs only in the event excess availability under the Credit Facility drops below 10% of the lenders’ total commitments under the Credit Facility.  In addition, in the event our excess availability under the Credit Facility drops below 20% of the lenders’ total commitments under the Credit Facility, we may be subject to certain additional restrictions, such as restricting our ability to pay dividends, make certain

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investments, prepay certain indebtedness, execute share repurchase programs, and enter into certain acquisitions and hedging arrangements.  The fixed charge coverage ratio is affected by our level of earnings and is adversely affected by operating losses and other charges such as severance costs and impairment charges.  In recent years, we have incurred operating losses, severance and restructuring costs and impairment charges relating to, among others, a decline in the appraised value of our Company-owned revenue equipment fleet.  Future operating losses, severance and restructuring actions and further declines in the appraised value of our Company-owned revenue equipment fleet would adversely affect our fixed charge coverage ratio and could impair our ability to make further borrowings under our Credit Facility.

The Credit Facility contains certain restrictions and covenants related to, among other things, dividends, liens, acquisitions and dispositions, affiliate transactions, and the incurrence of other indebtedness.  The Credit Facility is secured by a pledge of substantially all of our Company-owned tractors and trailers, with the exclusion of any real estate or revenue equipment financed outside the Credit Facility.  The Credit Facility includes usual and customary events of default for a facility of this nature and provides that, upon the occurrence and continuation of an event of default, payment of all amounts payable under the Credit Facility may be accelerated, and the lenders’ commitments may be terminated.

If we fail to comply with any of our financing arrangement covenants, restrictions, or requirements, we would be in default under the relevant agreement.  In the event of any such default, if we failed to obtain replacement financing or amendments to, or waivers under, the applicable financing arrangements, existing lenders could cease to make further advances, declare existing debt to be immediately due and payable, fail to renew letters of credit, impose significant restrictions and requirements on our operations, institute foreclosure proceedings against collateralized assets, or impose significant fees.  If acceleration occurs, it may be difficult or expensive to refinance the accelerated debt and the issuance of additional equity securities could dilute stock ownership.  Even if new financing can be procured, more stringent borrowing terms could mean that credit is not available to us on acceptable terms.  A default under these financing arrangements could cause a materially adverse effect on the liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations.  

We have significant ongoing capital requirements that could adversely affect our profitability if we are unable to generate sufficient cash from operations, match our capital investments with customer demand, or obtain financing on favorable terms.

The truckload industry is capital intensive, and our policy of operating newer equipment requires us to expend significant amounts annually.  We expect to pay for projected capital expenditures with funds provided by operations, borrowings under the Credit Facility, proceeds from the sale of used revenue equipment, and finance and operating leases.  We base our equipment purchase and replacement decisions on a number of factors, including the state of the economic environment, new equipment prices, the used revenue equipment market, the attractiveness of lease terms, demand for freight services, prevailing interest rates, technological improvements, regulatory changes, fuel efficiency, equipment durability, equipment specifications, and driver comfort and retention.  Further, if anticipated demand for our services differs materially from actual results, we may have too many or too few revenue equipment assets.  Moreover, resource requirements vary based on customer demand, which may be subject to seasonal or general economic conditions.  During periods of decreased customer demand, our asset utilization may suffer, and we may decide to sell used revenue equipment on the open market or turn in used revenue equipment under certain equipment leases in order to right size our fleet.  This could cause us to incur losses on such sales or require payments in connection with the return of such equipment, particularly during times of a softer used equipment market, either of which could have a materially adverse effect on our profitability.

If we are unable to generate sufficient cash from operations or obtain borrowing on favorable terms, we may be forced to reduce our operations, limit our growth, enter into less favorable financing arrangements, or operate revenue equipment for longer periods, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.

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Upgrading our tractors to reduce the average age of our fleet may not increase our profitability or result in cost savings as expected or at all.

Upgrades of our tractor fleet may not result in an increase in profitability or cost savings.  Expected improvements in operating costs may lag behind new tractor deliveries, primarily because in executing a tractor fleet upgrade, we may experience costs associated with preparing our old tractors for disposal, and our new tractors for integration into our fleet, and lost driving time while swapping revenue equipment.  Further, tractor prices have in recent years increased and may continue to increase, due in part to government regulations applicable to newly manufactured tractors and diesel engines.  

In addition, we cannot be certain that an agreement will be reached between the Company and prospective vendors on price or other terms that we deem favorable.  If we do enter an agreement for the purchase of new tractors, we could be exposed to the risk that the new tractor deliveries will be delayed.  Accordingly, we are subject to an increased risk that upgrades of our tractor fleet will not result in the operational results, cost savings and increases in profitability that we expect.

Fluctuations in the price or availability of fuel, the volume and terms of diesel fuel purchase commitments, surcharge collection, and hedging activities may increase our costs of operations.

Fuel is one of our largest operating expenses.  Diesel fuel prices fluctuate greatly due to factors beyond our control, such as political events, terrorist activities, armed conflicts, commodity futures trading, devaluation of the dollar against other currencies, and hurricanes and other natural or man-made disasters, each of which may lead to an increase in the cost of fuel.  Fuel prices also are affected by the rising demand for fuel in developing countries, and could be materially adversely affected by the use of crude oil and oil reserves for purposes other than fuel production and by diminished drilling activity.  Such events may lead not only to increases in fuel prices, but also to fuel shortages and disruptions in the fuel supply chain.  Because our operations are dependent upon diesel fuel, significant diesel fuel cost increases, shortages, rationings, or supply disruptions could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Fuel also is subject to regional pricing differences and is often more expensive in certain areas where we operate. Increases in fuel costs, to the extent not offset by rate per mile increases or fuel surcharges, have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.  While we have fuel surcharge programs in place with a majority of our customers, which historically have helped us offset the majority of the negative impact of rising fuel prices associated with loaded or billed miles, we also incur fuel costs that cannot be recovered, such as those associated with non-revenue generating miles or time when our engines are idling.  Moreover, the terms of each customer’s fuel surcharge program vary, and certain customers have sought to modify the terms of their fuel surcharge programs to lower our recoverability for fuel price increases.  During periods of low freight volumes, customers may use their negotiating leverage to impose fuel surcharge policies that provide a lower reimbursement of our fuel costs.  There is no assurance that our fuel surcharge programs can be maintained indefinitely or will be sufficiently effective.  In addition, because our fuel surcharge recovery lags behind changes in fuel prices, our fuel surcharge recovery may not capture the increased costs we pay for fuel, especially when prices are rising.  This could lead to fluctuations in our levels of reimbursement, which have occurred in the past.  There can be no assurance that such fuel surcharges can be maintained indefinitely or will be sufficiently effective.

From time to time, we have used hedging contracts and volume purchase arrangements to attempt to limit the effect of price fluctuations.  Hedging arrangements effectively allow us to pay a fixed rate for fuel on gallons hedged that is determined based on the market rate at the time we enter into the hedge. In times of falling diesel fuel prices, our costs will not be reduced to the same extent they would have reduced if we had not entered into the hedging contracts and we may incur significant expense in connection with our obligation to make cash payments under such contracts.  Accordingly, in times of falling diesel fuel prices, our results of operations and cash flows could also be materially adversely affected.

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Volatility in the used revenue equipment market could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations.

Decreased demand for used revenue equipment could adversely affect our operating results.  As we continually replace our revenue equipment, we rely on the used revenue equipment market to extract remaining value out of our used equipment.  The market for used revenue equipment is impacted by several factors, including the demand for freight, the supply of used equipment, the availability of financing, the presence of buyers for export to foreign countries, and, to a lesser extent, commodity prices for scrap metal.  A depressed market for used revenue equipment could require us to dispose of our revenue equipment at depressed values or to record losses on disposal or impairments of the carrying values of our revenue equipment that is not protected by residual value arrangements.  If there is a deterioration of resale prices, it could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.  A deterioration of demand for used revenue equipment could make it more difficult to dispose of and replace older equipment and may reduce our ability to refresh our fleet, both of which could negatively impact our results of operations.

Increased prices for new revenue equipment, design changes of new engines, decreased availability of new revenue equipment, and the failure of manufacturers to meet their sale or trade-back obligations to us could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and/or results of operations.

We are subject to risk with respect to higher prices for new tractors and trailers.  We have experienced an increase in prices for new tractors over the past few years, and the resale value of the used tractors has not increased to the same extent.  Prices have increased and may continue to increase, due, in part, to government regulations applicable to newly manufactured tractors, trailers and diesel engines, higher commodity prices, and the pricing power of equipment manufacturers.  In addition, we have recently equipped our tractors with safety, aerodynamic, and other options that increase the price of new equipment.  More restrictive EPA and state emissions standards have required manufacturers to introduce new engines.  These regulations have increased the cost of our new tractors and could impair equipment productivity, result in lower fuel mileage, and increase our operating expenses.  Our business could be harmed if we are unable to continue to obtain an adequate supply of new tractors and trailers for these or other reasons.  As a result, we expect to continue to pay increased prices for revenue equipment and incur additional expenses and related financing costs for the foreseeable future.  Furthermore, reduced equipment efficiency and lower fuel mileage may result from new engines designed to reduce emissions at the sacrifice of fuel efficiency, thereby increasing our operating expenses.

Tractor and trailer vendors may reduce their manufacturing output in response to lower demand for their products in economic downturns or shortages of component parts.  A decrease in vendor output may have a materially adverse effect on our ability to purchase a quantity of new revenue equipment that is sufficient to sustain our desired growth rate and to maintain a late-model fleet.  Moreover, an inability to obtain an adequate supply of new tractors or trailers could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may not be successful in maintaining and improving profitability.

We reported a net loss in 2019 of $4.7 million and our operations need to show improvement to achieve consistent profitability.  Maintaining and improving profitability depends upon numerous factors, including the ability to increase average base revenue per tractor, increase utilization, improve driver retention, and control operating expenses.  We may not be able to maintain or improve profitability in the future, which could negatively impact our liquidity and financial position.

We may not be successful in implementing our realigned management team’s operating procedures, and cost savings initiatives.

We have implemented changes to certain of our operating procedures.  These changes may not be successful or may not achieve the desired results.  Additional training or different personnel may be required, which may result in additional expense, delays in obtaining results, or disruptions to operations.  Some of these implemented changes include customer service and driver management changes and cost savings initiatives.  These changes and initiatives may not improve our results of operations, including asset productivity, tractor utilization, driver retention and base revenue per tractor.  In addition, we may not be successful in achieving the expected savings in our cost structure, including the areas of equipment

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maintenance, equipment operating costs, insurance and claims and fuel economy.  In such event, our revenue, financial results, and ability to operate profitably could be negatively impacted.  Further, our operating results could be negatively affected by a failure to further penetrate our existing customer base, cross-sell our services, pursue new customer opportunities, and manage the operations and expenses of our USAT Logistics segment.  There is no assurance we will achieve our goals.  If we are unsuccessful, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be adversely affected.

Management and key employee turnover or failure to attract and retain qualified management and other key personnel, could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We depend on the leadership and expertise of our executive management team and other key personnel to design and execute our strategic and operating plans, including our current efforts to improve the profitability of our Trucking and USAT Logistics segments.  While we have employment agreements in place with certain members of our management team, there can be no assurance we will continue to retain their services and we may become subject to significant severance payments if our relationship with such members is terminated under certain circumstances.  Further, turnover, planned or otherwise, in key leadership positions could adversely impact our ability to manage our business efficiently and effectively, and such turnover can be disruptive and distracting to management and employees, may lead to additional departures of existing personnel, and could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.  We must recruit, develop and retain a core group of leaders to realize our goal of expanding our operations, improving our earnings consistency, and positioning ourselves for long-term operating revenue growth and profitability.

Increases in driver compensation or difficulties attracting and retaining qualified drivers could have a materially adverse effect on our profitability and the ability to maintain or grow our fleet.

Like many truckload carriers, we experience substantial difficulty in attracting and retaining sufficient numbers of qualified drivers, which includes the engagement of independent contractors.  The truckload industry is subject to a shortage of qualified drivers.  Such shortage is exacerbated during periods of economic expansion, in which alternative employment opportunities, such as those in the construction and manufacturing industries, are more plentiful and freight demand increases, or during periods of economic downturns, in which unemployment benefits might be extended and financing is limited for independent contractors who seek to purchase equipment or for students who seek financial aid for driving school.  Regulatory requirements, including those related to safety ratings, ELDs and HOS changes, and an improved economy could further reduce the number of eligible drivers or force us to increase driver compensation to attract and retain drivers.  We have seen evidence that stricter HOS regulations adopted by the DOT in the past have tightened and, to the extent new regulations are enacted, may continue to tighten, the market for eligible drivers.  We believe the required implementation and enforcement of ELDs may further tighten such market.  The lack of adequate tractor parking along some highways and congestion caused by inadequate highway funding may make it more difficult for drivers to comply with HOS regulations and cause added stress for drivers, further reducing the pool of eligible drivers.  We believe the shortage of qualified drivers and intense competition for drivers from other trucking companies will create difficulties in maintaining or increasing the number of our drivers and may restrain our ability to engage a sufficient number of drivers and independent contractors, and our inability to do so could negatively impact our operations.  Further, the compensation we offer our drivers and independent contractor expenses is subject to market conditions, and we may find it necessary to increase driver compensation and/or independent contractor rates in future periods.

In addition, we and many other truckload carriers suffer from a high turnover rate of drivers and independent contractors.  This high turnover rate requires us to continually recruit a substantial number of drivers and independent contractors and to focus on alternative recruitment methods in order to operate existing revenue equipment.  If we are unable to continue to attract and retain a sufficient number of drivers and independent contractors, we could be forced to, among other things, adjust our compensation packages, operate with fewer tractors, or increase the number of tractors without drivers and face difficulty meeting shipper demands, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.

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Our engagement of independent contractors to provide a portion of our capacity exposes us to different risks than we face with our tractors driven by company drivers.

Pursuant to our fuel surcharge program with independent contractors, we pay independent contractors a fuel surcharge that increases with the increase in fuel prices.  A significant increase or rapid fluctuation in fuel prices could cause our costs under this program to be higher than the revenue we receive under our customer fuel surcharge programs.

Our independent contractor agreements are governed by the federal leasing regulations, which impose specific requirements on us and the independent contractors.  If more stringent federal leasing regulations are adopted, independent contractors could be deterred from becoming independent contractor drivers, which could materially adversely affect our goal of growing our number of independent contractors.

Independent contractors are third-party service providers, as compared with company drivers, who are our employees.  As independent business owners, they may make business or personal decisions that may conflict with our best interests.  For example, if a load is unprofitable, route distance is too far from home, personal scheduling conflicts arise, or for other reasons, independent contractors may deny loads of freight from time to time.  Additionally, independent contractors may be unable to obtain or retain equipment financing, which could affect their ability to continue to act as a third-party service provider for the Company.  In these circumstances, we must be able to deliver the freight timely in order to maintain relationships with customers, and if we fail to meet certain customer needs or incur increased expenses to do so, this could materially adversely affect our results of operations.

If the independent contractors we contract with are deemed by regulators or judicial process to be employees, there could be a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.

The use of independent contractors in the trucking industry has been challenged by tax and other regulatory authorities and has been the subject of class action lawsuits brought by current and former independent contractors who work, or have worked, in the industry.  In general, the regulatory efforts and litigation center around the view that independent contractor drivers in the trucking industry are employees rather than independent contractors.  In some cases the targeted companies have used a lease-purchase independent contractor agreement, which may make a company more susceptible to the claims.  The regulatory efforts have occurred on the state and in some cases on a federal level.  The factors that determine independent contractor versus employee status vary depending on the jurisdiction and the particular statute or law involved.  The regulatory effort and litigation include efforts to treat the independent contractors of trucking companies, such as ours, as employees for purposes of workers’ compensation, unemployment compensation, income taxes, minimum wage and overtime claims, expense reimbursement, meal and rest periods, employee benefits (health care, retirement, and other benefits), and other employment-related claims.  This issue may also arise in some tort cases.  In some cases, claimants have been successful in securing large settlements or have prevailed in their claims that the independent contractors are employees.

Federal legislators continue to introduce legislation concerning the classification of independent contractors as employees, including legislation that proposes to increase the tax and labor penalties against employers who intentionally or unintentionally misclassify employees as independent contractors and are found to have violated employee overtime or wage requirements.  Additionally, federal legislators have sought to (i) abolish the current safe harbor allowing taxpayers meeting certain criteria to treat individuals as independent contractors if they are following a long-standing, recognized practice, (ii) extend the Fair Labor Standards Act to independent contractors, and (iii) impose notice requirements based upon employment or independent contractor status and fines for failure to comply.  Some states have adopted initiatives to increase their revenues from items such as unemployment, workers’ compensation, and income taxes, and the Company believes a reclassification of independent contractor drivers as employees would help states with this initiative.  

If the independent contractors the Company engages were determined to be its employees, it would incur additional exposure under federal and state tax, workers’ compensation, unemployment benefits, labor, employment, and tort laws, which could potentially include prior periods, as well as potential liability for employee benefits and tax withholdings.  

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If independent contractors we contract with or have contracted with are determined to be employees, we would incur additional exposure under federal and state tax, workers’ compensation, unemployment benefits, labor, employment, and tort laws, including for prior periods, as well as potential liability for employee benefits and tax withholdings.

Developments in labor and employment law and any unionizing efforts by employees could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.

We face the risk that Congress, federal agencies, or one or more states could approve legislation or regulations significantly affecting our businesses and our relationship with our employees, such as the previously proposed federal legislation referred to as the Employee Free Choice Act, which would have substantially liberalized the procedures for union organization.  None of our domestic employees are currently covered by a collective bargaining agreement, but any attempt by our employees to organize a labor union could result in increased legal and other associated costs.  Additionally, given the NLRB’s “speedy election” rule, our ability to timely and effectively address any unionizing efforts would be difficult.  If we entered into a collective bargaining agreement with our domestic employees, the terms could materially adversely affect our costs, efficiency, and ability to generate acceptable returns on the affected operations.

The growth of our asset-light service offering poses unique risks.

We are continuing to implement our plan to increase the proportion of our revenue obtained from our “asset-light operations,” which primarily represents our USAT Logistics segment and the independent contractors we engage.  Execution of this plan involves the risk of customer loss or deterioration if either our Trucking or USAT Logistics operations creates a customer issue that impacts the other where we have customer overlap, decreased utilization of Company equipment if loads with desirable profitability and lanes are allocated to third parties, growth impediments given our need to rely on third-party providers and an independent contractor market that is contracting and subject to litigation and regulatory risks, and competitive pressures from other asset-light companies with greater financial, personnel, and technological resources.  If we are unsuccessful in achieving this, it may have a materially adverse effect on our future results of operations.

Our USAT Logistics segment and our engagement of independent contractors are dependent upon the services of third-party capacity providers, including other truckload carriers.  For these operations, we do not own or control the transportation assets that deliver our customers’ freight, and do not employ the people directly involved in delivering the freight.  These third-party providers may seek other freight opportunities or may require increased compensation in times of improved freight demand or tight trucking capacity.  Our inability to secure the services of these third parties could significantly limit our ability to serve our customers on competitive terms.  Additionally, if we are unable to secure sufficient equipment or other transportation services to meet our commitments to our customers or provide services on competitive terms, our operating results could be materially and adversely affected.  Our ability to secure sufficient equipment or other transportation services is affected by many risks beyond our control, including equipment shortages in the transportation industry, particularly among contracted truckload carriers, interruptions in service due to labor disputes, changes in regulations impacting transportation, and changes in transportation rates.  Further, we believe that the recently effective ELD mandate may cause a decrease in third party transportation capacity and make securing such capacity more difficult and/or expensive.

We derive a significant portion of our revenues from our major customers, the loss of one or more of which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

We generate a significant portion of our operating revenue from our major customers.  A substantial portion of our freight is from customers in the retail industry.  As such, our volumes are largely dependent on consumer spending and retail sales, and our results may be more susceptible to trends in unemployment and retail sales than carriers that do not have this concentration.  In addition, our major customers engage in bid processes and other activities periodically (including currently) in an attempt to lower their costs of transportation.  We may not choose to participate in these bids or, if we participate, may not be awarded the freight, either of which circumstances could result in a loss of some or all of our freight volumes with these customers.  In this event, we could be required to replace the volumes elsewhere at uncertain rates and volumes, suffer reduced equipment utilization, or reduce the size of our fleet.  Additionally, USAT Logistics is dependent upon a single customer for more than 10% of its operating revenue.  Failure to retain our existing customers, or

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enter into relationships with new customers, each on acceptable terms, could materially impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, and ability to meet our current and long-term financial forecasts.

Economic conditions and capital markets may materially adversely affect our customers and their ability to remain solvent.  Our customers’ financial difficulties can negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition and our ability to comply with the covenants under our debt agreements, especially if they were to delay or default on payments owed to us.  Generally, we do not have contractual relationships that guarantee any minimum volumes with our customers, and we cannot provide assurance that our customer relationships will continue as presently in effect.  Our dedicated service offering is typically subject to longer term written contracts than our over-the-road service offering.  However, certain of these contracts contain cancellation clauses, including our “evergreen” contracts, which automatically renew for one-year terms but that can be terminated more easily.  There is no assurance that any of our customers, including our dedicated customers, will continue to utilize our services, renew our existing contracts, or continue at the same volume levels.  Despite the existence of contractual arrangements with our customers, certain of our customers may nonetheless engage in competitive bidding processes that could negatively impact our contractual relationship.  In addition, certain of our major customers may increasingly use their own truckload and delivery fleets, which would reduce our freight volumes.  A reduction in or termination of our services by one or more of our major customers, including our dedicated customers, could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We operate in a highly regulated industry, and changes in existing regulations or violations of existing or future regulations could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.

We operate in the United States pursuant to operating authority granted by the DOT, in various Canadian provinces pursuant to operating authority granted by the Ministries of Transportation and Communications, and our Mexican business activities are subject to operating authority granted by Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transportes.  Company drivers and independent contractors also must comply with the safety and fitness regulations of the DOT, including those relating to drug and alcohol testing, driver safety performance, and HOS.  Matters such as weight, electronic on-board reporting, equipment dimensions, exhaust emissions, and fuel efficiency are also subject to government regulations.  We also may become subject to new or more restrictive regulations relating to fuel efficiency, exhaust emissions, HOS, ergonomics, drug and alcohol testing, electronic on-board reporting of operations, collective bargaining, security at ports, speed limiters, driver training, and other matters affecting safety or operating methods.  Future laws and regulations may be more stringent, require changes in our operating practices, influence the demand for transportation services, or require us to incur significant additional costs.  Higher costs we incur, or higher costs incurred by suppliers who pass the costs on to us, could have a materially adverse effect our results of operations.  Changes in regulations, such as those related to trailer size and gross vehicle weight limits, HOS, drug and alcohol testing, and ELDs, could increase capacity in the industry or improve the position of certain competitors, either of which could negatively impact pricing and volumes, or require additional investments by us.  The short and long term impacts of changes in legislation or regulations are difficult to predict and could materially adversely affect our operations.  The Environmental and Other Regulation sections in Item 1 of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K discusses several proposed, pending, suspended, and final regulations that could materially impact our business and operations and is incorporated by reference herein.

The CSA program adopted by FMCSA could adversely affect our results of operations, our ability to maintain or grow our fleet, and our customer relationships.

Under the CSA, fleets are evaluated and ranked against their peers based on certain safety-related standards.  As a result, our fleet could be ranked poorly as compared to peer carriers.  We recruit and retain first-time drivers to be part of our driver team, and these drivers may have a higher likelihood of creating adverse safety events under the CSA.  The occurrence of future deficiencies could affect driver recruitment by causing high-quality drivers to seek employment with other carriers or limit the pool of drivers we are comfortable hiring or could cause our customers to direct their business away from us and to carriers with higher fleet safety rankings, any of which would adversely affect our results of operations.  Additionally, competition for drivers with favorable safety backgrounds may increase, which could necessitate increases in driver-related compensation costs.  Further, we may incur greater than expected expenses in our attempts to improve unfavorable scores or mandate FMSCA to restore public access to scores.

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In December 2015, Congress passed the FAST Act, which calls for significant CSA reform.  The FAST Act directs FMCSA to conduct studies of the scoring system used to generate CSA rankings to determine if it is effective in identifying high-risk carriers and predicting future crash risk.  This study was conducted and delivered to FMCSA in June 2017 with several recommendations to make the CSA program more fair, accurate, and reliable.  In August 2018, FMCSA reported to Congress the proposed changes it intends to make to the CSA program.  These proposed changes are discussed in this Form 10-K under the heading “Business - Other Regulation” and are incorporated by reference herein.  Insofar as any of these changes increase the likelihood of us receiving unfavorable scores or mandate FMSCA to restore public access to scores, it could adversely affect our results of operations and profitability.

We are compliant with the currently established intervention thresholds in a number of the seven CSA safety-related categories.  Based on any category that exceed the established threshold, we may be prioritized for an intervention action or roadside inspection, either of which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.  In addition, customers may be less likely to assign loads to us and our insurance costs could increase.  We have put procedures in place in an attempt to address areas where we exceed thresholds, and have experienced improvement in these measures.  However, we cannot assure you these measures will be effective.

Receipt of an unfavorable DOT safety rating could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.

We currently have a satisfactory DOT rating, which is the highest available rating under the current safety rating scale.  If we were to receive a conditional or unsatisfactory DOT safety rating, or similar rating under any future DOT rating system, it could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations as our customers may require a satisfactory DOT safety rating, and a conditional or unsatisfactory rating could materially adversely affect or restrict our operations.  The Other Regulation section in Item 1 of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K discusses several proposed, pending, suspended, and final regulations that could materially impact our business and operations and is incorporated by reference herein.

Compliance with various environmental laws and regulations that our operations are subject may increase our costs of operations and non-compliance with such laws and regulations could result in substantial fines or penalties.

In addition to direct regulation under the DOT and related agencies, we are subject to various environmental laws and regulations dealing with the hauling and handling of hazardous materials, fuel storage tanks, fuel spills, exhaust emissions from our vehicles and facilities, and discharge and retention of storm water.  Our truck terminals often are located in industrial areas where groundwater or other forms of environmental contamination may have occurred or could occur.  Our operations involve the risks of fuel spillage or seepage, environmental damage, and hazardous waste disposal, among others.  One of our Trucking facilities has above-ground bulk fuel storage tanks on the premises.  A small percentage of our freight consists of low-grade hazardous substances, which subjects us to a wide array of regulations.  Although we have instituted programs to monitor and control environmental risks and promote compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations, if we are involved in a spill or other accident involving hazardous substances, if there are releases of hazardous substances we transport, if soil or groundwater contamination is found at our facilities or results from our operations, or if we are found to be in violation of applicable laws or regulations, we could be subject to cleanup costs and liabilities, including substantial fines or penalties or civil and criminal liability, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our business and operating results.  The Environmental Regulation section in Item 1 of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K discusses several regulations that could materially impact our business and operations and is incorporated by reference herein.

If we cannot effectively manage the challenges associated with doing business internationally, our operating revenue and results of operations may suffer.

A component of our operations is the business we conduct in Mexico, and to a lesser extent Canada, and we are subject to risks of doing business internationally, including fluctuations in foreign currencies, changes in the economic strength of Mexico and Canada, difficulties in enforcing contractual obligations and intellectual property rights, burdens of complying with a wide variety of international and United States export and import laws, and social, political, and economic instability.  We must also comply with applicable anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and local laws prohibiting corrupt payments to government officials.  We cannot guarantee

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compliance with all applicable laws, and violations could result in substantial fines, sanctions, civil or criminal penalties, competitive or reputational harm, litigation, or regulatory action and other consequences that might adversely affect our results of operations and our consolidated performance.  

In addition, if we are unable to maintain our Free and Secure Trade (“FAST”), Business Alliance for Secure Commerce (“BASC”), and Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (“C-TPAT”) status, we may suffer significant border delays.  This could cause our Mexican and Canadian operations to be less efficient than those of competing capacity providers that operate in Mexico or Canada and have FAST, BASC, and C-TPAT status.  We also face additional risks associated with our foreign operations, including restrictive trade policies and duties, taxes, or government royalties imposed by the Mexican or Canadian governments.  On October 1, 2018, the United States, Canada and Mexico agreed to a new trade deal, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (“USMCA”), to replace the North American Free Trade Agreement.  The USMCA passed the House of Representatives on December 19, 2019 and the Senate on January 16, 2020.  The trade deal was signed by President Trump on January 29, 2020.  It is uncertain how the USMCA will impact foreign trade and our Mexican operations.  These and any other changes in tariffs, retaliatory tariffs or other trade restrictions could materially adversely affect our international business.

Litigation may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business is subject to the risk of litigation by employees, independent contractors, customers, vendors, government agencies, stockholders, and other parties through private actions, class actions, administrative proceedings, regulatory actions, and other processes.  Recently, trucking companies have been subject to lawsuits, including class action lawsuits, alleging violations of various federal and state wage and hour laws regarding, among other things, employee meal breaks, rest periods, overtime eligibility, worker misclassification, and failure to pay for all hours worked.  A number of these lawsuits have resulted in the payment of substantial settlements or damages by the defendants.

The outcome of litigation, particularly class action lawsuits and regulatory actions, is difficult to assess or quantify, and the magnitude of the potential loss relating to such lawsuits may remain unknown for substantial periods of time.  The cost to defend litigation may also be significant.  All claims may not be covered by our insurance, and for covered claims there can be no assurance that our coverage limits will be adequate to cover all amounts in dispute.  To the extent we experience claims that are uninsured, exceed our coverage limits, involve significant aggregate use of our self-insured retention amounts, or cause increases in future premiums, the resulting expenses could have a materially adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

In addition, we may be subject, and have been subject in the past, to litigation resulting from trucking accidents.  The number and severity of litigation claims may be worsened by distracted driving by both truck drivers and other motorists.  These lawsuits have resulted, and may result in the future, in the payment of substantial settlements or damages and increases of our insurance costs.

We may not make acquisitions in the future, or if we do, we may not be successful in our acquisition strategy.

While acquisitions have not in the past provided a substantial portion of our growth, in October 2018, we completed the acquisition of Davis Transfer Company and related entities (the “Davis Acquisition”).  Refer to Note 4 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further information about the Davis Acquisition.  Any future acquisitions we undertake could involve the dilutive issuance of equity securities and/or incurring indebtedness or large one-time expenses.  In addition, the Davis Acquisition and any future acquisitions we may consummate involve numerous risks, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, including:

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We depend on the proper functioning, availability, and security of our information and communication systems (and the data contained therein), and a systems failure or unavailability, including those caused by cybersecurity breaches, could cause a significant disruption to and adversely affect our business.

We depend heavily on the proper functioning, availability, and security of our information and communication systems, including financial reporting and operating systems, in operating our business.  These systems are protected through physical and software safeguards, but are still vulnerable to fire, storm, flood, power loss, telecommunications failures, physical or electronic break-ins, ransomware attacks, terrorist attacks, internet failures, computer viruses, and similar events beyond our control.  More sophisticated and frequent cyberattacks in recent years have also increased security risks associated with information technology systems.  We also maintain information security policies to protect our systems, networks, and other information technology assets (and the data contained therein) from cybersecurity breaches and threats, such as hackers, malware, ransomware, and viruses; however, such policies cannot ensure the protection of our systems, networks, and other information technology assets (and the data contained therein).  If our information or communication systems fail, otherwise become unavailable, or experience a cybersecurity breach or threat, manually performing functions could temporarily impact our ability to manage our fleet efficiently, to respond to customers’ requests effectively, to maintain billing and other records reliably, to bill for services accurately or in a timely manner, to communicate internally and with drivers, customers, and vendors, and to prepare financial statements accurately or in a timely manner.  Business interruption insurance may be inadequate to protect us in the event of a catastrophe.  Any system failure, upgrade complication, cybersecurity breach, ransomware attack, or other system disruption could interrupt or delay operations, damage our reputation, impact our ability to manage our operations and report financial performance, require the payment of significant amounts to remediate or recover our systems, and cause the loss of customers, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on existing and future business.

Our production systems are supported utilizing a hybrid hosting model that includes virtualized on premise servers and cloud service providers.  Production data is replicated to a secondary data center in a separate geographic region, which protects our information in the event of a significant disaster.  This redundant data center allows the data related to our systems to be recovered following an incident.  However, recovery of such data may not immediately restore our ability to utilize our information systems.  In the event such systems are significantly damaged, it could take several days before our systems are returned to full functionality.  Our communication services are provided through a mixture of on premise, hosted data center, and cloud services. Recovery time is dependent upon the nature of the event and the affected communication service.

We receive and transmit confidential data with our customers, drivers, vendors, employees, and service providers in the normal course of business.  Despite our implementation of secure transmission techniques, internal data security measures, training, and monitoring tools, our information and communication systems are vulnerable to cybersecurity threats and breach attempts from both external and internal sources.  Any such breach could result in disruption of communications with our customers, drivers, vendors, employees, and service providers and improper access to, misappropriation of, altering, or deleting information in our systems, including customer, driver, vendor, employee, and

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service provider information and our proprietary business information.  A cybersecurity incident (including a breach) could damage our business operations and reputation and could cause us to incur costs associated with repairing our systems, increased security, customer notifications, lost operating revenue, litigation, regulatory action, fines and penalties and reputational damage.

Seasonality and the impact of weather and other catastrophic events affect our operations and profitability.

Our tractor productivity decreases during the winter season because inclement weather impedes operations, and some shippers reduce their shipments after the winter holiday season.  Revenue can also be adversely affected by inclement weather and holidays, since revenue is directly related to available working days of shippers.  At the same time, operating expenses increase and fuel efficiency declines because of engine idling and harsh weather creating higher accident frequency, increased claims, and more frequent or costly equipment repairs.  We may also suffer from weather-related or other unforeseen events such as tornadoes, hurricanes, blizzards, ice storms, floods, fires, earthquakes, explosions or terrorist attacks.  These events may disrupt fuel supplies, increase fuel costs, disrupt freight shipments or routes, affect regional economies, damage or destroy our assets, or adversely affect the business or financial condition of our customers, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations or make our results of operations more volatile.

The market price of our common stock may be volatile.

The price of our common stock may fluctuate widely, depending upon a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control.  These factors include, among other items: the perceived prospects of our business and our industry as a whole; differences between our actual financial and operating results and those expected by investors and analysts; changes in analysts’ recommendations or projections, including such analysts’ outlook on our industry as a whole; actions or announcements by our competitors; changes in the regulatory environment in which we operate; significant sales or hedging of shares by a principal stockholder; actions taken by stockholders that may be contrary to the board of director’s recommendations; and changes in general economic or market conditions.  In addition, stock markets generally experience significant price and volume volatility from time to time which may adversely affect the market price of our common stock for reasons unrelated to our performance.

We could determine that our goodwill and other intangible assets are impaired, thus recognizing a related loss.

As of December 31, 2019, we had goodwill of $5.2 million and other intangible assets, net of $16.5 million.  We evaluate our goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment.  We could recognize impairments in the future, and we may never realize the full value of our intangible assets.  If these events occur, our profitability and financial condition will suffer.

Uncertainty relating to piece rate legislation could result in litigation and/or have a materially adverse effect on our operating results.

The trucking industry has been confronted with a continuous patchwork of laws at the state and local levels, related to, among other things, employee rest and meal breaks.  Further, driver piece rate compensation, which is an industry standard, has been attacked as not being compliant with state minimum wage laws.  Both of these issues are adversely impacting the Company and motor carrier industry as a whole, with respect to the practical application of the laws; thereby resulting in additional cost.  

In March 2014, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that California state wage and hour laws are not preempted by federal law.  The case was appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, which in May 2015 refused to review the case, and accordingly, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals decision stood.  However, in December 2018, FMCSA granted a petition filed by the America Trucking Associations and in doing so determined that federal law does preempt California’s wage and hour laws, and interstate truck drivers are not subject to such laws and, in May 2019, FMCSA’s determination was considered binding by the Federal Court for the Central District of California.  Despite this, FMCSA’s decision has been appealed by labor groups and multiple lawsuits have been filed in federal courts seeking to overturn the decision, and thus it’s uncertain whether it will stand.  Other current and future state and local laws, including laws related

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to employee meal breaks and rest periods, may also vary significantly from federal law.  As a result, we, along with other companies in the industry, could become subject to an uneven patchwork of laws throughout the U.S.  Federal legislation has been proposed in the past to preempt certain state and local laws; however, passage of such legislation is uncertain.  If federal legislation is not passed, we will either need to comply with the most restrictive state and local laws across our entire network, or overhaul our management systems to comply with varying state and local laws.  Either solution could result in increased compliance and labor costs, increased driver turnover, increased legal exposure, and decreased operational efficiency.

The transportation industry is subject to security requirements that could increase our costs of operation.

Because transportation assets continue to be a target of terrorist activities, federal, state and municipal governments have adopted, and in the future may adopt, security requirements that could increase operating costs and potentially slow service for businesses, including those in the transportation industry.  For example, in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, federal, state and municipal authorities implemented and continue to implement various security measures, including checkpoints and travel restrictions on large trucks.  In addition, the TSA has adopted regulations that require determination by the TSA that each driver who applies for or renews his license for carrying hazardous materials is not a security threat.  These regulations could reduce the pool of qualified drivers, which could require us to increase driver compensation, limit fleet growth, or allow trucks to sit idle.  These regulations also could complicate the successful pairing of available equipment with hazardous material shipments, thereby increasing the Company’s response time and deadhead miles on customer shipments.  These requirements are not static, but change periodically as the result of regulatory and legislative requirements, imposing additional security costs and creating a level of uncertainty for our operations.  Thus, it is possible that these rules or other future security requirements could impose material costs on us or slow our service to our customers.  Moreover, a terrorist attack directed at the Company or other aspects of the transportation infrastructure could disrupt our operations and adversely impact demand for our services.

Certain provisions of our charter documents and Delaware law could deter acquisition proposals and make it difficult for a third party to acquire control of the Company.

Provisions in our Restated and Amended Certificate of Incorporation (“Certificate of Incorporation”) may discourage, delay, or prevent a change of control or changes in our Board of Directors or management that our stockholders may consider favorable.  For example, our Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the Board of Directors to issue up to 1,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock.  Without stockholder approval, our Board of Directors has the authority to attach special rights, including voting and dividend rights, to this preferred stock, which could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire the Company.  Our Certificate of Incorporation also provides:

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Our Bylaws also require advance notice of all stockholder proposals, including nominations for election as director, and provide that a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, the President, or by a majority of the entire Board of Directors.  We are also subject to the anti-takeover provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law.  Under these provisions, unless prior to the time that anyone becomes an “interested stockholder” our Board of Directors approves either the “business combination” or transaction which resulted in a stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, we may not enter into a “business combination” with that person for three years without special approval, which could discourage a third party from making a takeover offer and could delay or prevent a change of control.  For purposes of Section 203, “interested stockholder” means, generally, someone owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock during the prior three years, subject to certain exceptions as described in Section 203.  These provisions will apply even if the change may be considered beneficial by some of our stockholders, and thereby negatively affect the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for our common stock.  In addition, to the extent that these provisions discourage an acquisition of our Company or other change of control transaction, they could deprive stockholders of opportunities to realize takeover premiums for their shares of our common stock.

We face various risks associated with stockholder activists, which may be disruptive to our business.

Activist stockholders have in the past advocated for certain changes at USA Truck and may attempt to gain representation on or control of our Board of Directors, through a proxy contest or other means, the possibility of which may create uncertainty regarding our future.  These perceived uncertainties may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel, raise customer concerns, or cause volatility in the price of our common stock.  The presence of such activist stockholders, a potential proxy contest, or an activist stockholder lawsuit also may create a significant distraction for our management team and require us to expend significant time and resources, depending on the nature of the activists’ agendas, and could interfere with our ability to execute our strategic initiatives.  Although we are not currently aware of any activist stockholders who own a substantial portion of our stock at this time, we cannot assure you that we will be able to agree to favorable terms with activist stockholders that might acquire an interest in our Company.

We could become subject to unsolicited takeover proposals, which may be disruptive to our business.

We have in the past been subject to unsolicited takeover proposals and could become subject to such proposals in the future.  Responding to such proposals, exploring the availability of alternative transactions that reflect our full intrinsic value and instituting legal action in connection therewith has in the past created a significant distraction for our management team and required us to expend significant time and resources, and we believe any future unsolicited proposals would cause similar disruptions to our business.  Such proposals may disrupt our business by causing uncertainty among current and potential employees, suppliers, and customers, which could negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations and strategic initiatives and cause volatility in our stock price.  These consequences, alone or in combination, may have a materially adverse effect on our business.  Although, we have entered into a change of control/severance plan with certain of our officers and members of our management team, the change of control arrangements may not be adequate to allow us to retain critical employees during a time when a change of control is being proposed or is imminent.

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goods and materials.  The Trucking segment primarily uses its own purchased or leased tractors and trailers or capacity provided by independent contractors to provide services to customers and is commonly referred to as “asset-based” trucking.  The Company’s USAT Logistics services match customer shipments with available equipment of authorized third-party motor carriers and other service providers.  USAT Logistics provides these services to many existing Trucking customers, many of whom prefer to rely on a single service provider, or a small group of service providers, to provide all their transportation solutions.

Revenue for the Company’s Trucking segment is substantially generated by transporting freight for customers, and is predominantly affected by rates per mile, the number of tractors in operation, and the number of revenue-generating miles per tractor.  The Company also generates revenue through fuel surcharge and ancillary services such as stop-off pay, loading and unloading activities, tractor and trailer detention, expediting charges, repositioning charges and other similar services.

Operating expenses fall into two categories: variable and fixed.  Variable expenses, or mostly variable expenses, constitute the majority of the expenses associated with transporting freight for customers, and include driver wages and benefits, fuel and fuel taxes, payments to independent contractors, operating and maintenance expense and insurance and claims expense.  These expenses vary primarily according to miles operated, but also have controllable components based on percentage of compensated miles, shop and dispatch efficiency, and safety and claims experience.

Fixed expenses, or mostly fixed expenses, include the capital costs of our assets (depreciation, amortization, rent and interest), compensation of non-driving employees and portions of insurance and maintenance expenses.  These expenses are partially controllable through management of fleet size and facilities infrastructure, headcount efficiency, and safety.

Fuel and fuel tax expense can fluctuate significantly with diesel fuel prices.  To mitigate the Company’s exposure to fuel price increases, it recovers from its customers fuel surcharges that historically have recouped a majority of the increased fuel costs; however, the Company cannot assure the recovery levels experienced in the past will continue in future periods.  Although the Company’s fuel surcharge program mitigates some exposure to rising fuel costs, the Company continues to have exposure to increasing fuel costs related to deadhead miles, out of route miles, fuel inefficiency due to engine idle time and other factors, including the extent to which the surcharges paid by customers are insufficient to compensate for higher fuel costs, particularly in times of rapidly increasing fuel prices.  The main factors that affect fuel surcharge revenue are the price of diesel fuel and the number of loaded miles. The fuel surcharge is billed on a lagging basis, meaning the Company typically bills customers in the current week based on the previous week’s applicable United States Department of Energy, or DOE, Diesel Fuel index.  Therefore, in times of increasing fuel prices, the Company does not recover as much in fuel surcharge revenue as it pays for fuel. In periods of declining prices, the opposite is experienced.

The key statistics used to evaluate Trucking segment performance, in each case net of fuel surcharge revenue, include (i) base revenue per available tractor per week, (ii) base revenue per loaded mile, (iii) loaded miles per available tractor per week, (iv) deadhead percentage, (v) average loaded miles per trip, (vi) average number of available tractors and (vii) adjusted operating ratio.  In general, the Company’s average miles per available tractor per week, rate per mile and deadhead percentages are affected by industry-wide freight volumes and industry-wide trucking capacity, which are mostly beyond the Company’s control.  Factors over which the Company has significant control are its sales and marketing efforts, service levels and operational efficiency.

Unlike the Trucking segment, the USAT Logistics segment is non-asset based and is dependent upon skilled employees, reliable information systems and qualified third-party capacity providers.  The largest expense related to the USAT Logistics segment is purchased transportation expense.  Other operating expenses consist primarily of salaries, wages and employee benefits.  The Company evaluates the financial performance of the USAT Logistics segment by reviewing gross margin (USAT Logistics operating revenue less purchased transportation expense) and the gross margin percentage (USAT Logistics operating revenue less purchased transportation expense expressed as a percentage of USAT Logistics operating revenue).  Gross margin can be impacted by the rates charged to customers and the costs of securing third-party capacity.  USAT Logistics often achieves better gross margins during periods of imbalance between supply and demand than times of balanced supply and demand, although periods of transition to tight capacity also can compress margins.

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We plan to continue our focus on improving results through ongoing network engineering initiatives, pricing discipline, enhanced partnerships with customers, and improved execution in our day-to-day operations, as well as our ongoing safety initiatives.  By focusing on these key objectives, management believes it will make progress on its goals of improving the Company’s operating performance and increasing stockholder value.

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Consolidated Reconciliations

Pursuant to the requirements of Regulation S-K, Item 10(e) and Regulation G, reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP financial measures have been provided in the tables below for operating ratio:

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The Company reports adjusted operating ratio, which is a financial measure that is not prescribed or authorized by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).

Adjusted operating ratio, as defined here, is a non-GAAP financial measure, as defined by the SEC.  Management uses adjusted operating ratio as a supplement to the Company’s GAAP results in evaluating certain aspects of its business, as described below.  Adjusted operating ratio is not a substitute for operating margin or any other measure derived solely from GAAP measures.  There are limitations to using non-GAAP measures such as adjusted operating ratio.  Although management believes that adjusted operating ratio can make an evaluation of the Company’s operating performance more consistent because it removes items that, in management’s opinion, do not reflect its core operating performance, other companies in the transportation industry may define adjusted operating ratio differently.  As a result, it may be difficult to use adjusted operating ratio or similarly named non-GAAP measures that other companies may use to compare the performance of those companies to USA Truck’s performance.

Adjusted operating ratio is calculated as operating expenses less restructuring, impairment and other costs (reversals), severance costs included in salaries, wages and employee benefits, and amortization of acquisition related intangibles, net of fuel surcharge revenue, as a percentage of operating revenue excluding fuel surcharge revenue.

USA Truck’s chief operating decision-maker focuses on adjusted operating ratio as an indicator of the Company’s performance from period to period.  Management believes fuel surcharge can be volatile and eliminating the impact of this source of revenue (by netting fuel surcharge revenue against fuel expense) affords a more consistent basis for comparing results of operations.

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Management believes its presentation of adjusted operating ratio is useful because it provides investors and securities analysts the same information that the Company uses internally for purposes of assessing its core operating performance.

Trucking operating revenue

During the year ended December 31, 2019, Trucking operating revenue (before intersegment eliminations) increased 7.4% to $377.1 million, compared to $351.2 million for the same period of 2018.  Trucking base revenue increased 8.2% to $328.0 million, from $303.1 million for the same period in 2018.  The positive changes in operating revenue and base revenue were primarily attributable to an 10.6% increase in total miles and a 13.6% increase in average seated tractors and a 40 basis point improvement in deadhead percentage, partially offset by a 4.6% decrease in base revenue per available tractor per week and a 1.6% decrease in base revenue per loaded.  The Company is continuing to refine the network to increase utilization and driver operational efficiency by transforming to a regional operations structure.

The freight environment proved very challenging during 2019.  A seasonally soft market, declining spot rates, and unrealized bid awards, coupled with increased trucking capacity in the market created an environment where shippers allocated larger portions of their freight to lower priced carrier options available through the spot market.   

Trucking operating (loss) income

For the year ended December 31, 2019, operating loss was $0.4 million compared to a operating income of $11.7 million for the corresponding period in 2018, primarily resulting from the freight market challenges discussed above, combined with an 11.2% increase in operating expenses, a softening used equipment market, and a competitive driver market.  

USAT Logistics operating revenue

During the year ended December 31, 2019, USAT Logistics operating revenue (before intersegment eliminations) decreased 19.4% to $154.0 million, from $191.0 million for the same period of 2018, resulting from an approximate 20.0% decrease in revenue per load, offset by a 16.7% decrease in operating expenses and a 0.6% increase in load count.  Overall, the decrease in operating revenues can be attributed to a challenging 2019 freight environment, marked by increased trucking capacity, unrealized bid awards and declining spot market rates.  Looking ahead, the Company will focus on increasing volume through strategic relationships with customers and technology partners.

USAT Logistics operating income

USAT Logistics generated operating income of $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, a decrease of $6.7 million, or 71.0%, compared to $9.5 million for the comparable period in 2018.  This change was the result of the decrease in operating revenue mentioned above, driven by decreased revenue per load and flat load volumes.

Consolidated Operating Expenses

The following table summarizes the consolidated operating expenses and percentage of consolidated operating revenue, consolidated base revenue and the percentage increase or decrease in the dollar amounts of those items compared to the prior year.

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Salaries, wages and employee benefits

Salaries, wages and employee benefits consist primarily of compensation for all employees.  Salaries, wages and employee benefits are primarily affected by the total number of miles driven by Company drivers, the rate per mile paid to its Company drivers, employee benefits (including, but not limited to, healthcare and workers’ compensation), and compensation and benefits paid to non-driver employees.  For the year ended December 31, 2019, salaries, wages and employee benefits expense increased by approximately $6.5 million, or 180 basis points as a percentage of operating revenue.  This change was primarily due to the impact of the Davis Transfer acquisition in the fourth quarter 2018, and a driver pay increase implemented during the third quarter of 2018.  Also, as part of a reduction in force during the fourth quarter of 2019, headcount in both operating segments was reduced in order to better align the non-driving support staff with the number of seated tractors.  The Company incurred expenses of approximately $0.2 million in implementing the reduction in force during the fourth quarter of 2019.

Management believes that the market for drivers will remain tight, and as such, expects driver wages and hiring expenses to continue to increase in order to attract and retain sufficient numbers of qualified drivers to operate the Company’s fleet.  This expense item will also be affected by the percentage of Trucking miles operated by independent contractors instead of Company employed drivers and the percentage of revenue generated by USAT Logistics, for which payments are reflected in purchased transportation.

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Fuel and fuel taxes

Fuel and fuel taxes consist primarily of diesel fuel expense for Company-owned tractors and fuel taxes. The primary factors affecting the Company’s fuel expense are the cost of diesel fuel, the fuel economy of Company equipment, and the number of miles driven by company drivers.  The slight decrease in fuel and fuel taxes for the year ended December 31, 2019 resulted from a 3.9% decrease in average diesel fuel prices per gallon year over year, as reported by the DOE, offset by a  with a 10.6% increase in total miles for the year ended December 31, 2019 when compared to the same period in 2018.  The primary reason for the increase in total miles was the purchase of Davis Transfer during the fourth quarter of 2018.  

The Company continues to pursue fuel efficiency initiatives, purchasing newer, more fuel-efficient revenue equipment and implementing focused driver training programs, which have contributed to improvements in our fuel expense on a cost per Company tractor mile basis.  The Company expects to continue managing its idle time and truck speeds and partnering with customers to align fuel surcharge programs to recover a fair portion of rising fuel costs.  Looking ahead, the Company’s net fuel expense is expected to fluctuate as a percentage of revenue based on factors such as diesel fuel prices, percentage recovered from fuel surcharge programs, empty mile percentage, the percentage of revenue generated from independent contractors and the success of fuel efficiency initiatives.

Depreciation and amortization and equipment rent

Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment consists primarily of depreciation for Company-owned tractors and trailers, amortization of revenue equipment financed with finance leases, and amortization of intangible assets.  The primary factors affecting this expense include the number and age of Company-owned tractors and trailers, the acquisition cost of new equipment and the salvage values and useful lives assigned to the equipment.  Equipment rent expenses are those related to revenue equipment under operating leases.  These largely fixed costs fluctuate as a percentage of base revenue primarily with increases and decreases in average base revenue per tractor and the percentage of base revenue contributed by Trucking versus USAT Logistics.

In addition, the mix of finance and operating leases will cause fluctuations on a line item basis between equipment rent expense and depreciation and amortization expense.  Depreciation and amortization expense increased as a percentage of both operating and base revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to the same period in 2018, due in part to the acquisition of Davis Transfer Company in the fourth quarter of 2018 and the increased use of operating leases for trailers.  The decrease in equipment rent expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 was the result of the Company entering into two sale-leaseback transactions in the first half of 2019 for tractors, paired with increased use of operating leases for the acquisition of new revenue equipment.  Additionally, 2019 was negatively affected by additional depreciation on certain revenue equipment as a result of deterioration in pricing in the used equipment market.  

The Company reviews the estimated useful lives and salvage values of its fixed assets on an ongoing basis, based upon, among other things, our experience with similar assets, conditions in the used revenue equipment market, and prevailing industry practice.  The Company intends to continue its focus on improving asset utilization, matching customer demand, growing the independent contractor fleet and strengthening load profitability initiatives.  Further, the acquisition costs of new revenue equipment could increase due to the continued implementation of emissions requirements and the inclusion of improved safety and fuel efficiency features.

Insurance and claims

Insurance and claims expense consists of insurance premiums and the accruals the Company makes for estimated payments and expenses for claims for bodily injury, property damage, cargo damage, and other casualty events.  The primary factors affecting the Company’s insurance and claims expense are the number of miles driven by its Company drivers and independent contractors, the frequency and severity of accidents, trends in the development factors used in the Company’s actuarial accruals, developments in prior-year claims, and insurance premiums and self-insured amounts.  The increase in insurance and claims expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 was due in part to the operations of Davis Transfer, which was acquired in the fourth quarter of 2018, and to the increased auto liability expenses during the period.

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The Company expects insurance and claims expense to continue to be volatile over the long-term, and in its October 2019 annual renewal experienced a significant rate increase.  In addition, insurance carriers have generally raised premiums for many businesses, including those in the trucking industry, and the industry is experiencing a decline in the number of carriers and underwriters that offer excess insurance policies or that are willing to provide insurance for trucking companies, and the necessity to go off-shore for insurance needs has increased.  These factors may cause the Company’s insurance and claims expense to increase if it has a similar experience at renewal or replacement, or the Company could find it necessary to raise its self-insured retention levels or decrease its aggregate coverage limits.

Operations and maintenance

Operations and maintenance expense consists primarily of vehicle repairs and maintenance, general and administrative expenses, and other costs.  Operating and maintenance expenses are primarily affected by the age of the Company-owned tractors and trailers, the number of miles driven in a period and, to a lesser extent, by efficiency measures in the Company’s maintenance facilities.  For the year ended December 31, 2019, operations and maintenance expense was flat in terms of dollars spent, but increased approximately 20 basis points as a percentage of both operating and base revenue.  These changes were the result of maintenance cost savings stemming from the purchase of new revenue equipment and from efforts to decrease our dependence on outside repairs in more high volume locations.  

Purchased transportation

Purchased transportation consists of the payments the Company makes to independent contractors, railroads, and third-party carriers that haul loads brokered to them, including fuel surcharge reimbursement paid to such parties.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, the decrease in purchased transportation expense was due to a softening spot market.  In future periods, the Company is endeavoring to grow its independent contractor fleet as a percentage of its total fleet and growing USAT Logistics, which, if successful, could further increase purchased transportation expense, particularly if the Company needs to pay independent contractors more to stay with the Company in light of expected regulatory changes.  In periods of increasing independent contractor capacity, the expected increases in compensation expense are shifted from employee driver wages and related expenses to the “Purchased transportation” line item, net of their fuel expense, maintenance and capital expenditures.

Gain on disposal of assets, net

During the year ended December 31, 2019, gain on disposal of assets, net, decreased when compared to the same periods in 2018, primarily due to the continued fluctuations in the used revenue equipment market.  Management believes the volatility in the used equipment market may continue into 2020 and beyond.

Restructuring, impairment and other costs

See Note 13 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8, in this Form 10-K for information regarding the restructuring, impairment and other costs incurred for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Impairment on assets held for sale

As a result of lower prices received for disposals of our owned used revenue equipment in 2019, the Company recorded a $0.8 million asset impairment charge to write-down the carrying values of tractors held for sale at December 31, 2019.

Other expenses

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the increase in other expenses was primarily the result of increased professional services costs relating to various Company initiatives.

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Consolidated Non-Operating Expenses

Interest expense, net

For the year ended December 31, 2019, the significant increase in interest expense, net was primarily the result of the Company’s acquisition of Davis Transfer Company in fourth quarter 2018.  (see Note 4 – Acquisition of Davis Transfer Company, and Note 7 – Long-term Debt).  

Income tax (benefit) expense

The Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, were 3.2% and 26.4%, respectively.  Generally, the Company’s effective tax rate of 21% is primarily affected by state income taxes, net of federal income tax effect, and permanent differences, the most significant of which is the effect of the partially non-deductible per diem pay structure for our drivers.  The recurring impact of this permanent non-deductible difference incurred in operating our business causes our tax rate to increase as our pretax earnings or loss approaches zero.  Generally, as pretax income or loss increases, the impact of the driver per diem program on our effective tax rate decreases, because aggregate per diem pay becomes smaller in relation to pretax income or loss, while in periods where earnings are at or near breakeven the impact of the per diem program on our effective tax rate is significant.

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Cash flows

The following table summarizes the sources (uses) of cash for each of the periods presented:

Operating activities

Our net cash provided by operating activities in 2019 increased from 2018 primarily due to higher depreciation and amortization, share-based compensation, and decreases in accounts and other receivables and inventories and prepaid expenses.  These items were offset by decreases in net income and insurance and claims accruals.

Debt and lease obligations

See “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 7: Long-term Debt” and “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data –Note 8: Leases and Right of Use Assets” in this Form 10-K for a discussion of the Company’s revolving Credit Facility, finance and operating lease obligations and insurance financing, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Inflation

Most of the Company’s operating expenses are inflation sensitive, and as such, are not always able to be offset through increases in revenue per mile and cost control efforts.  The effect of inflation-driven cost increases on overall operating costs is not expected to be greater for USA Truck than for its competitors, and has been minor over the past two years.

Fuel availability and cost

The trucking industry is dependent upon the availability of fuel.  In the past, fuel shortages or increases in fuel taxes or fuel costs have adversely affected profitability and may continue to do so.  USA Truck has not experienced difficulty in maintaining necessary fuel supplies, and in the past has generally been able to partially offset increases in fuel costs and fuel taxes through increased freight rates and through a fuel surcharge that increases incrementally as the average price of fuel increases above an agreed upon baseline price per gallon.  Typically, the Company is not able to fully recover increases in fuel prices through freight rate increases and fuel surcharges, primarily because those items are not available with respect to empty and out-of-route miles and idling time, for which the Company generally does not receive compensation from customers.  Additionally, most fuel surcharges are based on the average fuel price as published by the DOE for the week prior to the shipment, meaning the Company typically bills customers in the current week based on the previous week’s

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applicable index.  Accordingly, in times of increasing fuel prices, the Company does not recover as much as it is currently paying for fuel.  In periods of declining prices, for a short period of time the inverse is true.  Overall, the U.S. National Average Diesel Fuel price decreased by 3.9% for year ended December 31, 2019 when compared to 2018.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company did not have any long-term fuel purchase contracts, and has not entered into any fuel hedging arrangements.

Equity

As of December 31, 2019, USA Truck had total stockholders’ equity of $78.2 million and total debt including current maturities of $190.6 million, resulting in a total debt, less cash, to total capitalization ratio of 70.9% compared to 66.2% as of December 31, 2018.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes.  USA Truck bases its assumptions, estimates and judgments on historical experience, current trends and other factors that management believes to be relevant at the time its consolidated financial statements are prepared.  Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences could be material.

A summary of the significant accounting policies followed in preparation of the Company’s financial statements is contained in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 1:  Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of this Form 10-K.  The most critical accounting policies and estimates that affect the Company’s financial statements include the following:

Estimated useful lives and salvage values for purposes of depreciating tractors and trailers.  USA Truck operates a significant number of tractors and trailers in connection with its business.  The Company may purchase this equipment or acquire it under leases.  Purchased equipment is depreciated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful life down to an estimated salvage or trade-in value.  Equipment acquired under financing leases is recorded at the net present value of the minimum lease payments and is amortized on the straight-line method over the lease term.  Depreciable lives of tractors and trailers range from five years to fourteen years.  Salvage value is estimated at the expected date of trade-in or sale based on the expected market values of equipment at the time of disposal.

Goodwill and other intangibles.  As of December 31, 2019, the Company had $5.2 million in goodwill and $5.0 million for a trade name.  Our indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but subject to annual reviews during the fourth quarter for impairment at a reporting unit level.  The reporting unit or units used to evaluate and measure the indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment are determined primarily from the manner in which the business is managed or operated.  A reporting unit is an operating segment or a component that is one level below an operating segment.  We have assessed the reporting unit definitions and determined that at December 31, 2019, the Trucking reporting unit is the appropriate reporting unit for testing our indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment. 

The Company computes the fair value of the reporting unit primarily using the income approach (discounted cash flow analysis).  The computations require management to make significant estimates.  Critical estimates used as part of these evaluations include, among other things, the discount rate applied to future earnings reflecting a weighted average cost of capital rate, and projected rate per mile assumptions and driver pay assumptions.  Our estimate of the future rate per mile and future asset utilization are critical assumptions used in our discounted cash flow analysis.  There were no impairments of our indefinite-lived intangible assets during 2019 or 2018.  In future periods, it is reasonably possible that a variety of circumstances could result in an impairment of our indefinite-lived intangible assets. 

A discounted cash flow analysis requires us to make various judgmental assumptions about revenues, operating ratio, capital expenditures, working capital and rate per mile.  Assumptions of revenue, operating margins, capital expenditures and rates per mile are based on our budgets, business plans, economic projections, and anticipated future cash flows.  In determining the fair value of our reporting unit, we were required to make significant judgments and estimates regarding the impact of anticipated economic factors on our business.  The forecast used for the period ended December 31, 2019

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includes certain assumptions about future rate per mile, utilization and expected capital expenditures.  Assumptions are also made for a “normalized” perpetual growth rate for periods beyond the long range financial forecast period. 

Our estimates of fair value are sensitive to changes in all of these variables, certain of which relate to broader macroeconomic conditions outside our control.  As a result, actual performance in the near and longer-term could be different from these expectations and assumptions.  This could be caused by events such as strategic decisions made in response to economic and competitive conditions and the impact of economic factors, such as spot rates in the trucking and logistics industry as well as changes in customer behavior.  In addition, some of the inherent estimates and assumptions used in determining fair value of the reporting unit are outside the control of management, including interest rates, cost of capital and our credit ratings.  While we believe we have made reasonable estimates and assumptions to calculate the fair value of the reporting unit and other intangible assets, it is possible a material change could occur.

Estimate of impairment of long lived assets.  We review property and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.  We evaluate recoverability of assets to be held and used by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset.  If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets.  We evaluate the carrying values of assets held for sale at the end of each reporting period.  We complete this evaluation by comparing the assets carrying value to its fair value using a market approach.  If the carrying value is in excess of the fair value an impairment is recorded for the difference.

We believe that the accounting estimate related to asset impairment is a critical accounting estimate because: (1) it requires our management to make assumptions about future revenues over the life of the asset, and (2) the impact that recognizing an impairment would have on our financial position, as well as our results of operations, could be material.  Management’s assumptions about future revenues require significant judgment because actual revenues have fluctuated in the past and may continue to do so.  In estimating future revenues, we use our internal business forecasts.  We develop our forecasts based on recent revenue data for existing services and other industry and economic factors.

Estimates of accrued liabilities for claims involving bodily injury, physical damage losses, employee health benefits and workers’ compensation.  The primary claims arising against the Company consist of cargo, liability, personal injury, property damage, workers’ compensation, and employee medical costs.  The Company’s insurance programs typically involve self-insurance with high risk-retention levels.  Due to its significant self-insured retention amounts, the Company has exposure to fluctuations in the number and severity of claims and to variations between its estimated and actual ultimate payouts.  The Company accrues the estimated cost of the uninsured portion of pending claims and an estimate for allocated loss adjustment expenses including legal and other direct costs associated with a claim.  Estimates require judgments concerning the nature and severity of the claim, historical trends, advice from third-party administrators and insurers, the size of any potential damage award based on factors such as the specific facts of individual cases, the jurisdictions involved, the prospect of punitive damages, future medical costs, and inflation estimates of future claims development, and the legal and other costs to settle or defend the claims.  USA Truck records both current and long-term claims accruals at the estimated ultimate payment amounts based on information such as individual case estimates, historical claims experience and an estimate of claims incurred but not reported.  The current portion of the accrual reflects the anticipated claims amounts expected to be paid in the next twelve months.

Accounting for income taxes.  The Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities represent items that will result in taxable income or tax deductions in future years for which we have already recorded the related tax expense or benefit in our consolidated income statements.  Deferred tax accounts arise as a result of timing differences between when items are recognized in our consolidated financial statements compared to when they are recognized in our tax returns.  Significant management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes and in determining whether deferred tax assets will be realized in full or in part.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.  We periodically assess the likelihood that all or some portion of deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income.  To the extent we believe the likelihood of recovery is not sufficient, a valuation allowance is established for the amount determined not to be realizable.

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We believe that we have adequately provided for our future tax consequences based upon current facts and circumstances and current tax law.  However, should our tax positions be challenged, different outcomes could result and have a significant impact on the amounts reported through our consolidated income statements.

New Accounting Pronouncements

See “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 1: Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”.

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