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United States  
Securities and Exchange Commission 
Washington, D.C. 20549 
 
FORM 10-Q

Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
for the quarterly period ended:
March 31, 2023
or
Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
 
for the transition period from                                        to                                       .
 
Commission File Number: 000-20288 
 
COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC. 
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Washington91-1422237 
(State or Other Jurisdiction(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
of Incorporation or Organization) 
 
1301 A Street 
Tacoma, Washington 98402-2156 
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)(Zip Code) 
 
(253) 305-1900 
(Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code) 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
TITLE OF EACH CLASSTRADING SYMBOLNAME OF EXCHANGE
Common Stock, No Par ValueCOLBThe Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.       Yes      No 
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).       Yes      No 
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
   Large accelerated filer      Accelerated filer      Non-accelerated filer  
    Smaller reporting company    Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes      No 

Indicate the number of shares outstanding for each of the issuer's classes of common stock, as of the latest practical date:
Common stock, no par value: 208,458,075 shares outstanding as of May 1, 2023.


Table of Contents
COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC. 
FORM 10-Q 
Table of Contents 
 
Item 1.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 5.
Item 6.

2

Table of Contents
GLOSSARY OF DEFINED TERMS
ACLAllowance for credit losses
ACLLLAllowance for credit losses on loans and leases
ASUAccounting Standards Update
BankUmpqua Bank
Basel IIIBasel capital framework (third accord)
CECLCurrent Expected Credit Losses
ColumbiaColumbia Banking System, Inc.
CompanyColumbia Banking System, Inc. and its subsidiaries
CVACredit valuation adjustments
DCFDiscounted cash flow
FASBFinancial Accounting Standards Board
FDICFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal ReserveBoard of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
FHLBFederal Home Loan Bank
FinPacFinancial Pacific Leasing, Inc.
FOMCFederal Open Market Committee
GAAPGenerally accepted accounting principles
GDPGross Domestic Product
GNMAGovernment National Mortgage Association
HELOCHome equity line of credit
LGDLoss given default
LIBORLondon Inter-Bank Offered Rate
Merger
Umpqua Holdings Corporation merged with and into Columbia, with Columbia as the surviving corporation.
Merger Agreement
Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of October 11, 2021, by and among UHC, Columbia, and Cascade Merger, Sub Inc., as amended on January 9, 2023
Merger DateFebruary 28, 2023
MSRMortgage servicing rights
NASDAQNasdaq Stock Market LLC
NOLNet operating loss
N/MNot meaningful
PCDPurchased with credit deterioration
PDProbability of default
RSARestricted stock awards
RSURestricted stock units
SBASmall Business Administration
SECSecurities and Exchange Commission
SOFRSecured Overnight Financing Rate
UHCUmpqua Holdings Corporation
UmpquaUmpqua Bank

3

Table of Contents
PART I.    FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.     Financial Statements (unaudited) 

COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES 
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS 
(UNAUDITED)
(in thousands, except shares)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
ASSETS  
Cash and due from banks (restricted cash of $266 and $5,808)
$555,919 $327,313 
Interest bearing cash and temporary investments (restricted cash of $1,083 and $4,688)
3,079,266 967,330 
Total cash and cash equivalents3,635,185 1,294,643 
Investment securities  
Equity and other, at fair value76,532 72,959 
Available for sale, at fair value9,249,600 3,196,166 
Held to maturity2,432 2,476 
Loans held for sale, at fair value49,338 71,647 
Loans and leases (at fair value: $294,012 and $285,581)
37,091,280 26,155,981 
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases(417,464)(301,135)
Net loans and leases36,673,816 25,854,846 
Restricted equity securities246,525 47,144 
Premises and equipment, net375,190 176,016 
Operating lease right-of-use assets127,296 78,598 
Goodwill 1,030,142 — 
Other intangible assets, net702,315 4,745 
Residential mortgage servicing rights, at fair value178,800 185,017 
Bank owned life insurance641,922 331,759 
Deferred tax asset, net351,229 132,823 
Other assets653,904 399,800 
Total assets$53,994,226 $31,848,639 
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY  
Deposits  
Non-interest bearing$17,215,781 $10,288,849 
Interest bearing24,370,566 16,776,763 
Total deposits41,586,347 27,065,612 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase271,047 308,769 
Borrowings5,950,000 906,175 
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value297,721 323,639 
Junior and other subordinated debentures, at amortized cost108,066 87,813 
Operating lease liabilities140,648 91,694 
Other liabilities755,674 585,111 
Total liabilities49,109,503 29,368,813 
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 9)
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY  
Preferred Stock, no par value, shares authorized: 2,000,000, issued and outstanding: 0
— — 
Common stock, no par value, shares authorized: 520,000,000 in 2023 and 238,320,000(1) in 2022; issued and outstanding: 208,429,244 in 2023 and 129,320,962(1) in 2022
5,788,553 3,450,493 
Accumulated deficit(603,696)(543,803)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(300,134)(426,864)
Total shareholders' equity4,884,723 2,479,826 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity$53,994,226 $31,848,639 
(1) Prior period has been restated as a result of the adjustment to common shares outstanding based on the exchange ratio from the Merger of 0.5958.

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
4

COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES 
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS 
(UNAUDITED) 
Three Months Ended
 (in thousands, except per share amounts)March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
INTEREST INCOME  
Interest and fees on loans and leases$413,525 $214,404 
Interest and dividends on investment securities:  
Taxable39,729 18,725 
Exempt from federal income tax3,397 1,372 
Dividends719 86 
Interest on temporary investments and interest bearing deposits18,581 1,353 
Total interest income475,951 235,940 
INTEREST EXPENSE  
Interest on deposits63,613 3,916 
Interest on securities sold under agreement to repurchase and federal funds purchased406 63 
Interest on borrowings28,764 49 
Interest on Junior and other subordinated debentures8,470 3,149 
Total interest expense101,253 7,177 
Net interest income374,698 228,763 
 PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES 105,539 4,804 
Net interest income after provision for credit losses269,159 223,959 
NON-INTEREST INCOME  
Service charges on deposits14,312 11,583 
Card-based fees11,561 8,708 
Financial services and trust revenue1,297 11 
Residential mortgage banking revenue, net7,816 60,786 
Gain on sale of debt securities, net— 
Gain (loss) on equity securities, net2,416 (2,661)
Gain on loan and lease sales, net940 2,337 
Bank owned life insurance income2,790 2,087 
Other income (losses)13,603 (2,884)
Total non-interest income54,735 79,969 
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE  
Salaries and employee benefits136,092 113,138 
Occupancy and equipment, net41,700 34,829 
Communications3,026 2,754 
Marketing1,059 2,398 
Services12,843 11,337 
FDIC assessments6,113 4,516 
Intangible amortization12,660 1,025 
Merger-related expenses115,898 2,278 
Other expenses13,427 10,155 
Total non-interest expense342,818 182,430 
(Loss) income before provision for income taxes(18,924)121,498 
(Benefit) provision for income taxes(4,886)30,341 
Net (loss) income$(14,038)$91,157 
(Loss) earnings per common share (1):
  
Basic($0.09)$0.71 
Diluted($0.09)$0.70 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding (1):
  
Basic156,383 129,159 
Diluted156,383 129,693 
(1) Prior period has been restated as a result of the adjustment to common shares outstanding based on the exchange ratio from the Merger of 0.5958.
See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
5

COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES 
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(UNAUDITED)  
Three Months Ended
 (in thousands)March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
Net (loss) income$(14,038)$91,157 
Available for sale securities:  
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period145,438 (237,046)
Income tax (expense) benefit related to unrealized (gains) losses(37,827)60,968 
Reclassification adjustment for net realized gains in earnings— (2)
Income tax expense related to realized gains— 
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) for available for sale securities107,611 (176,079)
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value:
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period25,812 (12,703)
Income tax (expense) benefit related to unrealized gains (losses)(6,711)3,267 
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) for junior subordinated debentures, at fair value19,101 (9,436)
Pension plan liability adjustment:
Amortization of unrecognized net actuarial loss included in net periodic pension cost24 — 
Income tax expense related to unrecognized actuarial loss(6)— 
Net change in pension plan liability adjustment18 — 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax126,730 (185,515)
Comprehensive income (loss)$112,692 $(94,358)

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
6

COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES 
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY  
(UNAUDITED)   
Common StockRetained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) 
 (in thousands, except shares)SharesAmountTotal
Balance at January 1, 2022129,065,476 $3,444,849 $(697,338)$1,759 $2,749,270 
Net income  91,157  91,157 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax   (185,515)(185,515)
Stock-based compensation 2,454   2,454 
Stock repurchased and retired(116,057)(4,037)  (4,037)
Issuances of common stock under stock plans 319,442 —   — 
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.35 per share)1
  (45,731) (45,731)
Balance at March 31, 2022129,268,861 $3,443,266 $(651,912)$(183,756)$2,607,598 
Net income  78,591  78,591 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax   (124,391)(124,391)
Stock-based compensation 2,283   2,283 
Stock repurchased and retired(2,542)(72)  (72)
Issuances of common stock under stock plans51,455 54   54 
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.35 per share)1
  (45,787) (45,787)
Balance at June 30, 2022129,317,774 $3,445,531 $(619,108)$(308,147)$2,518,276 
Net income  84,040  84,040 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax   (141,413)(141,413)
Stock-based compensation 2,517   2,517 
Stock repurchased and retired(1,399)(41)  (41)
Issuances of common stock under stock plans3,773 —   — 
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.35 per share)1
  (45,865) (45,865)
Balance at September 30, 2022129,320,148 $3,448,007 $(580,933)$(449,560)$2,417,514 
Net income82,964 82,964 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax22,696 22,696 
Stock-based compensation2,499 2,499 
Stock repurchased and retired(382)(13)(13)
Issuances of common stock under stock plans1,196 — — 
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.35 per share)1
(45,834)(45,834)
Balance at December 31, 2022129,320,962 $3,450,493 $(543,803)$(426,864)$2,479,826 
Net loss  (14,038) (14,038)
Other comprehensive income, net of tax   126,730 126,730 
Stock related to Merger78,863,112 2,337,632 2,337,632 
Stock-based compensation 5,644   5,644 
Stock repurchased and retired(215,229)(5,216)  (5,216)
Issuances of common stock under stock plans460,399 —   — 
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.35 per share)
  (45,855) (45,855)
Balance at March 31, 2023208,429,244 $5,788,553 $(603,696)$(300,134)$4,884,723 
(1) Prior period has been restated as a result of the adjustment to common shares outstanding based on the exchange ratio from the Merger of 0.5958.

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements

7

COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES 
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS 
(UNAUDITED) 
Three Months Ended
 (in thousands)March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:  
Net (loss) income$(14,038)$91,157 
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:  
(Accretion) amortization of investment (discounts) premiums, net(7,668)1,106 
Gain on sale of investment securities, net— (2)
Provision for credit losses105,539 4,804 
Change in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance(491)(2,122)
Depreciation, amortization and accretion19,043 7,613 
Gain on sale of premises and equipment(305)(571)
Additions to residential mortgage servicing rights carried at fair value(1,601)(7,390)
Change in fair value of residential mortgage servicing rights carried at fair value7,818 (34,802)
Stock-based compensation5,644 2,454 
Net decrease (increase) in equity and other investments131 (413)
(Gain) loss on equity securities, net(2,416)2,661 
Gain on sale of loans and leases, net(2,996)(4,458)
Change in fair value of loans held for sale (82)11,055 
Origination of loans held for sale(131,726)(649,122)
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale155,574 683,347 
Change in other assets and liabilities:  
Net (increase) decrease in other assets(51,404)167,911 
Net (decrease) increase in other liabilities(119,989)2,097 
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities(38,967)275,325 
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:  
Purchases of investment securities available for sale(919,233)(131,869)
Proceeds from investment securities available for sale1,243,601 126,011 
Purchases of restricted equity securities(188,066)— 
Redemption of restricted equity securities90,695 28 
Net change in loans and leases(59,389)(470,337)
Proceeds from sales of loans and leases20,502 44,549 
Change in premises and equipment(3,486)(3,736)
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance death benefits2,028 1,111 
Cash received in the Merger274,587 — 
Other74 104 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities461,313 (434,139)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:  
Net (decrease) increase in deposit liabilities(672,737)104,906 
Net decrease in federal funds purchased(14,000)— 
Net (decrease) increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase(107,747)7,292 
   Proceeds from borrowings5,945,000 — 
Repayment of borrowings(3,181,522)— 
Dividends paid on common stock(45,582)(45,532)
Repurchase and retirement of common stock(5,216)(4,037)
Net cash provided by financing activities1,918,196 62,629 
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents2,340,542 (96,185)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period1,294,643 2,761,621 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period$3,635,185 $2,665,436 
8

COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES 
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued) 
(UNAUDITED)
Three Months Ended
(in thousands)March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:  
Cash paid during the period for:  
Interest$83,836 $7,667 
Income taxes$11,407 $6,051 
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF NONCASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Changes in unrealized gains and losses on investment securities available for sale, net of taxes$107,611 $(176,079)
Changes in unrealized gains and losses on junior subordinated debentures carried at fair value, net of taxes$19,101 $(9,436)
Net change in pension plan liability adjustment$18 $— 
Acquisitions:
Assets acquired$19,226,816 $— 
Liabilities assumed$(17,919,326)$— 
Net assets acquired$1,307,490 $— 


See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
 
9

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies 

Basis of Financial Statement Presentation-On February 28, 2023, UHC merged with and into Columbia, with Columbia continuing as the surviving legal corporation. Promptly following the Merger, Columbia’s wholly owned bank subsidiary, Columbia State Bank, merged with and into UHC’s wholly owned bank subsidiary, Umpqua Bank, with Umpqua Bank as the surviving bank. Upon completion of the Merger, the combined company became Columbia Banking System, Inc., (together with its direct and indirect subsidiaries, "we," "us," "our," "Columbia" or the "Company"), which is a financial holding company with subsidiaries including its wholly owned banking subsidiary Umpqua Bank (the "Bank") and Columbia Trust Company ("Columbia Trust").

The Merger was accounted for as a reverse merger using the acquisition method of accounting, therefore, UHC was deemed the acquirer for financial reporting purposes, even though Columbia was the legal acquirer. The Merger was effectively an all-stock transaction and has been accounted for as a business combination. Columbia's financial results for any periods ended prior to February 28, 2023 reflect UHC results only on a standalone basis. In addition, Columbia's reported financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 reflect UHC financial results only until the closing of the Merger after the close of business on February 28, 2023. The number of shares issued and outstanding, earnings per share, additional paid-in capital, and all references to share quantities or metrics of Columbia have been retrospectively restated to reflect the equivalent number of shares issued in the Merger as the Merger was accounted for as a reverse acquisition using the acquisition method of accounting. Under the reverse acquisition method of accounting, the assets and liabilities of Columbia as of February 28, 2023 ("historical Columbia") were recorded at their respective fair values. Refer to Note 2 - Business Combination for additional information on this acquisition.

Columbia Banking System, Inc. is headquartered in Tacoma, Washington, and is engaged primarily in the business of commercial and retail banking. Columbia Trust provides fiduciary, agency, trust and related services, and life insurance products. The Company provides a broad range of banking and other financial services to corporate, institutional, small business, and individual customers through its wholly-owned banking subsidiary Umpqua Bank. The Bank has a wholly-owned subsidiary, Financial Pacific Leasing, Inc., which is a commercial equipment leasing company.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and with prevailing practices within the banking and securities industries. In preparing such financial statements, management is required to make certain estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, business combinations, and goodwill.

In connection with the Merger, effective February 28, 2023, the Company realigned its operating segments based on changes in its internal reporting structure and changes to the Company's Chief Operating Decision Maker. The Company now reports as a single reportable segment. Previously UHC reported two segments: Core Banking and Mortgage Banking, however in 2022 the mortgage banking segment's scale of mortgage operations was downsized as a smaller impact on the financial statements was expected in the future. The revised presentation of segment data has been applied retroactively for all periods presented in these financial statements.

Consolidation-The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, and the Bank's wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had 23 wholly-owned trusts that were formed to issue trust preferred securities and related common securities. The Company has not consolidated the accounts of the trusts in its consolidated financial statements as they are considered to be variable interest entities for which the Company is not a primary beneficiary. As a result, the junior subordinated debentures issued by the Company to the trusts are reflected on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as junior subordinated debentures.

Subsequent events-The Company has evaluated events and transactions through the date that the consolidated financial statements were issued for potential recognition or disclosure.

10

Business Combinations-The Company applies the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. Under the acquisition method, the acquiring entity recognizes the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Management utilizes prevailing valuation techniques appropriate for the asset or liability being measured in determining these fair values. This method often involves estimates based on third party valuations or internal valuations based on discounted cash flow analyses or other valuation techniques, all of which are inherently subjective. Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets and other identifiable intangible assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed from contingencies must also be recognized at fair value if the fair value can be determined during the measurement period. Acquisition‑related costs, including conversion and restructuring charges, are expensed as incurred. Fair values are subject to refinement over the measurement period, not to exceed one year after the closing date.

Cash and Cash Equivalents-Cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks and temporary investments which are interest bearing balances due from other banks. Cash and cash equivalents generally have a maturity of 90 days or less at the time of purchase.

Equity and Other Securities-Equity and other securities are carried at fair value with realized and unrealized gains or losses recorded in non-interest income.

Investment Securities Available for Sale-Debt securities are classified as available for sale if the Company intends and has the ability to hold those securities for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity. Any decision to sell a debt security classified as available for sale would be based on various factors, including significant movements in interest rates, changes in the maturity mix of assets and liabilities, liquidity needs, regulatory capital considerations, and other similar factors. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the life of the related investment security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. Dividend and interest income are recognized when earned.

Securities available for sale are carried at fair value. Realized gains or losses, determined on the basis of the cost of specific securities sold, are included in earnings. Unrealized holding gains or losses are included in other comprehensive income as a separate component of shareholders' equity, net of tax. When the fair value of an available-for-sale debt security falls below the amortized cost basis, it is evaluated to determine if any of the decline in value is attributable to credit loss. Decreases in fair value attributable to credit loss would be recorded directly to earnings with a corresponding allowance for credit losses, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. If the credit quality subsequently improves, the allowance would be reversed up to a maximum of the previously recorded credit losses. If the Company intends to sell an impaired available-for-sale debt security, or if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security prior to recovering the amortized cost basis, the entire fair value adjustment would be immediately recognized in earnings with no corresponding allowance for credit losses.

Loans Held for Sale-The Company has elected to account for residential mortgage loans held for sale at fair value. Fair value is determined based on quoted secondary market prices for similar loans, including the implicit fair value of embedded servicing rights. The change in fair value of loans held for sale is primarily driven by changes in interest rates subsequent to loan funding, resulting in revaluation adjustments to the recorded fair value. The inputs used in the fair value measurements are considered Level 2 inputs. The use of the fair value option allows the change in the fair value of loans to more effectively offset the change in the fair value of derivative instruments that are used as economic hedges to loans held for sale. Loan origination fees and direct origination costs are recognized immediately in net income. Interest income on loans held for sale is included in interest income and recognized when earned. Loans held for sale are placed on nonaccrual in a manner consistent with loans held for investment. The Company recognizes the gain or loss on the sale of loans when the sales criteria for derecognition are met.

Originated Loans and Leases-Loans are stated at the amount of unpaid principal, net of unearned income and any deferred fees or costs. All discounts and premiums are recognized over the contractual life of the loan as yield adjustments. Leases are recorded at the amount of minimum future lease payments receivable and estimated residual value of the leased equipment, net of unearned income and any deferred fees. Initial direct costs related to lease originations are deferred as part of the investment in direct financing leases and amortized over their term using the effective interest method. Unearned lease income is amortized over the term using the effective interest method.

Acquired Loans and Leases-Loans and leases purchased without more-than-insignificant credit deterioration are recorded at their fair value at the acquisition date. However, loans and leases purchased with more-than-insignificant credit deterioration will be recorded with their applicable allowance for credit loss to determine the amortized cost basis. The difference between the fair value and principal balance is recognized as an adjustment to the yield over the remaining life of the loan and lease.

11

Income Recognition on Non-Accrual Loans-Loans are classified as non-accrual if the collection of principal and interest is doubtful. Generally, this occurs when a commercial or commercial real estate loan is past due beyond its maturity, principal payment, or interest payment due date by 90 days or more, unless such loans are well-secured and in the process of collection. Loans that are less than 90 days past due may also be classified as non-accrual if repayment in full of principal and/or interest is in doubt.

Generally, when a loan is classified as non-accrual, all uncollected accrued interest is reversed from interest income and the accrual of interest income is discontinued. In addition, any cash payments subsequently received are applied as a reduction of principal outstanding. In cases where the future collectability of the principal balance in full is expected, interest income may be recognized on a cash basis. A loan may be restored to accrual status when the borrower's financial condition improves so that full collection of future contractual payments is considered likely. For those loans placed on non-accrual status due to payment delinquency, return to accrual status will typically not occur until the borrower demonstrates repayment ability over a period of not less than six months.

Allowance for Credit Losses-ASC Topic 326 requires an expected loss model, which encompasses allowances for losses expected to be incurred over the life of the portfolio. The CECL model requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance-sheet credit exposures based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

The allowance for credit losses on loans and leases is the combination of the allowance for loan and lease losses and the reserve for unfunded loan commitments. Loans are charged-off against the allowance when deemed uncollectible by management. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. Fluctuations in the allowance are reported in our statement of operations as a component of provision for credit losses.

The Bank has established an Allowance for Credit Loss Committee, which is responsible for, among other things, regularly reviewing the ACL methodology, including allowance levels and ensuring that it is designed and applied in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. CECL is not prescriptive in the methodology used to determine the expected credit loss estimate. Instead, management has flexibility in selecting the methodology. The expected credit losses must be estimated over a financial asset's contractual term, adjusted for prepayments utilizing quantitative and qualitative factors. There are also specific considerations for Purchased Credit-Deteriorated and Collateral Dependent Loans.

The estimate of current expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amounts. Historical loss experience is the starting point for estimating expected credit losses. Adjustments are made to historical loss experience to reflect differences in asset-specific risk characteristics, such as underwriting standards, portfolio mix or asset terms, and differences in economic conditions – both current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. When the Company is not able to make or obtain reasonable and supportable forecasts for the entire life of the financial asset, it has estimated expected credit losses for the remaining life using an approach that reverts to historical credit loss information for the longer-term portion of the asset's life. The allowance related to the extrapolated population is based on loan segment, PD credit classification, and vintage year of the modeled loans and leases. A loss factor is calculated and applied to the non-modeled loans and leases.

The Company utilizes complex models to obtain reasonable and supportable forecasts. Most of the models calculate two predictive metrics: the probability of default and loss given default. The PD measures the probability that a loan will default within a given time horizon and primarily measures the adequacy of the debtor's cash flow as the primary source of repayment of the loan or lease. The LGD is the expected loss which would be realized presuming a default has occurred and primarily measures the value of the collateral or other secondary source of repayment related to the collateral. Acquired and newly originated loans and leases that have not been modeled receive a loss rate via an extrapolated rate methodology.

Management believes that the ACL was adequate as of March 31, 2023. There is, however, no assurance that future loan losses will not exceed the levels provided for in the ACL and could possibly result in additional charges to the provision for credit losses.

12

Collateral Dependent Loans-A loan or lease is considered collateral dependent when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The Company's classification of CDLs includes: non-homogeneous non-accrual loans and leases; non-homogeneous loans determined by individual credit review; homogeneous non-accrual leases and equipment finance agreements; and homogeneous real estate secured loans that have been charged down to net realizable value or the government guaranteed balance. Except for homogeneous leases and equipment finance agreements, the expected credit losses for CDLs will be measured using the fair value of the underlying collateral, adjusted for costs to sell when applicable, less the amortized cost basis of the financial asset. The Company may also use the loan's observable market price, if available. If the value of the CDL is determined to be less than the recorded amount of the loan, a charge-off will be taken. To determine the expected credit loss for homogeneous leases or equipment finance agreements, the LGD calculated by the CECL model will be utilized. When a homogeneous lease or equipment finance agreement becomes 181 days past due, it is fully charged-off.

Reserve for Unfunded Commitments-A reserve for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level that, in the opinion of management, is adequate to absorb inherent losses associated with the Bank's commitment to lend funds under existing agreements, such as letters or lines of credit. The RUC calculation utilizes the allowance for credit loss on loans and leases rates by segment, and utilization rates based on the economic expectations over the contractual life of the commitment adjusted for qualitative considerations if necessary. The reserve is based on estimates and ultimate losses may vary from the current estimates. These estimates are evaluated on a regular basis and adjustments are reported in earnings in the periods in which they become known. Draws on unfunded commitments that are considered uncollectible at the time funds are advanced are charged to the allowance for credit losses on loans and leases. Provisions for unfunded commitment losses are added to the reserve for unfunded commitments, which is included in the Other Liabilities section of the consolidated balance sheets.

Loan and Lease Fees and Direct Loan Origination Costs-Origination and commitment fees and direct loan origination costs for loans and leases held for investment are deferred and recognized as an adjustment to the yield over the life of the loans and leases. The recognition of these net deferred fees is accelerated at loan payoff, if earlier than the estimated life of the loan.

Restricted Equity Securities-Restricted equity securities consists mostly of the Bank's investment in Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines stock that is carried at par value, which reasonably approximates its fair value.

As a member of the FHLB system, the Bank is required to maintain a minimum level of investment in FHLB stock based on a specific percentage of total assets, with additional stock requirements based on use of FHLB products. The Bank may request redemption at par value of any stock in excess of the minimum required investment. Stock redemptions are at the discretion of the FHLB.

Premises and Equipment-Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is provided over the estimated useful life of equipment, generally three to ten years, on a straight-line or accelerated basis. Depreciation is provided over the estimated useful life of premises, up to 39 years, on a straight-line or accelerated basis. Generally, leasehold improvements are amortized or accreted over the life of the related lease, or the life of the related asset, whichever is shorter. Expenditures for major renovations and betterments of the Company's premises and equipment are capitalized. The Company purchases, as well as internally develops and customizes, certain software to enhance or perform internal business functions. Software development costs incurred in the preliminary project stages are charged to non-interest expense. Costs associated with designing software configuration, installation, coding programs and testing systems are capitalized and amortized using the straight-line method over three to seven years. Implementation costs incurred for software that is part of a hosting arrangement are capitalized in other assets and amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the contract. In addition to annual impairment reviews, management reviews long-lived assets anytime a change in circumstance indicates the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable.

Operating Leases-The Company leases branch locations, corporate office space, and equipment under non-cancelable leases. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. The leases contain various provisions for increases in rental rates, based either on changes in the published Consumer Price Index or a predetermined escalation schedule. Substantially all of the leases provide the Company with one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from one to ten years or more. The exercise of lease renewal options is at management's sole discretion. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. The Company rents or subleases certain real estate to third parties. The Company's sublease portfolio consists of operating leases of mainly former branch locations or excess space in branch or corporate facilities. In addition to annual impairment reviews, management reviews right of use assets anytime a change in circumstances indicates the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable.
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Goodwill and Other Intangibles-Intangible assets are comprised of goodwill and other intangibles acquired in business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized but instead is periodically tested for impairment. Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized to their estimated residual values over their respective estimated useful lives, and also reviewed for impairment. Amortization of intangible assets is included in non-interest expense.

On at least an annual basis, goodwill is assessed for impairment at the reporting unit level either qualitatively or quantitatively. Additionally, goodwill is evaluated on an interim basis when events or circumstances indicate impairment potentially exists. A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of impairment has occurred.

Mortgage Servicing Rights (MSR)-The Company determines its classes of servicing assets based on the asset type being serviced along with the methods used to manage the risk inherent in the servicing assets, which includes the market inputs used to value servicing assets. Fair value adjustments encompass market-driven valuation changes and the runoff in value that occurs from the passage of time, which are separately disclosed. Under the fair value method, the MSR is carried in the balance sheet at fair value and the changes in fair value are reported in earnings under the caption residential mortgage banking revenue, net in the period in which the change occurs.

The expected life of the loans underlying the MSR can vary from management's estimates due to prepayments by borrowers, especially when rates change significantly. Prepayments outside of management's estimates would impact the recorded value of the residential MSR. The value of the MSR is also dependent upon the discount rate used in the model, which management reviews on an ongoing basis. A significant increase in the discount rate would reduce the value of the MSR.

GNMA Loan Sales-The Company originates government guaranteed loans, which are sold to Government National Mortgage Association. Pursuant to GNMA servicing guidelines, the Company has the unilateral right to repurchase certain delinquent loans (loans past due 90 days or more) sold to GNMA, if the loans meet defined delinquent loan criteria. As a result of this unilateral right, once the delinquency criteria has been met, and regardless of whether the repurchase option has been exercised, the Company accounts for the loans as if they had been repurchased. The Company recognizes these loans within loans and leases, net and also recognizes a corresponding liability that is recorded in other liabilities. If the loan is repurchased, the liability is settled and the loan remains.

SBA/USDA Loans Sales, Servicing, and Commercial Servicing Asset-The Bank, on a limited basis, sells or transfers loans, including the guaranteed portion of SBA and USDA loans (with servicing retained) for cash proceeds. The Bank records a servicing asset when it sells a loan and retains the servicing rights. The servicing asset is recorded at fair value upon sale, and the fair value is estimated by discounting estimated net future cash flows from servicing using discount rates that approximate current market rates and using estimated prepayment rates. Subsequent to initial recognition, the servicing rights are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value and are amortized in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated net servicing income.

Revenue Recognition-The Company's revenue within the contracts with customers guidance are presented within non-interest income and include service charges on deposits, card-based fees, merchant fee, and financial services and trust revenue. These revenues are recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with customers are satisfied. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. When the amount of consideration is variable, the Company will only recognize revenue to the extent that it is probable that the cumulative amount recognized will not be subject to a significant reversal in the future. Substantially all of the Company's contracts with customers have expected durations of one year or less and payments are typically due when or as the services are rendered or shortly thereafter. When third parties are involved in providing services to customers, the Company recognizes revenue on a gross basis when it has control over those services being provided to the customer; otherwise, revenue is recognized for the net amount of any fee or commission.
Revenue is segregated based on the nature of product and services offered as part of contractual arrangements. Revenue from contracts with customers is broadly segregated as follows:

Service charges on deposits consists primarily of fees earned from deposit customers for account maintenance and transaction-based and overdraft services. Account maintenance fees consist primarily of account fees and analyzed account fees charged on deposit accounts on a monthly basis. The performance obligation is satisfied, and the fees are recognized on a monthly basis as the service period is completed. Transaction-based fees on deposit accounts are charged to deposit customers for specific services provided to the customer, such as non-sufficient funds fees, overdraft fees, and wire fees. The performance obligation is completed as the transaction occurs and the fees are recognized at the time each specific service is provided to the customer.
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Card-based fees are comprised of debit and credit card income, ATM fees, and merchant services income. Debit and credit card income is primarily comprised of interchange fees earned when the Bank's customers' debit and credit cards are processed through card payment networks. The performance obligation is satisfied, and the fees are earned when the cost of the transaction is charged to the cardholders' debit or credit card. Certain expenses and rebates directly related to the credit and debit card interchange contract are recorded on a net basis with the interchange income.

Finance services and trust revenue consists of brokerage revenue related to third party revenue share agreements for commissions on brokerage services and trust revenue from trust administration and investment management services. Brokerage revenue is recognized when cash payment is received by the third party based on the net revenues earned on the products and services purchased in the month prior. Trust revenue is recognized monthly and based on the portfolio values at the end of the prior month. 

Other non-interest income includes a variety of other revenue streams including residential mortgage banking, net revenue, security gains and losses, loan sales gain and losses, BOLI income revenue, swap revenue, merchant fee income, and miscellaneous consumer fees. These revenue streams are not in the scope of revenue from contracts with customers guidance. Revenue is recognized when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Inherent variability in the transaction price is not recognized until the uncertainty affecting the variability is resolved.

Income Taxes-Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Under this method, a deferred tax asset or liability is determined based on the enacted tax rates which will be in effect when the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax basis of existing assets and liabilities are expected to be reported in the Company's income tax returns. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established to reduce the net carrying amount of deferred tax assets if it is determined to be more likely than not, that all or some portion of the potential deferred tax asset will not be realized.

Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management's judgment that realization is "more likely than not." Uncertain tax positions that meet the "more likely than not" recognition threshold are measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize. An uncertain tax position is measured at the amount of benefit that management believes has a greater than 50% likelihood of realization upon settlement.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the DTA will or will not be realized. The Company's ultimate realization of the DTA is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the nature and amount of historical and projected future taxable income, the scheduled reversal of deferred tax assets and liabilities, and available tax planning strategies in making this assessment. The amount of deferred taxes recognized could be impacted by changes to any of these variables.

The Company earns Investment Tax Credits on certain equipment leases and uses the deferral method to account for these tax credits. Under this method, the Investment Tax Credits are recognized as a reduction of depreciation expense over the life of the asset.

Derivatives-The Bank enters into forward delivery contracts to sell residential mortgage loans or mortgage-backed securities to broker/dealers at specific prices and dates in order to hedge the interest rate risk in its portfolio of mortgage loans held for sale and its residential mortgage loan commitments. The commitments to originate mortgage loans held for sale and the related forward delivery contracts are considered derivatives. The Bank also executes interest rate swaps with commercial banking customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. Those interest rate swaps are hedged by simultaneously entering into an offsetting interest rate swap that the Bank executes with a third party, such that the Bank minimizes its net risk exposure. The Bank also uses certain derivative financial instruments to offset changes in the value of its MSR. These derivatives consist primarily of interest rate futures and forward settling mortgage-backed securities. The Company considers all free-standing derivatives as economic hedges and recognizes these derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the balance sheet, and the Company requires measurement of those instruments at fair value through adjustments to current earnings. None of the Company's derivatives are designated as hedging instruments.

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The fair value of the derivative residential mortgage loan commitments is estimated using the net present value of expected future cash flows. Assumptions used include pull-through rate assumption based on historical information, current mortgage interest rates, the stage of completion of the underlying application and underwriting process, direct origination costs yet to be incurred, the time remaining until the expiration of the derivative loan commitment, and the expected net future cash flows related to the associated servicing of the loan.

Stock-Based Compensation-The Company recognizes expense in its statement of operations for the grant-date fair value of RSUs and RSAs issued to employees over the employees' requisite service period (generally the vesting period). An estimate of expected forfeitures is included in the calculation of stock-based compensation expense over the vesting period, and actual forfeitures are recognized when they occur. The fair value of the RSUs and RSAs is based on the Company's share price on the grant date. Unvested RSUs and RSAs participate with common stock in any dividends declared but are only paid on the shares that ultimately vest. RSUs and RSAs generally vest ratably over three years and are recognized as compensation expense over that same period of time.

Certain RSU's (performance share units) are subject to performance-based and market-based vesting criteria in addition to a requisite service period and cliff vest based on those conditions at the end of three years. At the time of vesting, the vested shares are entitled to receive cumulative dividends declared and paid during the three years. Compensation expense is recognized over the service period to the extent RSUs and RSAs are expected to vest. The fair value of the performance-based RSU grants is estimated as of the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation pricing model.

Earnings (Loss) per Common Share-Basic earnings (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per common share is computed in a similar manner, except that first the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if potentially dilutive common shares were issued using the treasury stock method. For all periods presented, unvested RSUs and RSAs are potentially dilutive instruments issued by the Company. Undistributed losses are not allocated to the unvested stock-based payment awards as the holders are not contractually obligated to share in the losses of the Company.

Fair Value Measurements-Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. There is a three-level hierarchy for disclosure of assets and liabilities measured or disclosed at fair value. The classification of assets and liabilities within the hierarchy is based on whether the inputs to the valuation methodology used for measurement are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market-derived or market-based information obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect estimates about market data. In general, fair values determined by Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities traded in active markets that the Company has the ability to access. Fair values determined by Level 2 inputs utilize inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.
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Application of new accounting guidance

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. The amendments in this ASU improve comparability for both the recognition and measurement of acquired revenue contracts with customers at the date of and after a business combination. The ASU specifies for all acquired revenue contracts regardless of their timing of payment (1) the circumstances in which the acquirer should recognize contract assets and contract liabilities that are acquired in a business combination and (2) how to measure those contract assets and contract liabilities. The amendments improve comparability after the business combination by providing consistent recognition and measurement guidance for revenue contracts with customers acquired in a business combination and revenue contracts with customers not acquired in a business combination. The Company adopted the guidance on January 1, 2023 and it did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The ASU addresses areas identified by the FASB as part of its post-implementation review of the credit losses standard (ASU 2016-13) that introduced the CECL model. The amendments eliminate the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings by creditors that have adopted CECL and enhance the disclosure requirements for loan refinancings and restructurings made with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. In addition, the amendments require a public business entity to disclose current-period gross write-offs for financing receivables and net investment in leases by year of origination in the vintage disclosures. The Company adopted the guidance on January 1, 2023, using a prospective methodology, noting that the updates pertain to disclosures but did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statement. Refer to Note 5 - Allowance for Credit Losses for additional information.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. This ASU was issued to provide temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference London Inter-Bank Offered Rate or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. The last expedient is a one-time election to sell or transfer debt securities classified as held to maturity.

In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope. The amendments in this Update are elective and apply to all entities that have derivative instruments that use an interest rate for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment that is modified as a result of reference rate reform. The amendments clarify certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848. The amendment defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. The adoption of these ASUs are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company has established an enterprise-wide LIBOR transition program which includes business strategy, product design and pricing strategy, instrument contract remediation, and systems and processes. The Company continues to use the expedients in this guidance to manage through the LIBOR transition, specifically for our loan portfolio.

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions. The amendments in this ASU clarify that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also clarify that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. The amendments also update the disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual restrictions. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The amendment will be applied prospectively. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-02, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force). The amendments in this ASU permit companies to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method, if certain conditions are met. Under the proportional amortization method, an entity amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits received and recognizes the net amortization and income tax credits and other income tax benefits in the statement of operations as a component of income tax expense (benefit). The amendments also require that a reporting entity disclose certain information in annual and interim reporting periods that enable investors to understand the investments that generate income tax credits and other income tax benefits from a tax credit program. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in the ASU can be applied either on a modified retrospective or a retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
 
Note 2 – Business Combination
 
On February 28, 2023, UHC merged with and into Columbia, with Columbia continuing as the surviving legal corporation. Promptly following the Merger, Columbia’s wholly owned bank subsidiary, Columbia State Bank, merged with and into UHC’s wholly owned bank subsidiary, Umpqua Bank, with Umpqua Bank surviving the merger. Refer to Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies under the Basis of Financial Statement Presentation for more information pertaining to the completed Merger.

The Merger was accounted for as a reverse merger using the acquisition method of accounting; therefore, UHC was deemed the acquirer for financial reporting purposes, even though Columbia was the legal acquirer. The Merger was effectively an all-stock transaction and has been accounted for as a business combination. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, on the Merger Date, each holder of UHC common stock received 0.5958 of a share (the "Exchange Ratio") of Columbia's common stock for each share of UHC common stock held. Each outstanding share of common stock of Columbia remained outstanding and was unaffected by the Merger. As of the Merger Date, Columbia had approximately 208.2 million shares of common stock outstanding. On the Merger Date, the shares of UHC common stock, which previously traded under the ticker symbol "UMPQ" on NASDAQ, ceased trading on, and were delisted from, NASDAQ. Following the Merger, Columbia common stock continues to trade on NASDAQ, with the ticker symbol of "COLB".

As the legal acquirer, Columbia issued approximately 129.4 million shares of Columbia common stock in connection with the Merger, which represented approximately 62.1% of the voting interests in Columbia upon completion of the Merger. The purchase price in a reverse acquisition is determined based on the number of equity interests the legal acquiree would have had to issue to give the owners of the legal acquirer the same percentage equity interest in the combined entity that results from the reverse acquisition. Therefore, the first step in calculating the purchase price in the Merger is to determine the ownership of the combined company following the Merger.

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The table below summarizes the ownership of the combined company, Columbia, following the Merger, as well as the market capitalization of the combined company using shares of Columbia and UHC common stock outstanding at February 28, 2023 and Columbia’s closing price on February 28, 2023.
Columbia Ownership and Market Value Table
(Pro Forma)
(in thousands)Number of UHC Outstanding SharesPercentage Ownership
Market Value at $29.73 Columbia Share Price
Columbia shareholders78,863 37.9 %$2,344,600 
UHC shareholders129,378 62.1 %3,846,408 
Total208,241 100.0 %$6,191,008 

Next, the hypothetical number of shares UHC would have to issue to give Columbia shareholders the same percentage ownership in the combined company is calculated in the table below (based on shares of UHC common stock outstanding at February 28, 2023):
Hypothetical UHC Ownership
(in thousands)Number of UHC Outstanding SharesPercentage Ownership
Columbia shareholders132,365 37.9 %
UHC shareholders217,150 62.1 %
Total349,515 100.0 %

Finally, the purchase price for purposes of the transaction accounting adjustments is calculated based on the number of hypothetical shares of UHC common stock issued to Columbia shareholders, multiplied by the share price as demonstrated in the table below (amounts in thousands except per share data):
Number of hypothetical UHC common shares issued to Columbia shareholders132,365 
UHC market price per share as of February 28, 2023
$17.66 
Purchase price determination of hypothetical UHC shares issued to Columbia shareholders$2,337,567 
Cash in lieu of fractional shares$65 
Purchase price consideration$2,337,632 
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The following table provides the preliminary purchase price allocation as of the Merger Date and the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair value as of the Merger Date as recorded by the Company. The estimates of fair value were recorded based on initial valuations available at the Merger Date, and these estimates, including initial accounting for deferred taxes, are considered preliminary as of March 31, 2023 and subject to adjustment for up to one year after the Merger Date. In many cases, the determination of fair value required management to make estimates about discount rates, expected future cash flows, market conditions and other future events that are highly subjective in nature and subject to change. While the Company believes that the information available on the Merger Date provided a reasonable basis for estimating fair value, additional information may be obtained during the measurement period that would result in changes to the estimated fair value amounts. The measurement period ends on the earlier of one year after the Merger Date or the date the Company concludes that all necessary information about the facts and circumstances that existed as of the Merger Date have been obtained. Management anticipates that facts obtained during the measurement period could result in adjustments to the Merger Date valuation amounts presented herein.
(in thousands)
February 28, 2023
Purchase price consideration
Total merger consideration$2,337,632 
Fair value of assets acquired:
Cash and due from banks$274,587 
Investment securities6,225,271 
Loans held for sale2,358 
Loans and leases, net of allowance for loan and lease losses10,884,106 
Restricted equity securities101,760 
Premises and equipment203,270 
Other intangible assets710,230 
Deferred tax asset, net253,481 
Other assets571,753 
Total assets acquired$19,226,816 
Fair value of liabilities assumed:
Deposits$15,193,474 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase70,025 
Borrowings2,294,360 
Junior and other subordinated debentures20,310 
Other liabilities341,157 
Total liabilities assumed$17,919,326 
Net assets acquired$1,307,490 
Goodwill$1,030,142 

In connection with the Merger, the Company recorded approximately $1.0 billion of goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the assets acquired, net of fair value of liabilities assumed. Information regarding the allocation of goodwill recorded as a result of the acquisition, as well as the carrying amounts and amortization of core deposit and other intangible assets, are provided in Note 6 - Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. None of the goodwill recognized is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

The following is a description of the methods used to determine the fair values of significant assets and liabilities presented above.

Cash and due from banks: The carrying amount of these assets is a reasonable estimate of fair value based on the short-term nature of these assets.

Investment Securities: Fair values for investment securities are based on quoted market prices, where available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value estimates are based on observable inputs including quoted market prices for similar instruments, quoted market prices that are not in an active market or other inputs that are observable in the market. In the absence of observable inputs, fair value is estimated based on pricing models and/or discounted cash flow methodologies.

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Loans held for sale: The loans held for sale portfolio was recorded at fair value based on quotes or bids from third party investors.

Loans and leases: A valuation of the loans held for investment portfolio was performed by a third party as of the Merger Date to assess the fair value. The loans held for investment portfolio was segmented into three groups, including performing PCD loans, non-performing PCD loans and non-PCD loans. The loans were further pooled based on loan type and risk rating bands. The loans were valued at the loan level using a discounted cash flow analysis. The analysis included projecting cash flows based on the contractual terms of the loans and the cash flows were adjusted to reflect credit loss expectations along with prepayments. Discount rates were developed based on the relative risk of the cash flows, taking into consideration the loan type, market rates as of the valuation date, recent originations in the portfolio, credit loss expectations, and liquidity expectations. Lastly, cash flows adjusted for credit loss expectations were discounted to present value and summed to arrive at the fair value of the loans.

The Company is required to record PCD assets, defined as a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination or issuance, at the purchase price plus the allowance for credit losses expected at the time of acquisition. Under this method, there is no credit loss expense affecting net income on acquisition of PCD assets. Changes in estimates of expected credit losses after acquisition are recognized in subsequent periods as provision for credit losses (or recapture of credit losses) arises. Any non-credit discount or premium resulting from acquiring a pool of purchased financial assets with credit deterioration is allocated to each individual asset. At the acquisition date, the initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual assets to appropriately allocate any non-credit discount or premium. The non-credit discount or premium, after the adjustment for the allowance for credit losses, is accreted to interest income using the interest method based on the effective interest rate determined after the adjustment for credit losses at the adoption date.
Of the $10.9 billion net loans acquired, $402.8 million were identified as PCD assets on the Merger Date. The following table provides a summary of these PCD loans at acquisition:
(in thousands)
February 28, 2023
Principal of PCD loans acquired$478,648 
PCD ACL at acquisition(26,492)
Non-credit discount on PCD loans(49,337)
Fair value of PCD loans$402,819 

Premises and equipment: The fair values of premises are based on a market approach, by obtaining third-party appraisals and broker opinions of value for land, office and branch space.

Core deposit intangibles: Certain core deposits represents the low cost of funding acquired core deposits provide relative to the Company’s marginal cost of funds. The fair value was estimated based on a discounted cash flow methodology that gave consideration to expected customer attrition rates, net maintenance cost of the deposit base, alternative cost of funds, and the interest costs associated with customer deposits. The intangible assets are being amortized over 10 years using the sum of years digits, based upon the period over which estimated economic benefits are estimated to be received.

Deposits: The fair values used for the demand and savings deposits equal the amount payable on demand at the Merger Date. The fair values for time deposits are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered to the contractual interest rates on such time deposits.

Borrowings: The fair values of long-term debt instruments are estimated based on quoted market prices for the instrument if
available, or for similar instruments if not available, or by using discounted cash flow analyses, based on current incremental
borrowing rates for similar types of instruments.

The Company's operating results for three months ended March 31, 2023 include the operating results of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities of historical Columbia subsequent to the Merger Date. Disclosure of the amount of historical Columbia’s revenue and net income (excluding integration costs) included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations is impracticable due to the integration of the operations and accounting for the Merger.

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The following table shows the impact of the merger-related expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023:
Three Months Ended
(in thousands)March 31, 2023
Legal and professional$49,419 
Personnel21,455 
Premises and equipment21,265 
Charitable contributions20,000 
Other3,759 
Total merger-related expenses$115,898 

The following table presents unaudited pro forma information as if the Merger had occurred on January 1, 2022. The pro forma adjustments give effect to any change in interest income due to the accretion of the discount (premium) associated with the fair value adjustments to acquired loans and leases, any change in interest expense due to estimated premium amortization/discount accretion associated with the fair value adjustment to acquired interest-bearing deposits and long-term debt and the amortization of the core deposit intangible that would have resulted had the deposits been acquired as of January 1, 2022. The pro forma information is not indicative of what would have occurred had the Merger occurred as of the beginning of the year prior to the Merger Date. The pro forma amounts below do not reflect the Company's expectations as of the date of the pro forma information of further operating cost savings and other business synergies expected to be achieved, including revenue growth as a result of the Merger. As a result, actual amounts differed from the unaudited pro forma information presented.

Unaudited Pro Forma for the
Three Months Ended
(in thousands)
March 31, 2023
March 31, 2022
Net interest income$526,260 $470,055 
Non-interest income$88,572 $102,224 
Net income (1)
$217,135 $22,672 
(1) The 2023 pro forma net income was adjusted to exclude $143.9 million of merger-related costs, inclusive of historical Columbia merger related costs, incurred in 2023 and the 2022 pro forma net income was adjusted to include these costs.

Branch divestitures: Prior to the Merger Date, historical Columbia was required to divest certain branches to satisfy regulatory requirements in connection with the Merger. In January 2023, Columbia completed the divestiture of three branches and certain related assets and deposit liabilities to First Northern Bank of Dixon, a wholly-owned subsidiary of First Northern Community Bancorp. In February 2023, Columbia completed the divestiture of another seven branches and certain related assets and deposit liabilities to 1st Security Bank of Washington, a wholly-owned subsidiary of FS Bancorp, Inc. The income and expense associated with the operation of these branches prior to being divested have been excluded from the pro forma.

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Note 3 – Investment Securities 
 
The following tables present the amortized cost, unrealized gains, unrealized losses and approximate fair values of debt securities as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022: 
March 31, 2023
 (in thousands) Amortized CostUnrealized GainsUnrealized LossesFair Value
Available for sale:    
U.S. Treasury and agencies$1,584,480 $3,940 $(86,058)$1,502,362 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions1,086,982 21,327 (22,124)1,086,185 
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations
6,974,815 68,832 (382,594)6,661,053 
Total available for sale securities$9,646,277 $94,099 $(490,776)$9,249,600 
Held to maturity:    
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations
$2,432 $743 $— $3,175 
Total held to maturity securities$2,432 $743 $— $3,175 


December 31, 2022
 (in thousands) 
Amortized CostUnrealized GainsUnrealized LossesFair Value
Available for sale:    
U.S. Treasury and agencies$1,035,532 $— $(99,358)$936,174 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions297,610 231 (28,041)269,800 
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations
2,405,139 (414,950)1,990,192 
Total available for sale securities$3,738,281 $234 $(542,349)$3,196,166 
Held to maturity:    
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations
$2,476 $721 $— $3,197 
Total held to maturity securities$2,476 $721 $— $3,197 

The Company elected to exclude accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis of debt securities disclosed throughout this note. Interest accrued on investment securities totaled $34.8 million and $10.6 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and is included in Other Assets.

23

Debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are presented in the following tables, based on the length of time individual securities have been in an unrealized loss position.

March 31, 2023
Less than 12 Months12 Months or LongerTotal
  (in thousands) 
Fair ValueUnrealized LossesFair ValueUnrealized LossesFair ValueUnrealized Losses
Available for sale:      
U.S. Treasury and agencies$78,917 $3,513 $770,126 $82,545 $849,043 $86,058 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
59,926 425 129,513 21,699 189,439 22,124 
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations
174,883 3,083 1,912,276 379,511 2,087,159 382,594 
Total temporarily impaired securities$313,726 $7,021 $2,811,915 $483,755 $3,125,641 $490,776 


December 31, 2022
Less than 12 Months12 Months or LongerTotal
  (in thousands)
Fair ValueUnrealized LossesFair ValueUnrealized LossesFair ValueUnrealized Losses
Available for sale:      
U.S. Treasury and agencies$734,473 $71,967 $201,701 $27,391 $936,174 $99,358 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
160,078 10,037 60,381 18,004 220,459 28,041 
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations
592,032 61,813 1,398,061 353,137 1,990,093 414,950 
Total temporarily impaired securities$1,486,583 $143,817 $1,660,143 $398,532 $3,146,726 $542,349 

The number of individual debt securities in an unrealized loss position in the tables above decreased to 439 at March 31, 2023, as compared to 473 at December 31, 2022. These unrealized losses on the debt securities held by the Company were caused by changes in market interest rates or the widening of market spreads subsequent to the initial purchase of these securities and are not due to the underlying credit of the issuers. Management monitors the published credit ratings of the issuers of the debt securities for material rating or outlook changes. Substantially all of the Company's obligations of states and political subdivisions are general obligation issuances. Substantially all of the available for sale mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations portfolio in an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2023 are issued or guaranteed by government sponsored enterprises. Because the decline in fair value of the debt securities is attributable to changes in interest rates or widening market spreads and not credit quality, these investments do not have an allowance for credit losses at March 31, 2023.

The following table presents the contractual maturities of debt securities at March 31, 2023:  

Available For SaleHeld To Maturity
  (in thousands) 
Amortized CostFair ValueAmortized CostFair Value
Due within one year$46,775 $46,157 $— $— 
Due after one year through five years1,654,173 1,646,542 
Due after five years through ten years2,924,904 2,870,751 
Due after ten years5,020,425 4,686,150 2,426 3,169 
Total securities$9,646,277 $9,249,600 $2,432 $3,175 
24


The following table presents, as of March 31, 2023, investment securities which were pledged to secure borrowings, public deposits, and repurchase agreements as permitted or required by law: 
 (in thousands)Amortized CostFair Value
To state and local governments to secure public deposits$1,659,206 $1,529,789 
To secure repurchase agreements635,851 577,667 
Other securities pledged 2,564,019 2,375,610 
Total pledged securities$4,859,076 $4,483,066 

Note 4 – Loans and Leases  
 
The following table presents the major types of loans and leases, net of deferred fees and costs, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022: 
(in thousands)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Commercial real estate  
Non-owner occupied term, net$6,353,550 $3,894,840 
Owner occupied term, net5,156,848 2,567,761 
Multifamily, net5,590,587 5,285,791 
Construction & development, net1,467,561 1,077,346 
Residential development, net440,667 200,838 
Commercial
Term, net5,906,774 3,029,547 
Lines of credit & other, net2,184,762 960,054 
Leases & equipment finance, net1,746,267 1,706,172 
Residential
Mortgage, net6,187,964 5,647,035 
Home equity loans & lines, net1,870,002 1,631,965 
Consumer & other, net186,298 154,632 
Total loans and leases, net of deferred fees and costs$37,091,280 $26,155,981 
 
The Company elected to exclude accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis of loans disclosed throughout this footnote. Interest accrued on loans totaled $139.0 million and $86.8 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and is included in Other Assets. As of March 31, 2023, loans totaling $19.0 billion were pledged to secure borrowings and available lines of credit.

Originated loans are reported at the principal amount outstanding, net of unearned interest and deferred fees and costs, and any partial charge-offs recorded. Purchased loans are recorded at fair value at the date of purchase. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the net deferred fees and costs were $83.7 million and $84.7 million, respectively.

The Company evaluates purchased loans for more-than-insignificant deterioration at the date of purchase. Purchased loans that have experienced more-than-insignificant deterioration from origination are considered PCD loans. All other purchased loans are considered non-PCD loans. Total discounts on acquired loans were $711.7 million and $6.1 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The outstanding contractual unpaid principal balance of PCD loans, excluding acquisition accounting adjustments, was $520.7 million as of March 31, 2023. The carrying balance of PCD loans was $467.8 million at March 31, 2023.

The Bank, through its commercial equipment leasing subsidiary, FinPac, is a provider of commercial equipment leasing and financing. Direct finance leases are included within the leases and equipment finance segment within the loans and leases, net line item. These direct financing leases typically have terms of three to five years. Interest income recognized on these leases was $4.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to $5.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

25

Note 5 – Allowance for Credit Losses

Allowance for Credit Losses Methodology

The ACL represents management's estimate of lifetime credit losses for assets within its scope, specifically loans and leases and unfunded commitments. To calculate the ACL, management uses models to estimate the PD and LGD for loans utilizing inputs that include forecasted future economic conditions and that are dependent upon specific macroeconomic variables relevant to each of the Bank's loan and lease portfolios. Moody's Analytics, a third party, provided the historical and forward-looking macroeconomic data utilized in the models used to calculate the ACL.

In calculating ACL, the Bank considered the financial and economic environment at the time of assessment and economic scenarios that differed in the levels of severity and sensitivity to the ACL results. At each measurement date, the Bank selects the scenario that reflects its view of future economic conditions and is determined to be the most probable outcome.

All forecasts are updated for each variable where applicable and incorporated as relevant into the ACL calculation. Actual credit loss results and the timing thereof will differ from the estimate of credit losses, either in a strong economy or a recession, as the portfolio will change through time due to growth, risk mitigation actions and other factors. In addition, the scenarios used will differ and change through time as economic conditions change. Economic scenarios might not capture deterioration or improvement in the economy timely enough for the Bank to be able to adequately address the impact to the ACL.

Select macroeconomic variables are projected over the forecast period, and they could have a material impact in determining the ACL. As the length of the forecast period increases, information about the future becomes less readily available and projections are inherently less certain.

The following is a discussion of the changes in the factors that influenced management's current estimate of expected credit losses. The changes in the ACL estimate for all portfolio segments, during the three months ended March 31, 2023, were primarily related to the initial provision booked at the Merger Date for the acquired Columbia loan portfolio and changes in the economic assumptions. Because of the uncertain economic environment, the Bank opted to use Moody's Analytics' February baseline economic forecast for estimating the ACL as of March 31, 2023.

In the baseline scenario selected, the probability that the economy will perform better than this baseline is equal to the probability that it will perform worse and included the following factors:
U.S. real GDP average annualized growth of 1.3% in 2023, 2.2% in 2024, 2.7% in 2025, and 2.6% in 2026;
U.S. unemployment rate average of 3.5% in 2023, 3.9% in 2024, 4.0% in 2025, and 4.1% 2026;
The forecasted average federal funds rate is expected to be 4.8% in 2023, 4.2% in 2024, 3.2% 2025 and 2.5% in 2026.

The Bank uses an additional scenario that differs in terms of severity within the variables, both favorable and unfavorable, to assess the sensitivity in the ACL results and to inform qualitative adjustments. The Bank selected the Moody's Analytics' February S2 scenario for this analysis. In the scenario selected, there is a 75% probability that the economy will perform better, broadly speaking, and a 25% probability that it will perform worse; and the scenario includes the following factors:
The combination of supply-side shortages, rising political tensions, still-high inflation, and still-elevated interest rates causes the economy to fall into recession in the second quarter of 2023. The decline lasts for three quarters and the peak-to-trough decline is 0.9%. The unemployment rate rises to a peak of 6.4% in early 2024;
Because the Fed remains concerned about inflation, it keeps the fed funds rate elevated, though it is slightly below the baseline because of the weakening economy. Worries grow that China might block the Taiwan Strait, limiting the supply of semiconductor chips from Taiwan and raising fears of a wider war. Business and consumer confidence fall;
The supply-chain shortages weaken manufacturing and also keep inflation elevated;
U.S. real GDP average annualized growth of 0.4% in 2023, 0.4% in 2024, 3.2% in 2025, and 3.1% in 2026;
U.S. unemployment rate average of 4.8% in 2023, 5.8% in 2024, 4.2% in 2025, and 4.1% in 2026;
The forecasted average federal funds rate is expected to be 4.6% in 2023, 3.1% in 2024, 2.1% in 2025 and 2.4% in 2026.

The results using the comparison scenario as well as changes to the macroeconomic variables subsequent to selected February economic forecast scenarios for sensitivity analysis were reviewed by management and were considered when evaluating the qualitative factor adjustments.

26

The ACL is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar characteristics exist. The Company has selected models at the portfolio level using a risk-based approach, with larger, more complex portfolios having more complex models. Except as noted below, the macroeconomic variables that are inputs to the models are reasonable and supportable over the life of the loans in that they reasonably project the key economic variables in the near term and then converge to a long run equilibrium trend. These models produce reasonable and supportable estimates of loss over the life of the loans as the projected credit losses will also converge to a steady state in line with the variables applied. The Company measures the ACL using the following methods:

Commercial Real Estate: Non-owner occupied commercial real estate, multifamily, and construction loans are analyzed using a model that uses four primary property variables: net operating income, property value, property type, and location. For PD estimation, the model simulates potential future paths of net operating income given commercial real estate market factors determined from macroeconomic and regional commercial real estate forecasts. Using the resulting expected debt service coverage ratios, together with predicted loan-to-values and other variables, the model estimates PD from the range of conditional possibilities. In addition, the model estimates maturity PD capturing refinance default risk to produce a total PD for the loan. The model estimates LGD, inclusive of principal loss and liquidation expenses, empirically using predicted loan-to-value as well as certain market and other factors. The LGD calculation also includes a separate maturity risk component. The primary economic drivers in the model are GDP growth, U.S. unemployment rate, and 10-Year Treasury yield. These economic drivers are translated into a forecast provided by Moody's Analytics' REIS of real estate metrics, such as rental rates, vacancies, and cap rates. The model produces PD and LGD on a quarter-by-quarter basis for the life of loan.

The owner-occupied commercial real-estate portfolio utilizes a top-down macroeconomic model using linear regression. This model produces portfolio level quarterly net charge-off rates for 10 years and carries forward the last quarter's expected loss percentage projection to remaining periods. The primary economic drivers for this model are CRE price index and a five-state average unemployment rate.

Commercial: Non-homogeneous commercial loans and leases and residential development loans are analyzed in a multi-step process. An initial PD is estimated using a model driven by an obligor's selected financial statement ratios, together with cycle-adjusting information based on the obligor's state and industry. An initial LGD is derived separately based on collateral type using collateral value and a haircut to reflect the loss in liquidation. Another model then applies an auto-regression technique to the initial PD and LGD metrics to estimate the PD and LGD curves according to the macroeconomic scenario over a one-year reasonable and supportable forecast. The primary economic drivers in the model are the S&P 500 Stock Price Index, S&P 500 Market Volatility Index, U.S. unemployment rate, as well as appropriate yield curves and credit spreads. This model utilizes output reversion methodology, which, after one year, reverts on a straight-line basis over two years to long-term PD estimated using financial statement ratios of each obligor.

The model for the homogeneous lease and equipment finance agreement portfolio uses lease and equipment finance agreement information, such as origination and performance, as well as macroeconomic variables to calculate PD and LGD values. The PD calculation is based on survival analysis while LGD is calculated using a two-step regression. The model calculates LGD using an estimate of the probability that a defaulted lease or equipment finance agreement will have a loss, and an estimate of the loss amount. The primary economic drivers for the model are GDP, U.S. unemployment rate, and a home price growth index. The model produces PD and LGD curves at the lease or equipment finance agreement level for each month in the forecast horizon.

Residential: The models for residential real estate and HELOCs utilize loan level variables, such as origination and performance, as well as macroeconomic variables to calculate PD and LGD. The U.S. unemployment rate and home price growth rate indexes are primary economic drivers in both the residential real estate and HELOC models. In addition, the prime rate is also a primary driver in the HELOC model. The models focus on establishing an empirical relationship between default probabilities and a set of loan-level, borrower, and macroeconomic credit risk drivers. The LGD calculation for residential real estate is based on an estimate of the probability that a defaulted loan will have a loss, and then an estimate of the loss amount. HELOCs utilize the same model using residential real estate LGD values to assign loans to cohorts based on FICO scores and loan age. The model produces PD and LGD curves at the loan level for each quarter in the forecast horizon.

Consumer: Historical net charge-off information as well as economic forecast assumptions are used to project loss rates for the Consumer segment.

All loans and leases that have not been modeled receive a loss rate via an extrapolated rate methodology. The loans and leases receiving an extrapolated rate include loans acquired through the Merger, newly originated loans and leases, and loans and leases without the granularity of data necessary to be modeled. Based on the vintage year, credit classification, and reporting category of the modeled loans and leases, a loss factor is calculated and applied to the non-modeled loans and leases. The results are evaluated qualitatively to ensure reasonability and compliance with CECL.
27


Along with the quantitative factors produced by the above models, management also considers prepayment speeds and qualitative factors when determining the ACL. The Company uses a prepayment model that forecasts the constant prepayment rates based on institution specific data for the commercial real estate, commercial and industrial and consumer portfolios and a forward curve approach that changes with macro-economic input variables for the residential and leases portfolios. Below are the nine qualitative factors considered where applicable:

Changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices not considered elsewhere in estimating credit losses.
Changes in national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of the portfolio, including the condition of various market segments.
Changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and in the terms of loans and leases.
Changes in the experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff.
Changes in the volume and severity of past due loans and leases, the volume of non-accrual loans and leases, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded loans and leases.
Changes in the quality of the Bank's credit review system.
Changes in the value of the underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans and leases.
The existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of such concentrations.
The effect of other external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the Bank's existing portfolio.

The Company evaluated each qualitative factor as of March 31, 2023, and concluded that a material adjustment to the amounts indicated by the models was not necessary as the models adequately reflected the significant changes in credit conditions and overall portfolio risk.

Loss factors from the models, prepayment speeds, and qualitative factors are input into the Company's CECL accounting application which aggregates the information. The Company then uses two methods to calculate the current expected credit loss: 1) the DCF method, which is used for all loans except lines of credit and 2) the non-DCF method which is used for lines of credit due to difficulty of calculating an effective interest rate when lines have yet to be drawn on. The DCF method utilizes the effective interest rate of individual assets to discount the expected credit losses adjusted for prepayments. The difference in the net present value and the amortized cost of the asset will result in the required allowance. The non-DCF method uses the exposure at default, along with the expected credit losses adjusted for prepayments to calculate the required allowance.

28

The following tables summarize activity related to the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
(in thousands)Commercial Real EstateCommercialResidentialConsumer & OtherTotal
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases
Balance, beginning of period$77,813 $167,135 $50,329 $5,858 $301,135 
Initial ACL on PCD loans acquired during the period8,736 17,204 454 98 26,492 
Provision for credit losses for loans and leases (1)
24,483 70,997 9,955 1,063 106,498 
Charge-offs— (19,248)(248)(773)(20,269)
Recoveries58 3,058 123 369 3,608 
Net recoveries (charge-offs)58 (16,190)(125)(404)(16,661)
Balance, end of period$111,090 $239,146 $60,613 $6,615 $417,464 
Reserve for unfunded commitments
Balance, beginning of period$7,207 $3,049 $3,196 $769 $14,221 
Initial ACL recorded for unfunded commitments acquired during the period2,257 3,066 268 176 5,767 
(Recapture) provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments(1,059)266 (144)(22)(959)
Balance, end of period8,405 6,381 3,320 923 19,029 
Total allowance for credit losses$119,495 $245,527 $63,933 $7,538 $436,493 
(1) Includes $88.4 million initial provision related to non-PCD loans acquired during the period.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
(in thousands)Commercial Real EstateCommercialResidentialConsumer & OtherTotal
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases
Balance, beginning of period$99,075 $117,573 $29,068 $2,696 $248,412 
(Recapture) provision for credit losses for loans and leases(7,462)8,812 2,872 1,474 5,696 
Charge-offs— (7,858)(167)(885)(8,910)
Recoveries25 2,545 173 623 3,366 
Net recoveries (charge-offs)25 (5,313)(262)(5,544)
Balance, end of period$91,638 $121,072 $31,946 $3,908 $248,564 
Reserve for unfunded commitments
Balance, beginning of period$8,461 $2,028 $1,957 $321 $12,767 
Provision (recapture) for credit losses on unfunded commitments277 (408)236 46 151 
Balance, end of period8,738 1,620 2,193 367 12,918 
Total allowance for credit losses$100,376 $122,692 $34,139 $4,275 $261,482 

29

Asset Quality and Non-Performing Loans and Leases

The Bank manages asset quality and controls credit risk through diversification of the loan and lease portfolio and the application of policies designed to promote sound underwriting and loan and lease monitoring practices. The Bank's Credit Quality Administration department is charged with monitoring asset quality, establishing credit policies and procedures, and enforcing the consistent application of these policies and procedures across the Bank. Reviews of non-performing, past due loans and leases and larger credits, designed to identify potential charges to the allowance for credit losses, and to determine the adequacy of the allowance, are conducted on an ongoing basis. These reviews consider such factors as the financial strength of borrowers, the value of the applicable collateral, loan and lease loss experience, estimated loan and lease losses, growth in the loan and lease portfolio, prevailing economic conditions, and other factors.

Loans and Leases Past Due and Non-Accrual Loans and Leases

Typically, loans in a non-accrual status will not have an allowance for credit loss as they will be written down to their net realizable value or charged-off. However, the net realizable value for homogeneous leases and equipment finance agreements is determined by the LGD calculated by the CECL model and therefore leases and equipment finance agreements on non-accrual will have an allowance for credit losses until they become 181 days past due, at which time they are charged-off. The Company recognized no interest income on non-accrual loans and leases during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following tables present the carrying value of the loans and leases past due, by loan and lease class, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
March 31, 2023
(in thousands)Greater than 30 to 59 Days Past Due60 to 89 Days Past Due 90 Days or More and AccruingTotal Past Due
Non-Accrual (1)
CurrentTotal Loans and Leases
Commercial real estate
Non-owner occupied term, net$2,929 $683 $— $3,612 $4,016 $6,345,922 $6,353,550 
Owner occupied term, net1,190 738 1,929 11,596 5,143,323 5,156,848 
Multifamily, net— — — — — 5,590,587 5,590,587 
Construction & development, net— — — — — 1,467,561 1,467,561 
Residential development, net— — — — — 440,667 440,667 
Commercial
Term, net3,451 1,550 93 5,094 9,640 5,892,040 5,906,774 
Lines of credit & other, net1,996 1,213 58 3,267 1,681 2,179,814 2,184,762 
Leases & equipment finance, net28,956 16,253 — 45,209 30,980 1,670,078 1,746,267 
Residential
Mortgage, net (2)
7,993 5,112 20,867 33,972 — 6,153,992 6,187,964 
Home equity loans & lines, net3,843 2,024 1,958 7,825 — 1,862,177 1,870,002 
Consumer & other, net470 240 140 850 — 185,448 186,298 
Total, net of deferred fees and costs$50,828 $27,813 $23,117 $101,758 $57,913 $36,931,609 $37,091,280 
(1) Loans and leases on non-accrual with an amortized cost basis of $57.9 million had a related allowance for credit losses of $30.4 million at March 31, 2023.
(2) Includes government guaranteed mortgage loans that Columbia has the right but not the obligation to repurchase that are past due 90 days or more, totaling $5.4 million at March 31, 2023.

30

December 31, 2022
(in thousands)Greater than 30 to 59 Days Past Due60 to 89 Days Past Due90 Days or More and AccruingTotal Past Due
Non-Accrual (1)
Current and OtherTotal Loans and Leases
Commercial real estate
Non-owner occupied term, net$811 $538 $— $1,349 $2,963 $3,890,528 $3,894,840 
Owner occupied term, net168 50 219 2,048 2,565,494 2,567,761 
Multifamily, net— — — — — 5,285,791 5,285,791 
Construction & development, net— — — — — 1,077,346 1,077,346 
Residential development, net— — — — — 200,838 200,838 
Commercial
Term, net1,241 1,489 19 2,749 5,303 3,021,495 3,029,547 
Lines of credit & other, net514 419 937 — 959,117 960,054 
Leases & equipment finance, net19,929 23,288 7,886 51,103 20,388 1,634,681 1,706,172 
Residential
Mortgage, net (2)
847 10,619 24,943 36,409 — 5,610,626 5,647,035 
Home equity loans & lines, net2,808 1,526 1,569 5,903 — 1,626,062 1,631,965 
Consumer & other, net446 200 134 780 — 153,852 154,632 
Total, net of deferred fees and costs$26,764 $38,129 $34,556 $99,449 $30,702 $26,025,830 $26,155,981 
(1) Loans and leases on non-accrual with an amortized cost basis of $30.7 million had a related allowance for credit losses of $17.5 million at December 31, 2022.
(2) Includes government guaranteed mortgage loans that Columbia has the right but not the obligation to repurchase that are past due 90 days or more, totaling $6.6 million at December 31, 2022.

31

Collateral Dependent Loans and Leases

Loans are classified as collateral dependent when it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal and interest when due, and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. There have been no significant changes in the level of collateralization from the prior periods. The following table summarizes the amortized cost basis of the collateral dependent loans and leases by the type of collateral securing the assets as of March 31, 2023:
(in thousands)Residential Real EstateCommercial Real Estate General Business AssetsOtherTotal
Commercial real estate
  Non-owner occupied term, net$— $3,639 $— $— $3,639 
  Owner occupied term, net— 11,168 — — 11,168 
Commercial
   Term, net2,324 687 3,737 316 7,064 
   Line of credit & other, net— 447 760 88 1,295 
   Leases & equipment finance, net— — 30,980 — 30,980 
Residential
   Mortgage, net41,133 — — — 41,133 
   Home equity loans & lines, net3,057 — — — 3,057 
Total, net of deferred fees and costs$46,514 $15,941 $35,477 $404 $98,336 

Loan and Lease Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

In January 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-02, which eliminated the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. This guidance was applied on a prospective basis. Upon adoption of this guidance, the Company no longer establishes a specific reserve for modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Instead, these modifications are included in their respective cohort and a historical loss rate is applied to the current loan balance to arrive at the quantitative baseline portion of the allowance.

Modifications to borrowers in financial difficulty may include term extensions, interest rate reductions, principal or interest forgiveness, or an other-than-insignificant payment delay. In some cases, the Company provides multiple types of concessions on one loan. Typically, one type of concession, such as a term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another concession, such as principal forgiveness, may be granted. For the loans included in the "combination" columns below, multiple types of modifications have been made on the same loan within the current reporting period. The combination is at least two of the following: term extension, principal forgiveness, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, or an interest rate reduction.

32

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans at March 31, 2023, that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the three months ended March 31, 2023, by class and type of modification. The percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified to borrowers in financial distress as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable is also presented below.
(in thousands)Term ExtensionOther -Than-Insignificant Payment DelayCombination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term ExtensionCombination - Term Extension and Principal ForgivenessCombination - Principal forgiveness and other than insignificant payment delay% of total class of financing receivable
Commercial
  Lines of credit & other, net$1,355 $— $— $— $— 0.06 %
  Leases & equipment finance, net— 429 — — — 0.02 %
Residential
  Mortgage, net— — — 1,938 8,987 0.18 %
  Home equity loans & lines, net— — 207 — — 0.01 %
Total loans and leases experiencing financial difficulty$1,355 $429 $207 $1,938 $8,987 0.03 %

Type of ModificationLoan TypeFinancial Effect
Term extensionLines of credit & other, net
Added a weighted average 10 months to the life of the loans, which reduced monthly payments for the borrowers
Other-than-insignificant payment delayLeases & equipment finance, net
Delayed payment for 9 months
Combination - term extension and principal forgivenessHome equity loans & lines, net
Added a weighted average 7.1 years to the life of the loan and decreased the weighted average interest rate by 3.24%.
Combination - term extension and principal forgivenessMortgage, net
Added a weighted average 13.3 years to the life of the loan and deferred $179,000 of principal payments at the maturity of the loan.
Combination - principal forgiveness and other-than-insignificant payment delayMortgage, net
Deferred $320,000 of principal payments at the maturity of the loan.

The Company closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. All modified loans are current and there were no loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, that subsequently defaulted.

33

Credit Quality Indicators

Management regularly reviews loans and leases in the portfolio to assess credit quality indicators and to determine appropriate loan classification and grading. In addition, the Company's board of directors reviews and approves the credit quality indicators each year. The Bank differentiates its lending portfolios into homogeneous and non-homogeneous loans and leases. Homogeneous loans and leases are initially risk rated on a single risk rating scale based on the past due status of the loan or lease. Homogeneous loans and leases that have risk-based modifications or forbearances enter into an alternative elevated risk rating scale that freezes the elevated risk rating and requires six consecutive months of scheduled payments without delinquency before the loan or lease can return to the delinquency-based risk rating scale. Homogeneous loans and leases with other defined risk factors such as confirmed bankruptcy, business closure, death of a guarantor or fraud will be set to a floor substandard rating.

The Bank's risk rating methodology for its non-homogeneous loans and leases uses a dual risk rating approach to assess the credit risk. This approach uses two scales to provide a comprehensive assessment of credit default risk and recovery risk. The probability of default scale measures a borrower's credit default risk using risk ratings ranging from 1 to 16, where a higher rating represents higher risk. For non-homogeneous loans and leases, PD ratings of 1 through 9 are "pass" grades, while PD ratings of 10 and 11 are "watch" grades. PD ratings of 12-16 correspond to the regulatory-defined categories of special mention (12), substandard (13-14), doubtful (15), and loss (16). The loss given default scale measures the amount of loss that may not be recovered in the event of a default, using six alphabetic ratings from A-F, where a higher rating represents higher risk. The LGD scale quantifies recovery risk associated with an event of default and predicts the amount of loss that would be incurred on a loan or lease if a borrower were to experience a major default and includes variables that may be external to the borrower, such as industry, geographic location, and credit cycle stage. It could also include variables specific to the loan or lease, including collateral valuation, covenant structure and debt type. The product of the borrower's PD and a loan or lease LGD is the loan or lease expected loss, expressed as a percentage. This provides a common language of credit risk across different loans.

The PD scale estimates the likelihood that a borrower will experience a major default on any of its debt obligations within a specified time period. Examples of major defaults include payments 90 days or more past due, non-accrual classification, bankruptcy filing, or a full or partial charge-off of a loan or lease. As such, the PD scale represents the credit quality indicator for non-homogeneous loans and leases.

The credit quality indicator rating categories follow regulatory classification and can be generally described by the following groupings for loans and leases:

Pass/Watch—A pass loan or lease is a loan or lease with a credit risk level acceptable to the Bank for extending credit and maintaining normal credit monitoring. A watch loan or lease is considered pass rated but has a heightened level of unacceptable default risk due to an emerging risk element or declining performance trend. Watch ratings are expected to be temporary, with issues resolved or manifested to the extent that a higher or lower risk rating would be appropriate within a short period of time.

Special Mention—A special mention loan or lease has potential weaknesses that deserve management's close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the institution's credit position at some future date. These borrowers have an elevated probability of default but not to the point of a substandard classification.

Substandard—A substandard loan or lease is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans and leases classified as substandard have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful—Loans or leases classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, based on currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loss—Loans or leases classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted.
34

The following tables represent the amortized costs basis of the loans and leases by credit classification and vintage year by loan and lease class of financing receivable as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
(in thousands)Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination YearRevolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving to Non-Revolving Loans Amortized Cost
March 31, 202320232022202120202019PriorTotal
Commercial real estate:
Non-owner occupied term, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$124,614 $1,285,216 $1,161,873 $675,468 $818,898 $2,053,533 $57,328 $21,308 $6,198,238 
Special mention— 1,176 3,276 1,449 10,506 17,329 — 1,431 35,167 
Substandard— 451 — 1,599 19,446 93,831 — 4,608 119,935 
Doubtful— — — — — 197 — — 197 
Loss— — — — — 13 — — 13 
Total non-owner occupied term, net$124,614 $1,286,843 $1,165,149 $678,516 $848,850 $2,164,903 $57,328 $27,347 $6,353,550 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — — — — 
Owner occupied term, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$114,598 $1,193,947 $1,054,672 $481,430 $592,964 $1,502,448 $56,923 $31,581 $5,028,563 
Special mention296 462 21,989 3,991 11,299 22,274 — — 60,311 
Substandard— 2,091 5,245 17,714 19,496 22,201 71 — 66,818 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — 1,052 104 — — 1,156 
Total owner occupied term, net$114,894 $1,196,500 $1,081,906 $503,135 $624,811 $1,547,027 $56,994 $31,581 $5,156,848 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — — — — 
Multifamily, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$13,039 $2,034,323 $1,617,754 $412,892 $616,116 $841,765 $42,973 $8,852 $5,587,714 
Special mention— — 1,297 — — — — — 1,297 
Substandard— — — — — 1,576 — — 1,576 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total multifamily, net$13,039 $2,034,323 $1,619,051 $412,892 $616,116 $843,341 $42,973 $8,852 $5,590,587 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — — — — 
Construction & development, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$36,112 $430,366 $669,754 $183,298 $94,147 $36,895 $13,685 $1,586 $1,465,843 
Special mention— — — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — — — — 1,718 — — 1,718 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total construction & development, net$36,112 $430,366 $669,754 $183,298 $94,147 $38,613 $13,685 $1,586 $1,467,561 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — — — — 
35

(in thousands)Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination YearRevolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving to Non-Revolving Loans Amortized Cost
March 31, 202320232022202120202019PriorTotal
Residential development, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$13,358 $129,916 $56,067 $3,334 $— $1,842 $234,748 $1,402 $440,667 
Special mention— — — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — — — — — — — — 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total residential development, net$13,358 $129,916 $56,067 $3,334 $— $1,842 $234,748 $1,402 $440,667 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — — — — 
Total commercial real estate$302,017 $5,077,948 $4,591,927 $1,781,175 $2,183,924 $4,595,726 $405,728 $70,768 $19,009,213 
Commercial:
Term, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$148,566 $1,329,643 $1,113,593 $449,838 $337,845 $755,284 $1,323,569 $188,984 $5,647,322 
Special mention— 38,165 47,723 331 4,457 10,658 — 887 102,221 
Substandard— 5,006 9,425 4,464 17,472 39,141 60,731 18,752 154,991 
Doubtful— — 120 700 — 317 — 47 1,184 
Loss— — 18 — — 1,006 — 32 1,056 
Total term, net$148,566 $1,372,814 $1,170,879 $455,333 $359,774 $806,406 $1,384,300 $208,702 $5,906,774 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs— 13 — — — 22 — — 35 
Lines of credit & other, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$54,159 $112,845 $49,633 $13,090 $34,820 $12,208 $1,740,319 $52,498 $2,069,572 
Special mention1,673 1,969 — — — — 72,892 481 77,015 
Substandard— — — — — 8,079 20,114 9,640 37,833 
Doubtful— — — — — — 99 210 309 
Loss— — — — — — — 33 33 
Total lines of credit & other, net$55,832 $114,814 $49,633 $13,090 $34,820 $20,287 $1,833,424 $62,862 $2,184,762 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — 193 286 479 
Leases & equipment finance, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$245,504 $709,291 $317,866 $161,083 $127,018 $86,193 $— $— $1,646,955 
Special mention173 16,040 9,755 3,545 2,356 838 — — 32,707 
Substandard584 13,072 6,508 2,445 2,047 962 — — 25,618 
Doubtful12 16,080 12,945 4,107 2,554 825 — — 36,523 
Loss— 2,192 1,196 541 390 145 — — 4,464 
Total leases & equipment finance, net$246,273 $756,675 $348,270 $171,721 $134,365 $88,963 $— $— $1,746,267 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs6,326 7,058 2,228 1,788 1,332 — — 18,734 
Total commercial$450,671 $2,244,303 $1,568,782 $640,144 $528,959 $915,656 $3,217,724 $271,564 $9,837,803 
36

(in thousands)Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination YearRevolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving to Non-Revolving Loans Amortized Cost
March 31, 202320232022202120202019PriorTotal
Residential:
Mortgage, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$17,122 $1,689,103 $2,623,063 $538,990 $472,233 $818,883 $— $— $6,159,394 
Special mention— 688 2,158 1,624 2,132 6,503 — — 13,105 
Substandard— — 1,001 918 1,328 9,456 — — 12,703 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — 329 863 154 1,416 — — 2,762 
Total mortgage, net$17,122 $1,689,791 $2,626,551 $542,395 $475,847 $836,258 $— $— $6,187,964 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — — — — 
Home equity loans & lines, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$238 $1,087 $762 $— $32 $9,486 $1,811,602 $39,164 $1,862,371 
Special mention— — — — — 97 4,193 1,577 5,867 
Substandard— — — — — 60 360 304 724 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — 32 650 358 1,040 
Total home equity loans & lines, net$238 $1,087 $762 $— $32 $9,675 $1,816,805 $41,403 $1,870,002 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — 248 — 248 
Total residential$17,360 $1,690,878 $2,627,313 $542,395 $475,879 $845,933 $1,816,805 $41,403 $8,057,966 
Consumer & other, net:
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$18,382 $21,474 $9,523 $6,931 $5,812 $7,741 $113,244 $2,343 $185,450 
Special mention— 51 11 53 37 69 371 117 709 
Substandard— — — — 28 87 129 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — 10 
Total consumer & other, net$18,382 $21,530 $9,534 $6,984 $5,849 $7,845 $113,705 $2,469 $186,298 
Current YTD period:
Gross charge-offs507 17 18 124 93 773 
Grand total$788,430 $9,034,659 $8,797,556 $2,970,698 $3,194,611 $6,365,160 $5,553,962 $386,204 $37,091,280 

37


(in thousands)Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination YearRevolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving to Non-Revolving Loans Amortized Cost
December 31, 202220222021202020192018PriorTotal
Commercial real estate:
Non-owner occupied term, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$726,865 $746,833 $389,476 $590,571 $404,905 $968,254 $4,327 $4,442 $3,835,673 
Special mention1,185 — 1,482 4,597 4,002 4,603 — — 15,869 
Substandard452 — — 311 34,393 8,129 — — 43,285 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — 13 — — 13 
Total non-owner occupied term, net$728,502 $746,833 $390,958 $595,479 $443,300 $980,999 $4,327 $4,442 $3,894,840 
Owner occupied term, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$660,479 $544,011 $183,996 $307,944 $211,539 $585,740 $4,552 $117 $2,498,378 
Special mention2,091 20,328 239 3,279 9,527 19,562 — — 55,026 
Substandard— — 404 660 1,356 11,833 — — 14,253 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — 104 — — 104 
Total owner occupied term, net$662,570 $564,339 $184,639 $311,883 $222,422 $617,239 $4,552 $117 $2,567,761 
Multifamily, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$1,944,714 $1,556,986 $364,306 $618,523 $219,260 $496,628 $82,467 $2,907 $5,285,791 
Special mention— — — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — — — — — — — — 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total multifamily, net$1,944,714 $1,556,986 $364,306 $618,523 $219,260 $496,628 $82,467 $2,907 $5,285,791 
Construction & development, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$248,437 $505,680 $205,577 $83,808 $— $18,183 $2,393 $— $1,064,078 
Special mention— 13,268 — — — — — — 13,268 
Substandard— — — — — — — — — 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total construction & development, net$248,437 $518,948 $205,577 $83,808 $— $18,183 $2,393 $— $1,077,346 
Residential development, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$38,662 $20,609 $417 $— $— $— $141,150 $— $200,838 
Special mention— — — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — — — — — — — — 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total residential development, net$38,662 $20,609 $417 $— $— $— $141,150 $— $200,838 
Total commercial real estate$3,622,885 $3,407,715 $1,145,897 $1,609,693 $884,982 $2,113,049 $234,889 $7,466 $13,026,576 
38

(in thousands)Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination YearRevolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving to Non-Revolving Loans Amortized Cost
December 31, 202220222021202020192018PriorTotal
Commercial:
Term, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$792,764 $643,930 $174,188 $156,068 $130,309 $278,695 $744,193 $44,033 $2,964,180 
Special mention— 1,138 100 1,488 935 — 411 4,075 
Substandard16,424 1,403 1,362 1,358 10,619 2,211 27,240 — 60,617 
Doubtful— — 675 — — — — — 675 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total term, net$809,188 $646,471 $176,228 $157,526 $142,416 $281,841 $771,433 $44,444 $3,029,547 
Lines of credit & other, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$57,715 $6,271 $4,660 $13,304 $8,653 $1,257 $813,110 $36,573 $941,543 
Special mention— — — — — — 5,833 1,933 7,766 
Substandard— 314 — — — 1,102 6,031 3,294 10,741 
Doubtful— — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — 
Total lines of credit & other, net$57,715 $6,585 $4,660 $13,304 $8,653 $2,359 $824,977 $41,801 $960,054 
Leases & equipment finance, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$812,537 $362,612 $190,507 $149,667 $62,292 $40,328 $— $— $1,617,943 
Special mention9,840 8,403 2,902 2,423 665 182 — — 24,415 
Substandard11,531 8,165 3,452 2,697 1,477 177 — — 27,499 
Doubtful11,822 13,034 4,326 3,419 1,211 197 — — 34,009 
Loss1,243 505 275 236 28 19 — — 2,306 
Total leases & equipment finance, net$846,973 $392,719 $201,462 $158,442 $65,673 $40,903 $— $— $1,706,172 
Total commercial$1,713,876 $1,045,775 $382,350 $329,272 $216,742 $325,103 $1,596,410 $86,245 $5,695,773 
Residential:
Mortgage, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$1,465,067 $2,389,861 $485,576 $471,416 $143,611 $661,715 $— $— $5,617,246 
Special mention307 1,351 1,203 2,365 752 5,487 — — 11,465 
Substandard— 1,664 1,041 2,693 2,015 9,907 — — 17,320 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— 561 — 193 193 57 — — 1,004 
Total mortgage, net$1,465,374 $2,393,437 $487,820 $476,667 $146,571 $677,166 $— $— $5,647,035 
Home equity loans & lines, net
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$1,117 $630 $— $— $16 $7,320 $1,584,200 $32,778 $1,626,061 
Special mention— — — — — 79 3,208 1,047 4,334 
Substandard— — — — — 53 557 154 764 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — 357 449 806 
Total home equity loans & lines, net$1,117 $630 $— $— $16 $7,452 $1,588,322 $34,428 $1,631,965 
Total residential$1,466,491 $2,394,067 $487,820 $476,667 $146,587 $684,618 $1,588,322 $34,428 $7,279,000 
39

(in thousands)Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination YearRevolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving to Non-Revolving Loans Amortized Cost
December 31, 202220222021202020192018PriorTotal
Consumer & other, net:
Credit quality indicator:
Pass/Watch$22,959 $7,990 $6,701 $6,232 $2,626 $4,436 $102,465 $442 $153,851 
Special mention— 27 14 42 66 371 122 648 
Substandard— — 32 47 25 123 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — 10 
Total consumer & other, net$22,965 $7,999 $6,729 $6,255 $2,668 $4,541 $102,886 $589 $154,632 
Grand total$6,826,217 $6,855,556 $2,022,796 $2,421,887 $1,250,979 $3,127,311 $3,522,507 $128,728 $26,155,981 

Note 6 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
At March 31, 2023, Columbia had recorded $1.0 billion in goodwill related to the Merger, as compared to no goodwill at December 31, 2022. Goodwill represents the excess of the total acquisition price paid over the fair value of the assets acquired, net of fair value of liabilities assumed. Additional information on the Merger and purchase price allocations is provided in Note 2 - Business Combinations.

Core deposit intangible assets values were determined by an analysis of the cost differential between the core deposits inclusive of estimated servicing costs and alternative funding sources for core deposits acquired through business combinations. The core deposit intangible assets recorded are amortized on an accelerated basis over a period of 10 years. No impairment losses separate from the scheduled amortization have been recognized in the periods presented.

The following table summarizes other intangible assets as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
Other Intangible Assets
(in thousands)GrossAccumulated AmortizationNet
Balance, December 31, 2022$54,561 $(49,816)$4,745 
Net additions710,230 — 710,230 
Amortization— (12,660)(12,660)
Balance, March 31, 2023$764,791 $(62,476)$702,315 

The table below presents the forecasted amortization expense for intangible assets at March 31, 2023:
(in thousands)
YearExpected Amortization
2023$104,017 
2024123,735 
2025108,589 
202694,502 
202780,415 
Thereafter191,057 
Total intangible assets$702,315 

40

Note 7 – Residential Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company measures its MSR asset at fair value with changes in fair value reported in residential mortgage banking revenue, net. The following table presents the changes in the Company's residential MSR for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022: 
Three Months Ended
 (in thousands) March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
Balance, beginning of period$185,017 $123,615 
Additions for new MSR capitalized1,601 7,390 
Changes in fair value:  
Changes due to collection/realization of expected cash flows over time(4,881)(5,347)
Changes due to valuation inputs or assumptions (1)
(2,937)40,149 
Balance, end of period$178,800 $165,807 
(1) The change in valuation inputs and assumptions principally reflect changes in discount rates and prepayment speeds, which are primarily affected by changes in interest rates.

Information related to the serviced loan portfolio as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is as follows: 
(dollars in thousands)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Balance of loans serviced for others$12,914,046 $13,020,189 
MSR as a percentage of serviced loans1.38 %1.42 %
 
The amount of contractually specified servicing fees, late fees, and ancillary fees earned, which is recorded in residential mortgage banking revenue, was $9.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to $9.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

Note 8 – Borrowings

The Company had total borrowings outstanding at March 31, 2023 with carrying values of $6.0 billion compared to $906.2 million at December 31, 2022.

The Bank had outstanding secured advances from the FHLB at March 31, 2023 with carrying values of $5.9 billion, as compared to $906.2 million at December 31, 2022. The FHLB advances have fixed interest rates ranging from 4.97% to 5.38% and mature in 2023. The FHLB requires the Bank to maintain a required level of investment in FHLB and sufficient collateral to qualify for secured advances. The Bank has pledged as collateral for these secured advances all FHLB stock, all funds on deposit with the FHLB, investment and commercial real estate portfolios, accounts, general intangibles, equipment and other property in which a security interest can be granted by the Bank to the FHLB.

The Bank also had available lines of credit with the FHLB totaling $5.5 billion at March 31, 2023, subject to certain collateral requirements. The Bank had available lines of credit with the Federal Reserve totaling $1.3 billion subject to certain collateral requirements, namely the amount of certain pledged loans at March 31, 2023. The Bank had uncommitted federal funds line of credit agreements with additional financial institutions totaling $600.0 million at March 31, 2023. The Bank also has access to the FRB Bank Term Funding Program with an available line of credit of $2.3 billion, subject to certain collateral requirements, namely the amount of pledged investment securities. Availability of the lines is subject to federal funds balances available for loan and continued borrower eligibility and are reviewed and renewed periodically throughout the year. These lines are intended to support short-term liquidity needs, and the agreements may restrict consecutive day usage.

The Company has a $50.0 million short-term credit facility with an unaffiliated bank. This facility, which expires May 25, 2023, provides the Company additional liquidity, if needed, for various corporate activities. As of March 31, 2023, $50.0 million was outstanding at a variable rate of 6.38%. The credit agreement requires the Company to comply with certain covenants, including those related to asset quality and net income levels. The Company was in compliance with all covenants associated with this facility at March 31, 2023.

41

Note 9 – Commitments and Contingencies 
 
Financial Instruments with Off-Balance-Sheet Risk — The Company's financial statements do not reflect various commitments and contingent liabilities that arise in the normal course of the Bank's business and involve elements of credit, liquidity, and interest rate risk. 
 
The following table presents a summary of the Bank's commitments and contingent liabilities:  
 (in thousands)
March 31, 2023
Commitments to extend credit$11,963,019 
Forward sales commitments$61,000 
Commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale$39,898 
Standby letters of credit$155,886 
 
The Bank is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet credit risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit and financial guarantees. Those instruments involve elements of credit and interest-rate risk similar to the risk involved in on-balance sheet items. The contract or notional amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of the Bank's involvement in particular classes of financial instruments. 
 
The Bank's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, and financial guarantees written, is represented by the contractual notional amount of those instruments. The Bank uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments. 

There were no financial guarantees in connection with standby letters of credit that the Bank was required to perform on during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. At March 31, 2023, approximately $131.7 million of standby letters of credit expire within one year, and $24.2 million expire thereafter.

Residential mortgage loans sold into the secondary market are sold with limited recourse against the Company, meaning that the Company may be obligated to repurchase or otherwise reimburse the investor for incurred losses on any loans that suffer an early payment default, are not underwritten in accordance with investor guidelines or are determined to have pre-closing borrower misrepresentations. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had a residential mortgage loan repurchase reserve liability of $200,000. For loans sold to GNMA, the Bank has a unilateral right but not the obligation to repurchase loans that are past due 90 days or more. As of March 31, 2023, the Bank had a recorded liability of $5.4 million for the loans subject to this repurchase right.

Legal Proceedings and Regulatory Matters—The Company is subject to litigation in court and arbitral proceedings, as well as proceedings, investigations, examinations, and other actions brought or considered by governmental and self-regulatory agencies. The Company is a party to various pending and threatened claims and legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business activities, some of which involve claims for substantial or uncertain amounts.

In August 2020, a class action complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California (and subsequently amended) by putative class representatives, alleging aiding and abetting claims against Umpqua Bank associated with the failure and bankruptcy of two commercial real estate investment companies, Professional Financial Investors, Inc. and Professional Investors Security Fund, Inc., founded by decedent Kenneth J. Casey. Both companies maintained their primary deposit account relationship with Umpqua Bank’s Novato, Marin County, California branch office, acquired by Umpqua from Circle Bank. The plaintiffs claim Casey effectuated a multi-year Ponzi scheme with the assistance of a legacy Circle Bank branch manager. Umpqua’s motion to dismiss was denied in January 2021, and its motion for summary judgment was denied in December 2022, and at the same time the District Court certified the plaintiffs’ proposed class. The plaintiffs most recently estimate that damages from the scheme may amount to between $386.2 million and $429.8 million, which does not consider prior bankruptcy recoveries of $110.0 million to date. The cases follow an SEC non-public investigation of Professional Financial Investors, Inc. and Professional Investors Security Fund, Inc. on May 28, 2020. Umpqua Bank intends to defend this matter vigorously and believes that it has meritorious defenses.

42

At least quarterly, liabilities and contingencies are assessed in connection with all outstanding or new legal matters, utilizing the most recent information available. If it is determined that a loss from a matter is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, an accrual for the loss is established. Once established, each accrual is adjusted as appropriate to reflect any subsequent developments in the specific legal matter. It is inherently difficult to determine whether any loss is probable or even possible. It is also inherently difficult to estimate the amount of any loss and there may be matters for which a loss is probable or reasonably possible but not currently estimable. Actual losses may be in excess of any established accrual or the range of reasonably possible loss. Management's estimate will change from time to time. For matters where a loss is not probable, or the amount of the loss cannot be estimated, no accrual is established. The Company has $3.9 million accrued related to legal matters as of March 31, 2023.

Resolution and the outcome of legal claims is unpredictable, exacerbated by factors including the following: damages sought are unsubstantiated or indeterminate; it is unclear whether a case brought as a class action will be allowed to proceed on that basis; discovery or motion practice is not complete; the proceeding is not yet in its final stages; the matters present legal uncertainties; there are significant facts in dispute; there are a large number of parties, including multiple defendants; or there is a wide range of potential results. Any estimate or determination relating to the future resolution of legal and regulatory matters is uncertain and involves significant judgment. The Company is usually unable to determine whether a favorable or unfavorable outcome is remote, reasonably likely, or probable, or to estimate the amount or range of a probable or reasonably likely loss, until relatively late in the process.

Although there can be no assurance as to the ultimate outcome of specific legal matter, the Company believes it has meritorious defenses to the claims asserted against us in our currently outstanding legal matters, and the Company intends to continue to vigorously defend ourselves. The Company will consider settlement of legal matters when, in management's judgment, it is in the best interests of the Company and its shareholders.

Based on information currently available, advice of counsel, available insurance coverage, and established reserves, the Company believes that the eventual outcome of the actions against us will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements. However, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of a matter, if unfavorable, may be material to the Company's results of operations for any particular period.

Concentrations of Credit Risk— The Bank grants real estate mortgage, real estate construction, commercial, agricultural and installment loans and leases to customers in Oregon, Washington, California, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado and Utah. In management's judgment, a concentration exists in real estate-related loans, which represented approximately 74% and 78% of the Bank's loan and lease portfolio at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Commercial real estate concentrations are managed to ensure geographic and business diversity, primarily in our footprint. Although management believes such concentrations have no more than the normal risk of collectability, a substantial decline in the economy in general, material increases in interest rates, changes in tax policies, tightening credit or refinancing markets, or a decline in real estate values in the Bank's primary market areas in particular, could have an adverse impact on the repayment of these loans. Personal and business incomes, proceeds from the sale of real property, or proceeds from refinancing represent the primary sources of repayment for a majority of these loans. 
 
The Bank recognizes the credit risks inherent in dealing with other depository institutions. Accordingly, to prevent excessive exposure to any single correspondent, the Bank has established general standards for selecting correspondent banks as well as internal limits for allowable exposure to any single correspondent. In addition, the Bank has an investment policy that sets forth limitations that apply to all investments with respect to credit rating and concentrations with an issuer.

Note 10 – Derivatives 
 
The Bank may use derivatives to hedge the risk of changes in the fair values of interest rate lock commitments, residential mortgage loans held for sale, and MSRs. None of the Company's derivatives are designated as hedging instruments. Rather, they are accounted for as free-standing derivatives, or economic hedges, with changes in the fair value of the derivatives reported in income. The Company primarily utilizes forward interest rate contracts in its derivative risk management strategy. 

43

The Bank enters into forward delivery contracts to sell residential mortgage loans or mortgage-backed securities to broker-dealers at specific prices and dates in order to hedge the interest rate risk in its portfolio of mortgage loans held for sale and its residential mortgage interest rate lock commitments. Credit risk associated with forward contracts is limited to the replacement cost of those forward contracts in a gain position. There were no counterparty default losses on forward contracts in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. Market risk with respect to forward contracts arises principally from changes in the value of contractual positions due to changes in interest rates. The Bank limits its exposure to market risk by monitoring differences between commitments to customers and forward contracts with broker-dealers. In the event the Company has forward delivery contract commitments in excess of available mortgage loans, the Company completes the transaction by either paying or receiving a fee to or from the broker-dealer equal to the increase or decrease in the market value of the forward contract. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Bank had commitments to originate mortgage loans held for sale totaling $39.9 million and $56.1 million, respectively, and forward sales commitments of $61.0 million and $104.0 million, respectively, which are used to hedge both on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet exposures. 

The Bank purchases interest rate futures and forward settling mortgage-backed securities to hedge the interest rate risk of MSRs. As of March 31, 2023, the Bank had $207.0 million notional of interest rate futures contracts and $10.0 million of mortgage-backed securities related to this program. The Bank had cash collateral posting requirements for margins with its futures and mortgage-back securities counterparties and was required to post collateral against its obligations under these agreements of $739,000 as of March 31, 2023.
 
The Bank executes interest rate swaps with commercial banking customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. Those interest rate swaps are simultaneously hedged by offsetting the interest rate swaps that the Bank executes with a third party, such that the Bank minimizes its net risk exposure. As of March 31, 2023, the Bank had 1,338 interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $8.6 billion related to this program. As of December 31, 2022, the Bank had 922 interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $7.3 billion related to this program.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the termination value of interest rate swaps in a net liability position, which includes accrued interest but excludes any adjustment for nonperformance risk, related to these agreements was $261.1 million and $270.0 million, respectively. The Bank has collateral posting requirements for initial margins with its clearing members and clearing houses and has been required to post collateral against its obligations under these agreements of $85.1 million and $89.5 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The Bank's clearable interest rate swap derivatives are cleared through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and London Clearing House. These clearing houses characterize the variation margin payments, for certain derivative contracts that are referred to as settled-to-market, as settlements of the derivative's mark-to-market exposure and not collateral. The Company accounts for the variation margin as an adjustment to cash collateral, as well as a corresponding adjustment to the derivative asset and liability. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the variation margin adjustments consisted of positive adjustments of $165.6 million and $209.5 million, respectively.

Since the end of 2021, the Bank has solely executed swaps indexed to Term SOFR, which is not clearable. As such, at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were 188 and 71 customer swaps, respectively, that were offset via a swap executed on a bilateral basis with a counterparty bank. There is no initial margin posted for bilateral swaps, but cash collateral equivalent to variation margin is exchanged to cover the mark-to-market exposure on a daily basis. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Bank held a total of $47.7 million and $51.9 million, respectively, of counterparty bank cash as collateral on these bilateral positions.

The Bank also executes foreign currency hedges as a service for customers. These foreign currency hedges are then offset with hedges with other third-party banks to limit the Bank's risk exposure.
44

The Bank's derivative assets are included in other assets, while the derivative liabilities are included in other liabilities. The following table summarizes the types of derivatives, separately by assets and liabilities, and the fair values of such derivatives as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:  
(in thousands)Asset DerivativesLiability Derivatives
Derivatives not designated as hedging instrumentMarch 31, 2023December 31, 2022March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Interest rate lock commitments$176 $50 $39 $18 
Interest rate futures4,584 — — 392 
Interest rate forward sales commitments161 512 422 601 
Interest rate swaps34,205 14,657 261,144 270,009 
Foreign currency derivatives320 225 240 185 
Total derivative assets and liabilities$39,446 $15,444 $261,845 $271,205 
 
The gains and losses on the Company's mortgage banking derivatives are included in mortgage banking revenue. The gains and losses on the Company's interest rate swaps and foreign currency derivatives are included in other income. The following table summarizes the types of derivatives and the gains (losses) recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:  
(in thousands)Three Months Ended
Derivatives not designated as hedging instrumentMarch 31, 2023March 31, 2022
Interest rate lock commitments$105 $(5,494)
Interest rate futures2,650 — 
Interest rate forward sales commitments(1,003)25,251 
Interest rate swaps(3,543)7,047 
Foreign currency derivatives30 701 
Total derivative (losses) gains$(1,761)$27,505 
 
Note 11 – Earnings Per Common Share 
 
The following is a computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022: 
Three Months Ended
 (in thousands, except per share data)March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
Net (loss) income $(14,038)$91,157 
  
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic (1)
156,383 129,159 
Effect of potentially dilutive common shares (1), (2)
— 534 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted (1)
156,383 129,693 
(Loss) earnings per common share:  
Basic (1)
$(0.09)$0.71 
Diluted (1)
$(0.09)$0.70 
(1) Prior period has been restated as a result of the adjustment to common shares outstanding based on the Exchange Ratio.
(2) Represents the effect of the assumed vesting of non-participating restricted shares based on the treasury stock method. 

The following table represents the weighted average outstanding restricted shares that were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because their effect would be anti-dilutive for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
Three Months Ended
(in thousands)March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
Restricted stock awards and units783

45

Note 12 – Fair Value Measurement
 
The following table presents estimated fair values of the Company's financial instruments as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, whether or not recognized or recorded at fair value in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:  
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
 (in thousands)LevelCarrying ValueFair ValueCarrying ValueFair Value
Financial assets:    
Cash and cash equivalents1$3,635,185 $3,635,185 $1,294,643 $1,294,643 
Equity and other investment securities1,276,532 76,532 72,959 72,959 
Investment securities available for sale1,29,249,600 9,249,600 3,196,166 3,196,166 
Investment securities held to maturity32,432 3,175 2,476 3,197 
Loans held for sale249,338 49,338 71,647 71,647 
Loans and leases, net
2,336,673,816 36,049,025 25,854,846 24,399,370 
Restricted equity securities1246,525 246,525 47,144 47,144 
Residential mortgage servicing rights3178,800 178,800 185,017 185,017 
Bank owned life insurance1641,922 641,922 331,759 331,759 
Derivatives2,339,446 39,446 15,444 15,444 
Financial liabilities:    
Demand, money market, and savings deposits1$37,266,777 $37,266,777 $24,355,381 $24,355,381 
Time deposits24,319,570 4,271,184 2,710,231 2,667,535 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase2271,047 271,047 308,769 308,769 
Borrowings25,950,000 5,949,865 906,175 905,591 
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value3297,721 297,721 323,639 323,639 
Junior and other subordinated debentures, at amortized cost3108,066 88,823 87,813 80,922 
Derivatives2,3261,845 261,845 271,205 271,205 

46


Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis 

The following tables present information about the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022: 
(in thousands) 
March 31, 2023
DescriptionTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Financial assets:
Equity and other investment securities    
Investments in mutual funds and other securities$63,469 $45,010 $18,459 $— 
Equity securities held in rabbi trusts13,063 13,063 — — 
Investment securities available for sale    
U.S. Treasury and agencies1,502,362 401,300 1,101,062 — 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions1,086,185 — 1,086,185 — 
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations6,661,053 — 6,661,053 — 
Loans held for sale, at fair value49,338 — 49,338 — 
Loans and leases, at fair value294,012 — 294,012 — 
Residential mortgage servicing rights, at fair value 178,800 — — 178,800 
Derivatives    
Interest rate lock commitments176 — — 176 
Interest rate futures4,584 — 4,584 — 
Interest rate forward sales commitments161 — 161 — 
Interest rate swaps34,205 — 34,205 — 
Foreign currency derivatives320 — 320 — 
Total assets measured at fair value$9,887,728 $459,373 $9,249,379 $178,976 
Financial liabilities:
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value$297,721 $— $— $297,721 
Derivatives    
Interest rate lock commitments39 — — 39 
Interest rate forward sales commitments422 — 422 — 
Interest rate swaps261,144 — 261,144 — 
Foreign currency derivatives240 — 240 — 
Total liabilities measured at fair value$559,566 $— $261,806 $297,760 

47

(in thousands) December 31, 2022
DescriptionTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Financial assets:
Equity and other investment securities    
Investments in mutual funds and other securities$61,593 $44,256 $17,337 $— 
Equity securities held in rabbi trusts
11,366 11,366 — — 
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury and agencies936,174 225,853 710,321 — 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions269,800 — 269,800 — 
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations1,990,192 — 1,990,192 — 
Loans held for sale, at fair value71,647 — 71,647 — 
Loans and leases, at fair value285,581 — 285,581 — 
Residential mortgage servicing rights, at fair value185,017 — — 185,017 
Derivatives    
Interest rate lock commitments50 — — 50 
Interest rate forward sales commitments512 — 512 — 
Interest rate swaps14,657 — 14,657 — 
Foreign currency derivatives225 — 225 — 
Total assets measured at fair value$3,826,814 $281,475 $3,360,272 $185,067 
Financial liabilities:
Junior subordinated debentures, at fair value$323,639 $— $— $323,639 
Derivatives    
Interest rate lock commitments18 — — 18 
Interest rate futures392 — 392 — 
Interest rate forward sales commitments601 — 601 — 
Interest rate swaps270,009 — 270,009 — 
Foreign currency derivatives185 — 185 — 
Total liabilities measured at fair value$594,844 $— $271,187 $323,657 

The following methods were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instrument that is carried at fair value in the tables above: 
 
Securities— Fair values for investment securities are based on quoted market prices when available or through the use of alternative approaches, such as matrix or model pricing, or broker indicative bids, when market quotes are not readily accessible or available. Management periodically reviews the pricing information received from the third-party pricing service and compares it to a secondary pricing service, evaluating significant price variances between services to determine an appropriate estimate of fair value to report.
 
Loans Held for Sale— Fair value for residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale is determined based on quoted secondary market prices for similar loans, including the implicit fair value of embedded servicing rights.

Loans and leases— Fair values are estimated for portfolios of loans with similar financial characteristics. Loans are segregated by type, including commercial, real estate and consumer loans. Each loan category is further segregated by fixed and adjustable rate loans. The fair value of loans is calculated by discounting expected cash flows at rates at which similar loans are currently being made. These amounts are discounted further by embedded probable losses expected to be realized in the portfolio. For loans originated as held for sale and transferred into loans held for investment, the fair value is determined based on quoted secondary market prices for similar loans. As of March 31, 2023, there were $294.0 million in mortgage loans recorded at fair value as they were previously transferred from held for sale to loans held for investment.
 
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Residential Mortgage Servicing Rights— The fair value of MSR is estimated using a DCF model. Assumptions used include market discount rates, anticipated prepayment speeds, delinquency and foreclosure rates, and ancillary fee income net of servicing costs. This model is periodically validated by an independent model validation group. The model assumptions and the MSR fair value estimates are also compared to observable trades of similar portfolios as well as to MSR broker valuations and industry surveys, as available. Management believes the significant inputs utilized are indicative of those that would be used by market participants. 
 
Junior Subordinated Debentures— The fair value of junior subordinated debentures is estimated using an income approach valuation technique. The significant unobservable input utilized in the estimation of fair value of these instruments is the credit risk adjusted spread. The credit risk adjusted spread represents the nonperformance risk of the liability, contemplating the inherent risk of the obligation. The Company periodically utilizes a valuation firm to determine or validate the reasonableness of inputs and factors that are used to determine the fair value. The ending carrying (fair) value of the junior subordinated debentures measured at fair value represents the estimated amount that would be paid to transfer these liabilities in an orderly transaction amongst market participants. Due to credit concerns in the capital markets and inactivity in the trust preferred markets that have limited the observability of market spreads, the Company has classified this as a Level 3 fair value measurement.  
 
Derivative Instruments— The fair value of the interest rate lock commitments, interest rate futures, and forward sales commitments are estimated using quoted or published market prices for similar instruments, adjusted for factors such as pull-through rate assumptions based on historical information, where appropriate. The pull-through rate assumptions are considered Level 3 valuation inputs and are significant to the interest rate lock commitment valuation; as such, the interest rate lock commitment derivatives are classified as Level 3. The fair value of the interest rate swaps is determined using a DCF technique incorporating credit valuation adjustments to reflect nonperformance risk in the measurement of fair value. Although the Bank has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its interest rate swap derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the CVA associated with its derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. However, as of March 31, 2023, the Bank has assessed the significance of the impact of the CVA on the overall valuation of its interest rate swap positions and has determined that the CVA are not significant to the overall valuation of its interest rate swap derivatives. As a result, the Bank has classified its interest rate swap and futures derivative valuations in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.   
 
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) 
 
The following table provides a description of the valuation technique, significant unobservable inputs, and qualitative information about the unobservable inputs for the Company's assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2023: 
Financial InstrumentFair Value
(in thousands)
Valuation TechniqueUnobservable InputRange of InputsWeighted Average
Assets:
Residential mortgage servicing rights$178,800 Discounted cash flow  
  Constant prepayment rate
5.92% - 44.13%
6.53%
  Discount rate
9.50% - 15.98%
10.06%
Interest rate lock commitments, net$137 Internal pricing model
Pull-through rate
12.00% - 100.00%
85.15%
Liabilities:
Junior subordinated debentures$297,721 Discounted cash flow  
  Credit spread
2.53% - 6.91%
4.05%

Generally, increases in the constant prepayment rate or the discount rate utilized in the fair value measurement of the residential mortgage servicing rights will result in a decrease in fair value. Conversely, decreases in the constant prepayment rate or the discount rate will result in an increase in fair value.

49

An increase in the pull-through rate utilized in the fair value measurement of the interest rate lock commitment derivative will result in an increase in the fair value measurement. Conversely, a decrease in the pull-through rate will result in a decrease in the fair value measurement.

Management believes that the credit risk adjusted spread utilized in the fair value measurement of the junior subordinated debentures carried at fair value is indicative of the nonperformance risk premium a willing market participant would require under current market conditions, which is an inactive market. Generally, an increase in the credit spread will result in a decrease in the estimated fair value. Conversely, a decrease in the credit spread will result in an increase in the estimated fair value.

The following table provides a reconciliation of assets and liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) on a recurring basis during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022: 
Three Months EndedThree Months Ended
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
(in thousands)Residential mortgage servicing rightsInterest rate lock commitments, netJunior subordinated debentures, at fair valueResidential mortgage servicing rightsInterest rate lock commitments, netJunior subordinated debentures, at fair value
Beginning balance$185,017 $32 $(323,639)$123,615 $4,641 $(293,081)
Change included in earnings(7,818)(32)(6,679)34,802 (4,270)(2,456)
Change in fair values included in comprehensive income/loss— — 25,812 — — (12,703)
Purchases and issuances1,601 338 — 7,390 4,651 — 
Sales and settlements— (201)6,785 — (5,875)2,521 
Ending balance$178,800 $137 $(297,721)$165,807 $(853)$(305,719)
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings for assets held at end of period$(2,937)$137 $(6,679)$40,149 $(853)$(2,456)
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for assets held at end of period$— $— $25,812 $— $— $(12,703)

Changes in residential mortgage servicing rights carried at fair value are recorded in residential mortgage banking revenue within non-interest income. Gains (losses) on interest rate lock commitments carried at fair value are recorded in residential mortgage banking revenue within non-interest income. The contractual interest expense on the junior subordinated debentures is recorded on an accrual basis as interest on junior subordinated debentures within interest expense. Settlements related to the junior subordinated debentures represent the payment of accrued interest that is embedded in the fair value of these liabilities. 

The change in fair value of junior subordinated debentures is attributable to the change in the instrument specific credit risk; accordingly, unrealized gains on fair value of junior subordinated debentures of $25.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was recorded net of tax as other comprehensive gains of $19.1 million. Comparatively, an unrealized loss of $12.7 million was recorded net of tax as other comprehensive losses of $9.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The gain recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was due primarily to an increase in the discount rate primarily due to an increase in the credit spread.

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Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis 

From time to time, certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These adjustments to fair value generally result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets due to impairment, typically on collateral dependent loans. The following table presents information about the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis for which a nonrecurring change in fair value has been recorded during the reporting period. There were no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2023, as the loans and leases charged-off either were not collateral dependent or had a net realizable value of zero. The amounts disclosed below represent the fair values at the time the nonrecurring fair value measurements were made, and not necessarily the fair value as of the dates reported upon. 
December 31, 2022
 (in thousands) 
TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Loans and leases$3,216 $— $— $3,216 
Total assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis$3,216 $— $— $3,216 

The following table presents the losses resulting from nonrecurring fair value adjustments for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:  

Three Months Ended
  (in thousands) 
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
Loans and leases$18,734 $7,791 
Total losses from nonrecurring measurements$18,734 $7,791 

The following provides a description of the valuation technique and inputs for the Company's assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, excluding goodwill. Unobservable inputs and qualitative information about the unobservable inputs are not presented as the fair value is determined by third-party information for loans and leases.

The loans and leases amounts above represent collateral-dependent loans and leases that have been adjusted to fair value. When a loan or non-homogeneous lease is identified as collateral dependent, the Bank measures the impairment using the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs. Depending on the characteristics of a loan or lease, the fair value of collateral is generally estimated by obtaining external appraisals, but in some cases, the value of the collateral may be estimated as having little to no value. When a homogeneous lease or equipment finance agreement becomes 181 days past due, it is determined that the collateral has little to no value. If it is determined that the value of the collateral dependent loan or lease is less than its recorded investment, the Bank recognizes this impairment and adjusts the carrying value of the loan or lease to fair value, less costs to sell, through the allowance for credit losses. The loss represents charge-offs on collateral-dependent loans and leases for fair value adjustments based on the fair value of collateral.

Refer to Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 2 - Business Combination for further information about the methods used to determine the fair values of significant assets and liabilities pertaining to the Merger.

Fair Value Option
The following table presents the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans held for sale and loans held for investment accounted for under the fair value option as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
(in thousands)Fair Value Aggregate Unpaid Principal BalanceFair Value Less Aggregate Unpaid Principal BalanceFair ValueAggregate Unpaid Principal BalanceFair Value Less Aggregate Unpaid Principal Balance
  Loans held for sale$49,338 $47,829 $1,509 $71,647 $70,219 $1,428 
  Loans $294,012 $332,412 $(38,400)$285,581 $333,469 $(47,888)

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Residential mortgage loans held for sale accounted for under the fair value option are measured initially at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recognized in earnings. Gains and losses from such changes in fair value are reported as a component of residential mortgage banking revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded a net increase in fair value of $81,000. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recorded a net decrease in fair value of $11.1 million.

Certain residential mortgage loans were initially originated for sale and measured at fair value; after origination, the loans were transferred to loans held for investment. Gains and losses from changes in fair value for these loans are reported in earnings as a component of other income. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded a net increase in fair value of $9.5 million, as compared to a net decrease in fair value of $21.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

The Company selected the fair value measurement option for certain junior subordinated debentures. The remaining junior subordinated debentures were acquired through previous business combinations and were measured at fair value at the time of acquisition and subsequently measured at amortized cost.

Note 13 – Income Taxes

The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, as well as in the majority of states. The Company acquired a $199.9 million net deferred tax asset before purchase accounting adjustments in the Merger, including $2.4 million of federal and state NOL and tax credit carryforwards. The Merger triggered an "ownership change" as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. However, the Company believes it is more likely than not that it will be able to fully realize the benefit of its federal and state NOL and tax carryforwards and has not provided a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company had a net deferred tax asset of $351.2 million, which includes $42.4 million of federal and state NOL carry-forwards. The federal and state NOL carry-forwards include $39.5 million generated in the current interim period, none of which is subject to expiration, and expected to reverse in future interim periods. The remaining $2.9 million of NOL carry-forwards expire in tax years of 2030-2032.

The Company's consolidated effective tax rate as a percentage of pre-tax income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 25.8%, as compared to 25.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The effective tax rates differed from the statutory rate principally because of state taxes and income on tax-exempt investment securities.
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Item 2.     Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 
 
Forward-Looking Statements 
 
This Quarterly Report in Form 10-Q contains certain forward-looking statements, within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which are intended to be covered by the safe harbor for "forward-looking statements" provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements may include statements that expressly or implicitly predict future results, performance or events. Statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. You can find many of these statements by looking for words such as "anticipates," "expects," "believes," "estimates," "intends" and "forecast," and words or phrases of similar meaning.

We make forward-looking statements including, but not limited to, statements made about the combined company’s prospects and results following the merger with Umpqua Holdings Corporation, and the merger of Columbia State Bank into Umpqua Bank (collectively, the “Mergers”), completed in the first quarter 2023; LIBOR; derivatives and hedging; the results and performance of models and economic forecasts used in our calculation of the ACL; projected sources of funds and the Company's liquidity position and deposit level and types; our securities portfolio; loan sales; adequacy of our ACL, including the reserve for unfunded commitments; provision for credit losses; non-performing loans and future losses; our commercial real estate portfolio, its collectability and subsequent charge-offs; resolution of non-accrual loans; mortgage volumes and the impact of rate changes; the economic environment; inflation and interest rates generally; litigation; dividends; junior subordinated debentures; fair values of certain assets and liabilities, including MSR values and sensitivity analyses; tax rates; deposit pricing; and the effect of accounting pronouncements and changes in accounting methodology.

Forward-looking statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties, many of which are difficult to predict and are generally beyond our control. There are many factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by these forward-looking statements. Risks and uncertainties include those set forth in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission and the following factors that might cause actual results to differ materially from those presented: 

changes in general economic, political, or industry conditions, and in conditions impacting the banking industry specifically;
deterioration in economic conditions that could result in increased loan and lease losses, especially those risks associated with concentrations in real estate related loans;
uncertainty in U.S. fiscal and monetary policy, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve or the effects of any declines in housing and commercial real estate prices, high or increasing unemployment rates, continued inflation, or any recession or slowdown in economic growth particularly in the western United States;
volatility and disruptions in global capital and credit markets;
the impact of bank failures or adverse developments at other banks on general investor sentiment regarding the stability and liquidity of banks;
changes in interest rates that could significantly reduce net interest income and negatively affect asset yields and valuations and funding sources;
transition of LIBOR to other indexes including SOFR;
competitive pressures among financial institutions and nontraditional providers of financial services, including on product pricing and services;
continued consolidation in the financial services industry resulting in the creation of larger financial institutions that have greater resources;
our ability to successfully, including on time and on budget, implement and sustain information technology product and system enhancements and operational initiatives;
our ability to attract new deposits and loans and leases;
our ability to retain deposits, especially during branch consolidations and integration activities related to the Merger;
our ability to achieve the efficiencies and enhanced financial and operating performance we expect to realize from investments in personnel, acquisitions and infrastructure;
the possibility that our recorded goodwill could become impaired, which may have an adverse impact on our earnings and capital;
demand for financial services in our market areas;
stability, cost, and continued availability of borrowings and other funding sources, such as brokered and public deposits;
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changes in legal or regulatory requirements or the results of regulatory examinations that could increase expenses or restrict growth;
changes in the scope and cost of FDIC insurance and other coverage;
our ability to manage climate change concerns, related regulations and potential impacts on the creditworthiness of our customers;
our ability to recruit and retain key management and staff;
our ability to raise capital or incur debt on reasonable terms;
regulatory limits on the Bank's ability to pay dividends to the Company and that could impact the timing and amount of dividends to shareholders;
financial services reform and the impact of legislation and implementing regulations on our business operations, including our compliance costs, interest expense, and revenue;
a breach or failure of our operational or security systems, or those of our third-party vendors, including as a result of cyber-attacks;
success, impact, and timing of Columbia's business strategies, including market acceptance of any new products or services;
the outcome of legal proceedings;
our ability to effectively manage credit risk, interest rate risk, market risk, operational risk, legal risk, liquidity risk and regulatory and compliance risk;
the possibility that the anticipated benefits of the Merger are not realized when expected or at all, including as a result of the impact of, or problems arising from, the integration of the two companies or as a result of the strength of the economy and competitive factors in the areas where Columbia does business;
diversion of management's attention from ongoing business operations and opportunities during the integration process following the Merger;
potential adverse reactions or changes to business or employee relationships, including those resulting from the integration of the two companies and banks;
economic forecast variables that are either materially worse or better than end of quarter projections and deterioration in the economy that exceeds current consensus estimates;
the effect of geopolitical instability, including wars, conflicts and terrorist attacks;
natural disasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding and fires, pandemics and other similar unexpected events outside of our control;
our ability to effectively manage problem credits;
our ability to successfully negotiate with landlords or reconfigure facilities; and
the effects of any damage to our reputation resulting from developments related to any of the items identified above.

There are many factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We do not intend to update these forward-looking statements. Readers should consider any forward-looking statements in light of this explanation, and we caution readers about relying on forward-looking statements.
  
General 

Columbia Banking System, Inc. (referred to in this report as “we,” “our,” “the Company” and “Columbia”) is a registered financial holding company. Columbia completed its previously-announced merger with Umpqua Holdings Corporation on February 28, 2023. This combined two premier banks in the Northwest to create one of the largest banks headquartered in the West. Columbia completed its core systems conversion on March 20, 2023, and branch consolidations are scheduled to occur through the second quarter of 2023.

Through our wholly-owned banking subsidiary Umpqua Bank (“the Bank”), we provide a broad range of banking, private banking, mortgage and other financial services to corporate, institutional, small business, and individual customers. FinPac, a commercial equipment leasing company, is a Bank subsidiary. The Company’s subsidiary Columbia Trust Company (“Columbia Trust”) is an Oregon trust company that provides agency, fiduciary and other related trust services with offices in Washington, Oregon and Idaho. Along with its subsidiaries, the Company is subject to the regulations of state and federal agencies and undergoes regular examinations by these regulatory agencies. 

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The vast majority of the Bank’s loans and deposits are within its service areas in Oregon, Washington, California, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, and Utah. Umpqua Bank is an Oregon state-chartered commercial bank, the deposits of which are insured in whole or in part by the FDIC.

Executive Overview 

The following is a discussion of our results for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the applicable prior periods.

Financial Performance
 
Earnings per diluted common share was $(0.09) for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to $0.64 for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The decrease for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the prior period, was primarily driven by an increase in non-interest expense largely due to merger-related expenses associated with the Merger, as well as an increase in provision expense due to the initial provision for non-PCD loans added with the Merger. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in net interest income as a result of there being one month of income as a combined organization, in addition to the net favorable impact of higher interest rates.
 
Net interest margin, on a tax-equivalent basis, was 4.08% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to 4.01% for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The increase for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was due to an increase in interest earning asset yields given upward interest rate movements, with the largest average rate increase in the loan category as well as one month of purchase accounting accretion and amortization. These effects were partially offset by higher funding costs. Trends affecting net interest margin had a similar impact on net interest income, which increased to $374.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $305.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022.

Non-interest income was $54.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to $34.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. While results benefited from one month as a combined organization, the increase was primarily driven by a $16.2 million favorable change in cumulative fair value adjustments and MSR hedging activity.

Non-interest expense was $342.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to $195.0 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The increase for the three months ended March 31, 2023 reflects one month of the higher expense rate of the combined organization as well as an increase in merger-related expenses, which accounted for $104.3 million of the $147.8 million linked-quarter increase.

Total loans and leases were $37.1 billion as of March 31, 2023, an increase of $10.9 billion, as compared to December 31, 2022. The increase in total loans was primarily due to acquired loans associated with the Merger.
 
Total deposits were $41.6 billion as of March 31, 2023, an increase of $14.5 billion, as compared to December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to $15.2 billion in deposits assumed through the Merger, partially offset by declining existing customer balances due primarily to the impact of inflation and market liquidity tightening.
 
Total consolidated assets were $54.0 billion and $31.8 billion as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The increase was primarily due to $19.2 billion in acquired assets as a result of the Merger, with the bulk of the increase being attributable to loans and investment securities.

Credit Quality

Non-performing assets increased to $76.0 million, or 0.14% of total assets, as of March 31, 2023, compared to $58.8 million, or 0.18% of total assets, as of December 31, 2022. Non-performing loans and leases were $75.6 million, or 0.20% of total loans and leases, as of March 31, 2023, compared to $58.6 million, or 0.22% of total loans and leases, as of December 31, 2022. The increases in non-performing assets and non-performing loans primarily reflect assets acquired as a result of the Merger.

The allowance for credit losses was $436.5 million as of March 31, 2023, an increase of $121.1 million compared to December 31, 2022. The increase in the allowance for credit losses was due to the growth of the loan portfolio, largely due to loans acquired through the Merger, and changes in the economic forecasts used in the credit models. The allowance also includes a $26.5 million adjustment related to PCD loans acquired through the Merger.
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The Company had a provision for credit losses of $105.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. This compares to a provision for credit losses of $32.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The increase was mainly due to the $88.4 million initial provision for historical Columbia non-PCD loans related to the Merger, in addition to changes in the economic forecast.

Liquidity

Total cash and cash equivalents was $3.6 billion as of March 31, 2023, an increase of $2.3 billion from December 31, 2022. The increase in cash and cash equivalents is mainly due to a strategic decision to increase on-balance sheet liquidity.

Including secured off-balance sheet lines of credit, total available liquidity was $17.9 billion as of March 31, 2023, representing 33% of total assets, 43% of total deposits, and 121% of uninsured deposits.

Capital and Growth Initiatives

The Merger closed on February 28, 2023. Columbia completed its core systems conversion on March 20, 2023, and branch consolidations are scheduled to occur through the second quarter of 2023.

The Company's total risk-based capital ratio was 10.9% and its common equity tier 1 ("CET1") capital ratio was 8.9% as of March 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, the Company's total risk-based capital ratio was 13.7% and its CET1 capital ratio was 11.0%. The decline in regulatory capital ratios was primarily driven by initial fair value marks related to historical Columbia asset and liability balances as a result of the Merger.

UHC paid a quarterly cash dividend of $0.35 per common share to shareholders on February 21, 2023. The per share amount has been adjusted as a result of the adjustment to common shares outstanding based on the Exchange Ratio.

Critical Accounting Estimates 

In preparing the condensed consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

The condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP and follow general practices within the financial services industry, in which the Company operates. This preparation requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions, and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, actual results could differ from the estimates, assumptions, and judgments reflected in the financial statements. Certain estimates inherently have a greater reliance on the use of assumptions and judgments and, as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported.

As a result of the Merger, the Company has updated our critical accounting estimates. Management believes the ACL, business combinations and goodwill estimates are important to the portrayal of the Company's financial condition and results of operations and requires difficult, subjective, or complex judgments and, therefore, management considers the following to be critical accounting estimates.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Bank has established an Allowance for Credit Losses Committee, which is responsible for, among other things, regularly reviewing the ACL methodology, including allowance levels, and ensuring that it is designed and applied in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

CECL is not prescriptive in the methodology used to determine the expected credit loss estimate. Therefore, management has flexibility in selecting the methodology. However, the expected credit losses must be estimated over a financial asset's contractual term, adjusted for prepayments, utilizing quantitative and qualitative factors.

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The Company utilizes complex models to obtain reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions dependent upon specific macroeconomic variables related to each of the Company's loan and lease portfolios. Loans and leases deemed to be collateral dependent are individually evaluated for loss based on the value of the underlying collateral or a discounted cash flow analysis.

The adequacy of the ACL is monitored on a regular basis and is based on management's evaluation of numerous factors, including: the CECL model outputs; quality of the current loan portfolio; the trend in the loan portfolio's risk ratings; current economic conditions; loan concentrations; loan growth rates; past-due and non-performing trends; evaluation of specific loss estimates for all significant problem loans; historical charge-off and recovery experience; and other pertinent information. As of March 31, 2023, the Bank used Moody's Analytics February 2023 Baseline scenario to estimate the ACL. To assess the sensitivity in the ACL results and, when necessary, to inform qualitative adjustments, the Bank used a second scenario, Moody's Analytics February 2023 S2 scenario, that differs in terms of severity within the variables, both favorable and unfavorable. For additional information related to the Company's ACL, see Note 5 in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Because current economic conditions and forecasts can change and future events are inherently difficult to predict, the anticipated amount of estimated credit losses on loans, and therefore the appropriateness of the ACL, could change significantly. It is difficult to estimate how potential changes in any one economic factor or input might affect the overall allowance because a wide variety of factors and inputs are considered in estimating the allowance and changes in those factors and inputs considered may not occur at the same rate and may not be consistent across all product types. Additionally, changes in factors and inputs may be directionally inconsistent, such that improvement in one factor may offset deterioration in others. Management believes that the ACL was adequate as of March 31, 2023.

Business Combinations and Goodwill

The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under this accounting method, the acquired company’s assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value at the date of the acquisition, except as provided for by the applicable accounting guidance, and the results of operations of the acquired company are combined with the acquiree’s results from the date of the acquisition forward. The difference between the purchase price and the fair value of the net assets acquired (including identifiable intangible assets) is recorded as goodwill. Management uses significant estimates and assumptions to value such items, including projected cash flows, repayment rates, default rates and losses assuming default, discount rates, and realizable collateral values. The allowance for credit losses for PCD loans is recognized within acquisition accounting. The allowance for credit losses for non-PCD assets is recognized as provision for credit losses in the same reporting period as the acquisition. Fair value adjustments are amortized or accreted into the statement of operations over the estimated life of the acquired assets or assumed liabilities. The purchase date valuations and any subsequent adjustments determine the amount of goodwill recognized in connection with the acquisition. The use of different assumptions could produce significantly different valuation results, which could have material positive or negative effects on our results of operations. The carrying value of goodwill recorded must be reviewed for impairment on an annual basis, as well as on an interim basis if events or changes indicate that the asset might be impaired. An impairment loss must be recognized for any excess of carrying value over fair value of the goodwill.

The determination of fair values is based on valuations using management’s assumptions of future growth rates, future attrition, discount rates, multiples of earnings or other relevant factors. In addition, the Company engages third-party specialists to assist in the development of fair values. Preliminary estimates of fair values may be adjusted for a period of time subsequent to the effective time of the acquisition if new information is obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the effective time of the acquisition that, if known, would have affected the measurement of the amounts recognized as of that date. Adjustments recorded during this period are recognized in the current reporting period. Management uses various valuation methodologies to estimate the fair value of these assets and liabilities and often involves a significant degree of judgment, particularly when liquid markets do not exist for the particular item being valued. Examples of such items include loans, deposits, identifiable intangible assets, and certain other assets and liabilities.

Changes in these factors, as well as downturns in economic or business conditions, could have a significant adverse impact on the carrying value of assets, including goodwill and liabilities, which could result in impairment losses affecting our financial statements as a whole and our banking subsidiary in which the goodwill is recorded.
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Results of Operations

As of March 31, 2023, Columbia's financial results for any periods ended prior to February 28, 2023 reflect UHC results only on a standalone basis. In addition, Columbia's reported financial results for the first quarter of 2023 reflect UHC financial results only until the closing of the Merger after the close of business on February 28, 2023. As a result of these two factors, Columbia's financial results for the first quarter of 2023 may not be directly comparable to prior or future reported periods.

Comparison of current quarter to prior quarter

The Company had net loss of $14.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to net income of $83.0 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in net income is mainly attributable to an increase in non-interest expense and an increase in the provision for credit losses, partially offset by an increase in net interest income. The increase in non-interest expense is mainly due to increases in merger-related expenses, salaries and benefits, and intangible amortization, all of which were impacted by the Merger. The change in the provision was mainly driven by $88.4 million in initial provision for historical Columbia non-PCD loans, in addition to changes in the economic forecast. The increase in net interest income is mainly due to there being one month of higher income as a result of the Merger, in addition to the net favorable impact of higher interest rates.

Comparison of current year-to-date to prior year period

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company had net loss of $14.0 million, a decrease in net income of $105.2 million, as compared to the same period in the prior year, mainly attributable to increases in non-interest expense, provision for credit loss and a decrease in non-interest income, partially offset by an increase in net interest income. The increase in non-interest expense was driven by increased merger-related expenses, salaries and employee benefits, and intangible amortization, all of which were impacted by the Merger. The change in the provision of $100.7 million was mainly driven by the initial provision for historical Columbia non-PCD loans, in addition to changes in the economic forecast. The decrease in non-interest income is primarily due to a decrease of $53.0 million in residential mortgage banking revenue as compared to the prior year, due to lower revenue from the origination and sale of residential mortgages given lower volumes and gain on sale margins due to rising interest rates. The increase in net interest income was due primarily to higher loan interest income from increasing rates and higher average loan and lease balances, as well as the addition of historical Columbia portfolios, partially offset by higher funding costs.
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The following table presents the return on average assets, average common shareholders' equity and average tangible common shareholders' equity for the three months ended March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2022, respectively. For each period presented, the table includes the calculated ratios based on reported net income. To the extent return on average common shareholders' equity is used to compare our performance with other financial institutions that do not have merger and acquisition-related intangible assets, we believe it is beneficial to also consider the return on average tangible common shareholders' equity. The return on average tangible common shareholders' equity is calculated by dividing net income by average shareholders' common equity less average goodwill and other intangible assets, net (excluding MSR). The return on average tangible common shareholders' equity is considered a non-GAAP financial measure and should be viewed in conjunction with the return on average common shareholders' equity.  

Return on Average Assets, Common Shareholders' Equity and Tangible Common Shareholders' Equity

 
Three Months Ended
 (dollars in thousands) March 31, 2023December 31, 2022March 31, 2022
Return on average assets(0.14)%1.04 %1.21 %
Return on average common shareholders' equity(1.70)%13.50 %13.62 %
Return on average tangible common shareholders' equity(2.09)%13.53 %13.66 %
Calculation of average common tangible shareholders' equity:  
Average common shareholders' equity$3,349,761 $2,438,639 $2,715,059 
Less: average goodwill and other intangible assets, net 623,042 5,298 8,407 
Average tangible common shareholders' equity$2,726,719 $2,433,341 $2,706,652 

Additionally, management believes tangible common equity and the tangible common equity ratio are meaningful measures of capital adequacy. Columbia believes the exclusion of certain intangible assets in the computation of tangible common equity and tangible common equity ratio provides a meaningful base for period-to-period and company-to-company comparisons, which management believes will assist investors in analyzing the operating results and capital of the Company. Tangible common equity is calculated as total shareholders' equity less goodwill and other intangible assets, net (excluding MSR). In addition, tangible assets are total assets less goodwill and other intangible assets, net (excluding MSR). The tangible common equity ratio is calculated as tangible common shareholders' equity divided by tangible assets. Tangible common equity and the tangible common equity ratio are considered non-GAAP financial measures and should be viewed in conjunction with total shareholders' equity and the total shareholders' equity ratio. 

The following table provides a reconciliation of ending shareholders' equity (GAAP) to ending tangible common equity (non-GAAP), and ending assets (GAAP) to ending tangible assets (non-GAAP) as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022: 
 (dollars in thousands) 
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Total shareholders' equity$4,884,723 $2,479,826 
Subtract:  
Goodwill1,030,142 — 
Other intangible assets, net702,315 4,745 
Tangible common shareholders' equity$3,152,266 $2,475,081 
Total assets$53,994,226 $31,848,639 
Subtract:
Goodwill1,030,142 — 
Other intangible assets, net702,315 4,745 
Tangible assets$52,261,769 $31,843,894 
Total shareholders' equity to total assets ratio9.05 %7.79 %
Tangible common equity ratio6.03 %7.77 %
 
Non-GAAP financial measures have inherent limitations, are not required to be uniformly applied, and are not reviewed or audited. Although we believe these non-GAAP financial measures are frequently used by stakeholders in the evaluation of a company, they have limitations as analytical tools, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analyses of results as reported under GAAP.  
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Net Interest Income 

Comparison of current quarter to prior quarter

Net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $374.7 million, an increase of $69.2 million compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022. The increase was driven by a $91.2 million increase in the total interest and fees on loans and leases and a $21.6 million increase in interest on taxable investments, mainly due to higher coupon interest rates and the addition of historical Columbia portfolios as a result of the Merger. Higher interest income was partially offset by an increase of $54.5 million in interest expense due to migration to higher-cost deposits and borrowings and the addition of historical Columbia balances.

The net interest margin (net interest income as a percentage of average interest-earning assets) on a fully tax-equivalent basis was 4.08% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to 4.01% for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The increase in net interest margin primarily resulted from an increase in the average yields for each category within interest-earning assets given upward interest rate movements, partially offset by higher funding costs.

The yield on loans and leases for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by 63 basis points as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, primarily attributable to the impact of the higher interest rate environment increasing yields on floating and adjustable rate loans, as well as one month of purchase accounting accretion and amortization related to the Merger.

The cost of interest-bearing liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by 77 basis points compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, due primarily to rising interest rates, changes in the deposit mix to higher rate products and the increase in outstanding term borrowings.

Comparison of current year-to-date to prior year period
 
Net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $374.7 million, an increase of $145.9 million compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase was due primarily to higher loan interest income from increasing rates and higher average loan and lease balances, attributable to the addition of historical Columbia portfolios and organic growth over the past year.

The net interest margin on a fully tax-equivalent basis was 4.08% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to 3.14% for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase in net interest margin primarily resulted from an increase in the average yields on interest-earning assets due to the higher rate environment, which more than offset correspondingly higher funding costs.

The yield on loans and leases for the three months ended March 31, 2023, increased by 176 basis points as compared to the same period in 2022, primarily attributable to the rising interest rate environment.

The cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased by 164 basis points for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the same period in 2022, due to a higher mix of higher-cost deposits and term borrowings. Our net interest income is affected by changes in the amount and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as changes in the yields earned on interest-earning assets and rates paid on deposits and borrowed funds.

The following table presents condensed average balance sheet information, together with interest income and yields on average interest-earning assets, and interest expense and rates paid on average interest-bearing liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2022:
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Three Months Ended
 March 31, 2023December 31, 2022March 31, 2022
 (dollars in thousands)Average BalanceInterest Income or ExpenseAverage Yields or RatesAverage BalanceInterest Income or ExpenseAverage Yields or RatesAverage BalanceInterest Income or ExpenseAverage Yields or Rates
INTEREST-EARNING ASSETS:   
Loans held for sale$54,008 $799 5.92 %$110,850 $1,603 5.79 %$286,307 $2,262 3.16 %
Loans and leases (1)
29,998,630 412,726 5.55 %25,855,556 320,747 4.92 %22,566,109 212,142 3.79 %
Taxable securities4,960,966 40,448 3.26 %3,042,044 18,290 2.40 %3,659,145 18,811 2.06 %
Non-taxable securities (2)
437,020 4,068 3.72 %200,825 1,571 3.13 %234,186 1,726 2.95 %
Temporary investments and interest-bearing cash1,605,081 18,581 4.69 %1,095,854 10,319 3.74 %2,618,528 1,353 0.21 %
Total interest-earning assets37,055,705 $476,622 5.19 %30,305,129 $352,530 4.62 %29,364,275 $236,294 3.24 %
Goodwill and other intangible assets623,042 5,298 8,407 
Other assets1,747,228 1,327,063 1,224,731 
Total assets$39,425,975 $31,637,490 $30,597,413 
INTEREST-BEARING LIABILITIES:
Interest-bearing demand deposits$4,759,251 $9,815 0.84 %$4,005,643 $5,372 0.53 %$3,812,173 $498 0.05 %
Money market deposits8,845,784 32,238 1.48 %7,651,974 17,473 0.91 %7,640,810 1,408 0.07 %
Savings deposits2,686,388 556 0.08 %2,345,564 226 0.04 %2,405,958 205 0.03 %
Time deposits3,205,128 21,004 2.66 %2,100,803 8,103 1.53 %1,753,880 1,805 0.42 %
Total interest-bearing deposits19,496,551 63,613 1.32 %16,103,984 31,174 0.77 %15,612,821 3,916 0.10 %
Repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased281,032 406 0.59 %354,624 323 0.36 %486,542 63 0.05 %
Borrowings2,352,715 28,764 4.96 %796,414 8,023 4.00 %6,313 49 3.16 %
Junior and other subordinated debentures417,966 8,470 8.22 %413,708 7,248 6.95 %380,985 3,149 3.35 %
Total interest-bearing liabilities22,548,264 $101,253 1.82 %17,668,730 $46,768 1.05 %16,486,661 $7,177 0.18 %
Non-interest-bearing deposits12,755,080 10,870,842 11,007,034 
Other liabilities772,870 659,279 388,659 
Total liabilities36,076,214 29,198,851 27,882,354 
Common equity3,349,761 2,438,639 2,715,059 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity$39,425,975 $31,637,490 $30,597,413 
NET INTEREST INCOME$375,369 $305,762 $229,117 
NET INTEREST SPREAD3.37 %3.57 %3.06 %
NET INTEREST INCOME TO EARNING ASSETS OR NET INTEREST MARGIN (1), (2)
4.08 %4.01 %3.14 %
(1)Non-accrual loans and leases are included in the average balance.
(2)Tax-exempt income has been adjusted to a tax-equivalent basis at a 21% tax rate. The amount of such adjustment was an addition to recorded income of approximately $671,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to approximately $283,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2022 and $354,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2022.
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The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in tax equivalent net interest income due to changes in average asset and liability balances (volume) and changes in average rates (rate) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, as well as the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Changes in tax equivalent interest income and expense, which are not attributable specifically to either volume or rate, are allocated proportionately between both variances. 

Three Months EndedThree Months Ended
 
March 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022
March 31, 2023 compared to March 31, 2022
 Increase (decrease) in interest income and expense due to changes inIncrease (decrease) in interest income and expense due to changes in
  (in thousands)
VolumeRateTotalVolumeRateTotal
INTEREST-EARNING ASSETS:   
Loans held for sale$(841)$37 $(804)$(2,581)$1,118 $(1,463)
Loans and leases51,101 40,878 91,979 83,013 117,571 200,584 
Taxable securities14,157 8,001 22,158 8,171 13,466 21,637 
Non-taxable securities (1)
2,150 347 2,497 1,796 546 2,342 
Temporary investments and interest-bearing cash5,322 2,940 8,262 (723)17,951 17,228 
Total interest-earning assets (1)
71,889 52,203 124,092 89,676 150,652 240,328 
INTEREST-BEARING LIABILITIES:
Interest bearing demand deposits1,099 3,344 4,443 154 9,163 9,317 
Money market deposits2,925 11,840 14,765 257 30,573 30,830 
Savings deposits36 294 330 27 324 351 
Time deposits5,372 7,529 12,901 2,565 16,634 19,199 
Repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased(73)156 83 (30)373 343 
Borrowings18,467 2,274 20,741 28,671 44 28,715 
Junior and other subordinated debentures66 1,156 1,222 334 4,987 5,321 
Total interest-bearing liabilities27,892 26,593 54,485 31,978 62,098 94,076 
Net increase in net interest income (1)
$43,997 $25,610 $69,607 $57,698 $88,554 $146,252 
(1) Tax exempt income has been adjusted to a tax-equivalent basis at a 21% tax rate.
Provision for Credit Losses 
 
Comparison of current quarter to prior quarter

The Company had a $105.5 million provision for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to a $32.9 million provision for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The March 31, 2023 provision reflects an initial provision of $88.4 million for historical Columbia non-PCD loans, in addition to changes in the economic forecast. As an annualized percentage of average outstanding loans and leases, the provision for credit losses recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 1.43%, as compared to 0.51% for the three months ended December 31, 2022. 

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, net charge-offs were $16.7 million, as compared to $12.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. As an annualized percentage of average outstanding loans and leases, net charge-offs for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were 0.23%, as compared to 0.19% for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The majority of net charge-offs related to leases and equipment finance loans, included within the commercial loan portfolio.

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Comparison of current year-to-date to prior year period

The Company had a $105.5 million provision for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to $4.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase is primarily driven by the initial provision for historical Columbia non-PCD loans, changes in the economic forecast and organic growth in the loan and lease portfolio. As an annualized percentage of average outstanding loans and leases, the provision for credit losses recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 1.43%, as compared to 0.09% for the three months ended March 31, 2022. 

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, net charge-offs were $16.7 million, as compared to $5.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. As an annualized percentage of average outstanding loans and leases, net charge-offs for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were 0.23%, as compared to 0.10% for the three months ended March 31, 2022.The majority of net charge-offs relate to leases and equipment finance loans, included within the commercial loan portfolio.

Typically, loans in a non-accrual status will not have an allowance for credit loss as they will be written down to their net realizable value or charged-off. However, the net realizable value for homogeneous leases and equipment finance agreements are determined by the loss given default calculated by the CECL model, and therefore homogeneous leases and equipment finance agreements on non-accrual will have an allowance for credit loss amount until they become 181 days past due, at which time they are charged-off. The non-accrual leases and equipment finance agreements of $31.0 million as of March 31, 2023 have a related allowance for credit losses of $28.4 million, with the remaining loans written-down to the estimated fair value of the collateral, less estimated costs to sell, and are expected to be resolved with no additional material loss, absent further decline in market prices. 

Non-Interest Income 
 
The following table presents the key components of non-interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, as well as the comparison of the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
Three Months EndedThree Months Ended
(in thousands)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022Change AmountChange PercentMarch 31, 2022Change AmountChange Percent
Service charges on deposits$14,312 $12,139 $2,173 18 %$11,583 $2,729 24 %
Card-based fees11,561 9,017 2,544 28 %8,708 2,853 33 %
Financial services and trust revenue1,297 25 1,272 nm11 1,286 nm
Residential mortgage banking revenue, net7,816 (1,812)9,628 nm60,786 (52,970)(87)%
Gain on sale of debt securities, net— — — nm(2)(100)%
Gain (loss) on equity securities, net 2,416 284 2,132 nm(2,661)5,077 (191)%
Gain on loan and lease sales, net940 1,531 (591)(39)%2,337 (1,397)(60)%
Bank owned life insurance income2,790 2,033 757 37 %2,087 703 34 %
Other income (losses)13,603 11,662 1,941 17 %(2,884)16,487 nm
Total non-interest income$54,735 $34,879 $19,856 57 %$79,969 $(25,234)(32)%

The increase in non-interest income is generally higher due to there being one month of higher income as result of the Merger, which included one month of combined operations.

Comparison of current quarter to prior quarter

Residential mortgage banking revenue increased $9.6 million as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022. The variance for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, was driven by a loss of $2.9 million on the fair value of the MSR asset due to valuation inputs or assumptions compared to a loss of $9.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. In addition, there was a gain of $2.7 million on the MSR hedge for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to a loss of $348,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2022.

Other income for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, increased primarily due to a gain on the fair value on certain loans held for investment of $9.5 million, as compared to a gain of $4.2 million, respectively. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in swap customer fee revenue and related income of $3.1 million as well as a $1.2 million unfavorable change in the loss on swap derivatives over the period.
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Comparison of current year-to-date to prior year period

Residential mortgage banking revenue decreased $53.0 million compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. The variance for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, was driven by a loss of $2.9 million on the fair value of the MSR asset due to valuation inputs or assumptions compared to a fair value gain of $40.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The variance between periods was also driven by an 80% decline in closed loan volume of for-sale mortgages, which was the primary driver of a $13.3 million decrease in revenue from the origination and sale of mortgages compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Origination volume is generally linked to the level of interest rates. When rates fall, origination volume would be expected to be elevated relative to historical levels. When rates rise, origination volume would be expected to decline. The MSR asset value is also sensitive to interest rates, and generally falls with lower rates and rises with higher rates, resulting in fair value losses and gains, respectively, due to changes in valuation inputs or assumptions, where applicable. In August 2022, a MSR hedge was put in place with the intention of minimizing the interest rate risk of MSRs and reducing net income volatility related to changes in fair value of MSR assets due to valuation inputs or assumptions.

Other income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 decreased as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, due mainly to a gain on the fair value of certain loans held for investment of $9.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to a fair value loss of $21.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The favorable change between periods was partially offset by a decrease in swap customer fee revenue and related income of $6.9 million as well as a $10.6 million unfavorable change related to swap derivatives between periods.

The following table presents our residential mortgage banking revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2022:

Three Months Ended
(in thousands)
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022March 31, 2022
Origination and sale$3,587 $4,252 $16,844 
Servicing9,397 9,184 9,140 
Change in fair value of MSR asset:
Changes due to collection/realization of expected cash flows over time(4,881)(4,986)(5,347)
Changes in valuation inputs or assumptions (1)
(2,937)(9,914)40,149 
   MSR hedge gain (loss)(2)
2,650 (348)— 
Residential mortgage banking revenue, net$7,816 $(1,812)$60,786 
Loans Held for Sale Production Statistics:
Closed loan volume for-sale$131,726 $216,833 $649,122 
Gain on sale margin2.72 %1.96 %2.59 %
(1)The changes in valuation inputs and assumptions principally reflect changes in discount rates and prepayment speeds, which are primarily affected by changes in interest rates.
(2)MSR hedges were put in place during the three months ended September 30, 2022
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Non-Interest Expense 
 
The following table presents the key elements of non-interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022, as well as the comparison of the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
Three Months EndedThree Months Ended
 (in thousands)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022Change AmountChange PercentMarch 31, 2022Change AmountChange Percent
Salaries and employee benefits$136,092 $107,982 $28,110 26 %$113,138 $22,954 20 %
Occupancy and equipment, net41,700 34,021 7,679 23 %34,829 6,871 20 %
Communications3,026 2,548 478 19 %2,754 272 10 %
Marketing1,059 988 71 %2,398 (1,339)(56)%
Services12,843 12,229 614 %11,337 1,506 13 %
FDIC assessments6,113 3,487 2,626 75 %4,516 1,597 35 %
Intangible amortization12,660 1,019 11,641 nm1,025 11,635 nm
Merger-related expenses115,898 11,637 104,261 nm2,278 113,620 nm
Other expenses13,427 21,071 (7,644)(36)%10,155 3,272 32 %
Total non-interest expense$342,818 $194,982 $147,836 76 %$182,430 $160,388 88 %
nm = Not meaningful

The increase in non-interest expense is generally higher due to there being one month of higher expense as result of the Merger, which included one month of combined operations.

Comparison of current quarter to prior quarter

The increase in net interest expense is mainly due to there being one month of higher expense as result of the Merger, in addition to the net favorable impact of higher interest rates.

Salaries and employee benefits increased during the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to additional expenses associated with the larger employee base as a result of the Merger with one month as a combined organization.

Intangible amortization increased during the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to one month of amortization associated with the core deposit intangible added as a result of the Merger.

Merger-related expenses increased $104.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022 with the largest driver being legal and professional fees.

Other expenses decreased as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to a decrease of $6.4 million in state and local taxes due to an adjustment in 2022, as well as other miscellaneous fluctuations in other expenses.

Comparison of current year-to-date to prior year period

Salaries and employee benefits increased for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily due to additional expenses associated with the larger employee base as a result of the Merger.

Intangible amortization increased during the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily due to amortization associated with the core deposit intangible added as a result of the Merger.

Merger-related expenses were $115.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 with the largest driver being legal and professional fees. Refer to Note 2 - Business Combination for the breakout of Merger expenses.

Other expense increased as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase of $2.1 million in state and local taxes, as well as other miscellaneous fluctuations in other expenses.
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Income Taxes 
 
The Company's consolidated effective tax rate as a percentage of pre-tax (loss) income for the three months ended March 31, 2023, was 25.8% as compared to 26.2% for the three months ended December 31, 2022, and 25.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The effective tax rate differed from the statutory rate principally because of state taxes and income on tax-exempt investment securities.

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FINANCIAL CONDITION 
 
Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents were $3.6 billion as of March 31, 2023, compared to $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2022. The increase of interest-bearing cash and temporary investments reflects funding by short-term borrowings.

Investment Securities 
 
Investment debt securities available for sale were $9.2 billion as of March 31, 2023, compared to $3.2 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase was due to the addition of $6.2 billion in securities acquired through the Merger, which were categorized as available for sale at quarter end. Following the close of the Merger, we restructured a portion of the historical Columbia securities portfolio during the first week of March by selling $1.2 billion of securities and purchasing $919.2 million of securities with the proceeds. The restructure transactions resulted in no gain or loss on the statement of operations. Purchases included agencies, mortgage-backed securities, and collateralized mortgage obligation. The restructuring reduced the potential adverse impact to net interest income in a declining interest rate environment.

The following tables present the par value, amortized cost, unrealized gains, unrealized losses and approximate fair values of debt securities as available for sale and held to maturity investment debt securities portfolio by major type as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022: 
March 31, 2023
 (dollars in thousands) Current ParAmortized CostUnrealized GainsUnrealized LossesFair Value% of Portfolio
Available for sale:    
U.S. Treasury and agencies$1,583,424 $1,584,480 $3,940 $(86,058)$1,502,362 16 %
Obligations of states and political subdivisions1,150,650 1,086,982 21,327 (22,124)1,086,185 12 %
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations
7,495,752 6,974,815 68,832 (382,594)6,661,053 72 %
Total available for sale securities$10,229,826 $9,646,277 $94,099 $(490,776)$9,249,600 100 %
Held to maturity:
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations
$3,799 $2,432 $743 $— $3,175 100 %
Total held to maturity securities$3,799 $2,432 $743 $— $3,175 100 %


December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands) 
Current ParAmortized CostUnrealized GainsUnrealized LossesFair Value% of Portfolio
Available for sale:    
U.S. Treasury and agencies$1,007,753 $1,035,532 $— $(99,358)$936,174 29 %
Obligations of states and political subdivisions289,590 297,610 231 (28,041)269,800 %
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations
2,371,329 2,405,139 (414,950)1,990,192 63 %
Total available for sale securities$3,668,672 $3,738,281 $234 $(542,349)$3,196,166 100 %
Held to maturity:
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations
$3,873 $2,476 $721 $— $3,197 100 %
Total held to maturity securities$3,873 $2,476 $721 $— $3,197 100 %

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We review investment securities on an ongoing basis for the presence of impairment, taking into consideration current market conditions, fair value in relationship to cost, extent and nature of the change in fair value, issuer rating changes and trends, whether we intend to sell a security or if it is likely that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of our amortized cost basis of the investment, which may be maturity, and other factors.   
 
The net unrealized loss on historical Columbia securities was eliminated as of February 28, 2023 as part of the reverse merger method of accounting; however, historical Umpqua Bank balances were not marked as part of the Merger. The available for sale investment portfolio had a net unrealized loss of $396.7 million as of March 31, 2023, which reflects gross unrealized gains of $94.1 million and gross unrealized losses of $490.8 million. Gross unrealized losses consisted primarily of unrealized losses on mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations of $382.6 million. The unrealized losses were attributable to changes in market interest rates or the widening of market spreads subsequent to the initial purchase of these securities and are not attributable to changes in credit quality. In the opinion of management, no ACL was considered necessary on these debt securities as of March 31, 2023.

Loans and Leases
 
Total loans and leases outstanding as of March 31, 2023 were $37.1 billion, an increase of $10.9 billion as compared to December 31, 2022. The increase is attributable to the addition of $10.9 billion in loans acquired through the Merger. The loan to deposit ratio as of March 31, 2023 was 89%, as compared to 97% as of December 31, 2022.

The following table presents the concentration distribution of the loan and lease portfolio, net of deferred fees and costs, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
  (dollars in thousands)
Amount%Amount%
Commercial real estate    
Non-owner occupied term, net$6,353,550 16 %$3,894,840 15 %
Owner occupied term, net5,156,848 14 %2,567,761 10 %
Multifamily, net5,590,587 15 %5,285,791 20 %
Construction & development, net1,467,561 %1,077,346 %
Residential development, net440,667 %200,838 %
Commercial  
Term, net5,906,774 16 %3,029,547 12 %
Lines of credit & other, net2,184,762 %960,054 %
Leases & equipment finance, net1,746,267 %1,706,172 %
Residential  
Mortgage, net6,187,964 17 %5,647,035 21 %
Home equity loans & lines, net1,870,002 %1,631,965 %
Consumer & other, net186,298 %154,632 %
Total, net of deferred fees and costs$37,091,280 100 %$26,155,981 100 %


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Asset Quality and Non-Performing Assets 

The following table summarizes our non-performing assets, the ACL and asset quality ratios as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
 (dollars in thousands)
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Loans and leases on non-accrual status
Commercial real estate, net$15,612 $5,011 
Commercial, net42,301 25,691 
Residential, net— — 
Consumer & other, net— — 
Total loans and leases on non-accrual status57,913 30,702 
Loans and leases past due 90 days or more and accruing
Commercial real estate, net
Commercial, net151 7,909 
Residential, net (1)
17,423 19,894 
Consumer & other, net140 134 
Total loans and leases past due 90 days or more and accruing (1)
17,715 27,938 
Total non-performing loans and leases75,628 58,640 
Other real estate owned409 203 
Total non-performing assets$76,037 $58,843 
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases $417,464 $301,135 
Reserve for unfunded commitments19,029 14,221 
Allowance for credit losses$436,493 $315,356 
Asset quality ratios:  
Non-performing assets to total assets0.14 %0.18 %
Non-performing loans and leases to total loans and leases0.20 %0.22 %
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases to total loans and leases1.13 %1.15 %
Allowance for credit losses to total loans and leases1.18 %1.21 %
Allowance for credit losses to total non-performing loans and leases577 %538 %
(1)Excludes government guaranteed GNMA mortgage loans that Columbia has the right but not the obligation to repurchase that are past due 90 days or more totaling $5.4 million at March 31, 2023 and $6.6 million at December 31, 2022.
 
As of March 31, 2023, there were approximately $12.9 million or 0.03% of total loans, modified due to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties.

A decline in the economic conditions and other factors could adversely impact individual borrowers or the loan portfolio in general. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that loans will not become 90 days or more past due, placed on non-accrual status, restructured, or transferred to other real estate owned in the future.



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Allowance for Credit Losses
 
The ACL totaled $436.5 million at March 31, 2023, an increase of $121.1 million from December 31, 2022. The following table shows the activity in the ACL for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
Three Months Ended
(dollars in thousands)
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases
Balance, beginning of period$301,135 $283,065 
Initial ACL recorded for PCD loans acquired during the period26,492 — 
Provision for credit losses on loans and leases (1)
106,498 30,580 
Charge-offs
Commercial real estate, net— (128)
Commercial, net(19,248)(14,721)
Residential, net(248)(53)
Consumer & other, net(773)(906)
Total charge-offs(20,269)(15,808)
Recoveries
Commercial real estate, net58 163 
Commercial, net3,058 2,708 
Residential, net123 24 
Consumer & other, net369 403 
Total recoveries3,608 3,298 
Net (charge-offs) recoveries
Commercial real estate, net58 35 
Commercial, net(16,190)(12,013)
Residential, net(125)(29)
Consumer & other, net(404)(503)
Total net charge-offs(16,661)(12,510)
Balance, end of period$417,464 $301,135 
Reserve for unfunded commitments
Balance, beginning of period$14,221 $11,853 
Initial ACL recorded for unfunded commitments acquired during the period5,767 — 
(Recapture) provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments(959)2,368 
Balance, end of period19,029 14,221 
Total allowance for credit losses$436,493 $315,356 
As a percentage of average loans and leases (annualized):
Net charge-offs0.23 %0.19 %
Provision for credit losses
1.43 %0.51 %
Recoveries as a percentage of charge-offs17.80 %20.86 %
(1) Includes $88.4 million initial provision related to non-PCD loans acquired during the period.

The provision for credit losses includes the provision for loan and lease losses and the provision for unfunded commitments. The increase in the provision is due to the $88.4 million initial provision for historical Columbia non-PCD loans, as well as updates to the economic forecasts used in credit models.

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The following table sets forth the allocation of the allowance for credit losses on loans and leases and percent of loans in each category to total loans and leases as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022: 
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
 (dollars in thousands)Amount% loans to total loansAmount% loans to total loans
Commercial real estate$111,090 50 %$77,813 50 %
Commercial239,146 27 %167,135 22 %
Residential60,613 22 %50,329 27 %
Consumer & other6,615 %5,858 %
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases$417,464  $301,135  

The following table shows the change in the allowance for credit losses from December 31, 2022 to March 31, 2023:
(dollars in thousands)December 31, 2022Initial ACL on loans purchased with credit deterioration (PCD Assets)
Q1 2023 net (charge-offs) recoveries
Reserve buildMarch 31, 2023% of loan and leases outstanding
Commercial real estate$85,020 $10,993 $58 $23,424 $119,495 0.63 %
Commercial170,184 20,270 (16,190)71,263 245,527 2.50 %
Residential53,525 722 (125)9,811 63,933 0.79 %
Consumer & Other6,627 274 (404)1,041 7,538 4.05 %
Total allowance for credit losses$315,356 $32,259 $(16,661)$105,539 $436,493 1.18 %
% of loans and leases outstanding1.21 %1.18 %

To calculate the ACL, the CECL models use a forecast of future economic conditions and are dependent upon specific macroeconomic variables that are relevant to each of the Bank's loan and lease portfolios. For the first quarter of 2023, the Bank used Moody's Analytics' February baseline economic forecast, which shows a worsening economic situation from the forecast used in the prior quarter. Key components include U.S. real GDP average annualized growth of 1.3% in 2023, 2.2% in 2024, 2.7% in 2025 and 2.6% in 2026 and an average unemployment rate of 3.5% in 2023, 3.9% in 2024, 4.0% in 2025 and 4.1% in 2026. The forecasted average federal funds rate is expected to be 4.8% in 2023, 4.2% in 2024, 3.2% in 2025 and 2.5% in 2026. The models for calculating the ACL are sensitive to changes in these and other economic variables, which could result in volatility as these assumptions change over time.

We believe that the ACL as of March 31, 2023 is sufficient to absorb losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio and in credit commitments outstanding as of that date based on the information available. If the economic conditions decline, the Bank may need additional provisions for credit losses in future periods.

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Residential Mortgage Servicing Rights 
 
The following table presents the changes in our residential MSR portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

Three Months Ended
  (in thousands)
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Balance, beginning of period$185,017 $196,177 
Additions for new MSR capitalized1,601 3,740 
Changes in fair value:
Changes due to collection/realization of expected cash flows over time(4,881)(4,986)
Changes due to valuation inputs or assumptions (1)
(2,937)(9,914)
Balance, end of period$178,800 $185,017 
(1)The changes in valuation inputs and assumptions principally reflect changes in discount rates and prepayment speeds, which are primarily affected by changes in interest rates.

Information related to our residential serviced loan portfolio as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows: 
(dollars in thousands)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Balance of loans serviced for others$12,914,046 $13,020,189 
MSR as a percentage of serviced loans1.38 %1.42 %

Residential MSR are adjusted to fair value quarterly with the change recorded in residential mortgage banking revenue. The value of servicing rights can fluctuate based on changes in interest rates and other factors. Generally, as interest rates decline and borrowers are able to take advantage of a refinance incentive, prepayments increase, and the total value of existing servicing rights declines as expectations of future servicing fee collections decline. Historically, the fair value of our residential MSR will increase as market rates for mortgage loans rise and decrease if market rates fall. Mortgage rates decreased only slightly during the quarter, however due to the difference in the portfolio's average interest rates and the current mortgage rates, MSR assets are holding their value.

Due to changes to inputs in the valuation model including changes in discount rates and prepayment speeds, the fair value of the MSR asset decreased by $2.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to a decrease of $9.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The fair value of the MSR asset decreased by $4.9 million, due to the passage of time, including the impact of regularly scheduled repayments, paydowns and payoffs during the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to a decrease of $5.0 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022.
 
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

On February 28, 2023, the Company completed the Merger which resulted in $1.0 billion in goodwill, as compared to no goodwill at December 31, 2022. Goodwill is recorded in connection with business combinations and represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired.

At March 31, 2023, we had other intangible assets of $702.3 million, as compared to $4.7 million at December 31, 2022. As part of a business acquisition, the fair value of identifiable intangible assets such as core deposits, which includes all deposits except certificates of deposit, was recognized at the Merger Date. Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized to their estimated residual values over their respective estimated useful lives, and are also reviewed for impairment. The core deposit intangible assets recorded are amortized on an accelerated basis over a period of 10 years.
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Deposits 

Total deposits were $41.6 billion at March 31, 2023, an increase of $14.5 billion, as compared to December 31, 2022. The increase is attributable to the addition of $15.2 billion in deposits related to the Merger, offset by declining existing customer balances due primarily to the impact of inflation and market liquidity tightening.
 
The following table presents the deposit balances by category as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022: 
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
 (dollars in thousands)Amount%Amount%
Non-interest bearing demand$17,215,781 41 %$10,288,849 38 %
Interest bearing demand5,900,462 14 %4,080,469 15 %
Money market10,681,422 26 %7,721,011 29 %
Savings3,469,112 %2,265,052 %
Time, greater than $250,000800,765 %582,838 %
Time, $250,000 or less3,518,805 %2,127,393 %
Total deposits$41,586,347 100 %$27,065,612 100 %
 
The Company's total core deposits, which are deposits less time deposits greater than $250,000 and all brokered deposits, were $39.2 billion at March 31, 2023, compared to $25.6 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase in total core deposits between periods was driven by the same factors that contributed to the change in total deposits. The Company's brokered deposits totaled $1.6 billion at March 31, 2023, compared to $866.9 million at December 31, 2022.  

Uninsured deposits at March 31, 2023 totaled $14.8 billion, as compared to $10.6 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by balances added with the Merger. Uninsured deposits are an estimated amount based on the methodologies and assumptions used for the Bank's regulatory requirements. We reviewed our methodologies and assumptions following the industry events that brought the level of uninsured deposits into focus in March 2023, which resulted in the reclassification of select balances, including collateralized public funds, which are no longer included in our uninsured balance calculations. At March 31, 2023, total available liquidity was $17.9 billion, or 121% of uninsured deposits.

Borrowings 
 
At March 31, 2023, the Bank had outstanding securities sold under agreements to repurchase of $271.0 million, a decrease of $37.7 million from December 31, 2022. The Bank had outstanding borrowings consisting of advances from the FHLB of $5.9 billion at March 31, 2023 and $906.2 million at December 31, 2022. The increase was due mainly to the addition of $2.3 billion in FHLB advances from the Merger and an additional $2.8 billion in net short-term advances borrowed during the period, which were used to fund liquidity for the quarter. FHLB advances have fixed rates ranging from 4.97% to 5.38% and are set to mature before the end of 2023. Advances from the FHLB are secured by investment securities and loans secured by real estate.

Columbia has a $50.0 million short-term credit facility with an unaffiliated bank. As of March 31, 2023, $50.0 million was outstanding at a variable rate of 6.38% and expires on May 25, 2023. The credit agreement requires the Company to comply with certain covenants, including those related to asset quality and capital levels. The Company was in compliance with all covenants associated with this facility at March 31, 2023.

Junior and Other Subordinated Debentures 
 
We had Junior and other subordinated debentures with carrying values of $405.8 million and $411.5 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The decrease is mainly due to the $25.8 million decline in fair value for the junior subordinated debentures elected to be carried at fair value, which is due to an increase in the discount rate primarily due to an increase in the credit spread. The decrease was partially offset by the addition of $10.0 million in subordinated debt and $10.3 million in junior subordinated debt due to the Merger. As of March 31, 2023, substantially all of the junior subordinated debentures had interest rates that are adjustable on a quarterly basis based on a spread over three-month LIBOR. These instruments mature after June 2023, and are covered under federal legislation, and the Federal Reserve’s regulations implementing that legislation, that will allow us to replace the LIBOR index with forward Term SOFR, plus the statutorily prescribed tenor spread adjustment.

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Liquidity and Cash Flow 
 
The principal objective of our liquidity management program is to maintain the Bank's ability to meet the day-to-day cash flow requirements of our customers who either wish to withdraw funds or to draw upon credit facilities to meet their cash needs. The Bank's liquidity strategy includes maintaining a sufficient on-balance sheet liquidity position to provide flexibility, to grow deposit balances and fund growth in lending and investment portfolios, as well as to deleverage non-deposit liabilities as economic conditions permit. As a result, the Company believes that it has sufficient cash and access to borrowings to effectively manage through the current economic conditions, as well as meet its working capital and other needs. The Company will continue to prudently evaluate and maintain liquidity sources, including the ability to fund future loan growth and manage our borrowing sources.

We monitor the sources and uses of funds on a daily basis to maintain an acceptable liquidity position. One source of funds includes public deposits. Individual state laws require banks to collateralize public deposits, typically as a percentage of their public deposit balance in excess of FDIC insurance. Public deposits represented 6% and 7% of total deposits at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The amount of collateral required varies by state and may also vary by institution within each state, depending on the individual state's risk assessment of depository institutions. Changes in the pledging requirements for uninsured public deposits may require pledging additional collateral to secure these deposits, drawing on other sources of funds to finance the purchase of assets that would be available to be pledged to satisfy a pledging requirement, or could lead to the withdrawal of certain public deposits from the Bank. In addition to liquidity from core deposits and the repayments and maturities of loans and investment securities, the Bank can utilize established uncommitted federal funds lines of credit, sell securities under agreements to repurchase, borrow on a secured basis from the FHLB or issue brokered certificates of deposit. The Company’s diversified deposit base provides a sizeable source of relatively stable and low-cost funding, while reducing the Company’s reliance on the wholesale markets. Total deposits were $41.6 billion at March 31, 2023, compared with $27.1 billion at December 31, 2022. The Bank also has liquidity from excess bond collateral of $4.8 billion.
 
The Bank had available lines of credit with the FHLB totaling $5.5 billion at March 31, 2023, subject to certain collateral requirements, namely the amount of pledged loans and investment securities. The Bank had available lines of credit with the Federal Reserve totaling $1.3 billion, subject to certain collateral requirements, namely the amount of certain pledged loans. The Bank also has access to the FRB Bank Term Funding Program with an available line of credit of $2.3 billion, subject to certain collateral requirements, namely the amount of pledged investment securities. The Bank had uncommitted federal funds line of credit agreements with additional financial institutions totaling $600.0 million at March 31, 2023. Availability of these lines is subject to federal funds balances available for loan and continued borrower eligibility. These lines are intended to support short-term liquidity needs, and the agreements may restrict consecutive day usage.
 
The Company is a separate entity from the Bank and must provide for its own liquidity. Substantially all of the Company's revenues are obtained from dividends declared and paid by the Bank. There were $48.0 million of dividends paid by the Bank to the Company in the three months ended March 31, 2023. There are statutory and regulatory provisions that limit the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company. FDIC and Oregon Division of Financial Regulation approval is required for quarterly dividends from Umpqua Bank to the Company. As of March 31, 2023, the Company also has a $50.0 million short-term credit facility with an unaffiliated Bank that was fully utilized to provide the Company additional liquidity.
 
Although we expect the Bank's and the Company's liquidity positions to remain satisfactory during 2023, it is possible that our deposit balances may not be maintained at previous levels due to pricing pressure or customers' behavior in the current economic environment. In addition, in order to generate deposit growth, our pricing may need to be adjusted in a manner that results in increased interest expense on deposits. We may utilize borrowings or other funding sources, which are generally more costly than deposit funding, to support our liquidity levels.

Commitments and Other Contractual Obligations- The Company participates in many different contractual arrangements which may or may not be recorded on its balance sheet, under which the Company has an obligation to pay certain amounts, provide credit or liquidity enhancements or provide market risk support. Our material contractual obligations are primarily for time deposits and borrowings. As of March 31, 2023, time deposits totaled $4.3 billion, of which $2.4 billion matures in a year or less. Total borrowings as of March 31, 2023 were $6.0 billion all of which matures within 1 year. These arrangements also include off-balance sheet commitments to extend credit, letters of credit and various forms of guarantees. At March 31, 2023, our loan commitments were $12.0 billion, however a portion of the commitments will eventually result in funded loans and increase our profitability through net interest income when drawn and unused commitment fees prior to being drawn. Refer to Note 9 - Commitments and Contingencies for further information. Financing commitments, letters of credit and deferred purchase commitments are presented at contractual amounts and do not necessarily reflect future cash outflows as many are expected to expire unused or partially used.
  
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Off-balance-Sheet Arrangements 
 
Information regarding Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements is included in Note 9 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
  
Concentrations of Credit Risk 

Information regarding Concentrations of Credit Risk is included in Note 9 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Capital Resources 
 
Shareholders' equity at March 31, 2023 was $4.9 billion. The increase in shareholders' equity during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was principally due to the increase in common stock of $2.3 billion as a result of the Merger. This was offset by cash dividends paid of $45.9 million and a net loss of $14.0 million during the period.

The Company's dividend policy considers, among other things, earnings, regulatory capital levels, the overall payout ratio and expected asset growth to determine the amount of dividends declared, if any, on a quarterly basis. There is no assurance that future cash dividends on common shares will be declared or increased. We cannot predict the extent of the economic decline that could result in inadequate earnings, regulatory restrictions and limitations, changes to our capital requirements, or a decision to increase capital by retention of earnings, that may result in the inability to pay dividends at previous levels, or at all.

On January 11, 2023, UHC declared a cash dividend in the amount of $0.35 per common share based on fourth quarter 2022 performance, which was paid on February 6, 2023. UHC accelerated its dividend declaration timeline in January 2023 ahead of the anticipated merger with Columbia. Historically, UHC declared quarterly cash dividends later in the quarter, and Columbia intends to adopt this timeline given the Merger.

The following table presents cash dividends declared and dividend payout ratios (dividends declared per common share divided by basic earnings per common share) for the three months ended March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2022:
 Three Months Ended
 March 31, 2023December 31, 2022March 31, 2022
Dividend declared per common share$0.35 $0.35 $0.35 
Dividend payout rationm55 %49 %

The Company is committed to managing capital to maintain strong protection for depositors and creditors and for maximum shareholder benefit. The Company also manages its capital to exceed regulatory capital requirements for banking organizations. The regulatory capital requirements effective for the Company follow Basel III, with the Company being subject to calculating its capital adequacy as a percentage of risk-weighted assets under the standardized approach.

In 2020, the federal bank regulatory authorities finalized a rule to provide banking organizations that implemented CECL in 2020 the option to delay the estimated impact on regulatory capital by up to two years, with a three-year transition period to phase out the cumulative benefit to regulatory capital provided during the two-year delay. The Company elected this capital relief to delay the estimated regulatory capital impact of adopting CECL, relative to the incurred loss methodology's effect on regulatory capital. Currently, the Company is phasing out the cumulative adjustment as calculated at the end of 2021, by adjusting it by 75% in 2022, 50% through 2023, and 25% in 2024, culminating with a fully phased in regulatory capital calculation beginning in 2025. All regulatory ratios exceeded regulatory “well-capitalized” requirements.


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The following table shows the Company's consolidated and the Bank's capital adequacy ratios compared to the regulatory minimum capital ratio and the regulatory minimum capital ratio needed to qualify as a "well-capitalized" institution, as calculated under regulatory guidelines of the Basel III at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022: 
 

ActualFor Capital Adequacy purposesTo be Well Capitalized
   (dollars in thousands) 
AmountRatioAmountRatioAmountRatio
March 31, 2023      
Total Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets)    
Consolidated$4,452,315 10.90 %$3,266,889 8.00 %$4,083,611 10.00 %
Umpqua Bank$4,400,174 10.78 %$3,265,876 8.00 %$4,082,345 10.00 %
Tier I Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets)     
Consolidated$3,622,136 8.87 %$2,450,167 6.00 %$3,266,889 8.00 %
Umpqua Bank$4,030,994 9.87 %$2,449,407 6.00 %$3,265,876 8.00 %
Tier I Common (to Risk Weighted Assets)
Consolidated$3,622,136 8.87 %$1,837,625 4.50 %$2,654,347 6.50 %
Umpqua Bank$4,030,994 9.87 %$1,837,055 4.50 %$2,653,525 6.50 %
Tier I Capital (to Average Assets)      
Consolidated$3,622,136 9.47 %$1,529,930 4.00 %$1,912,413 5.00 %
Umpqua Bank$4,030,994 10.54 %$1,529,675 4.00 %$1,912,094 5.00 %
December 31, 2022      
Total Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets)    
Consolidated$3,651,382 13.71 %$2,130,565 8.00 %$2,663,207 10.00 %
Umpqua Bank$3,440,574 12.92 %$2,130,240 8.00 %$2,662,799 10.00 %
Tier I Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets)     
Consolidated$2,934,708 11.02 %$1,597,924 6.00 %$2,130,565 8.00 %
Umpqua Bank$3,174,899 11.92 %$1,597,680 6.00 %$2,130,240 8.00 %
Tier I Common (to Risk Weighted Assets)
Consolidated$2,934,708 11.02 %$1,198,443 4.50 %$1,731,084 6.50 %
Umpqua Bank$3,174,899 11.92 %$1,198,260 4.50 %$1,730,820 6.50 %
Tier I Capital (to Average Assets)      
Consolidated$2,934,708 9.14 %$1,283,669 4.00 %$1,604,586 5.00 %
Umpqua Bank$3,174,899 9.89 %$1,283,610 4.00 %$1,604,513 5.00 %


Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 
 
Our assessment of market risk as of March 31, 2023 indicates there are no material changes in the qualitative disclosures from those in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. However due to the combination of UHC and Columbia, and change in mix of assets and funding sources during the quarter, the estimated impact on our net interest income over a one and two-year time horizon has shifted.
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Interest Rate Simulation Impact on Net Interest Income

For the scenarios shown, the interest rate simulation assumes a parallel and sustained shift in market interest rates ratably over a twelve-month period and no change in the composition or size of the balance sheet.

The scenarios presented are as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and 2021:
Q1 202320222021
Year 1Year 2 Year 1Year 2Year 1Year 2
Up 300 basis points(0.6)%0.3 %1.7 %6.1 %9.7 %21.2 %
Up 200 basis points(0.4)%0.3 %1.1 %4.2 %6.3 %14.2 %
Up 100 basis points(0.2)%0.2 %0.6 %2.2 %3.0 %7.0 %
Down 100 basis points(1.0)%(2.7)%(2.4)%(6.0)%(1.2)%(4.3)%
Down 200 basis points(2.0)%(5.7)%(5.1)%(12.9)%(2.4)%(7.3)%
Down 300 basis points(3.3)%(9.5)%(7.8)%(19.7)%(3.1)%(7.9)%

An interest rate simulation model is used to estimate the sensitivity of net interest income to changes in market interest rates. This model has inherent limitations, and these results are based on a given set of rate changes and assumptions at one point in time. Our primary analysis assumes a static balance sheet, both in terms of the total size and mix of our balance sheet, meaning cash flows from the maturity or repricing of assets and liabilities are redeployed in the same instrument at modeled rates. We employ estimates based upon a number of assumptions for each scenario, including changes in the size or mix of the balance sheet, new volume rates for new balances, the rate of prepayments, and the correlation of pricing to changes in the interest rate environment. For example, for interest bearing deposit balances we utilize a repricing "beta" assumption, which is an estimate for the change in interest bearing deposit costs given a change in the short-term market interest rate.

The simulation model does not take into account any future actions management could undertake to mitigate the impact of interest rate changes or the impact a change in interest rates may have on our credit risk profile, loan prepayment estimates and spread relationships, which can change regularly. Actions we could undertake include, but are not limited to, growing or contracting the balance sheet, changing the composition of the balance sheet, or changing our pricing strategies for loans or deposits.

Our asset sensitivity decreased from the prior periods, with the magnitude of exposure to declining rate environments showing significant improvement. Results indicate more limited exposure to interest rate risk in either increasing or decreasing rate environments. The change is mainly due to the decline in deposits during the quarter and the corresponding increase in short-term funding instruments. In addition, an increase in the mix of fixed rate assets including a restructuring of approximately 12% of the Bank’s securities portfolio to extend duration in the current rate environment served to limit adverse exposure in rates down environments.

The short-term interest rate environment is primarily a function of the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve Board. The Federal Reserve’s focus has gradually shifted toward attaining a specified level of the federal funds rate to achieve the long-run goals of price stability and sustainable economic growth. The federal funds rate is the basis for overnight funding and drives the short end of the yield curve. Longer maturities are influenced by the market’s expectations for economic growth and inflation but can also be influenced by Federal Reserve purchases and sales and expectations of monetary policy going forward.

Starting in March 2022, in response to persistent inflation, the FOMC raised the target range for the federal funds rate from 0.00% - 0.25% to 4.75% - 5.00% at March 31, 2023. Based on the FOMC Members’ median expectations for the fed funds target rate, the fed funds rate is near its expected high, with projections declining by the end of 2023. Increases in the federal funds rate and the unwinding of the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet could cause overall interest rates to rise, which may negatively impact the U.S. real estate markets and affect deposit growth and pricing. In addition, deflationary pressures, while possibly lowering our operating costs, could have a significant negative effect on our borrowers, especially our business borrowers, and the values of collateral securing loans, which could negatively affect our financial performance.
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Economic Value of Equity

Another interest rate sensitivity measure we utilize is the quantification of economic value changes for all financial assets and liabilities, given an increase or decrease in market interest rates. This approach provides a longer-term view of interest rate risk, capturing all future expected cash flows. Assets and liabilities with option characteristics are measured based on different interest rate path valuations using statistical rate simulation techniques. The projections are by their nature forward-looking and therefore inherently uncertain and include various assumptions regarding cash flows and discount rates. The table below illustrates the effects of various instantaneous rate changes on the fair values of financial assets and liabilities compared to the corresponding carrying values and fair values:

As of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Year endedYear ended
Q1 20232022 2021
Up 300 basis points(19.7)%(14.0)%0.3 %
Up 200 basis points(13.3)%(9.4)%1.6 %
Up 100 basis points(6.6)%(4.4)%1.9 %
Down 100 basis points4.4 %0.9 %(5.3)%
Down 200 basis points7.7 %0.1 %0.4 %
Down 300 basis points9.6 %(2.5)%1.9 %

Our economic value of equity analysis indicates a liability sensitive profile in increasing interest rate scenarios. This suggests a sudden or sustained increase in market interest rates would result in a decrease in our estimated economic value of equity, as the decrease in value of our interest earning assets exceeds the economic value change of interest-bearing liabilities. In declining interest rate scenarios, our economic value of equity increases. This occurs as the increase in value of interest earning assets exceeds the decline in economic value of interest-bearing liabilities, including the core deposit intangible. In increasing interest rate scenarios, our overall sensitivity to changes in market interest rates shifted and increased from the prior year, primarily due to the merger which increased the level of fixed rate assets and wholesale type funding. As of March 31, 2023, our estimated economic value of equity (fair value of financial assets and liabilities) was above our book value of equity primarily due to an increase in the economic value core deposit intangible.

LIBOR Transition

The Company holds financial instruments that will be impacted by the discontinuance of LIBOR on June 30, 2023, primarily certain loans, derivatives, and junior subordinated debentures that use LIBOR as the reference rate. These financial instruments will transition to new reference rates. The Company established an enterprise-wide transition program with program deliverables that are mostly complete as we approach the LIBOR cessation date of June 30, 2023. Our existing LIBOR exposures are limited primarily to three instruments—adjustable and variable-rate loans, loan-related derivatives, and junior subordinated debentures.

As of March 31, 2023, LIBOR-indexed adjustable and variable-rate loans comprise approximately 13% of our loan and lease portfolio. We have completed the transition on certain loan portfolio segments and are on track to complete remaining transition work, including providing our customers with information about the cessation of USD LIBOR and how it will affect their contracts with us. Our outstanding junior subordinated debentures mature after June 30, 2023 and are indexed to USD LIBOR. They are covered under federal legislation, and the Federal Reserve’s regulations implementing that legislation, that will allow us to replace the LIBOR index with forward Term SOFR, plus the statutorily prescribed tenor spread adjustment.

Item 4.    Controls and Procedures 
 
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer, has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in timely alerting them to information relating to us that is required to be included in our periodic filings with the SEC. The disclosure controls and procedures were last evaluated by management as of March 31, 2023. 

No change in internal control over financial reporting occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

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Part II.     OTHER INFORMATION 

Item 1.    Legal Proceedings 

The information required by this item is set forth in Part I, Item 1 under Note 9 Commitments and Contingencies—Legal Proceedings and Regulatory Matters, and incorporated herein by reference.
 
Item 1A.    Risk Factors 
 
In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the factors discussed under "Part I--Item 1A--Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. These factors could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and capital position, and could cause our actual results to differ materially from our historical results or the results contemplated by the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. There have been no material changes from the risk factors described in our Form 10-K.

Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds  
 
(a)Not applicable  
 
(b)Not applicable 

(c)The following table provides information about repurchases of common stock by the Company during the quarter ended March 31, 2023: 
Period
Total number of Common Shares Purchased (1)
Average Price Paid per Common Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan (2)
Maximum Number of Shares that May be Purchased at Period End under the Plan (2)
01/01/23 - 01/31/23
204 $28.13 — — 
02/01/23 - 02/28/23
— $— — — 
03/01/23 - 03/31/23
210,871 $29.33 — — 
Total for quarter211,075 $29.33 —  
 
(1)Common shares repurchased by the Company during the quarter consist of cancellation of 211,075 shares to be issued upon vesting of restricted stock units and awards to pay withholding taxes.

(2)The Company does not currently have a share repurchase authorization from its Board of Directors.

Item 3.    Defaults upon Senior Securities
 
Not applicable 

Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures 

Not applicable 

Item 5.    Other Information

Not applicable  

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Item 6.    Exhibits  
 
Exhibit #Description
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.2
4.1
4.2The Company agrees to furnish upon request to the Commission a copy of each instrument defining the rights of holders of senior and subordinated debt of the Company.
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.15
10.16
31.1
31.2
31.3
32
101.INSInline XBRL Instance Document – The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
80

Table of Contents
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104
The cover page from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101)
(a)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Form 8-K filed October 15, 2021
(b)
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Form 8-K filed January 10, 2023
(c)
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to Form 8-K filed March 1, 2023
(d)
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of the Company’s S-3 Registration Statement (File No. 333-156350) filed December 19, 2008
(e)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed March 1, 2023
(f)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Form 8-K filed March 1, 2023
(g)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Form 8-K filed March 1, 2023
(h)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Form 8-K filed March 1, 2023
(i)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Form 8-K filed March 1, 2023
(j)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to Form 8-K filed March 1, 2023

81

Table of Contents
SIGNATURES 
 
Pursuant to the requirement of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. 
 
COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.
(Registrant) 
DatedMay 9, 2023
/s/ Clint E. Stein                              
 Clint E. Stein
President and Chief Executive Officer  
DatedMay 9, 2023/s/ Ronald L. Farnsworth
 Ronald L. Farnsworth  
Executive Vice President/Chief Financial Officer and 
Principal Financial Officer
DatedMay 9, 2023/s/ Lisa M. White
 
Lisa M. White                                    
Executive Vice President/Corporate Controller and 
Principal Accounting Officer

82
Exhibit 3.1
RESTATED ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION
OF
COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.

ARTICLE 1
Section 1.1 The name of the corporation shall be COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.
ARTICLE 2
Section 2.1 The corporation’s period of duration shall be perpetual.
ARTICLE 3
Section 3.1 The purpose for which the corporation is organized is the transaction of any and all lawful business for which corporations may be incorporated under the Washington Business Corporation Act.
ARTICLE 4
Section 4.1 The aggregate number of shares that the corporation shall have authority to issue is 520,000,000 common shares with no par value (hereinafter referred to as “the common stock”) and 2,000,000 preferred shares with no par value (hereinafter referred to as “the preferred stock”). The preferred stock is senior to the common stock, and the common stock is subject to the rights and preferences of the preferred stock as provided in the following section.
Section 4.2 The board of directors is hereby vested with authority to divide any or all of the preferred stock into one or more series and, within the limitations set forth in the Washington Business Corporation Act (as amended from time to time), to fix and determine or to amend the relative rights and preferences of the shares of any series so established.
Section 4.3 Fixed Rate Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A. There is hereby created out of the authorized and unissued shares of preferred stock of the corporation a series of preferred stock designated as the “Fixed Rate Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A” (the “Designated Preferred Stock”), which series shall have no par value per share and shall have such rights, voting and other powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other rights, and the qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, of the shares of such series as set forth on the Certificate of Designations attached to these Articles of Incorporation and incorporated herein. The authorized number of shares of Designated Preferred Stock shall be 76,898.
Section 4.4 Mandatorily Convertible Cumulative Participating Preferred Stock, Series B. There is hereby created out of the authorized and unissued shares of preferred stock of the corporation a series of preferred stock designated as the “Mandatorily Convertible Cumulative Participating Preferred Stock, Series B” (the “Series B Preferred Stock”), which series shall have no par value per share and shall have such rights, voting and other powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other rights, and the qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, of the shares of such series as set forth on the Certificate of Designations attached to these Articles of Incorporation and incorporated herein. The authorized number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock shall be 8,782.
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Exhibit 3.1

ARTICLE 5
Section 5.1 No shareholder shall have the preemptive right to acquire unissued shares of the corporation.
ARTICLE 6
Section 6.1 Each shareholder entitled to vote at any election for directors shall have the right to vote, in person or by proxy, the number of shares owned by him for as many persons as there are directors to be elected and for whose election he has a right to vote, and no shareholder shall be entitled to cumulate his votes.
ARTICLE 7
Section 7.1 The corporation reserves the right to amend, alter, change or repeal any provision of its Articles of Incorporation to the extent permitted by the laws of the State of Washington. All rights of shareholders are granted subject to this reservation.
ARTICLE 8
Section 8.1 The corporation may enter into a contract and otherwise transact business as vendor, purchaser, or otherwise, with its directors, officers and shareholders, and with corporations, associations, firms and entities in which they are or may become interested as directors, officers, shareholders, members or otherwise, as freely as though such adverse interest did not exist, even though the vote, action or presence of such director, officer or shareholder may be necessary to obligate the corporation upon such contract or transaction; and in the absence of fraud, no such contract or transaction shall be avoided and no such director, officer or shareholder shall be held liable to account to the corporation, by reason of such adverse interest or any fiduciary relationship to the corporation arising out of such office or stock ownership, for any profit or benefit realized by him through any such contract or transaction; provided that the nature of the interest of such director, officer or shareholder, though not necessarily the details or extent thereof, be disclosed or known to the board of directors or shareholders of the corporation, at the meeting thereof at which such contract or transaction is authorized or confirmed. A general notice that a director, officer or shareholder of the corporation is interested in any corporation, association, firm or entity shall be sufficient disclosure as to such director, officer or shareholder with respect to all contracts and transactions with that corporation, association, firm or entity.
ARTICLE 9
Section 9.1 In addition to the requirements of any applicable statute, and notwithstanding any other provisions of any other articles of these Articles of Incorporation, the affirmative vote of not less than 66 2/3% of the total shares attributable to persons other than a Control Person (as defined below), considered for the purposes of this Article 9 as one class, which are entitled to be voted in an election of directors shall be required for the approval of any Business Combination (as defined below) between the corporation and any Control Person.
Section 9.2 The approval requirements of Section 9.1 shall not apply if either:
(a)    The Business Combination is approved by at least a majority of Continuing Directors (as defined below) of the corporation; or
(b)    All the following conditions are satisfied:
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Exhibit 3.1

(i)    The cash or fair market value of the property, securities or other consideration to be received per share in the Business Combination by holders of the common stock of the corporation is not less than the higher of: (A) the highest price per share (including brokerage commissions, soliciting dealers, fees and dealer-management compensation) paid by such Control Person in acquiring any of its holdings of the corporation’s common stock; (B) the highest per share market price of the common stock during the three-month period immediately preceding the date of the proxy statement described in (iii) below; or (C) the per share value of the common stock at the end of the fiscal quarter immediately prior to the Business Combination, as determined by an appraisal prepared by persons, selected by the Continuing Directors, who are independent of the corporation and the Control Person, and who are experienced and expert in the area of corporate appraisal.
(ii)    After becoming a Control Person and prior to the consummation of such Business Combination (A) such Control Person shall not have acquired any newly issued shares of capital stock, directly or indirectly, from the corporation (except upon conversion of convertible securities acquired by it prior to becoming a Control Person or upon compliance with the provisions of this Article 9 or as a result of a pro rata stock dividend or stock split), and (B) such Control Person shall not have received the benefit, directly or indirectly (except proportionately as a stockholder), of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial assistance or tax credits provided by the corporation, or made any major changes in the corporation’s business or equity capital structure; and
(iii)    A proxy statement responsive to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, whether or not the corporation is then subject to such requirements, shall be mailed to the public stockholders of the corporation for the purpose of soliciting stockholder approval of such Business Combination.
Section 9.3 For the purpose of this Article 9
(a)    The term “Business Combination” shall mean (i) any merger or consolidation of the corporation with or into a Control Person, (ii) any sale, lease, exchange, transfer or other disposition, including without limitation a mortgage or any other security device, of all or any Substantial Part (as defined below) of the assets of the corporation (including without limitation any voting securities of a subsidiary) or of a subsidiary, to a Control Person, (iii) any merger or consolidation of a Control Person with or into the corporation or a subsidiary of the corporation, (iv) any sale, lease, exchange, transfer or other disposition of all or any Substantial Part of the assets of a Control Person to the corporation or a subsidiary of the corporation, (v) the issuance of any securities of the corporation or a subsidiary of the corporation to a Control Person, (vi) the acquisition by the corporation or a subsidiary of the corporation of any securities of a Control Person, (vii) any reclassification of common stock of the corporation, or any recapitalization involving common stock of the corporation, consummated within five years after a Control Person becomes a Control Person, or (viii) any agreement, contract or other arrangement providing for any of the transactions described in this definition of Business Combination;
(b)    The term “Continuing Director” shall mean (i) a director who was a member of the board of directors of the corporation immediately prior to the time that a Control Person became the beneficial owner (as this term is defined in Rule 13d-3 of the General Rules and Regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 on the date on which this amendment becomes effective) of 10% or more of the outstanding shares of common stock of the corporation or (ii) a person so designated before initially becoming a director by a majority of the then Continuing Directors.
(c)    The term “Control Person” shall mean and include any individual, corporation, partnership or other person or entity which, together with their Affiliates and Associates (as those terms are defined on the date on which this amendment becomes effective in Rule 12b-2 of the General Rules
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Exhibit 3.1
and Regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) is the beneficial owner in the aggregate of 20% or more of the outstanding shares of common stock of the corporation, and any Affiliate or Associate of any such individual, corporation, partnership or other person or entity;
(d)    The term “Substantial Part” shall mean more than 10% of the total assets of the corporation in question, as of the end of its most recent fiscal year prior to the time the determination is being made;
(e)    Without limitation, any shares of common stock of the corporation which any Control Person has the right to acquire at any time pursuant to any agreement, or upon exercise of conversion rights, warrants or options, or otherwise, shall be deemed outstanding and beneficially owned by such Control Person for purposes of this Article 9; and
(f)    For the purposes of Section 9.2(b)(i) of this Article 9, the phrase “other consideration to be received” shall include, without limitation, common stock of the corporation retained by its existing public stockholders in the event of a Business Combination with such Control Person in which the corporation is the surviving corporation.
Section 9.4 For the purposes of this Article 9, a majority of the Continuing Directors shall have the power and duty to determine on the basis of information known to them (a) whether a proposed transaction is subject to the provisions of this Article 9, (b) the amount of shares of the corporation Beneficially Owned by any person, (c) whether a person is an Affiliate or Associate of another, and (d) such other matters as to which a determination may be required by the provisions of this Article 9.
Section 9.5 The provisions set forth in this Article 9 may not be repealed or amended in any respect or in any manner including any merger or consolidation of the corporation with any other corporation unless the surviving corporation’s Articles of Incorporation contain an article to the same effect as this Article 9, except by the affirmative vote of the holders of not less than 66 2/3% of the outstanding shares of common stock of the corporation, subject to the provisions of any series of preferred stock which may at the time be outstanding; provided, however, that if there is a Control Person such action must be approved by not less than 66 2/3% of the total shares entitled to be voted in an election of directors attributable to shares owned by person other than the Control Persons.
ARTICLE 10
Section 10.1 The board of directors of the corporation, when evaluating any offer of another party to (a) make a tender or exchange offer for any equity security of the corporation, (b) merge or consolidate the corporation with another corporation, or (c) purchase or otherwise acquire all or substantially all of the properties and assets of the corporation, shall, in connection with the exercise of its judgment in determining what is in the best interests of the corporation and its stockholders, give due consideration to all relevant factors, including without limitation the social and economic effects on the employees, customers, suppliers and other constituents of the corporation and its subsidiaries and on the communities in which the corporation and its subsidiaries operate or are located.
ARTICLE 11
Section 11.1 Defined Terms. As used in this Article 11:
(a)    “Egregious conduct” by a person shall mean acts or omissions that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, conduct violating section 23B. of the Revised Code of
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Exhibit 3.1
Washington, or participation in any transaction from which the person will personally receive a benefit in money, property, or services to which the person is not legally entitled.
(b)    “Finally adjudged” shall mean stated in a judgment based upon clear and convincing evidence by a court having jurisdiction, from which there is no further right to appeal.
(c)    “Director” shall mean any person who is a director of the corporation and any person who, while a director of the corporation, is serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, partner, trustee, employee, or agent of another foreign or domestic corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, or other enterprise, or is a fiduciary or party in interest in relation to any employee benefit plan covering any employee of the corporation or of any employer in which it has an ownership interest; and “conduct as a director” shall include conduct while a director is acting in any of such capacities.
(d)    “Officer-director” shall mean any person who is simultaneously both an officer and director of the corporation and any person who, while simultaneously both an officer and director of the corporation, is serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, partner, trustee, employee, or agent of another foreign or domestic corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, or other enterprise, or is a fiduciary or party in interest in relation to any employee benefit plan covering any employee of the corporation or of any employer in which it has an ownership interest; and “conduct as an officer-director” shall include conduct while an officer-director is acting as an officer of the corporation or in any of such other capacities.
(e)    “Subsidiary corporation” shall mean any corporation at least eighty percent of the voting stock of which is held beneficially by this corporation.
Section 11.2 - Liability of Directors. No director, officer-director, former director or former officer-director of the corporation shall be personally liable to the corporation or its shareholders for monetary damages for conduct as a director or officer-director occurring after the effective date of this Article 11 unless the conduct is finally adjudged to have been egregious conduct, as defined herein.
Section 11.3 - Liability of Subsidiary Directors. No director, officer-director, former director, or former officer-director of a subsidiary corporation shall be personally liable in any action brought directly by this corporation as a shareholder of the subsidiary corporation or derivatively on behalf of the subsidiary corporation (or by any shareholder of this corporation double-derivatively on behalf of this corporation and the subsidiary corporation) for monetary damages for conduct as a director or officer-director of such subsidiary corporation occurring after the effective date of this Article 11 unless the conduct is finally adjudged to have been egregious conduct, as defined herein.
Section 11.4 - Indemnification of Directors. The corporation shall indemnify any person who is, or is threatened to be made, a party to any action, suit, or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative, or investigative, and whether by or in the right of the corporation or its shareholders or by any other party, by reason of the fact that the person is or was a director or officer-director of the corporation or of a subsidiary corporation against judgments, penalties or penalty taxes, fines, settlements (even if paid or payable to the corporation or its shareholders or to a subsidiary corporation) and reasonable expenses, including attorneys’ fees, actually incurred in connection with such proceeding unless the liability and expenses were on account of conduct finally adjudged to be egregious conduct, as defined herein. The reasonable expenses, including attorneys’ fees, of such person incurred in connection with such proceeding shall be paid or reimbursed by the corporation, upon request of such person, in advance of the final disposition of such proceeding upon receipt by the corporation of a written, unsecured promise by the person to repay such amount if it shall be finally adjudged that the person is not
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Exhibit 3.1
eligible for indemnification. All expenses incurred by such person in connection with such proceeding shall be considered reasonable unless finally adjudged to be unreasonable.
Section 11.5 - Procedure. No action by the board of directors, the shareholders, independent counsel, or any other person or persons shall be necessary or appropriate to the determination of the corporation’s indemnification obligation in any specific case, to the determination of the reasonableness of any expenses incurred by a person entitled to indemnification under this Article 11, nor to the authorization of indemnification in any specific case.
Section 11.6 Internal Claims Expected. Notwithstanding section 11.4, the corporation shall not be obligated to indemnify any person for any expenses, including attorneys’ fees, incurred to assert any claim against the corporation (except a claim based on section 11.7) or any person related to or associated with it, including any person who would be entitled hereby to indemnification in connection with the claim.
Section 11.7 - Enforcement of Rights. The corporation shall indemnify any person granted indemnification rights under this Article 11 against any reasonable expenses incurred by the person to enforce such rights.
Section 11.8 - Set-off of Claims. Any person granted indemnification rights herein may directly assert such rights in set-off of any claim raised against the person by or in the right of the corporation and shall be entitled to have the same tribunal which adjudicates the corporation’s claim adjudicate the person’s entitlement to indemnification by the corporation.
Section 11.9 - Continuation of Rights. The indemnification rights provided in this Article 11 shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director or officer-director and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors, and administrators of such person.
Section 11.10 - Effect of Amendment or Repeal. Any amendment or repeal of this Article 11 shall not adversely affect any right or protection of a director, officer-director, former director or former officer-director existing at the time of such amendment or repeal with respect to acts or omissions occurring prior to such amendment or repeal.
Section 11.11 - Severability of Provisions. Each of the substantive provisions of this Article 11 is separate and independent of the others, so that if any provision hereof shall be held to be invalid or unenforceable for any reason, such invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect the validity or enforceability of the other provisions.
    DATED this 1st day of March 2023.

COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.

By /s/ KUMI YAMAMOTO BARUFFI    
Kumi Yamamoto Baruffi
Its Corporate Secretary
.
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Exhibit 3.1

CERTIFICATE OF DESIGNATIONS
OF
FIXED RATE CUMULATIVE PERPETUAL PREFERRED STOCK, SERIES A
* * *
    Part 1.    Definitions. The following terms are used in this Certificate of Designations as defined below:
    (a)    “Common Stock” means the common stock, no par value, of the Corporation.
    (b)    “Dividend Payment Date” means February 15, May 15, August 15 and November 15 of each year.
    (c)    “Junior Stock” means the Common Stock and any other class or series of stock of the Corporation the terms of which expressly provide that it ranks junior to Designated Preferred Stock as to dividend rights and/or as to rights on liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation.
    (d)    “Liquidation Amount” means $1,000 per share of Designated Preferred Stock.
    (e)    “Minimum Amount” means $19,224,500.
    (f)    “Parity Stock” means any class or series of stock of the Corporation (other than Designated Preferred Stock) the terms of which do not expressly provide that such class or series will rank senior or junior to Designated Preferred Stock as to dividend rights and/or as to rights on liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation (in each case without regard to whether dividends accrue cumulatively or non-cumulatively).
    (g)    “Signing Date” means November 21, 2008.
    Part. 2.    Certain Voting Matters. Holders of shares of Designated Preferred Stock will be entitled to one vote for each such share on any matter on which holders of Designated Preferred Stock are entitled to vote, including any action by written consent.
    Part 3. Conflict. In the event of any conflict or inconsistency between the terms set forth in this Certificate of Designations and those set forth in the remainder of the Articles of Incorporation, the terms set forth in this Certificate of Designation shall govern.
* * *
Section 1. General Matters. Each share of Designated Preferred Stock shall be identical in all respects to every other share of Designated Preferred Stock. The Designated Preferred Stock shall be perpetual, subject to the provisions of Section 5 of these Standard Provisions that form a part of the Certificate of Designations. The Designated Preferred Stock shall rank equally with Parity Stock and shall rank senior to Junior Stock with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets in the event of any dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the Corporation.
Section 2. Standard Definitions. As used herein with respect to Designated Preferred Stock:
(a)“Applicable Dividend Rate” means (i) during the period from the Original Issue Date to, but excluding, the first day of the first Dividend Period commencing on or after the fifth anniversary of the Original Issue Date, 5% per annum and (ii) from and after the first day of the first Dividend Period commencing on or after the fifth anniversary of the Original Issue Date, 9% per annum.
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(b)“Appropriate Federal Banking Agency” means the “appropriate Federal banking agency” with respect to the Corporation as defined in Section 3(q) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. Section 1813(q)), or any successor provision.
(c)“Business Combination” means a merger, consolidation, statutory share exchange or similar transaction that requires the approval of the Corporation’s stockholders.
(d)“Business Day” means any day except Saturday, Sunday and any day on which banking institutions in the State of New York generally are authorized or required by law or other governmental actions to close.
(e)“Bylaws” means the bylaws of the Corporation, as they may be amended from time to time.
(f)“Certificate of Designations” means the Certificate of Designations or comparable instrument relating to the Designated Preferred Stock, of which these Standard Provisions form a part, as it may be amended from time to time.
(g)“Charter” means the Corporation’s certificate or articles of incorporation, articles of association, or similar organizational document.
(h)“Dividend Period” has the meaning set forth in Section 3(a).
(i)“Dividend Record Date” has the meaning set forth in Section 3(a).
(j)“Liquidation Preference” has the meaning set forth in Section 4(a).
(k)“Original Issue Date” means the date on which shares of Designated Preferred Stock are first issued.
(l)“Preferred Director” has the meaning set forth in Section 7(b).
(m)“Preferred Stock” means any and all series of preferred stock of the Corporation, including the Designated Preferred Stock.
(n)“Qualified Equity Offering” means the sale and issuance for cash by the Corporation to persons other than the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries after the Original Issue Date of shares of perpetual Preferred Stock, Common Stock or any combination of such stock, that, in each case, qualify as and may be included in Tier 1 capital of the Corporation at the time of issuance under the applicable risk-based capital guidelines of the Corporation’s Appropriate Federal Banking Agency (other than any such sales and issuances made pursuant to agreements or arrangements entered into, or pursuant to financing plans which were publicly announced, on or prior to October 13, 2008).
(o)“Share Dilution Amount” has the meaning set forth in Section 3(b).
(p)“Standard Provisions” mean these Standard Provisions that form a part of the Certificate of Designations relating to the Designated Preferred Stock.
(q)“Successor Preferred Stock” has the meaning set forth in Section 5(a).
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(r)“Voting Parity Stock” means, with regard to any matter as to which the holders of Designated Preferred Stock are entitled to vote as specified in Sections 7(a) and 7(b) of these Standard Provisions that form a part of the Certificate of Designations, any and all series of Parity Stock upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable with respect to such matter.
Section 3. Dividends.
(a)Rate. Holders of Designated Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, on each share of Designated Preferred Stock if, as and when declared by the Board of Directors or any duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors, but only out of assets legally available therefor, cumulative cash dividends with respect to each Dividend Period (as defined below) at a rate per annum equal to the Applicable Dividend Rate on (i) the Liquidation Amount per share of Designated Preferred Stock and (ii) the amount of accrued and unpaid dividends for any prior Dividend Period on such share of Designated Preferred Stock, if any. Such dividends shall begin to accrue and be cumulative from the Original Issue Date, shall compound on each subsequent Dividend Payment Date (i.e., no dividends shall accrue on other dividends unless and until the first Dividend Payment Date for such other dividends has passed without such other dividends having been paid on such date) and shall be payable quarterly in arrears on each Dividend Payment Date, commencing with the first such Dividend Payment Date to occur at least 20 calendar days after the Original Issue Date. In the event that any Dividend Payment Date would otherwise fall on a day that is not a Business Day, the dividend payment due on that date will be postponed to the next day that is a Business Day and no additional dividends will accrue as a result of that postponement. The period from and including any Dividend Payment Date to, but excluding, the next Dividend Payment Date is a “Dividend Period”, provided that the initial Dividend Period shall be the period from and including the Original Issue Date to, but excluding, the next Dividend Payment Date.
    Dividends that are payable on Designated Preferred Stock in respect of any Dividend Period shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. The amount of dividends payable on Designated Preferred Stock on any date prior to the end of a Dividend Period, and for the initial Dividend Period, shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months, and actual days elapsed over a 30-day month.
    Dividends that are payable on Designated Preferred Stock on any Dividend Payment Date will be payable to holders of record of Designated Preferred Stock as they appear on the stock register of the Corporation on the applicable record date, which shall be the 15th calendar day immediately preceding such Dividend Payment Date or such other record date fixed by the Board of Directors or any duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors that is not more than 60 nor less than 10 days prior to such Dividend Payment Date (each, a “Dividend Record Date”). Any such day that is a Dividend Record Date shall be a Dividend Record Date whether or not such day is a Business Day.
    Holders of Designated Preferred Stock shall not be entitled to any dividends, whether payable in cash, securities or other property, other than dividends (if any) declared and payable on Designated Preferred Stock as specified in this Section 3 (subject to the other provisions of the Certificate of Designations).
(b)Priority of Dividends. So long as any share of Designated Preferred Stock remains outstanding, no dividend or distribution shall be declared or paid on the Common Stock or any other shares of Junior Stock (other than dividends payable solely in shares of Common Stock) or Parity Stock, subject to the immediately following paragraph in the case of Parity Stock, and no Common Stock, Junior Stock or Parity Stock shall be, directly or indirectly, purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired for consideration by the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries unless all accrued and unpaid dividends for all past Dividend Periods, including the latest completed Dividend Period (including, if applicable as provided in Section 3(a) above, dividends on such amount), on all outstanding shares of Designated Preferred Stock have been or are contemporaneously declared and paid in full (or have been declared and a sum sufficient for the payment thereof has been set aside for the benefit of the holders of shares of Designated Preferred Stock on the applicable record date). The foregoing limitation shall not apply to (i) redemptions, purchases or other acquisitions of shares of Common Stock or other Junior Stock in
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Exhibit 3.1
connection with the administration of any employee benefit plan in the ordinary course of business (including purchases to offset the Share Dilution Amount (as defined below) pursuant to a publicly announced repurchase plan) and consistent with past practice, provided that any purchases to offset the Share Dilution Amount shall in no event exceed the Share Dilution Amount; (ii) purchases or other acquisitions by a broker-dealer subsidiary of the Corporation solely for the purpose of market-making, stabilization or customer facilitation transactions in Junior Stock or Parity Stock in the ordinary course of its business; (iii) purchases by a broker-dealer subsidiary of the Corporation of capital stock of the Corporation for resale pursuant to an offering by the Corporation of such capital stock underwritten by such broker-dealer subsidiary; (iv) any dividends or distributions of rights or Junior Stock in connection with a stockholders’ rights plan or any redemption or repurchase of rights pursuant to any stockholders’ rights plan; (v) the acquisition by the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries of record ownership in Junior Stock or Parity Stock for the beneficial ownership of any other persons (other than the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries), including as trustees or custodians; and (vi) the exchange or conversion of Junior Stock for or into other Junior Stock or of Parity Stock for or into other Parity Stock (with the same or lesser aggregate liquidation amount) or Junior Stock, in each case, solely to the extent required pursuant to binding contractual agreements entered into prior to the Signing Date or any subsequent agreement for the accelerated exercise, settlement or exchange thereof for Common Stock. “Share Dilution Amount” means the increase in the number of diluted shares outstanding (determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, and as measured from the date of the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements most recently filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission prior to the Original Issue Date) resulting from the grant, vesting or exercise of equity-based compensation to employees and equitably adjusted for any stock split, stock dividend, reverse stock split, reclassification or similar transaction.
    When dividends are not paid (or declared and a sum sufficient for payment thereof set aside for the benefit of the holders thereof on the applicable record date) on any Dividend Payment Date (or, in the case of Parity Stock having dividend payment dates different from the Dividend Payment Dates, on a dividend payment date falling within a Dividend Period related to such Dividend Payment Date) in full upon Designated Preferred Stock and any shares of Parity Stock, all dividends declared on Designated Preferred Stock and all such Parity Stock and payable on such Dividend Payment Date (or, in the case of Parity Stock having dividend payment dates different from the Dividend Payment Dates, on a dividend payment date falling within the Dividend Period related to such Dividend Payment Date) shall be declared pro rata so that the respective amounts of such dividends declared shall bear the same ratio to each other as all accrued and unpaid dividends per share on the shares of Designated Preferred Stock (including, if applicable as provided in Section 3(a) above, dividends on such amount) and all Parity Stock payable on such Dividend Payment Date (or, in the case of Parity Stock having dividend payment dates different from the Dividend Payment Dates, on a dividend payment date falling within the Dividend Period related to such Dividend Payment Date) (subject to their having been declared by the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors out of legally available funds and including, in the case of Parity Stock that bears cumulative dividends, all accrued but unpaid dividends) bear to each other. If the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors determines not to pay any dividend or a full dividend on a Dividend Payment Date, the Corporation will provide written notice to the holders of Designated Preferred Stock prior to such Dividend Payment Date.
    Subject to the foregoing, and not otherwise, such dividends (payable in cash, securities or other property) as may be determined by the Board of Directors or any duly authorized committee of the Board
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of Directors may be declared and paid on any securities, including Common Stock and other Junior Stock, from time to time out of any funds legally available for such payment, and holders of Designated Preferred Stock shall not be entitled to participate in any such dividends.
Section 4. Liquidation Rights.
(a)Voluntary or Involuntary Liquidation. In the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Corporation, whether voluntary or involuntary, holders of Designated Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive for each share of Designated Preferred Stock, out of the assets of the Corporation or proceeds thereof (whether capital or surplus) available for distribution to stockholders of the Corporation, subject to the rights of any creditors of the Corporation, before any distribution of such assets or proceeds is made to or set aside for the holders of Common Stock and any other stock of the Corporation ranking junior to Designated Preferred Stock as to such distribution, payment in full in an amount equal to the sum of (i) the Liquidation Amount per share and (ii) the amount of any accrued and unpaid dividends (including, if applicable as provided in Section 3(a) above, dividends on such amount), whether or not declared, to the date of payment (such amounts collectively, the “Liquidation Preference”).
(b)Partial Payment. If in any distribution described in Section 4(a) above the assets of the Corporation or proceeds thereof are not sufficient to pay in full the amounts payable with respect to all outstanding shares of Designated Preferred Stock and the corresponding amounts payable with respect of any other stock of the Corporation ranking equally with Designated Preferred Stock as to such distribution, holders of Designated Preferred Stock and the holders of such other stock shall share ratably in any such distribution in proportion to the full respective distributions to which they are entitled.
(c)Residual Distributions. If the Liquidation Preference has been paid in full to all holders of Designated Preferred Stock and the corresponding amounts payable with respect of any other stock of the Corporation ranking equally with Designated Preferred Stock as to such distribution has been paid in full, the holders of other stock of the Corporation shall be entitled to receive all remaining assets of the Corporation (or proceeds thereof) according to their respective rights and preferences.
(d)Merger, Consolidation and Sale of Assets Not Liquidation. For purposes of this Section 4, the merger or consolidation of the Corporation with any other corporation or other entity, including a merger or consolidation in which the holders of Designated Preferred Stock receive cash, securities or other property for their shares, or the sale, lease or exchange (for cash, securities or other property) of all or substantially all of the assets of the Corporation, shall not constitute a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation.
Section 5. Redemption.
(a)Optional Redemption. Except as provided below, the Designated Preferred Stock may not be redeemed prior to the first Dividend Payment Date falling on or after the third anniversary of the Original Issue Date. On or after the first Dividend Payment Date falling on or after the third anniversary of the Original Issue Date, the Corporation, at its option, subject to the approval of the Appropriate Federal Banking Agency, may redeem, in whole or in part, at any time and from time to time, out of funds legally available therefor, the shares of Designated Preferred Stock at the time outstanding, upon notice given as provided in Section 5(c) below, at a redemption price equal to the sum of (i) the Liquidation Amount per share and (ii) except as otherwise provided below, any accrued and unpaid dividends (including, if applicable as provided in Section 3(a) above, dividends on such amount) (regardless of whether any dividends are actually declared) to, but excluding, the date fixed for redemption.
    Notwithstanding the foregoing, prior to the first Dividend Payment Date falling on or after the third anniversary of the Original Issue Date, the Corporation, at its option, subject to the approval of the Appropriate Federal Banking Agency, may redeem, in whole or in part, at any time and from time to time, the shares of Designated Preferred Stock at the time outstanding, upon notice given as provided in Section 5(c) below, at a redemption price equal to the sum of (i) the Liquidation Amount per share and (ii) except as otherwise provided below, any accrued and unpaid dividends (including, if applicable as provided in Section 3(a) above, dividends on such amount) (regardless of whether any dividends are actually
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declared) to, but excluding, the date fixed for redemption; provided that (x) the Corporation (or any successor by Business Combination) has received aggregate gross proceeds of not less than the Minimum Amount (plus the “Minimum Amount” as defined in the relevant certificate of designations for each other outstanding series of preferred stock of such successor that was originally issued to the United States Department of the Treasury (the “Successor Preferred Stock”) in connection with the Troubled Asset Relief Program Capital Purchase Program) from one or more Qualified Equity Offerings (including Qualified Equity Offerings of such successor), and (y) the aggregate redemption price of the Designated Preferred Stock (and any Successor Preferred Stock) redeemed pursuant to this paragraph may not exceed the aggregate net cash proceeds received by the Corporation (or any successor by Business Combination) from such Qualified Equity Offerings (including Qualified Equity Offerings of such successor).
    The redemption price for any shares of Designated Preferred Stock shall be payable on the redemption date to the holder of such shares against surrender of the certificate(s) evidencing such shares to the Corporation or its agent. Any declared but unpaid dividends payable on a redemption date that occurs subsequent to the Dividend Record Date for a Dividend Period shall not be paid to the holder entitled to receive the redemption price on the redemption date, but rather shall be paid to the holder of record of the redeemed shares on such Dividend Record Date relating to the Dividend Payment Date as provided in Section 3 above.
(b)No Sinking Fund. The Designated Preferred Stock will not be subject to any mandatory redemption, sinking fund or other similar provisions. Holders of Designated Preferred Stock will have no right to require redemption or repurchase of any shares of Designated Preferred Stock.
(c)Notice of Redemption. Notice of every redemption of shares of Designated Preferred Stock shall be given by first class mail, postage prepaid, addressed to the holders of record of the shares to be redeemed at their respective last addresses appearing on the books of the Corporation. Such mailing shall be at least 30 days and not more than 60 days before the date fixed for redemption. Any notice mailed as provided in this Subsection shall be conclusively presumed to have been duly given, whether or not the holder receives such notice, but failure duly to give such notice by mail, or any defect in such notice or in the mailing thereof, to any holder of shares of Designated Preferred Stock designated for redemption shall not affect the validity of the proceedings for the redemption of any other shares of Designated Preferred Stock. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if shares of Designated Preferred Stock are issued in book-entry form through The Depository Trust Corporation or any other similar facility, notice of redemption may be given to the holders of Designated Preferred Stock at such time and in any manner permitted by such facility. Each notice of redemption given to a holder shall state: (1) the redemption date; (2) the number of shares of Designated Preferred Stock to be redeemed and, if less than all the shares held by such holder are to be redeemed, the number of such shares to be redeemed from such holder; (3) the redemption price; and (4) the place or places where certificates for such shares are to be surrendered for payment of the redemption price.
(d)Partial Redemption. In case of any redemption of part of the shares of Designated Preferred Stock at the time outstanding, the shares to be redeemed shall be selected either pro rata or in such other manner as the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee thereof may determine to be fair and equitable. Subject to the provisions hereof, the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee
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thereof shall have full power and authority to prescribe the terms and conditions upon which shares of Designated Preferred Stock shall be redeemed from time to time. If fewer than all the shares represented by any certificate are redeemed, a new certificate shall be issued representing the unredeemed shares without charge to the holder thereof.
(e)Effectiveness of Redemption. If notice of redemption has been duly given and if on or before the redemption date specified in the notice all funds necessary for the redemption have been deposited by the Corporation, in trust for the pro rata benefit of the holders of the shares called for redemption, with a bank or trust company doing business in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, and having a capital and surplus of at least $500 million and selected by the Board of Directors, so as to be and continue to be available solely therefor, then, notwithstanding that any certificate for any share so called for redemption has not been surrendered for cancellation, on and after the redemption date dividends shall cease to accrue on all shares so called for redemption, all shares so called for redemption shall no longer be deemed outstanding and all rights with respect to such shares shall forthwith on such redemption date cease and terminate, except only the right of the holders thereof to receive the amount payable on such redemption from such bank or trust company, without interest. Any funds unclaimed at the end of three years from the redemption date shall, to the extent permitted by law, be released to the Corporation, after which time the holders of the shares so called for redemption shall look only to the Corporation for payment of the redemption price of such shares.
(f)Status of Redeemed Shares. Shares of Designated Preferred Stock that are redeemed, repurchased or otherwise acquired by the Corporation shall revert to authorized but unissued shares of Preferred Stock (provided that any such cancelled shares of Designated Preferred Stock may be reissued only as shares of any series of Preferred Stock other than Designated Preferred Stock).
Section 6. Conversion. Holders of Designated Preferred Stock shares shall have no right to exchange or convert such shares into any other securities.
Section 7. Voting Rights.
(a)General. The holders of Designated Preferred Stock shall not have any voting rights except as set forth below or as otherwise from time to time required by law.
(b)Preferred Stock Directors. Whenever, at any time or times, dividends payable on the shares of Designated Preferred Stock have not been paid for an aggregate of six quarterly Dividend Periods or more, whether or not consecutive, the authorized number of directors of the Corporation shall automatically be increased by two and the holders of the Designated Preferred Stock shall have the right, with holders of shares of any one or more other classes or series of Voting Parity Stock outstanding at the time, voting together as a class, to elect two directors (hereinafter the Preferred Directors and each a Preferred Director) to fill such newly created directorships at the Corporation’s next annual meeting of stockholders (or at a special meeting called for that purpose prior to such next annual meeting) and at each subsequent annual meeting of stockholders until all accrued and unpaid dividends for all past Dividend Periods, including the latest completed Dividend Period (including, if applicable as provided in Section 3(a) above, dividends on such amount), on all outstanding shares of Designated Preferred Stock have been declared and paid in full at which time such right shall terminate with respect to the Designated Preferred Stock, except as herein or by law expressly provided, subject to revesting in the event of each and every subsequent default of the character above mentioned; provided that it shall be a qualification for election for any Preferred Director that the election of such Preferred Director shall not cause the Corporation to violate any corporate governance requirements of any securities exchange or other trading facility on which securities of the Corporation may then be listed or traded that listed or traded companies must have a majority of independent directors. Upon any termination of the right of the holders of shares
of Designated Preferred Stock and Voting Parity Stock as a class to vote for directors as provided above, the Preferred Directors shall cease to be qualified as directors, the term of office of all Preferred Directors then in office shall terminate immediately and the authorized number of directors shall be reduced by the number of Preferred Directors elected pursuant hereto. Any Preferred Director may be removed at any
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time, with or without cause, and any vacancy created thereby may be filled, only by the affirmative vote of the holders a majority of the shares of Designated Preferred Stock at the time outstanding voting separately as a class together with the holders of shares of Voting Parity Stock, to the extent the voting rights of such holders described above are then exercisable. If the office of any Preferred Director becomes vacant for any reason other than removal from office as aforesaid, the remaining Preferred Director may choose a successor who shall hold office for the unexpired term in respect of which such vacancy occurred.

(c)Class Voting Rights as to Particular Matters. So long as any shares of Designated Preferred Stock are outstanding, in addition to any other vote or consent of stockholders required by law or by the Charter, the vote or consent of the holders of at least 66 2/3% of the shares of Designated Preferred Stock at the time outstanding, voting as a separate class, given in person or by proxy, either in writing without a meeting or by vote at any meeting called for the purpose, shall be necessary for effecting or validating:
(i)Authorization of Senior Stock. Any amendment or alteration of the Certificate of Designations for the Designated Preferred Stock or the Charter to authorize or create or increase the authorized amount of, or any issuance of, any shares of, or any securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for shares of, any class or series of capital stock of the Corporation ranking senior to Designated Preferred Stock with respect to either or both the payment of dividends and/or the distribution of assets on any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation;
(ii)Amendment of Designated Preferred Stock. Any amendment, alteration or repeal of any provision of the Certificate of Designations for the Designated Preferred Stock or the Charter (including, unless no vote on such merger or consolidation is required by Section 7(c)(iii) below, any amendment, alteration or repeal by means of a merger, consolidation or otherwise) so as to adversely affect the rights, preferences, privileges or voting powers of the Designated Preferred Stock; or
(iii)Share Exchanges, Reclassifications, Mergers and Consolidations. Any consummation of a binding share exchange or reclassification involving the Designated Preferred Stock, or of a merger or consolidation of the Corporation with another corporation or other entity, unless in each case (x) the shares of Designated Preferred Stock remain outstanding or, in the case of any such merger or consolidation with respect to which the Corporation is not the surviving or resulting entity, are converted into or exchanged for preference securities of the surviving or resulting entity or its ultimate parent, and (y) such shares remaining outstanding or such preference securities, as the case may be, have such rights, preferences, privileges and voting powers, and limitations and restrictions thereof, taken as a whole, as are not materially less favorable to the holders thereof than the rights, preferences, privileges and voting powers, and limitations and restrictions thereof, of Designated Preferred Stock immediately prior to such consummation, taken as a whole;
provided, however, that for all purposes of this Section 7(c), any increase in the amount of the authorized Preferred Stock, including any increase in the authorized amount of Designated Preferred Stock necessary to satisfy preemptive or similar rights granted by the Corporation to other persons prior to the Signing Date, or the creation and issuance, or an increase in the authorized or issued amount, whether pursuant to
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preemptive or similar rights or otherwise, of any other series of Preferred Stock, or any securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any other series of Preferred Stock, ranking equally with and/or junior to Designated Preferred Stock with respect to the payment of dividends (whether such dividends are cumulative or non-cumulative) and the distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation will not be deemed to adversely affect the rights, preferences, privileges or voting powers, and shall not require the affirmative vote or consent of, the holders of outstanding shares of the Designated Preferred Stock.
(d)Changes after Provision for Redemption. No vote or consent of the holders of Designated Preferred Stock shall be required pursuant to Section 7(c) above if, at or prior to the time when any such vote or consent would otherwise be required pursuant to such Section, all outstanding shares of the Designated Preferred Stock shall have been redeemed, or shall have been called for redemption upon proper notice and sufficient funds shall have been deposited in trust for such redemption, in each case pursuant to Section 5 above.
(e)Procedures for Voting and Consents. The rules and procedures for calling and conducting any meeting of the holders of Designated Preferred Stock (including, without limitation, the fixing of a record date in connection therewith), the solicitation and use of proxies at such a meeting, the obtaining of written consents and any other aspect or matter with regard to such a meeting or such consents shall be governed by any rules of the Board of Directors or any duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors, in its discretion, may adopt from time to time, which rules and procedures shall conform to the requirements of the Charter, the Bylaws, and applicable law and the rules of any national securities exchange or other trading facility on which Designated Preferred Stock is listed or traded at the time.
Section 8. Record Holders. To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the Corporation and the transfer agent for Designated Preferred Stock may deem and treat the record holder of any share of Designated Preferred Stock as the true and lawful owner thereof for all purposes, and neither the Corporation nor such transfer agent shall be affected by any notice to the contrary.
Section 9. Notices. All notices or communications in respect of Designated Preferred Stock shall be sufficiently given if given in writing and delivered in person or by first class mail, postage prepaid, or if given in such other manner as may be permitted in this Certificate of Designations, in the Charter or Bylaws or by applicable law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if shares of Designated Preferred Stock are issued in book-entry form through The Depository Trust Corporation or any similar facility, such notices may be given to the holders of Designated Preferred Stock in any manner permitted by such facility.
Section 10. No Preemptive Rights. No share of Designated Preferred Stock shall have any rights of preemption whatsoever as to any securities of the Corporation, or any warrants, rights or options issued or granted with respect thereto, regardless of how such securities, or such warrants, rights or options, may be designated, issued or granted.
Section 11. Replacement Certificates. The Corporation shall replace any mutilated certificate at the holder’s expense upon surrender of that certificate to the Corporation. The Corporation shall replace certificates that become destroyed, stolen or lost at the holder’s expense upon delivery to the Corporation of reasonably satisfactory evidence that the certificate has been destroyed, stolen or lost, together with any indemnity that may be reasonably required by the Corporation.
Section 12. Other Rights. The shares of Designated Preferred Stock shall not have any rights, preferences, privileges or voting powers or relative, participating, optional or other special rights, or qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, other than as set forth herein or in the Charter or as provided by applicable law.
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Exhibit 3.1
CERTIFICATE OF DESIGNATIONS
OF
MANDATORILY CONVERTIBLE CUMULATIVE PARTICIPATING PREFERRED STOCK, SERIES B
Section 1. Definitions. Unless the context or use indicates another meaning or intent, the following terms shall have the following meanings, whether used in the singular or the plural:
(a) “382 Rights Plan” means a shareholder rights plan designed to preserve the utilization of tax benefits and assets and the associated declaration, issuance and exercise of related securities (including rights and shares of a new series of junior participating preferred stock).
(b) “Affiliate” means, with respect to any Person, any Person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by or under common control with, such other person. For purposes of this definition, “control” (including, with correlative meanings, the terms “controlled by” and “under common control with”) when used with respect to any Person, means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to cause the direction of management or policies of such person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise.
(c) “Applicable Conversion Price” means the Conversion Price in effect at any given time.
(d) “Articles of Amendment” means this Articles of Amendment to designate the terms of Mandatorily Convertible Cumulative Participating Preferred Stock, Series B, of Columbia Banking System, Inc., dated March 29, 2013.
(e) “Articles of Incorporation” means the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Corporation, as may be amended from time to time.
(f) “Base Price” means $10.00 divided by 1.1656.
(g) “Base Value” means 100.
(h) “Board of Directors” means the board of directors of the Corporation.
(i) “Business Day” means any day other than a Saturday, Sunday or any other day on which banks in the State of Washington are generally required or authorized by law to be closed.
(j) “Bylaws” means the Bylaws of the Corporation as may be amended from time to time.
(k) “Closing Price” of the Common Stock (or other relevant capital stock or equity interest) on any date of determination means the closing sale price or, if no closing sale price is reported, the last reported sale price of the shares of the Common Stock (or other relevant capital stock or equity interest) on the NASDAQ Stock Market on such date. If the Common Stock (or other relevant capital stock or equity interest) is not traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market on any date of determination, the Closing Price of the Common Stock (or other relevant capital stock or equity interest) on such date of determination means the closing sale price as reported in the composite transactions for the principal U.S. national or regional securities exchange on which the Common Stock (or other relevant capital stock or equity interest) is so listed or quoted, or, if no closing sale price is reported, the last reported sale price on the principal U.S. national or regional securities exchange on which the Common Stock (or other relevant capital stock or equity interest) is so listed or quoted, or if the Common Stock (or other relevant capital stock or equity interest) is not so listed or quoted on a U.S. national or regional securities exchange, the last quoted bid price for the Common Stock (or other relevant capital stock or equity interest) in the over-the-counter market as reported by Pink Sheets LLC or similar organization, or, if that bid price is not available, the market price of the Common Stock (or other relevant capital stock or equity interest) on that date as determined by a nationally recognized independent investment banking firm retained by the Corporation for this purpose.
For purposes of this Articles of Amendment, all references herein to the “Closing Price” and “last reported sale price” of the Common Stock (or other relevant capital stock or equity interest) on the NASDAQ Stock Market shall be such closing sale price and last reported sale price as reflected on the website of the NASDAQ Stock Market (http://www.nasdaq.com) and as reported by Bloomberg Professional Service; provided that in the event that there is a discrepancy between the closing sale price or last reported sale price as reflected on the website of the NASDAQ Stock Market and as reported by Bloomberg Professional Service, the closing sale price and last reported sale price on the website of the NASDAQ Stock Market shall
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govern. If a Reorganization Event has occurred and (1) the Exchange Property consists only of shares of common stock, the “Closing Price” shall be based on the closing sale price per share of such common stock; (2) the Exchange Property consists only of cash, the “Closing Price” shall be the cash amount paid per share; and (3) the Exchange Property consists of securities, cash and/or other property, the “Closing Price” shall be based on the sum, as applicable, of (x) the closing sale price of such common stock, (y) the cash amount paid per share and (z) the value (as determined by the Board of Directors, acting in good faith, from time to time) of any other securities or property paid to the holders of the Common Stock in connection with the Reorganization Event.
(l) “Common Stock” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.
(m) “Corporation” means Columbia Banking System, a Washington corporation.
(n) “Conversion Date” means a Mandatory Conversion Date or a Reorganization Conversion Date.
(o) “Conversion Price” means for each share of Series B Preferred Stock, the Base Price, subject to adjustment as set forth herein.
(p) “Current Market Price” means, on any date, the average of the daily Closing Price per share of the Common Stock or other securities on each of the ten (10) consecutive Trading Days preceding the earlier of the day before the date in question and the day before the Ex-Date with respect to the issuance or distribution giving rise to an adjustment to the Conversion Price pursuant to Section 10.
(q) “Dividend Payment Date” means March 15, June 15, September 15 and December 15 of each year.
(r) “Dividend Period” has the meaning set forth in Section 4(a).
(s) “Dividend Record Date” has the meaning set forth in Section 4(a).
(t) “Effective Date” means the date on which shares of the Series B Preferred Stock are first issued.
(u) “Exchange Property” has the meaning set forth in Section 11(a).
(v) “Exchange Ratio” has the meaning set forth in Section 1(f).
(w) “Ex-Date” when used with respect to any issuance or distribution, means the first date on which the Common Stock or other securities trade without the right to receive the issuance or distribution giving rise to an adjustment to the Conversion Price pursuant to Section 10.
(x) “Holder” means the Person in whose name the shares of the Series B Preferred Stock are registered, which may be treated by the Corporation as the absolute owner of the shares of Series B Preferred Stock for the purpose of making payment and settling conversions and for all other purposes.
(y) “Junior Securities” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.
(z) “Liquidation Preference” means, as to the Series B Preferred Stock, $100 per share (as adjusted for any split, subdivision, combination, consolidation, recapitalization or similar event with respect to the Series B Preferred Stock).
(aa) “Mandatory Conversion Date” means, with respect to shares of Series B Preferred Stock of any Holder, the date of the consummation of the transfer by such Holder of Series B Preferred Stock to third parties in a Widely Dispersed Offering; provided, however, that if a Mandatory Conversion Date would
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otherwise occur on or after an Ex-Date for an issuance or distribution that results in an adjustment of the Conversion Price pursuant to Section 10 and on or before the record date for such issuance or distribution, such Mandatory Conversion Date shall instead occur on the first calendar day after the record date for such issuance or distribution.
(bb) “Notice of Mandatory Conversion” has the meaning set forth in Section 9(a).
(cc) “Parity Securities” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.
(dd) “Person” has the meaning given to it in Section 3(a)(9) of the Exchange Act and as used in Sections 13(d)(3) and 14(d)(2) of the Exchange Act.
(ee) “Preferred Stock” means any and all series of preferred stock of the Corporation, including the Series B Preferred Stock.
(ff) “Regulatory Approvals” means, as to any Holder, to the extent applicable and required to permit such Holder to convert such Holder’s shares of Series B Preferred Stock into Common Stock and to own such Common Stock without such Holder being in violation of applicable law, rule or regulation, receipt or making of approvals and authorizations of, filings and registrations with, notifications to, or determinations by any U.S. federal, state or foreign governmental authority or self-regulatory organization, including the expiration or termination of any applicable waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976.
(gg) “Reorganization Conversion Date” means, with respect to the shares of Series B Preferred Stock of any Holder, the date of the consummation of the Reorganization Event or, if later, and applicable to such Holder, the first date on which all Regulatory Approvals with respect to the conversion of such shares shall have been obtained or made by such Holder; provided, however, that if a Reorganization Conversion Date would otherwise occur on or after an Ex-Date for an issuance or distribution that results in an adjustment of the Conversion Price pursuant to Section 10 and on or before the record date for such issuance or distribution, such Reorganization Conversion Date shall instead occur on the first calendar day after the record date for such issuance or distribution.
(hh) “Reorganization Event” has the meaning set forth in Section 11(a).
(ii) “Series A Preferred Stock” means the Fixed Rate Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A, of the Corporation.
(jj) “Series B Preferred Stock” has the meaning set forth in Section 2.
(kk) “Trading Day” means a day on which the shares of Common Stock:
(i) are not suspended from trading on any national or regional securities exchange or association or over-the-counter market at the close of business; and
(ii) have traded at least once on the national or regional securities exchange or association or over-the-counter market that is the primary market for the trading of the Common Stock.
(kk) “Voting Securities” means, at any time, shares of any class of capital stock of the Corporation that are then entitled to vote generally in the election of directors.
(ll) “Widely Dispersed Offering” means (a) a widespread public distribution, including pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (b) a transfer in which no transferee (or group of associated transferees) would receive more than 2% of any class of Voting Securities of the Corporation or (c) a transfer to a transferee that would control more than 50% of the Voting Securities of the Corporation without any transfer from the transferor.
Section 2. Designation and Number of Shares. There is hereby created out of the authorized and unissued shares of preferred stock of the Corporation a series of preferred stock designated as the
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Exhibit 3.1
“Mandatorily Convertible Cumulative Participating Preferred Stock, Series B” (the “Series B Preferred Stock”). The number of shares constituting such series shall be 8,782. The Series B Preferred Stock shall have no par value.
Section 3. Ranking. The Series B Preferred Stock will, with respect to dividend rights and rights on liquidation, winding-up and dissolution, rank (i) on a parity with Series A Preferred Stock and each other class or series of equity securities of the Corporation, if any, the terms of which do not expressly provide that such class or series will rank senior or junior to the Series B Preferred Stock as to dividend rights and rights on liquidation, winding-up and dissolution of the Corporation (collectively referred to as “Parity Securities”), and (ii) senior to the Corporation’s common stock, no par value (the “Common Stock”) and each other class or series of capital stock outstanding or established after the Effective Date by the Corporation the terms of which expressly provide that it ranks junior to the Series B Preferred Stock as to dividend rights and/or as to rights on liquidation, winding-up and dissolution of the Corporation (collectively referred to as “Junior Securities”). The Corporation has the right to authorize and/or issue additional shares or classes or series of Junior Securities or Parity Securities without the consent of the Holders.
Section 4. Dividends.
(a) From and after the Effective Date, Holders shall be entitled to receive, when, as and if declared by the Board of Directors, out of the funds legally available therefor, dividends in the amount determined as set forth in Section 4(b)(i), and no more. Except as otherwise provided herein, such dividends shall be payable quarterly in arrears (as provided below in this Section 4(a)), but only when, as and if declared by the Board of Directors, on a “Dividend Payment Date”, commencing on June 15, 2013; provided that if any such Dividend Payment Date would otherwise occur on a day that is not a Business Day, such Dividend Payment Date shall instead be (and any dividend payable on Series B Preferred Stock on such Dividend Payment Date shall instead be payable on) the immediately succeeding Business Day, unless such immediately succeeding Business Day falls in the next calendar month, in which case such Dividend Payment Date shall instead be (and any such dividend shall instead be payable on) the immediately preceding Business Day.
Dividends on Series B Preferred Stock shall accrue at any time that dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock are cumulative (whether or not in any dividend period or periods (each, a “Dividend Period”) there shall be funds of the Corporation legally available for the payment of such dividends and whether or not such dividends are authorized or declared) and accrued dividends shall accumulate to the extent not paid on the Dividend Payment Date first following the Dividend Period for which they accrue. As used herein, the term “accrued” with respect to dividends includes both accrued and accumulated dividends. Dividends that are payable on Series B Preferred Stock on any Dividend Payment Date will be payable to holders of record of Series B Preferred Stock as they appear on the stock register of the Corporation on the applicable record date, which shall be the 15th calendar day immediately preceding such Dividend Payment Date or such other record date fixed by the Board of Directors or any duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors that is not more than 60 nor less than 10 days prior to such Dividend Payment Date (each, a “Dividend Record Date”). Any such day that is a Dividend Record Date shall be a Dividend Record Date whether or not such day is a Business Day.
Each Dividend Period shall commence on and include a Dividend Payment Date (other than the initial Dividend Period, which shall commence on and include the date of original issue of the Series B Preferred Stock, provided that, for any share of Series B Preferred Stock issued after such original issue date, the initial Dividend Period for such shares may commence on and include such other date as the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors shall determine and publicly disclose) and shall end on and include the calendar day preceding the next Dividend Payment Date. Dividends that are payable on Series B Preferred Stock in respect of any Dividend Period shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. The amount of dividends payable on Series B Preferred Stock on any date prior to the end of a Dividend Period, and for the initial Dividend Period, shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months, and actual days elapsed over a 30-day month.
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(b) (i) Subject to Section 4(a), if the Board of Directors declares and pays a dividend or other distribution in respect of Common Stock (other than with respect to a 382 Rights Plan; provided that Holders of Series B Preferred Stock participate in such distribution under such 382 Rights Plan as if their shares of Series B Preferred Stock were converted into shares of Common Stock pursuant to Section 8 hereof), then the Board of Directors shall declare and pay to the Holders of the Series B Preferred Stock, on the same dates on which such dividend or other distribution is declared and paid on the Common Stock, a dividend or other distribution in an amount per share of Series B Preferred Stock equal to the product of (x) the per share dividend or other distribution declared and paid in respect of each share of Common Stock and (y) the number of shares of Common Stock into which such shares of Series B Preferred Stock is convertible as of the record date for such dividend or distribution.
(ii) Subject to Section 4(a), the dividend rate, and the rate at which dividends shall accrue, on each share of Series B Preferred Stock, for each Dividend Period, shall be at an annual rate equal to 15%, calculated with respect to the Base Value of a share of Series B Preferred Stock.
(c) Dividends in arrears on the Series B Preferred Stock in respect of a Dividend Period not declared for payment or to the extent not paid on the first Dividend Payment Date following the Dividend Period for which they accrue may be declared by the Board of Directors and paid on any date fixed by the Board of Directors, whether or not a Dividend Payment Date, to the holders of record of Series B Preferred Stock as they appear on the stock register of the Corporation on a record date selected by the Board of Directors, which shall (a) not precede the date the Board of Directors declares the dividend payable and (b) not be more than 60 days prior to the date the dividend is paid.
(d) So long as any share of Series B Preferred Stock remains outstanding, (1) no dividend or interest shall be declared and paid or set aside for payment and no distribution shall be declared and made or set aside for payment on any Junior Securities (other than a dividend payable solely in shares of Junior Securities) or trust preferred securities and (2) no shares of Junior Securities or trust preferred securities shall be purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired by the Corporation, directly or indirectly. So long as any share of Series B Preferred Stock remains outstanding, the foregoing limitations shall not apply if full dividends on all outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock for the then-current dividend period have been paid in full or declared and a sum sufficient for the payment thereof set aside for all outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock. The foregoing limitations shall not apply (i) to redemptions, purchases or other acquisitions of shares of Junior Securities in connection with any benefit plan or other similar arrangement with or for the benefit of any one or more employees, officers, directors or consultants or in connection with a dividend reinvestment or shareholder stock purchase plan; (ii) to any declaration of a dividend in connection with any shareholders’ rights plan, or the issuance of rights, stock or other property under any shareholders’ rights plan, or the redemption or repurchase of rights pursuant thereto; and (iii) to conversions into or exchanges for other Junior Securities and cash solely in lieu of fractional shares of the Junior Securities.
(e) So long as any shares of Series B Preferred Stock remain outstanding, no dividends shall be declared or paid or set aside for payment on any Parity Securities for any period (other than with respect to a 382 Rights Plan) unless full dividends on all outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock for the then-current dividend period have been paid in full or declared and a sum sufficient for the payment thereof set aside for all outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock. To the extent the Corporation declares dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock and on any Parity Securities but does not make full payment of such declared dividends, the Corporation shall allocate the dividend payments on a pro rata basis among the holders of the shares of Series B Preferred Stock and the holders of any Parity Securities then outstanding. For purposes of calculating the pro rata allocation of partial dividend payments, the Corporation shall allocate those payments so that the respective amounts of those payments bear the same ratio to each other as all accrued and unpaid dividends per share on the Series B Preferred Stock and all Parity Securities bear to each other.
(f) At any time that dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock are not cumulative, and if a Conversion Date with respect to any share of Series B Preferred Stock is prior to the record date for the payment of any
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Exhibit 3.1
dividend on the Common Stock, the Holder of such share of Series B Preferred Stock will not have the right to receive any corresponding dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock. At any time that dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock are not cumulative, and if the Conversion Date with respect to any share of Series B Preferred Stock is after the Dividend Record Date for any declared dividend and prior to the payment date for that dividend, the Holder thereof shall receive that dividend on the relevant payment date if such Holder was the Holder of record on the Dividend Record Date for that dividend. Any accrued and unpaid cumulative dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock shall be payable in cash on the Conversion Date.
Section 5. Liquidation.
(a) In the event the Corporation voluntarily or involuntarily liquidates, dissolves or winds up, the Holders at the time shall be entitled to receive, for each share of the Series B Preferred Stock, the sum of (i) liquidating distributions in an amount equal to the Liquidation Preference, plus any accrued but unpaid dividends thereon to and including the date of such liquidation, out of assets legally available for distribution to the Corporation’s shareholders, before any distribution of assets is made to the holders of the Common Stock or any other Junior Securities and (ii) after all distributions have been made to Holders pursuant to clause (i) of this sentence, liquidating distributions, as determined by the Corporation (or the trustee or other Person or Persons administering its liquidation, dissolution or winding-up in accordance with applicable law) as of a date that is at least ten (10) Business Days before the first liquidating distribution is made on Series B Preferred Stock, that would be made on the number of shares of Common Stock equal to the Base Value divided by the Applicable Conversion Price as if all of the outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock had been converted into Common Stock on such date of determination, out of assets legally available for distribution to the Corporation’s shareholders, simultaneous with any distribution of assets made to the holders of the Common Stock. The Corporation shall notify each Holder of the amount it has calculated pursuant to this Section 5 by first-class mail, postage prepaid, addressed to the Holders at their respective last addresses appearing on the books of the Corporation. Such mailing shall be made not later than five Business Days before the first liquidating distribution is made on shares of Series B Preferred Stock.
(b) In the event the assets of the Corporation available for distribution to shareholders upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the affairs of the Corporation, whether voluntary or involuntary, shall be insufficient to pay in full the amounts payable with respect to all outstanding shares of the Series B Preferred Stock and the corresponding amounts payable on any Parity Securities, Holders and the holders of such Parity Securities shall share ratably in any distribution of assets of the Corporation in proportion to the full respective liquidating distributions to which they would otherwise be respectively entitled.
(c) For purposes of this Section 5, the Corporation’s consolidation or merger with or into any other entity, the consolidation or merger of any other entity with or into the Corporation, or the sale of all or substantially all of the Corporation’s property or business will not constitute a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Corporation.
Section 6. Maturity. The Series B Preferred Stock shall be perpetual unless converted in accordance with this Articles of Amendment.
Section 7. Redemptions.
(a) Redemption. The shares of Series B Preferred Stock are not redeemable by the Corporation.
(b) No Sinking Fund. The Series B Preferred Stock will not be subject to any mandatory redemption, sinking fund or other similar provisions.
Section 8. Conversion.
(a) Effective as of the close of business on the Mandatory Conversion Date with respect to the shares of Series B Preferred Stock of a Holder, such Holder’s shares of Series B Preferred Stock shall automatically convert into shares of Common Stock as set forth below. The number of shares of Common Stock into which a share of Series B Preferred Stock shall be convertible shall be determined by dividing the Base Value by
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Exhibit 3.1
the Applicable Conversion Price (subject to the conversion procedures of Section 9 hereof), provided that cash will be paid in lieu of fractional shares in accordance with Section 13 hereof.
(b) Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, in no event shall a transferee of a Widely Disbursed Offering be entitled to receive shares of Common Stock upon any conversion of Series B Preferred Stock pursuant to this Section 8 or Section 11 to the extent (but only to the extent) that at such time the transferee Holder does not have any required Regulatory Approvals. If any delivery of shares of Common Stock owed to a transferee upon conversion of Series B Preferred Stock is not made, in whole or in part, as a result of the foregoing limitations, the Corporation’s obligation to make such delivery shall not be extinguished and the Corporation shall, at the option of the transferee Holder, deliver such shares as promptly as practicable after such converting Holder gives notice to the Corporation that the requirements of this Section 8(b) are met.
Section 9. Conversion Procedures.
(a) Each Holder shall promptly provide written notice to the Corporation of its intent to transfer its Series B Preferred Stock in a Widely Dispersed Offering and, promptly upon receipt of each required Regulatory Approval applicable to the transferee, such transferee shall provide written notice to the Corporation of such receipt. Upon occurrence of the Mandatory Conversion Date with respect to shares of any Holder, the Corporation shall provide notice of such conversion to such Holder (such notice a “Notice of Mandatory Conversion”). In addition to any information required by applicable law or regulation, the Notice of Mandatory Conversion with respect to such Holder shall state, as appropriate:
(i) the Mandatory Conversion Date applicable to such Holder;
(ii) the number of shares of Common Stock to be issued upon conversion of each share of Series B Preferred Stock held of record by such Holder and subject to such mandatory conversion; and
(iii) the place or places where certificates for shares of Series B Preferred Stock held of record by such Holder are to be surrendered for issuance of certificates representing shares of Common Stock.
(b) In the event that such Holder fails to surrender the required certificates for shares of Series B Preferred Stock held of record by such Holder within 30 days after delivery of the Mandatory Conversion Date, the Corporation shall, by written notice to such Holder, indicate which shares have been converted pursuant to Section 8.
(c) Effective immediately prior to the close of business on any Conversion Date with respect to any share of Series B Preferred Stock, dividends shall no longer be declared on any such converted share of Series B Preferred Stock and such share of Series B Preferred Stock shall cease to be outstanding, in each case, subject to the right of the Holder to receive any accrued and unpaid or declared and unpaid dividends on such share to the extent provided in Section 4(f) and any other payments to which such Holder is otherwise entitled pursuant to Section 8, Section 11 or Section 13 hereof, as applicable.
(d) No allowance or adjustment, except pursuant to Section 10, shall be made in respect of dividends payable to holders of the Common Stock of record as of any date prior to the close of business on any Conversion Date with respect to any share of Series B Preferred Stock. Prior to the close of business on the Conversion Date with respect to any share of Series B Preferred Stock, shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion thereof, or other securities issuable upon conversion of, such share of Series B Preferred Stock shall not be deemed outstanding for any purpose, and the Holder thereof shall have no rights with respect to the Common Stock or other securities issuable upon conversion (including voting rights, rights to respond to tender offers for the Common Stock or other securities issuable upon conversion and rights to receive any dividends or other distributions on the Common Stock or other securities issuable upon conversion) by virtue of holding such share of Series B Preferred Stock.
(e) Shares of Series B Preferred Stock duly converted in accordance with Section 8 or Section 11 of this Articles of Amendment will resume the status of authorized and unissued preferred stock, undesignated as to series and available for future issuance. The Corporation may, from time to time, take such appropriate
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Exhibit 3.1
action as may be necessary to reduce the authorized number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock; provided, however, that the Corporation shall not take any such action if such action would reduce the authorized number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock below the sum of (i) the number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock then outstanding and (ii) the number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock issuable upon the exercise of any warrants then outstanding.
(f) The Person or Persons entitled to receive the Common Stock and/or cash, securities or other property issuable upon conversion of Series B Preferred Stock shall be treated for all purposes as the record holder(s) of such shares of Common Stock and/or securities as of the close of business on the applicable Conversion Date with respect thereto. In the event that a Holder shall not by written notice designate the name in which shares of Common Stock and/or cash, securities or other property (including payments of cash in lieu of fractional shares) to be issued or paid upon conversion of shares of Series B Preferred Stock should be registered or paid or the manner in which such shares should be delivered, the Corporation shall be entitled to register and deliver such shares, and make such payment, in the name of the Holder and in the manner shown on the records of the Corporation.
(g) On the Mandatory Conversion Date with respect to any share of Series B Preferred Stock, certificates representing shares of Common Stock shall be issued and delivered to the Holder thereof or such Holder’s designee upon presentation and surrender of the certificate evidencing the Series B Preferred Stock to the Corporation and, if required, the furnishing of appropriate endorsements and transfer documents and the payment of all transfer and similar taxes.
Section 10. Anti-Dilution Adjustments.
(a) The Conversion Price shall be subject to the following adjustments.
(i) Stock Dividends and Distributions. If the Corporation pays dividends or other distributions on the Common Stock in shares of Common Stock, then the Conversion Price in effect immediately prior to the Ex-Date for such dividend or distribution will be multiplied by the following fraction:
OS0
OS1
Where,
OS0 =
the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to the Ex-Date for such dividend or distribution.
OS1 =the sum of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to the Ex-Date for such dividend or distribution plus the total number of shares of Common Stock constituting such dividend or distribution.
For the purposes of this clause (i), the number of shares of Common Stock at the time outstanding shall not include shares acquired by the Corporation. If any dividend or distribution described in this clause (i) is declared but not so paid or made, the Conversion Price shall be readjusted, effective as of the date the Board of Directors publicly announces its decision not to make such dividend or distribution, to such Conversion Price that would be in effect if such dividend or distribution had not been declared.
(ii) Subdivisions, Splits and Combination of the Common Stock. If the Corporation subdivides, splits or combines the shares of Common Stock, then the Conversion Price in effect immediately prior to the effective date of such share subdivision, split or combination will be multiplied by the following fraction:
OS0
OS1
Where,
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Exhibit 3.1
OS0 =
the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to the effective date of such share subdivision, split or combination.
OS1 =the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after the opening of business on the effective date of such share subdivision, split or combination.
For the purposes of this clause (ii), the number of shares of Common Stock at the time outstanding shall not include shares acquired by the Corporation. If any subdivision, split or combination described in this clause (ii) is announced but the outstanding shares of Common Stock are not subdivided, split or combined, the Conversion Price shall be readjusted, effective as of the date the Board of Directors publicly announces its decision not to subdivide, split or combine the outstanding shares of Common Stock, to such Conversion Price that would be in effect if such subdivision, split or combination had not been announced.
(iii) Issuance of Stock Purchase Rights. If the Corporation issues to all or substantially all holders of the shares of Common Stock rights or warrants (other than rights or warrants issued pursuant to a dividend reinvestment plan or share purchase plan or other similar plans) entitling them, for a period of up to 45 days from the date of issuance of such rights or warrants, to subscribe for or purchase the shares of Common Stock at less than the Current Market Price on the date fixed for the determination of shareholders entitled to receive such rights or warrants, then the Conversion Price in effect immediately prior to the Ex-Date for such distribution will be multiplied by the following fraction:
OS0 + Y
OS0 + X
Where,
OS0 =
the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to the Ex-Date for such distribution.
X =the total number of shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to such rights or warrants.
Y =the number of shares of Common Stock equal to the aggregate price payable to exercise such rights or warrants divided by the Current Market Price on the date fixed for the determination of shareholders entitled to receive such rights or warrants.
For the purposes of this clause (iii), the number of shares of Common Stock at the time outstanding shall not include shares acquired by the Corporation. In the event that such rights or warrants described in this clause (iii) are not so issued, the Conversion Price shall be readjusted, effective as of the date the Board of Directors publicly announces its decision not to issue such rights or warrants, to the Conversion Price that would then be in effect if such issuance had not been declared. To the extent that such rights or warrants are not exercised prior to their expiration or shares of Common Stock are otherwise not delivered pursuant to such rights or warrants upon the exercise of such rights or warrants, the Conversion Price shall be readjusted to such Conversion Price that would then be in effect had the adjustment made upon the issuance of such rights or warrants been made on the basis of the delivery of only the number of shares of Common Stock actually delivered. In determining the aggregate offering price payable for such shares of Common Stock, there shall be taken into account any consideration received for such rights or warrants and the value of such consideration (if other than cash, to be determined by the Board of Directors).
(iv) Debt or Asset Distributions. If the Corporation distributes to all or substantially all holders of shares of Common Stock evidences of indebtedness, shares of capital stock, securities, cash or other assets (excluding any dividend or distribution referred to in clause (i) above, any rights or warrants referred to in clause (iii) above, any dividend or distribution paid exclusively in cash, any consideration payable in connection with a tender or exchange offer made by the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries, and any dividend of shares of capital stock of any class or series, or similar equity interests, of or relating to a subsidiary or other business unit in the case of certain spin-off transactions as described below), then the
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Exhibit 3.1
Conversion Price in effect immediately prior to the Ex-Date for such distribution will be multiplied by the following fraction:
SP0 – FMV
SP0

Where,
SP0 =
the Current Market Price per share of Common Stock on the Trading Day immediately preceding the Ex-Date.
FMV =
the fair market value of the portion of the distribution applicable to one share of Common Stock on such date as determined by the Board of Directors, provided that, if “FMV” as set forth above is equal to or greater than “SP0” as set forth above, in lieu of the foregoing adjustment, adequate provision shall be made so that each Holder shall receive on the date on which such distribution is made to holders of Common Stock, for each share of Preferred Stock, the amount of such distribution such Holder would have received had such holder owned a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the Base Value divided by the Applicable Conversion Price on the Ex-Date for such distribution.
In a “spin-off”, where the Corporation makes a distribution to all holders of shares of Common Stock consisting of capital stock of any class or series, or similar equity interests of, or relating to, a subsidiary or other business unit, the Conversion Price will be adjusted on the 15th Trading Day after the effective date of the distribution by multiplying such Conversion Price in effect immediately prior to such 15th Trading Day by the following fraction:
MP0
MP0 + MPS

Where,
MP0 =
the average of the Closing Prices of the Common Stock over the first ten Trading Days commencing on and including the fifth Trading Day following the effective date of such distribution.
MPS =
the average of the Closing Prices of the capital stock or equity interests representing the portion of the distribution applicable to one share of Common Stock over the first ten Trading Days commencing on and including the fifth Trading Day following the effective date of such distribution, or, if not traded on a national or regional securities exchange or over-the-counter market, the fair market value of the capital stock or equity interests representing the portion of the distribution applicable to one share of Common Stock on such date as determined by the Board of Directors.
In the event that such distribution described in this clause (iv) is not so paid or made, the Conversion Price shall be readjusted, effective as of the date the Board of Directors publicly announces its decision not to pay or make such dividend or distribution, to the Conversion Price that would then be in effect if such dividend or distribution had not been declared.
(v) Cash Distributions. If the Corporation makes a distribution consisting exclusively of cash to all holders of the Common Stock, excluding (a) any cash dividend on the Common Stock to the extent a corresponding cash dividend is paid on the Series B Preferred Stock pursuant to Section 4(b), (b) any cash that is distributed in a Reorganization Event or as part of a “spin-off” referred to in clause (iv) above, (c) any
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Exhibit 3.1
dividend or distribution in connection with the Corporation’s liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, and (d) any consideration payable in connection with a tender or exchange offer made by the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries, then in each event, the Conversion Price in effect immediately prior to the Ex-Date for such distribution will be multiplied by the following fraction:
SP0 – DIV
SP0

Where,
SP0 =
the Closing Price per share of Common Stock on the Trading Day immediately preceding the Ex-Date.
DIV =the amount per share of Common Stock of the cash distribution, as determined pursuant to the introduction to this paragraph (v).

In the event that any distribution described in this clause (v) is not so made, the Conversion Price shall be readjusted, effective as of the date the Board of Directors publicly announces its decision not to pay such distribution, to the Conversion Price which would then be in effect if such distribution had not been declared.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, if “DIV” as set forth above is equal to or greater than “SP0” as set forth above, in lieu of the foregoing adjustment, adequate provision shall be made so that each Holder shall have the right to receive on the date on which the relevant cash dividend or distribution is distributed to holders of Common Stock, for each share of Preferred Stock, the amount of cash such Holder would have received had such Holder owned a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the Base Value divided by the Applicable Conversion Price on the Ex-Date for such distribution.
(vi) Self Tender Offers and Exchange Offers. If the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries successfully completes a tender or exchange offer for the Common Stock where the cash and the value of any other consideration included in the payment per share of the Common Stock exceeds the Closing Price per share of the Common Stock on the Trading Day immediately succeeding the expiration of the tender or exchange offer, then the Conversion Price in effect at the close of business on such immediately succeeding Trading Day will be multiplied by the following fraction:
OS0 x SP0
AC + (SP0 x OS1)
Where,
SP0 =
the Closing Price per share of Common Stock on the Trading Day immediately succeeding the expiration of the tender or exchange offer.
OS0 =
the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to the expiration of the tender or exchange offer, including any shares validly tendered and not withdrawn.
OS1 =the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after the expiration of the tender or exchange offer.
AC =the aggregate cash and fair market value of the other consideration payable in the tender or exchange offer, as determined by the Board of Directors.
In the event that the Corporation, or one of its subsidiaries, is obligated to purchase shares of Common Stock pursuant to any such tender offer or exchange offer, but the Corporation, or such subsidiary, is permanently prevented by applicable law from effecting any such purchases, or all such purchases are
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Exhibit 3.1
rescinded, then the Conversion Price shall be readjusted to be such Conversion Price that would then be in effect if such tender offer or exchange offer had not been made.
(vii) Rights Plans. To the extent that the Corporation has a rights plan in effect with respect to the Common Stock on the Mandatory Conversion Date, upon conversion of any shares of the Series B Preferred Stock, Holders will receive, in addition to the shares of Common Stock, the rights under the rights plan, unless, prior to the Mandatory Conversion Date, the rights have separated from the shares of Common Stock, in which case the Conversion Price will be adjusted at the time of separation as if the Corporation had made a distribution to all holders of the Common Stock as described in clause (iv) above, subject to readjustment in the event of the expiration, termination or redemption of such rights.
(b) The Corporation may make such decreases in the Conversion Price, in addition to any other decreases required by this Section 10, if the Board of Directors deems it advisable to avoid or diminish any income tax to holders of the Common Stock resulting from any dividend or distribution of shares of Common Stock (or issuance of rights or warrants to acquire shares of Common Stock) or from any event treated as such for income tax purposes or for any other reason.
(c) (i) All adjustments to the Conversion Price shall be calculated to the nearest 1/10 of a cent. No adjustment in the Conversion Price shall be required if such adjustment would be less than $0.01; provided that any adjustments which by reason of this subparagraph are not required to be made shall be carried forward and taken into account in any subsequent adjustment; provided further that on the Mandatory Conversion Date adjustments to the Conversion Price will be made with respect to any such adjustment carried forward and which has not been taken into account before such date.
(ii) No adjustment to the Conversion Price shall be made if Holders may participate in the transaction that would otherwise give rise to an adjustment, as a result of holding the Series B Preferred Stock (including without limitation pursuant to Section 4(b) hereof), without having to convert the Series B Preferred Stock, as if they held the full number of shares of Common Stock into which a share of the Series B Preferred Stock may then be converted. No single event shall be subject to adjustment under more than one subsection of this Section 10 so as to result in duplication.
(iii) The Applicable Conversion Price shall not be adjusted:
(A) with respect to a 382 Rights Plan; provided that Holders of Series B Preferred Stock participate in such distribution under such 382 Rights Plan as if their shares of Series B Preferred Stock were converted into shares of Common Stock pursuant to Section 8 hereof;
(B) upon the issuance of any shares of Common Stock pursuant to any present or future plan providing for the reinvestment of dividends or interest payable on the Corporation’s securities and the investment of additional optional amounts in shares of Common Stock under any such plan;
(C) upon the issuance of any shares of Common Stock or rights or warrants to purchase those shares pursuant to any present or future employee, director or consultant benefit plan or program of or assumed by the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries;
(D) upon the issuance of any shares of Common Stock pursuant to any option, warrant, right or exercisable, exchangeable or convertible security outstanding as of the date shares of the Series B Preferred Stock were first issued and not substantially amended thereafter;
(E) for a change in the par value or no par value of Common Stock; or
(F) for accrued and unpaid dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock.
(d) Whenever the Conversion Price is to be adjusted in accordance with Section 10(a) or Section 10(b), the Corporation shall: (i) compute the Conversion Price in accordance with Section 10(a) or Section 10(b), taking into account the one cent threshold set forth in Section 10(c) hereof; (ii) as soon as practicable following the occurrence of an event that requires an adjustment to the Conversion Price pursuant to Section
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Exhibit 3.1
10(a) or Section 10(b), taking into account the one percent threshold set forth in Section 10(c) hereof (or if the Corporation is not aware of such occurrence, as soon as practicable after becoming so aware), provide, or cause to be provided, a written notice to the Holders of the occurrence of such event; and (iii) as soon as practicable following the determination of the revised Conversion Price in accordance with Section 10(a) or Section 10(b) hereof, provide, or cause to be provided, a written notice to the Holders setting forth in reasonable detail the method by which the adjustment to the Conversion Price was determined and setting forth the revised Conversion Price.
Section 11. Reorganization Events.
(a) In the event that, prior to the Mandatory Conversion Date with respect to the shares of Series B Preferred Stock of any Holder, there occurs:
(i) any consolidation, merger or other similar business combination of the Corporation with or into another Person, in each case pursuant to which the Common Stock will be converted into cash, securities or other property of the Corporation or another Person;
(ii) any sale, transfer, lease or conveyance to another Person of all or substantially all of the property and assets of the Corporation, in each case pursuant to which the Common Stock will be converted into cash, securities or other property of the Corporation or another Person;
(iii) any reclassification of the Common Stock into securities including securities other than the Common Stock; or
(iv) any statutory exchange of the outstanding shares of Common Stock for securities of another Person (other than in connection with a merger or acquisition);
(any such event specified in this Section 11(a), a “Reorganization Event”) then, subject to Section 8(b), each share of such Holder’s Series B Preferred Stock outstanding immediately prior to such Reorganization Event shall remain outstanding but each Holder shall have the right, at its option, subject to the terms and provisions of this Section 11, to convert any or all of such Holder’s shares of Series B Preferred Stock, effective as of the close of business on the Reorganization Conversion Date (with the term “Regulatory Approval” applied for such purpose, as applicable, to the surviving entity in such Reorganization Event and its securities included in the Exchange Property (as defined below)), into the type and amount of securities, cash and other property receivable in such Reorganization Event by the Holder (other than a counterparty to the Reorganization Event or an Affiliate of such counterparty) in respect of each such share of Series B Preferred Stock equal to the number of shares of Common Stock into which one share of Series B Preferred Stock would then be convertible assuming that a Mandatory Conversion Date in respect of such shares of Series B Preferred Stock had occurred (such securities, cash and other property, the “Exchange Property”).
(b) The conversion right of a Holder of Series B Preferred Stock pursuant to this Section 11 shall be exercised by the Holder by the surrender of the certificates representing the shares to be converted to the Corporation or to the transfer agent for the Corporation, accompanied by a notice of reorganization conversion, no later than the tenth day following the date of delivery to each Holder of a notice from the Corporation of the expected consummation or the consummation of a Reorganization Event.
(i) Immediately prior to the close of business on the Reorganization Conversion Date, each converting Holder of Series B Preferred Stock shall be deemed to be the Holder of record of the number of shares of Common Stock deemed to be issuable upon conversion of such Holder’s Series B Preferred Stock in accordance with clause (i) or (ii) of Section 11(a), notwithstanding that the share register of the Corporation shall then be closed or that certificates representing such Common Stock shall not then be actually delivered to such Person.
13
m07977-1957577.doc

Exhibit 3.1
(ii) Upon notice from the Corporation, each Holder of Series B Preferred Stock so converted shall promptly surrender to the Corporation or its transfer agent certificates representing the shares so converted (if not previously delivered), duly endorsed in blank or accompanied by proper instruments of transfer.
(c) In the event that holders of the shares of Common Stock have the opportunity to elect the form of consideration to be received in connection with any Reorganization Event, the Holders shall be entitled to the same right of election as holders of the shares of Common Stock with respect to the form of consideration to be received pursuant to this Section 11.
(d) The above provisions of this Section 11 shall similarly apply to successive Reorganization Events and the provisions of Section 10 shall apply to any shares of capital stock of the Corporation (or any successor) received by the holders of the Common Stock in any such Reorganization Event.
(e) The Corporation (or any successor) shall, within seven days of the consummation of any Reorganization Event, provide written notice to the Holders of such consummation of such event and of the kind and amount of the cash, securities or other property that constitutes the Exchange Property. Failure to deliver such notice shall not affect the operation of this Section 11.
(f) The Corporation shall not enter into any agreement for a transaction constituting a Reorganization Event unless such agreement provides for or does not interfere with or prevent (as applicable) conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock into the Exchange Property in a manner that is consistent with and gives effect to this Section 11.
Section 12. Voting Rights.
(a) Holders will not have any voting rights, including the right to elect any directors, except (i) voting rights, if any, required by law, and (ii) voting rights, if any, described in this Section 12.
(b) So long as any shares of Series B Preferred Stock are outstanding, the vote or consent of the Holders of three-quarters of the shares of Series B Preferred Stock at the time outstanding voting as a single class with all other classes and series of Parity Securities having similar voting rights then outstanding, given in person or by proxy, either in writing without a meeting or by vote at any meeting called for the purpose, will be necessary for effecting or validating, whether or not such approval is required by Washington law:
(i) any amendment or alteration (including by means of a merger, consolidation or otherwise) of the Articles of Incorporation to authorize or create, or increase the authorized amount of, any shares of, or any securities convertible into shares of, any class or series of the Corporation’s capital stock ranking prior to the Series B Preferred Stock in the payment of dividends or in the distribution of assets on any liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Corporation;
(ii) any amendment, alteration or repeal (including by means of a merger, consolidation or otherwise) of any provision of the Articles of Incorporation (including this Articles of Amendment) or the Bylaws that would significantly and adversely alter or change the terms, rights, preferences or privileges of the Series B Preferred Stock; or
(iii) the consummation of a binding share exchange or reclassification involving the Series B Preferred Stock or a merger or consolidation of the Corporation with another entity;
provided, however, that a Holder will have no right to vote under this provision or under Washington law if such voting rights arise due to a Reorganization Event if (1) the Corporation shall have complied with Section 11(f) or (2) in each case (a) the Series B Preferred Stock remains outstanding or, in the case of any merger or consolidation with respect to which the Corporation is not the surviving or resulting entity, is converted into or exchanged for preference securities of the surviving or resulting entity or its ultimate parent, that is an entity organized and existing under the laws of the United States of America, any state thereof or the District of Columbia, and (b) such Series B Preferred Stock remaining outstanding or such preference securities, as the case may be, have such rights (including, but not limited to, the right of
14
m07977-1957577.doc

Exhibit 3.1
conversion), preferences, privileges and voting powers that, taken as a whole, as are not materially less favorable to the Holders thereof than the rights, preferences, privileges and voting powers of the Series B Preferred Stock, taken as a whole, immediately prior to the Reorganization Event; provided further, that any increase in the amount of the authorized Preferred Stock or any securities convertible into Preferred Stock or the creation and issuance, or an increase in the authorized or issued amount, of any series of Preferred Stock or any securities convertible into preferred stock ranking equally with and/or junior to the Series B Preferred Stock with respect to the payment of dividends (whether such dividends are cumulative or non-cumulative) and/or the distribution of assets upon the Corporation’s liquidation, dissolution or winding-up will not, in and of itself, be deemed to affect the voting powers, preferences or special rights of the Series B Preferred Stock and, notwithstanding any provision of Washington law, Holders will have no right to vote solely by reason of such an increase, creation or issuance.
Each holder of Series B Preferred Stock will have one vote per share on any matter on which holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to vote, including any action by written consent.
If an amendment, alteration, repeal, share exchange, reclassification, merger or consolidation described above would adversely affect one or more but not all series of Preferred Stock with like voting rights (including the Series B Preferred Stock for this purpose), then only the series affected and entitled to vote shall vote as a class in lieu of all such series of Preferred Stock.
(c) Notwithstanding the foregoing, Holders shall not have any voting rights if, at or prior to the effective time of the act with respect to which such vote would otherwise be required, all outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock shall have been converted into shares of Common Stock.
Section 13. Fractional Shares.
(a) No fractional shares of Common Stock will be issued as a result of any conversion of shares of Series B Preferred Stock.
(b) In lieu of any fractional share of Common Stock otherwise issuable in respect of any mandatory conversion pursuant to Section 8 hereof, the Corporation shall pay an amount in cash (computed to the nearest cent) equal to the same fraction of the Closing Price of the Common Stock determined as of the second Trading Day immediately preceding the Mandatory Conversion Date.
(c) If more than one share of the Series B Preferred Stock is surrendered for conversion at one time by or for the same Holder, the number of full shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion thereof shall be computed on the basis of the aggregate number of shares of the Series B Preferred Stock so surrendered.

Section 14. Reservation of Common Stock.
(a) The Corporation shall at all times thereafter reserve and keep available out of its authorized and unissued Common Stock or shares acquired by the Corporation, solely for issuance upon the conversion of shares of Series B Preferred Stock as provided in this Articles of Amendment, free from any preemptive or other similar rights, such number of shares of Common Stock as shall from time to time be issuable upon the conversion of all the shares of Series B Preferred Stock then outstanding, assuming that the Applicable Conversion Price equaled the Base Price.
(b) Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Corporation shall be entitled to deliver upon conversion of shares of Series B Preferred Stock, as herein provided, shares of Common Stock acquired by the Corporation (in lieu of the issuance of authorized and unissued shares of Common Stock), so long as any such acquired shares are free and clear of all liens, charges, security interests or encumbrances (other than liens, charges, security interests and other encumbrances created by the Holders).
(c) All shares of Common Stock delivered upon conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock shall be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable, free and clear of all liens, claims, security interests
15
m07977-1957577.doc

Exhibit 3.1
and other encumbrances (other than liens, charges, security interests and other encumbrances created by the Holders).
(d) Prior to the delivery of any securities that the Corporation shall be obligated to deliver upon conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock, the Corporation shall use its reasonable best efforts to comply with all federal and state laws and regulations thereunder requiring the registration of such securities with, or any approval of or consent to the delivery thereof by, any governmental authority.
(e) The Corporation hereby covenants and agrees that, if at any time the Common Stock shall be listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market or any other national securities exchange or automated quotation system, the Corporation will, if permitted by the rules of such exchange or automated quotation system, list and keep listed, so long as the Common Stock shall be so listed on such exchange or automated quotation system, all the Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock.
Section 15. Replacement Certificates. The Corporation shall replace any mutilated certificate at the Holder’s expense upon surrender of that certificate to the Corporation. The Corporation shall replace certificates that become destroyed, stolen or lost at the Holder’s expense upon delivery to the Corporation of satisfactory evidence that the certificate has been destroyed, stolen or lost, together with any indemnity that may be required by the Corporation.
Section 16. Miscellaneous.
(a) All notices or communications in respect of Series B Preferred Stock shall be sufficiently given if given in writing and delivered in person or by first class mail, postage prepaid, or if given in such other manner as may be permitted in this Certificate of Designations, in the Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws or by applicable law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if shares of Series B Preferred Stock are issued in book-entry form through The Depository Trust Corporation or any similar facility, such notices may be given to the holders of Series B Preferred Stock in any manner permitted by such facility.
(b) The Corporation shall pay any and all stock transfer and documentary stamp taxes that may be payable in respect of any issuance or delivery of shares of Series B Preferred Stock or shares of Common Stock or other securities issued on account of Series B Preferred Stock pursuant hereto or certificates representing such shares or securities. The Corporation shall not, however, be required to pay any such tax that may be payable in respect of any transfer involved in the issuance or delivery of shares of Series B Preferred Stock or Common Stock or other securities in a name other than that in which the shares of Series B Preferred Stock with respect to which such shares or other securities are issued or delivered were registered, or in respect of any payment to any Person other than a payment to the registered holder thereof, and shall not be required to make any such issuance, delivery or payment unless and until the Person otherwise entitled to such issuance, delivery or payment has paid to the Corporation the amount of any such tax or has established, to the satisfaction of the Corporation, that such tax has been paid or is not payable.
(c) No share of Series B Preferred Stock shall have any rights of preemption whatsoever as to any securities of the Corporation, or any warrants, rights or options issued or granted with respect thereto, regardless of how such securities, or such warrants, rights or options, may be designated, issued or granted.
(d) The shares of Series B Preferred Stock shall not have any voting powers, preferences or relative, participating, optional or other special rights, or qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, other than as set forth herein or in the Articles of Incorporation or as provided by applicable law.
16
m07977-1957577.doc
Exhibit 10.6
image_01a.jpg
March 1, 2023
Drew Anderson
5885 Meadows Road
Lake Oswego, Oregon 97035
Dear Drew:
As you know, the merger (the “Merger”) contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 11, 2021, by and between Umpqua Holdings Corporation (“Umpqua”), Columbia Banking System, Inc. (“Columbia”) and Cascade Merger Sub, Inc. has been successfully completed. We greatly appreciate your efforts and contributions that helped lead to the closing of the Merger (the “Closing”) and we believe that your continued service will be essential for a successful integration. This letter confirms our discussions regarding your ongoing role with the combined company following the Merger (the “Combined Company”).
1.Your Continuing Role
Following the Closing, you will continue to serve as the Combined Company’s Chief Administrative Officer and Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer of Umpqua Bank and have the authority, duties and responsibilities commensurate with such role. Your designated work location with the Combined Company will be Lake Oswego, Oregon.
2.Your Retention Award
In recognition of the value we believe your continued service will bring to the Combined Company, we are pleased to offer you the opportunity to earn a cash retention award (the “Retention Award”) in the aggregate amount of $1,000,000. The Retention Award will vest and be payable in three installments, with 34% ($340,000) to vest on the Core Operating and Business Banking Treasury Management systems conversion date of the banking operation of Umpqua and Columbia as determined by the Combined Company in its discretion (the “Systems Conversion Date”), 33% ($330,000) to vest on the first anniversary of the Systems Conversion Date and the remaining 33% ($330,000) to vest on the second anniversary of the Systems Conversion Date (the Systems Conversion Date and each such anniversary, a “Vesting Date”), in each case subject to your continued employment in good standing with the Combined Company through the applicable Vesting Date. If your employment terminates (or you have notified the Combined Company of your resignation) for any reason prior to a Vesting Date, you will forfeit any then-unvested portion of the Retention Award. Assuming you satisfy the vesting requirements, the applicable installment of the vested portion of the Retention Award will be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within thirty (30) days after the Vesting Date.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, if, prior to the final Vesting Date, your employment is terminated by the Combined Company other than for Cause, by you for Good Reason or due to your death or disability (as defined in the Combined Company’s long-term disability policy then applicable to you), then any then-unvested portion of the Retention Award will vest in full, subject to your (or, in the event of your death, your estate’s) execution and the effectiveness of a general release of statutory claims in favor of the Combined Company and its affiliates substantially in the form
1301 A Street, Suite 800, PO Box 2156, Tacoma, WA 98401-2156 | Phone: 253-305-1900 | Fax: 253-272-2601


attached hereto as Annex A, and be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within sixty (60) days after your date of termination. For purposes of this paragraph, “Cause” and “Good Reason” have the meanings ascribed to such terms in your Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Umpqua Holdings Corporation and Umpqua Bank, dated as of April 1, 2021 (your “Employment Agreement”).
The Retention Award will not count toward or be considered in determining payments or benefits under any other plan, program or agreement of Umpqua, Columbia, the Combined Company or their respective affiliates. The Retention Award will be subject to withholding for applicable income and payroll taxes or otherwise as required by law. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, this letter is intended to be interpreted and applied so that the Retention Award will qualify for the “short-term deferral” exception, and be exempt from the requirements, of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and any rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (“Section 409A”).
3.Treatment of Equity Awards Granted at or after the Closing
If your employment is terminated by the Combined Company other than for Cause during the two (2)-year period following the Closing, subject to your execution and the effectiveness of the Release, any outstanding equity or equity-based awards held by you immediately prior to your termination that were granted at or after the Closing will vest in full (without proration) with respect to any service vesting requirement, with any awards that are subject to a performance-vesting condition to remain outstanding and eligible to be earned in full (without proration) based on the level of performance achieved, as if you had remained employed for the full performance period. Any such vested awards (other than performance-vesting awards) will be settled within sixty (60) days of your date of termination (or such later date as may be required to avoid the imposition of penalty taxes under Section 409A), and any such performance-vesting awards that are determined to be earned will be settled at the time that similar awards held by active similarly situated executives of the Combined Company are settled generally. For the avoidance of doubt, any outstanding equity or equity-based awards held by you as of immediately prior to your termination that were granted prior to the Closing will be treated in accordance with the terms of the applicable award agreement.
4.Acknowledgements
You hereby acknowledge that you will not have “Good Reason” under your Employment Agreement or any plan of or other agreement with Umpqua, including any equity award agreement, solely as a result of (a) the Closing or (b) your role with the Combined Company as contemplated under Section 1 of this letter and any corresponding change in your authority, duties and responsibilities commensurate with your new role.
For purposes of clarity, nothing in this letter is intended to amend, alter or otherwise change the payments and benefits to which you may become entitled under the Employment Agreement, which will survive in its entirety, in accordance with its terms; provided, however, that the term of your Employment Agreement will expire on the earlier of (i) the date that is two (2) years after the date on which the Closing occurs and (ii) the expiration date set forth in Section 2 of your Employment Agreement, subject to earlier termination upon your termination of employment as contemplated by your Employment Agreement.
-2-


Following the expiration of your Employment Agreement (or on such earlier date on which the Combined Company implements new employment or severance agreements, plans or arrangements for similarly situated executives), if you remain employed by the Combined Company, you will be eligible to enter into a new employment or severance agreement (or to participate in a new severance program) on the same basis as similarly situated executives of the Combined Company that includes market competitive change in control severance benefits that are, in any event, no less favorable than the severance benefits under the Employment Agreement.
5.Miscellaneous
This letter is personal to you and, without the prior written consent of the Combined Company, is not assignable by you. This letter and any rights and benefits hereunder will inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by your legal representatives, heirs, or legatees. This letter and any rights and benefits hereunder will inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Combined Company and its successors and assigns.
This letter will be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Oregon, without regard to conflict of laws principles thereof.
This letter may not be amended or modified other than by a written agreement executed by the parties hereto or their respective successors and legal representatives. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this letter will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision of this letter, and this letter will be construed as if such invalid or unenforceable provision were omitted (but only to the extent that such provision cannot be appropriately re-formed or modified).
This letter shall not be construed as giving you the right to be retained in the employ of, or in any consulting relationship to, the Combined Company or its successors or affiliates. You acknowledge and understand that your employment with the Company is on an “at will” basis.
This letter sets forth the entire agreement of the parties hereto in respect of the subject matter contained herein and supersedes any other agreement or understanding between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof (other than the Employment Agreement). This letter may be executed in separate counterparts, each of which will be deemed to be an original but all of which taken together constitute one and the same agreement. Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page to this letter by electronic transmission, including in portable document format (.pdf), will be deemed as effective as delivery of an original executed counterpart of this letter.
[Signature page follows]

-3-


We thank you for the valuable contributions which you have made and for which we are sure you will continue to make to the Combined Company. In order to be eligible to receive the Retention Award, it is important that you sign this letter and return it to me as soon as practicable and no later than March 30, 2023.
    Sincerely yours,


/s/ Clint Stein 3/21/2023
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
Name: Clint E. Stein
Title: President and Chief Executive Officer
    

Agreed to and accepted:




/s/ Drew Anderson
Name: Drew Anderson
Date: 3/2/2023


[Signature Page to Letter Agreement]


Annex A
RELEASE
1.Release. By signing this release of Claims (as defined below) (the “General Release”), you, on behalf of yourself and your heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, in consideration of the payments and benefits provided to you by Columbia Banking System, Inc. (the “Company”) pursuant to Sections 2 and 3 of that certain letter agreement between you and the Company, dated as of March 1, 2023 (the “Letter Agreement”), knowingly and voluntarily waive, terminate, cancel, release and discharge forever the Company, its subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, directors, employees, members, attorneys and agents and their predecessors, successors and assigns, individually and in their official capacities (together, the “Released Parties”) from any and all actions, causes of action, claims, allegations, rights, obligations, liabilities, or charges (collectively, “Claims”) that you (or your heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns) have or may have, whether known or unknown, by reason of any matter, cause or thing occurring at any time before and including the date of this General Release arising under or in connection with your employment or termination of employment or services with the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates (together, as constituted from time to time, the “Group”), including, without limitation: breach of contract; tort; wrongful, abusive, unfair, constructive, or unlawful discharge or dismissal; impairment of economic opportunity; defamation; age and national origin discrimination; sexual harassment; back pay; front pay; benefits; attorneys’ fees; whistleblower claims; emotional distress; intentional infliction of emotional distress; assault; battery, pain and suffering; punitive or exemplary damages; violations of the Equal Pay Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Oregon Revised Statutes chapters 652, 653, 654, 659 and 659A, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (“ADEA”), the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1991, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, the Worker Adjustment Retraining and Notification Act, the Oregon Family Leave Act, the Oregon Military Family Leave Act, the Family and Medical Leave Act, including all amendments to any of the aforementioned acts; and violations of any other federal, state, or municipal fair employment statutes or laws, including, without limitation, violations of any other law, rule, regulation, or ordinance pertaining to employment, wages, compensation, hours worked, or any other matters related in any way to your employment with the Group or the termination of that employment. This General Release will not, however, apply to or affect (i) any obligation of the Company pursuant to the Letter Agreement, (ii) any indemnification or similar rights from the Group you may have as a current or former officer, director, employee or agent of the Group, including, without limitation, any and all rights thereto under applicable law, the bylaws or other governance documents of any member of the Group, or any rights with respect to coverage under any directors’ and officers’ insurance policies and/or indemnification agreements (including the Letter Agreement), as applicable, (iii) any Claim you may have as the holder or beneficial owner of securities of any member of the Group or other rights relating to securities or equity awards in respect of the common stock of any member of the Group, (iv) any benefits or the right to seek benefits under applicable workers’ compensation and/or unemployment compensation statutes, (v) any benefit to which you are entitled under any tax qualified pension plan of the Group, continuation coverage benefits under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, vested benefits under any other benefit plans of the Group or any other welfare benefits required to be provided pursuant to the terms of the applicable plan, (vi) rights to accrued but unpaid salary, paid time off, vacation or other compensation through the date of your termination of employment, (vii) any unreimbursed business expenses and (viii) any claims that may arise in the future from events or actions occurring after your date of termination of employment or services or which may not be released through an agreement such as this General Release under applicable law (claims with respect thereto, collectively, “Excluded Claims”).
A-1


2.Proceedings. You further agree, promise and covenant that, to the maximum extent permitted by law, neither you, nor any person, organization, or other entity acting on your behalf, has filed or will file, charged or will charge, claimed or will claim, sued or will sue, or caused or will cause, or permitted or will permit to be filed, charged or claimed, any action for damages or other relief (including injunctive, declaratory, monetary or other relief) against the Released Parties with respect to any Claims other than Excluded Claims. Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this Release Agreement is intended to waive your right to testify, assist, file or participate in any investigation, hearing, charge or proceeding conducted by a government agency such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or the Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries. However, this Release Agreement prohibits you from seeking, accepting or being entitled to any monetary relief, whether for yourself individually or as a member of a class or group, and you expressly waive any right to recover any damages or monetary benefit from any such proceeding.
3.Acknowledgements by You. You hereby acknowledge and confirm that you were advised by the Company in connection with your termination of employment or services to consult with an attorney of your choice prior to signing this General Release, including, without limitation, with respect to the terms relating to your release and waiver of Claims arising under ADEA, and that you have in fact consulted an attorney. You have been given twenty-one (21) days to review this General Release, and you are signing this General Release knowingly, voluntarily and with full understanding of its terms and effects, and you voluntarily accept the benefits provided for under Sections 2 and 3 of the Letter Agreement for the purpose of making full and final settlement of all claims referred to above. You also understand that you have seven (7) calendar days from the date you sign this General Release to revoke your signature on this General Release, and that this General Release and any obligations that the Company has under Sections 2 and 3 of the Letter Agreement will not become effective if you exercise your right to revoke your signature on this General Release within seven (7) days from the date you sign this General Release. You understand that such revocation must be delivered to the Company at its headquarters, directed to the attention of the Company’s General Counsel, during such period to be effective.
4.Governing Law. All matters affecting this Agreement, including the validity thereof, are to be governed by, and interpreted and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of Oregon applicable to contracts executed in and to be performed in that State.


A-2


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this General Release has been executed on the date set forth below.



By:                        
Name: Drew Anderson
Date:


A-3



Annex [B][C]

Systems Conversion Date

For purposes of this letter, the Systems Conversion Date referenced in Section 2 thereof will be defined and determined as follows.

As relates to the conversion of the Core Operating and Business Banking Treasury Management Systems, the “Systems Conversion Date” will be the date upon which the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Combined Company, in its discretion, certifies that the following conversion conditions have been successfully met:

Successful data conversion: Columbia core data (inclusive of approximately 750,000 accounts, $11 billion in loans and $16 billion in deposits) was transferred accurately and completely to the Umpqua technology environment.

Systems and applications are working as designed: The Combined Company is operating with business as usual. For example, customers are transacting at branches, new accounts are being opened and data is flowing to supporting applications such as the GL, BSA/AML systems, Q2 mobile banking, FIS D1B business online banking, wires, ACH platforms and item processing.

Customer issues are resolved promptly and internal resources are using the correct support mechanisms: The IMO Command Center will be the central aggregator of any unexpected customer issues and coordinate with the business unit support mechanisms for successful remediation of any issues. Issue tracking and resolution management reports will be created daily for visibility.


Exhibit 10.7
image_0.jpg


March 1, 2023

Sheri Burns
5885 Meadows Road
Lake Oswego, Oregon 97035
Dear Sheri:
As you know, the merger (the “Merger”) contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 11, 2021, by and between Umpqua Holdings Corporation (“Umpqua”), Columbia Banking System, Inc. (“Columbia”) and Cascade Merger Sub, Inc. has been successfully completed. We greatly appreciate your efforts and contributions that helped lead to the closing of the Merger (the “Closing”) and we believe that your continued service will be essential for a successful integration. This letter confirms our discussions regarding your ongoing role with the combined company following the Merger (the “Combined Company”).
1.Your Continuing Role
Following the Closing, you will continue to serve as the Combined Company’s Chief Human Resources Officer and Executive Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer of Umpqua Bank and have the authority, duties and responsibilities commensurate with such role. Your designated work location with the Combined Company will be Lake Oswego, Oregon.
2.Your Retention Award
In recognition of the value we believe your continued service will bring to the Combined Company, we are pleased to offer you the opportunity to earn a cash retention award (the “Retention Award”) in the aggregate amount of $725,000. The Retention Award will vest and be payable in three installments, with 34% ($246,500) to vest on the Core Operating and Business Banking Treasury Management systems conversion date of the banking operation of Umpqua and Columbia as determined by the Combined Company in its discretion (the “Systems Conversion Date”), 33% ($239,250) to vest on the first anniversary of the Systems Conversion Date and the remaining 33% ($239,250) to vest on the second anniversary of the Systems Conversion Date (the Systems Conversion Date and each such anniversary, a “Vesting Date”), in each case subject to your continued employment in good standing with the Combined Company through the applicable Vesting Date. If your employment terminates (or you have notified the Combined Company of your resignation) for any reason prior to a Vesting Date, you will forfeit any then-unvested portion of the Retention Award. Assuming you satisfy the vesting requirements, the applicable installment of the vested portion of the Retention Award will be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within thirty (30) days after the Vesting Date.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, if, prior to the final Vesting Date, your employment is terminated by the Combined Company other than for Cause, by you for Good Reason or due to your death or disability (as defined in the Combined Company’s long-term disability policy then applicable to you), then any then-unvested portion of the Retention Award will vest in full, subject to your (or, in the event of your death, your estate’s) execution and the effectiveness of a general release of statutory claims in favor of the Combined Company and its affiliates substantially in the form
1301 A Street, Suite 800, PO Box 2156, Tacoma, WA 98401-2156 | Phone: 253-305-1900 | Fax: 253-272-2601



attached hereto as Annex A, and be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within sixty (60) days after your date of termination. For purposes of this paragraph, “Cause” and “Good Reason” have the meanings ascribed to such terms in your Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Umpqua Holdings Corporation and Umpqua Bank, dated as of April 1, 2021 (your “Employment Agreement”).
The Retention Award will not count toward or be considered in determining payments or benefits under any other plan, program or agreement of Umpqua, Columbia, the Combined Company or their respective affiliates. The Retention Award will be subject to withholding for applicable income and payroll taxes or otherwise as required by law. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, this letter is intended to be interpreted and applied so that the Retention Award will qualify for the “short-term deferral” exception, and be exempt from the requirements, of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and any rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (“Section 409A”).
3.Treatment of Equity Awards Granted at or after the Closing
If your employment is terminated by the Combined Company other than for Cause during the two (2)-year period following the Closing, subject to your execution and the effectiveness of the Release, any outstanding equity or equity-based awards held by you immediately prior to your termination that were granted at or after the Closing will vest in full (without proration) with respect to any service vesting requirement, with any awards that are subject to a performance-vesting condition to remain outstanding and eligible to be earned in full (without proration) based on the level of performance achieved, as if you had remained employed for the full performance period. Any such vested awards (other than performance-vesting awards) will be settled within sixty (60) days of your date of termination (or such later date as may be required to avoid the imposition of penalty taxes under Section 409A), and any such performance-vesting awards that are determined to be earned will be settled at the time that similar awards held by active similarly situated executives of the Combined Company are settled generally. For the avoidance of doubt, any outstanding equity or equity-based awards held by you as of immediately prior to your termination that were granted prior to the Closing will be treated in accordance with the terms of the applicable award agreement.
4.Acknowledgements
You hereby acknowledge that you will not have “Good Reason” under your Employment Agreement or any plan of or other agreement with Umpqua, including any equity award agreement, solely as a result of (a) the Closing or (b) your role with the Combined Company as contemplated under Section 1 of this letter and any corresponding change in your authority, duties and responsibilities commensurate with your new role.
For purposes of clarity, nothing in this letter is intended to amend, alter or otherwise change the payments and benefits to which you may become entitled under the Employment Agreement, which will survive in its entirety, in accordance with its terms; provided, however, that the term of your Employment Agreement will expire on the earlier of (i) the date that is two (2) years after the date on which the Closing occurs and (ii) the expiration date set forth in Section 2 of your Employment Agreement, subject to earlier termination upon your termination of employment as contemplated by your Employment Agreement.
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Following the expiration of your Employment Agreement (or on such earlier date on which the Combined Company implements new employment or severance agreements, plans or arrangements for similarly situated executives), if you remain employed by the Combined Company, you will be eligible to enter into a new employment or severance agreement (or to participate in a new severance program) on the same basis as similarly situated executives of the Combined Company that includes market competitive change in control severance benefits that are, in any event, no less favorable than the severance benefits under the Employment Agreement.
5.Miscellaneous
This letter is personal to you and, without the prior written consent of the Combined Company, is not assignable by you. This letter and any rights and benefits hereunder will inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by your legal representatives, heirs, or legatees. This letter and any rights and benefits hereunder will inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Combined Company and its successors and assigns.
This letter will be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Oregon, without regard to conflict of laws principles thereof.
This letter may not be amended or modified other than by a written agreement executed by the parties hereto or their respective successors and legal representatives. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this letter will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision of this letter, and this letter will be construed as if such invalid or unenforceable provision were omitted (but only to the extent that such provision cannot be appropriately re-formed or modified).
This letter shall not be construed as giving you the right to be retained in the employ of, or in any consulting relationship to, the Combined Company or its successors or affiliates. You acknowledge and understand that your employment with the Company is on an “at will” basis.
This letter sets forth the entire agreement of the parties hereto in respect of the subject matter contained herein and supersedes any other agreement or understanding between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof (other than the Employment Agreement). This letter may be executed in separate counterparts, each of which will be deemed to be an original but all of which taken together constitute one and the same agreement. Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page to this letter by electronic transmission, including in portable document format (.pdf), will be deemed as effective as delivery of an original executed counterpart of this letter.
[Signature page follows]

-3-


We thank you for the valuable contributions which you have made and for which we are sure you will continue to make to the Combined Company. In order to be eligible to receive the Retention Award, it is important that you sign this letter and return it to me as soon as practicable and no later than March 30, 2023.
    Sincerely yours,


/s/ Clint Stein     3/21/2023
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
Name: Clint E. Stein
Title: President and Chief Executive Officer
    

Agreed to and accepted:




/s/ Sheri Burns____
Name: Sheri Burns
Date: 3/21/2023


[Signature Page to Letter Agreement]


Annex A
RELEASE
1.Release. By signing this release of Claims (as defined below) (the “General Release”), you, on behalf of yourself and your heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, in consideration of the payments and benefits provided to you by Columbia Banking System, Inc. (the “Company”) pursuant to Sections 2 and 3 of that certain letter agreement between you and the Company, dated as of March 1, 2023 (the “Letter Agreement”), knowingly and voluntarily waive, terminate, cancel, release and discharge forever the Company, its subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, directors, employees, members, attorneys and agents and their predecessors, successors and assigns, individually and in their official capacities (together, the “Released Parties”) from any and all actions, causes of action, claims, allegations, rights, obligations, liabilities, or charges (collectively, “Claims”) that you (or your heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns) have or may have, whether known or unknown, by reason of any matter, cause or thing occurring at any time before and including the date of this General Release arising under or in connection with your employment or termination of employment or services with the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates (together, as constituted from time to time, the “Group”), including, without limitation: breach of contract; tort; wrongful, abusive, unfair, constructive, or unlawful discharge or dismissal; impairment of economic opportunity; defamation; age and national origin discrimination; sexual harassment; back pay; front pay; benefits; attorneys’ fees; whistleblower claims; emotional distress; intentional infliction of emotional distress; assault; battery, pain and suffering; punitive or exemplary damages; violations of the Equal Pay Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Oregon Revised Statutes chapters 652, 653, 654, 659 and 659A, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (“ADEA”), the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1991, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, the Worker Adjustment Retraining and Notification Act, the Oregon Family Leave Act, the Oregon Military Family Leave Act, the Family and Medical Leave Act, including all amendments to any of the aforementioned acts; and violations of any other federal, state, or municipal fair employment statutes or laws, including, without limitation, violations of any other law, rule, regulation, or ordinance pertaining to employment, wages, compensation, hours worked, or any other matters related in any way to your employment with the Group or the termination of that employment. This General Release will not, however, apply to or affect (i) any obligation of the Company pursuant to the Letter Agreement, (ii) any indemnification or similar rights from the Group you may have as a current or former officer, director, employee or agent of the Group, including, without limitation, any and all rights thereto under applicable law, the bylaws or other governance documents of any member of the Group, or any rights with respect to coverage under any directors’ and officers’ insurance policies and/or indemnification agreements (including the Letter Agreement), as applicable, (iii) any Claim you may have as the holder or beneficial owner of securities of any member of the Group or other rights relating to securities or equity awards in respect of the common stock of any member of the Group, (iv) any benefits or the right to seek benefits under applicable workers’ compensation and/or unemployment compensation statutes, (v) any benefit to which you are entitled under any tax qualified pension plan of the Group, continuation coverage benefits under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, vested benefits under any other benefit plans of the Group or any other welfare benefits required to be provided pursuant to the terms of the applicable plan, (vi) rights to accrued but unpaid salary, paid time off, vacation or other compensation through the date of your termination of employment, (vii) any unreimbursed business expenses and (viii) any claims that may arise in the future from events or actions occurring after your date of termination of employment or services or which may not be released through an agreement such as this General Release under applicable law (claims with respect thereto, collectively, “Excluded Claims”).
A-1


2.Proceedings. You further agree, promise and covenant that, to the maximum extent permitted by law, neither you, nor any person, organization, or other entity acting on your behalf, has filed or will file, charged or will charge, claimed or will claim, sued or will sue, or caused or will cause, or permitted or will permit to be filed, charged or claimed, any action for damages or other relief (including injunctive, declaratory, monetary or other relief) against the Released Parties with respect to any Claims other than Excluded Claims. Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this Release Agreement is intended to waive your right to testify, assist, file or participate in any investigation, hearing, charge or proceeding conducted by a government agency such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or the Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries. However, this Release Agreement prohibits you from seeking, accepting or being entitled to any monetary relief, whether for yourself individually or as a member of a class or group, and you expressly waive any right to recover any damages or monetary benefit from any such proceeding.
3.Acknowledgements by You. You hereby acknowledge and confirm that you were advised by the Company in connection with your termination of employment or services to consult with an attorney of your choice prior to signing this General Release, including, without limitation, with respect to the terms relating to your release and waiver of Claims arising under ADEA, and that you have in fact consulted an attorney. You have been given twenty-one (21) days to review this General Release, and you are signing this General Release knowingly, voluntarily and with full understanding of its terms and effects, and you voluntarily accept the benefits provided for under Sections 2 and 3 of the Letter Agreement for the purpose of making full and final settlement of all claims referred to above. You also understand that you have seven (7) calendar days from the date you sign this General Release to revoke your signature on this General Release, and that this General Release and any obligations that the Company has under Sections 2 and 3 of the Letter Agreement will not become effective if you exercise your right to revoke your signature on this General Release within seven (7) days from the date you sign this General Release. You understand that such revocation must be delivered to the Company at its headquarters, directed to the attention of the Company’s General Counsel, during such period to be effective.
4.Governing Law. All matters affecting this Agreement, including the validity thereof, are to be governed by, and interpreted and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of Oregon applicable to contracts executed in and to be performed in that State.


A-2


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this General Release has been executed on the date set forth below.



By:                        
Name: Sheri Burns
Date:

A-3


Annex [B][C]

Systems Conversion Date

For purposes of this letter, the Systems Conversion Date referenced in Section 2 thereof will be defined and determined as follows.

As relates to the conversion of the Core Operating and Business Banking Treasury Management Systems, the “Systems Conversion Date” will be the date upon which the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Combined Company, in its discretion, certifies that the following conversion conditions have been successfully met:

Successful data conversion: Columbia core data (inclusive of approximately 750,000 accounts, $11 billion in loans and $16 billion in deposits) was transferred accurately and completely to the Umpqua technology environment.

Systems and applications are working as designed: The Combined Company is operating with business as usual. For example, customers are transacting at branches, new accounts are being opened and data is flowing to supporting applications such as the GL, BSA/AML systems, Q2 mobile banking, FIS D1B business online banking, wires, ACH platforms and item processing.

Customer issues are resolved promptly and internal resources are using the correct support mechanisms: The IMO Command Center will be the central aggregator of any unexpected customer issues and coordinate with the business unit support mechanisms for successful remediation of any issues. Issue tracking and resolution management reports will be created daily for visibility.


    Exhibit 10.8
image_02a.jpg
March 1, 2023
Frank Namdar
5885 Meadows Road
Lake Oswego, Oregon 97035
Dear Frank:
As you know, the merger (the “Merger”) contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 11, 2021, by and between Umpqua Holdings Corporation (“Umpqua”), Columbia Banking System, Inc. (“Columbia”) and Cascade Merger Sub, Inc. has been successfully completed. We greatly appreciate your efforts and contributions that helped lead to the closing of the Merger (the “Closing”) and we believe that your continued service will be essential for a successful integration. This letter confirms our discussions regarding your ongoing role with the combined company following the Merger (the “Combined Company”).
1.Your Continuing Role
Following the Closing, you will continue to serve as the Combined Company’s Chief Credit Officer and Executive Vice President, Chief Credit Officer of Umpqua Bank and have the authority, duties and responsibilities commensurate with such role. Your designated work location with the Combined Company will be Lake Oswego, Oregon.
2.Your Retention Award
In recognition of the value we believe your continued service will bring to the Combined Company, we are pleased to offer you the opportunity to earn a cash retention award (the “Retention Award”) in the aggregate amount of $650,000. The Retention Award will vest and be payable in three installments, with 34% ($221,000) to vest on the Core Operating and Business Banking Treasury Management systems conversion date of the banking operation of Umpqua and Columbia as determined by the Combined Company in its discretion (the “Systems Conversion Date”), 33% ($214,500) to vest on the first anniversary of the Systems Conversion Date and the remaining 33% ($214,500) to vest on the second anniversary of the Systems Conversion Date (the Systems Conversion Date and each such anniversary, a “Vesting Date”), in each case subject to your continued employment in good standing with the Combined Company through the applicable Vesting Date. If your employment terminates (or you have notified the Combined Company of your resignation) for any reason prior to a Vesting Date, you will forfeit any then-unvested portion of the Retention Award. Assuming you satisfy the vesting requirements, the applicable installment of the vested portion of the Retention Award will be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within thirty (30) days after the Vesting Date.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, if, prior to the final Vesting Date, your employment is terminated by the Combined Company other than for Cause, by you for Good Reason or due to your death or disability (as defined in the Combined Company’s long-term disability policy then applicable to you), then any then-unvested portion of the Retention Award will vest in full, subject to your (or, in the event of your death, your estate’s) execution and the effectiveness of a general release of statutory claims in favor of the Combined Company and its affiliates substantially in the form



attached hereto as Annex A, and be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within sixty (60) days after your date of termination. For purposes of this paragraph, “Cause” and “Good Reason” have the meanings ascribed to such terms in your Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Umpqua Holdings Corporation and Umpqua Bank, dated as of April 1, 2021 (your “Employment Agreement”).
The Retention Award will not count toward or be considered in determining payments or benefits under any other plan, program or agreement of Umpqua, Columbia, the Combined Company or their respective affiliates. The Retention Award will be subject to withholding for applicable income and payroll taxes or otherwise as required by law. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, this letter is intended to be interpreted and applied so that the Retention Award will qualify for the “short-term deferral” exception, and be exempt from the requirements, of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and any rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (“Section 409A”).
3.Treatment of Equity Awards Granted at or after the Closing
If your employment is terminated by the Combined Company other than for Cause during the two (2)-year period following the Closing, subject to your execution and the effectiveness of the Release, any outstanding equity or equity-based awards held by you immediately prior to your termination that were granted at or after the Closing will vest in full (without proration) with respect to any service vesting requirement, with any awards that are subject to a performance-vesting condition to remain outstanding and eligible to be earned in full (without proration) based on the level of performance achieved, as if you had remained employed for the full performance period. Any such vested awards (other than performance-vesting awards) will be settled within sixty (60) days of your date of termination (or such later date as may be required to avoid the imposition of penalty taxes under Section 409A), and any such performance-vesting awards that are determined to be earned will be settled at the time that similar awards held by active similarly situated executives of the Combined Company are settled generally. For the avoidance of doubt, any outstanding equity or equity-based awards held by you as of immediately prior to your termination that were granted prior to the Closing will be treated in accordance with the terms of the applicable award agreement.
4.Acknowledgements
You hereby acknowledge that you will not have “Good Reason” under your Employment Agreement or any plan of or other agreement with Umpqua, including any equity award agreement, solely as a result of (a) the Closing or (b) your role with the Combined Company as contemplated under Section 1 of this letter and any corresponding change in your authority, duties and responsibilities commensurate with your new role.
For purposes of clarity, nothing in this letter is intended to amend, alter or otherwise change the payments and benefits to which you may become entitled under the Employment Agreement, which will survive in its entirety, in accordance with its terms; provided, however, that the term of your Employment Agreement will expire on the earlier of (i) the date that is two (2) years after the date on which the Closing occurs and (ii) the expiration date set forth in Section 2 of your Employment Agreement, subject to earlier termination upon your termination of employment as contemplated by your Employment Agreement.
-2-


Following the expiration of your Employment Agreement (or on such earlier date on which the Combined Company implements new employment or severance agreements, plans or arrangements for similarly situated executives), if you remain employed by the Combined Company, you will be eligible to enter into a new employment or severance agreement (or to participate in a new severance program) on the same basis as similarly situated executives of the Combined Company that includes market competitive change in control severance benefits that are, in any event, no less favorable than the severance benefits under the Employment Agreement.
5.Miscellaneous
This letter is personal to you and, without the prior written consent of the Combined Company, is not assignable by you. This letter and any rights and benefits hereunder will inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by your legal representatives, heirs, or legatees. This letter and any rights and benefits hereunder will inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Combined Company and its successors and assigns.
This letter will be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Oregon, without regard to conflict of laws principles thereof.
This letter may not be amended or modified other than by a written agreement executed by the parties hereto or their respective successors and legal representatives. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this letter will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision of this letter, and this letter will be construed as if such invalid or unenforceable provision were omitted (but only to the extent that such provision cannot be appropriately re-formed or modified).
This letter shall not be construed as giving you the right to be retained in the employ of, or in any consulting relationship to, the Combined Company or its successors or affiliates. You acknowledge and understand that your employment with the Company is on an “at will” basis.
This letter sets forth the entire agreement of the parties hereto in respect of the subject matter contained herein and supersedes any other agreement or understanding between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof (other than the Employment Agreement). This letter may be executed in separate counterparts, each of which will be deemed to be an original but all of which taken together constitute one and the same agreement. Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page to this letter by electronic transmission, including in portable document format (.pdf), will be deemed as effective as delivery of an original executed counterpart of this letter.
[Signature page follows]

-3-


We thank you for the valuable contributions which you have made and for which we are sure you will continue to make to the Combined Company. In order to be eligible to receive the Retention Award, it is important that you sign this letter and return it to me as soon as practicable and no later than March 30, 2023.
    Sincerely yours,


/s/ Clint Stein     3/21/2023
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
Name: Clint E. Stein
Title: President and Chief Executive Officer
    

Agreed to and accepted:




/s/ Frank Namdar
Name: Frank Namdar
Date: 3/2/2023


[Signature Page to Letter Agreement]


Annex A
RELEASE
1.Release. By signing this release of Claims (as defined below) (the “General Release”), you, on behalf of yourself and your heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, in consideration of the payments and benefits provided to you by Columbia Banking System, Inc. (the “Company”) pursuant to Sections 2 and 3 of that certain letter agreement between you and the Company, dated as of March 1, 2023 (the “Letter Agreement”), knowingly and voluntarily waive, terminate, cancel, release and discharge forever the Company, its subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, directors, employees, members, attorneys and agents and their predecessors, successors and assigns, individually and in their official capacities (together, the “Released Parties”) from any and all actions, causes of action, claims, allegations, rights, obligations, liabilities, or charges (collectively, “Claims”) that you (or your heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns) have or may have, whether known or unknown, by reason of any matter, cause or thing occurring at any time before and including the date of this General Release arising under or in connection with your employment or termination of employment or services with the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates (together, as constituted from time to time, the “Group”), including, without limitation: breach of contract; tort; wrongful, abusive, unfair, constructive, or unlawful discharge or dismissal; impairment of economic opportunity; defamation; age and national origin discrimination; sexual harassment; back pay; front pay; benefits; attorneys’ fees; whistleblower claims; emotional distress; intentional infliction of emotional distress; assault; battery, pain and suffering; punitive or exemplary damages; violations of the Equal Pay Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Oregon Revised Statutes chapters 652, 653, 654, 659 and 659A, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (“ADEA”), the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1991, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, the Worker Adjustment Retraining and Notification Act, the Oregon Family Leave Act, the Oregon Military Family Leave Act, the Family and Medical Leave Act, including all amendments to any of the aforementioned acts; and violations of any other federal, state, or municipal fair employment statutes or laws, including, without limitation, violations of any other law, rule, regulation, or ordinance pertaining to employment, wages, compensation, hours worked, or any other matters related in any way to your employment with the Group or the termination of that employment. This General Release will not, however, apply to or affect (i) any obligation of the Company pursuant to the Letter Agreement, (ii) any indemnification or similar rights from the Group you may have as a current or former officer, director, employee or agent of the Group, including, without limitation, any and all rights thereto under applicable law, the bylaws or other governance documents of any member of the Group, or any rights with respect to coverage under any directors’ and officers’ insurance policies and/or indemnification agreements (including the Letter Agreement), as applicable, (iii) any Claim you may have as the holder or beneficial owner of securities of any member of the Group or other rights relating to securities or equity awards in respect of the common stock of any member of the Group, (iv) any benefits or the right to seek benefits under applicable workers’ compensation and/or unemployment compensation statutes, (v) any benefit to which you are entitled under any tax qualified pension plan of the Group, continuation coverage benefits under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, vested benefits under any other benefit plans of the Group or any other welfare benefits required to be provided pursuant to the terms of the applicable plan, (vi) rights to accrued but unpaid salary, paid time off, vacation or other compensation through the date of your termination of employment, (vii) any unreimbursed business expenses and (viii) any claims that may arise in the future from events or actions occurring after your date of termination of employment or services or which may not be released through an agreement such as this General Release under applicable law (claims with respect thereto, collectively, “Excluded Claims”).
A-1


2.Proceedings. You further agree, promise and covenant that, to the maximum extent permitted by law, neither you, nor any person, organization, or other entity acting on your behalf, has filed or will file, charged or will charge, claimed or will claim, sued or will sue, or caused or will cause, or permitted or will permit to be filed, charged or claimed, any action for damages or other relief (including injunctive, declaratory, monetary or other relief) against the Released Parties with respect to any Claims other than Excluded Claims. Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this Release Agreement is intended to waive your right to testify, assist, file or participate in any investigation, hearing, charge or proceeding conducted by a government agency such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or the Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries. However, this Release Agreement prohibits you from seeking, accepting or being entitled to any monetary relief, whether for yourself individually or as a member of a class or group, and you expressly waive any right to recover any damages or monetary benefit from any such proceeding.
3.Acknowledgements by You. You hereby acknowledge and confirm that you were advised by the Company in connection with your termination of employment or services to consult with an attorney of your choice prior to signing this General Release, including, without limitation, with respect to the terms relating to your release and waiver of Claims arising under ADEA, and that you have in fact consulted an attorney. You have been given twenty-one (21) days to review this General Release, and you are signing this General Release knowingly, voluntarily and with full understanding of its terms and effects, and you voluntarily accept the benefits provided for under Sections 2 and 3 of the Letter Agreement for the purpose of making full and final settlement of all claims referred to above. You also understand that you have seven (7) calendar days from the date you sign this General Release to revoke your signature on this General Release, and that this General Release and any obligations that the Company has under Sections 2 and 3 of the Letter Agreement will not become effective if you exercise your right to revoke your signature on this General Release within seven (7) days from the date you sign this General Release. You understand that such revocation must be delivered to the Company at its headquarters, directed to the attention of the Company’s General Counsel, during such period to be effective.
4.Governing Law. All matters affecting this Agreement, including the validity thereof, are to be governed by, and interpreted and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of Oregon applicable to contracts executed in and to be performed in that State.


A-2


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this General Release has been executed on the date set forth below.



By:                        
Name: Frank Namdar
Date:


A-3



Annex [B][C]

Systems Conversion Date

For purposes of this letter, the Systems Conversion Date referenced in Section 2 thereof will be defined and determined as follows.

As relates to the conversion of the Core Operating and Business Banking Treasury Management Systems, the “Systems Conversion Date” will be the date upon which the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Combined Company, in its discretion, certifies that the following conversion conditions have been successfully met:

Successful data conversion: Columbia core data (inclusive of approximately 750,000 accounts, $11 billion in loans and $16 billion in deposits) was transferred accurately and completely to the Umpqua technology environment.

Systems and applications are working as designed: The Combined Company is operating with business as usual. For example, customers are transacting at branches, new accounts are being opened and data is flowing to supporting applications such as the GL, BSA/AML systems, Q2 mobile banking, FIS D1B business online banking, wires, ACH platforms and item processing.

Customer issues are resolved promptly and internal resources are using the correct support mechanisms: The IMO Command Center will be the central aggregator of any unexpected customer issues and coordinate with the business unit support mechanisms for successful remediation of any issues. Issue tracking and resolution management reports will be created daily for visibility.

    Exhibit 10.9
image_07a.jpg
March 1, 2023
Torran Nixon
1301 A Street, Suite 800
Tacoma, Washington 98401-2156
Dear Tory:
As you know, the merger (the “Merger”) contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 11, 2021, by and between Umpqua Holdings Corporation (“Umpqua”), Columbia Banking System, Inc. (“Columbia”) and Cascade Merger Sub, Inc., has been successfully completed. We greatly appreciate your efforts and contributions that helped lead to the closing of the Merger (the “Closing”) and we believe that your continued service will be essential for a successful integration. This letter confirms our discussions regarding your ongoing role with the combined Columbia and Umpqua following the Closing (the “Combined Company”).
1.Your Integration Role
Following the Closing, you will have the title, position and work location with the Combined Company set forth on the attached Annex A (your “Integration Role”).
2.Your Retention Award
In recognition of the value we believe your continued service will bring to the Combined Company, we are pleased to offer you the opportunity to earn a cash retention award (the “Retention Award”) in the aggregate amount of $400,000. The Retention Award will vest and be payable in three installments, with 34% ($136,000) to vest on the Core Operating and Business Banking Treasury Management systems conversion date of the banking operation of Umpqua and Columbia as determined by the Combined Company in its discretion (the “Systems Conversion Date”), 33% ($132,000) to vest on the first anniversary of the Systems Conversion Date and the remaining 33% ($132,000) to vest on the second anniversary of the Systems Conversion Date (the Systems Conversion Date and each such anniversary, a “Vesting Date”), in each case subject to your continued employment in good standing with the Combined Company through the applicable Vesting Date. If your employment terminates (or you have notified the Combined Company of your resignation) for any reason prior to a Vesting Date, you will forfeit any then-unvested portion of the Retention Award. Assuming you satisfy the vesting requirements, the applicable installment of the vested portion of the Retention Award will be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within thirty (30) days after the Vesting Date.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, if, prior to the final Vesting Date, your employment is terminated (i) by the Combined Company other than for Cause, (ii) by you for Good Reason or (iii) due to your death or disability (as defined in the Combined Company’s long-term disability policy then applicable to you) (the termination events in clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) collectively referred to as a “Qualifying Termination”), then any then-unvested portion of the Retention Award will vest in full, subject to your (or, in the event of your death, your estate’s) execution and the effectiveness of a general release of statutory claims in favor of the Combined Company and its affiliates



substantially in the form attached hereto as Annex B (the “Release”), and be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within sixty (60) days after your date of termination. On any other termination of employment, the then-unvested portion of the Retention Award will be forfeited.
For purposes of this letter, “Cause” and “Good Reason” have the meanings ascribed to such terms in your Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Umpqua Holdings Corporation and Umpqua Bank, dated as of April 1, 2021 (your “Employment Agreement”); provided, however, that prong (iii) of the definition of “Good Reason” is hereby modified and shall refer to a material, adverse change in your title, authority, duties or responsibility with respect to your Integration Role (rather than with respect to your role and position as of immediately prior to the Closing) and you hereby acknowledge that your voluntary relocation to Tacoma, Washington in connection with the Closing will not constitute “Good Reason”.
3.Your Employment Agreement
As you know, Section 5.4 of your Employment Agreement would entitle you to certain payments and benefits upon a qualifying termination of employment during the eighteen (18)-month period following a change in control of Umpqua, such as the Merger.
In order for you to continue to serve the Combined Company following the Closing without concern about your potential rights under your Employment Agreement, the payments and benefits under the Employment Agreement will be treated in the manner described below, which provides you with the opportunity to receive the value of the severance under Sections 5.4(a) and 5.4(b) of the Employment Agreement without having to terminate employment. Tax rules under Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (together with the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, “Section 409A”), prevent us from paying certain of these amounts to you until you have a “separation from service” within the meaning of Section 409A.
In full satisfaction of the obligations under Section 5.4 of the Employment Agreement, you will be eligible to receive the following: (i) an additional retention award in the amount of $860,000 (the “Existing Agreement Retention Amount”) and (ii) an amount equal to $1,740,000 (the “Existing Agreement DC Amount”), which will be credited as soon as reasonably practicable (but no later than forty-five (45) days after the Closing) to a deferred compensation account established in your name under a deferred compensation plan (the “DC Plan”) maintained by the Combined Company (the “Merger DC Account”). Together, the Existing Agreement Retention Amount and the Existing Agreement DC Amount are the value of the payments under Sections 5.4(a) and 5.4(b) of your Employment Agreement determined as of the date hereof.
The Existing Agreement Retention Amount will vest in two equal installments, with 50% ($430,000) to vest on the first anniversary of the Closing and the remaining 50% ($430,000) to vest on the second anniversary of the Closing, subject to your continued employment in good standing with the Combined Company through each such anniversary. Assuming you satisfy the vesting requirements, the applicable installment of the vested portion of the Existing Agreement Retention Amount will be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within thirty (30) days after the applicable anniversary of the Closing.
The Existing Agreement DC Amount will vest in two equal installments, with 50% ($870,000) to vest on the first anniversary of the Closing and the remaining 50% ($870,000) to vest on the
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second anniversary of the Closing, in each case subject to your continued employment in good standing with the Combined Company through the applicable anniversary of the Closing.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, if, prior to the second anniversary of the Closing, you experience a Qualifying Termination, any then-unvested portion of the Existing Agreement Retention Amount and of the Merger DC Account will vest in full, subject to your (or, in the event of your death, your estate’s) execution and the effectiveness of the Release, and the Existing Agreement Retention Amount will be paid to you within sixty (60) days after your date of termination. On any other termination of employment, the then-unvested portion of the Existing Agreement Retention Amount and the Merger DC Account will be forfeited.
Through the date(s) of payment, the amounts in the Merger DC Account may be deemed invested in the investment alternatives available under the DC Plan based on your direction. Subject to any required delay under Section 409A, upon any termination of employment that constitutes a separation from service, the vested amounts in the Merger DC Account will be paid to you in equal installments over two years in accordance with the Combined Company’s normal payroll practices (but no less frequently than monthly), beginning on no later than the second regular payroll date after ten (10) business days following the effectiveness of the Release, to the extent required by this Section 3 (provided that, if there is delay of payment required due to the application of Section 409A (as described in Section 6 below), the first installment payment will include all amounts that would otherwise have been paid to you during the period beginning on the date of your separation from service and ending on the first payment date if no delay had been imposed). None of the Existing Agreement Retention Amount, the Existing Agreement DC Amount nor the Merger DC Account are, or shall be subject to, or eligible for, any existing or future deferral elections. For all purposes hereof, references to the Merger DC Account shall include the Existing Agreement DC Amount (prior to or following such amount being credited to the Merger DC Account) and the earnings thereon. You understand and agree that you are solely responsible for the investment experience of the Existing Agreement DC Amount and it is possible that the Existing Agreement DC Amount will decrease in value based on the investment elections you choose.
If, prior to the final payment date of the Merger DC Account, you violate any of the restrictive covenants under the Employment Agreement that are incorporated herein pursuant to Section 5 (without regard to whether such Employment Agreement has otherwise expired), the Combined Company will have any remedies, including forfeiture of the amounts in the Merger DC Account and clawback of any previously paid amounts of the Existing Agreement Retention Amount or in the Merger DC Account, that may be available to it in law or at equity.
By signing this letter, you are agreeing that the obligations under the Employment Agreement will be handled as set forth herein and that, from and after the Closing, the Employment Agreement will terminate and be of no force or effect, except for any provisions thereof that expressly survive as provided in this letter. In addition, if your employment is terminated for any reason during the two (2)-year period following the Closing, you will not be entitled to severance or any additional termination payments or benefits under any severance or separation pay plan of the Combined Company.
Following the two (2)-year period after the Closing (or on such earlier date on which the Combined Company implements new employment or severance agreements, plans or arrangements for similarly situated executives), if you remain employed by the Combined
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Company, you will be eligible to enter into a new employment or severance agreement (or to participate in a new severance program) on the same basis as similarly situated executives of the Combined Company that includes market competitive change in control severance benefits that are, in any event, no less favorable than the severance benefits under the Employment Agreement.
4.Treatment of Equity Awards Granted at or after the Closing
If your employment is terminated by the Combined Company other than for Cause during the two (2)-year period following the Closing, subject to your execution and the effectiveness of the Release, any outstanding equity or equity-based awards held by you immediately prior to your termination that were granted at or after the Closing will vest in full (without proration) with respect to any service vesting requirement, with any awards that are subject to a performance-vesting condition to remain outstanding and eligible to be earned in full (without proration) based on the level of performance achieved, as if you had remained employed for the full performance period. Any such vested awards (other than performance-vesting awards) will be settled within sixty (60) days of your date of termination (or such later date as may be required to avoid the imposition of penalty taxes under Section 409A), and any such performance-vesting awards that are determined to be earned will be settled at the time that similar awards held by active similarly situated executives of the Combined Company are settled generally. For the avoidance of doubt, any outstanding equity or equity-based awards held by you as of immediately prior to your termination that were granted prior to the Closing will be treated in accordance with the terms of the applicable award agreement.
5.Restrictive Covenants
You acknowledge and agree that Sections 6 (Confidential Information), 7 (Restrictive Covenants) and 20 (Security) of your Employment Agreement are incorporated by reference and will continue to apply as if set forth herein, mutatis mutandis, with references to “the Company” to refer to “the Combined Company,” references to “the Executive” to refer to “you” and such other interpretive modifications as are necessary to preserve the intent and meaning of such provisions. Furthermore, you acknowledge and agree that all such restrictive covenants are in addition to, and not in lieu of, any other similar covenants to which you may be or become subject under any other plan or agreement with Umpqua, Columbia, the Combined Company or any of their affiliates.
6.Section 409A
It is intended that the payments and benefits described under this letter will be in compliance with Section 409A or an exemption thereto, and this letter will be interpreted and administered consistent with these intentions. The Retention Award and the Existing Agreement Retention Amount are each intended to qualify for the “short-term deferral” exception, and be exempt from the requirements, of Section 409A. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Combined Company does not have and will not have responsibility for any taxes, penalties or interest incurred by you in connection with payments and benefits provided under this letter, including any imposed by Section 409A. Any payments that qualify for the short-term deferral exception, the separation pay exception, or another exception under Section 409A will be paid under the applicable
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exception. For purposes of the limitations on nonqualified deferred compensation under Section 409A, each payment of compensation under this letter will be treated as a separate payment of compensation for purposes of applying the exclusion under Section 409A for short-term deferral amounts, the separation pay exception, or any other exception or exclusion under Section 409A. All payments that constitute nonqualified deferred compensation under Section 409A of the Code that are to be made upon a termination of employment may only be made upon a “separation from service” to the extent necessary to avoid the imposition of penalty taxes on you pursuant to Section 409A. In the event the payment of nonqualified deferred compensation subject to Section 409A is contingent on execution of the Release and the designated period to execute the Release crosses two taxable years, payment of such nonqualified deferred compensation will in all events always be paid in the second taxable year. In no event may you, directly or indirectly, designate the calendar year of any payment under this letter. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, if, as of the date of termination of your employment, you are a “specified employee,” amounts that constitute nonqualified deferred compensation under Section 409A to be paid or provided during the period between your termination of service with the Combined Company and the date that is six (6) months thereafter on account of your separation from service, including the amounts in the Merger DC Account, will be paid or provided to you on the first business day that is six (6) months and a day following the date of such termination (or, if earlier, immediately following the date of your death).
7.Miscellaneous
The Retention Award, the Existing Agreement Retention Amount, the Existing Agreement DC Amount and the Merger DC Account will not count toward or be considered in determining payments or benefits under any other plan, program or agreement of Umpqua, Columbia, the Combined Company or their respective affiliates. The Retention Award, the Existing Agreement Retention Amount and the Merger DC Account will be subject to withholding for applicable income and payroll taxes or otherwise as required by applicable law.
This letter is personal to you and, without the prior written consent of the Combined Company, is not assignable by you. This letter and any rights and benefits hereunder will inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by your legal representatives, heirs, or legatees. This letter and any rights and benefits hereunder will inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Combined Company and its successors and assigns.
This letter will be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Washington, without regard to conflict of laws principles thereof. Section 10 (Dispute Resolution) of your Employment Agreement is incorporated by reference and will continue to apply as if set forth herein, mutatis mutandis, with references to “the Company” and “the Parent” to refer to “the Combined Company” and such other interpretive modifications as are necessary to preserve the intent and meaning of such provisions.
This letter may not be amended or modified other than by a written agreement executed by the parties hereto or their respective successors and legal representatives. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this letter will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision of this letter, and this letter will be construed as if such invalid or unenforceable provision were omitted (but only to the extent that such provision cannot be appropriately re-formed or modified).
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This letter shall not be construed as giving you the right to be retained in the employ of, or in any consulting relationship to, the Combined Company or its successors or affiliates. You acknowledge and understand that your employment with the Combined Company is on an “at will” basis.
This letter sets forth the entire agreement of the parties hereto in respect of the subject matter contained herein and supersedes any other agreement or understanding between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof, including the Employment Agreement, other than the provisions of the Employment Agreement that are expressly incorporated into this letter. This letter may be executed in separate counterparts, each of which will be deemed to be an original but all of which taken together constitute one and the same agreement. Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page to this letter by electronic transmission, including in portable document format (.pdf), will be deemed as effective as delivery of an original executed counterpart of this letter.
[Signature page follows]

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We thank you for the valuable contributions which you have made and for which we are sure you will continue to make to the Combined Company. In order to be eligible to receive the Retention Award, the Existing Agreement Retention Amount and the Existing Agreement DC Amount, it is important that you sign this letter and return it to me as soon as practicable and no later than March 30, 2023.
    Sincerely yours,


/s/ Clint Stein 3/21/2023
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
Name: Clint E. Stein
Title: President and Chief Executive Officer
    

Agreed to and accepted:




/s/ Tory Nixon
Name: Torran Nixon
Date: 3/16/2023

[Signature Page to Letter Agreement]



Annex A

Title and Position:    Senior Executive Vice President, Columbia Banking Systems, Inc. and                     President, Commercial Banking, Umpqua Bank
Work Location:     Tacoma, WA
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Annex B
RELEASE
1.Release. By signing this release of Claims (as defined below) (the “General Release”), you, on behalf of yourself and your heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, in consideration of the payments and benefits provided to you by Columbia Banking System, Inc. (the “Company”) pursuant to Section 2, 3 and 4 of that certain letter agreement between you and the Company, dated as of March 1, 2023 (the “Letter Agreement”), knowingly and voluntarily waive, terminate, cancel, release and discharge forever the Company, its subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, directors, employees, members, attorneys and agents and their predecessors, successors and assigns, individually and in their official capacities (together, the “Released Parties”) from any and all actions, causes of action, claims, allegations, rights, obligations, liabilities, or charges (collectively, “Claims”) that you (or your heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns) have or may have, whether known or unknown, by reason of any matter, cause or thing occurring at any time before and including the date of this General Release arising under or in connection with your employment or termination of employment or services with the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates (together, as constituted from time to time, the “Group”), including, without limitation: breach of contract; tort; wrongful, abusive, unfair, constructive, or unlawful discharge or dismissal; impairment of economic opportunity; defamation; age and national origin discrimination; sexual harassment; back pay; front pay; benefits; attorneys’ fees; whistleblower claims; emotional distress; intentional infliction of emotional distress; assault; battery, pain and suffering; punitive or exemplary damages; violations of the Equal Pay Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Washington Law Against Discrimination, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (“ADEA”), the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1991, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, the Worker Adjustment Retraining and Notification Act, the Washington Paid Family and Medical Leave Act, the Washington Paid Sick Leave Law, the Washington Family Care Act, the Washington Domestic Violence Leave Law, the Washington Minimum Wage Act, the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act, the Family and Medical Leave Act, including all amendments to any of the aforementioned acts; and violations of any other federal, state, or municipal fair employment statutes or laws, including, without limitation, violations of any other law, rule, regulation, or ordinance pertaining to employment, wages, compensation, hours worked, or any other matters related in any way to your employment with the Group or the termination of that employment. This General Release will not, however, apply to or affect (i) any obligation of the Company pursuant to the Letter Agreement, (ii) any indemnification or similar rights from the Group you may have as a current or former officer, director, employee or agent of the Group, including, without limitation, any and all rights thereto under applicable law, the bylaws or other governance documents of any member of the Group, or any rights with respect to coverage under any directors’ and officers’ insurance policies and/or indemnification agreements (including the Letter Agreement), as applicable, (iii) any Claim you may have as the holder or beneficial owner of securities of any member of the Group or other rights relating to securities or equity awards in respect of the common stock of any member of the Group, (iv) any benefits or the right to seek benefits under applicable workers’ compensation and/or unemployment compensation statutes, (v) any benefit to which you are entitled under any tax qualified pension plan of the Group, continuation coverage benefits under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, vested benefits under any other benefit plans of the Group or any other welfare benefits required to be provided pursuant to the terms of the applicable plan, (vi) rights to accrued but unpaid salary, paid time off, vacation or other compensation through the date of your termination of employment, (vii) any unreimbursed business expenses and (viii) any claims that may arise in the future from events or actions occurring after your date of termination of employment or services
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or which may not be released through an agreement such as this General Release under applicable law (claims with respect thereto, collectively, “Excluded Claims”).
2.Proceedings. You further agree, promise and covenant that, to the maximum extent permitted by law, neither you, nor any person, organization, or other entity acting on your behalf, has filed or will file, charged or will charge, claimed or will claim, sued or will sue, or caused or will cause, or permitted or will permit to be filed, charged or claimed, any action for damages or other relief (including injunctive, declaratory, monetary or other relief) against the Released Parties with respect to any Claims other than Excluded Claims. Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this Release Agreement is intended to waive your right to testify, assist, file or participate in any investigation, hearing, charge or proceeding conducted by a government agency such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or the Washington State Human Rights Commission. However, this Release Agreement prohibits you from seeking, accepting or being entitled to any monetary relief, whether for yourself individually or as a member of a class or group, and you expressly waive any right to recover any damages or monetary benefit from any such proceeding.
3.Acknowledgements by You. You hereby acknowledge and confirm that you were advised by the Company in connection with your termination of employment or services to consult with an attorney of your choice prior to signing this General Release, including, without limitation, with respect to the terms relating to your release and waiver of Claims arising under ADEA, and that you have in fact consulted an attorney. You have been given twenty-one (21) days to review this General Release, and you are signing this General Release knowingly, voluntarily and with full understanding of its terms and effects, and you voluntarily accept the benefits provided for under Sections 2, 3 and 4 of the Letter Agreement for the purpose of making full and final settlement of all claims referred to above. You also understand that you have seven (7) calendar days from the date you sign this General Release to revoke your signature on this General Release, and that this General Release and any obligations that the Company has under Sections 2, 3 and 4 of the Letter Agreement will not become effective if you exercise your right to revoke your signature on this General Release within seven (7) days from the date you sign this General Release. You understand that such revocation must be delivered to the Company at its headquarters, directed to the attention of the Company’s General Counsel, during such period to be effective.
4.Governing Law. All matters affecting this Agreement, including the validity thereof, are to be governed by, and interpreted and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of Washington applicable to contracts executed in and to be performed in that State.


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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this General Release has been executed on the date set forth below.



By:                        
Name: Torran Nixon
Date:


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Annex [B][C]

Systems Conversion Date

For purposes of this letter, the Systems Conversion Date referenced in Section 2 thereof will be defined and determined as follows.

As relates to the conversion of the Core Operating and Business Banking Treasury Management Systems, the “Systems Conversion Date” will be the date upon which the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Combined Company, in its discretion, certifies that the following conversion conditions have been successfully met:

Successful data conversion: Columbia core data (inclusive of approximately 750,000 accounts, $11 billion in loans and $16 billion in deposits) was transferred accurately and completely to the Umpqua technology environment.

Systems and applications are working as designed: The Combined Company is operating with business as usual. For example, customers are transacting at branches, new accounts are being opened and data is flowing to supporting applications such as the GL, BSA/AML systems, Q2 mobile banking, FIS D1B business online banking, wires, ACH platforms and item processing.

Customer issues are resolved promptly and internal resources are using the correct support mechanisms: The IMO Command Center will be the central aggregator of any unexpected customer issues and coordinate with the business unit support mechanisms for successful remediation of any issues. Issue tracking and resolution management reports will be created daily for visibility.

    Exhibit 10.10
image_0a.jpg

March 1, 2023
Andrew Ognall
5885 Meadows Road
Lake Oswego, Oregon 97035
Dear Andrew:
As you know, the merger (the “Merger”) contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 11, 2021, by and between Umpqua Holdings Corporation (“Umpqua”), Columbia Banking System, Inc. (“Columbia”) and Cascade Merger Sub, Inc., has been successfully completed. We greatly appreciate your efforts and contributions that helped lead to the closing of the Merger (the “Closing”) and we believe that your continued service will be essential for a successful integration. This letter confirms our discussions regarding your ongoing role and compensation with the combined Columbia and Umpqua following the Closing (the “Combined Company”).
1.Your Integration Role; Compensation
Following the Closing, you will have the title, position and work location with the Combined Company set forth on the attached Annex A (your “Integration Role”). Until the second anniversary of the Closing, your total direct target compensation opportunity (consisting of your annual base salary, target annual short-term incentive opportunity and target long-term incentive opportunity) will be no less favorable in the aggregate than your total direct target compensation opportunity as of immediately prior to the Closing.
2.Your Retention Award
In recognition of the value we believe your continued service will bring to the Combined Company, we are pleased to offer you the opportunity to earn a cash retention award (the “Retention Award”) in the aggregate amount of $400,000. The Retention Award will vest and be payable in three installments, with 34% ($136,000) to vest on the Core Operating and Business Banking Treasury Management systems conversion date of the banking operation of Umpqua and Columbia as determined by the Combined Company in its discretion (the “Systems Conversion Date”), 33% ($132,000) to vest on the first anniversary of the Systems Conversion Date and the remaining 33% ($132,000) to vest on the second anniversary of the Systems Conversion Date (the Systems Conversion Date and each such anniversary, a “Vesting Date”), in each case subject to your continued employment in good standing with the Combined Company through the applicable Vesting Date. If your employment terminates (or you have notified the Combined Company of your resignation) for any reason prior to a Vesting Date, you will forfeit any then-unvested portion of the Retention Award. Assuming you satisfy the vesting requirements, the applicable installment of the vested portion of the Retention Award will be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within thirty (30) days after the Vesting Date.



Notwithstanding the foregoing, if, prior to the final Vesting Date, your employment is terminated (i) by the Combined Company other than for Cause, (ii) by you for Good Reason or (iii) due to your death or disability (as defined in the Combined Company’s long-term disability policy then applicable to you) (the termination events in clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) collectively referred to as a “Qualifying Termination”), then any then-unvested portion of the Retention Award will vest in full, subject to your (or, in the event of your death, your estate’s) execution and the effectiveness of a general release of statutory claims in favor of the Combined Company and its affiliates substantially in the form attached hereto as Annex B (the “Release”), and be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within sixty (60) days after your date of termination. On any other termination of employment, the then-unvested portion of the Retention Award will be forfeited.
For purposes of this letter, “Cause” and “Good Reason” have the meanings ascribed to such terms in your Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Umpqua Holdings Corporation and Umpqua Bank, dated as of April 1, 2021 (your “Employment Agreement”); provided, however, that prong (iii) of the definition of “Good Reason” is hereby modified and shall refer to a material, adverse change in your authority, duties or responsibility from those customarily associated with a senior executive of the Company (rather than with respect to your role and position as of immediately prior to the Closing or your Integration Role), provided that a change in your duties or responsibility to duties and responsibility that are commensurate and not inconsistent with your education and professional experience (it being understood that your duties and responsibility need not be legal in nature) will not be considered a material, adverse change in your duties or responsibility and provided, further, the definition of Good Reason is further modified to include a new prong (vi) as follows: “the Combined Company’s failure to appoint, nominate or elect you, as applicable, to the position of Chief Risk Officer of the Combined Company upon the second anniversary of the Closing (or any earlier date when Lisa Dow ceases for any reason to serve as Chief Risk Officer of the Combined Company), or the Combined Company announces or otherwise notifies you in writing that you will not serve as Ms. Dow’s successor”.
3.Your Employment Agreement
As you know, Section 5.4 of your Employment Agreement would entitle you to certain payments and benefits upon a qualifying termination of employment during the eighteen (18)-month period following a change in control of Umpqua, such as the Merger.
In order for you to continue to serve the Combined Company following the Closing without concern about your potential rights under your Employment Agreement, the payments and benefits under the Employment Agreement will be treated in the manner described below, which provides you with the opportunity to receive the value of the severance under Sections 5.4(a) and 5.4(b) of the Employment Agreement without having to terminate employment. Tax rules under Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (together with the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, “Section 409A”), prevent us from paying certain of these amounts to you until you have a “separation from service” within the meaning of Section 409A.
In full satisfaction of the obligations under Section 5.4 of the Employment Agreement, you will be eligible to receive the following: (i) an additional retention award in the amount of $750,000 (the “Existing Agreement Retention Amount”) and (ii) an amount equal to $814,000 (the “Existing Agreement DC Amount”), which will be credited as soon as reasonably practicable
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(but no later than forty-five (45) days after the Closing) to a deferred compensation account established in your name under a deferred compensation plan (the “DC Plan”) maintained by the Combined Company (the “Merger DC Account”). Together, the Existing Agreement Retention Amount and the Existing Agreement DC Amount are the value of the payments under Sections 5.4(a) and 5.4(b) of your Employment Agreement determined as of the date hereof.
The Existing Agreement Retention Amount will vest in two equal installments, with 50% ($375,000) to vest on the first anniversary of the Closing and the remaining 50% ($375,000) to vest on the second anniversary of the Closing, subject to your continued employment in good standing with the Combined Company through each such anniversary. Assuming you satisfy the vesting requirements, the applicable installment of the vested portion of the Existing Agreement Retention Amount will be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within thirty (30) days after the applicable anniversary of the Closing.
The Existing Agreement DC Amount will vest in two equal installments, with 50% ($407,000) to vest on the first anniversary of the Closing and the remaining 50% ($407,000) to vest on the second anniversary of the Closing, in each case subject to your continued employment in good standing with the Combined Company through the applicable anniversary of the Closing.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, if, prior to the second anniversary of the Closing, you experience a Qualifying Termination, any then-unvested portion of the Existing Agreement Retention Amount and of the Merger DC Account will vest in full, subject to your (or, in the event of your death, your estate’s) execution and the effectiveness of the Release, and the Existing Agreement Retention Amount will be paid to you within sixty (60) days after your date of termination. On any other termination of employment, the then-unvested portion of the Existing Agreement Retention Amount and the Merger DC Account will be forfeited.
Through the date(s) of payment, the amounts in the Merger DC Account may be deemed invested in the investment alternatives available under the DC Plan based on your direction. Subject to any required delay under Section 409A, upon any termination of employment that constitutes a separation from service, the vested amounts in the Merger DC Account will be paid to you in equal installments over two years in accordance with the Combined Company’s normal payroll practices (but no less frequently than monthly), beginning on no later than the second regular payroll date after ten (10) business days following the effectiveness of the Release, to the extent required by this Section 3 (provided that, if there is delay of payment required due to the application of Section 409A (as described in Section 6 below), the first installment payment will include all amounts that would otherwise have been paid to you during the period beginning on the date of your separation from service and ending on the first payment date if no delay had been imposed). None of the Existing Agreement Retention Amount, the Existing Agreement DC Amount nor the Merger DC Account are, or shall be subject to, or eligible for, any existing or future deferral elections. For all purposes hereof, references to the Merger DC Account shall include the Existing Agreement DC Amount (prior to or following such amount being credited to the Merger DC Account) and the earnings thereon. You understand and agree that you are solely responsible for the investment experience of the Existing Agreement DC Amount and it is possible that the Existing Agreement DC Amount will decrease in value based on the investment elections you choose.
If, prior to the final payment date of the Merger DC Account, you violate any of the restrictive covenants under the Employment Agreement that are incorporated herein pursuant to Section 5
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(without regard to whether such Employment Agreement has otherwise expired), the Combined Company will have any remedies, including forfeiture of the amounts in the Merger DC Account and clawback of any previously paid amounts of the Existing Agreement Retention Amount or in the Merger DC Account, that may be available to it in law or at equity.
By signing this letter, you are agreeing that the obligations under the Employment Agreement will be handled as set forth herein and that, from and after the Closing, the Employment Agreement will terminate and be of no force or effect, except for any provisions thereof that expressly survive as provided in this letter. In addition, if your employment is terminated for any reason during the two (2)-year period following the Closing, you will not be entitled to severance or any additional termination payments or benefits under any severance or separation pay plan of the Combined Company.
Following the two (2)-year period after the Closing (or on such earlier date on which the Combined Company implements new employment or severance agreements, plans or arrangements for similarly situated executives), if you remain employed by the Combined Company, you will be eligible to enter into a new employment or severance agreement (or to participate in a new severance program) on the same basis as similarly situated executives of the Combined Company that includes market competitive change in control severance benefits that are, in any event, no less favorable than the severance benefits under the Employment Agreement.
4.Treatment of Equity Awards Granted at or after the Closing
If your employment is terminated by the Combined Company other than for Cause during the two (2)-year period following the Closing, subject to your execution and the effectiveness of the Release, any outstanding equity or equity-based awards held by you immediately prior to your termination that were granted at or after the Closing will vest in full (without proration) with respect to any service vesting requirement, with any awards that are subject to a performance-vesting condition to remain outstanding and eligible to be earned in full (without proration) based on the level of performance achieved, as if you had remained employed for the full performance period. Any such vested awards (other than performance-vesting awards) will be settled within sixty (60) days of your date of termination (or such later date as may be required to avoid the imposition of penalty taxes under Section 409A), and any such performance-vesting awards that are determined to be earned will be settled at the time that similar awards held by active similarly situated executives of the Combined Company are settled generally. For the avoidance of doubt, any outstanding equity or equity-based awards held by you as of immediately prior to your termination that were granted prior to the Closing will be treated in accordance with the terms of the applicable award agreement.
5.Restrictive Covenants
You acknowledge and agree that Sections 6 (Confidential Information), 7 (Restrictive Covenants) and 20 (Security) of your Employment Agreement are incorporated by reference and will continue to apply as if set forth herein, mutatis mutandis, with references to “the Company” to refer to “the Combined Company,” references to “the Executive” to refer to “you” and such other interpretive modifications as are necessary to preserve the intent and meaning of such provisions. Furthermore, you acknowledge and agree that all such restrictive covenants are in
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addition to, and not in lieu of, any other similar covenants to which you may be or become subject under any other plan or agreement with Umpqua, Columbia, the Combined Company or any of their affiliates.
6.Section 409A
It is intended that the payments and benefits described under this letter will be in compliance with Section 409A or an exemption thereto, and this letter will be interpreted and administered consistent with these intentions. The Retention Award and the Existing Agreement Retention Amount are each intended to qualify for the “short-term deferral” exception, and be exempt from the requirements, of Section 409A. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Combined Company does not have and will not have responsibility for any taxes, penalties or interest incurred by you in connection with payments and benefits provided under this letter, including any imposed by Section 409A. Any payments that qualify for the short-term deferral exception, the separation pay exception, or another exception under Section 409A will be paid under the applicable exception. For purposes of the limitations on nonqualified deferred compensation under Section 409A, each payment of compensation under this letter will be treated as a separate payment of compensation for purposes of applying the exclusion under Section 409A for short-term deferral amounts, the separation pay exception, or any other exception or exclusion under Section 409A. All payments that constitute nonqualified deferred compensation under Section 409A of the Code that are to be made upon a termination of employment may only be made upon a “separation from service” to the extent necessary to avoid the imposition of penalty taxes on you pursuant to Section 409A. In the event the payment of nonqualified deferred compensation subject to Section 409A is contingent on execution of the Release and the designated period to execute the Release crosses two taxable years, payment of such nonqualified deferred compensation will in all events always be paid in the second taxable year. In no event may you, directly or indirectly, designate the calendar year of any payment under this letter. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, if, as of the date of termination of your employment, you are a “specified employee,” amounts that constitute nonqualified deferred compensation under Section 409A to be paid or provided during the period between your termination of service with the Combined Company and the date that is six (6) months thereafter on account of your separation from service, including the amounts in the Merger DC Account, will be paid or provided to you on the first business day that is six (6) months and a day following the date of such termination (or, if earlier, immediately following the date of your death).
7.Miscellaneous
The Retention Award, the Existing Agreement Retention Amount, the Existing Agreement DC Amount and the Merger DC Account will not count toward or be considered in determining payments or benefits under any other plan, program or agreement of Umpqua, Columbia, the Combined Company or their respective affiliates. The Retention Award, the Existing Agreement Retention Amount and the Merger DC Account will be subject to withholding for applicable income and payroll taxes or otherwise as required by applicable law.
This letter is personal to you and, without the prior written consent of the Combined Company, is not assignable by you. This letter and any rights and benefits hereunder will inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by your legal representatives, heirs, or legatees. This letter and any rights
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and benefits hereunder will inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Combined Company and its successors and assigns.
This letter will be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Oregon, without regard to conflict of laws principles thereof. Section 10 (Dispute Resolution) of your Employment Agreement is incorporated by reference and will continue to apply as if set forth herein, mutatis mutandis, with references to “the Company” and “the Parent” to refer to “the Combined Company” and such other interpretive modifications as are necessary to preserve the intent and meaning of such provisions.
This letter may not be amended or modified other than by a written agreement executed by the parties hereto or their respective successors and legal representatives. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this letter will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision of this letter, and this letter will be construed as if such invalid or unenforceable provision were omitted (but only to the extent that such provision cannot be appropriately re-formed or modified).
This letter shall not be construed as giving you the right to be retained in the employ of, or in any consulting relationship to, the Combined Company or its successors or affiliates. You acknowledge and understand that your employment with the Combined Company is on an “at will” basis.
This letter sets forth the entire agreement of the parties hereto in respect of the subject matter contained herein and supersedes any other agreement or understanding between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof, including the Employment Agreement, other than the provisions of the Employment Agreement that are expressly incorporated into this letter. This letter may be executed in separate counterparts, each of which will be deemed to be an original but all of which taken together constitute one and the same agreement. Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page to this letter by electronic transmission, including in portable document format (.pdf), will be deemed as effective as delivery of an original executed counterpart of this letter.
[Signature page follows]

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We thank you for the valuable contributions which you have made and for which we are sure you will continue to make to the Combined Company. In order to be eligible to receive the Retention Award, the Existing Agreement Retention Amount and the Existing Agreement DC Amount, it is important that you sign this letter and return it to me as soon as practicable and no later than March 30, 2023.
    Sincerely yours,


/s/ Clint Stein      3/21/2023
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
Name: Clint E. Stein
Title: President and Chief Executive Officer
    

Agreed to and accepted:




/s/ Andrew Ognall
Name: Andrew Ognall
Date: 3/7/2023

[Signature Page to Letter Agreement]



Annex A

Title and Position: Integration Management Office General Counsel
Work Location: Lake Oswego, OR

A-1



Annex B
RELEASE
1.Release. By signing this release of Claims (as defined below) (the “General Release”), you, on behalf of yourself and your heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, in consideration of the payments and benefits provided to you by Columbia Banking System, Inc. (the “Company”) pursuant to Sections 2, 3 and 4 of that certain letter agreement between you and the Company, dated as of March 1, 2023 (the “Letter Agreement”), knowingly and voluntarily waive, terminate, cancel, release and discharge forever the Company, its subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, directors, employees, members, attorneys and agents and their predecessors, successors and assigns, individually and in their official capacities (together, the “Released Parties”) from any and all actions, causes of action, claims, allegations, rights, obligations, liabilities, or charges (collectively, “Claims”) that you (or your heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns) have or may have, whether known or unknown, by reason of any matter, cause or thing occurring at any time before and including the date of this General Release arising under or in connection with your employment or termination of employment or services with the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates (together, as constituted from time to time, the “Group”), including, without limitation: breach of contract; tort; wrongful, abusive, unfair, constructive, or unlawful discharge or dismissal; impairment of economic opportunity; defamation; age and national origin discrimination; sexual harassment; back pay; front pay; benefits; attorneys’ fees; whistleblower claims; emotional distress; intentional infliction of emotional distress; assault; battery, pain and suffering; punitive or exemplary damages; violations of the Equal Pay Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Oregon Revised Statutes chapters 652, 653, 654, 659 and 659A, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (“ADEA”), the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1991, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, the Worker Adjustment Retraining and Notification Act, the Oregon Family Leave Act, the Oregon Military Family Leave Act, the Family and Medical Leave Act, including all amendments to any of the aforementioned acts; and violations of any other federal, state, or municipal fair employment statutes or laws, including, without limitation, violations of any other law, rule, regulation, or ordinance pertaining to employment, wages, compensation, hours worked, or any other matters related in any way to your employment with the Group or the termination of that employment. This General Release will not, however, apply to or affect (i) any obligation of the Company pursuant to the Letter Agreement, (ii) any indemnification or similar rights from the Group you may have as a current or former officer, director, employee or agent of the Group, including, without limitation, any and all rights thereto under applicable law, the bylaws or other governance documents of any member of the Group, or any rights with respect to coverage under any directors’ and officers’ insurance policies and/or indemnification agreements (including the Letter Agreement), as applicable, (iii) any Claim you may have as the holder or beneficial owner of securities of any member of the Group or other rights relating to securities or equity awards in respect of the common stock of any member of the Group, (iv) any benefits or the right to seek benefits under applicable workers’ compensation and/or unemployment compensation statutes, (v) any benefit to which you are entitled under any tax qualified pension plan of the Group, continuation coverage benefits under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, vested benefits under any other benefit plans of the Group or any other welfare benefits required to be provided pursuant to the terms of the applicable plan, (vi) rights to accrued but unpaid salary, paid time off, vacation or other compensation through the date of your termination of employment, (vii) any unreimbursed business expenses and (viii) any claims that may arise in the future from events or actions occurring after your date of termination of employment or services or which may not be released through an agreement such as this General Release under applicable law (claims with respect thereto, collectively, “Excluded Claims”).
B-1


2.Proceedings. You further agree, promise and covenant that, to the maximum extent permitted by law, neither you, nor any person, organization, or other entity acting on your behalf, has filed or will file, charged or will charge, claimed or will claim, sued or will sue, or caused or will cause, or permitted or will permit to be filed, charged or claimed, any action for damages or other relief (including injunctive, declaratory, monetary or other relief) against the Released Parties with respect to any Claims other than Excluded Claims. Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this Release Agreement is intended to waive your right to testify, assist, file or participate in any investigation, hearing, charge or proceeding conducted by a government agency such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or the Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries. However, this Release Agreement prohibits you from seeking, accepting or being entitled to any monetary relief, whether for yourself individually or as a member of a class or group, and you expressly waive any right to recover any damages or monetary benefit from any such proceeding.
3.Acknowledgements by You. You hereby acknowledge and confirm that you were advised by the Company in connection with your termination of employment or services to consult with an attorney of your choice prior to signing this General Release, including, without limitation, with respect to the terms relating to your release and waiver of Claims arising under ADEA, and that you have in fact consulted an attorney. You have been given twenty-one (21) days to review this General Release, and you are signing this General Release knowingly, voluntarily and with full understanding of its terms and effects, and you voluntarily accept the benefits provided for under Sections 2, 3 and 4 of the Letter Agreement for the purpose of making full and final settlement of all claims referred to above. You also understand that you have seven (7) calendar days from the date you sign this General Release to revoke your signature on this General Release, and that this General Release and any obligations that the Company has under Sections 2, 3 and 4 of the Letter Agreement will not become effective if you exercise your right to revoke your signature on this General Release within seven (7) days from the date you sign this General Release. You understand that such revocation must be delivered to the Company at its headquarters, directed to the attention of the Company’s General Counsel, during such period to be effective.
4.Governing Law. All matters affecting this Agreement, including the validity thereof, are to be governed by, and interpreted and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of Oregon applicable to contracts executed in and to be performed in that State.


B-2


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this General Release has been executed on the date set forth below.


By:                        
Name: Andrew Ognall
Date:

B-3


Annex [B][C]

Systems Conversion Date

For purposes of this letter, the Systems Conversion Date referenced in Section 2 thereof will be defined and determined as follows.

As relates to the conversion of the Core Operating and Business Banking Treasury Management Systems, the “Systems Conversion Date” will be the date upon which the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Combined Company, in its discretion, certifies that the following conversion conditions have been successfully met:

Successful data conversion: Columbia core data (inclusive of approximately 750,000 accounts, $11 billion in loans and $16 billion in deposits) was transferred accurately and completely to the Umpqua technology environment.

Systems and applications are working as designed: The Combined Company is operating with business as usual. For example, customers are transacting at branches, new accounts are being opened and data is flowing to supporting applications such as the GL, BSA/AML systems, Q2 mobile banking, FIS D1B business online banking, wires, ACH platforms and item processing.

Customer issues are resolved promptly and internal resources are using the correct support mechanisms: The IMO Command Center will be the central aggregator of any unexpected customer issues and coordinate with the business unit support mechanisms for successful remediation of any issues. Issue tracking and resolution management reports will be created daily for visibility.


    Exhibit 10.11
image_06a.jpg
March 1, 2023
Kumi Baruffi
1301 A Street, Suite 800
Tacoma, Washington 98401-2156
Dear Kumi:
As you know, the merger (the “Merger”) contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 11, 2021, by and between Umpqua Holdings Corporation (“Umpqua”), Columbia Banking System, Inc. (“Columbia”) and Cascade Merger Sub, Inc. has been successfully completed. We greatly appreciate your efforts and contributions that helped lead to the closing of the Merger (the “Closing”) and we believe that your continued service will be essential for a successful integration. This letter confirms our discussions regarding your ongoing role with the combined company following the Merger (the “Combined Company”).
1.Your Continuing Role
Following the Closing, you will continue to serve as the Combined Company’s General Counsel, Corporate Secretary and Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Corporate Secretary of Umpqua Bank and have the authority, duties and responsibilities commensurate with such role. Your designated work location with the Combined Company will be Tacoma, Washington.
2.Your Retention Award
In recognition of the value we believe your continued service will bring to the Combined Company, we are pleased to offer you the opportunity to earn a cash retention award (the “Retention Award”) in the aggregate amount of $500,000. The Retention Award will vest and be payable in three installments, with 34% ($170,000) to vest on the Core Operating and Business Banking Treasury Management systems conversion date of the banking operation of Columbia and Umpqua as determined by the Combined Company in its discretion (the “Systems Conversion Date”), 33% ($165,000) to vest on the first anniversary of the Systems Conversion Date and the remaining 33% ($165,000) to vest on the second anniversary of the Systems Conversion Date (the Systems Conversion Date, and each such anniversary, a “Vesting Date”), in each case subject to your continued employment in good standing with the Combined Company through the applicable Vesting Date. If your employment terminates (or you have notified the Combined Company of your resignation) for any reason prior to a Vesting Date, you will forfeit any then-unvested portion of the Retention Award. Assuming you satisfy the vesting requirements, the applicable installment of the vested portion of the Retention Award will be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within thirty (30) days after the Vesting Date.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, if, prior to the final Vesting Date, your employment is terminated by the Combined Company other than for Cause, by you for Good Reason or due to your death or disability (as defined in the Combined Company’s long-term disability policy then applicable to you), then any then-unvested portion of the Retention Award will vest in full, subject to your (or, in the event of your death, your estate’s) execution and the effectiveness of a general release of statutory claims in favor of the Combined Company and its affiliates substantially in the form



attached hereto as Annex A, and be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within sixty (60) days after your date of termination. For purposes of this paragraph, “Cause” and “Good Reason” have the meanings ascribed to such terms in your Change in Control Agreement with Columbia, dated as of December 2, 2019 (your “Change in Control Agreement”); provided, however, that in order to constitute a termination for Good Reason, you must provide the written notice to the Combined Company describing the circumstances that constitute Good Reason within 30 days of when you first learn of the existence of such circumstances, and the Combined Company shall be given a period of no less than 30 days to cure such circumstances.
The Retention Award will not count toward or be considered in determining payments or benefits under any other plan, program or agreement of Columbia, the Combined Company or their respective affiliates. The Retention Award will be subject to withholding for applicable income and payroll taxes or otherwise as required by law. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, this letter is intended to be interpreted and applied so that the Retention Award will qualify for the “short-term deferral” exception, and be exempt from the requirements, of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and any rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
3.Treatment of Equity Awards Granted at or after the Closing
If your employment is terminated by the Combined Company other than for Cause during the two (2)-year period following the Closing, subject to your execution and the effectiveness of the Release, any outstanding equity or equity-based awards held by you immediately prior to your termination that were granted at or after the Closing will vest in full (without proration) with respect to any service vesting requirement, with any awards that are subject to a performance-vesting condition to remain outstanding and eligible to be earned in full (without proration) based on the level of performance achieved, as if you had remained employed for the full performance period. Any such vested awards (other than performance-vesting awards) will be settled within sixty (60) days of your date of termination (or such later date as may be required to avoid the imposition of penalty taxes under Section 409A), and any such performance-vesting awards that are determined to be earned will be settled at the time that similar awards held by active similarly situated executives of the Combined Company are settled generally. For the avoidance of doubt, any outstanding equity or equity-based awards held by you as of immediately prior to your termination that were granted prior to the Closing will be treated in accordance with the terms of the applicable award agreement.
4.Acknowledgements
You hereby acknowledge that you will not have “Good Reason” under your Change in Control Agreement or any plan of or other agreement with Columbia, including any equity award agreement, solely as a result of (a) the Closing or (b) your role with the Combined Company as contemplated under Section 1 of this letter and any corresponding change in your authority, duties and responsibilities commensurate with your new role.
You acknowledge and agree that Section 6 (Section 280G of the Code) of your Change in Control Agreement is incorporated herein by reference and will apply to any payments made pursuant to this letter, with references to “the Company” to refer to “the Combined Company,”
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references to “Employee” to refer to “you” and such other interpretive modifications as are necessary to preserve the intent and meaning of such provisions.
For purposes of clarity, nothing in this letter is intended to amend, alter or otherwise change the payments and benefits to which you may become entitled under the Change in Control Agreement, which will survive in its entirety, in accordance with its terms; provided, however, that the term of your Change in Control Agreement will expire on the earlier of (i) the date that is two (2) years after the date on which the Closing occurs and (ii) the expiration date set forth in Section 1 of your Change in Control Agreement, subject to earlier termination upon your termination of employment as contemplated by your Change in Control Agreement.
Following the expiration of your Change in Control Agreement (or on such earlier date on which the Combined Company implements new employment or severance agreements, plans or arrangements for similarly situated executives), if you remain employed by the Combined Company, you will be eligible to enter into a new employment or severance agreement (or to participate in a new severance program) on the same basis as similarly situated executives of the Combined Company that includes market competitive change in control severance benefits that are, in any event, no less favorable than the severance benefits under the Change in Control Agreement.
5.Security
You agree and covenant (i) to comply with all Combined Company security policies and procedures as in force from time to time including without limitation those regarding computer equipment, telephone systems, voicemail systems, facilities access, monitoring, key cards/fobs, access codes, Combined Company intranet, internet, social media and instant messaging systems, computer systems, email systems, computer networks, document storage systems, software, data security, encryption, firewalls, passwords and any and all other Combined Company facilities, IT resources and communication technologies (“Facilities and Information Technology Resources”); (ii) not to access or use any Facilities and Information Technology Resources except as authorized by the Combined Company; and (iii) not to access or use any Facilities and Information Technology Resources in any manner after the termination of your employment, whether termination is voluntary or involuntary. You agree to notify the Combined Company promptly in the event you learn of any violation of the foregoing by others, or of any other misappropriation or unauthorized access, use, reproduction, or reverse engineering of, or tampering with any Facilities and Information Technology Resources or other Combined Company property or materials by others.
Upon (a) voluntary or involuntary termination of your employment or (b) the Combined Company’s request at any time during your employment, you shall (i) provide or return to the Combined Company any and all Combined Company property, including keys, key cards, access cards/fobs, identification cards, security devices, employer credit cards, network access devices, computers, tablets, cell phones, smartphones, PDAs, equipment, work product, email and voicemail messages, disks, thumb drives or other removable information storage devices, hard drives, and data and all Combined Company documents and materials belonging to the Combined Company and stored in any fashion, including but not limited to those that constitute or contain any Confidential Information, that are in the possession or control of you, whether they were provided to you by the Combined Company or any of its affiliates or business
-3-


associates or created by you in connection with your employment by the Combined Company; and (ii) delete or destroy all copies of any such documents and materials not returned to the Combined Company that remain in your possession or control, including those stored on any non-Combined Company devices, networks, storage locations, and media in your possession or control.
For purposes of this Section 5, “Confidential Information” includes, but is not limited to, all information not generally known to the public, in spoken, printed, electronic or any other form or medium, relating directly or indirectly to: business processes, practices, methods, policies, plans, documents, research, operations, services, strategies, techniques, agreements, contracts, terms of agreements, transactions, potential transactions, negotiations, pending negotiations, know-how, trade secrets, computer programs and software, applications, operating systems, software design, web design, work-in-process, databases, data, records, supplier and vendor information, financial information, results, accounting information and records, legal information, marketing and advertising information, pricing information, credit information, payroll information, staffing information, personnel information, employee lists, reports, internal controls, security procedures, market studies, sales information, revenue, costs, product plans, models, ideas, inventions, unpublished patent applications, original works of authorship, discoveries, experimental processes and results, specifications, customer and client information, customer lists, client lists, prospect lists and information of the Combined Company and its affiliates or its businesses, or of any other person or entity that has entrusted information to the Combined Company or its affiliates in confidence. You understand that the above list is not exhaustive, and that Confidential Information also includes other information that is marked or otherwise identified as confidential or proprietary, or that would otherwise appear to a reasonable person to be confidential or proprietary in the context and circumstances in which the information is known or used. You understand and agree that Confidential Information includes information developed by you in the course of employment by the Combined Company as if the Combined Company furnished the same Confidential Information to you in the first instance. Confidential Information shall not include information that is generally available to and known by the public at the time of disclosure to you; provided that, such disclosure is through no direct or indirect fault of you or person(s) acting on your behalf.
6.Miscellaneous
This letter is personal to you and, without the prior written consent of the Combined Company, is not assignable by you. This letter and any rights and benefits hereunder will inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by your legal representatives, heirs, or legatees. This letter and any rights and benefits hereunder will inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Combined Company and its successors and assigns.
This letter will be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Washington, without regard to conflict of laws principles thereof.
This letter may not be amended or modified other than by a written agreement executed by the parties hereto or their respective successors and legal representatives. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this letter will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision of this letter, and this letter will be construed as if such invalid or unenforceable
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provision were omitted (but only to the extent that such provision cannot be appropriately re-formed or modified).
This letter shall not be construed as giving you the right to be retained in the employ of, or in any consulting relationship to, the Combined Company or its successors or affiliates. You acknowledge and understand that your employment with the Company is on an “at will” basis.
This letter sets forth the entire agreement of the parties hereto in respect of the subject matter contained herein and supersedes any other agreement or understanding between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof (other than the Change in Control Agreement). This letter may be executed in separate counterparts, each of which will be deemed to be an original but all of which taken together constitute one and the same agreement. Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page to this letter by electronic transmission, including in portable document format (.pdf), will be deemed as effective as delivery of an original executed counterpart of this letter.
[Signature page follows]

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We thank you for the valuable contributions which you have made and for which we are sure you will continue to make to the Combined Company. In order to be eligible to receive the Retention Award, it is important that you sign this letter and return it to me as soon as practicable and no later than March 30, 2023.
    Sincerely yours,


/s/ Clint Stein 3/21/2023
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
Name: Clint E. Stein
Title: President and Chief Executive Officer
    

Agreed to and accepted:




/s/ Kumi Baruffi
Name: Kumi Baruffi
Date: 3/8/2023


[Signature Page to Letter Agreement]


Annex A
RELEASE
1.Release. By signing this release of Claims (as defined below) (the “General Release”), you, on behalf of yourself and your heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, in consideration of the payments and benefits provided to you by Columbia Banking System, Inc. (the “Company”) pursuant to Sections 2 and 3 of that certain letter agreement between you and the Company, dated as of March 1, 2023 (the “Letter Agreement”), knowingly and voluntarily waive, terminate, cancel, release and discharge forever the Company, its subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, directors, employees, members, attorneys and agents and their predecessors, successors and assigns, individually and in their official capacities (together, the “Released Parties”) from any and all actions, causes of action, claims, allegations, rights, obligations, liabilities, or charges (collectively, “Claims”) that you (or your heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns) have or may have, whether known or unknown, by reason of any matter, cause or thing occurring at any time before and including the date of this General Release arising under or in connection with your employment or termination of employment or services with the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates (together, as constituted from time to time, the “Group”), including, without limitation: breach of contract; tort; wrongful, abusive, unfair, constructive, or unlawful discharge or dismissal; impairment of economic opportunity; defamation; age and national origin discrimination; sexual harassment; back pay; front pay; benefits; attorneys’ fees; whistleblower claims; emotional distress; intentional infliction of emotional distress; assault; battery, pain and suffering; punitive or exemplary damages; violations of the Equal Pay Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Washington Law Against Discrimination, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (“ADEA”), the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1991, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, the Worker Adjustment Retraining and Notification Act, the Washington Paid Family and Medical Leave Act, the Washington Paid Sick Leave Law, the Washington Family Care Act, the Washington Domestic Violence Leave Law, the Washington Minimum Wage Act, the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act, the Family and Medical Leave Act, including all amendments to any of the aforementioned acts; and violations of any other federal, state, or municipal fair employment statutes or laws, including, without limitation, violations of any other law, rule, regulation, or ordinance pertaining to employment, wages, compensation, hours worked, or any other matters related in any way to your employment with the Group or the termination of that employment. This General Release will not, however, apply to or affect (i) any obligation of the Company pursuant to the Letter Agreement, (ii) any indemnification or similar rights from the Group you may have as a current or former officer, director, employee or agent of the Group, including, without limitation, any and all rights thereto under applicable law, the bylaws or other governance documents of any member of the Group, or any rights with respect to coverage under any directors’ and officers’ insurance policies and/or indemnification agreements (including the Letter Agreement), as applicable, (iii) any Claim you may have as the holder or beneficial owner of securities of any member of the Group or other rights relating to securities or equity awards in respect of the common stock of any member of the Group, (iv) any benefits or the right to seek benefits under applicable workers’ compensation and/or unemployment compensation statutes, (v) any benefit to which you are entitled under any tax qualified pension plan of the Group, continuation coverage benefits under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, vested benefits under any other benefit plans of the Group or any other welfare benefits required to be
A-1


provided pursuant to the terms of the applicable plan, (vi) rights to accrued but unpaid salary, paid time off, vacation or other compensation through the date of your termination of employment, (vii) any unreimbursed business expenses and (viii) any claims that may arise in the future from events or actions occurring after your date of termination of employment or services or which may not be released through an agreement such as this General Release under applicable law (claims with respect thereto, collectively, “Excluded Claims”).
2.Proceedings. You further agree, promise and covenant that, to the maximum extent permitted by law, neither you, nor any person, organization, or other entity acting on your behalf, has filed or will file, charged or will charge, claimed or will claim, sued or will sue, or caused or will cause, or permitted or will permit to be filed, charged or claimed, any action for damages or other relief (including injunctive, declaratory, monetary or other relief) against the Released Parties with respect to any Claims other than Excluded Claims. Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this Release Agreement is intended to waive your right to testify, assist, file or participate in any investigation, hearing, charge or proceeding conducted by a government agency such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or the Washington State Human Rights Commission. However, this Release Agreement prohibits you from seeking, accepting or being entitled to any monetary relief, whether for yourself individually or as a member of a class or group, and you expressly waive any right to recover any damages or monetary benefit from any such proceeding.
3.Acknowledgements by You. You hereby acknowledge and confirm that you were advised by the Company in connection with your termination of employment or services to consult with an attorney of your choice prior to signing this General Release, including, without limitation, with respect to the terms relating to your release and waiver of Claims arising under ADEA, and that you have in fact consulted an attorney. You have been given twenty-one (21) days to review this General Release, and you are signing this General Release knowingly, voluntarily and with full understanding of its terms and effects, and you voluntarily accept the benefits provided for under Sections 2 and 3 of the Letter Agreement for the purpose of making full and final settlement of all claims referred to above. You also understand that you have seven (7) calendar days from the date you sign this General Release to revoke your signature on this General Release, and that this General Release and any obligations that the Company has under Sections 2 and 3 of the Letter Agreement will not become effective if you exercise your right to revoke your signature on this General Release within seven (7) days from the date you sign this General Release. You understand that such revocation must be delivered to the Company at its headquarters, directed to the attention of the Company’s General Counsel, during such period to be effective.
4.Governing Law. All matters affecting this Agreement, including the validity thereof, are to be governed by, and interpreted and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of Washington applicable to contracts executed in and to be performed in that State.


A-2


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this General Release has been executed on the date set forth below.



By:                        
Name: Kumi Baruffi
Date:

A-3


Annex [B][C]

Systems Conversion Date

For purposes of this letter, the Systems Conversion Date referenced in Section 2 thereof will be defined and determined as follows.

As relates to the conversion of the Core Operating and Business Banking Treasury Management Systems, the “Systems Conversion Date” will be the date upon which the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Combined Company, in its discretion, certifies that the following conversion conditions have been successfully met:

Successful data conversion: Columbia core data (inclusive of approximately 750,000 accounts, $11 billion in loans and $16 billion in deposits) was transferred accurately and completely to the Umpqua technology environment.

Systems and applications are working as designed: The Combined Company is operating with business as usual. For example, customers are transacting at branches, new accounts are being opened and data is flowing to supporting applications such as the GL, BSA/AML systems, Q2 mobile banking, FIS D1B business online banking, wires, ACH platforms and item processing.

Customer issues are resolved promptly and internal resources are using the correct support mechanisms: The IMO Command Center will be the central aggregator of any unexpected customer issues and coordinate with the business unit support mechanisms for successful remediation of any issues. Issue tracking and resolution management reports will be created daily for visibility.


    Exhibit 10.12
image_04a.jpg
March 1, 2023
Lisa Dow
1301 A Street, Suite 800
Tacoma, Washington 98401-2156
Dear Lisa:
As you know, the merger (the “Merger”) contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 11, 2021, by and between Umpqua Holdings Corporation (“Umpqua”), Columbia Banking System, Inc. (“Columbia”) and Cascade Merger Sub, Inc. has been successfully completed. We greatly appreciate your efforts and contributions that helped lead to the closing of the Merger (the “Closing”) and we believe that your continued service will be essential for a successful integration. This letter confirms our discussions regarding your ongoing role with the combined company following the Merger (the “Combined Company”).
1.Your Continuing Role
Following the Closing, you will continue to serve as the Combined Company’s Chief Risk Officer and Executive Vice President, Chief Risk Officer of Umpqua Bank and have the authority, duties and responsibilities commensurate with such role. Your designated work location with the Combined Company will be Tacoma, Washington.
2.Your Retention Award
In recognition of the value we believe your continued service will bring to the Combined Company, we are pleased to offer you the opportunity to earn a cash retention award (the “Retention Award”) in the aggregate amount of $500,000. The Retention Award will vest and be payable in three installments, with 34% ($170,000) to vest on the Core Operating and Business Banking Treasury Management systems conversion date of the banking operation of Columbia and Umpqua as determined by the Combined Company in its discretion (the “Systems Conversion Date”), 33% ($165,000) to vest on the first anniversary of the Systems Conversion Date, in each case subject to your continued employment in good standing with the Combined Company through such date, and the remaining 33% ($165,000) to vest on January 1, 2025, subject to your continued employment in good standing with the Combined Company through such date (the Systems Conversion Date, the first anniversary of such date and January 1, 2025, a “Vesting Date”). If your employment terminates (or you have notified the Combined Company of your resignation) for any reason prior to a Vesting Date, you will forfeit any then-unvested portion of the Retention Award. Assuming you satisfy the vesting requirements, the applicable installment of the vested portion of the Retention Award will be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within thirty (30) days after the Vesting Date.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, if prior to the final Vesting Date, your employment is terminated by the Combined Company other than for Cause, by you for Good Reason or due to your death or disability (as defined in the Combined Company’s long-term disability policy then applicable to you), then any then-unvested portion of the Retention Award will vest in full, subject to your (or, in the event of your death, your estate’s) execution and the effectiveness of a general release



of statutory claims in favor of the Combined Company and its affiliates substantially in the form attached hereto as Annex A, and be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within sixty (60) days after your date of termination. For purposes of this paragraph, “Cause” and “Good Reason” have the meanings ascribed to such terms in your Change in Control Agreement with Columbia, dated as of November 25, 2020 (your “Change in Control Agreement”); provided, however, that in order to constitute a termination for Good Reason, you must provide the written notice to the Combined Company describing the circumstances that constitute Good Reason within 30 days of when you first learn of the existence of such circumstances, and the Combined Company shall be given a period of no less than 30 days to cure such circumstances.
The Retention Award will not count toward or be considered in determining payments or benefits under any other plan, program or agreement of Columbia, the Combined Company or their respective affiliates. The Retention Award will be subject to withholding for applicable income and payroll taxes or otherwise as required by law. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, this letter is intended to be interpreted and applied so that the Retention Award will qualify for the “short-term deferral” exception, and be exempt from the requirements, of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and any rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
3.Treatment of Equity Awards Granted at or after the Closing
If your employment is terminated by the Combined Company other than for Cause during the two (2)-year period following the Closing, subject to your execution and the effectiveness of the Release, any outstanding equity or equity-based awards held by you immediately prior to your termination that were granted at or after the Closing will vest in full (without proration) with respect to any service vesting requirement, with any awards that are subject to a performance-vesting condition to remain outstanding and eligible to be earned in full (without proration) based on the level of performance achieved, as if you had remained employed for the full performance period. Any such vested awards (other than performance-vesting awards) will be settled within sixty (60) days of your date of termination (or such later date as may be required to avoid the imposition of penalty taxes under Section 409A), and any such performance-vesting awards that are determined to be earned will be settled at the time that similar awards held by active similarly situated executives of the Combined Company are settled generally. For the avoidance of doubt, any outstanding equity or equity-based awards held by you as of immediately prior to your termination that were granted prior to the Closing will be treated in accordance with the terms of the applicable award agreement.
4.Acknowledgements
You hereby acknowledge that you will not have “Good Reason” under your Change in Control Agreement or any plan of or other agreement with Columbia, including any equity award agreement, solely as a result of (a) the Closing or (b) your role with the Combined Company as contemplated under Section 1 of this letter and any corresponding change in your authority, duties and responsibilities commensurate with your new role.
You acknowledge and agree that Section 6 (Section 280G of the Code) of your Change in Control Agreement is incorporated herein by reference and will apply to any payments made pursuant to this letter, with references to “the Company” to refer to “the Combined Company,”
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references to “Employee” to refer to “you” and such other interpretive modifications as are necessary to preserve the intent and meaning of such provisions.
For purposes of clarity, nothing in this letter is intended to amend, alter or otherwise change the payments and benefits to which you may become entitled under the Change in Control Agreement, which will survive in its entirety, in accordance with its terms; provided, however, that the term of your Change in Control Agreement will expire on the earlier of (i) the date that is two (2) years after the date on which the Closing occurs and (ii) the expiration date set forth in Section 1 of your Change in Control Agreement, subject to earlier termination upon your termination of employment as contemplated by your Change in Control Agreement.
5.Security
You agree and covenant (i) to comply with all Combined Company security policies and procedures as in force from time to time including without limitation those regarding computer equipment, telephone systems, voicemail systems, facilities access, monitoring, key cards/fobs, access codes, Combined Company intranet, internet, social media and instant messaging systems, computer systems, email systems, computer networks, document storage systems, software, data security, encryption, firewalls, passwords and any and all other Combined Company facilities, IT resources and communication technologies (“Facilities and Information Technology Resources”); (ii) not to access or use any Facilities and Information Technology Resources except as authorized by the Combined Company; and (iii) not to access or use any Facilities and Information Technology Resources in any manner after the termination of your employment, whether termination is voluntary or involuntary. You agree to notify the Combined Company promptly in the event you learn of any violation of the foregoing by others, or of any other misappropriation or unauthorized access, use, reproduction, or reverse engineering of, or tampering with any Facilities and Information Technology Resources or other Combined Company property or materials by others.
Upon (a) voluntary or involuntary termination of your employment or (b) the Combined Company’s request at any time during your employment, you shall (i) provide or return to the Combined Company any and all Combined Company property, including keys, key cards, access cards/fobs, identification cards, security devices, employer credit cards, network access devices, computers, tablets, cell phones, smartphones, PDAs, equipment, work product, email and voicemail messages, disks, thumb drives or other removable information storage devices, hard drives, and data and all Combined Company documents and materials belonging to the Combined Company and stored in any fashion, including but not limited to those that constitute or contain any Confidential Information, that are in the possession or control of you, whether they were provided to you by the Combined Company or any of its affiliates or business associates or created by you in connection with your employment by the Combined Company; and (ii) delete or destroy all copies of any such documents and materials not returned to the Combined Company that remain in your possession or control, including those stored on any non-Combined Company devices, networks, storage locations, and media in your possession or control.
For purposes of this Section 5, “Confidential Information” includes, but is not limited to, all information not generally known to the public, in spoken, printed, electronic or any other form or
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medium, relating directly or indirectly to: business processes, practices, methods, policies, plans, documents, research, operations, services, strategies, techniques, agreements, contracts, terms of agreements, transactions, potential transactions, negotiations, pending negotiations, know-how, trade secrets, computer programs and software, applications, operating systems, software design, web design, work-in-process, databases, data, records, supplier and vendor information, financial information, results, accounting information and records, legal information, marketing and advertising information, pricing information, credit information, payroll information, staffing information, personnel information, employee lists, reports, internal controls, security procedures, market studies, sales information, revenue, costs, product plans, models, ideas, inventions, unpublished patent applications, original works of authorship, discoveries, experimental processes and results, specifications, customer and client information, customer lists, client lists, prospect lists and information of the Combined Company and its affiliates or its businesses, or of any other person or entity that has entrusted information to the Combined Company or its affiliates in confidence. You understand that the above list is not exhaustive, and that Confidential Information also includes other information that is marked or otherwise identified as confidential or proprietary, or that would otherwise appear to a reasonable person to be confidential or proprietary in the context and circumstances in which the information is known or used. You understand and agree that Confidential Information includes information developed by you in the course of employment by the Combined Company as if the Combined Company furnished the same Confidential Information to you in the first instance. Confidential Information shall not include information that is generally available to and known by the public at the time of disclosure to you; provided that, such disclosure is through no direct or indirect fault of you or person(s) acting on your behalf.
6.Miscellaneous
This letter is personal to you and, without the prior written consent of the Combined Company, is not assignable by you. This letter and any rights and benefits hereunder will inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by your legal representatives, heirs, or legatees. This letter and any rights and benefits hereunder will inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Combined Company and its successors and assigns.
This letter will be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Washington, without regard to conflict of laws principles thereof.
This letter may not be amended or modified other than by a written agreement executed by the parties hereto or their respective successors and legal representatives. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this letter will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision of this letter, and this letter will be construed as if such invalid or unenforceable provision were omitted (but only to the extent that such provision cannot be appropriately re-formed or modified).
This letter shall not be construed as giving you the right to be retained in the employ of, or in any consulting relationship to, the Combined Company or its successors or affiliates. You acknowledge and understand that your employment with the Company is on an “at will” basis.
This letter sets forth the entire agreement of the parties hereto in respect of the subject matter contained herein and supersedes any other agreement or understanding between the parties with
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respect to the subject matter hereof (other than the Change in Control Agreement). This letter may be executed in separate counterparts, each of which will be deemed to be an original but all of which taken together constitute one and the same agreement. Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page to this letter by electronic transmission, including in portable document format (.pdf), will be deemed as effective as delivery of an original executed counterpart of this letter.
[Signature page follows]

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We thank you for the valuable contributions which you have made and for which we are sure you will continue to make to the Combined Company. In order to be eligible to receive the Retention Award, it is important that you sign this letter and return it to me as soon as practicable and no later than March 30, 2023.
    Sincerely yours,


/s/ Clint Stein 3/23/2023
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
Name: Clint E. Stein
Title: President and Chief Executive Officer
    

Agreed to and accepted:




/s/ Lisa Dow
Name: Lisa Dow
Date: 3/2/2023


[Signature Page to Letter Agreement]


Annex A
RELEASE
1.Release. By signing this release of Claims (as defined below) (the “General Release”), you, on behalf of yourself and your heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, in consideration of the payments and benefits provided to you by Columbia Banking System, Inc. (the “Company”) pursuant to Sections 2 and 3 of that certain letter agreement between you and the Company, dated as of March 1, 2023 (the “Letter Agreement”), knowingly and voluntarily waive, terminate, cancel, release and discharge forever the Company, its subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, directors, employees, members, attorneys and agents and their predecessors, successors and assigns, individually and in their official capacities (together, the “Released Parties”) from any and all actions, causes of action, claims, allegations, rights, obligations, liabilities, or charges (collectively, “Claims”) that you (or your heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns) have or may have, whether known or unknown, by reason of any matter, cause or thing occurring at any time before and including the date of this General Release arising under or in connection with your employment or termination of employment or services with the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates (together, as constituted from time to time, the “Group”), including, without limitation: breach of contract; tort; wrongful, abusive, unfair, constructive, or unlawful discharge or dismissal; impairment of economic opportunity; defamation; age and national origin discrimination; sexual harassment; back pay; front pay; benefits; attorneys’ fees; whistleblower claims; emotional distress; intentional infliction of emotional distress; assault; battery, pain and suffering; punitive or exemplary damages; violations of the Equal Pay Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Washington Law Against Discrimination, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (“ADEA”), the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1991, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, the Worker Adjustment Retraining and Notification Act, the Washington Paid Family and Medical Leave Act, the Washington Paid Sick Leave Law, the Washington Family Care Act, the Washington Domestic Violence Leave Law, the Washington Minimum Wage Act, the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act, the Family and Medical Leave Act, including all amendments to any of the aforementioned acts; and violations of any other federal, state, or municipal fair employment statutes or laws, including, without limitation, violations of any other law, rule, regulation, or ordinance pertaining to employment, wages, compensation, hours worked, or any other matters related in any way to your employment with the Group or the termination of that employment. This General Release will not, however, apply to or affect (i) any obligation of the Company pursuant to the Letter Agreement, (ii) any indemnification or similar rights from the Group you may have as a current or former officer, director, employee or agent of the Group, including, without limitation, any and all rights thereto under applicable law, the bylaws or other governance documents of any member of the Group, or any rights with respect to coverage under any directors’ and officers’ insurance policies and/or indemnification agreements (including the Letter Agreement), as applicable, (iii) any Claim you may have as the holder or beneficial owner of securities of any member of the Group or other rights relating to securities or equity awards in respect of the common stock of any member of the Group, (iv) any benefits or the right to seek benefits under applicable workers’ compensation and/or unemployment compensation statutes, (v) any benefit to which you are entitled under any tax qualified pension plan of the Group, continuation coverage benefits under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, vested benefits under any other benefit plans of the Group or any other welfare benefits required to be
A-1


provided pursuant to the terms of the applicable plan, (vi) rights to accrued but unpaid salary, paid time off, vacation or other compensation through the date of your termination of employment, (vii) any unreimbursed business expenses and (viii) any claims that may arise in the future from events or actions occurring after your date of termination of employment or services or which may not be released through an agreement such as this General Release under applicable law (claims with respect thereto, collectively, “Excluded Claims”).
2.Proceedings. You further agree, promise and covenant that, to the maximum extent permitted by law, neither you, nor any person, organization, or other entity acting on your behalf, has filed or will file, charged or will charge, claimed or will claim, sued or will sue, or caused or will cause, or permitted or will permit to be filed, charged or claimed, any action for damages or other relief (including injunctive, declaratory, monetary or other relief) against the Released Parties with respect to any Claims other than Excluded Claims. Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this Release Agreement is intended to waive your right to testify, assist, file or participate in any investigation, hearing, charge or proceeding conducted by a government agency such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or the Washington State Human Rights Commission. However, this Release Agreement prohibits you from seeking, accepting or being entitled to any monetary relief, whether for yourself individually or as a member of a class or group, and you expressly waive any right to recover any damages or monetary benefit from any such proceeding.
3.Acknowledgements by You. You hereby acknowledge and confirm that you were advised by the Company in connection with your termination of employment or services to consult with an attorney of your choice prior to signing this General Release, including, without limitation, with respect to the terms relating to your release and waiver of Claims arising under ADEA, and that you have in fact consulted an attorney. You have been given twenty-one (21) days to review this General Release, and you are signing this General Release knowingly, voluntarily and with full understanding of its terms and effects, and you voluntarily accept the benefits provided for under Sections 2 and 3 of the Letter Agreement for the purpose of making full and final settlement of all claims referred to above. You also understand that you have seven (7) calendar days from the date you sign this General Release to revoke your signature on this General Release, and that this General Release and any obligations that the Company has under Sections 2 and 3 of the Letter Agreement will not become effective if you exercise your right to revoke your signature on this General Release within seven (7) days from the date you sign this General Release. You understand that such revocation must be delivered to the Company at its headquarters, directed to the attention of the Company’s General Counsel, during such period to be effective.
4.Governing Law. All matters affecting this Agreement, including the validity thereof, are to be governed by, and interpreted and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of Washington applicable to contracts executed in and to be performed in that State.


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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this General Release has been executed on the date set forth below.



By:                        
Name: Lisa Dow
Date:


A-3


Annex [B][C]

Systems Conversion Date

For purposes of this letter, the Systems Conversion Date referenced in Section 2 thereof will be defined and determined as follows.

As relates to the conversion of the Core Operating and Business Banking Treasury Management Systems, the “Systems Conversion Date” will be the date upon which the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Combined Company, in its discretion, certifies that the following conversion conditions have been successfully met:

Successful data conversion: Columbia core data (inclusive of approximately 750,000 accounts, $11 billion in loans and $16 billion in deposits) was transferred accurately and completely to the Umpqua technology environment.

Systems and applications are working as designed: The Combined Company is operating with business as usual. For example, customers are transacting at branches, new accounts are being opened and data is flowing to supporting applications such as the GL, BSA/AML systems, Q2 mobile banking, FIS D1B business online banking, wires, ACH platforms and item processing.

Customer issues are resolved promptly and internal resources are using the correct support mechanisms: The IMO Command Center will be the central aggregator of any unexpected customer issues and coordinate with the business unit support mechanisms for successful remediation of any issues. Issue tracking and resolution management reports will be created daily for visibility.


    Exhibit 10.13
image_05a.jpg
March 1, 2023
David Moore-Devine
1301 A Street, Suite 800
Tacoma, Washington 98401-2156
Dear David:
As you know, the merger (the “Merger”) contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 11, 2021, by and between Umpqua Holdings Corporation (“Umpqua”), Columbia Banking System, Inc. (“Columbia”) and Cascade Merger Sub, Inc. has been successfully completed. We greatly appreciate your efforts and contributions that helped lead to the closing of the Merger (the “Closing”) and we believe that your continued service will be essential for a successful integration. This letter confirms our discussions regarding your ongoing role with the combined company following the Merger (the “Combined Company”).
1.Your Continuing Role
Following the Closing, you will continue to serve as the Combined Company’s Chief Marketing Officer and Executive Vice President, Chief Marketing Officer of Umpqua Bank and have the authority, duties and responsibilities commensurate with such role. Your designated work location with the Combined Company will be Tacoma, Washington.
2.Your Retention Award
In recognition of the value we believe your continued service will bring to the Combined Company, we are pleased to offer you the opportunity to earn a cash retention award (the “Retention Award”) in the aggregate amount of $500,000. The Retention Award will vest and be payable in three installments, with 34% ($170,000) to vest on the Core Operating and Business Banking Treasury Management systems conversion date of the banking operation of Columbia and Umpqua as determined by the Combined Company in its discretion (the “Systems Conversion Date”), 33% ($165,000) to vest on the first anniversary of the Systems Conversion Date and the remaining 33% ($165,000) to vest on the second anniversary of the Systems Conversion Date (the Systems Conversion Date, and each such anniversary, a “Vesting Date”), in each case subject to your continued employment in good standing with the Combined Company through the applicable Vesting Date. If your employment terminates (or you have notified the Combined Company of your resignation) for any reason prior to a Vesting Date, you will forfeit any then-unvested portion of the Retention Award. Assuming you satisfy the vesting requirements, the applicable installment of the vested portion of the Retention Award will be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within thirty (30) days after the Vesting Date.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, if, prior to the final Vesting Date, your employment is terminated by the Combined Company other than for Cause, by you for Good Reason or due to your death or disability (as defined in the Combined Company’s long-term disability policy then applicable to you), then any then-unvested portion of the Retention Award will vest in full, subject to your (or, in the event of your death, your estate’s) execution and the effectiveness of a general release of statutory claims in favor of the Combined Company and its affiliates substantially in the form



attached hereto as Annex A, and be paid to you in cash in a lump sum within sixty (60) days after your date of termination. For purposes of this paragraph, “Cause” and “Good Reason” have the meanings ascribed to such terms in your Change in Control Agreement with Columbia, dated as of March 2, 2020 (your “Change in Control Agreement”); provided, however, that in order to constitute a termination for Good Reason, you must provide the written notice to the Combined Company describing the circumstances that constitute Good Reason within 30 days of when you first learn of the existence of such circumstances, and the Combined Company shall be given a period of no less than 30 days to cure such circumstances.
The Retention Award will not count toward or be considered in determining payments or benefits under any other plan, program or agreement of Columbia, the Combined Company or their respective affiliates. The Retention Award will be subject to withholding for applicable income and payroll taxes or otherwise as required by law. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, this letter is intended to be interpreted and applied so that the Retention Award will qualify for the “short-term deferral” exception, and be exempt from the requirements, of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and any rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
3.Treatment of Equity Awards Granted at or after the Closing
If your employment is terminated by the Combined Company other than for Cause during the two (2)-year period following the Closing, subject to your execution and the effectiveness of the Release, any outstanding equity or equity-based awards held by you immediately prior to your termination that were granted at or after the Closing will vest in full (without proration) with respect to any service vesting requirement, with any awards that are subject to a performance-vesting condition to remain outstanding and eligible to be earned in full (without proration) based on the level of performance achieved, as if you had remained employed for the full performance period. Any such vested awards (other than performance-vesting awards) will be settled within sixty (60) days of your date of termination (or such later date as may be required to avoid the imposition of penalty taxes under Section 409A), and any such performance-vesting awards that are determined to be earned will be settled at the time that similar awards held by active similarly situated executives of the Combined Company are settled generally. For the avoidance of doubt, any outstanding equity or equity-based awards held by you as of immediately prior to your termination that were granted prior to the Closing will be treated in accordance with the terms of the applicable award agreement.
4.Acknowledgements
You hereby acknowledge that you will not have “Good Reason” under your Change in Control Agreement or any plan of or other agreement with Columbia, including any equity award agreement, solely as a result of (a) the Closing or (b) your role with the Combined Company as contemplated under Section 1 of this letter and any corresponding change in your authority, duties and responsibilities commensurate with your new role.
You acknowledge and agree that Section 6 (Section 280G of the Code) of your Change in Control Agreement is incorporated herein by reference and will apply to any payments made pursuant to this letter, with references to “the Company” to refer to “the Combined Company,”
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references to “Employee” to refer to “you” and such other interpretive modifications as are necessary to preserve the intent and meaning of such provisions.
For purposes of clarity, nothing in this letter is intended to amend, alter or otherwise change the payments and benefits to which you may become entitled under the Change in Control Agreement, which will survive in its entirety, in accordance with its terms; provided, however, that the term of your Change in Control Agreement will expire on the earlier of (i) the date that is two (2) years after the date on which the Closing occurs and (ii) the expiration date set forth in Section 1 of your Change in Control Agreement, subject to earlier termination upon your termination of employment as contemplated by your Change in Control Agreement.
Following the expiration of your Change in Control Agreement (or on such earlier date on which the Combined Company implements new employment or severance agreements, plans or arrangements for similarly situated executives), if you remain employed by the Combined Company, you will be eligible to enter into a new employment or severance agreement (or to participate in a new severance program) on the same basis as similarly situated executives of the Combined Company that includes market competitive change in control severance benefits that are, in any event, no less favorable than the severance benefits under the Change in Control Agreement.
5.Security
You agree and covenant (i) to comply with all Combined Company security policies and procedures as in force from time to time including without limitation those regarding computer equipment, telephone systems, voicemail systems, facilities access, monitoring, key cards/fobs, access codes, Combined Company intranet, internet, social media and instant messaging systems, computer systems, email systems, computer networks, document storage systems, software, data security, encryption, firewalls, passwords and any and all other Combined Company facilities, IT resources and communication technologies (“Facilities and Information Technology Resources”); (ii) not to access or use any Facilities and Information Technology Resources except as authorized by the Combined Company; and (iii) not to access or use any Facilities and Information Technology Resources in any manner after the termination of your employment, whether termination is voluntary or involuntary. You agree to notify the Combined Company promptly in the event you learn of any violation of the foregoing by others, or of any other misappropriation or unauthorized access, use, reproduction, or reverse engineering of, or tampering with any Facilities and Information Technology Resources or other Combined Company property or materials by others.
Upon (a) voluntary or involuntary termination of your employment or (b) the Combined Company’s request at any time during your employment, you shall (i) provide or return to the Combined Company any and all Combined Company property, including keys, key cards, access cards/fobs, identification cards, security devices, employer credit cards, network access devices, computers, tablets, cell phones, smartphones, PDAs, equipment, work product, email and voicemail messages, disks, thumb drives or other removable information storage devices, hard drives, and data and all Combined Company documents and materials belonging to the Combined Company and stored in any fashion, including but not limited to those that constitute or contain any Confidential Information, that are in the possession or control of you, whether they were provided to you by the Combined Company or any of its affiliates or business
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associates or created by you in connection with your employment by the Combined Company; and (ii) delete or destroy all copies of any such documents and materials not returned to the Combined Company that remain in your possession or control, including those stored on any non-Combined Company devices, networks, storage locations, and media in your possession or control.
For purposes of this Section 5, “Confidential Information” includes, but is not limited to, all information not generally known to the public, in spoken, printed, electronic or any other form or medium, relating directly or indirectly to: business processes, practices, methods, policies, plans, documents, research, operations, services, strategies, techniques, agreements, contracts, terms of agreements, transactions, potential transactions, negotiations, pending negotiations, know-how, trade secrets, computer programs and software, applications, operating systems, software design, web design, work-in-process, databases, data, records, supplier and vendor information, financial information, results, accounting information and records, legal information, marketing and advertising information, pricing information, credit information, payroll information, staffing information, personnel information, employee lists, reports, internal controls, security procedures, market studies, sales information, revenue, costs, product plans, models, ideas, inventions, unpublished patent applications, original works of authorship, discoveries, experimental processes and results, specifications, customer and client information, customer lists, client lists, prospect lists and information of the Combined Company and its affiliates or its businesses, or of any other person or entity that has entrusted information to the Combined Company or its affiliates in confidence. You understand that the above list is not exhaustive, and that Confidential Information also includes other information that is marked or otherwise identified as confidential or proprietary, or that would otherwise appear to a reasonable person to be confidential or proprietary in the context and circumstances in which the information is known or used. You understand and agree that Confidential Information includes information developed by you in the course of employment by the Combined Company as if the Combined Company furnished the same Confidential Information to you in the first instance. Confidential Information shall not include information that is generally available to and known by the public at the time of disclosure to you; provided that, such disclosure is through no direct or indirect fault of you or person(s) acting on your behalf.
6.Miscellaneous
This letter is personal to you and, without the prior written consent of the Combined Company, is not assignable by you. This letter and any rights and benefits hereunder will inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by your legal representatives, heirs, or legatees. This letter and any rights and benefits hereunder will inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Combined Company and its successors and assigns.
This letter will be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Washington, without regard to conflict of laws principles thereof.
This letter may not be amended or modified other than by a written agreement executed by the parties hereto or their respective successors and legal representatives. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this letter will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision of this letter, and this letter will be construed as if such invalid or unenforceable
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provision were omitted (but only to the extent that such provision cannot be appropriately re-formed or modified).
This letter shall not be construed as giving you the right to be retained in the employ of, or in any consulting relationship to, the Combined Company or its successors or affiliates. You acknowledge and understand that your employment with the Company is on an “at will” basis.
This letter sets forth the entire agreement of the parties hereto in respect of the subject matter contained herein and supersedes any other agreement or understanding between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof (other than the Change in Control Agreement). This letter may be executed in separate counterparts, each of which will be deemed to be an original but all of which taken together constitute one and the same agreement. Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page to this letter by electronic transmission, including in portable document format (.pdf), will be deemed as effective as delivery of an original executed counterpart of this letter.
[Signature page follows]

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We thank you for the valuable contributions which you have made and for which we are sure you will continue to make to the Combined Company. In order to be eligible to receive the Retention Award, it is important that you sign this letter and return it to me as soon as practicable and no later than March 30, 2023.
    Sincerely yours,


/s/ Clint Stein 3/21/2023
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
Name: Clint E. Stein
Title: President and Chief Executive Officer
    

Agreed to and accepted:




/s/ David Moore Devine
Name: David Moore-Devine
Date: 3/3/2023


[Signature Page to Letter Agreement]


Annex A
RELEASE
1.Release. By signing this release of Claims (as defined below) (the “General Release”), you, on behalf of yourself and your heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, in consideration of the payments and benefits provided to you by Columbia Banking System, Inc. (the “Company”) pursuant to Sections 2 and 3 of that certain letter agreement between you and the Company, dated as of March 1, 2023 (the “Letter Agreement”), knowingly and voluntarily waive, terminate, cancel, release and discharge forever the Company, its subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, directors, employees, members, attorneys and agents and their predecessors, successors and assigns, individually and in their official capacities (together, the “Released Parties”) from any and all actions, causes of action, claims, allegations, rights, obligations, liabilities, or charges (collectively, “Claims”) that you (or your heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns) have or may have, whether known or unknown, by reason of any matter, cause or thing occurring at any time before and including the date of this General Release arising under or in connection with your employment or termination of employment or services with the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates (together, as constituted from time to time, the “Group”), including, without limitation: breach of contract; tort; wrongful, abusive, unfair, constructive, or unlawful discharge or dismissal; impairment of economic opportunity; defamation; age and national origin discrimination; sexual harassment; back pay; front pay; benefits; attorneys’ fees; whistleblower claims; emotional distress; intentional infliction of emotional distress; assault; battery, pain and suffering; punitive or exemplary damages; violations of the Equal Pay Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Washington Law Against Discrimination, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (“ADEA”), the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1991, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, the Worker Adjustment Retraining and Notification Act, the Washington Paid Family and Medical Leave Act, the Washington Paid Sick Leave Law, the Washington Family Care Act, the Washington Domestic Violence Leave Law, the Washington Minimum Wage Act, the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act, the Family and Medical Leave Act, including all amendments to any of the aforementioned acts; and violations of any other federal, state, or municipal fair employment statutes or laws, including, without limitation, violations of any other law, rule, regulation, or ordinance pertaining to employment, wages, compensation, hours worked, or any other matters related in any way to your employment with the Group or the termination of that employment. This General Release will not, however, apply to or affect (i) any obligation of the Company pursuant to the Letter Agreement, (ii) any indemnification or similar rights from the Group you may have as a current or former officer, director, employee or agent of the Group, including, without limitation, any and all rights thereto under applicable law, the bylaws or other governance documents of any member of the Group, or any rights with respect to coverage under any directors’ and officers’ insurance policies and/or indemnification agreements (including the Letter Agreement), as applicable, (iii) any Claim you may have as the holder or beneficial owner of securities of any member of the Group or other rights relating to securities or equity awards in respect of the common stock of any member of the Group, (iv) any benefits or the right to seek benefits under applicable workers’ compensation and/or unemployment compensation statutes, (v) any benefit to which you are entitled under any tax qualified pension plan of the Group, continuation coverage benefits under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, vested benefits under any other benefit plans of the Group or any other welfare benefits required to be
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provided pursuant to the terms of the applicable plan, (vi) rights to accrued but unpaid salary, paid time off, vacation or other compensation through the date of your termination of employment, (vii) any unreimbursed business expenses and (viii) any claims that may arise in the future from events or actions occurring after your date of termination of employment or services or which may not be released through an agreement such as this General Release under applicable law (claims with respect thereto, collectively, “Excluded Claims”).
2.Proceedings. You further agree, promise and covenant that, to the maximum extent permitted by law, neither you, nor any person, organization, or other entity acting on your behalf, has filed or will file, charged or will charge, claimed or will claim, sued or will sue, or caused or will cause, or permitted or will permit to be filed, charged or claimed, any action for damages or other relief (including injunctive, declaratory, monetary or other relief) against the Released Parties with respect to any Claims other than Excluded Claims. Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this Release Agreement is intended to waive your right to testify, assist, file or participate in any investigation, hearing, charge or proceeding conducted by a government agency such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or the Washington State Human Rights Commission. However, this Release Agreement prohibits you from seeking, accepting or being entitled to any monetary relief, whether for yourself individually or as a member of a class or group, and you expressly waive any right to recover any damages or monetary benefit from any such proceeding.
3.Acknowledgements by You. You hereby acknowledge and confirm that you were advised by the Company in connection with your termination of employment or services to consult with an attorney of your choice prior to signing this General Release, including, without limitation, with respect to the terms relating to your release and waiver of Claims arising under ADEA, and that you have in fact consulted an attorney. You have been given twenty-one (21) days to review this General Release, and you are signing this General Release knowingly, voluntarily and with full understanding of its terms and effects, and you voluntarily accept the benefits provided for under Sections 2 and 3 of the Letter Agreement for the purpose of making full and final settlement of all claims referred to above. You also understand that you have seven (7) calendar days from the date you sign this General Release to revoke your signature on this General Release, and that this General Release and any obligations that the Company has under Sections 2 and 3 of the Letter Agreement will not become effective if you exercise your right to revoke your signature on this General Release within seven (7) days from the date you sign this General Release. You understand that such revocation must be delivered to the Company at its headquarters, directed to the attention of the Company’s General Counsel, during such period to be effective.
4.Governing Law. All matters affecting this Agreement, including the validity thereof, are to be governed by, and interpreted and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of Washington applicable to contracts executed in and to be performed in that State.


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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this General Release has been executed on the date set forth below.



By:                        
Name: David Moore-Devine
Date:

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Annex [B][C]

Systems Conversion Date

For purposes of this letter, the Systems Conversion Date referenced in Section 2 thereof will be defined and determined as follows.

As relates to the conversion of the Core Operating and Business Banking Treasury Management Systems, the “Systems Conversion Date” will be the date upon which the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Combined Company, in its discretion, certifies that the following conversion conditions have been successfully met:

Successful data conversion: Columbia core data (inclusive of approximately 750,000 accounts, $11 billion in loans and $16 billion in deposits) was transferred accurately and completely to the Umpqua technology environment.

Systems and applications are working as designed: The Combined Company is operating with business as usual. For example, customers are transacting at branches, new accounts are being opened and data is flowing to supporting applications such as the GL, BSA/AML systems, Q2 mobile banking, FIS D1B business online banking, wires, ACH platforms and item processing.

Customer issues are resolved promptly and internal resources are using the correct support mechanisms: The IMO Command Center will be the central aggregator of any unexpected customer issues and coordinate with the business unit support mechanisms for successful remediation of any issues. Issue tracking and resolution management reports will be created daily for visibility.


Exhibit 10.14
SECOND AMENDMENT TO THE
COLUMBIA STATE BANK
SUPPLEMENTAL EXECUTIVE RETIREMENT PLAN AGREEMENT
(By and Between Columbia State Bank and Kumi Baruffi)
This Second Amendment to the Columbia State Bank Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan Agreement (hereinafter "Amendment"), is hereby entered into this February 28th, 2023 by and between Columbia State Bank (hereinafter "Bank" or "Employer") and Kumi Baruffi (hereinafter "Executive"). It is intended that this Amendment shall amend the Columbia State Bank Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan Agreement ("Agreement"), by and between the parties and with an effective date of February 27, 2015 (as amended thereafter), as provided herein.
The parties now hereby agree to amend the Agreement as follows:
For purposes of calculating benefits under this Agreement, Executive's "Base Salary" will be frozen at Three Hundred Eighty-Five Thousand Dollars ($385,000) effective as of the date of this Amendment so that any increases to Executive's Base Salary after the date of this Amendment will not be reflected for purposes of determining the benefit under this Agreement. Executive otherwise shall continue to participate in this Agreement (including with respect to vesting service credit) and shall remain eligible for benefits under any other Agreement to which Executive is a party, in accordance with their respective terms and conditions.
To the extent that any paragraph, term, or provision of the Agreement is not specifically amended herein, or in any other amendment thereto, said paragraph, term, or provision shall remain in full force and effect as set forth in said Agreement.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Executive and a duly authorized representative of Columbia State Bank have signed this Amendment as of the written date.

EXECUTIVE
/s/ Kumi BaruffiDate:2/28/2023
     Signature
COLUMBIA STATE BANK
By: /s/ Clint E. SteinDate:2/28/2023

BARUFFISERPAMMT20221012
I
Exhibit 10.16
FIRST AMENDMENT TO COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.
2023 DEFERRED COMPENSATION PLAN

    THIS AMENDMENT, dated effective as of March 1, 2023 (the “Effective Date”), is here by adopted by Columbia Banking System, Inc. (the “Company”) on April 18, 2023.

Recitals

A.The Company entered into a deferred compensation arrangement with a select group of highly compensated employees of Columbia Banking System, Inc., any successor organization, and entities with which it is considered a single employer under §§ 414(b) or 414(c) of the Internal Revenue Code.

B.Such compensation arrangement is governed by the terms of the Columbia Banking System, Inc. 2023 Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Plan”) dated March 1, 2023.

C.The Company now wishes to amend Section IV, Paragraph B of the Plan to address the vesting conditions applicable to participant Eric Eid, and to amend Section VI, Paragraph A of the Plan to confirm the specific three-month SOFR rate utilized to calculate the Interest Crediting Rate.

Amendment

1.Vesting. Paragraph B of Section IV of the Plan is hereby amended to add the following sentence at the end of the paragraph:

“Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Merger Retention Amount described in that certain Retention Agreement with Eric Eid will vest with 100% vesting on the first anniversary of the closing date of the Merger.”

2.Interest Crediting Rate. Paragraph A of Section VI of the Plan is hereby amended to provide that the Interest Crediting Rate shall be equal to the three-month term SOFR rate plus 3.84%


Date: April 18, 2023
By: /s/ Kumi Baruffi
Kumi Baruffi
Its: Corporate Secretary



EXHIBIT 31.1 
CERTIFICATION OF 
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER UNDER SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Clint E. Stein, certify that:  
1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Columbia Banking System, Inc.; 
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 
4.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: 
a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; 
b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; 
c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and 
d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and  
5.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent function): 
a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and 
b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.  
Date: May 9, 2023
/s/ Clint E. Stein
Clint E. Stein
President and Chief Executive Officer
Columbia Banking System, Inc.



EXHIBIT 31.2 
CERTIFICATION OF 
PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER UNDER SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Ronald L. Farnsworth, certify that:  
1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Columbia Banking System, Inc.; 
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 
4.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: 
a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; 
b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; 
c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and 
d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and  
5.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent function): 
a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and 
b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. 
Date: May 9, 2023
/s/ Ronald L. Farnsworth
Ronald L. Farnsworth
Executive Vice President/Chief Financial Officer and
Principal Financial Officer
Columbia Banking System, Inc.



EXHIBIT 31.3 
CERTIFICATION OF 
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING OFFICER UNDER SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
I, Lisa M. White, certify that:  
1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Columbia Banking System, Inc.; 
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 
4.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: 
a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; 
b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; 
c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and 
d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and  
5.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent function): 
a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and 
b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. 
Date: May 9, 2023
/s/ Lisa M. White
Lisa M. White
Executive Vice President/Corporate Controller 
and Principal Accounting Officer
Columbia Banking System, Inc.



Exhibit 32 
CERTIFICATION OF 
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING OFFICER UNDER SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 
This certification is given by the undersigned Chief Executive Officer, Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer of Columbia Banking System, Inc. (the "registrant") pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.  Each of the undersigned hereby certifies, with respect to the registrant's quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), that: 
(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and 
(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the registrant. 

/s/ Clint E. Stein
Clint E. Stein
President and Chief Executive Officer
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
 
/s/ Ronald L. Farnsworth
Ronald L. Farnsworth
Executive Vice President/Chief Financial Officer and
Principal Financial Officer
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
 
/s/ Lisa M. White
Lisa M. White
Executive Vice President/Corporate Controller and
Principal Accounting Officer
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
May 9, 2023