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☒Registration Statement under the Securities Act of 1933
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☒ Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1
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☐ Post-Effective Amendment No.
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and/or
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☒Registration Statement under the Investment Company Act of 1940
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☒Amendment No. 14
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Michael K. Hoffman, Esq.
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Kevin T. Hardy, Esq.
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Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP
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Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP
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Four Times Square
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155 North Wacker Drive
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New York, New York 10036
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Chicago, Illinois 60606
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This [post-effective] amendment designates a new effective date for a previously filed [post-effective amendment] [registration statement].
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This form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act and the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering is __________.
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Title of Securities Being Registered
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Amount Being Registered
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Proposed Maximum Offering Price
Per Share
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Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price
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Amount of Registration Fee
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Common Shares, $0.01 par value
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(1)
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(2)
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$1,000,000(3)
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$121.20(4)
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(1) |
There are being registered hereunder a presently indeterminate number of common shares to be offered on an immediate, continuous or delayed basis.
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(2) |
The proposed maximum offering price per share will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the sale by the Registrant of the common shares registered under this registration statement.
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(3) |
Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
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(4) |
Previously paid.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Page
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Prospectus Summary
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1
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Summary of Fund Expenses
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46
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Senior Securities and Other Financial Leverage
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50
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The Fund
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51
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Use of Proceeds
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51
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Market and Net Asset Value Information
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51
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Investment Objective and Policies
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52
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The Fund’s Investments
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54
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Use of Financial Leverage
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73
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Risks
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78
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Management of the Fund
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108
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Net Asset Value
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110
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Distributions
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111
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Dividend Reinvestment Plan
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112
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Description of Capital Structure
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113
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Anti-Takeover and Other Provisions in the Fund’s Governing Documents
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115
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Closed-End Fund Structure
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116
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Repurchase of Common Shares; Conversion to Open-End Fund
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116
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Tax Matters
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117
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Plan of Distribution
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121
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Custodian, Administrator, Transfer Agent and Dividend Disbursing Agent
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123
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Legal Matters
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123
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Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
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123
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Additional Information
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123
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Privacy Principles of the Fund
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124
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Table of Contents of the Statement of Additional Information
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125
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The Fund
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Guggenheim Credit Allocation Fund (the “Fund”) is a diversified, closed-end management investment company.
Guggenheim Funds Investment Advisors, LLC (the “Investment Adviser”) serves as the Fund’s investment adviser and is responsible for the management of the Fund. Guggenheim Partners Investment Management, LLC (the “Sub-Adviser”) serves as the Fund’s investment sub-adviser and is responsible for the management of the Fund’s portfolio of securities. Each of the Investment Adviser and the Sub-Adviser is an indirect subsidiary of Guggenheim Partners, LLC (“Guggenheim Partners”). The Investment Adviser and the Sub-Adviser are referred to herein collectively as the “Adviser.”
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The Offering
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The Fund may offer, from time to time, up to $[ ] aggregate initial offering price of Common Shares, on terms to be determined at the time of the offering. The Fund will offer Common Shares at prices and on terms to be set forth in one or more supplements to this Prospectus (each a “Prospectus Supplement”).
The Fund may offer Common Shares (1) directly to one or more purchasers, (2) through agents that the Fund may designate from time to time, or (3) to or through underwriters or dealers. The Prospectus Supplement relating to a particular offering will identify any agents or underwriters involved in the sale of Common Shares, and will set forth any applicable purchase price, fee, commission or discount arrangement between the Fund and agents or underwriters or among underwriters or the basis upon which such amount may be calculated. The Fund may not sell Common Shares through agents, underwriters or dealers without delivery of this Prospectus and a Prospectus Supplement describing the method and terms of the offering of Common Shares. See “Plan of Distribution.”
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Use of Proceeds
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Unless otherwise specified in a Prospectus Supplement, the Fund intends to invest the net proceeds of an offering of Common Shares in accordance with its investment objective and policies as stated herein. It is currently anticipated that the Fund will be able to invest substantially all of the net proceeds of an offering of Common Shares in accordance with its investment objective and policies within three months after the completion of any such offering. Pending such investment, it is anticipated that the proceeds will be invested in cash, cash equivalents or other securities, including U.S. government securities or high quality, short-term debt securities. The Fund may also use the proceeds for working capital purposes, including the payment of distributions, interest and operating expenses, although the Fund currently has no intent to issue Common Shares primarily for these purposes.
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Investment Objective
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The Fund’s investment objective is to seek total return through a combination of current income and capital appreciation. The Fund cannot assure investors that it will achieve its investment objective. The Fund’s investment objective may be changed by the Fund’s Board of Trustees on 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders.
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Investment Philosophy and Investment Process
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The Adviser will make investment selections based upon a rigorous credit selection process and a relative value investment philosophy, which seeks to identify segments of the credit securities markets as well as individual credit securities whose current prices or spreads are undervalued relative to the Adviser’s view of their long-term values and/or historical norms. The Adviser analyzes segments of the credit securities markets based upon various factors, including economic and market conditions and outlooks, securities valuations, investment opportunities, risk analysis, and credit market trends, to identify securities that the Adviser believes are undervalued or trading below historical norms. The Adviser has the flexibility to allocate the Fund’s assets across various asset classes within the credit securities market and may focus on particular countries, regions, asset classes and sectors to the exclusion of others at any time and from time to time. The Fund’s investment policy is predicated upon the belief that thorough and independent credit research combined with thoughtful credit allocation decisions are rewarded with the potential to outperform applicable benchmarks for long-term investors.
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Investment Portfolio
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Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in fixed-income securities, debt securities and loans and investments with economic characteristics similar to fixed-income securities, debt securities and loans (collectively, “credit securities”). Credit securities in which the Fund may invest consist of:
• corporate bonds;
• loans (which may consist of senior secured floating rate loans (“Senior Loans”), second lien secured floating rate loans (“Second Lien Loans”), subordinated secured loans (“Subordinated Secured Loans”) and unsecured loans (“Unsecured Loans”), each with fixed and variable interest rates) and loan participations and assignments (collectively, “Loans”);
• asset-backed securities (“ABS”) (all or a portion of which may consist of collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”));
• mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) (both residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) and commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”));
• U.S. Government and agency securities;
• mezzanine and preferred securities;
• convertible securities;
• commercial paper;
• municipal securities; and
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• sovereign government and supranational debt securities.
The Fund will seek to achieve its investment objective by investing in a portfolio of credit securities selected from a variety of sectors and credit qualities. The Fund’s investment portfolio may consist of investments in the types of securities described herein. There is no guarantee the Fund will buy all of the types of securities or use all of the investment techniques that are described herein.
The Fund may invest in credit securities rated below investment grade, or, if unrated, determined to be of comparable quality. A security is considered below investment grade quality if it is rated below investment grade (that is, below Baa3- by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) or below BBB- by Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services (“S&P”) or Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”) or comparably ranked by another Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (“NRSRO”)) or, if unrated, judged to be below investment grade quality by the Adviser. Below investment grade quality securities (commonly referred to as “high yield” or “junk” bonds) involve special risks as compared to securities of investment grade quality. Under normal market conditions, the Fund will not invest more than 25% of its Managed Assets in credit securities that are, at the time of investment, rated Caa1 or below by Moody’s or CCC+ or below by S&P or Fitch or, or that are unrated but determined by the Adviser to be of comparable quality. The foregoing credit quality policy does not apply to investments in MBS and the Fund may invest in MBS without limitation as to credit quality. For purposes of applying the Fund’s credit quality policies, in the case of securities with multiple ratings (i.e., a security receiving two or more different ratings from two or more different NRSROs), the Fund will apply the highest of the applicable ratings.
The Fund may invest in credit securities of any duration or maturity and is not required to maintain any particular maturity or duration for its portfolio as a whole. Duration is a measure of the price volatility of a security as a result of changes in market rates of interest, based on the weighted average timing of a security’s expected principal and interest payments. The longer a security’s duration, the more sensitive it will be to changes in interest rates. For example, the price of a bond fund with an average duration of five years would be expected to fall approximately 5% if interest rates rose by one percentage point. Under current market conditions, the Advisor intends to maintain a shorter leverage-adjusted average portfolio duration of 1 to 4 years. However, the Adviser will dynamically adjust average portfolio duration based on market conditions. The Adviser may seek to adjust the portfolio’s duration or maturity based on its assessment of current and projected market conditions and all factors that the Adviser deems relevant. Any decisions as to the targeted duration or maturity of any particular category of investments or of the Fund’s portfolio generally will be made based on all pertinent market factors at any given time.
The Fund may invest in senior, junior, secured and unsecured credit securities including subordinated or mezzanine securities. Credit securities in which the Fund may invest may have fixed, floating or
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variable interest rates, interest rates that change based on multiples of changes in a specified index of interest rates or interest rates that change inversely to changes in interest rates, or may not bear interest.
The Fund may invest in credit securities of any types of issuers. Credit securities in which the Fund may invest may be issued by domestic and non-U.S. corporations and other non-governmental or business entities, operating in any industries or sectors; the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities and government sponsored entities; states, territories and possessions of the United States, including the District of Columbia, and their political subdivisions, agencies or instrumentalities; foreign governmental issuers; international agencies and supranational entities; and special purpose vehicles created for the purpose of issuing structured, collateralized or asset-backed securities. The Fund may invest in publicly offered credit securities and privately offered credit securities of both public and private issuers.
The Fund may invest without limitation in securities of non-U.S. issuers, including issuers in emerging markets.
The Fund may invest without limitation in unregistered securities, restricted securities and securities for which there is no readily available trading market or that are otherwise illiquid. Securities within any of the types of credit securities in which the Fund may invest may be unregistered, restricted or illiquid. The Fund may invest in privately issued securities of both public and private companies, which may be illiquid. Illiquid securities include securities legally restricted as to resale, securities for which there is no readily available trading market or that are otherwise illiquid. The Fund may acquire securities through private placements under which it may agree to contractual restrictions on the resale of such securities.
The Fund will not invest more than 5% of its Managed Assets in interest-bearing investments that, at the time of purchase, are not current on their interest payment obligations.
As an alternative to holding investments directly, the Fund may also obtain investment exposure to securities in which it may invest by investing up to 20% of its Managed Assets in Investment Funds. The Fund may invest in open-end funds, closed-end funds and exchange-traded funds. For purposes of the Fund’s policy of investing at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in credit securities (the “80% Policy”), the Fund will include its investments in Investment Funds that have a policy of investing at least 80% of their net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in one or more types of credit securities. See “The Fund’s Investments—Investment Funds.”
“Managed Assets” means the total assets of the Fund, including the assets attributable to the proceeds from financial leverage, including the issuance of senior securities representing indebtedness (including through borrowing from financial institutions or issuance of debt securities, including notes or commercial paper), the issuance of preferred shares, the effective leverage of certain portfolio transactions such as reverse repurchase agreements and/or dollar rolls, or any other
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notes or commercial paper (collectively, “Indebtedness”), (ii) the issuance of preferred shares (“Preferred Shares”) or (iii) engaging in reverse repurchase agreements, dollar rolls and economically similar transactions (collectively with Indebtedness and Preferred Shares, “Financial Leverage”).
The Fund may utilize leverage up to the limits imposed by the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”). Under the 1940 Act the Fund may not incur Indebtedness if, immediately after incurring such Indebtedness, the Fund would have asset coverage (as defined in the 1940 Act) of less than 300% (i.e., for every dollar of Indebtedness outstanding, the Fund is required to have at least three dollars of assets). Under the 1940 Act, the Fund may not issue Preferred Shares if, immediately after issuance, the Fund would have asset coverage (as defined in the 1940 Act) of less than 200% (i.e., for every dollar of Preferred Shares outstanding, the Fund is required to have at least two dollars of assets). However, under current market conditions, the Fund currently expects to utilize Financial Leverage through Indebtedness and/or reverse repurchase agreements, such that the aggregate amount of Financial Leverage is not expected to exceed 33 1 / 3 % of the Fund’s Managed Assets (including the proceeds of such Financial Leverage) (or 50% of net assets). The Fund has entered a committed facility agreement with BNP Paribas Prime Brokerage International, Ltd. (“BNP Paribas”) pursuant to which the Fund may borrow up to $70 million. As of May 31, 2019, there were no outstanding borrowings under the committed facility agreement. As of May 31, 2019, the Fund had reverse repurchase agreements outstanding representing Financial Leverage equal to approximately 27% of the Fund’s Managed Assets.
Although the use of Financial Leverage by the Fund may create an opportunity for increased total return for the Common Shares, it also results in additional risks and can magnify the effect of any losses. Financial Leverage involves risks and special considerations for shareholders, including the likelihood of greater volatility of net asset value and market price of and dividends on the Common Share. To the extent the Fund increases its amount of Financial Leverage outstanding, it will be more exposed to these risks. The cost of Financial Leverage, including the portion of the investment advisory fee attributable to the assets purchased with the proceeds of Financial Leverage, is borne by Common Shareholders. To the extent the Fund increases its amount of Financial Leverage outstanding, the Fund’s annual expenses as a percentage of net assets attributable to Common Shares will increase.
With respect to leverage incurred through investments in reverse repurchase agreements, dollar rolls and economically similar transactions, the Fund intends to earmark or segregate cash or liquid securities in accordance with applicable interpretations of the staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). As a result of such segregation, the Fund’s obligations under such transactions will not be considered indebtedness for purposes of the 1940 Act and the Fund’s use of leverage through reverse repurchase agreements, dollar rolls and economically similar transactions will not be limited by the
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1940 Act. However, the Fund’s use of leverage through reverse repurchase agreements, dollar rolls and economically similar transactions will be included when calculating the Fund’s Financial Leverage and therefore will be limited by the Fund’s maximum overall Financial Leverage levels approved by the Board of Trustees and may be further limited by the availability of cash or liquid securities to earmark or segregate in connection with such transactions.
In addition, the Fund may engage in certain derivatives transactions that have economic characteristics similar to leverage. To the extent the terms of such transactions obligate the Fund to make payments, the Fund intends to earmark or segregate cash or liquid securities in an amount at least equal to the current value of the amount then payable by the Fund under the terms of such transactions or otherwise cover such transactions in accordance with applicable interpretations of the staff of the SEC. As a result of such segregation or cover, the Fund’s obligations under such transactions will not be considered indebtedness for purposes of the 1940 Act and will not be included in calculating the aggregate amount of the Fund’s Financial Leverage. To the extent that the Fund’s obligations under such transactions are not so segregated or covered, such obligations may be considered “senior securities representing indebtedness” under the 1940 Act and therefore subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement described above and other requirements of the 1940 Act.
The Adviser anticipates that the use of Financial Leverage may result in higher total return to the holders of Common Shares (“Common Shareholders”) over time; however, there can be no assurance that the Adviser’s expectations will be realized or that a leveraging strategy will be successful in any particular time period. Use of Financial Leverage creates an opportunity for increased income and capital appreciation but, at the same time, creates special risks. The costs associated with the issuance of Financial Leverage will be borne by Common Shareholders, which will result in a reduction of net asset value of the Common Shares. The fee paid to the Adviser will be calculated on the basis of the Fund’s Managed Assets, including proceeds from Financial Leverage, so the fees paid to the Adviser will be higher when Financial Leverage is utilized. Common Shareholders bear the portion of the investment advisory fee attributable to the assets purchased with the proceeds of Financial Leverage, which means that Common Shareholders effectively bear the entire advisory fee. The maximum level of and types of Financial Leverage used by the Fund will be approved by the Board of Trustees. There can be no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be utilized or, if utilized, will be successful. See “Risks—Financial Leverage Risk.”
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Temporary Defensive Investments
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During periods in which the Adviser believes that changes in economic, financial or political conditions make it advisable to maintain a temporary defensive posture (a “temporary defensive period”), or in order to keep the Fund’s cash fully invested, including the period during which the net proceeds of the offering of Common Shares are being invested, the Fund may, without limitation, hold cash or invest its assets in money market instruments and repurchase agreements in respect of those instruments. The Fund may not achieve
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its investment objective during a temporary defensive period or be able to sustain its historical distribution levels. See “The Fund’s Investments—Temporary Defensive Investments.”
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Management of the Fund
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Guggenheim Funds Investment Advisors, LLC acts as the Fund’s investment adviser pursuant to an investment advisory agreement with the Fund (the “Advisory Agreement”). Pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, the Investment Adviser is responsible for the management of the Fund and administers the affairs of the Fund to the extent requested by the Board of Trustees. As compensation for its services, the Fund pays the Investment Adviser a fee, payable monthly, in an annual amount equal to 1.00% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets. Common Shareholders bear the portion of the investment advisory fee attributable to the assets purchased with the proceeds of Financial Leverage, which means that Common Shareholders effectively bear the entire advisory fee. See “Summary of Fund Expenses” for additional information regarding the advisory fee as a percentage of net assets attributable to Common Shares.
Guggenheim Partners Investment Management, LLC acts as the Fund’s investment sub-adviser pursuant to an investment sub-advisory agreement with the Fund and the Adviser (the “Sub-Advisory Agreement”). Pursuant to the Sub-Advisory Agreement, the Sub-Adviser is responsible for the management of the Fund’s portfolio of investments. The Investment Adviser pays a portion of the advisory fee received from the Fund to the Sub-Adviser in an amount equal to 0.50% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets.
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Distributions |
The Fund intends to pay substantially all of its net investment income to Common Shareholders through monthly distributions. In addition, the Fund intends to distribute any net long-term capital gains to Common Shareholders at least annually. The Fund expects that dividends paid on the Common Shares will consist primarily of (i) investment company taxable income, which includes, among other things, ordinary income, net short-term capital gain and income from certain hedging and interest rate transactions, and (ii) net capital gain (which is the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss). Distributions may be paid by the Fund from any permitted source and, from time to time, all or a portion of a distribution may be a return of capital. The Fund cannot assure you as to what percentage of the dividends paid on the Common Shares will consist of net capital gain, which is taxed at reduced rates for non-corporate investors. In certain circumstances, the Fund may elect to retain income or capital gain and pay income or excise tax on such undistributed amount, to the extent that the Board of Trustees, in consultation with Fund management, determines it to be in the best interest of shareholders to do so. Alternatively, the distributions paid by the Fund for any particular month may be more than the amount of net investment income from that monthly period. As a result, all or a portion of a distribution may be a return of capital, which is in effect a partial return of the amount a Common Shareholder invested in the Fund, up to the amount of the Common Shareholder’s tax basis in their Common Shares, which would reduce such tax basis. Although a return of capital may not be taxable, it will generally increase the
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Common Shareholder’s potential gain, or reduce the Common Shareholder’s potential loss, on any subsequent sale or other disposition of Common Shares. Shareholders who periodically receive the payment of a distribution consisting of a return of capital may be under the impression that they are receiving net income or profits when they are not. Shareholders should not assume that the source of a distribution from the Fund is net income or profit. During the Fund’s fiscal year ended May 31, 2019, the Fund paid no excise tax. See “Distributions” and “Tax Matters.”
The Fund reserves the right to change its distribution policy and the basis for establishing the rate of distributions at any time and may do so without prior notice to Common Shareholders.
If you hold your Common Shares in your own name or if you hold your Common Shares with a brokerage firm that participates in the Fund’s Dividend Reinvestment Plan (the “Plan”), unless you elect to receive cash, all dividends and distributions that are declared by the Fund will be automatically reinvested in additional Common Shares of the Fund pursuant to the Plan. If you hold your Common Shares with a brokerage firm that does not participate in the Plan, you will not be able to participate in the Plan and any dividend reinvestment may be effected on different terms than those described above. Consult your financial advisor for more information. See “Dividend Reinvestment Plan.”
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Listing and Symbol
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The Fund’s currently outstanding Common Shares are, and the Common Shares offered by this Prospectus, will be, subject to notice of issuance, listed on the NYSE under the symbol “GGM.” The net asset value of the Common Shares at the close of business on August 26, 2019 was $19.38 per share, and the last reported sale price of the Common Shares on the NYSE on such date was $19.75, representing a premium to net asset value of 1.91%. See “Market and Net Asset Value Information.”
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Special Risk Considerations
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Investment in the Fund involves special risk considerations, which are summarized below. The Fund is designed as a long-term investment and not as a trading vehicle. The Fund is not intended to be a complete investment program. The Fund’s performance and the value of its investments will vary in response to changes in interest rates, inflation and other market factors. See “Risks” for a more complete discussion of the special risk considerations associated with an investment in the Fund.
Not a Complete Investment Program. An investment in the Common Shares of the Fund should not be considered a complete investment program. The Fund is intended for long-term investors seeking total return through a combination of current income and capital appreciation. The Fund is not meant to provide a vehicle for those who wish to play short-term swings in the stock market. Each Common Shareholder should take into account the Fund’s investment objective as well as the Common Shareholder’s other investments when considering an investment in the Fund.
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Investment and Market Risk. An investment in Common Shares of the Fund is subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of the entire principal amount that you invest. An investment in the Common Shares of the Fund represents an indirect investment in the securities owned by the Fund. The value of those securities may fluctuate, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. The value of the securities owned by the Fund may decline due to general market conditions that are not specifically related to a particular issuer, such as real or perceived economic conditions, changes in interest or currency rates or changes in investor sentiment or market outlook generally. At any point in time, your Common Shares may be worth less than your original investment, including the reinvestment of Fund dividends and distributions.
Management Risk. The Fund is subject to management risk because it has an actively managed portfolio. The Adviser will apply investment techniques and risk analysis in making investment decisions for the Fund, but there can be no guarantee that these will produce the desired results. The Fund’s allocation of its investments across various segments of the credit securities market and various countries, regions, asset classes and sectors may vary significantly over time based on the Adviser’s analysis and judgment. As a result, the particular risks most relevant to an investment in the Fund, as well as the overall risk profile of the Fund’s portfolio, may vary over time. The Adviser employs an active approach to the Fund’s investment allocation based upon a relative value philosophy, but there is no guarantee that such allocation will produce the desired results. It is possible that the Fund will focus on an investment that performs poorly or underperforms other investments under various market conditions. The flexibility of the Fund’s investment policies and the discretion granted to the Adviser to invest the Fund’s assets across various segments, classes and geographic regions of the credit securities market and in credit securities with various maturities and durations means that the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective may be more dependent on the success of its investment adviser than other investment companies.
Income Risk. The income investors receive from the Fund is based in part on the interest it earns from its investments in credit securities, which can vary widely over the short- and long-term. If prevailing market interest rates drop, investors’ income from the Fund could drop as well. The Fund’s income could also be affected adversely when prevailing short-term interest rates increase and the Fund is utilizing leverage, although this risk is mitigated to the extent the Fund invests in floating-rate obligations.
Credit Securities Risks. Credit securities are subject to certain risks:
Issuer Risk. The value of credit securities may decline for a number of reasons which directly relate to the issuer, such as management performance, financial leverage, reduced demand for the issuer’s goods and services, historical and projected earnings, and the value of its assets.
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Spread Risk. Spread risk is the risk that the market price can change due to broad based movements in spreads, which is particularly relevant in the current low spread environment.
Credit Risk. Credit risk is the risk that one or more debt obligations in the Fund’s portfolio will decline in price, or fail to pay interest or principal when due, because the issuer of the obligation experiences a decline in its financial status. A downgrade of the rating assigned to a credit security by an NRSRO may reduce the value of that security.
Interest Rate Risk. Interest rate risk is the risk that credit securities will decline in value because of changes in market interest rates. When market interest rates rise, the market value of credit securities generally will fall. These risks may be greater in the current market environment because interest rates recently have declined significantly below historical average rates, and the Federal Reserve has begun to raise the Federal Funds rate. Prevailing interest rates may be adversely impacted by market and economic factors, including the potential impact of tapering of “quantitative easing” by the Federal Reserve Board. If interest rates rise the markets may experience increased volatility, which may adversely affect the value and/or liquidity of certain of the Fund’s investments. Increases in interest rates may adversely affect the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective. The prices of longer-term securities fluctuate more than prices of shorter-term securities as interest rates change. The Fund’s use of leverage, as described below, will tend to increase common share interest rate risk. The Fund may utilize certain strategies, including taking positions in futures or interest rate swaps, for the purpose of reducing the interest rate sensitivity of credit securities held by the Fund and decreasing the Fund’s exposure to interest rate risk. The Fund is not required to hedge its exposure to interest rate risk and may choose not to do so. In addition, there is no assurance that any attempts by the Fund to reduce interest rate risk will be successful or that any hedges that the Fund may establish will perfectly correlate with movements in interest rates. The Fund may invest in variable and floating rate debt instruments, which generally are less sensitive to interest rate changes than fixed rate instruments, but generally will not increase in value if interest rates decline. See “Risks—Credit Securities Risks—Interest Rate Risk.”
Reinvestment Risk. Reinvestment risk is the risk that income from the Fund’s portfolio will decline if the Fund invests the proceeds from matured, traded or called securities at market interest rates that are below the Fund portfolio’s current earnings rate. A decline in income could affect the Common Shares’ market price or the overall return of the Fund.
Prepayment Risk. During periods of declining interest rates, borrowers may exercise their option to prepay principal earlier than scheduled, forcing the Fund to reinvest in lower yielding securities. This is known as call or prepayment risk. See “Risks—Credit Securities Risks—Prepayment Risk.”
Liquidity Risk. The Fund may invest without limitation in unregistered securities, restricted securities and securities for which there is no
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readily available trading market or which are otherwise illiquid. Securities within any of the types of credit securities in which the Fund may invest may be unregistered, restricted or illiquid. The Fund may not be able to readily dispose of illiquid securities and obligations at prices that approximate those at which the Fund could sell such securities and obligations if they were more widely traded and, as a result of such illiquidity, the Fund may have to sell other investments or engage in borrowing transactions if necessary to raise cash to meet its obligations. In addition, market, credit and other events may affect the prices of securities with limited liquidity held by the Fund to a greater extent than such events affect more liquid securities, thereby adversely affecting the Fund’s net asset value and ability to make distributions. See “Risks—Credit Securities Risk—Liquidity Risk.”
Valuation Risk. Because the secondary markets for certain investments may be limited, they may be difficult to value. Where market quotations are not readily available, valuation may require more research than for more liquid investments. In addition, elements of judgment may play a greater role in valuation in such cases than for investments with a more active secondary market because there is less reliable objective data available. A security that is fair valued may be valued at a price higher or lower than the value determined by other funds using their own fair valuation procedures. Prices obtained by the Fund upon the sale of such securities may not equal the value at which the Fund carried the investment on its books, which would adversely affect the net asset value of the Fund.
Duration and Maturity Risk. The Fund has no set policy regarding portfolio maturity or duration of credit securities in which it may invest or of the Fund’s portfolio generally. The Adviser may seek to adjust the portfolio’s duration or maturity based on its assessment of current and projected market conditions and all factors that the Adviser deems relevant. Any decisions as to the targeted duration or maturity of any particular category of investments or of the Fund’s portfolio generally will be made based on all pertinent market factors at any given time. The Fund may incur costs in seeking to adjust the portfolio average duration or maturity. Holding long duration and long maturity investments will expose the Fund to certain magnified risks. These risks include interest rate risk, credit risk and liquidity risks as discussed above. Generally speaking, the longer the duration of the Fund’s portfolio, the more exposure the Fund will have to interest rate risk described above. There can be no assurance that the Adviser’s assessment of current and projected market conditions will be correct or that any strategy to adjust the portfolio’s duration or maturity will be successful at any given time.
Below Investment Grade Securities Risk. The Fund may invest in securities rated below investment grade or, if unrated, determined by the Adviser to be of comparable credit quality, which are commonly referred to as “high-yield” or “junk” bonds. Investment in securities of below investment grade quality involves substantial risk of loss. Securities of below investment grade quality are considered predominantly speculative with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal when due and therefore involve a greater
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risk of default or decline in market value due to adverse economic and issuer-specific developments. Issuers of below investment grade securities are not perceived to be as strong financially as those with higher credit ratings. These issuers are more vulnerable to financial setbacks and recession than more creditworthy issuers, which may impair their ability to make interest and principal payments. Securities of below investment grade quality display increased price sensitivity to changing interest rates and to a deteriorating economic environment. The market values, total return and yield for securities of below investment grade quality tend to be more volatile than the market values, total return and yield for higher-quality securities. Securities of below investment grade quality tend to be less liquid than investment grade debt securities and therefore more difficult to value accurately and sell at an advantageous price or time and may involve greater transactions costs and wider bid/ask spreads than higher-quality securities. To the extent that a secondary market does exist for certain below investment grade securities, the market for them may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads and extended trade settlement periods. Because of the substantial risks associated with investments in below investment grade securities, you could have an increased risk of losing money on your investment in Common Shares, both in the short-term and the long-term. To the extent that the Fund invests in securities that have not been rated by an NRSRO, the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objectives will be more dependent on the Adviser’s credit analysis than would be the case when the Fund invests in rated securities. See “Risks—Below Investment Grade Securities Risk.”
Successful investment in lower-medium and lower-rated debt securities may involve greater investment risk and is highly dependent on the Adviser’s credit analysis. The value of securities of below-investment grade quality is particularly vulnerable to changes in interest rates and a real or perceived economic downturn or higher interest rates could cause a decline in prices of such securities by lessening the ability of issuers to make principal and interest payments. These securities are often thinly traded or subject to irregular trading and can be more difficult to sell and value accurately than higher-quality bonds because there tends to be less public information available about these securities. Because objective pricing data may be less available, judgment may play a greater role in the valuation process. In addition, the entire below-investment grade market can experience sudden and sharp price swings due to a variety of factors, including changes in economic forecasts, stock market activity, large or sustained sales by major investors, a high-profile default, or a change in the market’s psychology. Adverse conditions could make it difficult at times for the Fund to sell certain securities or could result in lower prices than those used in calculating the Fund’s net asset value.
Corporate Bond Risk. The market value of a corporate bond may be affected by factors directly related to the issuer, such as investors’ perceptions of the creditworthiness of the issuer, the issuer’s financial
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performance, perceptions of the issuer in the market place, performance of management of the issuer, the issuer’s capital structure and use of financial leverage and demand for the issuer’s goods and services. There is a risk that the issuers of corporate bonds may not be able to meet their obligations on interest or principal payments at the time called for by an instrument. Corporate bonds of below investment grade quality are often high risk and have speculative characteristics and may be particularly susceptible to adverse issuer-specific developments. Corporate bonds of below investment grade quality are subject to the risks described herein under “Risks—Below Investment Grade Securities Risk.”
Senior Loans Risk. The Fund may invest in Senior Loans made to corporations and other non-governmental entities and issuers (a “Borrower”). Senior Loans typically hold the most senior position in the capital structure of the issuing entity, are typically secured with specific collateral and typically have a claim on the assets and/or stock of the Borrower that is senior to that held by subordinated debt holders and stockholders of the Borrower. The Fund’s investments in Senior Loans are generally rated below investment grade or unrated but believed by the Adviser to be of below investment grade quality and are considered speculative because of the credit risk of their issuers. The risks associated with such Senior Loans are similar to the risks of other lower grade securities, although Senior Loans are typically senior and secured in contrast to subordinated and unsecured securities. Senior Loans’ higher standing has historically resulted in generally higher recoveries in the event of a corporate reorganization. In addition, because their interest payments are adjusted for changes in short-term interest rates, investments in Senior Loans generally have less interest rate risk than other lower grade securities, which may have fixed interest rates.
Second Lien Loans Risk. The Fund may invest in Second Lien Loans made to public and private corporations and other non-governmental entities and issuers for a variety of purposes. Second Lien Loans are second in right of payment to one or more Senior Loans of the related Borrower. Second Lien Loans are generally subject to similar risks associated with investment in Senior Loans and other lower grade debt securities. However, Second Lien Loans are second in right of payment to Senior Loans and therefore are subject to the additional risk that the cash flow of the Borrower and any property securing the Loan may be insufficient to meet scheduled payments and repayment of principal after giving effect to the senior secured obligations of the Borrower. Second Lien Loans are expected to have greater price volatility and exposure to losses upon default than Senior Loans and may be less liquid. See “Risks—Second Lien Loans Risk.”
Subordinated Secured Loans Risk. Subordinated Secured Loans generally are subject to similar risks as those associated with investment in Senior Loans, Second Lien Loans and below investment grade securities. However, such loans may rank lower in right of payment than any outstanding Senior Loans, Second Lien Loans or
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other debt instruments with higher priority of the Borrower and therefore are subject to additional risk that the cash flow of the Borrower and any property securing the loan may be insufficient to meet scheduled payments and repayment of principal in the event of default or bankruptcy after giving effect to the higher ranking secured obligations of the Borrower. Subordinated Secured Loans are expected to have greater price volatility than Senior Loans and Second Lien Loans and may be less liquid.
Unsecured Loans Risk. Unsecured Loans generally are subject to similar risks as those associated with investment in Senior Loans, Second Lien Loans, Subordinated Secured Loans and below investment grade securities. However, because Unsecured Loans have lower priority in right of payment to any higher ranking obligations of the Borrower and are not backed by a security interest in any specific collateral, they are subject to additional risk that the cash flow of the Borrower and available assets may be insufficient to meet scheduled payments and repayment of principal after giving effect to any higher ranking obligations of the Borrower. Unsecured Loans are expected to have greater price volatility than Senior Loans, Second Lien Loans and Subordinated Secured Loans and may be less liquid.
Loan Participations and Assignments Risk. The Fund may purchase Loans on a direct assignment basis from a participant in the original syndicate of lenders or from subsequent assignees of such interests. The Fund may also purchase, without limitation, participations in Loans. The purchaser of an assignment typically succeeds to all the rights and obligations of the assigning institution and becomes a lender under the credit agreement with respect to the debt obligation; however, the purchaser’s rights can be more restricted than those of the assigning institution, and, in any event, the Fund may not be able to unilaterally enforce all rights and remedies under the loan and with regard to any associated collateral. A participation typically results in a contractual relationship only with the institution participating out the interest, not with the Borrower. In purchasing participations, the Fund generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the Borrower with the terms of the loan agreement against the Borrower, and the Fund may not directly benefit from the collateral supporting the debt obligation in which it has purchased the participation. As a result, the Fund will be exposed to the credit risk of both the Borrower and the institution selling the participation. Further, in purchasing participations in lending syndicates, the Fund may not be able to conduct the same due diligence on the Borrower with respect to a Senior Loan that the Fund would otherwise conduct. In addition, as a holder of the participations, the Fund may not have voting rights or inspection rights that the Fund would otherwise have if it were investing directly in the Senior Loan, which may result in the Fund being exposed to greater credit or fraud risk with respect to the Borrower or the Senior Loan. Lenders selling a participation and other persons interpositioned between the lender and the Fund with respect to a participation will likely conduct their principal business activities in the banking, finance and financial services industries. Because the
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Fund may invest in participations, the Fund may be more susceptible to economic, political or regulatory occurrences affecting such industries.
Certain of the loan participations or assignments acquired by the Fund may involve unfunded commitments of the lenders, revolving credit facilities, delayed draw credit facilities or other investments under which a Borrower may from time to time borrow and repay amounts up to the maximum amount of the facility. In such cases, the Fund would have an obligation to advance its portion of such additional borrowings upon the terms specified in the loan documentation. Such an obligation may have the effect of requiring the Fund to increase its investment in a company at a time when it might not be desirable to do so (including at a time when the company’s financial condition makes it unlikely that such amounts will be repaid). These commitments are generally subject to the Borrowers meeting certain criteria such as compliance with covenants and certain operational metrics. The terms of the borrowings and financings subject to commitment are comparable to the terms of other loans and related investments in the Fund’s portfolio.
Mezzanine Investments Risk. The Fund may invest in certain lower grade securities known as “Mezzanine Investments,” which are subordinated debt securities that are generally issued in private placements in connection with an equity security (e.g., with attached warrants) or may be convertible into equity securities. Mezzanine Investments are generally subject to similar risks associated with investment in Senior Loans, Second Lien Loans and other below investment grade securities. However, Mezzanine Investments may rank lower in right of payment than any outstanding Senior Loans, Second Lien Loans and other debt instruments with higher priority of the borrower, or may be unsecured (i.e., not backed by a security interest in any specific collateral), and are subject to the additional risk that the cash flow of the borrower and available assets may be insufficient to meet scheduled payments and repayment of principal after giving effect to any higher ranking obligations of the borrower. Mezzanine Investments are expected to have greater price volatility and exposure to losses upon default than Senior Loans and Second Lien Loans and may be less liquid.
Preferred Stock Risk. The Fund may invest in preferred stock, which represents the senior residual interest in the assets of an issuer after meeting all claims, with priority to corporate income and liquidation payments over the issuer’s common stock. As such, preferred stock is inherently more risky than the bonds and other debt instruments of the issuer, but less risky than its common stock. Preferred stocks may be significantly less liquid than many other securities, such as U.S. Government securities, corporate debt and common stock.
Convertible Securities Risk. The Fund may invest in convertible securities, which consist of bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks and other securities that entitle the holder to acquire common stock or other equity securities of the issuer. Convertible securities generally
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offer lower interest or dividend yields than non-convertible securities of similar quality. As with other credit securities, the market values of convertible securities tend to decline as interest rates increase and, conversely, to increase as interest rates decline. Convertible securities also tend to reflect the market price of the underlying stock in varying degrees, depending on the relationship of such market price to the conversion price in the terms of the convertible security. Convertible securities rank senior to common stock in an issuer’s capital structure and consequently entail less risk than the issuer’s common stock.
Distressed and Defaulted Securities Risk. Investments in the securities of financially distressed issuers involve substantial risks. These securities may present a substantial risk of default or may be in default at the time of investment. The Fund may incur additional expenses to the extent it is required to seek recovery upon a default in the payment of principal or interest on its portfolio holdings. In any reorganization or liquidation proceeding relating to a portfolio company, the Fund may lose its entire investment or may be required to accept cash or securities with a value less than its original investment. Among the risks inherent in investments in a troubled entity is the fact that it frequently may be difficult to obtain information as to the true financial condition of such issuer. The Adviser’s judgment about the credit quality of the issuer and the relative value and liquidity of its securities may prove to be wrong.
Structured Finance Investments Risk. The Fund’s structured finance investments may consist of RMBS and CMBS issued by governmental entities and private issuers, ABS, structured notes, credit-linked notes and other types of structured finance securities described in this Prospectus. Holders of structured finance investments bear risks of the underlying investments, index or reference obligation and are subject to counterparty risk. The Fund may have the right to receive payments only from the structured product, and generally does not have direct rights against the issuer or the entity that sold the assets to be securitized. While certain structured finance investments enable the investor to acquire interests in a pool of securities without the brokerage and other expenses associated with directly holding the same securities, investors in structured finance investments generally pay their share of the structured product’s administrative and other expenses. The prices of indices and securities underlying structured finance securities (and, therefore, the prices of structured finance securities) will be influenced by, and will rise and fall in response to, the same types of political and economic events that affect issuers of securities and capital markets generally. If the issuer of a structured product uses shorter term financing to purchase longer term securities, the issuer may be forced to sell its securities at below market prices if it experiences difficulty in obtaining short-term financing, which may adversely affect the value of the structured finance investment owned by the Fund. Certain structured finance securities may be thinly traded or have a limited trading market.
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The Fund may invest in structured finance products collateralized by low grade or defaulted loans or securities. Investments in such structured finance products are subject to the risks associated with below investment grade securities. Such securities are characterized by high risk. It is likely that an economic recession could severely disrupt the market for such securities and may have an adverse impact on the value of such securities.
The Fund may invest in senior and subordinated classes issued by structured finance vehicles. The payment of cash flows from the underlying assets to senior classes take precedence over those of subordinated classes, and therefore subordinated classes are subject to greater risk. Furthermore, the leveraged nature of subordinated classes may magnify the adverse impact on such class of changes in the value of the assets, changes in the distributions on the assets, defaults and recoveries on the assets, capital gains and losses on the assets, prepayment on assets and availability, price and interest rates of assets.
Structured finance securities are typically privately offered and sold, and thus are not registered under the securities laws. As a result, investments in structured finance securities may be characterized by the Fund as illiquid securities; however, an active dealer market may exist which would allow such securities to be considered liquid in some circumstances.
MBS Risks. MBS represent an interest in a pool of mortgages. The risks associated with MBS include: (1) credit risk associated with the performance of the underlying mortgage properties and of the borrowers owning these properties; (2) risks associated with their structure and execution (including the collateral, the process by which principal and interest payments are allocated and distributed to investors and how credit losses affect the return to investors in such MBS); (3) risks associated with the servicer of the underlying mortgages; (4) adverse changes in economic conditions and circumstances, which are more likely to have an adverse impact on MBS secured by loans on certain types of commercial properties than on those secured by loans on residential properties; (5) prepayment risk, which can lead to significant fluctuations in the value of the MBS; (6) loss of all or part of the premium, if any, paid; and (7) decline in the market value of the security, whether resulting from changes in interest rates, prepayments on the underlying mortgage collateral or perceptions of the credit risk associated with the underlying mortgage collateral. The value of MBS may be substantially dependent on the servicing of the underlying pool of mortgages. In addition, the Fund’s level of investment in MBS of a particular type or in MBS issued or guaranteed by affiliated obligors, serviced by the same servicer or backed by underlying collateral located in a specific geographic region, may subject the Fund to additional risk.
When market interest rates decline, more mortgages are refinanced and the securities are paid off earlier than expected. Prepayments may also occur on a scheduled basis or due to foreclosure. When market interest rates increase, the market values of MBS decline. At the same time, however, mortgage refinancings and prepayments slow, which
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lengthens the effective maturities of these securities. As a result, the negative effect of the rate increase on the market value of MBS is usually more pronounced than it is for other types of debt securities. In addition, due to increased instability in the credit markets, the market for some MBS has experienced reduced liquidity and greater volatility with respect to the value of such securities, making it more difficult to value such securities.
The Fund may invest in sub-prime mortgages or MBS that are backed by sub-prime mortgages.
Moreover, the relationship between prepayments and interest rates may give some high-yielding MBS less potential for growth in value than conventional bonds with comparable maturities. In addition, in periods of falling interest rates, the rate of prepayment tends to increase. During such periods, the reinvestment of prepayment proceeds by the Fund will generally be at lower rates than the rates that were carried by the obligations that have been prepaid. Because of these and other reasons, MBS’s total return and maturity may be difficult to predict precisely. To the extent that the Fund purchases MBS at a premium, prepayments (which may be made without penalty) may result in loss of the Fund’s principal investment to the extent of premium paid.
MBS generally are classified as either CMBS or RMBS, each of which are subject to certain specific risks.
Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk. The market for CMBS developed more recently and, in terms of total outstanding principal amount of issues, is relatively small compared to the market for residential single-family MBS. CMBS are subject to particular risks, including lack of standardized terms, shorter maturities than residential mortgage loans and providing for payment of all or substantially all of the principal only at maturity rather than regular amortization of principal. In addition, commercial lending generally is viewed as exposing the lender to a greater risk of loss than residential lending. Commercial lending typically involves larger loans to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers than residential mortgage loans. In addition, the repayment of loans secured by income producing properties typically is dependent upon the successful operation of the related real estate project and the cash flow generated therefrom. Net operating income of an income-producing property can be affected by, among other things: tenant mix, success of tenant businesses, property management decisions, property location and condition, competition from comparable types of properties, changes in laws that increase operating expense or limit rents that may be charged, any need to address environmental contamination at the property, the occurrence of any uninsured casualty at the property, changes in national, regional or local economic conditions and/or specific industry segments, declines in regional or local real estate values, declines in regional or local rental or occupancy rates, increases in interest rates, real estate tax rates and other operating expenses, change in governmental rules, regulations and fiscal
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policies, including environmental legislation, acts of God, terrorism, social unrest and civil disturbances.
Consequently, adverse changes in economic conditions and circumstances are more likely to have an adverse impact on MBS secured by loans on commercial properties than on those secured by loans on residential properties. Additional risks may be presented by the type and use of a particular commercial property. Special risks are presented by hospitals, nursing homes, hospitality properties and certain other property types. Commercial property values and net operating income are subject to volatility, which may result in net operating income becoming insufficient to cover debt service on the related mortgage loan. The exercise of remedies and successful realization of liquidation proceeds relating to CMBS may be highly dependent on the performance of the servicer or special servicer. There may be a limited number of special servicers available, particularly those that do not have conflicts of interest.
Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk. Credit-related risk on RMBS arises from losses due to delinquencies and defaults by the borrowers in payments on the underlying mortgage loans and breaches by originators and servicers of their obligations under the underlying documentation pursuant to which the RMBS are issued. The rate of delinquencies and defaults on residential mortgage loans and the aggregate amount of the resulting losses will be affected by a number of factors, including general economic conditions, particularly those in the area where the related mortgaged property is located, the level of the borrower’s equity in the mortgaged property and the individual financial circumstances of the borrower. If a residential mortgage loan is in default, foreclosure on the related residential property may be a lengthy and difficult process involving significant legal and other expenses. The net proceeds obtained by the holder on a residential mortgage loan following the foreclosure on the related property may be less than the total amount that remains due on the loan. The prospect of incurring a loss upon the foreclosure of the related property may lead the holder of the residential mortgage loan to restructure the residential mortgage loan or otherwise delay the foreclosure process. See “Risks—MBS Risks—Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk.”
Sub-Prime Mortgage Market Risk. The residential mortgage market in the United States has experienced difficulties that may adversely affect the performance and market value of certain mortgages and MBS. Delinquencies and losses on residential mortgage loans (especially sub-prime and second-lien mortgage loans) generally have increased recently and may continue to increase, and a decline in or flattening of housing values (as has recently been experienced and may continue to be experienced in many housing markets) may exacerbate such delinquencies and losses. Borrowers with adjustable rate mortgage loans are more sensitive to changes in interest rates, which affect their monthly mortgage payments, and may be unable to secure replacement mortgages at comparably low interest rates. Also, a
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number of residential mortgage loan originators have experienced serious financial difficulties or bankruptcy. Largely due to the foregoing, reduced investor demand for mortgage loans and MBS and increased investor yield requirements have caused limited liquidity in the secondary market for certain MBS, which can adversely affect the market value of MBS. It is possible that such limited liquidity in such secondary markets could continue or worsen. If the economy of the United States deteriorates further, the incidence of mortgage foreclosures, especially sub-prime mortgages, may increase, which may adversely affect the value of any MBS owned by the Fund.
The significance of the mortgage crisis and loan defaults in residential mortgage loan sectors led to the enactment of numerous pieces of legislation relating to the mortgage and housing markets. These actions, along with future legislation or regulation, may have significant impacts on the mortgage market generally and may result in a reduction of available transactional opportunities for the Fund or an increase in the cost associated with such transactions and may adversely impact the value of RMBS.
During the mortgage crisis, a number of originators and servicers of residential and commercial mortgage loans, including some of the largest originators and servicers in the residential and commercial mortgage loan market, experienced serious financial difficulties. Such difficulties may affect the performance of non-agency RMBS and CMBS. There can be no assurance that originators and servicers of mortgage loans will not continue to experience serious financial difficulties or experience such difficulties in the future, including becoming subject to bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings, or that underwriting procedures and policies and protections against fraud will be sufficient in the future to prevent such financial difficulties or significant levels of default or delinquency on mortgage loans. See “Risks—MBS Risks—Sub-Prime Mortgage Market Risks.”
Stripped MBS Risk. Stripped MBS may be subject to additional risks. The yield to maturity on an interest only class is extremely sensitive to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the underlying mortgage assets, and a rapid rate of principal payments may have a material adverse effect on the Fund’s yield to maturity from these securities. Conversely, the principal only class securities tend to decline in value if prepayments are slower than anticipated. See “Risks—MBS Risks—Stripped MBS Risk.”
CMO Risk. There are certain risks associated specifically with collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”). CMOs are debt obligations collateralized by mortgage loans or mortgage pass-through securities. Under certain market conditions, such as those that occurred during the recent downturn in the mortgage markets, the weighted average life of certain CMOs may not accurately reflect the price volatility of such securities. CMOs issued by private entities are not obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities and are not guaranteed by any government agency, although the securities underlying a CMO may be
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subject to a guarantee. Therefore, if the collateral securing the CMO, as well as any third party credit support or guarantees, is insufficient to make payments when due, the holder could sustain a loss. Inverse floating rate CMOs are typically more volatile than fixed or floating rate tranches of CMOs. Many inverse floating rate CMOs have coupons that move inversely to a multiple of an index. The effect of the coupon varying inversely to a multiple of an applicable index creates a leverage factor. See “Risks—MBS Risks—CMO Risk.”
ABS Risk. In addition to the general risks associated with credit securities discussed herein and the risks discussed under “Structured Finance Investments Risks,” ABS are subject to additional risks. ABS may be particularly sensitive to changes in prevailing interest rates. ABS involve certain risks in addition to those presented by MBS. ABS do not have the benefit of the same security interest in the underlying collateral as MBS and are more dependent on the borrower’s ability to pay and may provide the Fund with a less effective security interest in the related collateral than do MBS. There is the possibility that recoveries on the underlying collateral may not, in some cases, be available to support payments on these securities. The collateral underlying ABS may constitute assets related to a wide range of industries and sectors, such as credit card and automobile receivables or other assets derived from consumer, commercial or corporate sectors.
For example, ABS can be collateralized with credit card and automobile receivables. Credit card receivables are generally unsecured, and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which give debtors the right to set off certain amounts owed on the credit cards, thereby reducing the balance due.
Most issuers of automobile receivables permit the servicers to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the related automobile receivables. In addition, because of the large number of vehicles involved in a typical issuance and technical requirements under state laws, the trustee for the holders of the automobile receivables may not have an effective security interest in all of the obligations backing such receivables. If the economy of the United States deteriorates, defaults on securities backed by credit card, automobile and other receivables may increase, which may adversely affect the value of any ABS owned by the Fund. In recent years, certain automobile manufacturers have been granted access to emergency loans from the U.S. Government and have experienced bankruptcy. As a result of these events, the value of securities backed by receivables from the sale or lease of automobiles may be adversely affected.
If the economy of the United States deteriorates, defaults on securities backed by credit card, automobile and other receivables may increase, which may adversely affect the value of any ABS owned by the Fund. In addition, these securities may provide the Fund with a less effective
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security interest in the related collateral than do mortgage-related securities. Therefore, there is the possibility that recoveries on the underlying collateral may not, in some cases, be available to support payments on these securities.
ABS collateralized by other types of assets are subject to risks associated with the underlying collateral.
CLO, CDO and CBO Risk. In addition to the general risks associated with debt securities discussed herein, CLOs, collateralized debt obligations (“CDOs”), and collateralized bond obligations (“CBOs”) are subject to additional risks. CLOs, CDOs and CBOs are subject to risks associated with the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will not be adequate to make interest or other payments; the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default; and the complex structure of the security may not be fully understood at the time of investment and may produce disputes with the issuer or unexpected investment results. The credit quality of CLOs, CDOs and CBOs depends primarily upon the quality of the underlying assets and the level of credit support and/or enhancement provided. The underlying assets (e.g., debt obligations) of CLOs, CDOs and CBOs are subject to prepayments, which shorten the weighted average maturity and may lower the return of the securities issued by the CLOs, CDOs and CBOs. If the credit support or enhancement is exhausted, losses or delays in payment may result if the required payments of principal and interest are not made. The value of securities issued by CLOs, CDOs and CBOs also may change because of changes in market value; changes in the market’s perception of the creditworthiness of the servicing agent for the pool, the originator of the pool, or the financial institution or fund providing the credit support or enhancement; loan performance and prices; broader sentiment and standing within the economic cycle, including expectations regarding future loan defaults; liquidity conditions; and supply and demand at the various tranche levels. Finally, CLOs, CDOs and CBOs are limited recourse and may not be paid in full and may be subject to up to 100% loss. See “Risks—CLO, CDO and CBO Risk.”
The Fund may invest in any portion of the capital structure of CLOs (including the subordinated, residual and deep mezzanine debt tranches). Investment in the subordinated tranche is subject to special risks. The subordinated tranche does not receive ratings and is considered the riskiest portion of the capital structure of a CLO. The subordinated tranche is junior in priority of payment to the more senior tranches of the CLO and is subject to certain payment restrictions. As a result, the subordinated tranche bears the bulk of defaults from the loans in the CLO. In addition, the subordinated tranche generally has only limited voting rights and generally does not benefit from any creditors’ rights or ability to exercise remedies under the indenture governing the CLO notes. Certain mezzanine tranches in which the Fund may invest may also be subject to certain risks similar to risks associated with investment in the subordinated tranche.
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The subordinated tranche is unsecured and ranks behind all of the secured creditors, known or unknown, of the CLO issuer, including the holders of the secured notes it has issued. Consequently, to the extent that the value of the issuer’s portfolio of loan investments has been reduced as a result of conditions in the credit markets, defaulted loans, capital gains and losses on the underlying assets, prepayment or changes in interest rates, the value of the subordinated tranche realized at redemption could be reduced. Accordingly, the subordinated tranche may not be paid in full and may be subject to up to 100% loss. The leveraged nature of subordinated notes may magnify the adverse impact on the subordinated notes of changes in the market value of the investments held by the issuer, changes in the distributions on those investments, defaults and recoveries on those investments, capital gains and losses on those investments, prepayments on those investments and availability, prices and interest rates of those investments. Investments in the subordinated tranche of a CLO are generally less liquid than CLO debt tranches and subject to extensive transfer restrictions, and there may be no market for subordinated notes. Certain mezzanine tranches in which the Fund may invest may also be subject to certain risks similar to risks associated with investment in the subordinated tranche. See “Risks—CLO, CDO and CBO Risk—CLO Subordinated Notes Risk.”
Risks Associated with Structured Notes. Investments in structured notes involve risks associated with the issuer of the note and the reference instrument. Where the Fund’s investments in structured notes are based upon the movement of one or more factors, including currency exchange rates, interest rates, referenced bonds and stock indices, depending on the factors used and the use of multipliers or deflators, changes in interest rates and movement of the factor may cause significant price fluctuations. Additionally, changes in the reference instrument or security may cause the interest rate on the structured note to be reduced to zero, and any further changes in the reference instrument may then reduce the principal amount payable on maturity. Structured notes may be less liquid than other types of securities and more volatile than the reference instrument or security underlying the note.
Foreign Securities Risk. The Fund may invest without limitation in non-U.S. dollar-denominated securities of foreign issuers. Investments in the securities of foreign issuers involve certain considerations and risks not ordinarily associated with investments in securities of domestic issuers. Investments in foreign securities are generally denominated in foreign currency. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies compared to the U.S. dollar may affect (positively or negatively) the value of the Fund’s investments. In addition, fluctuations in currency exchange fees and restrictions on costs associated with the exchange of currencies may adversely affect the value of the Fund’s investments. Foreign companies are not generally subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial standards and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. Foreign securities exchanges, brokers and listed
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companies may be subject to less government supervision and regulation that exists in the United States. Dividend and interest income may be subject to withholding and other foreign taxes, which may adversely affect the net return on such investments. There may be difficulty in obtaining or enforcing a court judgment abroad. The governments of certain countries may prohibit or impose substantial restrictions on foreign investments in their capital markets or in certain industries. In addition, it may be difficult to effect repatriation of capital invested in certain countries. In addition, with respect to certain countries, there are risks of expropriation, confiscatory taxation, political or social instability or diplomatic developments that could affect assets of the Fund held in foreign countries. See “Risks—Foreign Securities Risk.”
Emerging Markets Risk. Investments in securities the issuers of which are located in countries considered to be emerging markets are subject to heightened risks relative to foreign investing generally and are considered speculative. Heightened risks of investing in emerging markets include: smaller market capitalization of securities markets, which may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and potential restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. See “Risks—Emerging Markets Risk.”
Foreign Currency Risk. The value of securities denominated or quoted in foreign currencies may be adversely affected by fluctuations in the relative currency exchange rates and by exchange control regulations. The Fund’s investment performance may be negatively affected by a devaluation of a currency in which the Fund’s investments are denominated or quoted. Further, the Fund’s investment performance may be significantly affected, either positively or negatively, by currency exchange rates because the U.S. dollar value of securities denominated or quoted in another currency will increase or decrease in response to changes in the value of such currency in relation to the U.S. dollar. See “Risks—Foreign Currency Risk.”
Financial Leverage Risk. The Fund currently intends to employ Financial Leverage through the issuance of Indebtedness and/or the use of reverse repurchase agreements. The Adviser anticipates that the use of Financial Leverage may result in higher income to Common Shareholders over time; however, there can be no assurance that the Adviser’s expectations will be realized or that a leveraging strategy will be successful in any particular time period. Use of Financial Leverage creates an opportunity for increased income and capital appreciation but, at the same time, creates special risks. Leverage is a speculative technique that exposes the Fund to greater risk and increased costs than if it were not implemented. There can be no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be utilized or will be successful.
The use of leverage by the Fund will cause the net asset value, and possibly the market price, of the Fund’s Common Shares to fluctuate significantly in response to changes in interest rates and other
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economic indicators. As a result, the net asset value and market price and dividend rate of the Common Shares of the Fund is likely to be more volatile than those of a closed-end management investment company that is not exposed to leverage. In a declining market, the use of leverage may result in a greater decline in the net asset value of the Common Shares than if the Fund were not leveraged.
Financial leverage will increase operating costs, which may reduce total return. The Fund will have to pay interest on its Indebtedness, if any, which may reduce the Fund’s return. This interest expense may be greater than the Fund’s return on the underlying investment. Increases in interest rates that the Fund must pay on its Indebtedness will increase the cost of leverage and may reduce the return to Common Shareholders. This risk may be greater in the current market environment because interest rates are near historically low levels.
Certain types of Indebtedness subject the Fund to covenants in credit agreements relating to asset coverage and portfolio composition requirements. Certain Indebtedness issued by the Fund also may subject the Fund to certain restrictions on investments imposed by guidelines of one or more NRSROs, which may issue ratings for such Indebtedness. Such guidelines may impose asset coverage or portfolio composition requirements that are more stringent than those imposed by the 1940 Act. It is not anticipated that these covenants or guidelines will impede the Adviser from managing the Fund’s portfolio in accordance with the Fund’s investment objective and policies.
Reverse repurchase agreements involve the risks that the interest income earned on the investment of the proceeds will be less than the interest expense and Fund expenses associated with the repurchase agreement, that the market value of the securities sold by the Fund may decline below the price at which the Fund is obligated to repurchase such securities and that the securities may not be returned to the Fund. There is no assurance that reverse repurchase agreements can be successfully employed. Dollar roll transactions involve the risk that the market value of the securities the Fund is required to purchase may decline below the agreed upon repurchase price of those securities. Successful use of dollar rolls may depend upon the Adviser’s ability to correctly predict interest rates and prepayments. There is no assurance that dollar rolls can be successfully employed. In connection with reverse repurchase agreements and dollar rolls, the Fund will also be subject to counterparty risk with respect to the purchaser of the securities. If the broker/dealer to whom the Fund sells securities becomes insolvent, the Fund’s right to purchase or repurchase securities may be restricted.
During the time in which the Fund is utilizing Financial Leverage, the amount of the fees paid to the Adviser for investment advisory services will be higher than if the Fund did not utilize Financial Leverage because the fees paid will be calculated based on the Fund’s Managed Assets, including proceeds of Financial Leverage. This may create a conflict of interest between the Adviser, on the one hand, and the Common Shareholders, on the other hand. Common Shareholders bear
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the portion of the investment advisory fee attributable to the assets purchased with the proceeds of Financial Leverage, which means that Common Shareholders effectively bear the entire advisory fee. In order to manage this conflict of interest, the Board of Trustees will receive regular reports from the Adviser regarding the Fund’s use of Financial Leverage and the effect of Financial Leverage on the management of the Fund’s portfolio and the performance of the Fund.
In addition, the Fund may engage in certain derivatives transactions that have economic characteristics similar to leverage. To the extent the terms of any such transaction obligate the Fund to make payments, the Fund intends to earmark or segregate cash or liquid securities in an amount at least equal to the current value of the amount then payable by the Fund under the terms of such transaction or otherwise cover such transaction in accordance with applicable interpretations of the staff of the SEC. To the extent the terms of any such transaction obligate the Fund to deliver particular securities to extinguish the Fund’s obligations under such transactions, the Fund may “cover” its obligations under such transaction by either (i) owning the securities or collateral underlying such transactions or (ii) having an absolute and immediate right to acquire such securities or collateral without additional cash consideration (or, if additional cash consideration is required, having earmarked or segregated cash or liquid securities). Securities so segregated or designated as “cover” will be unavailable for sale by the Adviser (unless replaced by other securities qualifying for segregation or cover requirements), which may adversely affect the ability of the Fund to pursue its investment objective.
The Fund may have Financial Leverage outstanding during a shorter-term period during which such Financial Leverage may not be beneficial to the Fund if the Fund believes that the long-term benefits to Common Shareholders of such Financial Leverage would outweigh the costs and portfolio disruptions associated with redeeming and reissuing such Financial Leverage. However, there can be no assurance that the Fund’s judgment in weighing such costs and benefits will be correct.
The Fund’s total Financial Leverage may vary significantly over time. To the extent the Fund increases its amount of Financial Leverage outstanding, it will be more exposed to these risks. See “Risks—Financial Leverage Risk.”
Common Equity Securities Risk. Common equity securities prices fluctuate for a number of reasons, including changes in investors’ perceptions of the financial condition of an issuer, the general condition of the relevant stock market and broader domestic and international political and economic events. The prices of common equity securities are also sensitive to general movements in the stock market, so a drop in the stock market may depress the prices of common equity securities to which the Fund has exposure. While broad market measures of common equity securities have historically generated higher average returns than debt securities, common equity securities have also experienced significantly more volatility in those
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returns. Common equity securities in which the Fund may invest are structurally subordinated to preferred stock, bonds and other debt instruments in a company’s capital structure in terms of priority to corporate income and are therefore inherently more risky than preferred stock or debt instruments of such issuers. Dividends on common equity securities which the Fund may hold are not fixed but are declared at the discretion of the issuer’s board of directors. There is no guarantee that the issuers of the common equity securities in which the Fund invests will declare dividends in the future or that, if declared, they will remain at current levels or increase over time. See “Risks—Common Equity Securities Risk.”
Mid-Cap and Small-Cap Company Risk. Investing in the securities of medium-sized or small market capitalizations (“mid-cap” and “small-cap” companies, respectively) presents some particular investment risks. Mid-cap and small-cap companies may have limited product lines and markets, as well as shorter operating histories, less experienced management and more limited financial resources than larger companies, and may be more vulnerable to adverse general market or economic developments. Securities of mid-cap and small-cap companies may be less liquid than those of larger companies, and may experience greater price fluctuations than larger companies. In addition, mid-cap or small-cap company securities may not be widely followed by investors, which may result in reduced demand.
Options Risk. There are significant differences between the securities and options markets that could result in an imperfect correlation between these markets, causing a given transaction not to achieve its objectives. A decision as to whether, when and how to use options involves the exercise of skill and judgment, and even a well-conceived transaction may be unsuccessful to some degree because of market behavior or unexpected events.
As the writer of a covered call option, the Fund forgoes, during the option’s life, the opportunity to profit from increases in the market value of the security covering the call option above the sum of the premium and the strike price of the call, but retains the risk of loss should the price of the underlying security decline. As the Fund writes covered calls over more of its portfolio, its ability to benefit from capital appreciation becomes more limited.
As the writer of a call option on securities indices, exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) and baskets of securities, which may include securities that are not held by the Fund, the Fund may be subject to additional risks than writing covered call options. The purchaser of an index option written by the Fund has the right to any appreciation in the cash value of the index over the strike price on the expiration date. The purchaser of an index option written by the Fund has the right to any appreciation in the cash value of the index over the strike price on the expiration date. Therefore, as the writer of a covered index call option, the Fund forgoes the opportunity to profit from increases in the index over the strike price of the option. However, the Fund has retained the risk of loss (net of premiums received) should the price
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of the index decline. Similarly, as the writer of a covered call option on a security or basket of securities held in the Fund’s portfolio, the Fund forgoes, during the option’s life, the opportunity to profit from increases in the market value of the security or securities covering the call option above the sum of the premium and the exercise price of the call but has retained the risk of loss (net of premiums received) should the price of the underlying security decline. As the writer of an uncovered call option, the Fund has no risk of loss should the price of the underlying security or index decline, but bears unlimited risk of loss should the price of the underlying security or index increase above the exercise price.
With respect to exchange-traded options, there can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist when the Fund seeks to close out an option position on an options exchange. If the Fund were unable to close out a covered call option that it had written on a security, it would not be able to sell the underlying security unless the option expired without exercise.
The Fund may also write (sell) over-the-counter options (“OTC options”). Options written by the Fund with respect to non-U.S. securities, indices or sectors generally will be OTC options. OTC options differ from exchange-listed options in that they are two-party contracts, with exercise price, premium and other terms negotiated between buyer and seller, and generally do not have as much market liquidity as exchange-listed options.
When the Fund writes covered put options, it bears the risk of loss if the value of the underlying stock declines below the exercise price minus the put premium. If the option is exercised, the Fund could incur a loss if it is required to purchase the stock underlying the put option at a price greater than the market price of the stock at the time of exercise plus the put premium the Fund received when it wrote the option. While the Fund’s potential gain in writing a covered put option is limited to distributions earned on the liquid assets securing the put option plus the premium received from the purchaser of the put option, the Fund risks a loss equal to the entire exercise price of the option minus the put premium. See “Risks—Options Risk.”
Sovereign Debt Risk. Investments in sovereign debt involve special risks. Foreign governmental issuers of debt or the governmental authorities that control the repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal or pay interest when due. In the event of default, there may be limited or no legal recourse in that, generally, remedies for defaults must be pursued in the courts of the defaulting party. Political conditions, especially a sovereign entity’s willingness to meet the terms of its debt obligations, are of considerable significance. The ability of a foreign sovereign issuer, especially an emerging market country, to make timely payments on its debt obligations will also be strongly influenced by the sovereign issuer’s balance of payments, including export performance, its access to international credit facilities and investments, fluctuations of interest rates and the extent of its foreign reserves. See “Risks—Sovereign Debt Risk.”
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Real Estate Risk. To the extent that the Fund invests in real estate related investments, including real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), mortgage related securities, such as MBS, or real-estate linked derivative instruments, it will be subject to the risks associated with owning real estate and with the real estate industry generally. Real estate related investments may be subject to difficulties in valuing and disposing of real estate, the possibility of declines in the value of real estate, risks related to general and local economic conditions, the possibility of adverse changes in the climate for real estate, environmental liability risks, the risk of increases in property taxes and operating expenses, possible adverse changes in zoning laws, the risk of casualty or condemnation losses, limitations on rents, the possibility of adverse changes in interest rates and in the credit markets and the possibility of borrowers paying off mortgages sooner than expected, which may lead to reinvestment of assets at lower prevailing interest rates. To the extent that the Fund invests in REITs, it will also be subject to the risk that a REIT may default on its obligations or go bankrupt. By investing in REITs indirectly through the Fund, a shareholder will bear not only his or her proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of the REITs. The Fund’s investments in REITs could cause the Fund to recognize income in excess of cash received from those securities and, as a result, the Fund may be required to sell portfolio securities, including when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to make distributions. In addition, mortgage REITs must satisfy highly technical and complex requirements in order to qualify for the favorable tax treatment accorded to REITs under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and to maintain their exemption from the 1940 Act. No assurances can be given that a mortgage REIT in which the Fund invests will be able to continue to qualify as a REIT or that complying with the REIT requirements under the Code will not adversely affect such REIT’s ability to execute its business plan. See “Risks—Real Estate Risk.”
Inflation/Deflation Risk. Inflation risk is the risk that the value of assets or income from investments will be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the value of money. As inflation increases, the real value of the Common Shares and distributions can decline. In addition, during any periods of rising inflation, the dividend rates or borrowing costs associated with the Fund’s use of Financial Leverage would likely increase, which would tend to further reduce returns to Common Shareholders. Deflation risk is the risk that prices throughout the economy decline over time—the opposite of inflation. Deflation may have an adverse effect on the creditworthiness of issuers and may make issuer default more likely, which may result in a decline in the value of the Fund’s portfolio.
Private Securities Risk. The Fund may invest in privately issued securities of both public and private companies (“private securities”). Private securities have additional risk considerations than investments in comparable public investments. Whenever the Fund invests in companies that do not publicly report financial and other material
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information, it assumes a greater degree of investment risk and reliance upon the Adviser’s ability to obtain and evaluate applicable information concerning such companies’ creditworthiness and other investment considerations. Certain private securities may be illiquid. Because there is often no readily available trading market for private securities, the Fund may not be able to readily dispose of such investments at prices that approximate those at which the Fund could sell them if they were more widely traded. Private securities are also more difficult to value. Private securities that are debt securities generally are of below investment grade quality, frequently are unrated and present many of the same risks as investing in below investment grade public debt securities.
Investment Funds Risk. As an alternative to holding investments directly, the Fund may also obtain investment exposure to credit securities and common equity securities by investing up to 20% of its Managed Assets in Investments Funds. Investments in Investment Funds present certain special considerations and risks not present in making direct investments in securities in which the Fund may invest. Investments in Investment Funds involve operating expenses and fees that are in addition to the expenses and fees borne by the Fund. Such expenses and fees attributable to the Fund’s investment in another Investment Fund are borne indirectly by Common Shareholders. Accordingly, investment in such entities involves expense and fee layering. To the extent management fees of Investment Funds are based on total gross assets, it may create an incentive for such entities’ managers to employ financial leverage, thereby adding additional expense and increasing volatility and risk. A performance-based fee arrangement may create incentives for an adviser or manager to take greater investment risks in the hope of earning a higher profit participation. Investments in Investment Funds frequently expose the Fund to an additional layer of financial leverage.
Synthetic Investments Risk. The Fund may be exposed to certain additional risks to the extent the Adviser uses derivatives as a means to synthetically implement the Fund’s investment strategies. If the Fund enters into a derivative instrument whereby it agrees to receive the return of a security or financial instrument or a basket of securities or financial instruments, it will typically contract to receive such returns for a predetermined period of time. During such period, the Fund may not have the ability to increase or decrease its exposure. In addition, such customized derivative instruments will likely be highly illiquid, and it is possible that the Fund will not be able to terminate such derivative instruments prior to their expiration date or that the penalties associated with such a termination might impact the Fund’s performance in a material adverse manner. Furthermore, derivative instruments typically contain provisions giving the counterparty the right to terminate the contract upon the occurrence of certain events. If a termination were to occur, the Fund’s return could be adversely affected as it would lose the benefit of the indirect exposure to the reference securities and it may incur significant termination expenses. See “Risks—Synthetic Investments Risk.”
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Derivative Transactions Risks. The Fund may engage in various derivatives transactions for hedging and risk management purposes, to facilitate portfolio management and to earn income or enhance total return. The use of derivatives transactions to earn income or enhance total return may be particularly speculative. Derivatives transactions involve risks. There may be imperfect correlation between the value of derivative instruments and the underlying assets. Derivatives transactions may be subject to risks associated with the possible default of the other party to the transaction. Derivative instruments may be illiquid. Certain derivatives transactions may have economic characteristics similar to leverage, in that relatively small market movements may result in large changes in the value of an investment. Certain derivatives transactions that involve leverage can result in losses that greatly exceed the amount originally invested. Furthermore, the Fund’s ability to successfully use derivatives transactions depends on the Adviser’s ability to predict pertinent securities prices, interest rates, currency exchange rates and other economic factors, which cannot be assured. Derivatives transactions utilizing instruments denominated in foreign currencies will expose the Fund to foreign currency risk. To the extent the Fund enters into derivatives transactions to hedge exposure to foreign currencies, such transactions may not be successful and may eliminate any chance for the Fund to benefit from favorable fluctuations in relevant foreign currencies.
The use of derivatives transactions may result in losses greater than if they had not been used, may require the Fund to sell or purchase portfolio securities at inopportune times or for prices other than current market values, may limit the amount of appreciation the Fund can realize on an investment or may cause the Fund to hold a security that it might otherwise sell. Derivatives transactions involve risks of mispricing or improper valuation. The documentation governing a derivative instrument or transaction may be unfavorable or ambiguous. Derivatives transactions may involve commissions and other costs, which may increase the Fund’s expenses and reduce its return. Various legislative and regulatory initiatives may impact the availability, liquidity and cost of derivative instruments, limit or restrict the ability of the Fund to use certain derivative instruments or transact with certain counterparties as a part of its investment strategy, increase the costs of using derivative instruments or make derivative instruments less effective. In connection with certain derivatives transactions, the Fund may be required to segregate liquid assets or otherwise cover such transactions. The Fund may earn a lower return on its portfolio than it might otherwise earn if it did not have to segregate assets in respect of, or otherwise cover, its derivatives transactions positions. Segregating assets and covering positions will not limit or offset losses on related positions. See “Risks—Derivative Transactions Risks.”
Swap Risk. The Fund may enter into swap transactions, including credit default swaps, total return swaps, index swaps, currency swaps, commodity swaps and interest rate swaps, as well as options thereon, and may purchase or sell interest rate caps, floors and collars. If the Adviser is incorrect in its forecasts of market values, interest rates or
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currency exchange rates, the investment performance of the Fund may be less favorable than it would have been if these investment techniques were not used. Such transactions are subject to market risk, risk of default by the other party to the transaction and risk of imperfect correlation between the value of such instruments and the underlying assets and may involve commissions or other costs. Swaps generally do not involve the delivery of securities, other underlying assets or principal. Accordingly, the risk of loss with respect to swaps generally is limited to the net amount of payments that the Fund is contractually obligated to make, or in the case of the other party to a swap defaulting, the net amount of payments that the Fund is contractually entitled to receive. Swaps may effectively add leverage to the Fund’s portfolio because the Fund would be subject to investment exposure on the full notional amount of the swap.
When the Fund acts as a seller of a credit default swap agreement with respect to a debt security, it is subject to the risk that an adverse credit event may occur with respect to the debt security and the Fund may be required to pay the buyer the full notional value of the debt security under the swap net of any amounts owed to the Fund by the buyer under the swap (such as the buyer’s obligation to deliver the debt security to the Fund). As a result, the Fund bears the entire risk of loss due to a decline in value of a referenced debt security on a credit default swap it has sold if there is a credit event with respect to the security. If the Fund is a buyer of a credit default swap and no credit event occurs, the Fund may recover nothing if the swap is held through its termination date. However, if a credit event occurs, the Fund generally may elect to receive the full notional value of the swap in exchange for an equal face amount of deliverable obligations of the reference entity whose value may have significantly decreased.
The swap market has become more standardized in recent years with a large number of banks and investment banking firms acting both as principals and as agents utilizing standardized swap documentation. As a result, some swaps have become relatively liquid. Caps, floors and collars are more recent innovations for which standardized documentation has not yet been fully developed and, accordingly, they are less liquid than swaps. Swaps are subject to new federal legislation implemented through rulemaking by the SEC and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. Further regulatory developments in the swap market may adversely impact the swap market generally or the Fund’s ability to use swaps.
Counterparty Risk. The Fund will be subject to credit risk with respect to the counterparties to financial instruments and derivative contracts entered into by the Fund. If a counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations under a derivative contract, the Fund may experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery under the derivative contract in bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding. The Fund may obtain only a limited recovery or may obtain no recovery in such circumstances. If a counterparty’s credit becomes significantly impaired, multiple requests for collateral posting
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in a short period of time could increase the risk that the Fund may not receive adequate collateral. See “Risks—Counterparty Risk.”
Event-Linked Securities Risk. Event-linked securities (“ELS”) are a form of derivative issued by insurance companies and insurance-related special purpose vehicles that apply securitization techniques to catastrophic property and casualty damages. Unlike other insurable low-severity, high-probability events (such as auto collision coverage), the insurance risk of which can be diversified by writing large numbers of similar policies, the holders of a typical ELS are exposed to the risks from high-severity, low-probability events such as that posed by major earthquakes or hurricanes. A typical ELS provides for income and return of capital similar to other fixed-income investments, but involves full or partial default if losses resulting from a certain catastrophe exceeded a predetermined amount. No active trading market may exist for certain ELS, which may impair the ability of the Fund to realize full value in the event of the need to liquidate such assets. See “Risks—Event-Linked Securities Risk.”
Inflation-Indexed Securities Risk. Inflation-indexed debt securities are subject to the effects of changes in market interest rates caused by factors other than inflation, such as real interest rates. In general, the value of an inflation-indexed security, including Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (“TIPS”), tends to decrease when real interest rates increase and can increase when real interest rates decrease. Thus generally, during periods of rising inflation, the value of inflation-indexed securities will tend to increase and, during periods of deflation, their value will tend to decrease. Interest payments on inflation-indexed securities are unpredictable and will fluctuate as the principal and interest are adjusted for inflation. There can be no assurance that the inflation index used (i.e., the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (“CPI”)) will accurately measure the real rate of inflation in the prices of goods and services. Increases in the principal value of TIPS due to inflation are considered taxable ordinary income for the amount of the increase in the calendar year. Any increase in the principal amount of an inflation-indexed debt security will be considered taxable ordinary income, even though the Fund will not receive the principal until maturity. In order to receive the special treatment accorded to “regulated investment companies” (“RICs”) and their shareholders under the Code and to avoid U.S. federal income and/or excise taxes at the Fund level, the Fund may be required to distribute this income to shareholders in the tax year in which the income is recognized (without a corresponding receipt of cash). Therefore, the Fund may be required to pay out as an income distribution in any such tax year an amount greater than the total amount of cash income the Fund actually received, and to sell portfolio securities, including at potentially disadvantageous times or prices, to obtain cash needed for these income distributions.
Municipal Securities Risk. The amount of public information available about municipal securities is generally less than that for corporate equities or bonds, and the investment performance of the Fund’s
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municipal securities investments may therefore be more dependent on the analytical abilities of the Adviser. The secondary market for municipal securities, particularly below investment grade municipal securities, also tends to be less well-developed or liquid than many other securities markets, which may adversely affect the Fund’s ability to sell such securities at prices approximating those at which the Fund may currently value them. In addition, many state and municipal governments that issue securities are under significant economic and financial stress and may not be able to satisfy their obligations. The ability of municipal issuers to make timely payments of interest and principal may be diminished during general economic downturns and as governmental cost burdens are reallocated among federal, state and local governments. Issuers of municipal securities might seek protection under bankruptcy laws. In the event of bankruptcy of such an issuer, holders of municipal securities could experience delays in collecting principal and interest and such holders may not be able to collect all principal and interest to which they are entitled. The Fund may invest in taxable municipal securities, which consist primarily of Build America Bonds (“BABs”). The issuance of BABs was discontinued on December 31, 2010. Under the sequestration process under the Budget Control Act of 2011, automatic spending cuts that became effective on March 1, 2013 reduced the federal subsidy for BABs. See “Risks—Municipal Securities Risk.”
UK Departure from EU Risk. On Thursday June 23, 2016, voters in the United Kingdom referendum (the “Referendum”) on the question of whether to remain or leave the European Union (the “EU”) voted in a majority in favor of leaving the EU. In March 2017, the British Parliament passed a bill authorizing the British Government to invoke Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union – the formal process of withdrawing from the EU. Invoking Article 50 gave the United Kingdom two years to negotiate a separation with the other members of the EU. Withdrawal was expected to occur on March 29, 2019, but the EU agreed to a postponement until October 31, 2019, and further postponements are possible. This historic event is widely expected to have consequences that are both profound and uncertain for the economic and political future of the United Kingdom and the EU, and financial markets generally. The full scope and nature of the consequences of the UK’s departure from the EU are not at this time known and are unlikely to be known for a significant period of time. However, the Referendum has led to significant uncertainty in the business, legal and political environment.
Risks associated with the outcome of the Referendum include short and long term market volatility and currency volatility, macroeconomic risk to the UK and European economies, impetus for further disintegration of the EU and related political stresses (including those related to sentiment against cross border capital movements and activities of investors like the Trust), prejudice to financial services businesses that are conducting business in the EU and which are based in the UK, legal uncertainty regarding achievement of compliance with applicable financial and commercial laws and regulations in view of
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the expected steps to be taken pursuant to or in contemplation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union and negotiations undertaken under Article 218 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and the unavailability of timely information as to expected legal, tax and other regimes.
Redenomination Risk. The result of the Referendum, the progression of the European debt crisis and the possibility of one or more Eurozone countries exiting the European Monetary Union (“EMU”), or even the collapse of the euro as a common currency, has created significant volatility in currency and financial markets generally. The effects of the collapse of the euro, or of the exit of one or more countries from the EMU, on the U.S. and global economies and securities markets are impossible to predict and any such events could have a significant adverse impact on the value and risk profile of the Fund’s portfolio. Any partial or complete dissolution of the EMU could have significant adverse effects on currency and financial markets, and on the values of the Fund’s portfolio investments. If one or more EMU countries were to stop using the euro as its primary currency, the Fund’s investments in such countries may be redenominated into a different or newly adopted currency. As a result, the value of those investments could decline significantly and unpredictably. In addition, securities or other investments that are redenominated may be subject to foreign currency risk, liquidity risk and valuation risk to a greater extent than similar investments currently denominated in euros. To the extent a currency used for redenomination purposes is not specified in respect of certain EMU-related investments, or should the euro cease to be used entirely, the currency in which such investments are denominated may be unclear, making such investments particularly difficult to value or dispose of. The Fund may incur additional expenses to the extent it is required to seek judicial or other clarification of the denomination or value of such securities.
U.S. Government Securities Risk. U.S. Government securities historically have not involved the credit risks associated with investments in other types of debt securities, although, as a result, the yields available from U.S. Government debt securities are generally lower than the yields available from other securities. Like other debt securities, however, the values of U.S. Government securities change as interest rates fluctuate. Currently, the S&P rating is “AA+” with a stable outlook; the Moody’s rating is “Aaa” with a stable outlook; and the Fitch rating is “AAA” with a stable outlook. Any downgrades of the U.S. credit rating could increase volatility in both stock and bond markets, result in higher interest rates and higher Treasury yields and increase the costs of all kinds of debt.
Legislation and Regulation Risk. At any time after the date hereof, legislation may be enacted that could negatively affect the issuers in which the Fund invests. Changing approaches to regulation may also have a negative impact on issuers in which the Fund invests. In addition, legislation or regulation may change the way in which the Fund is regulated. There can be no assurance that future legislation, regulation or deregulation will not have a material adverse effect on
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the Fund or will not impair the ability of the Fund to achieve its investment objective.
Legislation and Regulation Risk. At any time after the date hereof, legislation may be enacted that could negatively affect the issuers in which the Fund invests. Changing approaches to regulation may also have a negative impact on issuers in which the Fund invests. In addition, legislation or regulation may change the way in which the Fund is regulated. There can be no assurance that future legislation, regulation or deregulation will not have a material adverse effect on the Fund or will not impair the ability of the Fund to achieve its investment objective.
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), which was signed into law in July 2010, has resulted in significant revisions to the U.S. financial regulatory framework. The Dodd-Frank Act covers a broad range of topics, including, among many others: a reorganization of federal financial regulators; the creation of a process designed to ensure financial system stability and the resolution of potentially insolvent financial firms; the enactment of new rules for derivatives trading; the creation of a consumer financial protection watchdog; the registration and regulation of managers of private funds; the regulation of credit rating agencies; and the enactment of new federal requirements for residential mortgage loans. The regulation of various types of derivative instruments pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act may adversely affect the Fund and its counterparties.
On December 11, 2015, the SEC published a proposed rule that, if adopted, would change the regulation of the use of derivative instruments and financial commitment transactions by registered investment companies. The SEC sought public comments on numerous aspects of the proposed rule, and as a result the nature of any final regulations is uncertain at this time. Such regulations could limit the implementation of the Fund’s use of derivatives and reverse repurchase agreement transactions and impose additional compliance costs on the Fund, which could have an adverse impact on the Fund.
The current presidential administration has called for, and in certain instances has begun to implement, significant changes to U.S. fiscal, tax, trade, healthcare, immigration, foreign, and government regulatory policy. In this regard, there is significant uncertainty with respect to legislation, regulation and government policy at the federal level, as well as the state and local levels. Recent events have created a climate of heightened uncertainty and introduced new and difficult-to-quantify macroeconomic and political risks with potentially far-reaching implications. There has been a corresponding meaningful increase in the uncertainty surrounding interest rates, inflation, foreign exchange rates, trade volumes and fiscal and monetary policy. To the extent the U.S. Congress or the current presidential administration implements changes to U.S. policy, those changes may impact, among other things, the U.S. and global economy, international trade and relations, unemployment, immigration, corporate taxes, healthcare, the U.S. regulatory environment, inflation and other areas. Some particular
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areas identified as subject to potential change, amendment or repeal include the Dodd-Frank Act, including the Volcker Rule and various swaps and derivatives regulations, credit risk retention requirements and the authorities of the Federal Reserve, the Financial Stability Oversight Council and the SEC. Although the Fund cannot predict the impact, if any, of these changes to the Fund’s business, they could adversely affect the Fund’s business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. Until the Fund knows what policy changes are made and how those changes impact the Fund’s business and the business of the Fund’s competitors over the long term, the Fund will not know if, overall, the Fund will benefit from them or be negatively affected by them.
The recently enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”) makes substantial changes to the Code. Among those changes are a significant permanent reduction in the generally applicable corporate tax rate, changes in the taxation of individuals and other non-corporate taxpayers that generally but not universally reduce their taxes on a temporary basis subject to “sunset” provisions, the elimination or modification of various previously allowed deductions (including changes to the manner in which depreciation deductions are calculated and substantial limitations on the deductibility of interest and, in the case of individuals, the deduction for personal state and local taxes), certain additional limitations on the deduction of net operating losses, changes that affect the timing of the recognition of certain items of income and significant changes to the international tax rules. The effect of these, and the many other, changes made in the TCJA remains uncertain, both in terms of their direct effect on the taxation of an investment in our Common Shares and their indirect effect on the value of our Common Shares or market conditions generally. Furthermore, many of the provisions of the TCJA still require guidance through the issuance of Treasury regulations in order to assess their effect. There may be a substantial delay before such regulations are promulgated, increasing the uncertainty as to the ultimate effect of the statutory amendments on us. Technical corrections legislation also may be proposed with respect to the TCJA, the effect of which cannot be predicted.
LIBOR Risk. Instruments in which the Fund invests may pay interest at floating rates based on LIBOR or may be subject to interest caps or floors based on LIBOR. The Fund and issuers of instruments in which the Fund invests may also obtain financing at floating rates based on LIBOR. Derivative instruments utilized by the Fund and/or issuers of instruments in which the Fund may invest may also reference LIBOR. The Fund utilizes leverage or borrowings primarily based on LIBOR. Regulators and law-enforcement agencies from a number of governments, including entities in the United States, Japan, Canada and the United Kingdom, have conducted or are conducting civil and criminal investigations into whether the banks that contribute to the British Bankers’ Association, or the “BBA,” in connection with the calculation of daily LIBOR may have been manipulating or attempting to manipulate LIBOR. Several financial institutions have reached settlements with the CFTC, the U.S. Department of Justice Fraud
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Section and the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority in connection with investigations by such authorities into submissions made by such financial institutions to the bodies that set LIBOR and other interbank offered rates. Additional investigations remain ongoing with respect to other major banks. There can be no assurance that there will not be additional admissions or findings of rate-setting manipulation or that manipulations of LIBOR or other similar interbank offered rates will not be shown to have occurred. ICE Benchmark Administration Limited assumed the role of LIBOR administrator from the BBA on February 1, 2014. Any new administrator of LIBOR may make methodological changes to the way in which LIBOR is calculated or may alter, discontinue or suspend calculation or dissemination of LIBOR.
In July 2017, the head of the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority announced the desire to phase out the use of LIBOR by the end of 2021. There is currently no definitive information regarding the future utilization of LIBOR or of any particular replacement rate. Abandonment of or modifications to LIBOR could have adverse impacts on newly issued financial instruments and existing financial instruments which reference LIBOR. While some instruments may contemplate a scenario where LIBOR is no longer available by providing for an alternative rate setting methodology, not all instruments may have such provisions and there is significant uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of any such alternative methodologies. Abandonment of or modifications to LIBOR could lead to significant short-term and long-term uncertainty and market instability. It remains uncertain how such changes would be implemented and the effects such changes would have on the Fund, issuers of instruments in which the Fund invests and financial markets generally.
Recent Market Developments Risk. Periods of market volatility remain, and may continue to occur in the future, in response to various political, social and economic events both within and outside of the United States. These conditions have resulted in, and in many cases continue to result in, greater price volatility, less liquidity, widening credit spreads and a lack of price transparency, with many securities remaining illiquid and of uncertain value. Such market conditions may adversely affect the Fund, including by making valuation of some of the Fund’s securities uncertain and/or result in sudden and significant valuation increases or declines in the Fund’s holdings. If there is a significant decline in the value of the Fund’s portfolio, this may impact the asset coverage levels for the Fund’s outstanding leverage.
Risks resulting from any future debt or other economic crisis could also have a detrimental impact on the global economic recovery, the financial condition of financial institutions and the Fund’s business, financial condition and results of operation. Market and economic disruptions have affected, and may in the future affect, consumer confidence levels and spending, personal bankruptcy rates, levels of incurrence and default on consumer debt and home prices, among other factors. To the extent uncertainty regarding the U.S. or global economy negatively impacts consumer confidence and consumer credit factors, the Fund’s business, financial condition and results of
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operations could be significantly and adversely affected. Downgrades to the credit ratings of major banks could result in increased borrowing costs for such banks and negatively affect the broader economy. Moreover, Federal Reserve policy, including with respect to certain interest rates, may also adversely affect the value, volatility and liquidity of dividend- and interest-paying securities. Market volatility, rising interest rates and/or unfavorable economic conditions could impair the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective.
Market Disruption and Geopolitical Risk. The aftermath of the war in Iraq, instability in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Russia, Ukraine and the Middle East, possible terrorist attacks in the United States and around the world, growing social and political discord in the United States, the European debt crisis, the response of the international community—through economic sanctions and otherwise—to Russia’s annexation of the Crimea region of Ukraine and posture vis-a-vis Ukraine, increasingly strained relations between the United States and a number of foreign countries, including traditional allies, such as certain European countries, and historical adversaries, such as North Korea, Iran, China and Russia, and the international community generally, new and continued political unrest in various countries, such as Venezuela and Spain, the United Kingdom’s pending withdrawal from the EU and the resulting profound and uncertain impacts on the economic and political future of the United Kingdom, the exit or potential exit of one or more countries from the EU or the EMU, the EU and global financial markets, further downgrade of U.S. Government securities, the change in the U.S. president and the new administration and other similar events, may have long-term effects on the United States and worldwide financial markets and may cause further economic uncertainties in the United States and worldwide. The Fund does not know and cannot predict how long the securities markets may be affected by these events and the effects of these and similar events in the future on the U.S. economy and securities markets. The Fund may be adversely affected by abrogation of international agreements and national laws which have created the market instruments in which the Fund may invest, failure of the designated national and international authorities to enforce compliance with the same laws and agreements, failure of local, national and international organization to carry out their duties prescribed to them under the relevant agreements, revisions of these laws and agreements which dilute their effectiveness or conflicting interpretation of provisions of the same laws and agreements. The Fund may be adversely affected by uncertainties such as terrorism, international political developments, and changes in government policies, taxation, restrictions on foreign investment and currency repatriation, currency fluctuations and other developments in the laws and regulations of the countries in which it is invested.
Market Discount Risk. Shares of closed-end management investment companies frequently trade at a discount from their net asset value, which is a risk separate and distinct from the risk that the Fund’s net asset value could decrease as a result of its investment activities.
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Although the value of the Fund’s net assets is generally considered by market participants in determining whether to purchase or sell Common Shares, whether investors will realize gains or losses upon the sale of Common Shares will depend entirely upon whether the market price of Common Shares at the time of sale is above or below the investor’s purchase price for Common Shares.
The Fund’s net asset value will be reduced immediately following an offering of the Common Shares due to the costs of such offering, which will be borne entirely by the Fund. The sale of Common Shares by the Fund (or the perception that such sales may occur) may have an adverse effect on prices of Common Shares in the secondary market. An increase in the number of Common Shares available may put downward pressure on the market price for Common Shares. The Fund may, from time to time, seek the consent of Common Shareholders to permit the issuance and sale by the Fund of Common Shares at a price below the Fund’s then current net asset value, subject to certain conditions, and such sales of Common Shares at price below net asset value, if any, may increase downward pressure on the market price for Common Shares. These sales, if any, also might make it more difficult for the Fund to sell additional Common Shares in the future at a time and price it deems appropriate.
Whether Common Shareholder will realize a gain or loss upon the sale of Common Shares depends upon whether the market value of the Common Shares at the time of sale is above or below the price the Common Shareholder paid, taking into account transaction costs for the Common Shares, and is not directly dependent upon the Fund’s net asset value. Because the market price of Common Shares will be determined by factors such as net asset value, dividend and distribution levels (which are dependent, in part, on expenses), supply of and demand for Common Shares, stability of dividends or distributions, trading volume of Common Shares, general market and economic conditions and other factors beyond the control of the Fund, the Fund cannot predict whether Common Shares will trade at, below or above net asset value or at, below or above the public offering price for the Common Shares. Common Shares of the Fund are designed primarily for long-term investors; investors in Common Shares should not view the Fund as a vehicle for trading purposes.
Dilution Risk. The voting power of current Common Shareholders will be diluted to the extent that current Common Shareholders do not purchase Common Shares in any future offerings of Common Shares or do not purchase sufficient Common Shares to maintain their percentage interest. If the Fund is unable to invest the proceeds of such offering as intended, the Fund’s per Common Share distribution may decrease and the Fund may not participate in market advances to the same extent as if such proceeds were fully invested as planned. If the Fund sells Common Shares at a price below net asset value pursuant to the consent of Common Shareholders, shareholders will experience a dilution of the aggregate net asset value per Common Share because the sale price will be less than the Fund’s then-current net asset value
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per Common Share. Similarly, were the expenses of the offering to exceed the amount by which the sale price exceeded the Fund’s then current net asset value per Common Share, shareholders would experience a dilution of the aggregate net asset value per Common Share. This dilution will be experienced by all shareholders, irrespective of whether they purchase Common Shares in any such offering. See “Description of Capital Structure—Common Shares—Issuance of Additional Common Shares.”
Portfolio Turnover Risk. The Fund’s annual portfolio turnover rate may vary greatly from year to year. Portfolio turnover rate is not considered a limiting factor in the execution of investment decisions for the Fund. A higher portfolio turnover rate results in correspondingly greater brokerage commissions and other transactional expenses that are borne by the Fund. High portfolio turnover may result in an increased realization of net short-term capital gains by the Fund which, when distributed to Common Shareholders, will be taxable as ordinary income. Additionally, in a declining market, portfolio turnover may result in realized capital losses. See “Tax Matters.”
When-Issued and Delayed Delivery Transactions Risk. Securities purchased on a when-issued or delayed delivery basis may expose the Fund to counterparty risk of default as well as the risk that securities may experience fluctuations in value prior to their actual delivery. The Fund generally will not accrue income with respect to a when-issued or delayed delivery security prior to its stated delivery date. Purchasing securities on a when-issued or delayed delivery basis can involve the additional risk that the price or yield available in the market when the delivery takes place may not be as favorable as that obtained in the transaction itself. See “Risks—When-Issued and Delayed Delivery Transactions Risk.”
Short Sales Risk. The Fund may make short sales of securities. A short sale is a transaction in which the Fund sells a security it does not own. If the price of the security sold short increases between the time of the short sale and the time the Fund replaces the borrowed security, the Fund will incur a loss; conversely, if the price declines, the Fund will realize a capital gain. Any gain will be decreased, and any loss will be increased, by the transaction costs incurred by the Fund, including the costs associated with providing collateral to the broker-dealer (usually cash and liquid securities) and the maintenance of collateral with its custodian. Although the Fund’s gain is limited to the price at which it sold the security short, its potential loss is theoretically unlimited. The Fund may have to pay a premium to borrow the securities and must pay any dividends or interest payable on the securities until they are replaced, which will be expenses of the Fund.
Repurchase Agreement Risk. A repurchase agreement exposes the Fund to the risk that the party that sells the security may default on its obligation to repurchase it. The Fund may lose money because it cannot sell the security at the agreed-upon time and price or the security loses value before it can be sold. See “Risks—Repurchase Agreement Risk.”
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Securities Lending Risk. The Fund may lend its portfolio securities to banks or dealers which meet the creditworthiness standards established by the Board of Trustees. Securities lending is subject to the risk that loaned securities may not be available to the Fund on a timely basis and the Fund may therefore lose the opportunity to sell the securities at a desirable price. Any loss in the market price of securities loaned by the Fund that occurs during the term of the loan would be borne by the Fund and would adversely affect the Fund’s performance. Also, there may be delays in recovery, or no recovery, of securities loaned or even a loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower of the securities fail financially while the loan is outstanding.
Risk of Failure to Qualify as a RIC. To qualify for the favorable U.S. federal income tax treatment generally accorded to RICs, the Fund must, among other things, derive in each taxable year at least 90% of its gross income from certain prescribed sources, meet certain asset diversification tests and distribute for each taxable year at least 90% of its “investment company taxable income” (generally, ordinary income plus the excess, if any, of net short-term capital gain over net long-term capital loss). If for any taxable year the Fund does not qualify as a RIC, all of its taxable income for that year (including its net capital gain) would be subject to tax at regular corporate rates without any deduction for distributions to shareholders, and such distributions would be taxable as ordinary dividends to the extent of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits.
Conflicts of Interest Risk. Guggenheim Partners is a global asset management and investment advisory organization. Guggenheim Partners and its affiliates advise clients in various markets and transactions and purchase, sell, hold and recommend a broad array of investments for their own accounts and the accounts
Conflicts of Interest Risk. Guggenheim Partners is a global asset management and investment advisory organization. Guggenheim Partners and its affiliates advise clients in various markets and transactions and purchase, sell, hold and recommend a broad array of investments for their own accounts and the accounts of clients and of their personnel and the relationships and products they sponsor, manage and advise. Accordingly, Guggenheim Partners and its affiliates may have direct and indirect interests in a variety of global markets and the securities of issuers in which the Fund may directly or indirectly invest. These interests may cause the Fund to be subject to regulatory limits, and in certain circumstances, these various activities may prevent the Fund from participating in an investment decision. As a result, activities and dealings of Guggenheim Partners and its affiliates may affect the Fund in ways that may disadvantage or restrict the Fund or be deemed to benefit Guggenheim Partners and its affiliates. From time to time, conflicts of interest may arise between a portfolio manager’s management of the investments of the Fund on the one hand and the management of other registered investment companies, pooled investment vehicles and other accounts (collectively, “other accounts”) on the other. The other accounts might have similar investment objectives or strategies as the Fund or otherwise hold, purchase, or sell securities that are eligible to be held,
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purchased or sold by the Fund. In certain circumstances, and subject to its fiduciary obligations under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the “Advisers Act”) and the requirements of the 1940 Act, the Adviser may have to allocate a limited investment opportunity among its clients. The other accounts might also have different investment objectives or strategies than the Fund. In addition, the Fund may be limited in its ability to invest in, or hold securities of, any companies that the Adviser or its affiliates (or other accounts managed by the Adviser or its affiliates) control, or companies in which the Adviser or its affiliates have interests or with whom they do business. For example, affiliates of the Adviser may act as underwriter, lead agent or administrative agent for loans or otherwise participate in the market for loans. Because of limitations imposed by applicable law, the presence of the Adviser’s affiliates in the markets for loans may restrict the Fund’s ability to acquire some loans or affect the timing or price of such acquisitions. To address these conflicts, the Fund and Guggenheim Partners and its affiliates have established various policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to detect and prevent such conflicts and prevent the Fund from being disadvantaged. For additional information about potential conflicts of interest, and the way in which the Adviser and its affiliates address such conflicts, please see “Management of the Fund—Potential Conflicts of Interest” in the SAI.
Technology Risk. As the use of Internet technology has become more prevalent, the Fund and its service providers and markets generally have become more susceptible to potential operational risks related to intentional and unintentional events that may cause the Fund or a service provider to lose proprietary information, suffer data corruption or lose operational capacity. There can be no guarantee that any risk management systems established by the Fund, its service providers, or issuers of the securities in which the Fund invests to reduce technology and cyber security risks will succeed, and the Fund cannot control such systems put in place by service providers, issuers or other third parties whose operations may affect the Fund.
Cyber Security Risk. The Fund and its service providers are susceptible to cyber security risks that include, among other things, theft, unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential and highly restricted data; denial of service attacks; unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Fund and its service providers use to service the Fund’s operations; or operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Fund and its service providers. Cyber attacks against or security breakdowns of the Fund or its service providers may adversely impact the Fund and its stockholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses; the inability of Fund stockholders to transact business and the Fund to process transactions; inability to calculate the Fund’s NAV; violations of applicable privacy and other laws; regulatory fines, penalties, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs; and/or additional compliance costs. The Fund may incur additional costs for cyber security risk management and remediation
|
Common Shareholder Transaction Expenses
|
|
Sales load paid by you (as a percentage of offering price)
|
—%(1)
|
Offering expenses borne by the Fund (as a percentage of offering price)
|
0.60%(1)(2)
|
Dividend Reinvestment Plan fees(3)
|
None
|
|
|
Percentage of Net Assets
|
Annual Expenses
|
Attributable to Common Shares(4)
|
Management fees(5)
|
1.45%
|
Interest expense(6)
|
1.01%
|
Other expenses(7)
|
0.31%
|
Total annual expenses
|
2.77%
|
|
1 Year
|
3 Years
|
5 Years
|
10 Years
|
Total Expenses paid by Common Shareholders(1)
|
$34
|
$92
|
$153
|
$316
|
|
For the
|
For the
|
For the
|
Per share operating performance
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
for a share outstanding throughout the period
|
May 31, 2019
|
May 31, 2018
|
May 31, 2017
|
Net asset value, beginning of period
|
$ 21.47
|
$ 22.62
|
$ 20.53
|
Income from investment operations
|
|
|
|
Net investment income(b)
|
1.90
|
2.05
|
1.91
|
Net gain (loss) on investments (realized and unrealized)
|
(1.43)
|
(1.02)
|
2.36
|
Total from investment operations
|
0.47
|
1.03
|
4.27
|
Distributions to Shareholders
|
|
|
|
Net investment income
|
(1.97)
|
(2.18)
|
(2.18)
|
Capital gains
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
Return of Capital
|
(0.21)
|
—
|
—
|
Total distributions to shareholders
|
(2.18)
|
(2.18)
|
(2.18)
|
Net asset value, end of period
|
$ 19.76
|
$ 21.47
|
$ 22.62
|
Market value, end of period
|
$ 20.52
|
$ 22.70
|
$ 23.18
|
Total return (c)
|
|
|
|
Net asset value
|
2.47%
|
4.68%
|
21.55%
|
Market value
|
0.62%
|
7.99%
|
28.83%
|
Ratios and Supplemental Data
|
|
|
|
Net assets, end of period (thousands)
|
$ 146,430
|
$ 158,234
|
$ 158,663
|
Ratios to Average Net Assets:
|
|
|
|
Total expenses, including interest expense (d)
|
2.99%
|
2.61%
|
2.52%
|
Net investment income, including interest expense
|
9.34%
|
9.24%
|
8.67%
|
Portfolio turnover rate (e)
|
52%
|
46%
|
47%
|
Senior Indebtedness:
|
|
|
|
Borrowings–committed facility agreement (in thousands)
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
$ 4,500
|
Asset coverage per $1,000 of borrowings (g)
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
$ 36,258
|
Supplemental asset coverage per $1,000 of borrowings(f)
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
$ 49,871
|
For the
|
For the
|
For the
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
Period Ended
|
May 31, 2016
|
May 31, 2015
|
May 31, 2014(a)
|
$ 23.34
|
$ 24.71
|
$ 23.82
|
2.02
|
1.95
|
1.64
|
(2.65)
|
(1.16)
|
0.71
|
(0.63)
|
0.79
|
2.35
|
|
||
(2.18)
|
(1.57)
|
(1.46)
|
—
|
(0.59)
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
(2.18)
|
(2.16)
|
(1.46)
|
$ 20.53
|
$ 23.34
|
$ 24.71
|
$ 19.86
|
$ 23.07
|
$ 24.68
|
|
||
-2.31%
|
3.45%
|
10.12%
|
-4.00%
|
2.54%
|
5.08%
|
|
||
$ 136,142
|
$ 154,753
|
$ 163,815
|
|
||
2.27%
|
2.04%
|
1.73%
|
9.68%
|
8.23%
|
7.28%
|
63%
|
55%
|
54%
|
|
||
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
|
|
|
Asset Coverage
|
|
|
Total Principal
|
Per $1,000 of
|
Fiscal Year Ended
|
Title of Security
|
Amount Outstanding
|
Principal Amount
|
May 31, 2019
|
Borrowings
|
$0
|
$0
|
May 31, 2018
|
Borrowings
|
$0
|
$0
|
May 31, 2017
|
Borrowings
|
$4,500,000
|
$36,258
|
May 31, 2016
|
Borrowings
|
$0
|
$0
|
May 31, 2015
|
Borrowings
|
$0
|
$0
|
May 31, 2014
|
Borrowings
|
$0
|
$0
|
|
|
Net Asset Value
|
|
|||
|
|
per Common Share
|
Premium/(Discount) on
|
|||
|
NYSE Market
|
on Date of Market
|
Date of Market Price
|
|||
|
Price Per Share
|
Price High and Low(1)
|
High and Low(2)
|
|||
During Quarter Ended
|
High
|
Low
|
High
|
Low
|
High
|
Low
|
May 31, 2019
|
$21.49
|
$20.18
|
$20.02
|
$19.61
|
7.34%
|
2.91%
|
February 28, 2019
|
$20.90
|
$17.17
|
$19.73
|
$19.28
|
5.93%
|
-10.94%
|
November 30, 2018
|
$23.04
|
$19.11
|
$21.13
|
$20.03
|
9.04%
|
-4.59%
|
August 31, 2018
|
$22.85
|
$21.65
|
$21.49
|
$21.29
|
6.33%
|
1.69%
|
May 31, 2018
|
$22.79
|
$21.11
|
$21.98
|
$21.70
|
3.69%
|
-2.72%
|
February 28, 2018
|
$22.79
|
$21.70
|
$22.00
|
$22.26
|
3.59%
|
-2.52%
|
November 30, 2017
|
$23.32
|
$21.87
|
$22.43
|
$22.38
|
3.97%
|
-2.28%
|
August 31, 2017
|
$23.48
|
$22.65
|
$22.49
|
$22.42
|
4.40%
|
1.03%
|
May 31, 2017
|
$24.00
|
$22.39
|
$22.75
|
$22.41
|
5.49%
|
-0.09%
|
Assumed portfolio total return (net of expenses)
|
(10.00)%
|
(5.00)%
|
0.00%
|
5.00%
|
10.00%
|
Common Share total return
|
(14.79)%
|
(7.91)%
|
(1.03)%
|
5.84%
|
12.72%
|
|
Amount
|
Amount Held by the
|
Amount
|
Title of Class
|
Authorized
|
Fund or for its Account
|
Outstanding
|
Common Shares of Beneficial Interest,
|
|
|
|
par value $0.01 per share
|
Unlimited
|
—
|
7,411,671
|
TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE
|
|
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
|
|
|
|
|
Page
|
The Fund
|
S-2
|
Investment Objective and Policies
|
S-2
|
Investment Restrictions
|
S-10
|
Management of the Fund
|
S-13
|
Portfolio Transactions
|
S-31
|
Tax Matters
|
S-31
|
General Information
|
S-37
|
Financial Statements
|
S-38
|
Appendix A: Description of Securities Ratings
|
A-1
|
Appendix B: Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
|
B-1
|
TABLE OF CONTENTS
|
|
|
|
|
Page
|
The Fund
|
S-2
|
Investment Objective and Policies
|
S-2
|
Investment Restrictions
|
S-10
|
Management of the Fund
|
S-13
|
Portfolio Transactions
|
S-31
|
Tax Matters
|
S-31
|
General Information
|
S-37
|
Financial Statements
|
S-38
|
Appendix A: Description of Securities Ratings
|
A-1
|
Appendix B: Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
|
B-1
|
|
|
Term of
|
|
Number of
|
|
|
Position(s)
|
Office(2) and
|
Principal
|
Portfolios
|
|
Name,
|
Held
|
Length of
|
Occupation(s)
|
in Fund
|
|
Business Address(1)
|
with the
|
Time
|
During Past Five
|
Complex(3)
|
Other Directorships
|
and Year of Birth
|
Fund
|
Served
|
Years
|
Overseen
|
Held by Trustee
|
INDEPENDENT TRUSTEES:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Randall C. Barnes
|
Trustee
|
Trustee
|
Current: Private Investor
|
49
|
Current: Purpose,
|
Year of Birth: 1951
|
|
since 2013
|
(2001-present).
|
|
Investments Inc.
|
|
|
|
|
|
(2013-present).
|
|
|
|
Former: Senior Vice President
|
|
|
|
|
|
and Treasurer, PepsiCo, Inc.
|
|
Former: Managed Duration
|
|
|
|
(1993-1997); President, Pizza
|
|
Investment Grade
|
|
|
|
Hut International (1991-1993);
|
|
Municipal Fund
|
|
|
|
Senior Vice President,
|
|
(2003-2016).
|
|
|
|
Strategic Planning and New
|
|
|
|
|
|
Business Development,
|
|
|
|
|
|
PepsiCo, Inc. (1987-1990).
|
|
|
Donald A. Chubb, Jr.
|
Trustee and
|
Trustee
|
Current: Retired.
|
48
|
Current: Midland Care,
|
Year of Birth: 1946
|
Chairman of
|
since 2014
|
|
|
Inc. (2011-2016)
|
|
the Valuation
|
|
Former: Business broker and
|
|
|
|
Oversight
|
|
manager of commercial real
|
|
|
|
Committee
|
|
estate, Griffith & Blair, Inc.
|
|
|
(1997-2017).
|
|||||
Jerry B. Farley
|
Trustee and
|
Trustee
|
Current: President, Washburn
|
48
|
Current: CoreFirst Bank &
|
Year of Birth: 1946
|
Chairman of
|
since 2014
|
University (1997-present).
|
|
Trust (2000-present).
|
|
the Audit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Committee
|
|
|
|
Former: Westar Energy,
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inc. (2004-2018)
|
Roman Friedrich III
|
Trustee and
|
Trustee
|
Current: Founder and
|
48
|
Former: Zincore Metals,
|
Year of Birth: 1946
|
Chairman of
|
since 2013
|
Managing Partner, Roman
|
|
Inc. (2009-January 2019).
|
|
the Contracts
|
|
Friedrich & Company
|
|
|
|
Review
|
|
(1998-present).
|
|
|
|
Committee
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Term of
|
|
Number of
|
|
|
Position(s)
|
Office(2) and
|
Principal
|
Portfolios
|
|
Name,
|
Held
|
Length of
|
Occupation(s)
|
in Fund
|
|
Business Address(1)
|
with the
|
Time
|
During Past Five
|
Complex(3)
|
Other Directorships
|
and Year of Birth
|
Fund
|
Served
|
Years
|
Overseen
|
Held by Trustee
|
Ronald A. Nyberg
|
Trustee and
|
Trustee
|
Current: Partner, Momkus LLC
|
49 |
Current: PPM Funds
|
Year of Birth: 1953
|
Chairman
|
since 2013
|
(2016-present).
|
|
(February 2018-present);
|
|
of the
|
|
|
|
Edward-Elmhurst
|
|
Nominating
|
|
Former: Partner, Nyberg &
|
|
Healthcare System
|
|
and Governance
|
Cassioppi, LLC (2000-2016);
|
|
(2012-present); Western
|
|
|
Committee
|
|
Executive Vice President,
|
|
Asset Inflation-Linked
|
|
|
|
General Counsel, and
|
|
Opportunities Fund (2004-
|
|
|
|
Corporate Secretary, Van
|
|
present); Western Asset
|
|
|
|
Kampen Investments
|
|
Inflation-Linked Income
|
|
|
|
(1982-1999).
|
|
Fund (2003-present).
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
Former: Managed Duration
|
|
|
|
|
|
Investment Grade Municipal
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fund (2003-2016).
|
Ronald E. Toupin, Jr.
|
Trustee and
|
Trustee
|
Current: Portfolio Consultant
|
48
|
Current: Western Asset
|
Year of Birth: 1958
|
Chairman of
|
since 2013
|
(2010-present); Member,
|
|
Inflation-Linked
|
|
the Board
|
|
Governing Council, Independent
|
Opportunities Fund (2004-
|
|
|
|
|
Directors Council (2013-present);
|
present); Western Asset
|
|
|
|
|
Governor, Board of Governors,
|
Inflation-Linked
|
|
|
|
|
Invesment Company Institute
|
|
IncomeFund
|
|
|
|
(2018-present).
|
|
(2003-present).
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
Former: Vice President, Manager
|
Former: Managed Duration
|
|
|
|
|
and Portfolio Manager, Nuveen
|
Investment Grade
|
|
|
|
|
Asset Management (1998-1999);
|
Municipal Fund
|
|
|
|
|
Vice President, Nuveen Investment
|
(2003-2016); Bennett
|
|
|
|
|
Advisory Corp. (1992-1999); Vice
|
Group of Funds
|
|
|
|
|
President and Manager, Nuveen Unit
|
(2011-2013).
|
|
|
|
|
Investment Trusts (1991-1999);
|
|
|
|
|
|
and Assistant Vice President and
|
|
|
|
|
|
Portfolio Manager, Nuveen Unit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Investment Trusts (1988-1999),
|
|
|
|
|
|
each of John Nuveen & Co., Inc.
(1982-1999).
|
|
|
|
Term of
|
|
Number of
|
|
|
Position(s)
|
Office(2) and
|
Principal
|
Portfolios
|
|
Name,
|
Held
|
Length of
|
Occupation(s)
|
in Fund
|
|
Business Address(1)
|
with the
|
Time
|
During Past Five
|
Complex(3)
|
Other Directorships
|
and Year of Birth
|
Fund
|
Served
|
Years
|
Overseen
|
Held by Trustee
|
Name, Business
|
|
Term of Office(2) and
|
|
Address(1) and
|
Position(s) held
|
Length of Time
|
Principal Occupation
|
Year of Birth
|
with the Trust
|
Served
|
During the Past Five Years
|
|
|||
Brian E. Binder
|
President and
|
Since 2018
|
Current: President and Chief Executive
|
Year of Birth: 1972
|
Chief Executive
|
|
Officer, certain other funds in the Fund
|
|
Officer
|
|
Complex (2018-present); President and
|
|
|
|
Chief Executive Officer, Guggenheim
|
|
|
|
Funds Investment Advisors, LLC and
|
|
|
|
Security Investors, LLC (2018-present);
|
|
|
|
Senior Managing Director and Chief
|
|
|
|
Administrative Officer, Guggenheim
|
|
|
|
Investments (2018-present).
|
|
|||
|
|
|
Former: Managing Director and President,
|
|
|
|
Deutsche Funds, and Head of US Product,
|
|
|
|
Trading and Fund Administration,
|
|
|
|
Deutsche Asset Management (2013-2018);
|
|
|
|
Managing Director, Head of Business
|
|
|
|
Management and Consulting, Invesco Ltd.
|
|
|
|
(2010-2012).
|
|
|||
John L. Sullivan
|
Chief Financial Officer,
|
Since 2013
|
Current: CFO, Chief Accounting Officer
|
Year of Birth: 1955
|
Chief Accounting Officer
|
|
and Treasurer, certain other funds in the
|
|
and Treasurer
|
|
Fund Complex (2010-present); Senior
|
|
|
|
Managing Director, Guggenheim
|
|
|
|
Investments (2010-present).
|
|
|||
|
|
|
Former: Managing Director and CCO,
|
|
|
|
Van Kampen Funds (2004-2010); Head of
|
|
|
|
Fund Accounting, Morgan Stanley
|
|
|
|
Investment Management (2002 -2004);
|
|
|
|
CFO and Treasurer, Van Kampen Funds
|
|
|
|
(1996-2004).
|
|
|||
Joanna M. Catalucci
|
Chief Compliance Officer
|
Since 2013
|
Current: Chief Compliance Officer of
|
Year of Birth: 1966
|
|
|
certain funds in the Fund Complex (2012-
|
|
|
|
present); Senior Managing Director of
|
|
|
|
Compliance and Fund Board Relations,
|
|
|
|
Guggenheim Investments (2012-present).
|
|
|||
|
|
|
Former: AML Officer, certain other funds
|
|
|
|
in the Fund Complex (2016-2017); Chief
|
|
|
|
Compliance Officer and Secretary, certain
|
|
|
|
other funds in the Fund Complex (2008-
|
|
|
|
2012); Vice President, Rydex Holdings,
|
|
|
|
LLC (2009-2012); Vice President,
|
|
|
|
Security Benefit Asset Management
|
|
|
|
Holdings, LLC (2009-2012); and Senior
|
|
|
|
Vice President and Chief Compliance
|
|
|
|
Officer, Security Investors, LLC (2010-
|
|
|
|
2012); Senior Vice President, Security
|
|
|
|
Global Investors, LLC, (2010-2011);
|
|
|
|
Chief Compliance Officer and Senior Vice
|
|
|
|
President Rydex Advisors, LLC (f/k/a
|
|
|
|
PADCO Advisors, Inc.) and Rydex
|
|
|
|
Advisors II, LLC (f/k/a PADCO Advisors
|
|
|
|
II, Inc.), (2010-2011); Chief Compliance
|
|
|
|
Officer Rydex Capital Partners I, LLC &
|
|
|
|
Rydex Capital Partners II, LLC, (2006-
|
|
|
|
2007); and Vice President Rydex Fund
|
|
|
|
Services, LLC (f/k/a Rydex Fund
|
|
|
|
Services, Inc.) (2001-2006).
|
Name, Business
|
|
Term of Office(2) and
|
|
Address(1) and
|
Position(s) held
|
Length of Time
|
Principal Occupation
|
Year of Birth
|
with the Trust
|
Served
|
During the Past Five Years
|
|
|||
Mark E. Mathiasen
|
Secretary
|
Since 2013
|
Current: Secretary of certain funds in the
|
Year of Birth: 1978
|
|
|
Fund Complex (2007-present); Managing
|
|
|
|
Director, Guggenheim Investments
|
|
|
|
(2007-present).
|
|
|||
Bryan Stone
|
Vice President
|
Since 2014
|
Current: Vice President, certain other
|
Year of birth: 1979
|
|
|
funds in the Fund Complex (2014-
|
|
|
|
present); Managing Director,
|
|
|
|
Guggenheim Investments (2013-present).
|
|
|||
|
|
|
Former: Senior Vice President, Neuberger
|
|
|
|
Berman Group LLC (2009-2013); Vice
|
|
|
|
President, Morgan Stanley (2002-2009).
|
|
|||
Kimberly J. Scott
|
Assistant Treasurer
|
Since 2013
|
Current: Director, Fund Administration of
|
Year of birth: 1974
|
|
|
Guggenheim Investments (2012-present);
|
|
|
|
Assistant Treasurer of certain funds in the
|
|
|
|
Fund Complex (2012-present).
|
|
|||
|
|
|
Former: Financial Reporting Manager,
|
|
|
|
Invesco, Ltd. (2010-2011); Vice President
|
|
|
|
and Assistant Treasurer (2009-2010),
|
|
|
|
Manager (2005-2009), Mutual Fund
|
|
|
|
Administration, Van Kampen Investments,
|
|
|
|
Inc. (f/k/a Morgan Stanley Investment
|
|
|
|
Management).
|
|
|||
James M. Howley
|
Assistant Treasurer
|
Since 2013
|
Current: Managing Director, Fund
|
Year of Birth: 1972
|
|
|
Administration, Guggenheim Investments
|
|
|
|
(2004-present); Assistant Treasurer of
|
|
|
|
certain funds in the Fund Complex (2004-
|
|
|
|
present).
|
|
|||
|
|
|
Former: Manager of Mutual Fund
|
|
|
|
Administration, Van Kampen Investments,
|
|
|
|
Inc. (1996-2000).
|
|
|||
Michael P. Megaris
|
Assistant Secretary
|
Since 2014
|
Current: Assistant Secretary, certain other
|
Year of Birth: 1984
|
|
|
funds in the Fund Complex (2014-
|
|
|
|
present); Director, Guggenheim
|
|
|
|
Investments (2000-present).
|
|
|||
Adam J. Nelson
|
Assistant Treasurer
|
Since 2015
|
Current: Vice President, Guggenheim
|
Year of birth: 1979
|
|
|
Investments (2012-present); Assistant
|
|
|
|
Treasurer, certain other funds in the Fund
|
|
|
|
Complex (2012-present).
|
|
|||
|
|
|
Former: Assistant Vice President and
|
|
|
|
Fund Administration Director, State Street
|
|
|
|
Corporation (2013-2015); Fund
|
|
|
|
Administration Assistant Director, State
|
|
|
|
Street (2011-2013); Fund Administration
|
|
|
|
Manager, State Street (2009-2011).
|
Name, Business
|
|
Term of Office(2) and
|
|
Address(1) and
|
Position(s) held
|
Length of Time
|
Principal Occupation
|
Year of Birth
|
with the Trust
|
Served
|
During the Past Five Years
|
|
|||
Glenn McWhinnie
|
Assistant Treasurer
|
Since 2016
|
Current: Vice President, Guggenheim
|
|
|
|
Year of birth: 1969 Investments (2009-
|
|
|
|
present); Assistant Treasurer, certain other
|
|
|
|
funds in the Fund Complex (2016-
|
|
|
|
present).
|
|
|||
|
|
|
Former: Tax Compliance Manager, Ernst
|
|
|
|
& Young LLP (1996-2009).
|
|
|||
Jon Szafran
|
Assistant Treasurer
|
Since 2017
|
Current: Vice President, Guggenheim
|
|
|
|
Year of Birth: 1989 Investments (2017-
|
|
|
|
present); Assistant Treasurer, certain other
|
|
|
|
funds in the Fund Complex (2017-
|
|
|
|
present).
|
|
|||
|
|
|
Former: Assistant Treasurer of Henderson
|
|
|
|
Global Funds and Manager of US Fund
|
|
|
|
Administration, Henderson Global
|
|
|
|
Investors (North America) Inc.
|
|
|
|
(“HGINA”) (2017); Senior Analyst of US
|
|
|
|
Fund Administration, HGINA (2014-
|
|
|
|
2017); Senior Associate of Fund
|
|
|
|
Administration, Cortland Capital Market
|
|
|
|
Services, LLC (2013-2014); Experienced
|
|
|
|
Associate, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
|
|
|
|
(2012-2013).
|
|
Aggregate
|
Pension or Retirement
|
|
Total Compensation
|
|
Estimated
|
Benefits Accrued
|
Estimated Annual
|
from the Fund and
|
|
Compensation
|
as Part of
|
Benefits Upon
|
Fund Complex
|
Name(1)
|
from the Fund
|
Fund Expenses(2)
|
Retirement(2)
|
Paid to Trustee(3)
|
|
||||
Independent Trustees:
|
|
|
|
|
Randall C. Barnes
|
$8,345
|
None
|
None
|
$339,632
|
Donald A. Chubb
|
$8,512
|
None
|
None
|
$255,179
|
Jerry B. Farley
|
$9,180
|
None
|
None
|
$275,179
|
Roman Friedrich III
|
$8,846
|
None
|
None
|
$265,179
|
Ronald A. Nyberg
|
$8,497
|
None
|
None
|
$406,007
|
Maynard F. Oliverius(4)
|
$8,603
|
None
|
None
|
$255,179
|
Ronald E. Toupin, Jr.
|
$9,655
|
None
|
None
|
$378,179
|
|
|
Aggregate Dollar Range of Equity
|
|
|
Securities in All Registered Investment
|
|
Dollar Range of
|
Companies Overseen by Trustee in
|
Name
|
Equity Securities in the Fund
|
Fund Complex(1)
|
|
||
Independent Trustees:
|
|
|
Randall C. Barnes
|
Over $100,000
|
Over $100,000
|
Donald A. Chubb
|
$1-$10,000
|
Over $100,000
|
Jerry B. Farley
|
$0
|
Over $100,000
|
Roman Friedrich III
|
$10,001-$50,000
|
Over $100,000
|
Ronald A. Nyberg
|
$10,001-$50,000
|
Over $100,000
|
Ronald E. Toupin, Jr.
|
$50,001-$100,000
|
Over $100,000
|
Interested Trustee:
|
|
|
Amy J. Lee
|
$0
|
$10,001-$50,000
|
|
Fiscal Year Ended May 31,
|
||
|
2019
|
2018
|
2017
|
The Investment Adviser received advisory fees of:
|
$2,183,676
|
$2,303,677
|
$2,122,221
|
|
Fiscal Year Ended May 31,
|
||
|
2019
|
2018
|
2017
|
The Sub-Adviser received sub-advisory fees of:
|
$1,091,838
|
$1,151,839
|
$1,061,111
|
|
Fiscal Year Ended May 31,
|
||
|
2019
|
2018
|
2017
|
MUFG received administration fees of:
|
$58,674
|
$61,149
|
$57,403
|
|
Fiscal Year Ended May 31,
|
||
|
2019
|
2018
|
2017
|
MUFG received fund accounting fees of:
|
$68,904
|
$77,592
|
$73,729
|
(a)
|
(i) Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust of Registrant(1)
|
(b)
|
Amended and Restated By-Laws of Registrant(1)
|
(c)
|
Not applicable
|
(d)
|
Not applicable
|
(e)
|
Dividend Reinvestment Plan of Registrant(2)
|
(f)
|
Not applicable
|
(g)
|
(i) Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and Guggenheim Funds Investment Advisors, LLC (the “Investment Adviser”)(3)
|
(h)
|
Form of Underwriting Agreement and/or Sales Agreement++
|
(i)
|
Not applicable
|
(j)
|
(i) Custody Agreement(3)
|
(k)
|
(i) Transfer Agency Agreement(3)
|
(l)
|
Opinion and Consent of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP++
|
(m)
|
Not applicable
|
(n)
|
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm(*)
|
(o)
|
Not applicable
|
(p)
|
Subscription Agreement(3)
|
(q)
|
Not applicable
|
(r)
|
(i) Code of Ethics of the Registrant and the Investment Adviser(4)
|
(s)
|
Power of Attorney(5)
|
(z)
|
Form of Prospectus Supplement for Common Shares Offering(*)
|
*
|
Filed herewith.
|
++
|
To be filed by post-effective amendment.
|
(1)
|
Incorporated herein by reference to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File Nos. 333-182157 and 811-22715), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 11, 2013.
|
(2)
|
Incorporated herein by reference to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File Nos. 333-182157 and 811-22715), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 24, 2013.
|
(3)
|
Incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File Nos. 333-198646 and 811-22715), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 8, 2014.
|
(4)
|
Incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File Nos. 333-198646 and 811-22715), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 26, 2018.
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(5)
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Incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File Nos. 333-232733 and 811-22715), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 19, 2019.
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NYSE Listing Fees
|
$ [ ]
|
|
SEC Registration Fees
|
$ [ ]
|
|
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Fees
|
$ [ ]
|
|
Legal Fees
|
$ [ ]
|
|
FINRA Fees
|
$ [ ]
|
|
Miscellaneous
|
$ [ ]
|
|
Total
|
$ [ ]
|
Title of Class
|
Number of Record
Shareholders as of July 12, 2019
|
Common Shares of Beneficial Interest, par value $0.01 per share |
2
|
1.
|
Registrant undertakes to suspend the offering of Common Shares until the prospectus is amended, if subsequent to the effective date of this registration statement, its net asset value declines more than ten percent from its net asset value as of the later of the effective date of the registration statement or the filing of a prospectus supplement pursuant to Rule 497, under the 1933 Act, setting forth the terms of the offering or its net asset value increases to an amount greater than its net proceeds as stated in the prospectus.
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2.
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Not applicable.
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3.
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Not applicable.
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4.
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Registrant undertakes:
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(a)
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to file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:
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(1)
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to include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;
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(2)
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to reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement; and
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(3)
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to include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement.
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(b)
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that, for the purpose of determining any liability under the 1933 Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of those securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof; and
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(c)
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to remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering;
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(d)
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that, for the purpose of determining liability under the 1933 Act to any purchaser, if the Registrant is subject to Rule 430C: Each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 497(b), (c), (d) or (e) under the 1933 Act as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than prospectues filed in reliance on Rule 430A under the 1933 Act, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supercede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.
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(e)
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that for the purpose of determining liability of the Registrant under the 1933 Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of securities: The undersigned Registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned Registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned Registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to the purchaser:
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(1)
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any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned Registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 497 under the 1933 Act;
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(2)
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the portion of any advertisement pursuant to Rule 482 under the 1933 Act relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned Registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned Registrant; and
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(3)
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any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned Registrant to the purchaser.
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(a)
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for the purpose of determining any liability under the 1933 Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the Registrant under Rule 497(h) under the 1933 Act
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shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective; and
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(b)
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for the purpose of determining any liability under the 1933 Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of the securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
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6.
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Registrant undertakes to send by first class mail or other means designed to ensure equally prompt delivery, within two business days of receipt of a written or oral request, any Statement of Additional Information.
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GUGGENHEIM CREDIT ALLOCATION FUND
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|||
By:
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/s/ Brian E. Binder
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||
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Brian E. Binder
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||
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Chief Executive Officer
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By:
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/s/ Mark E. Mathiasen
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Mark E. Mathiasen
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Attorney-In-Fact
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Per Share
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Total(1)
|
|
Public offering price
|
$
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$
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Underwriting discount
|
$
|
$
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Proceeds, before expenses, to the Fund(2)
|
$
|
$
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(1) |
[The Fund has granted the underwriters an option to purchase up to an additional common shares at the public offering price, less the sales load, within days of the date of this prospectus solely to cover overallotments, if any. If such option is exercised in full, the public offering price, sales load, estimated offering expenses and proceeds, before expenses, to the Fund will be $ , $ and $ , respectively. See “Underwriting.”]
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(2) |
Offering expenses payable by the Fund will be deducted from the Proceeds, before expenses, to the Fund. Total offering expenses (other than sales load) are estimated to be $ , which will be paid by the Fund.
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Page
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||
Prospectus Supplement
|
||
Prospectus Supplement Summary
|
S-
|
|
Summary of Fund Expenses
|
S-
|
|
Capitalization
|
S-
|
|
Use of Proceeds
|
S-
|
|
Recent Developments
|
S-
|
|
Underwriters
|
S-
|
|
Legal Matters
|
S-
|
|
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
|
S-
|
|
Additional Information
|
S-
|
Prospectus Summary
|
Summary of Fund Expenses
|
Senior Securities and Other Financial Leverage
|
The Fund
|
Use of Proceeds
|
Market and Net Asset Value Information
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Investment Objective and Policies
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The Fund’s Investments
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Use of Financial Leverage
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Risks
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Management of the Fund
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Net Asset Value
|
Distributions
|
Dividend Reinvestment Plan
|
Description of Capital Structure
|
Anti-Takeover and Other Provisions in the Fund’s Governing Documents
|
Closed-End Fund Structure
|
Repurchase of Common Shares; Conversion to Open-End Fund
|
Tax Matters
|
Plan of Distribution
|
Custodian, Administrator, Transfer Agent and Dividend Disbursing Agent
|
Legal Matters
|
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |
Additional Information |
Privacy Principles of the Fund |
Table of Contents of the Statement of Additional Information |
|
Common Shares Outstanding after the Offering
The number of Common Shares offered and outstanding after the offering assumes the underwriters’ over-allotment option is not exercised. If the over-allotment option is exercised in full, the Fund will issue an additional Common Shares and will have Common Shares outstanding after the Offering.
The Fund’s Common Shares have recently traded at a premium to net asset value (“NAV”) per share and the price of the Common Shares is expected to be above net asset value per share. Therefore, investors in this offering are likely to experience immediate dilution of their investment. Furthermore, shares of closed-end investment companies, such as the Fund, frequently trade at a price below their NAV. The Fund cannot predict whether its Common Shares will trade at a premium or a discount to NAV.
|
Risks
|
See “Risks” beginning on page of the accompanying Prospectus for a discussion of factors you should consider carefully before deciding to invest in the Fund’s Common Shares.
|
Use of Proceeds
|
The Fund estimates the net proceeds of the offering to be approximately $ . The Fund intends to invest the net proceeds of the offering in accordance with its investment objective and policies as stated in the accompanying Prospectus. It is currently anticipated that the Fund will be able to invest substantially all of the net proceeds of the offering in accordance with its investment objective and policies within months after the completion of the offering. Pending such investment, it is anticipated that the proceeds will be invested in cash, cash equivalents or other securities, including U.S. government securities or high quality, short-term debt securities. The Fund may also use the proceeds for working capital purposes, including the payment of distributions, interest and operating expenses, although the Fund currently has no intent to issue Common Shares primarily for these purposes.
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Annual Expenses |
Percentage of Net Assets Attributable to Common Shares(3)
|
Management fees(4)
|
%
|
Interest expense(5)
|
%
|
Other expenses(6)
|
%
|
Total annual expenses
|
%
|
(1) |
The Adviser has incurred on behalf of the Fund all costs associated with the Fund’s registration statement and any offerings pursuant to such registration statement. The Fund has agreed, in connection with any offering, to reimburse the Adviser for offering expenses incurred by the Adviser on the Fund’s behalf in an amount up to the lesser of the Fund’s actual offering costs or % of the total offering price of the Common Shares sold in such offering.
|
(2) |
Common Shareholders will pay brokerage charges if they direct the Plan Agent to sell Common Shares held in a dividend reinvestment account. See “Automatic Dividend Reinvestment Plan.”
|
(3) |
Based upon average net assets applicable to Common Shares during the period ended .
|
(4) |
The Fund pays the Adviser an annual fee, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 1.00% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets (net assets plus any assets attributable to Financial Leverage). The fee shown above is based upon outstanding Financial Leverage of % of the Fund’s Managed Assets. If Financial Leverage of more than % of the Fund’s Managed Assets is used, the management fees shown would be higher. Management fees calculated based on management fees earned for the year ended divided by average net assets attributable to Common Shareholders for the period ended .
|
(5) |
Interest expense is based on the Fund’s outstanding reverse repurchase agreements as of , and assumes the use of leverage in the form of reverse repurchase agreements representing % of the Fund’s Managed Assets at an annual interest rate cost to the Fund of %. The actual interest expense will vary over time in accordance with the amount of reverse repurchase agreement transactions and variations in market interest rates.
|
(6) |
Other expenses are estimated based upon those incurred during the fiscal year ended .
|
1 Year
|
3 Years
|
5 Years
|
10 Years
|
|
Total Expenses Incurred
|
$
|
$
|
$
|
$
|
* |
The Example should not be considered a representation of future expenses or returns. Actual expenses may be higher or lower than those assumed. Moreover, the Fund’s actual rate of return may be higher or lower than the hypothetical 5% return shown in the Example. The Example assumes that all dividends and distributions are reinvested at net asset value.
|
(i) | on a historical basis; | |
(ii) | on an as adjusted basis to reflect the issuance of an aggregate of Common Shares pursuant to the Fund’s Automatic Dividend Reinvestment Plan, and the application of the net proceeds from such issuances of Common Shares; and |
(iii) | on an as further adjusted basis to reflect the assumed sale of of Common Shares at a price of $ per share in an offering under this Prospectus Supplement and the accompanying Prospectus less the aggregate underwriting discount of $ and estimated offering expenses payable by the Fund of $ (assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option). |