INVESTMENT STRATEGIES AND RISKS
The Prospectuses discuss the investment objectives of the Fund and the principal strategies to be employed to achieve those objectives. This section contains supplemental information concerning certain types of securities and other instruments in which the Fund may invest, additional strategies that the Fund may utilize, and certain risks associated with such investments and strategies.
Convertible Securities
The Fund may invest in convertible securities. Convertible securities are preferred stocks or debt obligations that are convertible at a stated exchange rate or formula into common stock or other equity securities. Convertible securities generally offer lower interest or dividend yields than non-convertible securities of similar quality. Convertible securities rank senior to common stocks in an issuer’ capital structure and consequently may be of higher quality and entail less risk than the issuer’s common stock. A convertible security entitles the holder to receive interest that is generally paid or accrued until the convertible security matures, or is redeemed, converted or exchanged. Convertible securities have both equity and fixed-income risk characteristics. Like all fixed-income securities, the value of convertible securities is susceptible to the risk of market losses attributable to changes in interest rates. Generally, the market value of convertible securities tends to decline as interest rates increase and, conversely, to increase as interest rates decline. However, when the market price of the common stock underlying a convertible security approaches or exceeds the conversion price of the convertible security, the convertible security tends to reflect the market price of the underlying common stock. As the market price of the underlying common stock declines, the convertible security, like a fixed-income security, tends to trade increasingly on a yield basis, and thus, may not decline in price to the same extent as the underlying common stock. The markets for convertible securities may be less liquid than markets for common stocks or bonds. A convertible security may also be called for redemption or conversion by the issuer after a particular date and under certain circumstances (including a specified price) established upon issue. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption or conversion, the Fund could be required to tender it for redemption, convert it into the underlying common stock, or sell it to a third party. Convertible securities are also subject to credit risk, and are often lower-quality securities.
Equity Securities and Related Investments
Investments in Equity Securities.
Equity securities, such as common stock, generally represent an ownership interest in a company. While equity securities have historically generated higher average returns than fixed income securities, equity securities have also experienced significantly more volatility in those returns. An adverse event, such as an unfavorable earnings report, may depress the value of a particular equity security held by the Fund. Also, the prices of equity securities, particularly common stocks, are sensitive to general movements in the stock market. A drop in the stock market may depress the price of equity securities held by the Fund.
Warrants and Stock Purchase Rights.
The Fund may invest in warrants, which are securities permitting, but not obligating, their holder to subscribe for other securities. Warrants do not carry with them the right to dividends or voting rights with respect to the securities that they entitle their holders to purchase, and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. Because a warrant, which is a security permitting, but not obligating, its holder to subscribe for another security, does not carry with it the right to dividends or voting rights with respect to the securities that the warrant holder is entitled to purchase, and because a warrant does not represent any rights to the assets of the issuer, a warrant may be considered more speculative than certain other types of investments. In addition, the value of a warrant does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying security and a warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date. The investment by the Fund in warrants valued at the lower of cost or market, may not exceed 5% of the value of the Fund’s net assets (plus the amount of any borrowing for investment purposes).
The Fund may also invest in stock purchase rights. Stock purchase rights are instruments, frequently distributed to an issuer’s shareholders as a dividend, that entitle the holder to purchase a specific number of shares of common stock on a specific date or during a specific period of time. The exercise price on the rights is normally at a discount from market value of the common stock at the time of distribution. The rights do not carry with them the right to dividends or to vote and may or may not be transferable. Stock purchase rights are frequently used outside of the United States as a means of raising additional capital from an issuer’s current shareholders.
As a result, an investment in warrants or stock purchase rights may be considered more speculative than certain other types of investments. In addition, the value of a warrant or a stock purchase right does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities, and warrants and stock purchase rights expire worthless if they are not exercised on or prior to their expiration date.
Preferred Shares.
The Fund may invest in preferred shares. Preferred shares are securities that represent an ownership interest providing the holder with claims on the issuer’s earnings and assets before common shareholders, but after bond holders and other creditors. Preferred shares are equity securities, but they have many characteristics of fixed income securities, such as a fixed (or floating) dividend payment rate and/or a liquidity preference over the issuer’s common shares. However, because preferred shares are equity securities, they may be more susceptible to risks traditionally associated with equity investments than the Fund’s fixed income securities. Unlike debt securities, the obligations of an issuer of preferred stock, including dividend and other payment obligations, may not typically be accelerated by the holders of such preferred stock on the occurrence of an event of default or other non-compliance by the issuer of the preferred stock. Investments in preferred stock present market and liquidity risks. The value of a preferred stock may be highly sensitive to the economic condition of the issuer, and markets for preferred stock may be less liquid than the market for the issuer’s common stock.
Preferred stocks may differ in many of their provisions. Among the features that differentiate preferred stocks from one another are the dividend rights, which may be cumulative or noncumulative and participating or non-participating, redemption provisions, and voting rights. Such features will establish the income return and may affect the prospects for capital appreciation or risks of capital loss.
The market prices of preferred stocks are subject to changes in interest rates and are more sensitive to changes in an issuer’s creditworthiness than are the prices of debt securities. Shareholders of preferred stock may suffer a loss of value if dividends are not paid. Under ordinary circumstances, preferred stock does not carry voting rights.
Foreign (Non-U.S.) Securities
General.
The Fund may invest in securities of foreign (non-U.S.) companies, or sponsored and unsponsored depositary receipts for such securities.
Foreign securities may include debt securities of governmental and corporate issuers, preferred stock, common stock, and convertible securities of corporate issuers, rights and warrants to buy common stocks, depositary receipts evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer, and exchange traded funds and other investment companies that provide exposure to foreign issuers.
Investment in foreign securities is subject to special investment risks that differ in some respects from those related to investments in securities of U.S. domestic issuers. These risks include political, social or economic instability in the country of the issuer, the difficulty of predicting international trade patterns, the possibility of the imposition of exchange controls, expropriation, limits on removal of currency or other assets, nationalization of assets, foreign withholding and income taxation, and foreign trading practices (including higher trading commissions, custodial charges and delayed settlements). Foreign securities also may be subject to greater fluctuations in price than securities issued by U.S. corporations. The principal markets on which these securities trade may have less volume and liquidity, and may be more volatile, than securities markets in the United States.
In addition, there may be less publicly available information about a foreign company than about a U.S. domiciled company. Foreign companies generally are not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards comparable to those applicable to U.S. domestic companies. There is also generally less government regulation of securities exchanges, brokers and listed companies abroad than in the United States. Confiscatory taxation or diplomatic developments could also affect investment in those countries. In addition, foreign branches of U.S. banks, foreign banks and foreign issuers may be subject to less stringent reserve requirements and to different accounting, auditing, reporting, and record keeping standards than those applicable to domestic branches of U.S. banks and U.S. domestic issuers.
Emerging Markets.
The Fund may invest in or have exposure to securities issued by governmental and corporate issuers that are located in emerging market countries. Such investments involve special risks. The economies, markets, and political structures of a number of the emerging market countries in which the Fund can invest do not compare favorably with the United States and other mature economies in terms of wealth and stability. Therefore, investments in these countries may be riskier, and will be subject to erratic and abrupt price movements. Some economies are less well developed and less diverse (for example, Latin America, Eastern Europe, and certain Asian countries) and more vulnerable to the ebb and flow of international trade, trade barriers, and other protectionist or retaliatory measures. Similarly, many of these countries, particularly in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe, are grappling with severe inflation or recession, high levels of national debt, currency exchange problems, and government instability. Investments in countries that have recently begun moving away from central planning and state owned industries toward free markets, such as the Eastern European or Chinese economies, should be regarded as speculative.
Certain emerging market countries have historically experienced, and may continue to experience, high rates of inflation, high interest rates, exchange rate fluctuations, large amounts of external debt, balance of payments and trade difficulties, and extreme poverty and unemployment. The issuer or governmental authority that controls the repayment of an emerging market country’s debt may not be able or willing to repay the principal and/or interest when due in accordance with the terms of such debt. A debtor’s willingness or ability to repay principal and interest due in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation, and, in the case of a government debtor, the extent of its foreign reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, and the political constraints to which a government debtor may be subject. Government debtors may default on their debt and may also be dependent on expected disbursements from foreign governments, multilateral agencies and others abroad to reduce principal and interest arrearages on their debt. Holders of government debt may be requested to participate in the rescheduling of such debt and to extend further loans to government debtors. If such an event occurs, the Fund may have limited legal recourse against the issuer and/or guarantor. Remedies must, in some cases, be pursued in the courts of the defaulting party itself, and the ability of the holder of foreign government fixed income securities to obtain recourse may be subject to the political climate in the relevant country. In addition, no assurance can be given that the holders of commercial bank debt will not contest payments to the holders of other foreign government debt obligations in the event of default under their commercial bank loan agreements.
The economies of individual emerging market countries may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross domestic product, rate of inflation, currency depreciation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, and balance of payments position. Further, the economies of developing countries generally are heavily dependent upon international trade and, accordingly, have been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by trade barriers, exchange controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values, and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the countries with which they trade. These economies also have been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by economic conditions in the countries with which they trade.
Investing in emerging market countries may entail purchasing securities issued by or on behalf of entities that are insolvent, bankrupt, in default, or otherwise engaged in an attempt to reorganize or reschedule their obligations, and in entities that have little or no proven credit rating or credit history. In any such case, the issuer’s poor or deteriorating financial condition may increase the likelihood that the Fund will experience losses or diminution in available gains due to bankruptcy, insolvency, or fraud.
Depositary Receipts.
The Fund’s investments in foreign securities may include investment in depositary receipts, including American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”), and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”). U.S. dollar-denominated ADRs, which are traded in the United States on exchanges or over-the-counter, are issued by domestic banks. ADRs represent the right to receive securities of foreign issuers deposited in a domestic bank or a correspondent bank. ADRs do not eliminate all the risk inherent in investing in the securities of foreign issuers. However, by investing in ADRs rather than directly in foreign issuers’ stock, the Fund can avoid currency risks during the settlement period for either purchases or sales. In general, there is a large, liquid market in the United States for many ADRs. The information available for ADRs is subject to the accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards of the domestic market or exchange on which they are traded, which standards are more uniform and more exacting than those to which many foreign issuers may be subject. The Fund also may invest in EDRs, GDRs, and in other similar instruments representing securities of foreign companies. EDRs and GDRs are securities that are typically issued by foreign banks or foreign trust companies, although U.S. banks or U.S. trust companies may issue them. EDRs and GDRs are structured similarly to the arrangements of ADRs. EDRs, in bearer form, are designed for use in European securities markets and are not necessarily denominated in the currency of the underlying security.
Certain depositary receipts, typically those denominated as unsponsored, require the holders thereof to bear most of the costs of the facilities while issuers of sponsored facilities normally pay more of the costs thereof. The depository of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited securities or to pass through the voting rights to facility holders in respect to the deposited securities, whereas the depository of a sponsored facility typically distributes shareholder communications and passes through voting rights.
Custodian Services and Related Investment Costs.
Custodial services and other costs relating to investment in international securities markets generally are more expensive than in the United States. Such markets have settlement and clearance procedures that differ from those in the United States. In certain markets there have been times when settlements have been unable to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, making it difficult to conduct such transactions. The inability of the Fund to make intended securities purchases due to settlement problems could cause the Fund to miss attractive investment opportunities. Inability to dispose of a portfolio security caused by settlement problems could result either in losses to the Fund due to a subsequent decline in value of the portfolio security or could result in possible liability to the Fund. In addition, security settlement and clearance procedures in some emerging countries may not fully protect the Fund against loss or theft of its assets.
Withholding and Other Taxes.
The Fund will be subject to taxes, including withholding taxes, on income (possibly including, in some cases, capital gains) that are or may be imposed by certain countries with respect to the Fund’s investments in such countries. These taxes will reduce the return achieved by the Fund. Treaties between the United States and such countries may not be available to reduce the otherwise applicable tax rates.
Derivatives
Generally, a derivative is a financial contract the value of which depends upon, or is derived from, the value of an underlying asset, reference rate or index. Derivatives generally take the form of contracts under which the parties agree to payments between them based upon the performance of a wide variety of underlying references, such as stocks, bonds, commodities, interest rates, currency exchange rates, and various domestic and foreign indices. Derivative instruments that the Fund may use include options contracts, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, and forward currency contracts.
The Fund may use derivatives for a variety of reasons, including as a substitute for investing directly in securities and currencies, as an alternative to selling a security short, as part of a hedging strategy (that is, for the purpose of reducing risk to the Fund), or for other purposes related to the management of the Fund. Derivatives permit the Fund to increase or decrease the level of risk, or change the character of the risk, to which its portfolio is exposed in much the same way as the Fund can increase or decrease the level of risk, or change the character of the risk, of its portfolio by making investments in specific securities. However, derivatives may entail investment exposures that are greater than their cost would suggest. As a result, a small investment in derivatives could have a large impact on the Fund’s performance.
Derivatives can be volatile and involve various types and degrees of risk, depending upon the characteristics of the particular derivative and the portfolio as a whole. If the Fund invests in derivatives at inopportune times or judges market conditions incorrectly, such investments may lower the Fund’s return or result in a loss. The Fund also could experience losses or limit its gains if the performance of its derivatives is poorly correlated with the underlying instruments or the Fund’s other investments, or if the Fund is unable to liquidate its position because of an illiquid secondary market. The market for derivatives is, or suddenly can become, illiquid. Changes in liquidity may result in significant, rapid and unpredictable changes in the prices for derivatives.
While transactions in some derivatives may be effected on established exchanges, many other derivatives are privately negotiated and entered into in the over-the-counter market with a single counterparty. When exchange-traded derivatives are purchased and sold, a clearing agency associated with the exchange stands between each buyer and seller and effectively guarantees performance of each contract, either on a limited basis through a guaranty fund or to the full extent of the clearing agency’s balance sheet. Transactions in over-the-counter derivatives have no such protection. Each party to an over-the-counter derivative bears the risk that its direct counterparty will default. In addition, over-the-counter derivatives may be less liquid than exchange-traded derivatives since the other party to the transaction may be the only investor with sufficient understanding of the derivative to be interested in bidding for it.
Derivatives generally involve leverage in the sense that the investment exposure created by the derivative is significantly greater than the Fund’s initial investment in the derivative. The Fund may be required to segregate permissible liquid assets, or engage in other permitted measures, to “cover” the Fund’s obligations relating to its transactions in derivatives. For example, in the case of futures contracts or forward contracts that are not contractually required to cash settle, the Fund must set aside liquid assets equal to such contracts’ full notional value (generally, the total numerical value of the asset underlying a future or forward contract at the time of valuation) while the positions are open. With respect to futures contracts or forward contracts that are contractually required to cash settle, however, the Fund is permitted to set aside liquid assets in an amount equal to the Fund’s daily mark-to-market net obligation (
i.e.
, the Fund’s daily net liability) under the contracts, if any, rather than such contracts’ full notional value. By setting aside assets equal to only its net obligations under cash-settled futures and forward contracts, the Fund may employ leverage to a greater extent than if the Fund were required to segregate assets equal to the full notional value of such contracts.
Derivatives also may involve other types of leverage. For example, an instrument linked to the value of a securities index may return income calculated as a multiple of the price movement of the underlying index. This leverage will increase the volatility of these derivatives since they may increase or decrease in value more quickly than the underlying instruments.
The Fund may employ new derivative instruments and strategies when they are developed, if those investment methods are consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and are permissible under applicable regulations governing the Fund.
Swaps.
The Fund may enter into total rate of return, credit default or other types of swaps and related derivatives for the purpose of hedging and risk management. These transactions generally provide for the transfer from one counterparty to another of certain risks inherent in the ownership of a financial asset such as a debt instrument or common stock. Such risks include, among other things, the risk of default and insolvency of the obligor of such asset, the risk that the credit of the obligor or the underlying collateral will decline or the risk that the common stock of the underlying issuers will decline in value. The transfer of risk pursuant to a derivative of this type may be complete or partial, and may be for the life of the related asset or for a shorter period. These derivatives may be used as a risk management tool for a pool of financial assets, providing the Fund with the opportunity to gain or reduce exposure to one or more reference securities or other financial assets (each, a “Reference Asset”) without actually owning or selling such assets in order, for example, to increase or reduce a concentration risk or to diversify a portfolio. Conversely, these derivatives may be used by the Fund to reduce exposure to an owned asset without selling it.
Because the Fund would not own the Reference Assets, the Fund may not have any voting rights with respect to the Reference Assets, and in such cases all decisions related to the obligors or issuers of the Reference Assets, including whether to exercise certain remedies, will be controlled by the swap counterparties.
Total rate of return swaps and similar derivatives are subject to many risks, including the possibility that the market will move in a manner or direction that would have resulted in gain for the Fund had the swap or other derivative not been utilized (in which case it would have been better had the Fund not engaged in the interest rate hedging transactions), the risk of imperfect correlation between the risk sought to be hedged and the derivative transactions utilized, the possible inability of the counterparty to fulfill its obligations under the swap and potential illiquidity of the hedging instrument utilized, which may make it difficult for the Fund to close out or unwind one or more hedging transactions.
Total rate of return swaps and related derivatives present certain legal, tax and market uncertainties that present risks in entering into such arrangements. There is currently little or no case law or litigation characterizing total rate of return swaps or related derivatives, interpreting their positions, or characterizing their tax treatment. In addition, additional regulations and laws may apply to these types of derivatives that have not previously been applied. There can be no assurance that future decisions construing similar provisions to those in any swap agreement or other related documents or additional regulations and laws will not have an adverse effect on the Fund that utilizes these instruments.
Futures Contracts.
The Fund may purchase and sell financial futures contracts and options on such contracts. A financial futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell a specific security or financial instrument at a particular price on a stipulated future date. Although some financial futures contracts call for making or taking delivery of the underlying securities or instruments, in most cases these obligations are closed out before the settlement date. The closing of a contractual obligation may be accomplished by purchasing or selling an identical offsetting futures contract. Other financial futures contracts by their terms call for cash settlements.
The Fund may also buy and sell index futures contracts with respect to any stock or bond index traded on a recognized stock exchange or board of trade. An index futures contract is a contract to buy or sell units of an index on a specified future date at a price agreed upon when the contract is made. The stock index futures contract specifies that no delivery of the actual stocks making up the index will take place. Instead, settlement in cash must occur upon the termination of the contract, with the settlement being the difference between the contract price and the actual level of the stock index at the expiration of the contract. In addition, the Fund may enter into foreign currency futures contracts as described below under “Foreign Currency Contracts and Currency Hedging Transactions.”
At the time the Fund purchases a futures contract, an amount of cash or liquid portfolio securities generally equal to the settlement price less any margin deposit market value of the futures contract will be designated as segregated at the Fund’s custodian. When writing a futures contract, the Fund will maintain with its custodian similar liquid assets that, when added to the amounts deposited with a futures commission merchant or broker as margin, are equal to the market value of the instruments underlying the contract. Alternatively, the Fund may “cover” its position by owning the instruments underlying the contract (or, in the case of an index futures contract, a portfolio with a volatility substantially similar to that of the index on which the futures contract is based), or holding a call option permitting the Fund to purchase the same futures contract at a price no higher than the price of the contract written by the Fund (or at a higher price if the difference is maintained in liquid assets with the Fund’s custodian).
The Fund will be authorized to use financial futures contracts and related options for hedging and non-hedging purposes, for example to enhance total return or provide market exposure pending the investment of cash balances. The Fund may lose the expected benefit of the transactions if currency exchange rates or securities prices change in an unanticipated manner. Such unanticipated changes in currency exchange rates or securities prices may also result in poorer overall performance than if the Fund had not entered into any futures transactions.
Options on Securities and Stock Indexes.
The Fund may write covered call and put options and purchase call and put options on securities or stock indices that are traded on U.S. exchanges.
An option on a security is a contract that gives the purchaser of the option, in return for the premium paid, the right to buy a specified security (in the case of a call option) or to sell a specified security (in the case of a put option) from or to the writer of the option at a designated price during the term of the option. An option on a securities index gives the purchaser of the option, in return for the premium paid, the right to receive from the seller cash equal to the difference between the closing price of the index and the exercise price of the option.
The Fund may write a call or put option only if the option is “covered.” A call option on a security written by the Fund is covered if the Fund owns the underlying security covered by the call or has an absolute and immediate right to acquire that security without additional cash consideration (or for additional cash consideration held in a segregated account by its custodian) upon conversion or exchange of other securities held in its portfolio. A call option on a security is also covered if the Fund owns a call option on the same security and in the same principal amount as the call option written where the exercise price of the call option held (a) is equal to or less than the exercise price of the call option written or (b) is greater than the exercise price of the call option written if the difference is maintained by the Fund in cash or liquid portfolio securities in a segregated account with its custodian. A put option on a security written by the Fund is “covered” if the Fund maintains similar liquid assets with a value equal to the exercise price designated as segregated at its custodian, or else owns a put option on the same security and in the same principal amount as the put option written where the exercise price of the put option held is equal to or greater than the exercise price of the put option written.
The Fund will cover call options on stock indices by owning securities whose price changes, in the opinion of the investment advisor, are expected to be similar to those of the index, or in such other manner as may be in accordance with the rules of the exchange on which the option is traded and applicable laws and regulations. Nevertheless, where the Fund covers a call option on a stock index through ownership of securities, such securities may not match the composition of the index. In that event, the Fund will not be fully covered and could be subject to risk of loss in the event of adverse changes in the value of the index. The Fund will cover put options on stock indices by segregating assets equal to the option’s exercise price, or in such other manner as may be in accordance with the rules of the exchange on which the option is traded and applicable laws and regulations.
The Fund will receive a premium for writing a put or call option, which will increase the Fund’s gross income in the event the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a profit. If the value of a security or an index on which the Fund has written a call option falls or remains the same, the Fund will realize a profit in the form of the premium received (less transaction costs) that could offset all or a portion of any decline in the value of the portfolio securities being hedged. A rise in the value of the underlying security or index, however, exposes the Fund to possible loss or loss of opportunity to realize appreciation in the value of the underlying index or security. By writing a put option, the Fund assumes the risk of a decline in the underlying security or index. To the extent that the price changes of the portfolio securities being hedged correlate with changes in the value of the underlying security or index, writing covered put options on securities or indices will increase the Fund’s losses in the event of a market decline, although such losses will be offset in part by the premium received for writing the option.
The Fund may also purchase put options to hedge its investments against a decline in value. By purchasing a put option, the Fund will seek to offset a decline in the value of the portfolio securities being hedged through appreciation of the put option. If the value of the Fund’s investments does not decline as anticipated, the Fund’s loss will be limited to the premium paid for the option plus related transaction costs. The success of this strategy will depend, in part, on the accuracy of the correlation between the changes in value of the underlying security or index and the changes in value of the Fund’s security holdings being hedged.
Call options may be purchased by the Fund in order to acquire the underlying securities for a price that avoids any additional cost that would result from a substantial increase in the market value of a security. The Fund may also purchase call options to increase its return at a time when the call is expected to increase in value due to anticipated appreciation of the underlying security. When purchasing call options, the Fund will bear the risk of losing all or a portion of the premium paid if the value of the underlying security or index does not rise.
There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist when the Fund seeks to close out an option position. Trading could be interrupted, for example, because of supply and demand imbalances arising from a lack of either buyers or sellers, or the options exchange could suspend trading after the price has risen or fallen more than the maximum specified by the exchange. Although the Fund may be able to offset to some extent any adverse effects of being unable to liquidate an option position, the Fund may experience losses in some cases as a result of such inability.
Interest Rate Futures Contracts and Options Thereon.
The Fund may purchase or sell interest rate futures contracts to take advantage of or to protect the Fund against fluctuations in interest rates affecting the value of debt securities that the Fund holds or intends to acquire. For example, if interest rates are expected to increase, the Fund might sell futures contracts on debt securities, the values of which historically have a high degree of positive correlation to the values of the Fund’s portfolio securities. Such a sale would have an effect similar to selling an equivalent value of the Fund’s portfolio securities. If interest rates increase, the value of the Fund’s portfolio securities will decline, but the value of the futures contracts to the Fund will increase at approximately an equivalent rate thereby keeping the net asset value of the Fund from declining as much as it otherwise would have. The Fund could accomplish similar results by selling debt securities with longer maturities and investing in debt securities with shorter maturities when interest rates are expected to increase. However, since the futures market may be more liquid than the cash market, the use of futures contracts as a risk management technique allows the Fund to maintain a defensive position without having to sell its portfolio securities.
Similarly, the Fund may purchase interest rate futures contracts when it is expected that interest rates may decline. The purchase of futures contracts for this purpose constitutes a hedge against increases in the price of debt securities (caused by declining interest rates), which the Fund intends to acquire. Since fluctuations in the value of appropriately selected futures contracts should approximate that of the debt securities that will be purchased, the Fund can take advantage of the anticipated rise in the cost of the debt securities without actually buying them. Subsequently, the Fund can make its intended purchase of the debt securities in the cash market and currently liquidate its futures position. To the extent the Fund enters into futures contracts for this purpose, it will maintain in a segregated asset account with the Fund’s Custodian, assets sufficient to cover the Fund’s obligations with respect to such futures contracts, which will consist of cash or other liquid securities from its portfolio in an amount equal to the difference between the fluctuating market value of such futures contracts and the aggregate value of the initial margin deposited by the Fund with its Custodian with respect to such futures contracts.
The purchase of a call option on a futures contract is similar in some respects to the purchase of a call option on an individual security. Depending on the pricing of the option compared to either the price of the futures contract upon which it is based or the price of the underlying debt securities, it may or may not be less risky than ownership of the futures contract or underlying debt securities. As with the purchase of futures contracts, when the Fund is not fully invested it may purchase a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a market advance due to declining interest rates.
The purchase of a put option on a futures contract is similar to the purchase of protective put options on portfolio securities. The Fund will purchase a put option on a futures contract to hedge the Fund’s portfolio against the risk of rising interest rates and a consequent reduction in the value of portfolio securities.
The writing of a call option on a futures contract constitutes a partial hedge against declining prices of the securities that are deliverable upon exercise of the futures contract. If the futures price at expiration of the option is below the exercise price, the Fund will retain the full amount of the option premium, which provides a partial hedge against any decline that may have occurred in the Fund’s portfolio holdings. The writing of a put option on a futures contract constitutes a partial hedge against increasing prices of the securities that are deliverable upon exercise of the futures contract. If the futures price at expiration of the option is higher than the exercise price, the Fund will retain the full amount of the option premium, which provides a partial hedge against any increase in the price of debt securities that the Fund intends to purchase. If a put or call option the Fund has written is exercised, the Fund will incur a loss which will be reduced by the amount of the premium it received. Depending on the degree of correlation between changes in the value of its portfolio securities and changes in the value of its futures positions, the Fund’s losses from options on futures it has written may to some extent be reduced or increased by changes in the value of its portfolio securities.
Foreign Currency Contracts and Currency Hedging Transactions.
In order to hedge against foreign currency exchange rate risks, the Fund may enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts (“forward contracts”) and foreign currency futures contracts (“foreign currency futures”), as well as purchase put or call options on foreign currencies, as described below. The Fund may also conduct its foreign currency exchange transactions on a spot (
i.e.
, cash) basis at the spot rate prevailing in the foreign currency exchange market.
The Fund may enter into forward contracts to attempt to minimize the risk to the Fund from adverse changes in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies. A forward contract is an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency for an agreed price on a future date which is individually negotiated and privately traded by currency traders and their customers. The Fund may enter into a forward contract, for example, when it enters into a contract for the purchase or sale of a security denominated in a foreign currency or expects to receive a dividend or interest payment on a portfolio holding, in order to “lock in” the U.S. dollar value of the security or payment. In addition, for example, when the Fund believes that a foreign currency may experience a substantial movement against another currency, it may enter into a forward contract to sell an amount of the former foreign currency (or another currency which acts as a proxy for that currency) approximating the value of some or all of the Fund’s portfolio securities denominated in such foreign currency. This second investment practice is generally referred to as “cross-hedging.” Because in connection with the Fund’s foreign currency forward transactions an amount of the Fund’s assets equal to the amount of the Fund’s current commitment under the forward contract will be segregated to be used to pay for the commitment, the Fund will always have cash or other liquid assets available that are sufficient to cover any commitments under these contracts or to limit any potential risk. The segregated assets will be marked-to-market on a daily basis. Forward contracts may limit potential gain from a positive change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies. Unanticipated changes in currency prices may result in poorer overall performance for the Fund than if it had not engaged in such contracts.
The Fund may enter into exchange-traded foreign currency futures for the purchase or sale for future delivery of foreign currencies. Certain types of forward foreign currency exchange contracts are now regulated as swaps by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”). The regulation of such forward foreign currency exchange contracts as swaps is a recent development and there can be no assurance that the additional regulation of these types of derivatives will not have an adverse effect on the Fund that utilizes these instruments. This investment technique will be used only to hedge against anticipated future changes in exchange rates which otherwise might adversely affect the value of the Fund’s portfolio securities or adversely affect the prices of securities that the Fund intends to purchase at a later date.
The Fund may purchase and write put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of protecting against declines in the dollar value of foreign portfolio securities and against increases in the U.S. dollar cost of foreign securities to be acquired. As is the case with other kinds of options, however, the writing of an option on foreign currency will constitute only a partial hedge, up to the amount of the premium received, and that the Fund could be required to purchase or sell foreign currencies at disadvantageous exchange rates, thereby incurring losses. The purchase of an option on foreign currency may constitute an effective hedge against fluctuation in exchange rates although, in the event of rate movements adverse to the Fund’s position, the Fund may forfeit the entire amount of the premium plus related transaction costs.
The successful use of forward contracts and foreign currency futures will usually depend on the investment advisor’s ability to forecast currency exchange rate movements correctly. Should exchange rates move in an unexpected manner, the Fund may not achieve the anticipated benefits of forward contracts, foreign currency futures or may realize losses.
Securities Index Futures Contracts and Options Thereon.
Purchases or sales of securities index futures contracts are used for hedging purposes to attempt to protect the Fund’s current or intended investments from broad fluctuations in stock or bond prices. For example, the Fund may sell securities index futures contracts in anticipation of or during a market decline to attempt to offset the decrease in market value of the Fund’s securities portfolio that might otherwise result. If such decline occurs, the loss in value of portfolio securities may be offset, in whole or part, by gains on the futures position. When the Fund is not fully invested in the securities market and anticipates a significant market advance, it may purchase securities index futures contracts in order to gain rapid market exposure that may, in part or entirely, offset increases in the cost of securities that the Fund intends to purchase. As such purchases are made, the corresponding positions in securities index futures contracts may be closed out. The Fund may write put and call options on securities index futures contracts for hedging purposes.
Risks of Options, Futures and Forward Contracts.
Options, futures and forward contracts are forms of derivatives. The use of options, futures and forward contracts as hedging techniques may not succeed where the price movements of the securities underlying the options, futures and forward contracts do not follow the price movements of the portfolio securities subject to the hedge. Gains on investments in options, futures and forward contracts depend on the investment advisor’s ability to predict correctly the direction of stock prices, interest rates, currencies and other economic factors and unanticipated changes may cause poorer overall performance for the Fund than if it had not engaged in such transactions. Where a liquid secondary market for options, futures or forward contracts does not exist, the Fund may not be able to close its position and, in such an event would be unable to control its losses. The loss from investing in certain options, futures and forward contracts is potentially unlimited. The use of forward foreign currency contracts may limit gains from a positive change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies.
The Fund’s futures transactions will ordinarily be entered into for traditional hedging purposes. There is, however, no limit on the amount of the Fund’s assets that can be put at risk through the use of futures contracts and the value of the Fund’s futures contracts and options thereon may equal or exceed 100% of the Fund’s total assets. The Fund, however, has no current intention of entering into futures transactions other than for traditional hedging purposes.
Exclusion from Definition of Commodity Pool Operator.
Pursuant to amendments by the CFTC to Rule 4.5 under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”), the Adviser has filed a notice of exemption from registration as a “commodity pool operator” with respect to the Fund. The Fund and the Adviser are therefore not subject to registration or regulation as a pool operator under the CEA. Effective December 31, 2012, in order to claim the Rule 4.5 exemption, the Fund is significantly limited in its ability to invest in commodity futures, options, swaps (including securities futures, broad-based stock index futures and financial futures contracts). As a result, in the future, the Fund will be more limited in its ability to use these instruments than in the past and these limitations may have a negative impact on the ability of the Adviser to manage the Fund, and on the Fund’s performance.
Regulation of Certain Options, Currency Transactions and Other Derivative Transactions as Swaps or Security-Based Swaps
The U.S. Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, enacted in July 2010, (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) includes provisions that comprehensively regulate the over-the-counter (i.e., not exchange-traded) derivatives markets for the first time. This regulation requires that certain of the options, currency transactions and other derivative transactions entered into by the Fund are regulated as swaps by the CFTC or regulated as security-based swaps by the SEC.
The Dodd-Frank Act generally requires swaps and security-based swaps to be submitted for clearing to regulated clearing organization (the so-called "clearing mandate"), unless an exemption from clearing applies. Swaps and security-based swaps that are submitted for clearing will be subject to minimum initial and variation margin requirements set by the relevant clearing organization, as well as possible SEC- or CFTC-mandated margin requirements. Accordingly, dealers of swaps and security-based swaps (usually large commercial banks or other financial institutions) as well as other market participants will be required to post margin to the clearing organizations through which their swaps and/or security-based swaps are cleared. The SEC, CFTC and other U.S. regulators also are required to impose margin requirements on uncleared swap and uncleared security-based swap transactions. These changes with respect to clearing and margin likely will increase a dealer's costs, and those increased costs are expected to be passed through, at least partially, to market participants, including any fund that uses swaps or security-based swaps.
The Dodd-Frank Act also requires many swaps and security-based swaps that are currently executed on a bilateral basis in the over-the-counter market to be executed through a regulated securities, futures, or swap exchange or execution facility if those transactions are subject to the clearing mandate. Once such requirements become effective, it may be more difficult and costly for the Fund to continue to enter into customized swap or security-based swap transactions on a bilateral basis.
In addition, dealers and major participants in the over-the-counter market are required to register with the SEC and/or CFTC. Registered dealers and major participants are subject to minimum capital and margin requirements, business conduct standards, disclosure requirements, reporting and recordkeeping requirements, position limits, limitations on conflicts of interest, and other regulatory burdens. These requirements may increase the overall costs for dealers and major participants in the over-the-counter market, and such increased costs are likely to be passed through, at least partially, to market participants, including any fund that utilizes these instruments.
The cumulative effects of the Dodd-Frank Act on swap and security-based swap transactions and on participants in the derivatives market remain uncertain.
Short-Term Investments
For temporary defensive or cash management purposes, the Fund may invest in short-term investments including, but not limited to: (a) commercial paper and other short-term commercial obligations; (b) obligations (including certificates of deposit and bankers’ acceptances) of banks; (c) obligations issued or guaranteed by a governmental issuer, including governmental agencies or instrumentalities; (d) fixed income securities of non-governmental issuers; and (e) other cash equivalents or cash. Subject to the Fund’s restrictions regarding investment in non-U.S. securities, these securities may be denominated in any currency.
Debt Securities and Related Investments
Debt Securities Rating Information.
The U.S. Real Estate Fund may invest in debt securities of any rating, including below investment grade debt securities or comparable unrated securities, but may not invest in securities in default. The Fund may invest in convertible debt securities rated “D” or better, or comparable unrated securities as determined by the investment adviser to the Fund, Brookfield Investment Management Inc. (the “Adviser”). Investment grade debt securities are those rated “BBB” or higher by Standard & Poor’s Ratings Group (“Standard & Poor’s”) or the equivalent of other nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (“NRSROs”). Debt securities rated BBB are considered medium grade obligations with speculative characteristics, and adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances may weaken the issuer’s ability to pay interest and repay principal. Below investment grade debt securities are those rated “BB” and below by Standard & Poor’s or the equivalent rating of other NRSROs. See “Appendix A” for a description of rating categories.
Below investment grade debt securities or comparable unrated securities are commonly referred to as “junk bonds” and are considered predominantly speculative and may be questionable as to principal and interest payments. Changes in economic conditions are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity to make principal payments and interest payments. The issuers of high yield securities also may be more adversely affected than issuers of higher rated securities by specific corporate or governmental developments or the issuers’ inability to meet specific projected business forecasts. The amount of high yield securities outstanding has proliferated as an increasing number of issuers have used high yield securities for corporate financing. The recent economic downturn has severely affected the ability of many highly leveraged issuers to service their debt obligations or to repay their obligations upon maturity. Factors having an adverse impact on the market value of lower quality securities will have an adverse effect on the Fund's net asset value to the extent that it invests in such securities. In addition, the Fund may incur additional expenses to the extent it is required to seek recovery upon a default in payment of principal or interest on its portfolio holdings or to take other steps to protect its investment in an issuer.
The secondary market for high yield securities is not usually as liquid as the secondary market for more highly rated securities, a factor which may have an adverse effect on the Fund's ability to dispose of a particular security when necessary to meet its liquidity needs. Under adverse market or economic conditions, such as those recently prevailing, the secondary market for high yield securities could contract further, independent of any specific adverse changes in the condition of a particular issuer. As a result, the Fund could find it more difficult to sell these securities or may be able to sell the securities only at prices lower than if such securities were widely traded. Prices realized upon the sale of such lower rated or unrated securities, under these and other circumstances, may be less than the prices used in calculating the Fund’s net asset value.
Since investors generally perceive that there are greater risks associated with lower quality debt securities of the type in which the Fund may invest, the yields and prices of such securities may tend to fluctuate more than those for higher rated securities. In the lower quality segments of the debt securities market, changes in perceptions of issuers’ creditworthiness tend to occur more frequently and in a more pronounced manner than do changes in higher quality segments of the debt securities market, resulting in greater yield and price volatility.
Lower rated and comparable unrated debt securities tend to offer higher yields than higher rated securities with the same maturities because the historical financial condition of the issuers of such securities may not have been as strong as that of other issuers. However, lower rated securities generally involve greater risks of loss of income and principal than higher rated securities.
For purposes of the Fund’s credit quality policies, if a security receives different ratings from nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, the Fund will use the lower rating. The ratings of nationally recognized statistical rating organizations represent their opinions as to the quality of the securities that they undertake to rate and may not accurately describe the risk of the security. If a rating organization downgrades the quality rating assigned to one or more of the Fund’s portfolio securities, the Adviser will consider what actions, if any, are appropriate in light of the Fund’s investment objectives and policies including selling the downgraded security or purchasing additional investment grade securities of the appropriate credit quality as soon as it is prudent to do so.
U.S. Government Securities.
U.S. government securities in which the Fund invests include debt obligations of varying maturities issued by the U.S. Treasury or issued or guaranteed by an agency, authority or instrumentality of the U.S. government, including the Federal Housing Administration, Federal Financing Bank, Farm Service Agency, Export-Import Bank of the U.S., Small Business Administration, Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”), General Services Administration, National Bank for Cooperatives, Federal Farm Credit Banks, Federal Home Loan Banks (“FHLBs”), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”), Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”), Maritime Administration, Tennessee Valley Authority and various institutions that previously were or currently are part of the Farm Credit System (which has been undergoing reorganization since 1987). Some U.S. government securities, such as U.S. Treasury bills, Treasury notes and Treasury bonds, which differ only in their interest rates, maturities and times of issuance, are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States. Others are supported by: (i) the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury, such as securities of the FHLBs; (ii) the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase the agency’s obligations, such as securities of FNMA; or (iii) only the credit of the issuer. Although the U.S. government has recently provided financial support to FNMA and FHLMC, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will provide financial support in the future to these or other U.S. government agencies, authorities or instrumentalities that are not supported by the full faith and credit of the United States. Securities guaranteed as to principal and interest by the U.S. government, its agencies, authorities or instrumentalities include: (i) securities for which the payment of principal and interest is backed by an irrevocable letter of credit issued by the U.S. government or any of its agencies, authorities or instrumentalities; (ii) participations in loans made to non-U.S. governments or other entities that are so guaranteed; and (iii) as a result of initiatives introduced in response to the recent financial market difficulties, securities of commercial issuers or financial institutions that qualify for guarantees by U.S. government agencies like the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The secondary market for certain loan participations described above is limited and, therefore, the participations may be regarded as illiquid.
U.S. government securities may include zero coupon securities that may be purchased when yields are attractive and/or to enhance portfolio liquidity. Zero coupon U.S. government securities are debt obligations that are issued or purchased at a significant discount from face value. The discount approximates the total amount of interest the security will accrue and compound over the period until maturity or the particular interest payment date at a rate of interest reflecting the market rate of the security at the time of issuance. Zero coupon U.S. government securities do not require the periodic payment of interest. These investments may experience greater volatility in market value than U.S. government securities that make regular payments of interest. The Fund accrues income on these investments for tax and accounting purposes, which is distributable to shareholders and which, because no cash is received at the time of accrual, may require the liquidation of other portfolio securities to satisfy the Fund’s distribution obligations, in which case the Fund will forgo the purchase of additional income producing assets with these funds. Zero coupon U.S. government securities include STRIPS and CUBES, which are issued by the U.S. Treasury as component parts of U.S. Treasury bonds and represent scheduled interest and principal payments on the bonds.
Subordinated Securities.
The Fund may also invest in other types of fixed income securities which are subordinated or “junior” to more senior securities of the issuer, or which represent interests in pools of such subordinated or junior securities. Such securities may include so-called “high yield” or “junk” bonds (
i.e.
, bonds that are rated below investment grade by a rating agency or that are of equivalent quality) and preferred stock. Under the terms of subordinated securities, payments that would otherwise be made to their holders may be required to be made to the holders of more senior securities, and/or the subordinated or junior securities may have junior liens, if they have any rights at all, in any collateral (meaning proceeds of the collateral are required to be paid first to the holders of more senior securities). As a result, subordinated or junior securities will be disproportionately adversely affected by a default or even a perceived decline in creditworthiness of the issuer.
Structured Securities.
The Fund may invest in structured securities. The value of the principal and/or interest on such securities is determined by reference to changes in the value of specific currencies, interest rates, commodities, indices or other financial indicators (the “Reference”) or the relative change in two or more References. The interest rate or the principal amount payable upon maturity or redemption may be increased or decreased depending upon changes in the Reference. The terms of the structured securities may provide in certain circumstances that no principal is due at maturity and therefore may result in a loss of the Fund’s investment. Changes in the interest rate or principal payable at maturity may be a multiple of the changes in the value of the Reference. Structured securities are a type of derivative instrument and the payment and credit qualities from these securities derive from the assets embedded in the structure from which they are issued. Structured securities may entail a greater degree of risk than other types of fixed income securities.
Floating Rate Loans.
A floating rate loan is typically originated, negotiated and structured by a U.S. or foreign commercial bank, insurance company, finance company or other financial institution for a group of investors. The financial institution typically acts as an agent for the investors, administering and enforcing the loan on their behalf. In addition, an institution, typically but not always the agent, holds any collateral on behalf of the investors.
The interest rates are adjusted based on a base rate plus a premium or spread or minus a discount. The base rate usually is the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), the Federal Reserve federal funds rate, the prime rate or other base lending rates used by commercial lenders. LIBOR usually is an average of the interest rates quoted by several designated banks as the rates at which they pay interest to major depositors in the London interbank market on U.S. dollar-denominated deposits.
Floating rate loans include loans to corporations and institutionally traded floating rate debt obligations issued by an asset-backed pool, and interests therein. The Fund may invest in loans in different ways. The Fund may: (i) make a direct investment in a loan by participating as one of the lenders; (ii) purchase an assignment of a loan; or (iii) purchase a participation interest in a loan.
Direct Investment in Loans
. It can be advantageous to the Fund to make a direct investment in a loan as one of the lenders. When a new issue is purchased, such an investment is typically made at par. This means that the Fund receives a return at the full interest rate for the loan. Secondary purchases of loans may be made at par, at a premium from par or at a discount from par. When the Fund invests in an assignment of, or a participation interest in, a loan, the Fund may pay a fee or forgo a portion of the interest payment. Consequently, the Fund’s return on such an investment may be lower than it would have been if the Fund had made a direct investment in the underlying corporate loan. The Fund may be able, however, to invest in corporate loans only through assignments or participation interests at certain times when reduced direct investment opportunities in corporate loans may exist. At other times, however, such as recently, assignments or participation interests may trade at significant discounts from par.
Assignments
. An assignment represents a portion of a loan previously attributable to a different lender. The purchaser of an assignment typically succeeds to all the rights and obligations under the loan agreement of the assigning investor and becomes an investor under the loan agreement with the same rights and obligations as the assigning investor. Assignments may, however, be arranged through private negotiations between potential assignees and potential assignors, and the rights and obligations acquired by the purchaser of an assignment may differ from, and be more limited than, those held by the assigning investor.
Participation Interests
. Participation interests are interests issued by a lender or other financial institution, which represent a fractional interest in a corporate loan. The Fund may acquire participation interests from the financial institution or from another investor. The Fund typically will have a contractual relationship only with the financial institution that issued the participation interest. As a result, the Fund may have the right to receive payments of principal, interest and any fees to which it is entitled only from the financial institution and only upon receipt by such entity of such payments from the borrower. In connection with purchasing a participation interest, the Fund generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the loan agreement, nor any rights with respect to any funds acquired by other investors through set-off against the borrower and the Fund may not directly benefit from the collateral supporting the loan in which it has purchased the participation interest. As a result, the Fund may assume the credit risk of both the borrower and the financial institution issuing the participation interest. In the event of the insolvency of the financial institution issuing a participation interest, the Fund may be treated as a general creditor of such entity.
Other Information About Floating Rate Loans
. Loans typically have a senior position in a borrower’s capital structure. The capital structure of a borrower may include loans, senior unsecured loans, senior and junior subordinated debt, preferred stock and common stock, typically in descending order of seniority with respect to claims on the borrower’s assets.
Although loans typically have the most senior position in a borrower’s capital structure, they remain subject to the risk of non-payment of scheduled interest or principal. Such non-payment would result in a reduction of income to the Fund, a reduction in the value of the investment and a potential decrease in the net asset value of the Fund. There can be no assurance that the liquidation of any collateral securing a loan would satisfy a borrower’s obligation in the event of non-payment of scheduled interest or principal payments, or that such collateral could be readily liquidated. In the event of bankruptcy of a borrower, the Fund could experience delays or limitations with respect to its ability to realize the benefits of the collateral securing a loan. Although a loan may be senior to equity and other debt securities in an issuer’s capital structure, such obligations may be structurally subordinated to obligations of the issuer’s subsidiaries. For example, if a holding company were to issue a loan, even if that issuer pledges the capital stock of its subsidiaries to secure the obligations under the loan, the assets of the operating companies are available to the direct creditors of an operating company before they would be available to the holders of the loan issued by the holding company.
In order to borrow money pursuant to a loan, a borrower will frequently, for the term of the loan, pledge collateral, including, but not limited to: (i) working capital assets, such as accounts receivable and inventory; (ii) tangible fixed assets, such as real property, buildings and equipment; (iii) intangible assets, such as trademarks and patent rights (but excluding goodwill); and (iv) security interests in shares of stock of subsidiaries or affiliates. In the case of loans made to non-public companies, the company’s shareholders or owners may provide collateral in the form of secured guarantees and/or security interests in assets that they own. In many instances, a loan may be secured only by stock in the borrower or its subsidiaries. Collateral may consist of assets that may not be readily liquidated, and there is no assurance that the liquidation of such assets would satisfy fully a borrower’s obligations under a loan.
In the process of buying, selling and holding loans, the Fund may receive and/or pay certain fees. Any fees received are in addition to interest payments received and may include facility fees, commitment fees, commissions and prepayment penalty fees. When the Fund buys a loan it may receive a facility fee and when it sells a loan it may pay a facility fee. On an ongoing basis, the Fund may receive a commitment fee based on the undrawn portion of the underlying line of credit portion of a loan. In certain circumstances, the Fund may receive a prepayment penalty fee upon the prepayment of a loan by a borrower. Other fees received by the Fund may include covenant waiver fees and covenant modification fees.
A borrower must comply with various restrictive covenants contained in a loan agreement or note purchase agreement between the borrower and the holders of the loan. Such covenants, in addition to requiring the scheduled payment of interest and principal, may include restrictions on dividend payments and other distributions to stockholders, provisions requiring the borrower to maintain specific minimum financial ratios, and limits on total debt.
In a typical loan, the agent administers the terms of the loan agreement. In such cases, the agent is normally responsible for the collection of principal and interest payments from the borrower and the apportionment of these payments to the credit of all institutions that are parties to the loan agreement. The Fund will generally rely upon the agent or an intermediate participant to receive and forward to the Fund its portion of the principal and interest payments on the loan. Furthermore, unless the Fund has direct recourse against the borrower, the Fund will rely on the agent and the other investors to use appropriate credit remedies against the borrower.
For some loans, such as revolving credit facility loans (“revolvers”), an investor may have certain obligations pursuant to the loan agreement that may include the obligation to make additional loans in certain circumstances. The Fund generally will reserve against these contingent obligations by segregating or otherwise designating a sufficient amount of permissible liquid assets. Delayed draw term loans are similar to revolvers, except that once drawn upon by the borrower during the commitment period, they remain permanently drawn and become term loans. A prefunded L/C term loan is a facility created by the borrower in conjunction with an agent, with the loan proceeds acting as collateral for the borrower’s obligations in respect of the letters of credit. Each participant in a prefunded L/C term loan fully funds its commitment amount to the agent for the facility.
The Fund may acquire interests in loans that are designed to provide temporary or “bridge” financing to a borrower pending the sale of identified assets or the arrangement of longer-term loans or the issuance and sale of debt obligations. Bridge loans often are unrated. The Fund may also invest in loans of borrowers that have obtained bridge loans from other parties. A borrower's use of bridge loans involves a risk that the borrower may be unable to locate permanent financing to replace the bridge loan, which may impair the borrower's perceived creditworthiness.
From time to time, the Adviser and its affiliates may borrow money from various banks in connection with their business activities. Such banks may also sell interests in loans to or acquire them from the Fund or may be intermediate participants with respect to loans in which the Fund owns interests. Such banks may also act as agents for loans held by the Fund.
Inverse Floating Rate Securities.
The Fund may invest in inverse floating rate obligations. The interest on an inverse floater resets in the opposite direction from the market rate of interest to which the inverse floater is indexed. An inverse floater may be considered to be leveraged to the extent that its interest rate varies by a magnitude that exceeds the magnitude of the change in the index rate of interest. The higher degree of leverage inherent in inverse floaters is associated with greater volatility in their market values.
Event-linked bonds.
The Fund may invest in “event-linked” bonds, which sometimes are referred to as “insurance-linked” or “catastrophe” bonds. Event-linked bonds are debt obligations for which the return of principal and the payment of interest are contingent on the non-occurrence of a pre-defined “trigger” event, such as a hurricane or an earthquake of a specific magnitude. For some event-linked bonds, the trigger event’s magnitude may be based on losses to a company or industry, index-portfolio losses, industry indexes or readings of scientific instruments rather than specified actual losses. If a trigger event, as defined within the terms of an event-linked bond, involves losses or other metrics exceeding a specific magnitude in the geographic region and time period specified therein, the Fund may lose a portion or all of its accrued interest and/or principal invested in such event-linked bond. The Fund is entitled to receive principal and interest payments so long as no trigger event occurs of the description and magnitude specified by the instrument.
Event-linked bonds may be issued by government agencies, insurance companies, reinsurers, special purpose corporations or other on-shore or off-shore entities. In addition to the specified trigger events, event-linked bonds may also expose the Fund to other risks, including but not limited to issuer (credit) default, adverse regulatory or jurisdictional interpretations and adverse tax consequences. Event-linked bonds are subject to the risk that the model used to calculate the probability of a trigger event was not accurate and underestimated the likelihood of a trigger event. This may result in more frequent and greater than expected loss of principal and/or interest, which would adversely impact the Fund’s total returns. Further, to the extent there are events that involve losses or other metrics, as applicable, that are at, or near, the threshold for a trigger event, there may be some delay in the return of principal and/or interest until it is determined whether a trigger event has occurred. Finally, to the extent there is a dispute concerning the definition of the trigger event relative to the specific manifestation of a catastrophe, there may be losses or delays in the payment of principal and/or interest on the event-linked bond. As a relatively new type of financial instrument, there is limited trading history for these securities, and there can be no assurance that a liquid market in these instruments will develop. Lack of a liquid market may impose the risk of higher transactions costs and the possibility that the Fund may be forced to liquidate positions when it would not be advantageous to do so.
Event-linked bonds are typically rated by at least one nationally recognized rating agency, but also may be unrated. Although each rating agency utilizes its own general guidelines and methodology to evaluate the risks of an event-linked bond, the average rating in the current market for event-linked bonds is “BB” by Standard & Poor’s or the equivalent rating for another NRSROs. However, there are event-linked bonds rated higher or lower than “BB.”
The Fund’s investments in event-linked bonds generally will be rated B, BB or BBB at the time of purchase, although the Fund may invest in event-linked bonds rated higher or lower than these ratings, as well as event-linked bonds that are unrated. The rating for an event-linked bond primarily reflects the rating agency’s calculated probability that a pre-defined trigger event will occur. This rating also assesses the bond’s credit risk and model used to calculate the probability of the trigger event.
Event-linked bonds typically are restricted to qualified institutional buyers and, therefore, are not subject to registration with the SEC or any state securities commission and are not listed on any national securities exchange. The amount of public information available with respect to event-linked bonds is generally less extensive than that available for issuers of registered or exchange listed securities. Event-linked bonds may be subject to the risks of adverse regulatory or jurisdictional determinations. There can be no assurance that future regulatory determinations will not adversely affect the overall market for event-linked bonds.
Event-linked swaps.
The Fund may obtain event-linked exposure by investing in event-linked swaps, which typically are contingent, or formulaically related to defined trigger events, or by pursuing similar event-linked derivative strategies. Trigger events include hurricanes, earthquakes and weather-related phenomena. If a trigger event occurs, the Fund may lose the swap’s notional amount. As derivative instruments, event-linked swaps are subject to risks in addition to the risks of investing in event-linked bonds, including counterparty risk and leverage risk.
Debt Obligations of Non-U.S. Governments.
The Fund may invest in debt obligations of non-U.S. governments. An investment in debt obligations of non-U.S. governments and their political subdivisions (sovereign debt) involves special risks that are not present in corporate debt obligations. The non-U.S. issuer of the sovereign debt or the non-U.S. governmental authorities that control the repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal or interest when due, and the Fund may have limited recourse in the event of a default. During periods of economic uncertainty, the market prices of sovereign debt may be more volatile than prices of debt obligations of U.S. issuers. In the past, certain non-U.S. countries have encountered difficulties in servicing their debt obligations, withheld payments of principal and interest and declared moratoria on the payment of principal and interest on their sovereign debt.
A sovereign debtor’s willingness or ability to repay principal and pay interest in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation, the extent of its foreign currency reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange, the relative size of the debt service burden, the sovereign debtor’s policy toward its principal international lenders and local political constraints. Sovereign debtors may also be dependent on expected disbursements from non-U.S. governments, multinational agencies and other entities to reduce principal and interest arrearages on their debt. The failure of a sovereign debtor to implement economic reforms, achieve specified levels of economic performance or repay principal or interest when due may result in the cancellation of third-party commitments to lend funds to the sovereign debtor, which may further impair such debtor’s ability or willingness to service its debts.
Eurodollar Instruments and Samurai and Yankee Bonds
. The Fund may invest in Eurodollar instruments and Samurai and Yankee bonds. Eurodollar instruments are bonds of corporate and government issuers that pay interest and principal in U.S. dollars but are issued in markets outside the United States, primarily in Europe. Samurai bonds are yen-denominated bonds sold in Japan by non-Japanese issuers. Yankee bonds are U.S. dollar denominated bonds typically issued in the United States by non-U.S. governments and their agencies and non-U.S. banks and corporations. The Fund may also invest in Eurodollar Certificates of Deposit (“ECDs”), Eurodollar Time Deposits (“ETDs”) and Yankee Certificates of Deposit (“Yankee CDs”). ECDs are U.S. dollar-denominated certificates of deposit issued by non-U.S. branches of domestic banks; ETDs are U.S. dollar-denominated deposits in a non-U.S. branch of a U.S. bank or in a non-U.S. bank; and Yankee CDs are U.S. dollar-denominated certificates of deposit issued by a U.S. branch of a non-U.S. bank and held in the United States. These investments involve risks that are different from investments in securities issued by U.S. issuers, including potential unfavorable political and economic developments, non-U.S. withholding or other taxes, seizure of non-U.S. deposits, currency controls, interest limitations or other governmental restrictions which might affect payment of principal or interest.
Bank Obligations
Time deposits are non-negotiable deposits maintained in a banking institution for a specified period of time (in no event longer than seven days) at a stated interest rate. Time deposits which may be held by the Fund will not benefit from insurance from the Bank Insurance Fund or the Savings Association Insurance Fund administered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). Certificates of deposit are certificates evidencing the obligation of a bank to repay funds deposited with it for a specified period of time. Bankers’ acceptances are credit instruments evidencing the obligation of a bank to pay a draft drawn on it by a customer. These instruments reflect the obligation both of the bank and of the drawer to pay the face amount of the instrument upon maturity.
Commercial Paper
Commercial paper includes short-term unsecured promissory notes, variable rate demand notes, and variable rate master demand notes issued by domestic and foreign bank holding companies, corporations, and financial institutions (see “Variable and Floating Rate Demand and Master Demand Notes” below for more details) as well as similar taxable and tax-exempt instruments issued by government agencies and instrumentalities. The Fund establishes its own standards of creditworthiness for issuers of such instruments.
Certificates Of Deposit
Domestic commercial banks organized under federal law are supervised and examined by the Comptroller of the Currency and are required to be members of the Federal Reserve System and to have their deposits insured by the FDIC. Domestic banks organized under state law are supervised and examined by state banking authorities but are members of the Federal Reserve System only if they elect to join. In addition, state banks whose certificates of deposit (“CDs”) may be purchased by the Fund are insured by the FDIC (although such insurance may not be of material benefit to the Fund, depending upon the principal amount of the CDs of each bank held by the Fund) and are subject to federal examination and to a substantial body of federal law and regulation. As a result of federal or state laws and regulations, domestic banks, among other things, generally are required to maintain specified levels of reserves, limited in the amounts which they can loan to a single borrower and subject to other regulations designed to promote financial soundness.
The Fund may purchase CDs issued by banks, savings and loan associations, and similar institutions with less than one billion dollars in assets, which have deposits insured by the Bank Insurance Fund or the Savings Association Insurance Fund administered by the FDIC, provided the Fund purchases any such CD in a principal amount of no more than $250,000, which amount would be fully insured by the FDIC. Interest payments on such a CD are not insured by the FDIC. The Fund would not own more than one such CD per issuer.
Variable and Floating Rate Demand and Master Demand Notes
The Fund may, from time to time, buy variable or floating rate demand notes issued by corporations, bank holding companies, and financial institutions, and similar taxable and tax exempt instruments issued by government agencies and instrumentalities. These securities will typically have a maturity longer than one year but carry with them the right of the holder to put the securities to a remarketing agent or other entity at designated time intervals and on specified notice. The obligation of the issuer of the put to repurchase the securities may be backed up by a letter of credit or other obligation issued by a financial institution. The purchase price is ordinarily par plus accrued and unpaid interest. Generally, the remarketing agent will adjust the interest rate every seven days (or at other specified intervals) in order to maintain the interest rate at the prevailing rate for securities with a seven-day or other designated maturity. The Fund’s investment in demand instruments which provide that the Fund will not receive the principal note amount within seven days’ notice, in combination with the Fund’s other investments which are not readily marketable, will be limited to an aggregate total of 15% of the Fund’s net assets.
The Fund may also buy variable rate master demand notes. The terms of these obligations permit the Fund to invest fluctuating amounts at varying rates of interest pursuant to direct arrangements between the Fund, as lender, and the borrower. These instruments permit weekly and, in some instances, daily changes in the amounts borrowed. The Fund has the right to increase the amount under the note at any time up to the full amount provided by the note agreement, or to decrease the amount, and the borrower may repay up to the full amount of the note without penalty. The notes may or may not be backed by bank letters of credit. Because the notes are direct lending arrangements between the Fund and borrower, it is not generally contemplated that they will be traded, and there is no secondary market for them, although they are redeemable (and, thus, immediately repayable by the borrower) at the principal amount, plus accrued interest, at any time. In connection with any such purchase and on an ongoing basis, the Adviser will consider the earning power, cash flow, and other liquidity ratios of the issuer, and its ability to pay principal and interest on demand, including a situation in which all holders of such notes make demand simultaneously. While master demand notes, as such, are not typically rated by credit rating agencies, the Fund may, under its minimum rating standards, invest in them only if, at the time of an investment, the issuer meets the criteria set forth in this SAI for commercial paper obligations.
Investment Company Securities
The Fund may invest in shares of other investment companies, subject to the limitations of the 1940 Act, and subject to such investments being consistent with the overall investment objective and policies of the Fund. To the extent that the Fund invests in the securities of other investment companies, shareholders in the Fund may be subject to duplicative advisory and administrative fees.
Exchange-Traded Funds
The Fund may invest in exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”). ETFs are a type of index fund bought and sold on a securities exchange. An ETF trades like common stock and represents a portfolio of securities designed to track a particular market index. The Fund could purchase an ETF to gain exposure to all or a portion of the U.S. market, a foreign market, a region, a commodity, a currency, or to any other index that an ETF tracks. The risks of owning an ETF generally reflect the risks of owning the underlying securities they are designed to track, although lack of liquidity in an ETF could result in it being more volatile and ETFs have management fees that increase their costs. An ETF may fail to accurately track the returns of the market segment or index that it is designed to track, and the price of an ETF’s shares may fluctuate. In addition, because they, unlike traditional mutual funds, are traded on an exchange, ETFs are subject to the following risks: (i) the performance of the ETF may not replicate the performance of the underlying index that it is designed to track; (ii) the market price of the ETF’s shares may trade at a premium or discount to the ETF’s net asset value; (iii) an active trading market for an ETF may not develop or be maintained; and (iv) there is no assurance that the requirements of the exchange necessary to maintain the listing of the ETF will continue to be met or remain unchanged. In the event substantial market or other disruptions affecting ETFs should occur in the future, the liquidity and value of the Fund’s shares could also be substantially and adversely affected.
An investment company’s investments in other investment companies are typically subject to statutory limitations prescribed by the 1940 Act. Many ETFs, however, have obtained exemptive relief from the SEC to permit unaffiliated funds, such as the Fund, to invest in their shares beyond these statutory limits, subject to certain conditions and pursuant to contractual arrangements between the ETFs and the investing funds. The Fund may rely on these exemptive orders in investing in ETFs.
Exchange-Traded Notes
The Fund may invest in exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”). ETNs are a type of senior, unsecured, unsubordinated debt security issued by financial institutions that combines both aspects of bonds and ETFs. An ETN’s returns are based on the performance of a market index minus fees and expenses. Similar to ETFs, ETNs are listed on an exchange and traded in the secondary market. However, unlike an ETF, an ETN can be held until the ETN’s maturity, at which time the issuer will pay a return linked to the performance of the market index to which the ETN is linked minus certain fees.
Unlike regular bonds, ETNs do not make periodic interest payments and principal is not protected. ETNs are subject to credit risk and the value of an ETN may drop due to a downgrade in the issuer’s credit rating, despite the underlying market benchmark or strategy remaining unchanged. The value of an ETN may also be influenced by time to maturity, level of supply and demand for the ETN, volatility and lack of liquidity in underlying assets, changes in the applicable interest rates, changes in the issuer’s credit rating, and economic, legal, political, or geographic events that affect the referenced underlying asset. When the Fund invests in ETNs it will bear its proportionate share of any fees and expenses borne by the ETN. The Fund’s decision to sell its ETN holdings may be limited by the availability of a secondary market. In addition, although an ETN may be listed on an exchange, the issuer may not be required to maintain the listing and there can be no assurance that a secondary market will exist for an ETN.
ETNs are also subject to tax risk. No assurance can be given that the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) will accept, or a court will uphold, how the Fund characterizes and treats ETNs for tax purposes. Further, the IRS and Congress have considered proposals that would change the timing and character of income and gains from ETNs.
An ETN that is tied to a specific market benchmark or strategy may not be able to replicate and maintain exactly the composition and relative weighting of securities, commodities or other components in the applicable market benchmark or strategy. Some ETNs that use leverage can, at times, be relatively illiquid and, thus, they may be difficult to purchase or sell at a fair price. Leveraged ETNs are subject to the same risk as other instruments that use leverage in any form.
The market value of ETN shares may differ from their market benchmark or strategy. This difference in price may be due to the fact that the supply and demand in the market for ETN shares at any point in time is not always identical to the supply and demand in the market for the securities, commodities or other components underlying the market benchmark or strategy that the ETN seeks to track. As a result, there may be times when an ETN share trades at a premium or discount to its market benchmark or strategy.
Limited Partnerships
The Fund may obtain interests in limited partnerships. A limited partnership interest entitles the Fund to participate in the investment return of the partnership’s assets as defined by the agreement among the partners. As a limited partner, the Fund generally is not permitted to participate in the management of the partnership. However, unlike a general partner whose liability is not limited, a limited partner’s liability generally is limited to the amount of its commitment to the partnership.
Master Limited Partnerships
The Fund may invest in equity securities of master limited partnerships (“MLPs”), and their affiliates. An MLP generally has two classes of partners, the general partner and the limited partners. The general partner normally controls the MLP through an equity interest plus units that are subordinated to the common (publicly traded) units for an initial period and then only converting to common if certain financial tests are met. As a motivation for the general partner to successfully manage the MLP and increase cash flows, the terms of most MLPs typically provide that the general partner receives a larger portion of the net income as distributions reach higher target levels. As cash flow grows, the general partner receives a greater interest in the incremental income compared to the interest of limited partners. The general partner’s incentive compensation typically increases to up to 50% of incremental income. Nevertheless, the aggregate amount distributed to limited partners will increase as MLP distributions reach higher target levels. Given this incentive structure, the general partner has an incentive to streamline operations and undertake acquisitions and growth projects in order to increase distributions to all partners.
MLP common units represent an equity ownership interest in a partnership, providing limited voting rights and entitling the holder to a share of the company’s success through distributions and/or capital appreciation. Unlike shareholders of a corporation, common unit holders do not elect directors annually and generally have the right to vote only on certain significant events, such as mergers, a sale of substantially all of the assets, removal of the general partner or material amendments to the partnership agreement. MLPs are required by their partnership agreements to distribute a large percentage of their current operating earnings. Common unit holders generally have first right to a minimum quarterly distribution prior to distributions to the convertible subordinated unit holders or the general partner (including incentive distributions). Common unit holders typically have arrearage rights if the minimum quarterly distribution is not met. In the event of liquidation, MLP common unit holders have first right to the partnership’s remaining assets after bondholders, other debt holders, and preferred unit holders have been paid in full. MLP common units trade on a national securities exchange or over-the-counter. Some limited liability companies (“LLCs”) may be treated as MLPs for federal income tax purposes. Similar to MLPs, LLCs typically do not pay federal income tax at the entity level and are required by their operating agreements to distribute a large percentage of their current operating earnings. In contrast to MLPs, LLCs have no general partner and there are no incentives that entitle management or other unit holders to increased percentages of cash distributions as distributions reach higher target levels. In addition, LLC common unit holders typically have voting rights with respect to the LLC, whereas MLP common units have limited voting rights. MLP common units and other equity securities can be affected by macro economic and other factors affecting the stock market in general, expectations of interest rates, investor sentiment towards MLPs or a MLP’s business sector, changes in a particular issuer’s financial condition, or unfavorable or unanticipated poor performance of a particular issuer (in the case of MLPs, generally measured in terms of distributable cash flow). Prices of common units of individual MLPs and other equity securities can also be affected by fundamentals unique to the partnership or company, including earnings power and coverage ratios.
MLP convertible subordinated units are typically issued by MLPs to founders, corporate general partners of MLPs, entities that sell assets to the MLP, and institutional investors, and may be purchased in direct placements from such persons. The purpose of the convertible subordinated units is to increase the likelihood that during the subordination period there will be available cash to be distributed to common unit holders. Convertible subordinated units generally are not entitled to distributions until holders of common units have received specified minimum quarterly distributions, plus any arrearages, and may receive less in distributions upon liquidation. Convertible subordinated unit holders generally are entitled to a minimum quarterly distribution prior to the payment of incentive distributions to the general partner, but are not entitled to arrearage rights. Therefore, they generally entail greater risk than MLP common units. They are generally convertible automatically into the senior common units of the same issuer at a one-to-one ratio upon the passage of time or the satisfaction of certain financial tests. These units do not trade on a national exchange or over-the-counter, and there is no active market for convertible subordinated units. The value of a convertible security is a function of its worth if converted into the underlying common units.
Convertible subordinated units generally have similar voting rights to MLP common units. Because convertible subordinated units generally convert to common units on a one-to-one ratio, the price that the Fund could be expected to pay upon purchase or to realize upon resale is generally tied to the common unit price less a discount. The size of the discount varies depending on a variety of factors including the likelihood of conversion, and the length of time remaining to conversion, and the size of the block purchased.
MLP I-Shares represent an indirect investment in MLP I-units. I-units are equity securities issued to affiliates of MLPs, typically a limited liability company, that own an interest in and manage the MLP. The issuer has management rights but is not entitled to incentive distributions. The I-Share issuer’s assets consist exclusively of MLP I-units. Distributions by MLPs to I-unit holders are made in the form of additional I-units, generally equal in amount to the cash received by common unit holders of MLPs. Distributions to I-Share holders are made in the form of additional I-Shares, generally equal in amount to the I-units received by the I-Share issuer. The issuer of the I-Share is taxed as a corporation for federal income tax purposes; however, the MLP does not allocate income or loss to the I-Share issuer. Accordingly, investors receive a Form 1099, are not allocated their proportionate share of income of the MLPs and are not subject to state income tax filing obligations. The price of I-Shares and their volatility tend to be correlated to the price of common units, although the price correlation is not precise.
Real Estate Investment Trusts
The Fund may invest in REITs. REITs are companies that invest primarily in income producing real estate or real estate-related loans or interests. REITs are generally classified as equity REITs, mortgage REITs or a combination of equity and mortgage REITs. Equity REITs invest the majority of their assets directly in real property and derive income primarily from the collection of rents. Equity REITs can also realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value. Mortgage REITs invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages and derive income from the collection of interest payments. REITs are not taxed on income distributed to shareholders provided they comply with the applicable requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any management and other expenses paid by REITs in which it invests in addition to the expenses paid by the Fund. Debt securities issued by REITs are, for the most part, general and unsecured obligations and are subject to risks associated with REITs.
Investing in REITs involves certain unique risks in addition to those risks associated with investing in the real estate industry in general. An equity REIT may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying properties owned by the REIT. A mortgage REIT may be affected by changes in interest rates and the ability of the issuers of its portfolio mortgages to repay their obligations. REITs are dependent upon the skills of their managers and are not diversified. REITs are generally dependent upon maintaining cash flows to repay borrowings and to make distributions to shareholders and are subject to the risk of default by lessees or borrowers. REITs whose underlying assets are concentrated in properties used by a particular industry, such as health care, are also subject to risks associated with such industry.
REITs (especially mortgage REITs) are also subject to interest rate risk. When interest rates decline, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to decline. If the REIT invests in adjustable rate mortgage loans the interest rates on which are reset periodically, yields on a REIT’s investments in such loans will gradually align themselves to reflect changes in market interest rates. This causes the value of such investments to fluctuate less dramatically in response to interest rate fluctuations than would investments in fixed rate obligations.
REITs may have limited financial resources, may trade less frequently and in a limited volume and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than larger company securities. Historically REITs have been more volatile in price than the larger capitalization stocks included in Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index (the “S&P 500”).
Mortgage-Backed Securities
The Fund may invest in mortgage pass-through certificates and multiple-class pass-through securities, such as real estate mortgage investment conduits (“REMIC”) pass-through certificates, collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) and stripped mortgage-backed securities (“SMBS”), and other types of mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) that may be available in the future. A mortgage-backed security is an obligation of the issuer backed by a mortgage or pool of mortgages or a direct interest in an underlying pool of mortgages. Some mortgage-backed securities, such as CMOs, make payments of both principal and interest at a variety of intervals; others make semi-annual interest payments at a predetermined rate and repay principal at maturity (like a typical bond). Mortgage-backed securities are based on different types of mortgages including those on commercial real estate or residential properties. Mortgage-backed securities often have stated maturities of up to thirty years when they are issued, depending upon the length of the mortgages underlying the securities. In practice, however, unscheduled or early payments of principal and interest on the underlying mortgages may make the securities’ effective maturity shorter than this, and the prevailing interest rates may be higher or lower than the current yield of the Fund’s portfolio at the time the Fund receives the payments for reinvestment. Mortgage-backed securities may have less potential for capital appreciation than comparable fixed income securities, due to the likelihood of increased prepayments of mortgages as interest rates decline. If the Fund buys mortgage-backed securities at a premium, mortgage foreclosures and prepayments of principal by mortgagors (which may be made at any time without penalty) may result in some loss of the Fund’s principal investment to the extent of the premium paid.
The value of mortgage-backed securities may also change due to shifts in the market’s perception of issuers. In addition, regulatory or tax changes may adversely affect the mortgage securities markets as a whole. Non-governmental mortgage-backed securities may offer higher yields than those issued by government entities, but also may be subject to greater price changes than governmental issues.
Through its investments in mortgage-backed securities, including those that are issued by private issuers, the Fund may have exposure to subprime loans as well as to the mortgage and credit markets generally. Private issuers include commercial banks, savings associations, mortgage companies, investment banking firms, finance companies and special purpose finance entities (called special purpose vehicles or “SPVs”) and other entities that acquire and package mortgage loans for resale as MBS.
Unlike mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or one of its sponsored entities, mortgage-backed securities issued by private issuers do not have a government or government-sponsored entity guarantee, but may have credit enhancement provided by external entities such as banks or financial institutions or achieved through the structuring of the transaction itself. Examples of such credit support arising out of the structure of the transaction include the issue of senior and subordinated securities (
e.g.
, the issuance of securities by an SPV in multiple classes or “tranches,” with one or more classes being senior to other subordinated classes as to the payment of principal and interest, with the result that defaults on the underlying mortgage loans are borne first by the holders of the subordinated class); creation of “reserve funds” (in which case cash or investments, sometimes funded from a portion of the payments on the underlying mortgage loans, are held in reserve against future losses); and “overcollateralization” (in which case the scheduled payments on, or the principal amount of, the underlying mortgage loans exceeds that required to make payment of the securities and pay any servicing or other fees). However, there can be no guarantee that credit enhancements, if any, will be sufficient to prevent losses in the event of defaults on the underlying mortgage loans.
In addition, mortgage-backed securities that are issued by private issuers are not subject to the underwriting requirements for the underlying mortgages that are applicable to those mortgage-backed securities that have a government or government-sponsored entity guarantee. As a result, the mortgage loans underlying private mortgage-backed securities may, and frequently do, have less favorable collateral, credit risk or other underwriting characteristics than government or government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities and have wider variances in a number of terms including interest rate, term, size, purpose and borrower characteristics. Privately issued pools more frequently include second mortgages, high loan-to-value mortgages and manufactured housing loans. The coupon rates and maturities of the underlying mortgage loans in a private mortgage-backed securities pool may vary to a greater extent than those included in a government guaranteed pool, and the pool may include subprime mortgage loans. Subprime loans refer to loans made to borrowers with weakened credit histories or with a lower capacity to make timely payments on their loans. For these reasons, the loans underlying these securities have had in many cases higher default rates than those loans that meet government underwriting requirements.
The risk of non-payment is greater for mortgage-backed securities that are backed by mortgage pools that contain subprime loans, but a level of risk exists for all loans. Market factors adversely affecting mortgage loan repayments may include a general economic turndown, high unemployment, a general slowdown in the real estate market, a drop in the market prices of real estate, or an increase in interest rates resulting in higher mortgage payments by holders of adjustable rate mortgages.
If the Fund purchases subordinated mortgage-backed securities, the subordinated mortgage-backed securities may serve as a credit support for the senior securities purchased by other investors. In addition, the payments of principal and interest on these subordinated securities generally will be made only after payments are made to the holders of securities senior to the Fund’s securities. Therefore, if there are defaults on the underlying mortgage loans, the Fund will be less likely to receive payments of principal and interest, and will be more likely to suffer a loss.
Privately issued mortgage-backed securities are not traded on an exchange and there may be a limited market for the securities, especially when there is a perceived weakness in the mortgage and real estate market sectors. Without an active trading market, mortgage-backed securities held in the Fund’s portfolio may be particularly difficult to value because of the complexities involved in assessing the value of the underlying mortgage loans.
In the case of private issue mortgage-related securities whose underlying assets are neither U.S. government securities nor U.S. government-insured mortgages, to the extent that real properties securing such assets may be located in the same geographical region, the security may be subject to a greater risk of default than other comparable securities in the event of adverse economic, political or business developments that may affect such region and, ultimately, the ability of residential homeowners to make payments of principal and interest on the underlying mortgages.
Guaranteed Mortgage Pass-Through Securities
. Guaranteed mortgage pass-through securities represent participation interests in pools of residential mortgage loans and are issued by U.S. governmental or private lenders and guaranteed by the U.S. government or one of its agencies or instrumentalities, including but not limited to GNMA, FNMA and FHLMC. GNMA certificates are guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government for timely payment of principal and interest on the certificates. FNMA certificates are guaranteed by FNMA, a federally chartered and privately owned corporation, for full and timely payment of principal and interest on the certificates. FHLMC certificates are guaranteed by FHLMC, a corporate instrumentality of the U.S. government, for timely payment of interest and the ultimate collection of all principal of the related mortgage loans.
Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional residential mortgage loans. Such issuers may, in addition, be the originators and/or servicers of the underlying mortgage loans as well as the guarantors of the mortgage-related securities. Because there are no direct or indirect government or agency guarantees of payments in pools created by such non-governmental issuers, they generally offer a higher rate of interest than government and government-related pools. Timely payment of interest and principal of these pools may be supported by insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit. The insurance and guarantees are issued by governmental entities, private insurers and the mortgage poolers. There can be no assurance that the private insurers or guarantors can meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements.
Mortgage-related securities without insurance or guarantees may be purchased if the Adviser determines that the securities meet the Fund’s quality standards. Mortgage-related securities issued by certain private organizations may not be readily marketable.
Multiple-Class Pass-Through Securities and Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (“CMOs”)
. CMOs and REMIC pass-through or participation certificates may be issued by, among others, U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities as well as private issuers. REMICs are CMO vehicles that qualify for special tax treatment under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) and invest in mortgages principally secured by interests in real property and other investments permitted by the Code. CMOs and REMIC certificates are issued in multiple classes and the principal of and interest on the mortgage assets may be allocated among the several classes of CMOs or REMIC certificates in various ways. Each class of CMO or REMIC certificate, often referred to as a “tranche,” is issued at a specific adjustable or fixed interest rate and must be fully retired no later than its final distribution date. Generally, interest is paid or accrues on all classes of CMOs or REMIC certificates on a monthly basis.
Typically, CMOs are collateralized by GNMA, FNMA or FHLMC certificates but also may be collateralized by other mortgage assets such as whole loans or private mortgage pass-through securities. Debt service on CMOs is provided from payments of principal and interest on collateral of mortgaged assets and any reinvestment income thereon.
Stripped Mortgage-Backed Securities (“SMBS”)
. SMBS are multiple-class mortgage-backed securities that are created when a U.S. government agency or a financial institution separates the interest and principal components of a mortgage-backed security and sells them as individual securities. The Fund may invest in SMBS that are usually structured with two classes that receive different proportions of interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage assets. A typical SMBS will have one class receiving some of the interest and most of the principal, while the other class will receive most of the interest and the remaining principal. The holder of the “principal-only” security (“PO”) receives the principal payments made by the underlying mortgage-backed security, while the holder of the “interest-only” security (“IO”) receives interest payments from the same underlying security. The prices of stripped mortgage-backed securities may be particularly affected by changes in interest rates. As interest rates fall, prepayment rates tend to increase, which tends to reduce prices of IOs and increase prices of POs. Rising interest rates can have the opposite effect. The Adviser may determine that certain stripped mortgage-backed securities issued by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities are not readily marketable. If so, these securities, together with privately-issued stripped mortgage-backed securities, will be considered illiquid for purposes of the Fund’s limitation on investments in illiquid securities. The yields and market risk of interest-only and principal-only SMBS, respectively, may be more volatile than those of other fixed income securities.
The Fund also may invest in planned amortization class (“PAC”) and target amortization class (“TAC”) CMO bonds which involve less exposure to prepayment, extension and interest rate risks than other mortgage-backed securities, provided that prepayment rates remain within expected prepayment ranges or “collars.” To the extent that the prepayment rates remain within these prepayment ranges, the residual or support tranches of PAC and TAC CMOs assume the extra prepayment, extension and interest rate risks associated with the underlying mortgage assets.
Other Risk Factors Associated with Mortgage-Backed Securities
. Investing in mortgage-backed securities involves certain risks, including the failure of a counterparty to meet its commitments, adverse interest rate changes and the effects of prepayments on mortgage cash flows. In addition, investing in the lowest tranche of CMOs and REMIC certificates involves risks similar to those associated with investing in equity securities. However, due to adverse tax consequences under current tax laws, the Fund does not intend to acquire “residual” interests in REMICs. Further, the yield characteristics of mortgage-backed securities differ from those of traditional fixed income securities. The major differences typically include more frequent interest and principal payments (usually monthly), the adjustability of interest rates of the underlying instrument, and the possibility that prepayments of principal may be made substantially earlier than their final distribution dates.
Prepayment rates are influenced by changes in current interest rates and a variety of economic, geographic, social and other factors and cannot be predicted with certainty. Both adjustable rate mortgage loans and fixed rate mortgage loans may be subject to a greater rate of principal prepayments in a declining interest rate environment and to a lesser rate of principal prepayments in an increasing interest rate environment. Under certain interest rate and prepayment rate scenarios, the Fund may fail to recoup fully its investment in mortgage-backed securities notwithstanding any direct or indirect governmental, agency or other guarantee. When the Fund reinvests amounts representing payments and unscheduled prepayments of principal, it may obtain a rate of interest that is lower than the rate on existing adjustable rate mortgage pass-through securities. Thus, mortgage-backed securities, and adjustable rate mortgage pass-through securities in particular, may be less effective than other types of U.S. government securities as a means of “locking in” interest rates.
Illiquid Securities and Rule 144A Securities
The Fund may invest its net assets in securities as to which a liquid trading market does not exist, provided such investments are consistent with the Fund’s investment objective. Such securities may include securities that are not readily marketable, such as certain securities that are subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale, repurchase agreements providing for settlement in more than seven days after notice, and certain privately negotiated, non-exchange traded options and securities used to cover such options. As to these securities, the Fund is subject to a risk that should the Fund desire to sell them when a ready buyer is not available at a price the Fund deems representative of their value, the value of the Fund’s net assets could be adversely affected. Illiquid securities do not include securities eligible for resale pursuant to Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or other restricted securities, which have been determined to be liquid in accordance with procedures established by the Board.
The Fund has adopted non-fundamental policies with respect to investments in illiquid securities (see Investment Restriction No. 12 below). Securities that have not been registered under the Securities Act are referred to as private placements or restricted securities and are purchased directly from the issuer or in the secondary market. Mutual funds do not typically hold a significant amount of these restricted or illiquid securities because of the potential for delays on resale and uncertainty in valuation. Limitations on resale may have an adverse effect on the marketability of portfolio securities and a mutual fund might be unable to dispose of restricted or illiquid securities promptly or at reasonable prices and might thereby experience difficulty satisfying redemptions within seven days. A mutual fund might also have to register such restricted securities in order to dispose of them resulting in additional expense and delay. Adverse market conditions could impede such a public offering of securities.
A large institutional market has developed for certain securities that are not registered under the Securities Act, including repurchase agreements, commercial paper, foreign securities, municipal securities, and corporate bonds and notes. Institutional investors depend on an efficient institutional market in which the unregistered security can be readily resold or on an issuer’s ability to honor a demand for repayment. As a result, the fact that there are contractual or legal restrictions on resale to the general public or to certain institutions may not be indicative of the liquidity of such investments.
The Fund may invest up to 15% of its net assets (plus the amount of any borrowing for investment purposes) in illiquid securities, including certain restricted securities issued under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act. Section 4(2) instruments are restricted in the sense that they can only be resold through the issuing dealer and only to institutional investors; they cannot be resold to the general public without registration. Restricted securities issued under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act will generally be treated as illiquid and subject to the Fund’s investment restriction on illiquid securities unless such securities are eligible for resale under Rule 144A and are deemed to be liquid in accordance with the procedures described below.
Rule 144A under the Securities Act allows a broader institutional trading market for securities otherwise subject to restriction on resale to the general public. Rule 144A establishes a “safe harbor” from the registration requirements of the Securities Act applicable to resales of certain securities to qualified institutional buyers. It is the intent of the Fund to invest, pursuant to procedures established by the Board and subject to applicable investment restrictions, in securities eligible for resale under Rule 144A which are determined to be liquid based upon the trading markets for the securities.
The Adviser will monitor the liquidity of restricted securities eligible for resale under Rule 144A in the Fund’s portfolio under the supervision of the Trustees. In reaching liquidity decisions, the Adviser will consider, inter alia, the following factors: (1) the frequency of trades and quotes for the security over the course of six months or as determined in the discretion of the Adviser; (2) the number of dealers wishing to purchase or sell the security and the number of other potential purchasers over the course of six months or as determined in the discretion of the Adviser; (3) dealer undertakings to make a market in the security; (4) the nature of the security and the nature of how the marketplace trades (e.g., the time needed to dispose of the security, the method of soliciting offers, and the mechanics of the transfer); and (5) other factors, if any, which the Adviser deems relevant. The Adviser will also monitor the purchase of Rule 144A securities which are considered to be illiquid to assure that the total of all such Rule 144A securities held by the Fund does not exceed 15% of the Fund’s average daily net assets.
Short Sales
The Fund may make short sales of securities, including short sales “against the box.” A short sale is a transaction in which the Fund sells a security it does not own in anticipation that the market price of that security will decline. A short sale against the box occurs when, at the time of the sale, the Fund owns, or has the immediate and unconditional right to acquire at no additional cost, the identical security.
The Fund expects to make short sales both to obtain capital gains from anticipated declines in securities and as a form of hedging to offset potential declines in long positions in the same or similar securities. The short sale of a security is considered a speculative investment technique. Short sales against the box may be subject to special tax rules, one of the effects of which may be to accelerate income to the Fund.
For short sales, the market value of the securities sold short of any one issuer will not exceed either 10% of the Fund’s net assets (plus the amount of any borrowing for investment purposes) or 5% of such issuer’s voting securities. The Fund will not make a short sale, if, after giving effect to such sale, the market value of all securities sold short exceeds 10% of the value of its assets or the Fund’s aggregate short sales of a particular class of securities exceeds 5% of the outstanding securities of that class. The Fund may make short sales against the box without respect to such limitations.
When the Fund makes a short sale, it must borrow the security sold short and deliver it to the broker-dealer through which it made the short sale in order to satisfy its obligation to deliver the security upon conclusion of the sale. The Fund may have to pay a fee to borrow particular securities and is often obligated to pay over any payments received on such borrowed securities. The Fund may close out a short position by purchasing and delivering an equal amount of securities sold short, rather than by delivering securities already held by the Fund, because the Fund may want to continue to receive interest and dividend payments on securities in its portfolio that are convertible into the securities sold short.
To the extent that the Fund engages in short sales, it will provide collateral to the broker-dealer and (except in the case of short sales against the box) will maintain additional asset coverage in the form of segregated or “earmarked” assets on the records of the Adviser or with the Fund’s Custodian, consisting of cash, U.S. government securities or other liquid securities that are equal to the current market value of the securities sold short, or (in the case of short sales against the box) will ensure that such positions are covered by offsetting positions, until the Fund replaces the borrowed security. Depending on arrangements made with the broker-dealer from which it borrowed the security regarding payment over of any payments received by the Fund on such security, the Fund may not receive any payments (including interest) on its collateral deposited with such broker-dealer. If the price of the security sold short increases between the time of the short sale and the time the Fund replaces the borrowed security, the Fund will incur a loss; conversely, if the price declines, the Fund will realize a capital gain. Any gain will be decreased, any loss increased, by the transaction costs described above. Although the Fund’s gain is limited to the price at which it sold the security short, its potential loss is theoretically unlimited.
Repurchase Agreements
Repurchase agreements involve the acquisition by the Fund of a security, subject to an obligation of the seller to repurchase, and the Fund to resell, the security at a fixed price, usually not more than one week after its purchase. The Fund’s custodian will have custody of securities acquired by the Fund under a repurchase agreement. Repurchase agreements are considered by the SEC to be loans by the Fund. In an attempt to reduce the risk of incurring a loss on the repurchase agreement, the Fund will enter into repurchase agreements only with domestic banks with total assets in excess of one billion dollars or primary government securities dealers reporting to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York with respect to the highest rated securities of the type in which the Fund may invest. It will also require that the repurchase agreement be at all times fully collateralized in an amount at least equal to the repurchase price including accrued interest earned on the underlying securities, and that the underlying securities be marked to market every business day to assure that the repurchase agreement remains fully collateralized. Certain costs may be incurred by the Fund in connection with the sale of the securities if the seller does not repurchase them in accordance with the repurchase agreement. If bankruptcy proceedings are commenced with respect to the seller of the securities, realization on the securities by the Fund may be delayed or limited. The Fund will consider on an ongoing basis the creditworthiness of the institutions with which it enters into repurchase agreements.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
The Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements. Reverse repurchase agreements involve sales by the Fund of portfolio assets concurrently with an agreement by the Fund to repurchase the same assets at a later date at a fixed price. Generally, the effect of such a transaction is that the Fund can recover all or most of the cash invested in the portfolio securities involved during the term of the reverse repurchase agreement, while the Fund will be able to keep the interest income associated with those portfolio securities. Such transactions are advantageous only if the interest cost to the Fund of the reverse repurchase transaction is less than the cost of obtaining the cash otherwise. Opportunities to achieve this advantage may not always be available, and the Fund intends to use the reverse repurchase technique only when this will be advantageous to the Fund. The Fund will establish a segregated account with the Trust’s custodian bank in which the Fund will maintain cash or cash equivalents or other portfolio securities equal in value to the Fund’s obligations in respect of reverse repurchase agreements. Such reverse repurchase agreements could be deemed to be a borrowing, but are not senior securities.
Borrowing
Though the Fund does not currently intend to borrow money, the Fund is authorized to borrow money from time to time for temporary, extraordinary or emergency purposes or for clearance of transactions, and not for the purpose of leveraging its investments, in amounts not to exceed at any time 33
1/3
% of the value of its total assets at the time of such borrowings, as allowed under the 1940 Act. The use of borrowing by the Fund involves special risk considerations that may not be associated with other funds having similar objectives and policies. Since substantially all of the Fund’s assets fluctuate in value, while the interest obligation resulting from a borrowing will be fixed by the terms of the Fund’s agreement with its lender, the NAV per share of the Fund will tend to increase more when its portfolio securities increase in value and to decrease more when its portfolio assets decrease in value than would otherwise be the case if the Fund did not borrow. In addition, interest costs on borrowings may fluctuate with changing market rates of interest and may partially offset or exceed the return earned on borrowed funds. Under adverse market conditions, the Fund might have to sell portfolio securities to meet interest or principal payments at a time when fundamental investment considerations would not favor such sales.
Securities Lending
Although the Fund has no present intention to do so, the Fund reserves the right, pending receipt of Board approval, to lend securities from its portfolio to brokers, dealers and financial institutions (but not individuals) in order to increase the return on its portfolio. The SEC currently requires that the following conditions must be met whenever the Fund’s portfolio securities are loaned: (1) the Fund must receive at least 100% cash collateral (which may include cash, U.S. government or agency securities, or irrevocable letters of credit) from the borrower; (2) the borrower must increase such collateral whenever the market value of the securities rises above the level of such collateral; (3) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan at any time; (4) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan, as well as any dividends, interest or other distributions on the loaned securities, and any increase in market value; (5) the Fund may pay only reasonable custodian fees approved by the Board in connection with the loan; (6) while voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, the Board must terminate the loan and regain the right to vote the securities if a material event adversely affecting the investment occurs, and (7) the Fund may not loan its portfolio securities so that the value of the loaned securities is more than one-third of its total asset value, including collateral received from such loans. These conditions may be subject to future modification. Such loans will be terminable at any time upon specified notice. The Fund might experience the risk of loss if the institution with which it has engaged in a portfolio loan transaction breaches its agreement with the Fund. The principal risk of portfolio lending is potential default or insolvency of the borrower. In either of these cases, the Fund could experience delays in recovering securities or collateral or could lose all or part of the value of the loaned securities. As part of participating in a lending program, the Fund may be required to invest in collateralized debt or other securities that bear the risk of loss of principal. In addition, all investments made with the collateral received are subject to the risks associated with such investments. If such investments lose value, the Fund will have to cover the loss when repaying the collateral.
Any loans of portfolio securities are fully collateralized based on values that are marked-to-market daily. Any securities that the Fund may receive as collateral will not become part of the Fund’s investment portfolio at the time of the loan and, in the event of a default by the borrower, the Fund will, if permitted by law, dispose of such collateral except for such part thereof that is a security in which the Fund is permitted to invest. During the time securities are on loan, the borrower will pay the Fund any accrued income on those securities, and the Fund may invest the cash collateral and earn income or receive an agreed-upon fee from a borrower that has delivered cash-equivalent collateral.
When-Issued or Delayed-Delivery Securities
New issues of fixed-income securities usually are offered on a when-issued or delayed-delivery basis, which means that delivery and payment for such securities ordinarily take place within 45 days after the date of the commitment to purchase. The payment obligation and the interest rate that will be received on such securities are fixed at the time the Fund enters into the commitment. The Fund will make commitments to purchase such securities only with the intention of actually acquiring the securities, but the Fund may sell these securities before the settlement date if it is deemed advisable. The Fund will not accrue income in respect of a when-issued or delayed-delivery security prior to its stated delivery date. No additional when-issued commitments will be made if more than 20% of the Fund’s net assets (plus the amount of any borrowing for investment purposes) would be so committed.
Securities purchased on a when-issued or delayed-delivery basis and certain other securities held in the Fund’s portfolio are subject to changes in value (both generally changing in the same way,
i.e.
, appreciating when interest rates decline and depreciating when interest rates rise) based on the public’s perception of the creditworthiness of the issuer and changes, real or anticipated, in the level of interest rates. Securities purchased on a when-issued or delayed-delivery basis may expose the Fund to the risk that such fluctuations will occur prior to their actual delivery. Purchasing securities on a when-issued or delayed-delivery basis can involve an additional risk that the yield available in the market when the delivery takes place actually may be higher than that obtained in the transaction itself. A segregated account of the Fund consisting of cash or other liquid securities at least equal at all times to the amount of the when-issued commitments will be established and maintained at the Fund’s custodian bank.
Zero Coupon and Payment In Kind Securities
The Fund may invest in zero coupon bonds, deferred interest bonds, and bonds on which the interest is payable in kind (“PIK securities”). Zero coupon and deferred interest bonds are debt obligations which are issued at a significant discount from face value. The discount approximates the total amount of interest the bonds will accrue and compound over the period until maturity or the first interest accrual date at a rate of interest reflecting the market rate of the security at the time of issuance. While zero coupon bonds do not require the periodic payment of interest, deferred interest bonds provide for a period of delay before the regular payment of interest begins. Although this period of delay is different for each deferred interest bond, a typical period is approximately one-third of the bond’s term to maturity. PIK securities are debt obligations which provide that the issuer thereof may, at its option, pay interest on such bonds in cash or in the form of additional debt obligations. Such investments benefit the issuer by mitigating its need for cash to meet debt service, but also require a higher rate of return to attract investors who are willing to defer receipt of such cash. Such investments experience greater volatility in market value due to changes in interest rates than debt obligations which provide for regular payments of interest. The Fund will accrue income on such investments based on an effective interest method, which is distributable to shareholders and which, because no cash is received at the time of accrual, may require the liquidation of other portfolio securities to satisfy the Fund’s distribution obligations. As a result, the Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so.
INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS
The Fund is subject to fundamental and non-fundamental investment policies and limitations. Under the 1940 Act, fundamental investment policies and limitations may not be changed without the vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Fund.
The following policies and limitations supplement those described in the Prospectuses and this SAI. Investment restrictions numbered 1 through 7 below have been adopted by the Trust as fundamental policies of the Fund. Investment restrictions 8 through 12 are not fundamental policies and may be changed by a vote of the Board at any time. The Fund:
1. may not borrow money, except that the Fund may (a) borrow from banks (as defined in the 1940 Act) and through reverse repurchase agreements in amounts up to 33
1
/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed), (b) borrow amounts equal to an additional 5% of its total assets for temporary purposes, (c) invest in permitted leveraged investments, (d) engage in transactions in mortgage dollar rolls and other similar transactions, and (e) engage in other transactions that may entail borrowing or otherwise borrow money to the extent permitted by applicable law.
2. may not lend its assets or money to other persons, except by (a) purchasing debt obligations (including privately placed debt obligations), (b) lending cash or securities as permitted by applicable law, (c) entering into repurchase agreements, (d) investing in permitted leveraged investments and (e) as otherwise permitted by applicable law.
3. will not make investments that will result in the concentration (as that term is used in the 1940 Act) of its assets in securities of issuers in any one industry, except that the Fund will invest more than 25% of its total assets in the securities of issuers directly or indirectly engaged in the real estate industry, as defined in the Prospectuses.
4. may not underwrite any issue of securities, except to the extent that the sale of portfolio securities in accordance with the Fund’s investment objective, policies and limitations may be deemed to be an underwriting, and except that the Fund may acquire securities under circumstances in which, if the securities were sold, the Fund might be deemed to be an underwriter for purposes of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”).
5. may not purchase or sell real estate, although the Fund may purchase and sell securities or other instruments that are secured by, or linked to, real estate or interests therein, securities of real estate investment trusts and mortgage-related securities and may hold and sell real estate acquired by the Fund as a result of the ownership of securities or other instruments.
6. may not purchase or sell commodities or commodity contracts, except as otherwise permitted by applicable law.
7. may not issue senior securities, except as otherwise permitted by its fundamental policy on borrowing or by applicable law.
8. may not purchase securities of other investment companies, other than a security acquired in connection with a merger, consolidation, acquisition, reorganization or offer of exchange and except as otherwise permitted under the 1940 Act.
9. may not invest in companies for the purpose of exercising control or management.
10. may not purchase warrants if, as a result, the investments (valued at the lower of cost or market) would exceed 5% of the value of the Fund’s net assets (plus the amount of any borrowing for investment purposes). For purposes of this restriction, warrants acquired by the Fund in units or attached to securities may be deemed to be without value.
11. may not invest, in the aggregate, more than 15% of its net assets (plus the amount of any borrowing for investment purposes) in illiquid securities. For purposes of this restriction, these securities include securities which are restricted from public sale, securities for which market quotations are not readily available, and repurchase agreements maturing or terminable in more than seven days. Securities freely saleable among qualified institutional investors pursuant to Rule 144A under the 1933 Act (“Rule 144A Securities”), and as adopted by the SEC, may be treated as liquid if they satisfy liquidity standards established by the Board. The continued liquidity of such securities is not as well assured as that of publicly traded securities, and accordingly, the Board will monitor their liquidity.
12. invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its net assets (plus the amount of any borrowing for investment purposes) in the types of investments implied by its name. The Fund will provide shareholders at least 60 days’ prior notice before changing this non-fundamental policy.
Notes to Investment Restrictions
The percentage limitations in the restrictions listed above apply at the time of purchases of securities and a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from a change in value of net assets, or in any ratings, will not be deemed to result in a violation of the restriction, except that there is an ongoing asset coverage requirement in the case of borrowings. For purposes of investment restriction No. 3 above, the Trust may use the industry classifications reflected by the S&P 500 Index, if applicable at the time of determination. For all other portfolio holdings, the Trust may use the Directory of Companies Required to File Annual Reports with the SEC and Bloomberg Inc. In addition, the Trust may select its own industry classifications, provided such classifications are reasonable. The Trust’s use of these classification systems is not a fundamental policy of the Fund and therefore, can be changed without shareholder approval.
PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS INFORMATION
The Fund’s portfolio holdings are publicly available: (1) at the time such information is filed with the SEC in a publicly available filing; or (2) the day next following the day such information is posted on the Fund’s website. The Fund’s publicly available portfolio holdings, which may be provided to third parties without prior approval, are:
1. Complete portfolio holdings disclosed in the Fund’s semi-annual or annual reports and filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR.
2. Complete portfolio holdings disclosed in the Fund’s first and third fiscal quarter reports that are filed with the SEC on Form N-Q.
Non-Public Portfolio Holdings
Disclosure of the Fund’s non-public portfolio holdings provides the recipient with information more current than the most recent publicly available portfolio holdings. Pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures, the disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings may be considered permissible and within the Fund’s legitimate business purposes with respect to: (1) certain service providers; (2) rating and ranking organizations; and (3) certain other recipients. These policies and procedures must be followed when disclosing the Fund’s portfolio holdings to any party when such disclosure would provide information more current than the Fund’s most recent publicly available portfolio holdings. In addition, neither the Fund, the Adviser nor any other party is permitted to receive compensation or other consideration from or on behalf of the recipient in connection with disclosure to the recipient of the Fund’s non-public portfolio holdings.
Service Providers
. A service provider or other third party that receives information about the Fund’s non-public portfolio holdings where necessary to enable the provider to perform its contractual services for the Fund (e.g., Adviser, auditors, custodian, administrator, sub-administrator, transfer agent, counsel to the funds or the independent trustees, pricing services, broker-dealer, financial printers or proxy voting services) may receive non-public portfolio holdings without limitation on the condition that the non-public portfolio holdings will be used solely for the purpose of servicing the Fund and subject to, either by written agreement or by virtue of their duties to the funds, a duty of confidentiality and a duty not to use the information for trading.
Rating And Ranking Organizations
. Any Fund officer may provide the Fund’s non-public portfolio holdings to a rating and ranking organization, without limitation on the condition that the non-public portfolio holdings will be used solely for the purposes of developing a rating and subject to an agreement requiring confidentiality and prohibiting the use of the information for trading. The Fund currently has ongoing arrangements with Lipper and Morningstar by which their third parties receive portfolio holdings information routinely.
Other Recipients
. Requests for information concerning portfolio holdings that cannot be answered via the disclosures: annual and semi-annual reports, and not already disclosed in the public domain as required through filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, must first be submitted for consideration to the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer. The recipient is required to sign a confidentiality agreement that provides that the non-public portfolio holdings: (1) will be kept confidential; (2) may not be used to trade; and (3) may not be disseminated or used for any purpose other than the purpose approved by the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer. If the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer concludes that disclosing the information serves a legitimate business purpose and is in the best interests of shareholders, such conclusions will be documented in writing. A written response containing the requested information will then be prepared and approved by the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer. The Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer will report such disclosures to the Fund’s Board at the next scheduled board meeting.
Media
. Non-public portfolio holdings may not be disclosed to members of the media.
Waivers Of Restrictions
. The Fund’s policy may not be waived, or exceptions made, without the consent of the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer. All waivers and exceptions will be disclosed to the Fund’s Board no later than its next regularly scheduled quarterly meeting.
Conflicts Of Interest
. If the disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings presents a conflict of interest between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders and the interests of the Fund’s service providers or other third parties or affiliates thereof, then the conflict of interest will be presented to the Board for review prior to the dissemination of the portfolio holdings information.
Board Review
. As part of the annual review of the compliance policies and procedures of the Fund, the Chief Compliance Officer will discuss the operation and effectiveness of this Policy and any changes to the Policy that have been made or recommended with the Board.
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS
The Trust’s Board is responsible for establishing the Fund’s policies and for overseeing the management of the Fund. The Board also elects the Trust’s officers who conduct the daily business of the Fund. Information pertaining to the Trustees and executive officers of the Fund is set forth below.
Name, Position(s)
Address
1
and Age
|
|
Term of
Office and
Length of
Time
Served
2
|
|
Number of
Funds in
Fund
Complex
Overseen
by Trustee
3
|
|
Principal Occupation(s)
During Past Five Years
|
|
Other Directorships
Held by Trustee
During Past Five
Years
4
|
|
INDEPENDENT TRUSTEES
5
:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rodman L. Drake
Trustee and Chairman of the
Board, Member of the Audit
Committee, Member of the
Nominating and
Compensation Committee
Age:
70
|
|
Since 2011
|
|
12
|
|
Interim President and Chief Executive Officer of Crystal River Capital, Inc. (2009-2010); Co-founder, Baringo Capital LLC (2002-Present).
|
|
Chairman (since 2003) and Director/Trustee of several investment companies advised by the Adviser (1989-Present); Director and/or Lead Director of Crystal River Capital, Inc. (2005-2010); Chairman of the Board (2005-2010); Interim President and Chief Executive Officer of Crystal River Capital, Inc. (2009-2010); Director of Celgene Corporation (2006-Present); Director of Chimerix Corporation (2013-Present); Director of Student Loan Corporation (2005-2010); Director of Apex Silver Mines Limited (2007-2009); Co-founder, Baringo Capital LLC (2002-Present); Director of Jackson Hewitt Tax Services Inc. (2004-2011); Director of Animal Medical Center (2002-Present); Director and/or Lead Director of Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. (1995-2008);
Trustee of Columbia Atlantic Funds (2007-2009); Chairman of Columbia Atlantic Funds (2009-Present).
|
Name, Position(s)
Address
1
and Age
|
|
Term of
Office and
Length of
Time
Served
2
|
|
Number of
Funds in
Fund
Complex
Overseen
by Trustee
3
|
|
Principal Occupation(s)
During Past Five Years
|
|
Other Directorships
Held by Trustee
During Past Five
Years
4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Louis P. Salvatore
Trustee, Chairman of the
Audit Committee, Member
of the Nominating and
Compensation Committee
Age: 67
|
|
Since 2011
|
|
12
|
|
Employee of Arthur Andersen LLP (2002-Present).
|
|
Director/Trustee of several investment companies advised by the Adviser (2005-Present); Director of SP Fiber Technologies, Inc. (September 2012-Present); Director of Chambers Street Properties (July 2012-Present); Director of Crystal River Capital, Inc. (2005-2010); Director of Turner Corp. (2003-Present); Director of Jackson Hewitt Tax Services, Inc. (2004-2011).
|
Name, Position(s)
Address
1
and Age
|
|
Term of
Office and
Length of
Time
Served
2
|
|
Number of
Funds in
Fund
Complex
Overseen
by Trustee
3
|
|
Principal Occupation(s)
During Past Five Years
|
|
Other Directorships
Held by Trustee
During Past Five
Years
4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Edward A. Kuczmarski
Trustee, Member of the Audit
Committee, Chairman of the
Nominating and
Compensation Committee
Age: 63
|
|
Since 2011
|
|
10
|
|
Certified Public Accountant and Partner of Crowe Horwath LLP 2009-2013.
|
|
Director/Trustee of several investment companies advised by the Adviser (2011-Present); Trustee of the Empire Builder Tax Free Bond Fund (1984-2013); Director of ISI Funds (2007-Present); Trustee of the Daily Income Fund (2006-Present); Director of the California Daily Tax Free Income Fund, Inc. (2006-Present).
|
|
Stuart A. McFarland
Trustee, Member of the
Audit Committee, Member
of the Nominating and
Compensation Committee
Age: 66
|
|
Since April 2013
|
|
12
|
|
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Federal City Bancorp, Inc. (2005-2007); Managing Partner of Federal City Capital Advisors (1997-Present).
|
|
Director/Trustee of several investment companies advised by the Adviser (2006-Present); Director of United Guaranty Corporation (July 2011-Present); Director of Brandywine Funds (2003-2013); Director of New Castle Investment Corp (2000-Present); Director of New American High Income Fund (2013-Present).
|
|
(1)
|
Address: Brookfield Place, 250 Vesey Street, New York, New York, 10281-1023, unless otherwise noted.
|
|
(2)
|
Each Trustee will hold office for an indefinite term until the earliest of (i) the next meeting of shareholders if any, called for the purpose of considering the election or re-election of such Trustee and until the election and qualification of his or her successor, if any, elected at such meeting, or (ii) the date a Trustee resigns or retires, or a Trustee is removed by the Board or shareholders, in accordance with the Trust’s By-Laws and Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust. Each officer will hold office for an indefinite term or until the date he or she resigns or retires or until his or her successor is elected and qualified.
|
|
(3)
|
The Fund Complex is comprised of the Brookfield Investment Funds, Brookfield Global Listed Infrastructure Income Fund Inc., Brookfield Mortgage Opportunity Income Fund Inc., Helios Advantage Income Fund, Inc., Helios High Income Fund, Inc., Helios Multi-Sector High Income Fund, Inc., Helios Strategic Income Fund, Inc., Brookfield Total Return Fund Inc. and Helios High Yield Fund.
|
|
(4)
|
This column includes only directorships of companies required to report to the SEC under the 1934 Act, (
i.e.,
public companies) or other investment companies registered under the 1940 Act.
|
|
(5)
|
Trustees who are not considered to be “interested persons” of the Trust as defined in the 1940 Act are considered to be “Independent Trustees.”
|
Name, Position(s)
Address
1
and Age
|
|
Term of
Office and
Length of Time
Served
2
|
|
Number of
Funds in
Fund
Complex
Overseen
by
Trustee
3
|
|
Principal Occupation(s)
During Past Five Years
|
|
Other Directorships
Held by Trustee
During Past Five
Years
4
|
|
INTERESTED TRUSTEE/OFFICERS:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kim G. Redding
President and Trustee
Age: 58
|
|
Since 2011
|
|
10
|
|
President of several investment companies advised by the Adviser (2010-Present); Chief Investment Strategist of the Adviser (2013-Present); Co-Chief Investment Officer of the Adviser (2010-Present); Chief Executive Officer of the Adviser (2010-2013); Co-Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer of the Adviser (2009-2010); Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Brookfield Redding LLC (2001-2009).
|
|
Director/Trustee of several investment companies advised by the Adviser (2011-Present); Director, Brookfield Investment Management (UK) Limited (2011-Present); Director and Chairman of the Board of Directors of Brookfield Investment Management (Canada) Inc. (2011-Present); Director, Brookfield Investment Funds (UCITS) PLC. (2011-Present); Director, Brookfield Investment Funds (QIF) PLC (2011-Present).
|
|
Heather Goldman
Trustee
Age: 46
|
|
Since April
2013
|
|
12
|
|
Global Head of Marketing and Business Development of the Adviser (2011-2013); Managing Partner, Brookfield Financial (2009-2011); Head of Investor Relations of Starwood Capital Group Global (2007-2009).
|
|
Board Chair (2012-Present), Development Chair and Co-Chair (2006-2012) of University Settlement House.
|
Name, Position(s)
Address
1
and Age
|
|
Term of
Office and
Length of Time
Served
2
|
|
Number of
Funds in
Fund
Complex
Overseen
by
Trustee
3
|
|
Principal Occupation(s)
During Past Five Years
|
|
Other Directorships
Held by Trustee
During Past Five
Years
4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jon Tyras
Vice President
Age:
44
|
|
Since 2011
|
|
N/A
|
|
Managing Director and Chief Financial Officer of the Adviser (2010-Present); Director of the Adviser (2006-2010); General Counsel and Secretary of the Adviser (2006-Present); Chief Financial Officer of Brookfield Investment Management (UK) Limited (2011-Present); Chief Financial Officer of Brookfield Investment Management (Canada) Inc. (2011-Present); Vice President and General Counsel (2006-Present) and Secretary (2007-2010) of Crystal River Capital, Inc.; Secretary of several investment companies advised by the Adviser (2006-Present).
|
|
N/A
|
|
Angela W. Ghantous
Treasurer
Age: 38
|
|
Since 2012
|
|
N/A
|
|
Treasurer of several investment companies advised by the Adviser (2012-Present); Director of the Adviser (2012-Present); Vice President of the Adviser (2009-2012); Controller of Brookfield Redding LLC (2006-2009).
|
|
N/A
|
|
Brian F. Hurley
Secretary
Age: 36
|
|
Since 2011
|
|
N/A
|
|
Director and Assistant General Counsel of the Adviser (2010-Present); Attorney at Paul Hastings LLP (2002-2010).
|
|
N/A
|
Name, Position(s)
Address
1
and Age
|
|
Term of
Office and
Length of Time
Served
2
|
|
Number of
Funds in
Fund
Complex
Overseen
by
Trustee
3
|
|
Principal Occupation(s)
During Past Five Years
|
|
Other Directorships
Held by Trustee
During Past Five
Years
4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Seth Gelman
Chief Compliance Officer
(“CCO”) and Anti-Money
Laundering (AML) Officer
Age: 38
|
|
Since 2011
|
|
N/A
|
|
CCO of several investment companies advised by the Adviser (2009-Present); Director and CCO of the Adviser (2009-Present); Vice President, Oppenheimer Funds, Inc. (2004-May 2009).
|
|
N/A
|
|
(1)
|
Address: Brookfield Place, 250 Vesey Street, New York, New York, 10281-1023, unless otherwise noted.
|
|
(2)
|
Mr. Redding and Ms. Goldman will hold office as Trustees for an indefinite term until the earliest of (i) the next meeting of shareholders if any, called for the purpose of considering the election or re-election of Mr. Redding and/or Ms. Goldman and until the election and qualification of his/her successor, if any, elected at such meeting, or (ii) the date Mr. Redding and/or Ms. Goldman resigns or retires, or is removed by the Board or shareholders, in accordance with the Trust’s By-Laws and Declaration of Trust. Each officer will hold office for an indefinite term or until the date he or she resigns or retires or until his or her successor is elected and qualified.
|
|
(3)
|
The Fund Complex is comprised of the Brookfield Investment Funds, Brookfield Global Listed Infrastructure Income Fund Inc., Brookfield Mortgage Opportunity Income Fund Inc., Helios Advantage Income Fund, Inc., Helios High Income Fund, Inc., Helios Multi-Sector High Income Fund, Inc., Helios Strategic Income Fund, Inc., Brookfield Total Return Fund Inc. and Helios High Yield Fund.
|
|
(4)
|
This column includes only directorships of companies required to report to the SEC under the 1934 Act, (
i.e.,
public companies) or other investment companies registered under the 1940 Act.
|
Additional Information Concerning Our Board of Trustees
The Role of the Board
The Board provides oversight of the management and operations of the Trust. As is the case with virtually all investment companies (as distinguished from operating companies), the day-to-day management and operation of the Trust is the responsibility of various service providers to the Trust, such as the Trust’s investment adviser and administrator, the sub-administrator, custodian and transfer agent, each of whom are discussed in greater detail in this SAI. The Board approves all significant agreements between the Trust and its service provider. The Board has appointed various senior individuals of certain of these service providers as officers of the Trust, with responsibility to monitor and report to the Board on the Trust’s day-to-day operations. In conducting this oversight, the Board receives regular reports from these officers and service providers regarding the Trust’s operations. The Board has appointed a Chief Compliance Officer who administers the Trust’s compliance program and regularly reports to the Board as to compliance matters. Some of these reports are provided as part of formal “Board meetings” which are typically held quarterly, in person, and involve the Board’s review of recent Trust operations. From time to time, one or more members of the Board also may meet with management in less formal settings, between scheduled “Board meetings,” to discuss various topics. In all cases, however, the role of the Board and of any individual Trustee is one of oversight and not of management of the day-to-day affairs of the Trust and its oversight role does not make the Board a guarantor of the Trust’s investments, operations or activities.
Board Leadership Structure
The Board has structured itself in a manner that it believes allows it to effectively perform its oversight function. It has established three standing committees, an Audit Committee, a Nominating and Compensation Committee, and a Qualified Legal Compliance Committee (the “QLCC”) (collectively, the “Committees”), which are discussed in greater detail below. Currently, four of the six members of the Board are Independent Trustees, which are Trustees that are not affiliated with the Adviser or its affiliates, and each of the Audit Committee, Nominating and Compensation Committee and QLCC are comprised entirely of Independent Trustees. Each of the Independent Trustees helps identify matters for consideration by the Board and the Chairman of the Board has an active role in the agenda setting process for Board meetings. The Audit Committee Chairman also has an active role in the agenda setting process for the Audit Committee meetings. The Trust has adopted Fund Governance Policies and Procedures to ensure that the Board is properly constituted in accordance with the 1940 Act and to set forth examples of certain of the significant matter for consideration by the Board and/or its Committees in order to facilitate the Board’s oversight function.
The Board has determined that its leadership structure is appropriate. In addition, the Board also has determined that the structure, function and composition of the Committees are appropriate means to provide effective oversight.
Board Oversight of Risk Management
As part of its oversight function, the Board receives and reviews various risk management reports and assessments and discusses these matters with appropriate management and other personnel. Because risk management is a broad concept comprised of many elements, Board oversight of different types of risks is handled in different ways. For example, the full Board receives and reviews reports from senior personnel of the Adviser (including senior compliance, financial reporting and investment personnel) or their affiliates regarding various types of risks, including, but not limited to, operational, compliance, investment, and business continuity risks, and how they are being managed. From time to time, the full Board meets with the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer to discuss compliance risks relating to the Fund, the Adviser and the Trust’s other service providers. The Audit Committee supports the Board’s oversight of risk management in a variety of ways, including meeting regularly with the Trust’s Treasurer and with the Trust’s independent registered public accounting firm and, when appropriate, with other personnel employed by the Adviser to discuss, among other things, the internal control structure of the Trust’s financial reporting function and compliance with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The Audit Committee also meets regularly with the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer to discuss compliance and operational risks and receives reports from the Adviser’s internal audit group as to these and other matters.
Information about Each Director’s Qualification, Experience, Attributes or Skills
The Board believes that each of the Trustees has the qualifications, experience, attributes and skills (“Trustee Attributes”) appropriate to serve as a Trustee of the Trust in light of the Trust’s business and structure. Certain of these business and professional experiences are set forth in detail in the table above. The Trustees have substantial board experience or other professional experience and have demonstrated a commitment to discharging their oversight responsibilities as Trustees. The Board, with the assistance of the Nominating and Compensation Committee, annually conducts a “self-assessment” wherein the performance of the Board and the effectiveness of the Board and the Committees are reviewed.
In addition to the information provided in the table above, below is certain additional information regarding each particular Trustee and certain of their Trustee Attributes. The information provided below, and in the table above, is not all-inclusive. Many Trustee Attributes involve intangible elements, such as intelligence, integrity, work ethic, the ability to work together, the ability to communicate effectively, the ability to exercise judgment, the ability to ask incisive questions, and commitment to shareholder interests. In conducting its self-assessment, the Board has determined that the Trustees have the appropriate attributes and experience to serve effectively as Trustees of the Trust.
Rodman L. Drake.
Mr. Drake has extensive business experience with particular expertise in financial services, financial reporting, strategic planning and risk management disciplines, including serving on the board of directors for various public and private companies, which include other investment management companies. Mr. Drake serves as the Chairman of the Board and is a member of the Nominating and Compensation Committee, and is a member of the Audit Committee.
Louis P. Salvatore.
Mr. Salvatore has extensive business experience in financial services and financial reporting, including serving on the board of directors/trustees and as audit committee chairman for several other investment management companies. Mr. Salvatore spent over 30 years in public accounting. He holds a Professional Director Certification from the American College of Corporate Directors, a public company director education organization. Mr. Salvatore serves as Chairman of the Audit Committee, and is a member of the Nominating and Compensation Committee.
Edward A. Kuczmarski.
Mr. Kuczmarski has financial accounting experience as a Certified Public Accountant. He also currently serves on the board of directors/trustees for several other investment management companies. In serving on these boards, Mr. Kuczmarski has come to understand and appreciate the role of a director and has been exposed to many of the challenges facing a board and the appropriate ways of dealing with those challenges. Mr. Kuczmarski serves as Chairman of the Nominating and Compensation Committee, and is a member of the Audit Committee.
Kim G. Redding.
Mr. Redding is the Co-Chief Investment Officer of the Adviser and is currently President of several other investment companies advised by the Adviser. As the Co-Chief Investment Officer, Mr. Redding has intimate knowledge of the Adviser, its operations, personnel and financial resources. His position of responsibility at the Adviser, in addition to his knowledge of the firm, has been determined to be valuable to the Board in its oversight of the Fund.
Heather Goldman.
Ms. Goldman has extensive business experience in the financial services industry with particular expertise in the areas of private equity, investment management and commercial banking. As a former senior executive of the Adviser, Ms. Goldman has intimate knowledge of the Adviser, its operations and personnel.
Stuart A. McFarland.
Mr. McFarland has extensive experience in executive leadership, business development and operations, corporate restructuring and corporate finance. He previously served in senior executive management roles in the private sector, including serving as Executive Vice President and General Manager of GE Capital Mortgage Services, Corp. Mr. McFarland currently serves on the board of directors for various other investment management companies, publicly traded company and non-profit entities, and is the Managing Partner of Federal City capital Advisors. Mr. McFarland is a member of the Audit Committee and Nominating and Compensation Committee.
Board Committees
The Trust has established the following three standing committees and the membership of each committee to assist in its oversight functions, including its oversight of the risks the Trust faces: the Audit Committee, the QLCC, and the Nominating and Compensation Committee. There is no assurance, however, that the Board’s committee structure will prevent or mitigate risks in actual practice. The Trust’s committee structure is specifically not intended or designed to prevent or mitigate the Fund’s investment risks. The Fund is designed for investors that are prepared to accept investment risk, including the possibility that as yet unforeseen risks may emerge in the future.
The Audit Committee is comprised of all of the Independent Trustees. It does not include any interested Trustees. The Audit Committee meets regularly with respect to the various series of the Trust. The function of the Audit Committee, with respect to the Fund, is to review the scope and results of the audit and any matters bearing on the audit or the Fund’s financial statements and to ensure the integrity of the Fund’s pricing and financial reporting.
The Audit Committee also serves as the QLCC for the Trust for the purpose of compliance with Rules 205.2(k) and 205.3(c) of the Code of Federal Regulations, regarding alternative reporting procedures for attorneys retained or employed by an issuer who appear and practice before the SEC on behalf of the issuer (the “issuer attorneys”). An issuer’s attorney who becomes aware of evidence of a material violation by the Trust, or by any officer, director, employee, or agent of the Trust, may report evidence of such material violation to the QLCC as an alternative to the reporting requirements of Rule 205.3(b) (which requires reporting to the chief legal officer and potentially “up the ladder” to other entities).
The Nominating and Compensation Committee is comprised of all of the Independent Trustees. The Nominating and Compensation Committee is responsible for seeking and reviewing candidates for consideration as nominees for Trustees, as is considered necessary from time to time and meets only as necessary. The Declaration of Trust (as defined below) does not permit shareholders to nominate persons for election as Trustees.
Trustee Ownership of Fund Shares and Other Interests
No Trustee owned shares of the Fund as of the calendar year ended December 31, 2012, which is prior to the inception date of the Fund. Set forth in the table below is the aggregate dollar range of equity securities in the Fund complex beneficially owned by each Trustee as of December 31, 2012.
|
|
|
Aggregate Dollar Range
of Equity Securities
Held in Fund Complex**
|
|
INTERESTED TRUSTEES:
|
|
|
|
Kim G. Redding
|
|
E
|
|
Heather Goldman
|
|
A
|
|
INDEPENDENT TRUSTEES:
|
|
|
|
Rodman L. Drake
|
|
E
|
|
Louis P. Salvatore
|
|
E
|
|
Edward A. Kuczmarski
|
|
A
|
|
Stuart A McFarland
|
|
C
|
|
**
|
The aggregate dollar range of equity securities owned by each Trustee of all funds overseen by each Trustee in the Adviser’s family of investment companies (the “Fund Complex”) as of December 31, 2012. The Fund Complex is comprised of the Brookfield Investment Funds, Brookfield Global Listed Infrastructure Income Fund Inc., Brookfield Mortgage Opportunity Fund Inc., Helios Advantage Income Fund, Inc., Helios High Income Fund, Inc., Helios Multi-Sector High Income Fund, Inc., Helios Strategic Income Fund Inc., Brookfield Total Return Fund Inc. and Helios High Yield Fund.
|
As of December 31, 2012, neither the Independent Trustees nor members of their immediate family, own securities beneficially or of record in the Adviser, the Distributor, as defined below, or an affiliate of the Adviser or Distributor. Accordingly, neither the Independent Trustees nor members of their immediate family, have direct or indirect interest, the value of which exceeds $120,000, in the Adviser, the Distributor or any of their affiliates. In addition, during the two most recently completed calendar years, neither the Independent Trustees nor members of their immediate families have conducted any transactions (or series of transactions) in which the amount involved exceeds $120,000 and to which the Adviser, the Distributor or any affiliate thereof was a party.
Trustee and Officer Compensation
No remuneration is paid by the Fund to persons who are directors, officers or employees of the Adviser or any affiliate thereof for their services as Trustees or officers of such Fund. No compensation was received by the Independent Trustees from the Fund for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012, which is prior to the inception date of the Fund. Set forth below is the compensation received by the Independent Trustees from the Fund Complex for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012. Each Trustee of the Fund, other than those who are officers or employees of the Adviser or any affiliate thereof, is entitled to receive from the Fund a fee of $10,000 per year plus $2,000 for the Chairman of the Board and, $3,000 for the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Independent Trustees also receive reimbursement from the Trust for expenses incurred in connection with attendance at regular meetings. The Trust does not have a pension or retirement plan. No other entity affiliated with the Trust pays any compensation to the Trustees.
COMPENSATION TABLE
|
Name of Person and Position
|
Total Compensation
from the Fund Complex*
|
|
Interested Trustees
|
|
|
Kim G. Redding
|
$0 (0)
|
|
Heather Goldman
|
$0
(0)
|
|
Independent Trustees
|
|
|
Rodman L. Drake
|
$134,750 (10)
|
|
Louis P. Salvatore
|
$140,625 (10)
|
|
Edward A. Kuczmarski
|
$40,000 (4)
|
|
Stuart A. McFarland
|
$75,500 (6)
|
|
*
|
Represents the total compensation paid to such persons for the calendar year ended December 31, 2012. The parenthetical number represents the number of investment companies (including the Funds) or portfolios thereof from which such person receives compensation and which are considered part of the Fund Complex.
|
CODE OF ETHICS
The Trust, its Adviser and Distributor have adopted codes of ethics (the “Codes of Ethics”) under Rule 17j-1 of the 1940 Act. The Codes of Ethics permit personnel, subject to the Codes of Ethics and their restrictive provisions, to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Trust.
PROXY VOTING POLICIES
The Adviser
The Trust, on behalf of the Fund, has delegated the voting of portfolio securities to the Adviser.
The proxy voting policies of the Adviser and its affiliates attached as Appendix B, are reviewed periodically and, accordingly, are subject to change.
The Trust files Form N-PX with its complete proxy voting record for the 12 months ended June 30, no later than August 31 of each year. This filing for the Trust is available without charge, upon request, by calling toll-free 1-855-244-4859 and on the SEC’s website at
www.sec.gov
.
CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS
A principal shareholder is any person who owns of record or beneficially 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Fund. A control person is one who owns beneficially or through controlled companies more than 25% of the voting securities of a company or acknowledges the existence of control. Shareholders with a controlling interest could affect the outcome of voting or the direction of management of the Fund. Since the Fund was not operational prior to the date of this SAI, there were no principal shareholders or control persons and the Trustees and officers of the Trust as a group did not own more than 1% of the Fund’s outstanding shares.
INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER SERVICES
Investment Adviser
Brookfield Investment Management Inc. (the “Adviser”) serves as the Fund’s investment adviser. The Adviser is a wholly owned subsidiary of Brookfield Asset Management Inc. (“Brookfield”), a publicly held global alternative asset manager focused on property, renewable power, infrastructure and private equity with assets under management of over $183 billion as of June 30, 2013. In addition to the Trust, the Adviser’s clients include pensions, foundations and endowments, insurance companies, real estate investment trusts and closed-end funds. The Adviser specializes in equities and fixed income and its investment philosophy incorporates a value-based approach towards investment. The Adviser provides advisory services to several other registered investment companies. As of June 30, 2013, the Adviser and its affiliates had over $10 billion in assets under management. The business address of the Adviser and its officers and directors is Brookfield Place, 250 Vesey Street, New York, New York 10281-1023.
The Adviser currently serves as the investment adviser to the Fund pursuant to an investment advisory agreement (the “Advisory Agreement”). Pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser furnishes a continuous investment program for the Fund’s portfolios, makes the day-to-day investment decisions for the Fund, arranges the portfolio transactions of the Fund, and generally manages the Fund’s investments in accordance with the stated policies of the Fund, subject to the general supervision of the Board.
After an initial two year term, the Advisory Agreement will continue in effect for successive annual periods so long as such continuation is specifically approved at least annually by the vote of (i) the Board or a (ii) a vote of a majority (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, provided that in either event the continuance also is approved by a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” (as defined pursuant to the 1940 Act) of the Fund, the Adviser, as applicable by vote cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement is terminable at any time, without payment of any penalty, by vote of the Trust’s Board of Trustees, or by a vote of a majority (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, or by the Adviser, in each case on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ prior written notice to the other party. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as defined in the 1940 Act).
As compensation for its services and the related expenses the Adviser bears, the Adviser is contractually entitled to an advisory fee (an “advisory fee”), computed daily and payable monthly, at an annual rate set forth in the table below.
|
Fund
|
Annual Advisory Fee-Contractual Rate
(as a percentage of average daily net assets)
|
|
U.S. Real Estate Fund
|
0.75%
|
The Advisory Agreement was initially approved by the Trustees, including a majority of the Independent Trustees who are not parties to such Agreement, on August 22, 2013. At that meeting, the Board reviewed the written and oral presentations provided by the Adviser in connection with the Trustees’ consideration of the Advisory Agreement. A discussion regarding the basis of the Board’s approval of the Advisory Agreement will be available in the Trust’s annual report to shareholders for the period ended December 31, 2013.
The Adviser has also entered into a distribution agreement with TS Capital, LLC (“TSC”) and its affiliated broker-dealer, ABAX Brokerage Services, Inc. (“ABAX”), under which TSC and ABAX provide assistance to the Adviser with respect to the Fund’s shares of beneficial interest and shareholder services. The fees due pursuant to this distribution agreement will be paid exclusively by the Adviser (and not the Fund). The services provided by TSC and ABAX to the Adviser include, without limitation, marketing assistance, distribution support and shareholder servicing.
Administration Agreement
Pursuant to an administration agreement with the Fund (the “Administration Agreement”), the Adviser also performs various administrative services to the Fund, including, among other responsibilities, the preparation and coordination of reports and other materials to be supplied to the Board; prepare and/or supervise the preparation and filing with the applicable regulatory authority of all securities filings, periodic financial reports, prospectuses, statements of additional information, marketing materials, tax returns, shareholder reports and other regulatory reports and filings required of the Fund; supervise and monitor the preparation of all required filings necessary to maintain the Fund’s qualification and/or registration to sell shares in all states where the Fund currently does, or intends to do business; coordinate the preparation, printing and mailing of all materials required to be sent to shareholders; coordinate the preparation and payment of Fund-related expenses; monitor and oversee the activities of the Fund’s other service providers; review and adjust as necessary the Fund’s daily expense accruals; monitor daily, monthly and periodic compliance with respect to the federal and state securities laws; send periodic information (
i.e.
, performance figures) to service organizations that track investment company information; and perform such additional services as may be agreed upon by the Fund and the Adviser.
For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Adviser receives from the Fund an annual fee equal to 0.15% of its average daily net assets, payable monthly in arrears.
Expense Limitation Agreement
Though the Fund is responsible for its own operating expenses, the Adviser has contractually agreed to waive a portion or all of its fees payable to it by the Fund and/or to pay Fund operating expenses to the extent necessary to limit the Fund’s aggregate annual operating expenses (excluding acquired fund fees and expenses, interest, taxes and extraordinary expenses) to the limit set forth in the Annual Fund Operating Expenses table of the Prospectuses. Any such waivers made by the Adviser in its fees or payment of expenses which are the Fund’s obligation are subject to recoupment by the Adviser from the Fund, if so requested by the Adviser, in subsequent fiscal years if the aggregate amount actually paid by the Fund toward the operating expenses for such fiscal year (taking into account the recoupment) does not exceed the applicable limitation on Fund expenses. The Adviser is permitted to recoup only for its fee waivers and expense payments made in the previous three fiscal years. Any such recoupment is also contingent upon the Board’s subsequent review and ratification of the recouped amounts. Such recoupment may not be paid prior to the Fund’s payment of current ordinary operating expenses.
SERVICE PROVIDERS
Sub-Administrator, Transfer Agent and Fund Accountant
Pursuant to a sub-administration agreement (the “Sub-Administration Agreement”), U.S. Bancorp Fund Services, LLC, (“USBFS” or the “Sub-Administrator”) 615 East Michigan Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202, acts as the Sub-Administrator to the Fund. USBFS provides certain services to the Fund including, among other responsibilities, coordinating the negotiation of contracts and fees with, and the monitoring of performance and billing of, the Fund’s independent contractors and agents; preparation for signature by an officer of the Trust of all documents required to be filed for compliance by the Trust and the Fund with applicable laws and regulations, excluding those of the securities laws of various states; arranging for the computation of performance data, including NAV per share and yield; responding to shareholder inquiries; and arranging for the maintenance of books and records of the Fund, and providing, at its own expense, office facilities, equipment and personnel necessary to carry out its duties. In this capacity, USBFS does not have any responsibility or authority for the management of the Fund, the determination of investment policy, or for any matter pertaining to the distribution of Fund shares.
Pursuant to the Sub-Administration Agreement, as compensation for its services, USBFS receives from the Fund, a combined fee that would cover both fund accounting and fund administration services based on the Fund’s current average daily net assets of: 0.07% on the first $100 million, 0.05% on the next $200 million and 0.03% on the remaining assets, with a minimum annual fee of $64,000 per Fund. USBFS also is entitled to certain out-of-pocket expenses. USBFS also acts as fund accountant, transfer agent (the “Transfer Agent”) and dividend disbursing agent under separate agreements.
Custodian
Pursuant to a Custody Agreement between the Trust and U.S. Bank National Association, located at 1555 North River Center Drive, Suite 302, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212 (the “Custodian”), the Custodian serves as the custodian of the Fund’s assets, holds the Fund’s portfolio securities in safekeeping, and keeps all necessary records and documents relating to its duties. The Custodian is compensated with an asset-based fee plus transaction fees and is reimbursed for out-of-pocket expenses.
The Custodian and Sub-Administrator do not participate in decisions relating to the purchase and sale of securities by the Fund. The Sub-Administrator, Transfer Agent, Custodian and the Fund’s Distributor (as defined below) are affiliated entities under the common control of U.S. Bancorp. The Custodian and its affiliates may participate in revenue sharing arrangements with the service providers of mutual funds in which the Fund may invest.
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Deloitte & Touche LLP, 1700 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 , serves as the independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust.
Legal Counsel
Paul Hastings LLP, 75 East 55th Street, New York, New York 10022, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS AND BROKERAGE
Pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser determines which securities are to be purchased and sold by the Fund and which broker-dealers are eligible to execute the Fund’s portfolio transactions. The Fund does not intend to use any affiliated broker-dealers.
In placing portfolio transactions, the Adviser will seek best execution. The full range and quality of services available will be considered in making these determinations, such as: the price of the security; the commission rate; the execution capability, including execution speed and reliability; trading expertise and knowledge of the other side of the trade; reputation and integrity; market depth and available liquidity; recent order flow; timing and size of an order; and other factors. In those instances where it is reasonably determined that more than one broker-dealer can offer the services needed to obtain the most favorable price and execution available, consideration may be given to those broker-dealers which furnish or supply research and statistical information to the Adviser that it may lawfully and appropriately use in its investment advisory capacities, as well as provide other services in addition to execution services. The Adviser considers such information, which is in addition to and not in lieu of the services required to be performed by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement, to be useful in varying degrees, but of indeterminable value.
While it is the Fund’s general policy to first seek to obtain the most favorable price and execution available in selecting a broker-dealer to execute portfolio transactions for the Fund, in accordance with Section 28(e) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, when it is determined that more than one broker can deliver best execution, weight is also given to the ability of a broker-dealer to furnish brokerage and research services to the Fund or to the Adviser, even if the specific services are not directly useful to the Fund and may be useful to the Adviser in advising other clients. In negotiating commissions with a broker or evaluating the spread to be paid to a dealer, the Fund may therefore pay a higher commission or spread than would be the case if no weight were given to the furnishing of these supplemental services, provided that the amount of such commission or spread has been determined in good faith by the Adviser to be reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and/or research services provided by such broker-dealer.
Investment decisions for the Fund are made independently from those of other client accounts or mutual funds managed or advised by the Adviser. Nevertheless, it is possible that at times identical securities will be acceptable for both the Fund and one or more of such client accounts or mutual funds. In such event, the position of the Fund and such client account(s) or mutual funds in the same issuer may vary and the length of time that each may choose to hold its investment in the same issuer may likewise vary. However, to the extent any of these client accounts or mutual funds seek to acquire the same security as the Fund at the same time, the Fund may not be able to acquire as large a portion of such security as it desires, or it may have to pay a higher price or obtain a lower yield for such security. Similarly, the Fund may not be able to obtain as high a price for, or as large an execution of, an order to sell any particular security at the same time. If one or more of such client accounts or mutual funds simultaneously purchases or sells the same security that the Fund is purchasing or selling, each day’s transactions in such security will be allocated between the Fund and all such client accounts or mutual funds in a manner deemed equitable by the Adviser, taking into account the respective sizes of the accounts and the amount of cash available for investment, the investment objective of the account, and the ease with which a clients appropriate amount can be bought, as well as the liquidity and volatility of the account and the urgency involved in making an investment decision for the client. It is recognized that in some cases this system could have a detrimental effect on the price or value of the security insofar as the Fund is concerned. In other cases, however, it is believed that the ability of the Fund to participate in volume transactions may produce better executions for the Fund.
PORTFOLIO TURNOVER
Although the Fund generally will not invest for short-term trading purposes, portfolio securities may be sold without regard to the length of time they have been held when, in the opinion of the Adviser, investment considerations warrant such action. Portfolio turnover rate is calculated by dividing (i) the lesser of purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by (ii) the monthly average of the value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. A 100% turnover rate would occur if all the securities in the Fund’s portfolio, with the exception of securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less, were sold and either repurchased or replaced within one year. A high rate of portfolio turnover (100% or more) generally leads to above-average transaction costs, could generate capital gains that must be distributed to shareholders as short-term capital gains taxed at ordinary income tax rates (currently as high as 35%) and could increase brokerage commission costs. To the extent that the Fund experiences an increase in brokerage commissions due to a higher portfolio turnover rate, the performance of the Fund could be negatively impacted by the increased expenses incurred by the Fund and may result in a greater number of taxable transactions.
PORTFOLIO MANAGERS
The information below provides summary information regarding the individuals identified in the Prospectuses as primarily responsible for day-to-day management of the Fund (“Portfolio Managers”). All asset information is as of September 30, 2013.
U.S. Real Estate Fund
Messrs. Baine and Krieg are responsible for the day-to-day management of the U.S. Real Estate Fund.
Jason S. Baine – Managing Director and Portfolio Manager.
Mr. Baine is a Portfolio Manager across the Adviser’s U.S. and Global REIT strategies. He oversees and contributes to the portfolio construction process, including execution of buy/sell decisions. Mr. Baine joined the Adviser in September 2001. He has over 16 years of investment management experience in the real estate securities area, including portfolio management for institutional accounts. Mr. Baine is a member of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (NAREIT) and has a Bachelor of Arts degree in Government and Economics from Georgetown University. He has served as Co-Portfolio Manager of the U.S. Real Estate Fund since its inception.
Bernhard Krieg, CFA – Managing Director and Portfolio Manager.
Mr. Krieg is a Portfolio Manager across the Adviser’s U.S. and Global REIT strategies. He oversees and contributes to the portfolio construction process, including execution of buy/sell decisions. He joined the Adviser in April 2006, and has over 15 years of industry experience. He received a Master’s degree in Land Economics and Real Estate from Texas A&M University and his undergraduate degree in Business Administration and Civil Engineering from the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. He also holds the Chartered Financial Analyst designation. Mr. Krieg has served as Co-Portfolio Manager of the U.S. Real Estate Fund since its inception.
The table below shows the number of other accounts managed by each Portfolio Manager and the total assets in each of the following categories, as of September 30, 2013: registered investment companies, other pooled investment vehicles and other accounts. For each category, the table also shows the number of accounts and the total assets in the accounts with respect to which the advisory fee is based on account performance.
The following table provides information relating to other accounts managed by Mr. Baine:
|
|
Registered
Investment
Companies
|
Other
Pooled
Investment
Companies
|
|
|
Number of Accounts Managed
|
4
|
4
|
16
|
|
Number of Accounts Managed with Performance-Based Fees
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
|
Assets Managed (assets in millions)
|
$733
|
$563
|
$1,335
|
|
Assets Managed with Performance-Based Fees
(assets in millions)
|
$310
|
$434
|
$363
|
The following table provides information relating to other accounts managed by Mr. Krieg:
|
|
Registered
Investment
Companies
|
Other
Pooled
Investment
Companies
|
|
|
Number of Accounts Managed
|
4
|
4
|
16
|
|
Number of Accounts Managed with Performance-Based Fees
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
|
Assets Managed (assets in millions)
|
$733
|
$563
|
$1,335
|
|
Assets Managed with Performance-Based Fees
(assets in millions)
|
$310
|
$434
|
$363
|
Potential Conflicts of Interest
Actual or apparent conflicts of interest may arise when the Portfolio Managers also have day-to-day management responsibilities with respect to one or more other accounts. These potential conflicts include:
Allocation of Limited Time and Attention.
As indicated above, the Portfolio Managers manage multiple accounts. As a result, the Portfolio Managers will not be able to devote all of their time to management of the Fund. The Portfolio Managers, therefore, may not be able to formulate as complete a strategy or identify equally attractive investment opportunities for each of those accounts as might be the case if he were to devote all of his attention to the management of only the Fund.
Allocation of Limited Investment Opportunities.
As indicated above, the Portfolio Managers manage accounts with investment strategies and/or policies that are similar to the Fund. If the Portfolio Managers identify an investment opportunity that may be suitable for multiple accounts, the Fund may not be able to take full advantage of that opportunity because the opportunity may be allocated among these accounts or other accounts managed primarily by other Portfolio Managers of the Adviser and its affiliates. In addition, in the event a Portfolio Manager determines to purchase a security for more than one account in an aggregate amount that may influence the market price of the security, accounts that purchased or sold the security first may receive a more favorable price than accounts that made subsequent transactions.
Pursuit of Differing Strategies.
At times, a Portfolio Manager may determine that an investment opportunity may be appropriate for only some of the accounts for which the manager exercises investment responsibility, or may decide that certain of these funds or accounts should take differing positions with respect to a particular security. In these cases, the Portfolio Manager may execute differing or opposite transactions for one or more accounts which may affect the market price of the security or the execution of the transaction, or both, to the detriment of one or more other accounts. For example, the sale of a long position or establishment of a short position by an account may impair the price of the same security sold short by (and therefore benefit) the Adviser, its affiliates, or other accounts, and the purchase of a security or covering of a short position in a security by an account may increase the price of the same security held by (and therefore benefit) the Adviser, its affiliates, or other accounts.
Selection of Broker/Dealers.
A Portfolio Manager may be able to select or influence the selection of the brokers and dealers that are used to execute securities transactions for the funds or accounts that he supervises. In addition to providing execution of trades, some brokers and dealers provide portfolio managers with brokerage and research services which may result in the payment of higher brokerage fees than might otherwise be available. These services may be more beneficial to certain funds or accounts of the Adviser and its affiliates than to others. Although the payment of brokerage commissions is subject to the requirement that the Adviser determines in good faith that the commissions are reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided to the fund, a Portfolio Manager’s decision as to the selection of brokers and dealers could yield disproportionate costs and benefits among the funds or other accounts that the Adviser and its affiliates manage. In addition, with respect to certain types of accounts (such as pooled investment vehicles and other accounts managed for organizations and individuals) the Adviser may be limited by the client concerning the selection of brokers or may be instructed to direct trades to particular brokers. In these cases, the Adviser or its affiliates may place separate, non-simultaneous transactions in the same security for the Fund and another account that may temporarily affect the market price of the security or the execution of the transaction, or both, to the detriment of such Fund or the other accounts.
Variation in Compensation.
A conflict of interest may arise where the financial or other benefits available to a Portfolio Manager differ among the accounts that he manages. If the structure of the Adviser’s management fee or the Portfolio Manager’s compensation differs among accounts (such as where certain accounts pay higher management fees or performance-based management fees), the Portfolio Managers may be motivated to favor certain accounts over others. The Portfolio Managers also may be motivated to favor accounts in which they have investment interests, or in which the Adviser or its affiliates have investment interests. Similarly, the desire to maintain assets under management or to enhance a Portfolio Manager’s performance record or to derive other rewards, financial or otherwise, could influence the Portfolio Manager in affording preferential treatment to those accounts that could most significantly benefit the Portfolio Manager. For example, as reflected above, if a Portfolio Manager manages accounts which have performance fee arrangements, certain portions of his/her compensation will depend on the achievement of performance milestones on those accounts. The Portfolio Manager could be incented to afford preferential treatment to those accounts and thereby be subject to a potential conflict of interest.
The Adviser and the Fund have adopted compliance policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to address the various conflicts of interest that may arise for the Adviser and its staff members. However, there is no guarantee that such policies and procedures will be able to detect and prevent every situation in which an actual or potential conflict may arise.
Compensation
The Portfolio Managers are compensated based on the scale and complexity of their portfolio responsibilities, the total return performance of funds and accounts managed by the Portfolio Manager on an absolute basis and when compared to appropriate peer groups of similar size and strategy, as well as the management skills displayed in managing their portfolio teams and the teamwork displayed in working with other members of their firm. Since the Portfolio Managers are responsible for multiple funds and accounts, investment performance is evaluated on an aggregate basis almost equally weighted among performance, management and teamwork. Base compensation for the Portfolio Managers varies in line with a Portfolio Manager’s seniority and position. The compensation of Portfolio Managers with other job responsibilities (such as acting as an executive officer of their firm or supervising various departments) includes consideration of the scope of such responsibilities and the Portfolio Manager’s performance in meeting them. The Adviser seeks to compensate Portfolio Managers commensurate with their responsibilities and performance, and that is competitive with other firms within the investment management industry. Salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation also are influenced by the operating performance of their respective firms and their parent companies. While the salaries of the Portfolio Managers are comparatively fixed, cash bonuses and stock-based compensation may fluctuate significantly from year to year. Bonuses are determined on a discretionary basis by the senior executives of their respective firm and measured by individual and team-oriented performance guidelines. The amount of the Long Term Incentive Plan (LTIP) is approved annually and there is a rolling vesting schedule to aid in retention of key people. A key component of this program is achievement of client objectives in order to properly align interests with our clients. Further, the incentive compensation of all investment personnel who work on each strategy is directly tied to the relative performance of the strategy and its clients.
The compensation structure of the Portfolio Managers and other investment professionals has four primary components:
|
·
|
If applicable, long-term compensation consisting of restricted stock units or stock options of the Adviser’s ultimate parent company, Brookfield Asset Management Inc.; and
|
|
·
|
If applicable, long-term compensation consisting of restricted stock units in private funds managed by the investment professional.
|
The Portfolio Managers also receive certain retirement, insurance and other benefits that are broadly available to all employees. Compensation of the Portfolio Managers is reviewed on an annual basis by senior management.
Securities Owned in the Fund by the Portfolio Managers
As of the date of this SAI, the Portfolio Managers did not beneficially own any shares of the Fund.
DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENT
The Trust has entered into a Distribution Agreement (the “Distribution Agreement”) with Quasar Distributors, LLC, 615 East Michigan Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202 (the “Distributor”), pursuant to which the Distributor acts as the Fund’s distributor, provides certain administration services and promotes and arranges for the sale of Fund shares. The offering of the Fund’s shares is continuous. The Distributor, USBFS, and Custodian are all affiliated companies. The Distributor is a registered broker-dealer and member of FINRA.
The Distribution Agreement has an initial term of up to two years and will continue in effect only if such continuance is specifically approved at least annually by the Board or by vote of a majority of the Fund’s outstanding voting securities and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Distribution Agreement or “interested persons” (as defined in the 1940 Act) of any such party. The Distribution Agreement is terminable without penalty by the Trust on behalf of the Fund on 60 days written notice when authorized either by a majority vote of the Fund’s shareholders or by vote of a majority of the Board, including a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Trust, or by the Distributor on 60 days written notice, and will automatically terminate in the event of its “assignment” (as defined in the 1940 Act).
DISTRIBUTION PLANS
The Fund has adopted separate distribution and service plans (each, a “Plan,” and collectively, the “Plans”) pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act on behalf of each of the Class A and Class C Shares of the Fund. Payments may be made by the Fund under each Plan for the purpose of financing any activity primarily intended to result in the sales of shares of the class to which such Plan relates as determined by the Board. Such activities typically include advertising; compensation for sales and marketing activities of the Distributor and other banks, broker-dealers, and service providers; shareholder account servicing; production and dissemination of prospectuses and sales and marketing materials; and capital or other expenses of associated equipment, rent, fixtures, salaries, bonuses, reporting and recordkeeping, and other overhead. To the extent any activity is one which the Fund may finance without a distribution plan, the Fund may also make payments to finance such activity outside of the Plans and not be subject to its limitations. Payments under the Plans are not dependent on distribution expenses actually incurred by the Distributor. The Plans compensate the Distributor regardless of expense, and accordingly a portion of the payments by the Fund may be used indirectly to finance distribution activities on behalf of other funds in the Fund Complex and a portion of the payments by such other funds may be used to finance distribution activities on behalf of the Fund. The Plans are intended to benefit the Fund, among other things, by increasing its assets and thereby reducing the Fund’s expense ratio. The Independent Trustees have concluded that there is a reasonable likelihood that the Plans will benefit these classes and their respective shareholders.
Under its terms, each Plan remains in effect so long as its continuance is specifically approved at least annually by vote of the Fund’s Board, including a majority of the Independent Trustees. No Plan may be amended to materially increase the amount to be spent for services provided by the Distributor thereunder without shareholder approval, and all material amendments of any Plan must also be approved by the Board in the manner described above. Each Plan may be terminated at any time, without penalty, by vote of a majority of the Independent Trustees, or by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund (as defined in the 1940 Act). Under each Plan, the Distributor will provide the Trustees with periodic reports of amounts expended under such Plan and the purpose for which such expenditures were made.
Pursuant to the Plans, the Fund pays the Distributor 0.25% of its average daily net assets of Class A Shares and 1.00% of its average daily net assets of Class C Shares. In addition, pursuant to the Plans, the Adviser, its affiliates, or the Distributor and its affiliates may make payments from time to time from their own resources, which may include the investment advisory fee, administration fee, or the distribution fee received from the Fund, and past profits, for any of the foregoing purposes. Due to the continuing nature of Rule 12b-1 payments, long-term investors may pay more than the economic equivalent of the maximum front-end sales charge permitted by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”). Pursuant to the Distribution Agreement, the Fund appoints the Distributor as its general distributor and exclusive agent for the sale of the Fund’s shares. The Fund has agreed to indemnify the Distributor to the extent permitted by applicable law against certain liabilities under federal securities laws.
The amounts paid by the Fund may include third party servicing fees paid to the providers of various programs that make shares available to their customers. Subject to tax limitations and approvals by the Board, the Fund also makes payments to the providers of various programs that make shares available to their customers, out of its assets other than 12b-1 payments, in amounts not greater than savings of expenses the Fund would incur in maintaining shareholder accounts for those who invest in the Fund directly rather than through these programs. The Adviser and its affiliates may also pay for all or a portion of these program’s charges out of their financial resources other than 12b-1 fees.
Shares of the Fund may also be purchased through shareholder agents that are not affiliated with the Fund or the Distributor. There are no sales or service charge imposed by the Fund other than as described in the Prospectus for Class A and Class C Shares under the “Description of Share Classes” section, but agents who do not receive distribution payments or sales charges may impose a charge to the investor for their services. Such fees may vary among agents, and such agents may impose higher initial or subsequent investment requirements than those established by the Fund. Services provided by broker-dealers may include allowing the investor to establish a margin account and to borrow on the value of the Fund’s shares in that account. It is the responsibility of the shareholder’s agent to establish procedures which would assure that, upon receipt of an order to purchase shares of the Fund, the order will be transmitted so that it will be received by the Distributor before the time when the price applicable to the buy order expires.
No Independent Trustee of the Fund had a direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of any Plan or related agreements.
The 12b-1 Plan is intended to benefit the Fund by increasing its assets and thereby reducing the Fund’s expense ratio.
DETERMINATION OF SHARE PRICE
The NAV of the Fund is determined as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) (generally 4:00 p.m., Eastern time), each day the NYSE is open for trading. The NYSE annually announces the days on which it will not be open for trading. It is expected that the NYSE will not be open for trading on the following holidays: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Washington’s Birthday/Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day.
NAV per share is calculated separately for each class of the Fund. The NAV of Class A and Class C Shares of the Fund, as applicable, will generally be lower than the NAV of Class Y or Class I Shares, as applicable, as a result of the higher service and distribution-related fees to which Class A and Class C Shares are subject. It is expected, however, that the NAV of each class will tend to converge immediately after the recording of dividends, if any, which will differ by approximately the amount of the distribution and/or service fee expense accrual differential among the classes. An example of how the Fund calculated its NAV per share as of December 31, 2012 is as follows:
|
Net Assets
|
=
|
NAV Per Share
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares Outstanding
|
Brookfield U.S. Listed Real Estate Fund
Class A Shares
Class C Shares
Class I Shares
|
$27,925,909
|
=
|
$12.00
|
|
|
|
|
|
2,326,428
|
Class Y Shares
|
$9,101,008
|
=
|
$12.01
|
|
|
|
|
|
757,895
|
Generally, the Fund’s investments are valued at market value or, in the absence of a market value, at fair value as determined under procedures approved by the Board. These fair value procedures will also be used to price a security when corporate events, events in the securities market and/or world events cause the Adviser to believe that a security’s last sale price may not reflect its actual market value. Pursuant to those procedures, a fair value determination may be based upon several considerations, including, among other things: (1) the last sales price on the securities exchange, if any, on which a security is primarily traded; (2) the mean between the bid and asked prices; (3) price quotations from an approved pricing service; and (4) other factors as necessary to determine a fair value under certain circumstances.
Securities primarily traded in the NASDAQ Global Market® for which market quotations are readily available shall be valued using the NASDAQ® Official Closing Price (“NOCP”). If the NOCP is not available, such securities shall be valued at the last sale price on the day of valuation, or if there has been no sale on such day, at the mean between the bid and asked prices. OTC securities which are not traded in the NASDAQ Global Market® shall be valued at the most recent sales price. Securities and assets for which market quotations are not readily available (including restricted securities which are subject to limitations as to their sale) are valued at fair value as determined in good faith under procedures approved by or under the direction of the Board.
The Fund’s securities, including ADRs, EDRs and GDRs, which are traded on securities exchanges are valued at the last sale price on the exchange on which such securities are traded, as of the close of business on the day the securities are being valued or, lacking any reported sales, at the mean between the last available bid and asked price. Securities that are traded on more than one exchange are valued on the exchange determined by the Advisor to be the primary market.
In the case of foreign securities, the occurrence of certain events after the close of foreign markets, but prior to the time the Fund’s NAV is calculated (such as a significant surge or decline in the United States or other markets) often will result in an adjustment to the trading prices of foreign securities when foreign markets open on the following business day. If such events occur, the Fund will value foreign securities at fair value, taking into account such events, in calculating the NAV. In such cases, use of fair valuation can reduce an investor’s ability to seek to profit by estimating the Fund’s NAV in advance of the time the NAV is calculated. The Adviser anticipates that the Fund’s portfolio holdings will be fair valued only if market quotations for those holdings are considered unreliable or are unavailable.
All other assets of the Fund are valued in such manner as the Board in good faith deems appropriate to reflect their fair value.
ADDITIONAL PURCHASE AND REDEMPTION INFORMATION
The information provided below supplements the information contained in the Prospectuses regarding the purchase and redemption of Fund shares.
How to Buy Shares
You may purchase shares of the Fund from securities brokers, dealers or financial intermediaries (collectively, “Financial Intermediaries”). Investors should contact their Financial Intermediary directly for appropriate instructions, as well as information pertaining to accounts and any service or transaction fees that may be charged. The Fund may enter into arrangements with certain Financial Intermediaries whereby such Financial Intermediaries are authorized to accept your order on behalf of the Fund. If you transmit your order to these Financial Intermediaries before the close of regular trading (generally 4:00 p.m., Eastern time) on a day that the NYSE is open for business, shares will be purchased at the appropriate per share price next computed after it is received by the Financial Intermediary. Investors should check with their Financial Intermediary to determine if it participates in these arrangements.
Though shareholders do not pay an initial sales charge at the time of purchase of Class C Shares, the Distributor compensates selling Financial Intermediaries by paying 1.00% of the purchase price for Class C Shares. If Class C Shares are redeemed within approximately twelve months after purchase, shareholders are charged a contingent deferred sales charge (“CDSC”) of 1.00%. You will not pay a CDSC to the extent that the value of the redeemed shares represents reinvestment of distributions or capital appreciation of shares redeemed. Proceeds from the CDSC and the 1.00% payments made by the Fund under the Plan, on behalf of the Class C Shares of the Fund, in the first year after purchase are paid to the Distributor and are used in whole or in part by the Distributor to pay the Adviser for financing of the 1.00% up-front commission to Financial Intermediaries who sell Class C Shares. Financial Intermediaries will generally become eligible to receive some or all of such payments one year after purchase. The combination of the CDSC and the ongoing Plan fee on Class C Shares facilitates the ability of the Fund to sell Class C Shares without a sales charge being deducted at the time of purchase. Imposition of the CDSC and the Plan fee on Class C Shares is limited by the FINRA asset-based sales charge rule.
The public offering price of Fund shares is the NAV per share plus any applicable sales charge. Shares are purchased at the public offering price next determined after the Transfer Agent receives your order in good order. In most cases, in order to receive that day’s public offering price, the Transfer Agent must receive your order in good order before the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), normally 4:00 p.m., Eastern time.
The Trust reserves the right in its sole discretion (i) to suspend the continued offering of the Fund’s shares, (ii) to reject purchase orders in whole or in part when in the judgment of the Adviser or the Distributor such rejection is in the best interest of the Fund, and (iii) to reduce or waive the minimum for initial and subsequent investments for certain fiduciary accounts or under circumstances where certain economies can be achieved in sales of the Fund’s shares.
In addition to cash purchases, Fund shares may be purchased by tendering payment in-kind in the form of shares of stock, bonds or other securities. Any securities used to buy Fund shares must be readily marketable, their acquisition consistent with the Fund’s investment restrictions, policies and objectives and otherwise acceptable to the Adviser and the Board. If accepted, the securities will be valued using the same criteria and methods as described in “Pricing of Fund Shares” in the Prospectuses.
How to Sell Shares and Delivery of Redemption Proceeds
You can sell your Fund shares any day the NYSE is open for regular trading, either directly to your Fund or through your Financial Intermediary.
Payments to shareholders for shares of the Fund redeemed directly from the Fund will be made as promptly as possible, but no later than seven days after receipt by the Transfer Agent of the written request in proper form, with the appropriate documentation as stated in the Prospectuses, except that the Fund may suspend the right of redemption or postpone the date of payment during any period when (a) trading on the NYSE is restricted as determined by the SEC or the NYSE is closed for other than weekends and holidays; (b) an emergency exists as determined by the SEC making disposal of portfolio securities or valuation of net assets of the Fund not reasonably practicable; or (c) for such other period as the SEC may permit for the protection of the Fund’s shareholders. Under unusual circumstances, the Fund may suspend redemptions, or postpone payment for more than seven days, but only as authorized by SEC rules.
The value of shares on redemption or repurchase may be more or less than the investor’s cost, depending upon the market value of the Fund’s portfolio securities at the time of redemption or repurchase.
Telephone Redemptions
Shareholders with telephone transaction privileges established on their account may redeem Fund shares by telephone. Upon receipt of any instructions or inquiries by telephone from the shareholder, the Fund or its authorized agents may carry out the instructions and/or respond to the inquiry consistent with the shareholder’s previously established account service options. For joint accounts, instructions or inquiries from either party will be carried out without prior notice to the other account owners. In acting upon telephone instructions, the Fund and its agents use procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure that such instructions are genuine. These include recording all telephone calls, requiring pertinent information about the account and sending written confirmation of each transaction to the registered owner.
USBFS will employ reasonable procedures to confirm that instructions communicated by telephone are genuine. If USBFS fails to employ reasonable procedures, the Fund and USBFS may be liable for any losses due to unauthorized or fraudulent instructions. If these procedures are followed, however, to the extent permitted by applicable law, neither the Fund nor its agents will be liable for any loss, liability, cost or expense arising out of any redemption request, including any fraudulent or unauthorized request. For additional information, contact USBFS.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Trust has filed an election under SEC Rule 18f-1 committing to pay in cash all redemptions by a shareholder of record up to amounts specified by the rule (in excess of the lesser of (i) $250,000 or (ii) 1% of the Fund’s assets). The Fund has reserved the right to pay the redemption price of its shares in excess of the amounts specified by the rule, either totally or partially, by a distribution in-kind of portfolio securities (instead of cash). The securities so distributed would be valued at the same amount as that assigned to them in calculating the NAV per share for the shares being sold. If a shareholder receives a distribution in-kind, the shareholder could incur brokerage or other charges in converting the securities to cash. A distribution in-kind is a taxable event for shareholders.
The Fund does not intend to hold any significant percentage of its portfolio in illiquid securities, although the Fund, like virtually all mutual funds, may from time to time hold a small percentage of securities that are illiquid. In the unlikely event the Fund were to elect to make an in-kind redemption, the Fund expects that it would follow the normal protocol of making such distribution by way of a
pro rata
distribution based on its entire portfolio. If the Fund held illiquid securities, such distribution may contain a
pro rata
portion of such illiquid securities or the Fund may determine, based on a materiality assessment, not to include illiquid securities in the in-kind redemption. The Fund does not anticipate that it would ever selectively distribute a greater than pro rata portion of any illiquid securities to satisfy a redemption request. If such securities are included in the distribution, shareholders may not be able to liquidate such securities and may be required to hold such securities indefinitely. Shareholders’ ability to liquidate such securities distributed in-kind may be restricted by resale limitations or substantial restrictions on transfer imposed by the issuers of the securities or by law. Shareholders may only be able to liquidate such securities distributed in-kind at a substantial discount from their value, and there may be higher brokerage costs associated with any subsequent disposition of these securities by the recipient.
TAXES
The following is a summary of certain U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Fund and its shareholders that may not be described in the Prospectuses. This is not intended to be a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Fund or its shareholders, and the discussions here and in the Prospectuses are not intended as substitutes for thorough tax planning.
Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company
The Fund has elected to qualify and intends to continue to qualify as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code, as long as it is in the best interest of its shareholders. To qualify as a regulated investment company, the Fund must distribute to its shareholders at least 90% of its investment company taxable income (which includes, among other items, dividends, taxable interest and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses), and meet certain other requirements (including diversification of assets and sources of income) discussed below. By meeting these requirements, the Fund generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on investment company taxable income and net capital gains (the excess of net long-term capital gains over net short-term capital losses, reported by the Fund as capital gain dividends) distributed to shareholders. There can be no assurance that the Fund will meet all of the requirements for such qualification each year.
The Fund must satisfy an asset diversification test in order to qualify as a regulated investment company. Under this test, at the close of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year, at least 50% of the value of the Fund’s assets must consist of cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other regulated investment companies, and securities of other issuers (as to which the Fund has not invested more than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets in securities of such issuer and as to which the Fund does not hold more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer), and no more than 25% of the value of its total assets may be invested in the securities of any one issuer (other than U.S. government securities and securities of other regulated investment companies), in two or more issuers that the Fund controls (by owning 20% or more of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer) and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses, or in the securities of qualified publicly traded partnerships. Generally, an option (call or put) with respect to a security is treated as issued by the issuer of the security, not the issuer of the option.
In addition to satisfying the requirements described above, a regulated investment company must derive at least 90% of its gross income from dividends, interest, certain payments with respect to securities loans, gains from the sale or other disposition of stock or securities or foreign currencies, other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures, or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies and net income from qualified publicly traded partnerships.
If, for any taxable year, the Fund does not qualify as a regulated investment company, all of its taxable income would be subject to tax at regular corporate rates without any deduction for distributions to shareholders, and any distributions would be taxable to the shareholders as ordinary dividends to the extent of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits.
Excise Tax on Regulated Investment Companies
Amounts, other than tax exempt interest, not distributed on a timely basis may be subject to a nondeductible 4% excise tax. To prevent imposition of the excise tax, the Fund must distribute during the calendar year an amount equal to the sum of (1) at least 98% of their ordinary income (excluding any capital gains or losses) for the calendar year, (2) at least 98.2% of the excess of its capital gains over capital losses (adjusted for certain losses) for the one-year period ending October 31 of such year (or, at the election of a regulated investment company having a taxable year ending November 30 or December 31, for its taxable year), and (3) any deficiencies from distributions in such prior years.
Fund Distributions
The Fund’s policy is to declare dividends annually. The Fund distributes all or substantially all (and in no event less than 90%) of its investment company taxable income each year. Distributions of investment company taxable income, including net short-term capital gains, generally are taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. Distributions of net long-term capital gains, if any, reported by the Fund as capital gain dividends are taxable to shareholders as long-term capital gains, regardless of the length of time the shareholder has held its shares of the Fund. In determining the amount of net capital gains to be distributed, any capital loss carryover from prior years will be applied against capital gains to reduce the amount of distributions paid. Shareholders will be notified annually as to the U.S. federal tax status of distributions.
If any net capital gains are retained by the Fund for reinvestment, requiring federal income taxes thereon to be paid by it, the Fund can elect to treat such capital gains as having been distributed to shareholders. In that event, shareholders will report such capital gains as net capital gains, will be able to claim their share of federal income taxes paid by the Fund on such gains as a credit against their own federal income tax liability, and will be entitled to increase the adjusted tax basis of their Fund shares by an amount equal to the difference between the amount of undistributed capital gains included in their gross income and the tax deemed paid.
Distributions by the Fund that do not constitute ordinary income dividends or capital gain dividends will be treated as a return of capital to the extent of (and in reduction of) the shareholder’s tax basis in its shares; any excess will be treated as gain from the sale of its shares, as discussed below.
Dividends of investment company taxable income paid by the Fund will qualify for the 70% dividends-received deduction generally available to corporate shareholders (other than certain corporations, such as S corporations, which are not eligible for the deduction because of their special characteristics and other than for purposes of special taxes such as the accumulated earnings tax and the personal holding company tax) to the extent of the amount of qualifying dividends (as defined in the Code) received by the Fund from domestic corporations for the taxable year. In addition, the dividends-received deduction for a corporate shareholder will be disallowed for shareholders who do not hold their shares in the Fund for at least 46 days during the 91-day period beginning 45 days before a share in the Fund becomes ex dividend with respect to such dividend and will be disallowed with respect to an investment in the Fund that is debt financed. Shareholders will be notified at the end of the year as to the amount of the dividends that qualify for the dividends-received deduction.
Alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) is imposed in addition to, but only to the extent it exceeds, the regular tax and is computed at a maximum marginal rate of 28% for noncorporate taxpayers and 20% for corporate taxpayers on the excess of the taxpayer’s alternative minimum taxable income (“AMTI”) over an exemption amount.
For purposes of the corporate AMT, the corporate dividends-received deduction is not itself an item of tax preference that must be added back to taxable income or is otherwise disallowed in determining a corporation’s AMTI. However, a corporate shareholder will generally be required to take the full amount of any dividend received from the Fund into account (without a dividends-received deduction) in determining its adjusted current earnings, which are used in computing an additional corporate preference item (
i.e.
, 75% of the excess of a corporate taxpayer’s adjusted current earnings over its AMTI, determined without regard to this item and the AMT net operating loss deduction) includable in AMTI.
Distributions are taxable to shareholders whether received in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund. Shareholders receiving a distribution in the form of additional shares will be treated as receiving a distribution in an amount equal to the amount of the cash dividend that otherwise would have been distributable (where the additional shares are purchased in the open market), or the fair market value of the shares received, determined as of the reinvestment date. Shareholders electing to receive distributions in the form of additional shares will have a cost basis for U.S. federal income tax purposes in each share so received equal to the value of a share on the reinvestment date.
In general, gain or loss recognized by the Fund on the disposition of an asset will be a capital gain or loss. However, gain recognized on the disposition of a debt obligation purchased by the Fund at a market discount (generally, at a price less than its principal amount) will be treated as ordinary income to the extent of the portion of the market discount which accrued during the period of time the Fund held the debt obligation.
Certain of the options, futures contracts, and forward foreign currency exchange contracts in which the Fund may invest are so-called “section 1256 contracts.” With certain exceptions, realized gains or losses on section 1256 contracts generally are considered 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gains or losses (“60/40”). Also, section 1256 contracts held by the Fund at the end of each taxable year (and, generally, for purposes of the nondeductible 4% excise tax, on October 31 of each year) are “marked-to-market” with the result that unrealized gains or losses are treated as though they were realized and the resulting gain or loss is treated as 60/40 gain or loss. Investors should consult their own tax advisers in this regard.
Generally, the hedging transactions undertaken by the Fund may result in “straddles” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The straddle rules may affect the character of gains (or losses) realized by the Fund. In addition, losses realized by the Fund on a position that is part of a straddle may be deferred under the straddle rules, rather than being taken into account in calculating the taxable income for the taxable year in which such losses are realized. Since only a few regulations implementing the straddle rules have been promulgated, the tax consequences to the Fund of hedging transactions are not entirely clear. The Fund may make one or more of the elections applicable to straddles available under the Code. If an election is made, the amount, character, and timing of the recognition of gains or losses from the affected straddle positions will be determined pursuant to the rules applicable to the election(s) made, which may accelerate the recognition of gains or losses from the affected straddle positions.
Because application of the straddle rules may affect the character of gains or losses, defer losses, and/or accelerate the recognition of gains or losses from the affected straddle positions, the amount which must be distributed to shareholders, and will be taxed to shareholders as ordinary income or long-term capital gain, may be increased or decreased substantially as compared to the Fund that did not engage in such hedging transactions.
Gains or losses attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates resulting from transactions in a foreign currency generally are treated as ordinary income or ordinary loss. These gains or losses may increase, decrease, or eliminate the amount of the Fund’s investment company taxable income to be distributed to its shareholders as ordinary income.
Investors should carefully consider the tax implications of buying shares prior to a distribution by the Fund. The price of shares purchased at that time includes the amount of the forthcoming distributions. Distributions by the Fund reduce the NAV of the Fund’s shares, and if a distribution reduces the NAV below a stockholder’s cost basis, such distribution, nevertheless, would be taxable to the shareholder as ordinary income or capital gain as described above, even though, from an economic or investment standpoint, it may constitute a partial return of capital.
The Fund invests in stocks of real estate investment trusts, or REITs. In order to qualify for the special tax treatment that effectively eliminates the corporate tax at the REIT level, REITs are required to distribute at least 90% of their net taxable income on an annual basis, earn certain percentages of their income from real estate assets, such as rent and interest on mortgages, and other generally passive income, and hold at least 75% of their assets in real estate and loans secured by mortgages on real estate. However, there are numerous situations in which a REIT may incur and pay some amount of federal, state, local or foreign taxes. A 4% nondeductible excise tax applies to certain undistributed REIT income. In addition, REITs are subject to requirements related to their organization, tax reporting, diversity of stock ownership and sales of assets. REITs frequently use taxable subsidiaries to conduct activities or earn income that might compromise their ability to qualify as a REIT. REIT dividends generally are not “qualified dividends” eligible for the maximum 20% federal tax rate. The REIT rules are complex. Certain cure provisions may apply if a REIT violates a requirement, but nonetheless the failure to maintain REIT status could result in corporate income tax at the REIT level, thus resulting in a significant adverse impact to REIT shareholders.
The Fund may invest in stocks of foreign companies that are classified under the Code as passive foreign investment companies (“PFICs”). In general, a foreign company is classified as a PFIC under the Code if at least one-half of its assets constitutes investment-type assets or 75% or more of its gross income is investment-type income. Under the PFIC rules, distribution of accumulated earnings or gain from the sale of stock of the PFIC (referred to as an “excess distribution”) received with respect to PFIC stock is treated as having been realized ratably over the period during which the Fund held the PFIC stock.
The Fund itself will be subject to tax on the portion, if any, of the excess distribution that is allocated to the Fund’s holding period in prior taxable years (and an interest factor will be added to the tax, as if the tax had actually been payable in such prior taxable years) even though the Fund distributes the corresponding income to shareholders. All excess distributions are taxable as ordinary income.
The Fund may be able to elect alternative tax treatment with respect to the PFIC stock it holds. One election that is currently available, provided the appropriate information is received from the PFIC, requires the Fund to generally include in its gross income its share of the earnings of a PFIC on a current basis, regardless of whether any distributions are received from the PFIC. If this election is made, the special rules, discussed above, relating to the taxation of excess distributions, would not apply. In addition, other elections may become available that would affect the tax treatment of PFIC stock held by the Fund. The Fund’s intention to qualify annually as a regulated investment company may limit its elections with respect to PFIC stock.
Because the application of the PFIC rules may affect, among other things, the character of gains, the amount of gain or loss, and the timing of the recognition of income and loss with respect to PFIC stock, as well as subject the Fund itself to tax on certain income from PFIC stock, the amount that must be distributed to shareholders by the Fund that holds PFIC stock, which will be taxed to shareholders as ordinary income or long-term capital gain, may be increased or decreased substantially as compared to a fund that did not invest in PFIC stock. Investors should consult their own tax advisors in this regard.
Dividends and interest paid by foreign issuers may be subject to withholding and other foreign taxes, which may decrease the net return on foreign investments as compared to dividends and interest paid by domestic issuers. The Fund does not expect that they will qualify to elect to pass through to its shareholders the right to take a foreign tax credit for foreign taxes withheld from dividends and interest payments.
The Fund will be required to report to the Internal Revenue Service all distributions of taxable income and capital gains as well as gross proceeds from the redemption or exchange of Fund shares, except in the case of exempt shareholders, which include most corporations. Under the backup withholding provisions, distributions of taxable income and capital gains and proceeds from the redemption or exchange of the shares of a regulated investment company may be subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at the rate of 28% in the case of non-exempt shareholders who fail to furnish the Company with their taxpayer identification numbers and their required certifications regarding their status under the U.S. federal income tax law. If the withholding provisions are applicable, any such distributions and proceeds, whether taken in cash or reinvested in additional shares, will be reduced by the amounts required to be withheld. Corporate shareholders should provide the Fund with their taxpayer identification numbers and should certify their exempt status in order to avoid possible erroneous application of backup withholding. Backup withholding is not an additional tax and may be credited to a taxpayer’s U.S. federal tax liability if the appropriate documentation is provided.
Sale or Redemption of Shares
Upon the taxable disposition (including a sale or redemption) of shares of the Fund, a shareholder may realize a gain or loss depending upon its basis in the shares. Such gain or loss will be treated as capital gain or loss if the shares are capital assets in the shareholder’s hands, and will be long-term or short-term, generally depending upon the shareholder’s holding period for the shares. Non-corporate shareholders are currently subject to tax at a maximum federal rate of 20% on capital gains resulting from the disposition of shares held for more than 12 months. However, a loss realized by a shareholder on the disposition of Fund shares with respect to which capital gains dividends have been paid will, to the extent of such capital gain dividends, also be treated as a long-term capital loss if such shares have been held by the shareholder for six months or less. Further, a loss realized on a disposition will be disallowed to the extent the shares disposed of are replaced (whether by reinvestment of distributions or otherwise) within a period of 61 days beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the shares are disposed of. In such a case, the basis of the shares acquired will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss. Capital losses in any year are deductible only to the extent of capital gains plus, in the case of a non-corporate taxpayer, $3,000 of ordinary income ($1,500 for married individuals filing separately). An exchange from one share class within the Fund to another share class within the same Fund generally is not a taxable transaction, provided that such classes have identical rights with respect to Fund assets.
Foreign Shareholders
The foregoing discussion of U.S. federal income tax law relates solely to the application of that law to U.S. persons,
i.e
., U.S. citizens and residents and U.S. domestic corporations, partnerships, trusts, and estates. Each shareholder who is not a U.S. person should consult his or her tax advisor regarding the U.S. and foreign tax consequences of ownership of Fund shares, including the possibility that such a shareholder may be subject to a U.S. withholding tax at a rate of 30% (or at a lower rate under an applicable income tax treaty) on amounts received by such person, and, for non-individual foreign shareholders, a 30% branch profits tax.
The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (“FATCA”)
A 30% withholding tax on your Fund’s distributions, including capital gains distributions, and on gross proceeds from the sale or other disposition of shares of the Fund generally applies if paid to a foreign entity unless: (i) if the foreign entity is a “foreign financial institution,” it undertakes certain due diligence, reporting, withholding and certification obligations, (ii) if the foreign entity is not a “foreign financial institution,” it identifies certain of its U.S. investors or (iii) the foreign entity is otherwise excepted under FATCA. Withholding under FATCA is required: (i) with respect to certain distributions from your Fund beginning on July 1, 2014; and (ii) with respect to certain capital gains distributions and gross proceeds from a sale or disposition of Fund shares that occur on or after January 1, 2017. If withholding is required under FATCA on a payment related to your shares, investors that otherwise would not be subject to withholding (or that otherwise would be entitled to a reduced rate of withholding) on such payment generally will be required to seek a refund or credit from the IRS to obtain the benefits of such exemption or reduction. The Fund will not pay any additional amounts in respect to amounts withheld under FATCA. You should consult your tax advisor regarding the effect of FATCA based on your individual circumstances.
State and Local Tax Considerations
The Fund may be subject to state or local tax in jurisdictions in which the Fund is organized or may be deemed to be doing business.
Distributions may be subject to state and local income taxes. In addition, the treatment of the Fund and its shareholders in those states that have income tax laws might differ from their treatment under the U.S. federal income tax laws.
The foregoing is only a summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax consequences affecting the Fund and its shareholders. Current and prospective shareholders are advised to consult their own tax advisers with respect to the particular tax consequences to them of an investment in the Fund.
ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING PROGRAM
The Trust has established an Anti-Money Laundering Program (the “Program”) as required by the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (“USA PATRIOT Act”). In order to ensure compliance with this law, the Trust’s Program provides for the development of internal practices, procedures and controls, designation of anti-money laundering compliance officers, an ongoing training program and an independent audit function to determine the effectiveness of the Program.
Procedures to implement the Program include, but are not limited to, determining that the Fund’s Distributor and Transfer Agent have established proper anti-money laundering procedures, reporting suspicious and/or fraudulent activity, checking shareholder names against designated government lists, including Office of Foreign Asset Control (“OFAC”), and a complete and thorough review of all new opening account applications. The Trust will not transact business with any person or entity whose identity cannot be adequately verified under the provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act.
GENERAL INFORMATION
The Trust’s Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust dated as of September 27, 2011 (the “Declaration of Trust”) permits the Trustees to issue an unlimited number of full and fractional shares of beneficial interest and to divide or combine the shares into a greater or lesser number of shares without thereby materially changing the proportionate beneficial interest in a series or any class thereof. Upon a series’ liquidation, all shareholders would share
pro rata
in the net assets of such series available for distribution to shareholders unless otherwise determined by the Trustees or otherwise provided by the Declaration of Trust.
With respect to each series, the Trust may offer more than one class of shares. The Trust reserves the right to create and issue additional series or classes. Each share of a series or class represents an equal proportionate interest in that series or class with each other share of that series or class. Currently, each series offers four classes of shares of beneficial interest – “Class A” Shares, “Class C” Shares, “Class Y” Shares, and “Class I” Shares.
The shares of each series or class participate equally in the earnings, dividends and assets of the particular series or class. General liabilities of the Trust which are not readily identifiable as belonging to a specific series are allocated among any one or more series in a manner believed by the Trustees of the Trust to be fair and equitable. Shares have no pre-emptive or conversion rights. Shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable, except as set forth below. On each matter submitted to a vote of shareholders, unless the Trustees determine otherwise, all shares of all series and classes shall vote together as a single class; provided, however, that: (i) as to any matter with respect to which a separate vote of any series or class is required by the 1940 Act or other applicable law or is required by attributes applicable to any series or class, such requirements as to a separate vote by that series or class shall apply; (ii) unless the Trustees determine that this clause (ii) shall not apply in a particular case, to the extent that a matter referred to in clause (i) above affects more than one series or class and the interests of each such series or class in the matter are identical, then the shares of all such affected series or classes shall vote together as a single class; and (iii) as to any matter which does not affect the interests of a particular series or class, only the holders of shares of the one or more affected series or classes shall be entitled to vote. As determined by the Trustees, in their sole discretion, without the vote or consent of shareholders, (except as required by the 1940 Act) on any matter submitted to a vote of shareholders either (x) each whole share shall be entitled to one vote as to any matter on which it is entitled to vote and each fractional share shall be entitled to a proportionate fractional vote or (y) each dollar of NAV (number of shares owned times NAV per share of the Trust, if no series shall have been established, or of such series or class, as applicable) shall be entitled to one vote on any matter on which such shares are entitled to vote and each fractional dollar amount shall be entitled to a proportionate fractional vote. Without limiting the power of the Trustees in any way to designate otherwise in accordance with the preceding sentence, the Trustees established that each whole share shall be entitled to one vote as to any matter on which it is entitled to vote and each fractional share shall be entitled to a proportionate fractional vote. There is no cumulative voting in the election of Trustees. Shares may be voted in person or by proxy or in any manner provided for in the By-Laws or as determined by the Trustees. A proxy may be given in writing, electronically, by telefax, or in any other manner provided for in the By-Laws or as determined by the Trustees.
The Trust is not required to hold annual meetings of shareholders but will hold special meetings of shareholders of a series or class when, in the judgment of the Trustees, it is necessary or desirable to submit matters for a shareholder vote. Shareholders also have, in certain circumstances, the right to remove one or more Trustees. Except as specifically provided in the Declaration of Trust, the Trustees may, without shareholder vote, amend or otherwise supplement the Declaration of Trust by making an amendment, a Declaration supplemental thereto or an amended and restated Declaration. Shareholders shall have the right to vote: (i) on any amendment which would affect their right to vote granted in the Declaration of Trust, (ii) on any amendment for which such vote is required by the 1940 Act and (iii) on any amendment submitted to them by the Trustees. Any amendment required or permitted to be submitted to shareholders which, as the Trustees determine, shall affect the shareholders of one or more series or classes shall be authorized by vote of the shareholders of each series or class affected and no vote of shareholders of a series or class not affected shall be required. Anything in the Declaration of Trust to the contrary notwithstanding, any amendment to Article VIII (Compensation, Limitation of Liability of Trustees) thereof shall not limit the rights to indemnification or insurance provided therein with respect to action or omission of any persons protected thereby prior to such amendment. The Trustees may without shareholder vote, restate or amend or otherwise supplement the By-Laws and the Certificate of Trust as the Trustees deem necessary or desirable. The Trust or any series or class may be terminated by the Trustees by written notice to the series’ or class’ shareholders. Unless so terminated, the Trust will continue indefinitely.
Rule 18f-2 under the 1940 Act provides that as to any investment company which has two or more series outstanding and as to any matter required to be submitted to shareholder vote, such matter is not deemed to have been effectively acted upon unless approved by the holders of a “majority” (as defined in the Rule) of the voting securities of each series affected by the matter. Such separate voting requirements do not apply to the election of Trustees or the ratification of the selection of accountants. The Rule contains special provisions for cases in which an advisory contract is approved by one or more, but not all, series. A change in investment policy may go into effect as to one or more series whose holders so approve the change even though the required vote is not obtained as to the holders of other affected series.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Financial statements certified by an independent registered public accounting firm will be sent to shareholders at least annually. Since the Fund had not yet commenced operations as of the date of this SAI, no financial statements are available.
APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTION OF CORPORATE DEBT RATINGS
MOODY’S INVESTORS SERVICE, INC.
|
Aaa:
|
Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, with minimal credit risk.
|
|
Aa:
|
Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
|
|
A:
|
Obligations rated A are considered as upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
|
|
Baa:
|
Obligations rated Baa are subject to moderate credit risk. They are considered medium grade and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
|
|
Ba:
|
Obligations rated Ba are judged to have speculative elements and are subject to substantial credit risk.
|
|
B:
|
Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
|
|
Caa:
|
Obligations rated Caa are judged to be of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
|
|
Ca:
|
Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
|
|
C:
|
Obligations rated C are the lowest rated class of bonds and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
|
Unrated: Where no rating has been assigned or where a rating has been suspended or withdrawn, it may be for reasons unrelated to the quality of the issue.
Should no rating be assigned, the reason may be one of the following:
|
1.
|
An application for rating was not received or accepted.
|
|
2.
|
The issue or issuer belongs to a group of securities that are not rated as a matter of policy.
|
|
3.
|
There is a lack of essential data pertaining to the issue or issuer.
|
|
4.
|
The issue was privately placed, in which case the rating is not published in Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.’s publications.
|
Suspension or withdrawal may occur if new and material circumstances arise, the effects of which preclude satisfactory analysis; if there is no longer available reasonable up-to-date data to permit a judgment to be formed; if a bond is called for redemption; or for other reasons.
|
Note:
|
Moody’s may apply numerical modifiers, 1, 2 and 3 in each generic rating classification from Aa through B in its corporate bond rating system. The modifier 1 indicates that the security ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates that the issue ranks in the lower end of its generic rating category.
|
STANDARD & POOR’S RATINGS SERVICE
|
AAA:
|
An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong.
|
|
AA:
|
An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest rated obligations only in a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is very strong.
|
|
A:
|
An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is still strong.
|
|
BBB:
|
An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
|
|
BBB, B,
CCC,
CC, C:
|
Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions.
|
|
C1:
|
The rating C1 is reserved for income bonds on which no interest is being paid.
|
|
D:
|
Bonds rated D are in payment default, and payment of interest and/or repayment of principal is in arrears.
|
|
Plus (+)
or Minus
(-)
|
The ratings from AA to CCC may be modified by the addition of a plus or minus sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories.
|
|
NR:
|
Indicates that no rating has been requested, that there is insufficient information on which to base a rating, or that S&P does not rate a particular type of obligation as a matter of policy.
|
Description of S&P and Moody's commercial paper ratings:
The designation A-1 by S&P indicates that the degree of safety regarding timely payment is either overwhelming or very strong. Those issues determined to possess overwhelming safety characteristics are denoted with a plus sign designation. Capacity for timely payment on issues with an A-2 designation is strong. However, the relative degree of safety is not as high as for issues designated A-1.
The rating Prime-1 (P-1) is the highest commercial paper rating assigned by Moody’s. Issuers of P-1 paper must have a superior capacity for repayment of short-term promissory obligations, and ordinarily will be evidenced by leading market positions in well established industries, high rates of return of funds employed, conservative capitalization structures with moderate reliance on debt and ample asset protection, broad margins in earnings coverage of fixed financial charges and high internal cash generation, and well established access to a range of financial markets and assured sources of alternate liquidity.
APPENDIX B
BROOKFIELD INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT INC.
PORTFOLIO PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
JULY 2010
The Portfolio Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures (the “Policies and Procedures”) set forth the proxy voting policies, procedures and guidelines to be followed by Brookfield Investment Management Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, “BIM”) in voting portfolio proxies relating to securities that are held in the portfolios of the investment companies or other clients (“Clients”) for which BIM has been delegated such proxy voting authority.
|
A.
|
Proxy Voting Committee
|
BIM’s internal proxy voting committee (“Committee”) is responsible for overseeing the proxy voting process and ensuring that BIM meets its regulatory and corporate governance obligations in voting of portfolio proxies.
The Committee shall oversee the proxy voting agent’s compliance with these Policies and Procedures, including any deviations by the proxy voting agent from the proxy voting guidelines (“Guidelines”) provided in Exhibit A attached hereto.
|
B.
|
Administration and Voting of Portfolio Proxies
|
|
1.
|
Fiduciary Duty and Objective
|
As an investment adviser that has been granted the authority to vote on portfolio proxies, BIM owes a fiduciary duty to its Clients to monitor corporate events and to vote portfolio proxies consistent with the best interests of its Clients. In this regard, BIM seeks to ensure that all votes are free from unwarranted and inappropriate influences. Accordingly, BIM generally votes portfolio proxies in a uniform manner for its Clients and in accordance with these Policies and Procedures and the Guidelines.
In meeting its fiduciary duty, BIM generally view proxy voting as a way to enhance the value of the company’s stock held by the Clients. Similarly, when voting on matters for which the Guidelines dictate a vote be decided on a case-by-case basis, BIM’s primary consideration is the economic interests its Clients.
2. Proxy Voting Agent
BIM may retain an independent third party proxy voting agent to assist BIM in its proxy voting responsibilities in accordance with these Policies and Procedures and in particular, with the Guidelines. As discussed above, the Committee is responsible for monitoring the proxy voting agent.
In general, BIM may consider the proxy voting agent’s research and analysis as part of BIM’s own review of a proxy proposal in which the Guidelines recommend that the vote be considered on a case-by-case basis. BIM bears ultimate responsibility for how portfolio proxies are voted. Unless instructed otherwise by BIM, the proxy voting agent, when retained, will vote each portfolio proxy in accordance with the Guidelines. The proxy voting agent also will assist BIM in maintaining records of BIM’s portfolio proxy votes, including the appropriate records necessary for registered investment companies to meet their regulatory obligations regarding the annual filing of proxy voting records on Form N-PX with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).
3. Material Conflicts of Interest
BIM votes portfolio proxies without regard to any other business relationship between BIM and the company to which the portfolio proxy relates. To this end, BIM must identify material conflicts of interest that may arise between a Client and BIM, such as the following relationships:
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BIM provides significant investment advisory or other services to a portfolio company or its affiliates (the “Company”) whose management is soliciting proxies or BIM is seeking to provide such services;
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BIM serves as an investment adviser to the pension or other investment account of the Company or BIM is seeking to serve in that capacity; or
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BIM and the Company have a lending or other financial-related relationship.
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In each of these situations, voting against the Company management’s recommendation may cause BIM a loss of revenue or other benefit.
BIM generally seeks to avoid such material conflicts of interest by maintaining separate investment decision-making and proxy voting decision-making processes. To further minimize possible conflicts of interest, BIM and the Committee employ the following procedures, as long as BIM determines that the course of action is consistent with the best interests of the Clients:
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If the proposal that gives rise to a material conflict is
specifically addressed in the Guidelines, BIM will vote the portfolio proxy in accordance with the Guidelines, provided that the Guidelines do not provide discretion to BIM on how to vote on the matter (
i.e
., case-by-case);
or
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If the previous procedure does not provide an appropriate voting recommendation, BIM may retain an independent fiduciary for advice on how to vote the proposal or the Committee may direct BIM to abstain from voting because voting on the particular proposal is impracticable and/or is outweighed by the cost of voting.
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4. Certain Foreign Securities
Portfolio proxies relating to foreign securities held by Clients are subject to these Policies and Procedures. In certain foreign jurisdictions, however, the voting of portfolio proxies can result in additional restrictions that have an economic impact to the security, such as “share-blocking.” If BIM votes on the portfolio proxy, share-blocking may prevent BIM from selling the shares of the foreign security for a period of time. In determining whether to vote portfolio proxies subject to such restrictions, BIM, in consultation with the Committee, considers whether the vote, either in itself or together with the votes of other shareholders, is expected to affect the value of the security that outweighs the cost of voting. If BIM votes on a portfolio proxy and during the “share-blocking period,” BIM would like to sell the affected foreign security, BIM, in consultation with the Committee, will attempt to recall the shares (as allowable within the market time-frame and practices).
C. Fund Board Reporting and Recordkeeping
BIM will prepare periodic reports for submission to the Boards of Directors/Trustees of its affiliated funds (the “Funds”) describing:
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any issues arising under these Policies and Procedures since the last report to the Fund’s Boards of Directors/Trustees and the resolution of such issues, including but not limited to, information about conflicts of interest not addressed in the Policies and Procedures; and
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any proxy votes taken by BIM on behalf of the Funds since the last report to the Fund’s Boards of Directors/Trustees that deviated from these Policies and Procedures, with reasons for any such deviations.
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In addition, no less frequently than annually, BIM will provide the Boards of Directors/Trustees of the Funds with a written report of any recommended changes based upon BIM’s experience under these Policies and Procedures, evolving industry practices and developments in the applicable laws or regulations.
BIM will maintain all records that are required under, and in accordance with, the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, which include, but not limited to:
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these Policies and Procedures, as amended from time to time;
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records of votes cast with respect to portfolio proxies, reflecting the information required to be included in Form N-PX;
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records of written client requests for proxy voting information and any written responses of BIM to such requests; and
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any written materials prepared by BIM that were material to making a decision in how to vote, or that memorialized the basis for the decision.
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D. Amendments to these Procedures
The Committee shall periodically review and update these Policies and Procedures as necessary. Any amendments to these Procedures and Policies (including the Guidelines) shall be provided to the Board of Directors of BIM and to the Boards of Directors/Trustees of the Funds for review and approval.
E. Proxy Voting Guidelines
Guidelines are available upon request.