TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
The Board of Trustees
The Trust is governed by its Board of Trustees. The Board is responsible for and oversees the overall management and operations of the Trust and the Funds, which includes the general oversight and review of the Funds’ investment activities, in accordance with federal law and the law of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts as well as the stated policies of the Funds. The Board oversees the Trust’s officers and service providers, including American Beacon Advisors, Inc., which is responsible for the management of the day-to-day operations of the Funds based on policies and agreements reviewed and approved by the Board. In carrying out these responsibilities, the Board regularly interacts with and receives reports from senior personnel of service providers, including American Beacon’s investment personnel and the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer. The Board also is assisted by the Trust’s independent auditor (who reports directly to the Trust’s Audit and Compliance Committee), independent counsel and other experts as appropriate, all of whom are selected by the Board.
Risk Oversight
Consistent with its responsibility for oversight of the Trust and its Funds, the Board oversees the management of risks relating to the administration and operation of the Trust and the Funds. American Beacon,
as part of its responsibilities for the day-to-day operations of the Funds, is responsible for day-to-day risk management for the Funds. The Board, in the exercise of its reasonable business judgment, also separately considers potential risks that may impact the Funds. The Board performs this risk management oversight directly and, as to certain matters, through its committees (described above) and through the Independent Trustees. The following provides an overview of the principal, but not all, aspects of the Board’s oversight of risk management for the Trust and the Funds.
In general, a Fund’s risks include, among others, investment risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, valuation risk and operational risk. The Board has adopted, and periodically reviews, policies and procedures designed to address these and other risks to the Trust and the Funds. In addition, under the general oversight of the Board, American Beacon, each Fund’s investment advisor, and other service providers to the Funds have themselves adopted a variety of policies, procedures and controls designed to address particular risks to the Funds. Different processes, procedures and controls are employed with respect to different types of risks. Further, American Beacon as manager of the Funds oversees and regularly monitors the investments, operations and compliance of the Funds’ investment advisors.
The Board also oversees risk management for the Trust and the Funds through review of regular reports, presentations and other information from officers of the Trust and other persons. Senior officers of the Trust, and senior officers of American Beacon, and the Funds’ Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”) regularly report to the Board on a range of matters, including those relating to risk management. The Board and the Investment Committee also regularly receive reports from American Beacon with respect to the investments, securities trading and securities lending activities of the Funds. In addition to regular reports from American Beacon, the Board also receives reports regarding other service providers to the Trust, either directly or through American Beacon or the Funds’ CCO, on a periodic or regular basis. At least annually, the Board receives a report from the Funds’ CCO regarding the effectiveness of the Funds’ compliance program. Also, on an annual basis, the Board receives reports, presentations and other information from American Beacon in connection with the Board’s consideration of the renewal of each of the Trust’s agreements with American Beacon and the Trust’s distribution plans under Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act.
Senior officers of the Trust and senior officers of American Beacon also report regularly to the Audit and Compliance Committee on Fund valuation matters and on the Trust’s internal controls and accounting and financial reporting policies and practices. In addition, the Audit and Compliance Committee receives regular reports from the Trust’s independent registered public accounting firm on internal control and financial reporting matters. On at least a quarterly basis, the Independent Trustees meet with the Funds’ CCO to discuss matters relating to the Funds’ compliance program.
Board Structure and Related Matters
Board members who are not “interested persons” of the Funds as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act (“Independent Trustees”) constitute at least two-thirds of the Board. Richard A. Massman, an Independent Trustee, serves as Independent Chair of the Board. The Independent Chair’s responsibilities include: setting an agenda for each meeting of the Board; presiding at all meetings of the Board and Interested Trustees; and serving as a liaison with other Trustees, the Trust’s officers and other management personnel, and counsel to the Funds. The Independent Chair shall perform such other duties as the Board may from time to time determine.
The Trustees discharge their responsibilities collectively as a Board, as well as through Board committees, each of which operates pursuant to a charter approved by the Board that delineates the specific responsibilities of that committee. The Board has established three standing committees: the Audit and Compliance Committee, the Investment Committee and the Nominating and Governance Committee. For example, the Investment Committee is responsible for oversight of the annual process by which the Board considers and approves each Fund’s investment advisory agreement with American Beacon, but specific matters related to oversight of the Fund’s independent auditors have been delegated by the Board to its Audit and Compliance Committee, subject to approval of the Audit and Compliance Committee’s recommendations by the Board. The members and responsibilities of each Board committee are summarized below.
The Board periodically evaluates its structure and composition as well as various aspects of its operations. The Board believes that its leadership structure, including its Independent Chair position and its committees, is appropriate for the Trust in light of, among other factors, the asset size and nature of the Funds, the number of Funds overseen by the Board, the arrangements for the conduct of the Funds’ operations, the number of Trustees, and the Board’s responsibilities. On an annual basis, the Board conducts a self-evaluation that considers, among other matters, whether the Board and its committees are functioning effectively and whether, given the size and composition of the Board and each if its committees, the Trustees are able to oversee effectively the number of Funds in the complex.
The Trust is part of the American Beacon Funds Complex, which is comprised of the 18 portfolios within the Trust, 2 portfolios within the American Beacon Select Funds and 1 portfolio within American Beacon Mileage Funds, and 1 portfolio within the American Beacon Master Trust. The same persons who constitute the Board also constitute the respective boards of trustees of American Beacon Select Funds, the American Beacon Mileage Funds and the American Beacon Master Trust.
The Board holds four regularly scheduled in-person meetings each year. The Board may hold special meetings, as needed, either in person or by telephone, to address matters arising between regular meetings. The Independent Trustees also hold at least one in-person meeting each year during a portion of which management is not present and may hold special meetings, as needed, either in person or by telephone.
The Trustees of the Trust are identified in the tables below, which provide information as to their principal business occupations held during the last five years and certain other information. Subject to the Trustee Emeritus and Retirement Policy described below, a Trustee serves until his or her successor is elected and qualified or until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal. Unless otherwise indicated, the address of each Trustee listed below is 4151 Amon Carter Boulevard, MD 2450, Fort Worth, Texas 76155.
Name, Age and Address
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Position, Term of Office and Length of Time
Served with
the Trust
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Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years and Current Directorships
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INTERESTED TRUSTEES
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Term
Lifetime of Trust until removal, resignation or retirement*
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Alan D. Feld** (73)
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Trustee since 1996
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Sole Shareholder of a professional corporation which is a Partner in the law firm of Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, LLP (law firm) (1960-Present); Director, Clear Channel Communications (1984-2008); Trustee, CenterPoint Properties (1994-2006); Member, Board of Trustees, Southern Methodist University; Member, Board of Visitors, M.D. Anderson Hospital; Board of Visitors, Zale/Lipshy Hospital; Trustee, American Beacon Mileage Funds (1996-Present); Trustee, American Beacon Select Funds (1999-Present).
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NON-INTERESTED TRUSTEES
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Term
Lifetime of Trust until removal, resignation or retirement*
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W. Humphrey Bogart (65)
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Trustee since 2004
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Board Member, Baylor University Medical Center Foundation (1992-2004); Consultant, New River Canada Ltd. (mutual fund servicing company) (1998-2003); President and CEO, Allmerica Trust Company, NA (1996-1997); President and CEO, Fidelity Investments Southwest Company (1983-1995); Senior Vice President of Regional Centers, Fidelity Investments (1988-1995); Trustee, American Beacon Mileage Funds (2004-Present); Trustee, American Beacon Select Funds (2004-Present).
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Brenda A. Cline (49)
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Trustee since 2004
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Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary, Kimbell Art Foundation (1993-Present); Trustee, Texas Christian University (1998-Present); Trustee, W.I. Cook Foundation, Inc. (d/b/a Cook Children’s Health Foundation) (2001-2006); Director, Christian Church Foundation (1999-2007); Trustee, American Beacon Mileage Funds (2004-Present); Trustee, American Beacon Select Funds (2004-Present).
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Richard A. Massman (66)
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Trustee since 2004
Chairman since 2008
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Consultant and General Counsel Emeritus (2009-Present) and Senior Vice President and General Counsel (1994-2009), Hunt Consolidated, Inc. (holding company engaged in oil and gas exploration and production, refining, real estate, farming, ranching and venture capital activities); Chairman (2007-Present) and Director (2005-Present), The Dallas Opera Foundation; Chairman (2006-2009) and Director (2005-Present), Temple Emanu-El Foundation; Trustee, Presbyterian Healthcare Foundation (2006-Present); Trustee, American Beacon Mileage Funds (2004-Present); Trustee, American Beacon Select Funds (2004-Present).
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R. Gerald Turner (64)
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Trustee since 2001
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President, Southern Methodist University (1995-Present); Director, ChemFirst (1986-2002); Director, J.C. Penney Company, Inc. (1996-Present); Director, California Federal Preferred Capital Corp. (2001-2003); Director, Kronus Worldwide Inc. (chemical manufacturing) (2003-Present); Director, First
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Name, Age and Address
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Position, Term of Office and Length of Time Served with the Trust
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Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years and Current Directorships
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Broadcasting Investment Partners, LLC (2003-2007); Member, Salvation Army of Dallas Board of Directors; Member, Methodist Hospital Advisory Board; Co-Chair, Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics; Trustee, American Beacon Mileage Funds (2001-Present); Trustee, American Beacon Select Funds (2001-Present).
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Thomas M. Dunning (67)
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Trustee since 2008
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Consultant, (2008-Present); Chairman (1998-2008) and Chief Executive Officer (1998-2007), Lockton Dunning Benefits (consulting firm in employee benefits); Director, Oncor Electric Delivery Company LLC (2007-Present); Board Member, Baylor Health Care System Foundation (2007-Present); Vice Chair, State Fair of Texas (1987-Present); Board Member, Southwestern Medical Foundation (1994-Present); Board Member, John Tower Center for Political Studies/SMU (2008-Present); Board Member, University of Texas Development Board (2008-Present); Trustee, American Beacon Mileage Funds (2008-Present); Trustee, American Beacon Select Funds (2008-Present).
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Eugene J. Duffy (55)
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Trustee since 2008
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Principal and Executive Vice President, Paradigm Asset Management (1994-Present); Director, Sunrise Bank of Atlanta (2008-Present); Chairman, Special Contributions Fund Board of Trustees, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (2007-Present); Trustee, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (2000-Present); Board of Visitors, Emory University (2006-Present); Trustee, Atlanta Botanical Garden (2006-Present); Board Member, Willie L. Brown Jr. Institute on Politics and Public Service (2001-Present); Chair, National Association of Securities Professionals (2000-2002); Deputy Chief Administrative Officer, City of Atlanta (1985-1990); Trustee, American Beacon Mileage Funds (2008-Present); Trustee, American Beacon Select Funds (2008-Present).
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Paul J. Zucconi, CPA (68)
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Trustee since 2008
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Director, Affirmative Insurance Holdings, Inc. (producer of nonstandard automobile insurance) (2004-Present); Director, Titanium Metals Corporation (producer of titanium melted and mill products and sponge) (2002-Present); Director, Torchmark Corporation (life and health insurance products) (2002-Present); Director, National Kidney Foundation serving North Texas (2003-Present); Director, Dallas Chapter of National Association of Corporate Directors (2004-Present); Partner, KPMG (1976-2001); Trustee, American Beacon Mileage Funds (2008-Present); Trustee, American Beacon Select Funds (2008-Present).
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*
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The Board has adopted a retirement plan that requires Trustees to retire no later than the last day of the calendar year in which they reach the age of 72, provided, however, that the board may determine to grant one or more annual exemptions to this requirement.
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**
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Mr. Feld is deemed to be an “interested person” of the Trust, as defined by the 1940 Act. Mr. Feld’s law firm of Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld LLP has provided legal services within the past two years to the Manager and one or more of the Trust’s sub-advisors.
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In addition to the information set forth in the tables above and other relevant qualifications, experience, attributes or skills applicable to a particular Trustee, the following provides further information about the qualifications and experience of each Trustee.
W. Humphrey Bogart: Mr. Bogart has extensive experience in the investment management business including as president and chief executive officer of an investment advisor and as a consultant, significant organizational management experience through start-up efforts with a national bank, service as a board member of a university medical center foundation, and multiple years of service as a Trustee.
Brenda A. Cline: Ms. Cline has extensive organizational management, financial and investment experience as executive vice president, chief financial officer, secretary and treasurer to a foundation, service as a trustee to a private university, a children’s hospital and a school, including acting as a member of their investment and\or audit committees, extensive experience as an audit senior manager with a large public accounting firm, and multiple years of service as a Trustee.
Eugene J. Duffy: Mr. Duffy has extensive experience in the investment management business and organizational management experience as a member of senior management, service as a director of a bank, service as a chairman of a charitable fund and as a trustee to an association, service on the board of a private university and non-profit organization, service as chair to an financial services industry association, and multiple years of service as a Trustee.
Thomas M. Dunning: Mr. Dunning has extensive organizational management experience founding and serving as chairman and chief executive officer of a private company, service as a director of a private company, service as chairman of a large state municipal bond issuer and chairman of a large airport authority, also an issuer of bonds, service as a board member of a state department of transportation, service as a director of various foundations, service as chair of civic organizations, and multiple years of service as a Trustee.
Alan D. Feld: Mr. Feld has experience as a business attorney, organizational management experience as chairman of a law firm, experience as a director of several publicly held companies; service as a trustee of a private university and a board member of a hospital, and multiple years of service as a Trustee.
Richard A. Massman: Mr. Massman has experience as a business attorney, organizational management experience as a founding member of a law firm, experience as a senior vice president and general counsel of a large private company, service as the chairman and director of several foundations, including services on their Investment Committees and Finance Committees, chairman of a governmental board, chairman of various professional organizations and multiple years of service as a Trustee and as Independent Chair.
R. Gerald Turner: Mr. Turner has extensive organizational management experience as president of a private university, service as a director and member of the audit and governance committees of various publicly held companies, service as a member to several charitable boards, service as a co-chair to an intercollegiate athletic commission, and multiple years of service as a Trustee.
Paul J. Zucconi: Mr. Zucconi has extensive financial experience as partner with a large public accounting firm auditing financial services firms, including investment companies, organizational management and financial experience as a director to various publicly held and private companies, including acting as chairman or as a member of their audit and/or audit and compliance committees, service as a board member to a local chapter of not-for-profit foundation; service as a board member to a local chapter of a national association of corporate directors, and multiple years of service as a Trustee.
Committees of the Board
The Trust has an Audit and Compliance Committee (“Audit Committee”), consisting of Messrs. Zucconi (Chair), Duffy and Dunning. Mr. Massman, as Chairman of the Trust, serves on the Audit Committee in an ex-officio capacity. None of the members of the committee are “interested persons” of the Trust, as defined by the 1940 Act. As set forth in its charter, the primary duties of the Trust’s Audit Committee are: (a) to oversee the accounting and financial reporting processes of the Trust and the Fund and their internal controls and, as the Committee deems appropriate, to inquire into the internal controls of certain third-party service providers; (b) to oversee the quality and integrity of the Trust's financial statements and the independent audit thereof; (c) to approve, prior to appointment, the engagement of the Trust’s independent auditors and, in connection therewith, to review and evaluate the qualifications, independence and performance of the Trust’s independent auditors; (d) to oversee the Trust’s compliance with all regulatory obligations arising under applicable federal securities laws, rules and regulations and oversee management’s implementation and enforcement of the Trust’s compliance policies and procedures (“Compliance Program”); and (e) to coordinate the Board’s oversight of the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer in connection with his or her implementation of the Trust’s Compliance Program. The Audit and Compliance Committee met 4 times during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2009.
The Trust has a Nominating and Governance Committee (“Nominating Committee”) that is comprised of Messrs. Feld (Chair) and Turner. Mr. Massman, as Chairman of the Trust, serves on the Nominating Committee in an ex-officio capacity. As set forth in its charter, the Nominating Committee’s primary duties are: (a) to make recommendations regarding the nomination of non-interested Trustees to the Board; (b) to make recommendations regarding the appointment of an Independent Trustee as Chairman of the Board; (c) to evaluate qualifications of potential “interested” members of the Board and Trust officers; (d) to review shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board; (e) to make recommendations to the Board for nomination for membership on all committees of the Board; (f) to consider and evaluate the structure, composition and operation of the Board; (g) to review shareholder recommendations for proposals to be submitted for consideration during a meeting of Fund shareholders; and (h) to consider and make recommendations relating to the compensation of Independent Trustees and of those officers as to whom the Board is charged with approving compensation. Shareholder recommendations for Trustee candidates may be mailed in writing, including a comprehensive resume and any supporting documentation, to the Nominating Committee in care of the Fund. The Nominating and Governance Committee met 3 times during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2009.
The Trust has an Investment Committee that is comprised of Mr. Bogart (Chair) and Ms Cline. Mr. Massman, as Chairman of the Trust, serves on the Investment Committee in an ex-officio capacity. As set forth in its charter, the Investment Committee’s primary duties are: (a) to review and evaluate the short- and long-term investment performance of the Manager and each of the designated sub-advisors to the Fund; (b) to evaluate recommendations by the Manager regarding the hiring or removal of designated sub-advisors to the Fund; (c) to review material changes recommended by the Manager to the allocation of Fund assets to a sub-advisor; (d) to review proposed changes recommended by the Manager to the investment objective or principal investment
strategies of the Fund; and (e) to review proposed changes recommended by the Manager to the material provisions of the advisory agreement with a sub-advisor, including, but not limited to, changes to the provision regarding compensation. The Investment Committee met 4 times during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2009.
Trustee Ownership in the Funds
As of the date of this SAI, no Trustee owns Shares of the Fund. The following table shows the amount of equity securities owned in the American Beacon Funds family by the Trustees as of the calendar year ended December 31, 2009.
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INTERESTED
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NON-INTERESTED
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Feld
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Bogart
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Cline
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Massman
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Turner
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Dunning
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Duffy
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Zucconi
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Aggregate Dollar Range of Equity Securities in all Trusts
(22 Funds)
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Over
$100,000
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$10,001-$50,000
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$10,001-$50,000
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Over $100,000
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Over $100,000
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Over $100,000
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None
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$10,001-$50,000
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Trustee Compensation
As compensation for their service to the Trust, the American Beacon Mileage Funds, the American Beacon Select Funds and the Master Trust (collectively, the “Trusts”), each Trustee is compensated as follows: (1) an annual retainer of $110,000; (2) meeting attendance fee (for attendance in person or via teleconference) of (a) $2,500 for attendance by Board members at quarterly Board meetings, (b) $2,500 for attendance by Committee members at meetings of the Audit Committee and the Investment Committee, and (c) $1,500 for attendance by Committee members at meetings of the Nominating Committee; and (3) reimbursement of reasonable expenses incurred in attending such Board and Committee meetings.
Mr. Massman was elected as Chairman April 15, 2008. For his service as Chairman, Mr. Massman will receive an additional annual payment of $15,000. He also receives an additional $2,500 per quarter for his services as an ex-officio member of multiple committees. The following table shows estimated compensation that will be earned by each Trustee for the fiscal year ending August 31, 2011*.
Name of Trustee
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Aggregate Compensation
From the Trust
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Pension or Retirement Benefits Accrued as Part
of the Trust’s
Expenses
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Total Compensation From the Trusts
(22 funds)
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INTERESTED TRUSTEES
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Alan D. Feld
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$
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$0
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$
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NON-INTERESTED TRUSTEES
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W. Humphrey Bogart
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$
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$0
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$
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Brenda A. Cline
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$
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$0
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$
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Eugene J. Duffy
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$
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$0
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$
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Thomas M. Dunning
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$
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$0
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$
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Richard A. Massman
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$
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$0
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$
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R. Gerald Turner
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$
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$0
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$
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Paul Zucconi
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$
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$0
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$
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* Estimated compensation for the fiscal year, September 1, 2010 through August 31, 2011.
The Boards have adopted an Emeritus Trustee and Retirement Plan (“Plan”). The Plan provides that a Trustee who has served on the Boards as of June 4, 2008, and who has reached a mandatory retirement age established by the Board (currently 72) is eligible to elect Trustee Emeritus status. The Boards, through a majority vote, may determine to grant one or more annual exemptions to this mandatory retirement requirement. Additionally, a Trustee who has served on the Board of one or more Trusts for at least 5 years as of June 4, 2008, may elect to retire from the Boards at an earlier age and immediately assume Trustee Emeritus status.
A person may serve as a Trustee Emeritus and receive related benefits for a period up to a maximum of 10 years. Only those Trustees who retire from the Boards and elect Trustee Emeritus status may receive benefits under the Plan. A Trustee Emeritus must commit to provide certain ongoing services and advice to the Board members and the Trusts; however, a Trustee Emeritus does not have any voting rights at Board meetings and is not subject to election by shareholders of the Funds.
Principal Officers of the Trust
The officers of the Trust conduct and supervise its daily business. As of the date of this SAI, the officers of the Trust, their ages, their business address and their principal occupations during the past five years are as set forth below. Unless otherwise indicated, the address of each Officer is 4151 Amon Carter Boulevard, MD 2450, Fort Worth, Texas 76155.
Name, Age and Address
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Position, Term of Office and Length of Time
Served with
each Trust
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Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years and Current Directorships
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OFFICERS
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Term
One Year
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William F. Quinn (62)
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Executive Vice President from 2007 to 2008 and 2009
to Present
President from 1987 to 2007and 2008 to 2009
Trustee from 1987 to 2008
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Executive Chairman (2009-Present), Chairman (2006-2009), CEO (2006-2007), President (1986-2006), and Director (2003-Present), American Beacon Advisors, Inc.; Chairman (1989-2003) and Director (1979-1989, 2003-Present), American Airlines Federal Credit Union; Director, Hicks Acquisition I, Inc. (2007-2009); Director, Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc. (1994-2007)
;
Director, Pritchard, Hubble & Herr, LLC (investment adviser) (2001-2006); Director of Investment Committee, Southern Methodist University Endowment Fund (1996-Present); Member, Southern Methodist University Cox School of Business Advisory Board (1999-2002); Member , New York Stock Exchange Pension Managers Advisory Committee (1997-1998, 2000-2002, 2006-Present); Vice Chairman (2004-2007) and Chairman (2007-Present), Committee for the Investment of Employee Benefits; Director, United Way of Metropolitan Tarrant County (1988-2000, 2004-Present); Trustee (1995-2008) and President (1995-2007, 2008-2009), American Beacon Mileage Funds; Trustee (1999-2008) and President (1999-2007, 2008-Present), American Beacon Select Funds; Director, American Beacon Global Funds SPC (2002-Present); Director, American Beacon Global Funds, plc (2007-2009).
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Gene L. Needles, Jr. (55)
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President since 2009
Executive Vice President 2009
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President, CEO and Director (2009-Present), American Beacon Advisors, Inc.; President (2009-Present), American Beacon Mileage Funds; President (2008-2009), Touchstone Investments; President (2003-2007), CEO (2004-2007), Managing Director of Sales (2002-2003), National Sales Manager (1999-2002), and Regional Sales Manager (1993-1999), AIM Distributors.
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Rosemary K. Behan (51)
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VP, Secretary and Chief Legal Officer since 2006
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Vice President, Legal and Compliance, American Beacon Advisors, Inc. (2006-Present); Assistant General Counsel, First Command Financial Planning, Inc. (2004-2006); Attorney, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (1995–2004).
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Brian E. Brett (49)
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VP since 2004
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Vice President, Director of Sales and Marketing, American Beacon Advisors, Inc. (2004-Present); Regional Vice President, Neuberger Berman, LLC (investment adviser) (1996-2004).
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Wyatt L. Crumpler (43)
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VP since 2007
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Vice President, Asset Management (2009-Present) and Vice President, Trust Investments (2007-2009), American Beacon Advisors, Inc. ; Managing Director of Corporate Accounting (2004-2007) and Director of IT Strategy and Finance (2001-2004), American Airlines, Inc.
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Michael W. Fields (56)
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VP since 1989
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Vice President, Fixed Income Investments, American Beacon Advisors, Inc. (1988-Present); Director, American Beacon Global Funds SPC (2002-Present); Director, American Beacon Global Funds plc (2007-2009).
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Melinda G. Heika (48)
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Treasurer since 2010
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Vice President, Finance & Accounting (2010-Present); Controller (2005-2009); Assistant Controller (1998-2004), American Beacon Advisors, Inc.
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Terri L. McKinney (46)
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VP since 2010
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Vice President, Enterprise Services (2009-Present), Managing Director (2003-2009), and Director of Marketing & Retail Sales (1996-2003), American Beacon Advisors, Inc.; Vice President, Board of Trustees (2008-Present), Trustee, (2006-2008), Down Syndrome Guild of Dallas .
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Jeffrey K. Ringdahl (35)
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VP since 2010
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Chief Operating Officer, American Beacon Advisors, Inc. (2010-Present); Vice President, Product Management, Touchstone Advisors, Inc. (2007-2010); Senior Director, Business Integration, Fidelity Investments (2005-2007).
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Christina E. Sears (38)
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Chief Compliance Officer since 2004 and Asst. Secretary since 1999
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Chief Compliance Officer (2004-Present) and Senior Compliance Analyst (1998-2004), American Beacon Advisors, Inc.
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MANAGEMENT, ADMINISTRATIVE AND DISTRIBUTION SERVICES
The Manager
The Manager is a wholly owned subsidiary of Lighthouse Holdings, Inc. (“Lighthouse”). Lighthouse is indirectly owned by investment funds affiliated with Pharos Capital Group, LLC (“Pharos”) and TPG Capital, L.P. (“TPG”). The Manager is paid a management fee as compensation for paying investment advisory fees and for providing the Trust with advisory and asset allocation services. Pursuant to management and administrative services agreements, the Manager provides the Trust with office space, office equipment and personnel necessary to manage and administer the Trust’s operations. This includes:
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●
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complying with reporting requirements;
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●
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corresponding with shareholders;
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●
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maintaining internal bookkeeping, accounting and auditing services and records; and
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●
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supervising the provision of services to the Trusts by third parties.
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In addition to its oversight of the Sub-Advisor, the Manager invests the portion of the Fund’s assets that the Sub-Advisor determines to be allocated to high quality short-term debt obligations.
The Fund is responsible for expenses not otherwise assumed by the Manager, including the following: audits by independent auditors; transfer agency, custodian, dividend disbursing agent and shareholder recordkeeping services; taxes, if any, and the preparation of the Fund’s tax returns; interest; costs of Trustee and shareholder meetings; printing and mailing Prospectuses and reports to existing shareholders; fees for filing reports with regulatory bodies and the maintenance of the Fund’s existence; legal fees; fees to federal and state authorities for the registration of shares; fees and expenses of non-interested Trustees; insurance and fidelity bond premiums; fees paid to consultants providing reports regarding adherence by sub-advisors to the investment style of the Fund; fees paid for brokerage commission analysis for the purpose of monitoring best execution practices of the sub-advisors; and any extraordinary expenses of a nonrecurring nature.
The management agreement provides for the Manager to receive an annualized management fee that is calculated and accrued daily, equal to .05% of the net assets of the American Beacon Evercore Small Cap Equity Fund. In addition, the Fund pays the Manager the amount due to the Sub-Advisor. The Manager then remits this amount to the Sub-Advisor. Because the Fund commenced operations on September 1, 2010 no fees have been paid to the Manager or the Sub-Advisor for the past three fiscal years.
The Manager (or another entity approved by the Board) under a plan adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, is paid up to 0.25% per annum of the average daily net assets of the A Class, up to 0.50% per annum of the average daily net assets of the Retirement Class, and up to 1.00% per annum of the average daily net assets of the C Class of the Fund for distribution and shareholder servicing related services, including expenses relating to selling efforts of various broker-dealers, shareholder servicing fees and the preparation and distribution of A Class, C Class and Retirement Class advertising material and sales literature. The Sub-Advisor may contribute a portion of its advisory fees to the Manager to support the Fund’s distribution activities. The Manager will receive Rule 12b-1 fees from the A Class, C Class and the Retirement Class regardless of the amount of the Manager’s actual expenses related to distribution and shareholder servicing efforts on behalf of each Class. Thus, the Manager may realize a profit or a loss based upon its actual distribution and shareholder servicing related expenditures for the A Class, C Class and the Retirement Class. The Manager anticipates that the Rule 12b-1 plan will benefit shareholders by providing broader access to the Fund through broker-dealers and other financial intermediaries who require compensation for their expenses in order to offer shares of the Fund. Because the Fund commenced operations on September 1, 2010, there were no prior fees pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act.
The Manager also may receive up to 25% of the net monthly income generated from the securities lending activities of the Fund as compensation for administrative and oversight functions with respect to securities lending of the Fund. Currently, the Manager receives 10% of such income for other series of the Trust. The Fund commenced operations on September 1, 2010. Therefore, the Manager has not received any fees from the securities lending activities of the Fund. The SEC has granted exemptive relief that permits the Fund to invest cash collateral received from securities lending transactions in shares of one or more private or registered investment companies managed by the Manager.
The A Class, C Class, Investor Class, Y Class and Retirement Class have each adopted a Service Plan (collectively, the “Plans”). The Plans authorize the payment to the Manager (or another entity approved by the Board) of up to 0.25% per annum of the average daily net assets of the Retirement Class shares, up to 0.375% per annum of the average daily net assets of the Investor Class shares, up to 0.25% per annum of the average daily net assets of the A Class shares, up to 0.25% per annum of the average daily net assets of the C Class shares and up to 0.10% per annum of the average daily net assets of the Y Class shares. The Manager or other approved entities may spend such amounts on any activities or expenses primarily intended to result in or relate to the servicing of A Class, C Class, Investor Class, Y Class and Retirement Class shares including, but not limited to, payment of shareholder service fees and transfer agency or sub-transfer agency expenses. The fees, which are included as part of the Fund’s “Other Expenses” in the Table of Fees and Expenses in the Prospectus, will be payable monthly in arrears. The fees for each Class will be paid on the actual expenses incurred in a particular month by the entity for the services provided pursuant to the respective Class and its Service Plan. The primary expenses expected to be incurred under the Plans are shareholder servicing, record keeping fees
and servicing fees paid to financial intermediaries such as plan sponsors and broker-dealers. Because the Fund commenced operations on September 1, 2010, there were no prior service fees.
In addition to the management fee, the Manager is paid an administrative services fee for providing administrative services to the Fund. Because the Fund commenced operations on September 1, 2010, the Fund has not paid an administrative service fee to the Manager for the last three fiscal years.
The Manager has contractually agreed from time to time to reduce fees and/or reimburse expenses for the Fund in order to maintain competitive expense ratios for the Fund. In July of 2003, the Board approved a policy whereby the Manager may seek repayment for such fee reductions and expense reimbursements. Under the policy, the Manager can be reimbursed by the Fund for any contractual or voluntary fee reductions or expense reimbursements if reimbursement to the Manager (a) occurs within three years after the Manager’s own waiver or reimbursement and (b) does not cause the Fund’s Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses to exceed the previously agreed upon contractual expense limit.
The Distributor
Foreside Fund Services, LLC ("Foreside" or “Distributor”), located at Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, Maine 04101, is the distributor and principal underwriter of the Fund’s shares. The Distributor is a registered broker-dealer and is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). Under a Distribution Agreement with the Trust, the Distributor acts as the agent of the Trust in connection with the continuous offering of shares of the Fund. The Distributor continually distributes shares of the Fund on a best
efforts basis. The Distributor has no obligation to sell any specific quantity of Fund shares. The Distributor and its officers have no role in determining the investment policies or which securities are to be purchased or sold by the Trust or its Fund. Pursuant to a Sub-Administration Agreement between Foreside and the Manager, Foreside receives a fee from the Manager for providing administrative services in connection with the marketing and distribution of shares of the Trust, including the registration of Manager employees as registered representatives of the Distributor to facilitate distribution of Fund shares. Pursuant to the Distribution Agreement, the Distributor receives, and may reallow to broker-dealers, all or a portion of the sales charge paid by the purchasers of A Class shares. For A Class shares, the Distributor receives commission revenue consisting of the portion of A Class sales charge remaining after the allowances by the Distributor to the broker dealers. The Distributor may also retain any portion of the commissions fees that are not paid to the broker-dealers, which may be used to pay distribution related expenses.
OTHER SERVICE PROVIDERS
State Street, located at 2 Copley Plaza, 3rd Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02116, is the transfer agent for the Trust and provides transfer agency services to Fund shareholders through its affiliate Boston Financial Data Services, located at 330 W. 9
th
Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105. State Street also serves as custodian for the Fund. In addition, pursuant to an Administrative Services Agreement and instructions given by the Manager, State Street invests certain excess cash balances for various series of the Trust The Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm is [__________]. K&L Gates LLP, 1601 K Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20006, serves as legal counsel to the Fund.
PORTFOLIO MANAGERS
The portfolio managers to the Fund (the “Portfolio Managers”) have responsibility for the day-to-day management of accounts other than the Fund. Information regarding these other accounts has been provided by each Portfolio Manager’s firm and is set forth below. The number of accounts and assets is shown as of
June 30, 2010.
Name of
Investment Adviser
and Portfolio Manager
|
Number of Other Accounts Managed
and Assets by Account Type
|
Number of Accounts and Assets for Which Advisory Fee is Performance-Based
|
Registered
Investment
Companies
|
Other Pooled
Investment
Vehicles
|
Other
accounts
|
Registered
Investment
Companies
|
Other Pooled
Investment
Vehicles
|
Other
accounts
|
American Beacon Advisors, Inc.
|
Wyatt L. Crumpler
|
|
N/A
|
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N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
William F. Quinn
|
|
N/A
|
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Cynthia M. Thatcher
|
|
N/A
|
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Evercore Asset Management, LLC
|
Christopher Fasciano
|
|
|
|
|
|
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Timothy Buckley
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|
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Conflicts of Interest
As noted in the table above, the Portfolio Managers manage accounts other than the Fund. This side-by-side management may present potential conflicts between a Portfolio Manager’s management of the Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other hand. Set forth below is a description by the Manager and the Sub-Advisor of any foreseeable material conflicts of interest that may arise from the concurrent management of Fund and other accounts as of the end of each Fund’s most recent fiscal year. The information regarding potential conflicts of interest was provided by the Sub-Advisor.
The Manager.
The Manager’s Portfolio Managers are responsible for managing one or more of the Funds and other accounts, including separate accounts and unregistered funds. The Manager typically assigns Funds and accounts with similar investment strategies to the same Portfolio Manager to mitigate the potentially conflicting investment strategies of accounts. Other than potential conflicts between investment strategies, the side-by-side management of both the Funds and other accounts may raise potential conflicts of interest due to the interest held by the Manager or one of its affiliates in an account and certain trading practices used by the Portfolio Managers (e.g., cross trades between a Fund and another account and allocation of aggregated trades). The Manager has developed policies and procedures reasonably designed to mitigate those conflicts. In particular, the Manager has adopted policies limiting the ability of Portfolio Managers to cross securities between a Fund and a separate account and policies designed to ensure the fair allocation of securities purchased on an aggregated basis.
Portfolio Managers of the Manager with responsibility for the Fund are also responsible for managing, among other accounts, the pension assets for AMR Corporation and its subsidiaries ("AMR Pension Accounts"). These Portfolio Managers oversee fixed income assets managed internally by the Manager as well as equity and fixed income assets managed externally by sub-advisors who invest the assets of the Funds and AMR Pension Accounts. The same investment process and overall investment strategies are used for both the Funds and the AMR Pension Accounts. Potential conflicts of interest may occur when the Manager's Portfolio Managers allocate Fund assets to internal fixed income Portfolio Managers rather than external Portfolio Managers, since the Manager has the potential to earn more fees under this scenario. This potential conflict of interest is disclosed to the Board in connection with the process of approving the Manager as an investment advisor to the Funds.
Evercore Asset Management, LLC. (“Evercore”)
does not foresee any potential material conflicts of interest resulting from the management of the American Beacon Evercore Small Cap Equity Fund. Evercore follows a team based approach to investment management and purchase and sale decisions are implemented consistently across all accounts. Evercore’s trading policy is to allocate pro rata based on shares executed so that all accounts participating in a trade receive the same price.
Evercore has conservative personal trading policies in place which preclude employees from purchasing non-exempt and other specific securities for their beneficial ownership. If employees held securities prior to employment at the firm, compliance pre-clearance is required to sell any such holdings.
Compensation
The Portfolio Managers are compensated in various forms by their respective investment advisor. Following is a description provided by each investment advisor regarding the structure of and criteria for determining the compensation of each Portfolio Manager.
The Manager.
Compensation of the Manager’s Portfolio Managers is comprised of base salary and annual cash bonus. Each Portfolio Manager’s base annual salary is fixed. The Manager determines base salary based upon comparison to industry salary data. In addition, all Portfolio Managers participate in the Manager’s annual cash bonus plan. The amount of the total bonus pool is based upon several factors including (i) profitability of the Manager, (ii) organic growth of assets under management and (iii) the relative investment performance of the assets managed by the Manager. The investment performance goals are as follows: (a) seventy-five percent (75%) of Actively Managed Variable Rate Funds exceed the median performance of their respective Lipper universe over a five year period; (b) twenty-five percent (25%) of Actively Managed Variable Rate Funds are ranked in the top quartile of their respective Lipper universe over a five year period; and (c) thirty-three percent (33%) of Actively Managed Variable Rate Funds achieve an overall Morningstar rating of 4-star or better. Each Portfolio Manager has a target bonus award expressed as a percentage of base salary, which is determined by the Portfolio Manager’s level of responsibility. Additionally, the Portfolio Managers participate in the Manager’s Equity Option Plan.
The Sub-Advisor.
Evercore is a boutique firm with a focused product set and limited capacity in its main product offerings. Evercore does not use formulas to determine compensation. Evercore believes in the team approach to portfolio management and thus believes in the team approach to compensation. Portfolio managers and analysts receive a competitive salary and an annual profit sharing bonus that is directly tied to the pool of assets managed by the team. The profit pool is divided among the team members equally, with some minor adjustments based on responsibility. Thus the team’s CIO and Senior Portfolio Manager receive a slightly larger share of the pool than the research analysts. This compensation format ensures client and portfolio manager interests are aligned and provides significant incentive for the long-term continuity of the investment team.
Ownership of the Fund
A Portfolio Manager’s beneficial ownership of the Fund is defined as the Portfolio Manager having the opportunity to share in any profit from transactions in the Fund, either directly or indirectly, as the result of any contract, understanding, arrangement, relationship or otherwise. Therefore, ownership of Fund shares by members of the Portfolio Manager’s immediate family or by a trust of which the Portfolio Manager is a trustee could be considered ownership by the Portfolio Manager. The reporting of Fund share ownership in this SAI shall not be construed as an admission that the Portfolio Manager has any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the Fund
listed. As of the date of this SAI, the Fund had not commenced operations. Accordingly, the Portfolio Managers do not beneficially own any shares of the Fund.
PORTFOLIO SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS
In selecting brokers or dealers to execute particular transactions, the Manager and the Sub-Advisor are authorized to consider “brokerage and research services” (as those terms are defined in Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), provision of statistical quotations (including the quotations necessary to determine the Fund’s net asset value), and other information provided to the applicable Fund, to the Manager and/or to the Sub-Advisor (or their affiliates), provided, however, that the Manager or the Sub-Advisor determines that it has received best execution. The Trusts do not allow the Manager or Sub-Advisor to enter arrangements to direct transactions to broker-dealers as compensation for the promotion or sale of Trust shares by those broker-dealers. The Manager and the Sub-Advisor are also authorized to cause the Fund to pay a commission (as defined in SEC interpretations) to a broker or dealer who provides such brokerage and research services for executing a portfolio transaction which is in excess of the amount of the commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction. The Trustees, the Manager or the Sub-Advisor, as appropriate, must determine in good faith, however, that such commission was reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided, viewed in terms of that particular transaction or in terms of all the accounts over which the Manager or the Sub-Advisor exercises investment discretion. The fees of the Sub-Advisor are not reduced by reason of receipt of such brokerage and research services. However, with disclosure to and pursuant to written guidelines approved by the Board, as applicable, the Manager, or the Sub-Advisor (or a broker-dealer affiliated with them) may execute portfolio transactions and receive usual and customary brokerage commissions (within the meaning of Rule 17e-1 under the 1940 Act) for doing so. Brokerage and research services obtained with Fund commissions might be used by the Manager and/or the Sub-Advisor, as applicable, to benefit their other accounts under management.
The Manager and the Sub-Advisor will place its own orders to execute securities transactions that are designed to implement the Fund’s investment objective and policies. In placing such orders, the Sub-Advisor will seek best execution. The full range and quality of services offered by the executing broker or dealer will be considered when making these determinations. Pursuant to written guidelines approved by the Board, as appropriate, the Sub-Advisor, or its affiliated broker-dealer, may execute portfolio transactions and receive usual and customary brokerage commissions (within the meaning of Rule 17e-1 of the 1940 Act) for doing so. The Fund’s turnover rate, or the frequency of portfolio transactions, will vary from year to year depending on market conditions and the Fund’s cash flows. High portfolio activity increases the Fund’s transaction costs, including brokerage commissions, and may result in a greater number of taxable transactions.
The Investment Advisory Agreement provides, in substance, that in executing portfolio transactions and selecting brokers or dealers, the principal objective of the Sub-Advisor is to seek best execution. It is expected that securities ordinarily will be purchased in the primary markets, and that in assessing the best execution available, the Sub-Advisor shall consider all factors it deems relevant, including the breadth of the market in the security, the price of the security, the financial condition and execution capability of the broker or dealer and the reasonableness of the commission, if any, for the specific transaction and on a continuing basis. Transactions with respect to the securities of small and emerging growth companies in which the Fund may invest may involve specialized services on the part of the broker or dealer and thereby may entail higher commissions or spreads than would be the case with transactions involving more widely traded securities.
The Fund may establish brokerage commission recapture arrangements with certain brokers or dealers. If the Sub-Advisor chooses to execute a transaction through a participating broker, the broker rebates a portion of the commission back to the Fund. Any collateral benefit received through participation in the commission recapture program is directed exclusively to the Fund. Neither the Manager nor the Sub-Advisor receives any benefits from the commission recapture program. The Sub-Advisor’s participation in the brokerage commission recapture program is optional. The Sub-Advisor retains full discretion in selecting brokerage firms for securities transactions and is instructed to use the commission recapture program for a transaction only if it is consistent with the Sub-Advisor’s obligation to seek the best execution available.
The Fund commenced operations on September 1, 2010. Accordingly, no brokerage commissions were paid by the Fund during the previous three fiscal years.
ADDITIONAL PURCHASE AND SALE INFORMATION FOR A CLASS SHARES
Sales Charge Reductions and Waivers
As described in the Prospectus, there are various ways to reduce your sales charge when purchasing A Class shares. Additional information about A Class sales charge reductions is provided below.
Letter of Intent (“Letter).
The Letter may be revised upward at any time during the 13-month period of the Letter (“Letter Period”), and such a revision will be treated as a new Letter, except that the Letter Period during which the purchases must be made will remain unchanged. Purchases made from the date of revision will receive the reduced sales charge, if any, resulting from the revised Letter. The Letter will be considered completed if the shareholder dies within the 13-month Letter Period. Commissions to dealers will not be adjusted or paid on the difference between the Letter amount and the amount actually invested before the shareholder’s death.
All dividends and any capital gain distributions on shares held in escrow will be credited to the shareholder’s account in shares (or paid in cash, if requested). If the intended investment is not completed within the specified Letter Period, the purchaser may be required to remit to the Distributor the difference between the sales charge actually paid and the sales charge which would have been paid if the total of such purchases had been made at a single time. Any dealers assigned to the shareholder’s account at the time a purchase was made during the Letter Period will receive a corresponding commission adjustment if appropriate. If the difference is not paid by the close of the Letter Period, the appropriate number of shares held in escrow will be redeemed to pay such difference. If the proceeds from this redemption are inadequate, the purchaser may be liable to the Distributor for the balance still outstanding.
Rights of Accumulation.
Subject to the limitations described in the aggregation policy, you may take into account your accumulated holdings in A Class shares of the Funds to determine your sales charge on investments in accounts eligible to be aggregated. If you make a gift of A Class shares, upon your request, you may purchase the shares at the sales charge discount allowed under rights of accumulation of all of your funds in the fund family.
Aggregation.
Qualifying investments for aggregation include those made by you and your “immediate family” as defined in the Prospectus, if all parties are purchasing shares for their own accounts and/or:
●
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individual-type employee benefit plans, such as an IRA, individual 403(b) plan or single-participant Keogh-type plan;
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●
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business accounts solely controlled by you or your immediate family (for example, you own the entire business);
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●
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trust accounts established by you or your immediate family (for trusts with only one primary beneficiary, upon the trustor’s death the trust account may be aggregated with such beneficiary’s own accounts; for trusts with multiple primary beneficiaries, upon the trustor’s death the trustees of the trust may instruct a Fund’s transfer agent to establish separate trust accounts for each primary beneficiary; each primary beneficiary’s separate trust account may then be aggregated with such beneficiary’s own accounts);
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●
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endowments or foundations established and controlled by you or your immediate family; or
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●
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529 accounts, which will be aggregated at the account owner level (Class 529-E accounts may only be aggregated with an eligible employer plan).
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Individual purchases by a trustee(s) or other fiduciary(ies) may also be aggregated if the investments are:
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●
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for a single trust estate or fiduciary account, including employee benefit plans other than the individual-type employee benefit plans described above;
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●
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made for two or more employee benefit plans of a single employer or of affiliated employers as defined in the 1940 Act, excluding the individual-type employee benefit plans described above;
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●
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for a diversified common trust fund or other diversified pooled account not specifically formed for the purpose of accumulating Fund shares;
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●
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for nonprofit, charitable or educational organizations, or any endowments or foundations established and controlled by such organizations, or any employer-sponsored retirement plans established for the benefit of the employees of such organizations, their endowments, or their foundations; or
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●
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for individually established participant accounts of a 403(b) plan that is treated similarly to an employer-sponsored plan for sales charge purposes (see “Purchases by certain 403(b) plans” under “Sales Charges” above), or made for two or more such 403(b) plans that are treated similarly to employer-sponsored plans for sales charge purposes, in each case of a single employer or affiliated employers as defined in the 1940 Act.
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Purchases made for nominee or street name accounts (securities held in the name of a broker- dealer or another nominee such as a bank trust department instead of the customer) may not be aggregated with those made for other accounts and may not be aggregated with other nominee or street name accounts unless otherwise qualified as described above.
Concurrent Purchases.
As described in the Prospectus, you may reduce your A Class sales charge by combining purchases of A Class shares of the Funds.
Other Purchases.
Pursuant to a determination of eligibility by the Manager, A Class shares of the Funds may be sold at net asset value (without the imposition of a front-end sales charge) to:
1.
|
current or retired trustees, and officers of the American Beacon Funds family, current or retired employees and partners of the Manager and its affiliated companies, certain family members and employees of the above persons, and trusts or plans primarily for such persons;
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2.
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currently registered representatives and assistants directly employed by such representatives, retired registered representatives with respect to accounts established while active, or full-time employees (collectively, “Eligible Persons”) (and their spouses, and children, including children in step and adoptive relationships, sons-in- law and daughters-in-law, if the Eligible Persons or the spouses or children of the Eligible Persons are listed in the account registration with the spouse or parent) of broker-dealers who have sales agreements with the Distributor (or who clear transactions through such dealers), plans for the dealers, and plans that include as participants only the Eligible Persons, their spouses and/or children;
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3.
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companies exchanging securities with a Fund through a merger, acquisition or exchange offer;
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4.
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insurance company separate accounts;
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5.
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accounts managed by the Manager, a sub-advisor to the Funds and its affiliated companies;
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6.
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the Manager or a sub-advisor to the Funds and its affiliated companies;
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7.
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an individual or entity with a substantial business relationship with the Manager or a sub-advisor to the Funds and its affiliated companies, or an individual or entity related or relating to such individual or entity;
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8.
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wholesalers and full-time employees directly supporting wholesalers involved in the distribution of insurance company separate accounts whose underlying investments are managed by the Manager or a sub-advisor to the Funds and its affiliated companies;
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9.
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full-time employees of banks that have sales agreements with the Distributor, who are solely dedicated to directly supporting the sale of mutual funds;
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10.
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directors, officers and employees of financial institutions that have a selling group agreement with the Distributor;
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11.
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banks, broker-dealers and other financial institutions (including registered investment advisors and financial planners) that have entered into an agreement with the Distributor or one of its affiliates, purchasing shares on behalf of clients participating in a fund supermarket or in a wrap program, asset allocation program or other program in which the clients pay an asset-based fee;
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12.
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clients of authorized dealers purchasing shares in fixed or flat fee brokerage accounts;
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13.
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Employer-sponsored defined contribution – type plans, including 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer sponsored 403(b) plans, profit-sharing and money purchase pension plans, defined benefit plans and non-qualified deferred compensation plans, and individual retirement account (“IRA”) rollovers involving retirement plan assets invested in the Funds in the American Beacon Funds fund family; and
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14.
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Employee benefit and retirement plans for the Manager and its affiliates.
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Shares are offered at net asset value to these persons and organizations due to anticipated economies in sales effort and expense. Once an account is established under this net asset value privilege, additional investments can be made at net asset value for the life of the account.
Moving Between Accounts.
Investments in certain account types may be moved to other account types without incurring additional A Class sales charges. These transactions include, for example:
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redemption proceeds from a non-retirement account (for example, a joint tenant account) used to purchase Fund shares in an IRA or other individual-type retirement account;
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required minimum distributions from an IRA or other individual-type retirement account used to purchase Fund shares in a non-retirement account; and
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death distributions paid to a beneficiary’s account that are used by the beneficiary to purchase Fund shares in a different account.
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REGARDING C CLASS SHARES
Additional Information Regarding the CDSC
As discussed in the prospectus, the redemption of C Class shares may be subject to a contingent deferred sales charge (“CDSC”) if you redeem your shares within 13 months of purchase. In determining whether the CDSC is payable, it is assumed that shares not subject to the CDSC are the first redeemed followed by other shares held for the longest period of time. The CDSC will not be imposed upon shares representing reinvested dividends or capital gains distributions, or upon amounts representing share appreciation. As described in the Prospectus, there are various circumstances under which the CDSC will be waived. Additional information about CDSC waivers is provided below.
The CDSC is waived under the following circumstances:
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Any partial or complete redemption following death or disability (as defined in the Code) of a shareholder (including one who owns the shares with his or her spouse as a joint tenant with rights of survivorship) from an account in which the deceased or disabled is named. The Manager or the Fund’s transfer agent may require documentation prior to waiver of the charge, including death certificates, physicians' certificates, etc.
●
Redemptions from a systematic withdrawal plan. If the systematic withdrawal plan is based on a fixed dollar amount or number of shares, systematic withdrawal redemptions are limited to no more than 10% of your account value or number of shares per year, as of the date the Manager or the Fund’s transfer agent receives your request. If the systematic withdrawal plan is based on a fixed percentage of your account value, each redemption is limited to an amount that would not exceed 10% of your annual account value at the time of withdrawal.
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Redemptions from retirement plans qualified under Section 401 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. The CDSC will be waived for benefit payments made by American Beacon Funds directly to plan participants. Benefit payments will include, but are not limited to, payments resulting from death, disability, retirement, separation from service, required minimum distributions (as described under Section 401(a)(9) of the Code), in-service distributions, hardships, loans and qualified domestic relations orders. The CDSC waiver will not apply in the event of termination of the plan or transfer of the plan to another financial institution.
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Redemptions that are mandatory withdrawals from a traditional IRA account after age 70½.
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Involuntary redemptions as a result of your account not meeting the minimum balance requirements, the termination and liquidation of the Fund, or other actions by the Fund.
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Distributions from accounts for which the broker-dealer of record has entered into a special agreement with the Distributor (or Manager) allowing this waiver.
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To return excess contributions made to a retirement plan.
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To return contributions made due to a mistake of fact.
Example
The following example illustrates the operation of the CDSC. Assume that you open an account and purchase 1,000 shares at $10 per share and that six months later the NAV per share is $12 and, during such time, you have acquired 50 additional shares through reinvestment of distributions. If at such time you should redeem 450 shares (proceeds of $5,400), 50 shares will not be subject to the charge because of dividend reinvestment. With respect to the remaining 400 shares, the charge is applied only to the original cost of $10 per share and not to the increase in NAV of $2 per share. Therefore, $4,000 of the $5,400 redemption proceeds will pay the charge. At the rate of 1.00%, the CDSC would be $40 for redemptions of C Class shares. In determining whether an amount is available for redemption without incurring a deferred sales charge, the purchase payments made for all shares in your account are aggregated.
REDEMPTIONS IN KIND
Although the Fund intends to redeem shares in cash, each reserves the right to pay the redemption price in whole or in part by a distribution of securities or other assets. However, shareholders always will be entitled to redeem shares for cash up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Fund’s net asset value during any 90-day period. Redemption in kind is not as liquid as a cash redemption. In addition, to the extent the Fund redeems its shares in this manner; the shareholder assumes the risk of a subsequent change in the market value of those securities, the cost of liquidating the securities and the possibility of a lack of a liquid market for those securities.
TAX INFORMATION
The tax information set forth in the Prospectus and the information in this section relates solely to federal income tax law and assumes that the Fund qualifies as a regulated investment company (“RIC”) (as discussed below). Such information is only a summary of certain key Federal income tax considerations affecting the Fund and its shareholders and is in addition to the information provided in the Prospectus. No attempt has been made to present a complete explanation of the Federal tax treatment of the Fund or the tax implications to its shareholders. The discussions here and in the Prospectus are not intended as substitutes for careful tax planning. The information is based on the Internal Revenue Code and applicable regulations in effect on the date of this Statement of Additional Information. Future legislative, regulatory or administrative changes or court decisions may significantly change the tax rules applicable to the Fund and its shareholders. Any of these changes or court decisions may have a retroactive effect.
Taxation of the Fund
The Fund intends to elect and qualify each year for treatment as a regulated investment company (“RIC”) under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code.
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Derive at least 90% of its gross income each taxable year from (1) dividends, interest, payments with respect to securities loans and gains from the sale or other disposition of securities or foreign
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currencies, or certain other income, including gains from options, futures or forward contracts, derived with respect to its business of investing in securities or those currencies and (2) net income from an interest in a “qualified publicly traded partnership” (“QPTP”) (“Income Requirement”);
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Diversify its investments so that, at the close of each quarter of its taxable year, (1) at least 50% of the value of its total assets is represented by cash and cash items, U.S. Government securities, securities of other RICs, and other securities, with those other securities limited, in respect of any one issuer, to an amount that does not exceed 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the issuer’s outstanding voting securities (equity securities of QPTPs being considered voting securities for these purposes) and (2) not more than 25% of the value of its total assets is invested in (a) securities (other than U.S. Government securities or securities of other RICs) of any one issuer, (b) securities (other than securities of other RICs) of two or more issuers the Fund controls that are determined to be engaged in the same, similar or related trades or businesses, or (c) securities of one or more QPTPs (“Diversification Requirement”); and
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Distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of the sum of its investment company taxable income (generally, taxable net investment income plus the excess (if any) of net short-term capital gain over net long-term capital loss) (“Distribution Requirement”).
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The Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% excise tax ("Excise Tax") to the extent it fails to distribute by the end of any calendar year substantially all of its ordinary (taxable) income for that year and substantially all of its capital gain net income for the one-year period ending on August 31 of that year, plus certain other amounts.
If for any taxable year the Fund does not qualify as a regulated investment company, all of its taxable income (including its net capital gains) would be subject to tax at regular corporate rates without any deduction for dividends paid to shareholders, and the dividends would be taxable to the shareholders as ordinary income (or possibly as qualified dividend income) to the extent of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Failure to qualify as a regulated investment company would therefore have a negative impact on the Fund’s income and performance. It is possible that the Fund will not qualify as a regulated investment company in any given tax year. See the part of the next section entitled “Taxation of Certain Investments” for further discussion of the tax consequences to the Fund of certain of its investments and strategies.
Taxation of Certain Investments
The Fund may acquire zero coupon or other securities issued with original issue discount. Because each Fund annually must distribute substantially all of its investment company taxable income, including any original issue discount, to satisfy the Distribution Requirement and avoid imposition of the Excise Tax, the Fund may be required in a particular year to distribute as a dividend an amount that is greater than the total amount of cash it actually receives. Those distributions would be made from the Fund’s cash assets, if any, or the proceeds of sales of portfolio securities, if necessary. The Fund might realize capital gains or losses from any such sales, which would increase or decrease the Fund’s investment company taxable income and/or net capital gain.
If the Fund acquires stock in a foreign corporation that is a “passive foreign investment company” (“PFIC”) and holds the stock beyond the end of the year of acquisition, the Fund will be subject to federal income tax on any “excess distribution” the Fund receives on the stock or on any gain realized by the Fund from disposition of the stock (collectively “PFIC income”), plus interest thereon, even if the Fund distributes that share of the PFIC income as a taxable dividend to its shareholders. Fund distributions thereof will not be eligible for the 15% maximum federal income tax rate on individuals’ “qualified dividend income” (as discussed in the Prospectus). The Fund may avoid this tax and interest if it elects to treat the PFIC as a “qualified electing fund”; however, the requirements for that election are difficult to satisfy. If such an election were made, the Fund would be required to include in its income each year a portion of the ordinary income and net capital gains of the PFIC, even if this income is not distributed to the Fund. Any such income would be subject to the 90% Distribution Requirement described above and to the calendar year Excise Tax distribution requirement.
The Fund may elect to “mark-to-market” the securities associated with a PFIC. Under such an election, the Fund would include in income each year an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the PFIC security as of the close of the taxable year over the Fund’s adjusted basis in the PFIC stock. The Fund would be allowed a deduction for the excess, if any, of the adjusted basis of the PFIC stock over the fair market value of the PFIC stock as of the close of the taxable year, but only to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains included by the Fund for prior taxable years. The Fund’s adjusted basis in the PFIC stock would be adjusted to reflect the amounts included in, or deducted from, income under this election. Amounts included in income pursuant to this election, as well as gain realized on the sale or other disposition of the PFIC security, would be
treated as ordinary income. The deductible portion of any mark-to-market loss, as well as loss realized on the sale or other disposition of the PFIC stock to the extent that such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains previously included by the Fund, would be treated as ordinary loss. The Fund generally would not be subject to the deferred tax and interest charge provisions discussed above with respect to PFIC stock for which a mark-to-market election has been made.
The Fund currently does not intend to acquire securities in issuers that are considered PFICs.
The Fund may invest in certain futures contracts (other than “securities futures contracts,” as defined in section 1234B(c) of the Tax Code) and “nonequity” options (i.e., certain listed options, such as those on a “broad-based” securities index), and certain foreign currency options and forward contracts that will be “section 1256 contracts.” Any section 1256 contracts the Fund holds at the end of its taxable year generally must be “marked-to-market” (that is, treated as having been sold at that time for its fair market value) for federal income tax purposes, with the result that unrealized gains or losses will be treated as though they were realized. Sixty percent of any net gain or loss realized on these deemed sales, and 60% of any net realized gain or loss from any actual sales of section 1256 contracts, will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss, and the balance will be treated as short-term capital gain or loss. Section 1256 contracts also may be marked-to-market for purposes of the Excise Tax. These rules may operate to increase the amount that the Fund must distribute to satisfy the Distribution Requirement (i.e., with respect to the portion treated as short-term capital gain), which will be taxable to its shareholders as ordinary income, and to increase the net capital gain such the Fund recognizes, without in either case increasing the cash available to it the Fund.
Section 988 of the Tax Code also may apply to the Fund’s forward currency contracts and options on foreign currencies. Under that section, each foreign currency gain or loss generally is computed separately and treated as ordinary income or loss. These gains or losses will increase or decrease the amount of the Fund’s investment company taxable income to be distributed to its shareholders as ordinary income, rather than affecting the amount of its net capital gain. If section 988 losses exceed other investment company taxable income during a taxable year, the Fund would not be able to distribute any dividends, and any distributions made during that year before the losses were realized would be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders, rather than as a dividend, thereby reducing each shareholder’s basis in his or her Fund shares.
Offsetting positions the Fund enters into or holds in any actively traded option, futures or forward contract may constitute a “straddle” for federal income tax purposes. Straddles are subject to certain rules that may affect the amount, character and timing of the Fund’s gains and losses with respect to positions of the straddle by requiring, among other things, that (1) losses realized on disposition of one position of a straddle be deferred to the extent of any unrealized gain in an offsetting position until the latter position is disposed of, (2) the Fund’s holding period in certain straddle positions not begin until the straddle is terminated (possibly resulting in gain being treated as short-term rather than long-term capital gain) and (3) losses recognized with respect to certain straddle positions, that otherwise would constitute short-term capital losses, be treated as long-term capital losses. Applicable regulations also provide certain “wash sale” rules, which apply to transactions where a position is sold at a loss and a new offsetting position is acquired within a prescribed period, and “short sale” rules applicable to straddles. Different elections are available, which may mitigate the effects of the straddle rules, particularly with respect to “mixed straddles” (i.e., a straddle of which at least one, but not all, positions are section 1256 contracts).
When a covered call option written (sold) by the Fund expires, it will realize a short-term capital gain equal to the amount of the premium it received for writing the option. When the Fund terminates its obligations under such an option by entering into a closing transaction, it will realize a short-term capital gain (or loss), depending on whether the cost of the closing transaction is less (or more) than the premium it received when it wrote the option. When a covered call option written by the Fund is exercised, it will be treated as having sold the underlying security, producing long-term or short-term capital gain or loss, depending on the holding period of the underlying security and whether the sum of the option price received on the exercise plus the premium received when it wrote the option is more or less than the underlying security’s basis.
If the Fund has an “appreciated financial position” – generally, an interest (including an interest through an option, futures or forward contract or short sale) with respect to any stock, debt instrument (other than “straight debt”) or partnership interest the fair market value of which exceeds its adjusted basis – and enters into a “constructive sale” of the position, the Fund will be treated as having made an actual sale thereof, with the result that it will recognize gain at that time. A constructive sale generally consists of a short sale, an offsetting notional principal contract or a futures or forward contract the Fund or a related person enters into with respect to the same or substantially identical property. In addition, if the appreciated financial position is itself a short sale or such a contract, acquisition of the underlying property or substantially identical property will be deemed a constructive sale. The foregoing will not apply, however, to any Fund transaction during any taxable year that
otherwise would be treated as a constructive sale if the transaction is closed within 30 days after the end of that year and the Fund holds the appreciated financial position unhedged for 60 days after that closing (i.e., at no time during that 60-day period is the Fund’s risk of loss regarding that position reduced by reason of certain specified transactions with respect to substantially identical or related property, such as having an option to sell, being contractually obligated to sell, making a short sale or granting an option to buy substantially identical stock or securities).
Investment income received by the Fund from sources within foreign countries may be subject to foreign income tax withheld at the source, and the amount of tax withheld will generally be treated as an expense of the Fund. The United States has entered into tax treaties with many foreign countries that entitle the Fund to a reduced rate of, or exemption from, tax on such income. It is impossible to determine the effective rate of foreign tax in advance since the amount of the Fund’s assets to be invested in various countries is not known.
Taxation of the Funds’ Shareholders
Dividends or other distributions the Fund declares in the last quarter of any calendar year that are payable to shareholders of record on a date in that quarter will be deemed to have been paid by the Fund and received by those shareholders on December 31 of that year if the Fund pays the distributions during the following January. Accordingly, those distributions will be reported by, and taxed to, those shareholders for the taxable year in which that December 31 falls.
If Fund shares are sold at a loss after being held for six months or less, the loss will be treated as long-term, instead of short-term, capital loss to the extent of any capital gain distributions received thereon. Investors also should be aware that the price of Fund shares at any time may reflect the amount of a forthcoming dividend or capital gain distribution, so if they purchase Fund shares shortly before the record date for a distribution, they will pay full price for the shares and (except for an exempt-interest dividend) receive some portion of the price back as a taxable distribution even thought it represents in part a return of invested capital.
Rules of state and local taxation of ordinary income, qualified dividend income and capital gain dividends may differ from the rules for U.S. federal income taxation described above. Distributions may also be subject to additional state, local and foreign taxes depending on each shareholder’s particular situation.
Backup Withholding
The Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold and remit to the U.S. Treasury a portion of distributions paid to you, equal to the backup withholding rate then in effect multiplied by the amount of the distribution, if you: (1) have failed to provide your correct taxpayer identification number; (2) are otherwise subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to report the receipt of interest or dividend income properly; or (3) have failed to certify to the Fund that you are not subject to backup withholding or that you are a corporation or other “exempt recipient.” The Fund will also be required to withhold such percentage of the proceeds of redemptions of shares in the first of these three situations. Backup withholding is not an additional tax; rather any amounts so withheld may be credited against your federal income tax liability or refunded.
Foreign Shareholders
Taxation of a shareholder who, under the Tax Code, is a nonresident alien individual, foreign trust or estate, foreign corporation or foreign partnership (“foreign shareholder”), depends on whether the income from the Fund is “effectively connected” with a U.S. trade or business carried on by the foreign shareholder.
If the income from the Fund is not effectively connected with your U.S. trade or business, distributions of ordinary income paid to a foreign shareholder will be subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or lower treaty rate) upon the gross amount of the distribution. A foreign shareholder generally would be exempt from federal income tax on gain realized on the sale of Fund shares and Fund distributions of net capital gain (other than gain realized on disposition of U.S. real property interests), unless you are a nonresident alien individual present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year (special rules apply in the case of a shareholder that is a foreign trust or foreign partnership). If legislation is enacted to extend the exemption for short-term capital gain dividends and interest-related dividends to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2009, then a foreign shareholder would also be exempt from federal income tax on these amounts. If the income from the Fund is effectively connected with your U.S. trade or business, you will be subject tofederal income tax on suchincome as if you were a U.S. shareholder.
DESCRIPTION OF THE TRUST
The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust may, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable for its obligations. However, the Trust’s Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for acts or obligations of the Trust and provides for indemnification and reimbursement of expenses out of Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust may maintain appropriate insurance (for example, fidelity bonding) for the protection of the Trust, its shareholders, Trustees, officers, employees and agents to cover possible tort and other liabilities. Thus, the risk of a shareholder incurring financial loss due to shareholder liability is limited to circumstances in which both inadequate insurance existed and the Trust itself was unable to meet its obligations. The Trust has not engaged in any other business.
The Trust was originally created to manage money for large institutional investors, including pension and 401(k) plans for American Airlines, Inc. The following individuals (and members of that individual’s “immediate family”), are eligible for purchasing shares of the Institutional Class with an initial investment of less than $2 million: (i) employees of the Manager, (ii) officers and directors of AMR Corporation, (iii) members of the Trust’s Board of Trustees, (iv) employees of TPG/Pharos, and (v) members of the Manager’s parent’s Board of Directors;) The term “immediate family” refers to one’s spouse, children, grandchildren, grandparents, parents, parents in law, brothers and sisters, sons and daughters in law, a sibling’s spouse, a spouse’s sibling, aunts, uncles, nieces and nephews; relatives by virtue of remarriage (step-children, step-parents, etc.) are included. Any shareholders that the Manager transfers to the Institutional Class upon termination of the class of shares in which the shareholders were originally invested is also eligible for purchasing shares of the Institutional Class with an initial investment of less than $2 million.
The Investor Class was created to give individuals and other smaller investors an opportunity to invest in the American Beacon Funds. As a result, shareholders of the Investor Class benefit from the economies of scale generated by being part of a larger pool of assets. The Retirement Class was created for investors investing in the Funds through intermediary organizations, such as broker-dealers, insurance companies or third party administrators, for small to mid-sized retirement plans. The Y Class was created to manage money for large institutional investors, including pension and 401(k) plans. The A Class and C Class were created for investors investing in the finds through their broker-dealers or other financial intermediaries.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Trust’s independent registered public accounting firm, [ ], audits and reports on the Fund’s annual financial statements. The financial statements include the schedule of investments, statement of assets and liabilities, statement of operations, statements of changes in net assets, financial highlights, notes and report of independent registered public accounting firm. Shareholders will receive annual audited financial statements and semi-annual unaudited financial statements. As of the date hereof, the Fund has not commenced operations. Accordingly, financial statements are not available for the Fund.
OTHER INFORMATION
This section provides descriptions of certain strategies that may be used by the Fund, including strategies to invest in particular securities and corresponding risks of those strategies. The composition of the Fund portfolios and the strategies that the Fund uses in selecting portfolio securities may vary over time. The Fund is not required to use all of the investment strategies described below in seeking their investment objectives. It may use some of the investment strategies only at some times or it may not use them at all.
Asset-Backed Securities
- Asset-backed securities are securities issued by trusts and special purpose entities that are backed by pools of assets, such as automobile and credit-card receivables and home equity loans, which pass through the payments on the underlying obligations to the security holders (less servicing fees paid to the originator or fees for any credit enhancement). Typically, loans or accounts receivable paper are transferred from the originator to a specially created trust, which repackages the trust’s interests as securities with a minimum denomination and a specific term. The securities are then privately placed or publicly offered. Examples include certificates for automobile receivables and so-called plastic bonds, backed by credit card receivables. The Funds are permitted to invest in asset-backed securities, subject to the Fund’s rating and quality requirements.
The value of an asset-backed security is affected by, among other things, changes in the market’s perception of the asset backing the security, the creditworthiness of the servicing agent for the loan pool, the originator of the loans and the financial institution providing any credit enhancement. Payments of principal and interest passed
through to holders of asset-backed securities are frequently supported by some form of credit enhancement, such as a letter of credit, surety bond, limited guarantee by another entity or by having a priority to certain of the borrower’s other assets. The degree of credit enhancement varies, and generally applies to only a portion of the asset-backed security’s par value. Value is also affected if any credit enhancement has been exhausted.
Bank Deposit Notes
- Bank deposit notes are obligations of a bank, rather than bank holding company corporate debt. The only structural difference between bank deposit notes and certificates of deposit is that interest on bank deposit notes is calculated on a 30/360 basis, as are corporate notes/bonds. Similar to certificates of deposit, deposit notes represent bank level investments and, therefore, are senior to all holding company corporate debt.
Bankers’ Acceptances
- Bankers’ acceptances are short-term credit instruments designed to enable businesses to obtain funds to finance commercial transactions. Generally, an acceptance is a time draft drawn on a bank by an exporter or an importer to obtain a stated amount of funds to pay for specific merchandise. The draft is then “accepted” by a bank that, in effect, unconditionally guarantees to pay the face value of the instrument on its maturity date. The acceptance may then be held by the accepting bank as an earning asset or it may be sold in the secondary market at the going rate of discount for a specific maturity. Although maturities for acceptances can be as long as 270 days, most acceptances have maturities of six months or less.
Borrowing Risks
- The Fund may borrow for temporary purposes. Borrowing may exaggerate changes in the Fund’s NAV and in its total return. Interest expense and other fees associated with borrowing may reduce the Fund’s return.
Callable Securities
– The Fund may invest in fixed-income securities with call features. A call feature allows the issuer of the security to redeem or call the security prior to its stated maturity date. In periods of falling interest rates, issuers may be more likely to call in securities that are paying higher coupon rates than prevailing interest rates. In the event of a call, the Fund would lose the income that would have been earned to maturity on that security, and the proceeds received by the Fund may be invested in securities paying lower coupon rates. Thus, the Fund’s income could be reduced as a result of a call. In addition, the market value of a callable security may decrease if it is perceived by the market as likely to be called, which could have a negative impact on the Fund’s total return.
Cash Equivalents
- Cash equivalents include certificates of deposit, bearer deposit notes, bankers’ acceptances, government obligations, commercial paper, short-term corporate debt securities and repurchase agreements.
Certificates of Deposit
- Certificates of deposit are issued against funds deposited in an eligible bank (including its domestic and foreign branches, subsidiaries and agencies), are for a definite period of time, earn a specified rate of return and are normally negotiable.
Commercial Paper
- Commercial paper refers to promissory notes representing an unsecured debt of a corporation or finance company with a fixed maturity of no more than 270 days. A variable amount master demand note (which is a type of commercial paper) represents a direct borrowing arrangement involving periodically fluctuating rates of interest under a letter agreement between a commercial paper issuer and an institutional lender pursuant to which the lender may determine to invest varying amounts.
Convertible Securities
- Convertible securities include corporate bonds, notes, preferred stock or other securities that may be converted into or exchanged for a prescribed amount of common stock of the same or a different issuer within a particular period of time at a specified price or formula. A convertible security entitles the holder to receive interest paid or accrued on debt or dividends paid on preferred stock until the convertible security matures or is redeemed, converted or exchanged. While no securities investment is without some risk, investments in convertible securities generally entail less risk than the issuer’s common stock, although the extent to which such risk is reduced depends in large measure upon the degree to which the convertible security sells above its value as a fixed income security. The market value of convertible securities tends to decline as interest rates increase and, conversely, to increase as interest rates decline. While convertible securities generally offer lower interest or dividend yields than non-convertible debt securities of similar quality, they do enable the investor to benefit from increases in the market price of the underlying common stock. Holders of convertible securities have a claim on the assets of the issuer prior to the common stockholders, but may be subordinated to holders of similar non-convertible securities of the same issuer. Because of the conversion feature, the Manager considers some convertible securities to be equity equivalents.
Cover
- Transactions using forward contracts, futures contracts, options on futures contracts and written options (“Financial Instruments”) expose the Fund to an obligation to another party. The Fund will not enter into any such transactions unless it owns either (1) an offsetting (“covered”) position in securities, currencies, or other forward contracts, options or futures contracts, or (2) cash, receivables and liquid assets, with a value, marked-to-market daily, sufficient to cover its potential obligations to the extent not covered as provided in (1) above. The Fund will comply with SEC guidelines regarding cover for these instruments and will, if the guidelines so require, set aside cash, receivables, or liquid assets in a segregated account with its custodian in the prescribed amount.
Assets used as cover or held in a segregated account cannot be sold while the position in the corresponding Financial Instrument is open, unless they are replaced with other appropriate assets. As a result, the commitment of a large portion of the Fund’s assets to cover or to segregated accounts could impede portfolio management or the Fund’s ability to meet redemption requests or other current obligations.
Debentures
- Debentures are unsecured debt securities. The holder of a debenture is protected only by the general creditworthiness of the issuer.
Depositary Receipts -- American Depositary Receipts (ADRs), European Depositary Receipts (EDRs), Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs)
- ADRs are depositary receipts for foreign issuers in registered form traded in U.S. securities markets. EDRs are in bearer form and traded in European securities markets. GDRs are in bearer form and traded in both the U.S. and European securities markets. Depositary receipts may not be denominated in the same currency as the securities into which they may be converted. Investing in depositary receipts entails substantially the same risks as direct investment in foreign securities. There is generally less publicly available information about foreign companies and there may be less governmental regulation and supervision of foreign stock exchanges, brokers and listed companies. In addition, such companies may use different accounting and financial standards (and certain currencies may become unavailable for transfer from a foreign currency), resulting in the Fund’s possible inability to convert immediately into U.S. currency proceeds realized upon the sale of portfolio securities of the affected foreign companies. In addition, the Fund may invest in unsponsored depositary receipts, the issuers of which are not obligated to disclose material information about the underlying securities to investors in the United States. Ownership of unsponsored depositary receipts may not entitle the Fund to the same benefits and rights as ownership of a sponsored depositary receipt or the underlying security. Please see “Foreign Securities” below for a description of the risks associated with investments in foreign securities.
Derivatives
- Generally, a derivative is a financial arrangement, the value of which is based on, or “derived” from, a traditional security, asset or market index. Some “derivatives” such as mortgage-related and other asset-backed securities are in many respects like any other investment, although they may be more volatile or less liquid than more traditional debt securities. There are, in fact, many different types of derivatives and many different ways to use them. There are a range of risks associated with those uses. Certain derivative securities are described more accurately as index/structured securities. Index/structured securities are derivative securities whose value or performance is linked to other equity securities (such as depositary receipts), currencies, interest rates, indices or other financial indicators (reference indices).
Dollar Rolls
- A dollar roll is a contract to sell mortgage-backed securities as collateral against a commitment to repurchase similar, but not identical, mortgage-backed securities on a specified future date. The other party to the contract is entitled to all principal, interest, and prepayment cash flows while it holds the collateral. Each Fund maintains with its custodian a segregated account containing high-grade liquid securities in an amount at least equal to the forward purchase obligation.
Eurodollar and Yankeedollar obligations
- Eurodollar obligations are U.S. dollar obligations issued outside the United States by domestic or foreign entities, while Yankeedollar obligations are U.S. dollar obligations issued inside the United States by foreign entities. There is generally less publicly available information about foreign issuers and there may be less governmental regulation and supervision of foreign stock exchanges, brokers and listed companies. Foreign issuers may use different accounting and financial standards, and the addition of foreign governmental restrictions may affect adversely the payment of principal and interest on foreign investments. In addition, not all foreign branches of United States banks are supervised or examined by regulatory authorities as are United States banks, and such branches may not be subject to reserve requirements.
Exchange-Traded Funds
- The Fund may purchase shares of exchange-traded funds (ETFs). ETFs trade like a common stock and usually represent a fixed portfolio of securities designed to track the performance and dividend yield of a particular domestic or foreign market index. Typically, the Fund would purchase ETF
shares for the same reason it would purchase (and as an alternative to purchasing) futures contracts: to obtain exposure to all or a portion of the stock or bond market. ETF shares enjoy several advantages over futures. Depending on the market, the holding period, and other factors, ETF shares can be less costly and more tax-efficient than futures. In addition, ETF shares can be purchased for smaller sums, offer exposure to market sectors and styles for which there is no suitable or liquid futures contract, and do not involve leverage.
An investment in an ETF generally presents the same primary risks as an investment in a conventional fund (i.e., one that is not exchange traded) that has the same investment objective, strategies, and policies. The price of an ETF can fluctuate within a wide range, and the Fund could lose money investing in an ETF if the prices of the securities owned by the ETF go down. In addition, ETFs are subject to the following risks that do not apply to conventional funds: (1) the market price of the ETF's shares may trade at a discount to their net asset value; (2) an active trading market for an ETF's shares may not develop or be maintained; or (3) trading of an ETF's shares may be halted if the listing exchange's officials deem such action appropriate, the shares are de-listed from the exchange, or the activation of market-wide "circuit breakers" (which are tied to large decreases in stock prices) halts stock trading generally. Most ETFs are investment companies. Therefore, the Fund’s purchases of ETF shares generally are subject to the limitations on, and the risks of, the fund's investments in other investment companies, which are described below.
Foreign Securities
- The Fund may invest in U.S. dollar-denominated securities of foreign issuers and foreign branches of U.S. banks, including negotiable certificates of deposit ("CDs"), bankers' acceptances, and commercial paper. Foreign issuers are issuers organized and doing business principally outside the United States and include banks, non-U.S. governments, and quasi-governmental organizations. While investments in foreign securities are intended to reduce risk by providing further diversification, such investments involve sovereign and other risks, in addition to the credit and market risks normally associated with domestic securities. These additional risks include the possibility of adverse political and economic developments (including political or social instability, nationalization, expropriation, or confiscatory taxation); the potentially adverse effects of unavailability of public information regarding issuers, less governmental supervision and regulation of financial markets, reduced liquidity of certain financial markets, and the lack of uniform accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards or the application of standards that are different or less stringent than those applied in the United States; different laws and customs governing securities tracking; and possibly limited access to the courts to enforce each Fund’s rights as an investor.
The Fund also may invest in equity, debt, or other income-producing securities that are denominated in or indexed to foreign currencies, including (1) common and preferred stocks, (2) CDs, commercial paper, fixed time deposits, and bankers' acceptances issued by foreign banks, (3) obligations of other corporations, and (4) obligations of foreign governments and their subdivisions, agencies, and instrumentalities, international agencies, and supranational entities. Investing in foreign currency denominated securities involves the special risks associated with investing in non-U.S. issuers, as described in the preceding paragraph, and the additional risks of (1) adverse changes in foreign exchange rates and (2) adverse changes in investment or exchange control regulations (which could prevent cash from being brought back to the United States). Additionally, dividends and interest payable on foreign securities (and gains realized on disposition thereof) may be subject to foreign taxes, including taxes withheld from those payments. Commissions on foreign securities exchanges are often at fixed rates and are generally higher than negotiated commissions on U.S. exchanges, although each Fund endeavors to achieve the most favorable net results on portfolio transactions.
Foreign securities often trade with less frequency and in less volume than domestic securities and therefore may exhibit greater price volatility. Additional costs associated with an investment in foreign securities may include higher custodial fees than apply to domestic custody arrangements and transaction costs of foreign currency conversions.
Foreign markets also have different clearance and settlement procedures. In certain markets, there have been times when settlements have been unable to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, making it difficult to conduct such transactions. Delays in settlement could result in temporary periods when a portion of the assets of the Fund is uninvested and no return is earned thereon. The inability of the Fund to make intended security purchases due to settlement problems could cause the Fund to miss attractive investment opportunities. Inability to dispose of portfolio securities due to settlement problems could result in losses to the Fund due to subsequent declines in value of the securities or, if the Fund has entered into a contract to sell the securities, could result in possible liability to the purchaser.
Interest rates prevailing in other countries may affect the prices of foreign securities and exchange rates for foreign currencies. Local factors, including the strength of the local economy, the demand for borrowing, the
government's fiscal and monetary policies, and the international balance of payments, often affect interest rates in other countries. Individual foreign economies may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross national product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, and balance of payments position.
Full Faith and Credit Obligations of the U.S. Government
- Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury, backed by the full taxing power of the U.S. Government or the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury.
Futures Contracts
- Futures contracts obligate a purchaser to take delivery of a specific amount of an obligation underlying the futures contract at a specified time in the future for a specified price. Likewise, the seller incurs an obligation to deliver the specified amount of the underlying obligation against receipt of the specified price. Futures are traded on both U.S. and foreign commodities exchanges. Futures contracts will be traded for the same purposes as entering into forward contracts.
The purchase of futures can serve as a long hedge, and the sale of futures can serve as a short hedge.
No price is paid upon entering into a futures contract. Instead, at the inception of a futures contract the Fund is required to deposit “initial deposit” consisting of cash or U.S. Government Securities in an amount generally equal to 10% or less of the contract value. Margin must also be deposited when writing a call or put option on a futures contract, in accordance with applicable exchange rules. Unlike margin in securities transactions, initial margin on futures contracts does not represent a borrowing, but rather is in the nature of a performance bond or good-faith deposit that is returned to the Fund at the termination of the transaction if all contractual obligations have been satisfied. Under certain circumstances, such as periods of high volatility, the Fund may be required by a futures exchange to increase the level of its initial margin payment, and initial margin requirements might be increased generally in the future by regulatory action.
Subsequent “variation margin” payments are made to and from the futures broker daily as the value of the futures position varies, a process known as “marking-to-market.” Variation margin does not involve borrowing, but rather represents a daily settlement of the Fund’s obligations to or from a futures broker. When the Fund purchases or sells a futures contract, it is subject to daily variation margin calls that could be substantial in the event of adverse price movements. If the Fund has insufficient cash to meet daily variation margin requirements, it might need to sell securities at a time when such sales are disadvantageous.
Purchasers and sellers of futures contracts can enter into offsetting closing transactions, by selling or purchasing, respectively, an instrument identical to the instrument purchased or sold. Positions in futures contracts may be closed only on a futures exchange or board of trade that provides a secondary market. The Fund intends to enter into futures contracts only on exchanges or boards of trade where there appears to be a liquid secondary market. However, there can be no assurance that such a market will exist for a particular contract at a particular time. In such event, it may not be possible to close a futures contract.
Although futures contracts by their terms call for the actual delivery or acquisition of securities or currency, in most cases the contractual obligation is fulfilled before the date of the contract without having to make or take delivery of the securities or currency. The offsetting of a contractual obligation is accomplished by buying (or selling, as appropriate) on a commodities exchange an identical futures contract calling for delivery in the same month. Such a transaction, which is effected through a member of an exchange, cancels the obligation to make or take delivery of the securities or currency. Since all transactions in the futures market are made, offset or fulfilled through a clearinghouse associated with the exchange on which the contracts are traded, the Fund will incur brokerage fees when it purchases or sells futures contracts.
Under certain circumstances, futures exchanges may establish daily limits on the amount that the price of a futures contract can vary from the previous day’s settlement price; once that limit is reached, no trades may be made that day at a price beyond the limit. Daily price limits do not limit potential losses because prices could move to the daily limit for several consecutive days with little or no trading, thereby preventing liquidation of unfavorable positions.
If the Fund was unable to liquidate a futures contract due to the absence of a liquid secondary market or the imposition of price limits, it could incur substantial losses. The Fund would continue to be subject to market risk with respect to the position. In addition, the Fund would continue to be required to make daily variation margin payments and might be required to maintain the position being hedged by the futures contract or option thereon or to maintain cash or securities in a segregated account.
To the extent that the Fund enters into futures contracts, in each case other than for bona fide hedging purposes (as defined by the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”)), the aggregate initial margin will not exceed 5% of the liquidation value of the Fund’s portfolio, after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any contracts that the Fund has entered into. This policy does not limit to 5% the percentage of the Fund’s assets that are at risk in futures contracts.
The ordinary spreads between prices in the cash and futures market, due to differences in the nature of those markets, are subject to distortions. First, all participants in the futures market are subject to initial deposit and variation margin requirements. Rather than meeting additional variation margin deposit requirements, investors may close futures contracts through offsetting transactions that could distort the normal relationship between the cash and futures markets. Second, the liquidity of the futures market depends on participants entering into offsetting transactions rather than making or taking delivery. To the extent participants decide to make or take delivery, liquidity in the futures market could be reduced, thus producing distortion. Third, from the point of view of speculators, the margin deposit requirements in the futures market are less onerous than margin requirements in the securities market. Therefore, increased participation by speculators in the futures market may cause temporary price distortions. Due to the possibility of distortion, a correct forecast of securities price or currency exchange rate trends by a sub-advisor may still not result in a successful transaction.
In addition, futures contracts entail risks. Although a sub-advisor may believe that use of such contracts will benefit a particular Fund, if that investment advisor’s investment judgment about the general direction of, for example, an index is incorrect, the Fund’s overall performance would be worse than if it had not entered into any such contract. In addition, there are differences between the securities and futures markets that could result in an imperfect correlation between the markets, causing a given transaction not to achieve its objectives.
Illiquid Securities
- Historically, illiquid securities have included securities subject to contractual or legal restrictions on resale because they have not been registered under the 1933 Act, securities that are otherwise not readily marketable, and repurchase agreements having a remaining maturity of longer than seven calendar days. Securities that have not been registered under the 1933 Act are referred to as private placements or restricted securities and are purchased directly from the issuer or in the secondary market. These securities may be sold only in a privately negotiated transaction or pursuant to an exemption from registration. A large institutional market exists for certain securities that are not registered under the 1933 Act, including repurchase agreements, commercial paper, foreign securities, municipal securities and corporate bonds and notes. Institutional investors depend on an efficient institutional market in which the unregistered security can be readily resold or on an issuer’s ability to honor a demand for repayment. However, the fact that there are contractual or legal restrictions on resale of such investments to the general public or to certain institutions may not be indicative of their liquidity.
In recognition of the increased size and liquidity of the institutional market for unregistered securities and the importance of institutional investors in the formation of capital, the SEC has adopted Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. Rule 144A is designed to facilitate efficient trading among institutional investors by permitting the sale of certain unregistered securities to qualified institutional buyers. To the extent privately placed securities held by the Fund qualify under Rule 144A and an institutional market develops for those securities, that Fund likely will be able to dispose of the securities without registering them under the 1933 Act. To the extent that institutional buyers become, for a time, uninterested in purchasing these securities, investing in Rule 144A securities could increase the level of the Fund’s illiquidity. The Manager or the sub-advisor, as applicable, acting under guidelines established by the Board, may determine that certain securities qualified for trading under Rule 144A are liquid. Regulation S under the 1933 Act permits the sale abroad of securities that are not registered for sale in the United States.
Mutual funds do not typically hold a significant amount of these restricted or other illiquid securities because of the potential for delays on resale and uncertainty in valuation. Limitations on resale may have an adverse effect on the marketability of portfolio securities, and the Fund might be unable to dispose of restricted or other illiquid securities promptly or at reasonable prices and might thereby experience difficulty satisfying redemptions within seven calendar days. In addition, the Fund may get only limited information about an issuer, so it may be less able to predict a loss. The Fund also might have to register such restricted securities in order to dispose of them resulting in additional expense and delay. Adverse market conditions could impede such a public offering of securities.
Index Futures Contracts and Options on Index Futures Contracts
- The Fund may invest in index futures contracts, options on index futures contracts and options on securities indices.
Index Futures Contracts
- U.S. futures contracts trade on exchanges that have been designated “contracts markets” by the CFTC and must be executed through a futures commission merchant, or brokerage firm, which is a member of the relevant contract market. Futures contracts trade on a number of exchange markets.
At the same time a futures contract on an index is purchased or sold, the Fund must allocate cash or securities as a deposit payment (“initial deposit”). It is expected that the initial deposit would be approximately 1-1/2% to 5% of a contract’s face value. Daily thereafter, the futures contract is valued and the payment of “variation margin” may be required.
Options on Index Futures Contracts
- The purchase of a call option on an index futures contract is similar in some respects to the purchase of a call option on such an index.
The writing of a call option on a futures contract with respect to an index constitutes a partial hedge against declining prices of the underlying securities that are deliverable upon exercise of the futures contract. If the futures price at expiration of the option is below the exercise price, the Fund will retain the full amount of the option premium, which provides a partial hedge against any decline that may have occurred in the Fund’s holdings. The writing of a put option on an index futures contract constitutes a partial hedge against increasing prices of the underlying securities that are deliverable upon exercise of the futures contract. If the futures price at expiration of the option is higher than the exercise price, the Fund will retain the full amount of the option premium, which provides a partial hedge against any increase in the price of securities that the Fund intends to purchase. If a put or call option the Fund has written is exercised, the Fund will incur a loss that will be reduced by the amount of the premium it receives. Depending on the degree of correlation between changes in the value of its portfolio securities and changes in the value of its futures positions, the Fund’s losses or gains from existing options on futures may to some extent be reduced or increased by changes in the value of portfolio securities.
The purchase of a put option on a futures contract with respect to an index is similar in some respects to the purchase of protective put options on the Index. For example, the Fund may purchase a put option on an index futures contract to hedge against the risk of lowering securities values.
The amount of risk the Fund assumes when it purchases an option on a futures contract with respect to an index is the premium paid for the option plus related transaction costs. In addition to the correlation risks discussed above, the purchase of such an option also entails the risk that changes in the value of the underlying futures contract will not be fully reflected in the value of the option purchased.
Stock index futures may be used on a continual basis to equitize cash so that the Fund may maintain maximum equity exposure. The Fund will not enter into any futures contracts or options on futures contracts if immediately thereafter the amount of margin deposits on all the futures contracts of the Fund and premiums paid on outstanding options on futures contracts owned by the Fund would exceed 5% of the market value of the total assets of the Fund.
Futures Contracts on Stock Indices
- The Fund may enter into contracts providing for the making and acceptance of a cash settlement based upon changes in the value of an index of securities (“Index Futures Contracts”). This investment technique is used only to hedge against anticipated future change in general market prices which otherwise might either adversely affect the value of securities held by the Funds or adversely affect the prices of securities which are intended to be purchased at a later date for the Fund.
The Fund is not obligated to use hedging. The Fund’s hedging strategies are intended to reduce losses but they may also cause losses or limit gains if the hedging instrument or strategy does not perform in the way that the Fund anticipated.
In general, each transaction in Index Futures Contracts involves the establishment of a position that will move in a direction opposite to that of the investment being hedged. If these hedging transactions are successful, the futures positions taken for the Fund will rise in value by an amount that approximately offsets the decline in value of the portion of the Fund’s investments that are being hedged. Should general market prices move in an unexpected manner, the full anticipated benefits of Index Futures Contracts may not be achieved or a loss may be realized.
Transactions in Index Futures Contracts involve certain risks. These risks could include a lack of correlation between the Futures Contract and the equity market, a potential lack of liquidity in the secondary market and incorrect assessments of market trends, which may result in worse overall performance than if a Futures Contract had not been entered into.
Brokerage costs will be incurred and “margin” will be required to be posted and maintained as a good-faith deposit against performance of obligations under Futures Contracts written into by the Fund. The Fund may not purchase or sell a Futures Contract (or options thereon) if immediately thereafter its margin deposits on its outstanding Futures Contracts (and its premium paid on outstanding options thereon) would exceed 5% of the market value of each Fund’s total assets.
Options on Securities Indices
- The Fund may write (sell) covered call and put options to a limited extent on an index (“covered options”) in an attempt to increase income. Such options give the holder the right to receive a cash settlement during the term of the option based upon the difference between the exercise price and the value of the index. The Fund may forgo the benefits of appreciation on the index or may pay more than the market price for the index pursuant to call and put options written by the Fund.
By writing a covered call option, the Fund forgoes, in exchange for the premium less the commission (“net premium”), the opportunity to profit during the option period from an increase in the market value of an index above the exercise price. By writing a put option, the Fund, in exchange for the net premium received, accepts the risk of a decline in the market value of the index below the exercise price.
The Fund may terminate its obligation as the writer of a call or put option by purchasing an option with the same exercise price and expiration date as the option previously written.
When the Fund writes an option, an amount equal to the net premium received by the Fund is included in the liability section of the Fund’s Statement of Assets and Liabilities as a deferred credit. The amount of the deferred credit will be subsequently marked to market to reflect the current market value of the option written. The current market value of a traded option is the last sale price or, in the absence of a sale, the mean between the closing bid and asked price. If an option expires unexercised on its stipulated expiration date or if the Fund enters into a closing purchase transaction, the Fund will realize a gain (or loss if the cost of a closing purchase transaction exceeds the premium received when the option was sold), and the deferred credit related to such option will be eliminated.
The Fund has adopted certain other non-fundamental policies concerning index option transactions that are discussed above.
The hours of trading for options on an index may not conform to the hours during which the underlying securities are traded. To the extent that the option markets close before the markets for the underlying securities, significant price and rate movements can take place in the underlying securities markets that cannot be reflected in the option markets. It is impossible to predict the volume of trading that may exist in such options, and there can be no assurance that viable exchange markets will develop or continue.
Because options on securities indices require settlement in cash or the sub-advisor may be forced to liquidate portfolio securities to meet settlement obligations.
Options on Stock Indices
- The Fund may purchase and write put and call options on stock indices listed on stock exchanges. A stock index fluctuates with changes in the market values of the stocks included in the index. Options on stock indices generally are similar to options on stock except that the delivery requirements are different. Instead of giving the right to take or make delivery of stock at a specified price, an option on a stock index gives the holder the right to receive a cash “exercise settlement amount” equal to (a) the amount, if any, by which the fixed exercise price of the option exceeds (in the case of a call) or is less than (in the case of a put) the closing value of the underlying index on the date of exercise, multiplied by (b) a fixed “index multiplier.” The writer of the option is obligated, in return for the premium received, to make delivery of this amount. The writer may offset its position in stock index options prior to expiration by entering into a closing transaction on an exchange or the option may expire unexercised.
Because the value of an index option depends upon movements in the level of the index rather than the price of a particular stock, whether the Fund will realize a gain or loss from the purchase or writing of options on an index depends upon movements in the level of stock prices in the stock market generally or, in the case of certain indices, in an industry or market segment, rather than movements in the price of a particular stock.
Interfund Lending
- Pursuant to an order issued by the SEC, the Funds may participate in a credit facility whereby each Fund, under certain conditions, is permitted to lend money directly to and borrow directly from other Funds for temporary purposes. The credit facility can provide a borrowing Fund with significant savings at times when the cash position of the Fund is insufficient to meet temporary cash requirements. This situation could arise when shareholder redemptions exceed anticipated volumes and certain Funds have insufficient cash on hand to satisfy such redemptions. When the Funds liquidate portfolio securities to meet redemption requests, they often do not receive payment in settlement for up to three days (or longer for certain foreign transactions). However, redemption requests normally are satisfied immediately. The credit facility provides a source of immediate, short-term liquidity pending settlement of the sale of portfolio securities.
The credit facility will reduce the Funds’ potential borrowing costs and enhance the ability of the lending Funds to earn higher rates of interest on their short-term lending. Although the credit facility will reduce the Funds’ need to borrow from banks, the Funds remain free to establish lines of credit or other borrowing arrangements with banks.
Loan Transactions
- Loan transactions involve the lending of securities to a broker-dealer or institutional investor for its use in connection with short sales, arbitrages or other security transactions. The purpose of a qualified loan transaction is to afford a lender the opportunity to continue to earn income on the securities loaned and at the same time earn fee income or income on the collateral held by it.
Securities loans will be made in accordance with the following conditions: (1) the Fund must receive at least 100% collateral in the form of cash or cash equivalents, securities of the U.S. Government and its agencies and instrumentalities, and approved bank letters of credit; (2) the borrower must increase the collateral whenever the market value of the loaned securities (determined on a daily basis) rises above the level of collateral; (3) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan after notice, at any time; (4) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan or a flat fee from the borrower, as well as amounts equivalent to any dividends, interest or other distributions on the securities loaned, and any increase in market value of the loaned securities; (5) the Fund may pay only reasonable custodian fees in connection with the loan; and (6) voting rights on the securities loaned may pass to the borrower, provided, however, that if a material event affecting the investment occurs, the Board must be able to terminate the loan and vote proxies or enter into an alternative arrangement with the borrower to enable the Board as appropriate, to vote proxies.
While there may be delays in recovery of loaned securities or even a loss of rights in collateral supplied should the borrower fail financially, loans will be made only to firms deemed by the Board to be of good financial standing and will not be made unless the consideration to be earned from such loans would justify the risk. If the borrower of the securities fails financially, there is a risk of delay in recovery of the securities loaned or loss of rights in the collateral. Such loan transactions are referred to in this Statement of Additional Information as “qualified” loan transactions.
The cash collateral so acquired through qualified loan transactions may be invested only in those categories of high quality liquid securities previously authorized by the Board.
Other Investment Company Securities
- The Fund at times may invest in shares of other investment companies, including open-end funds, closed-end funds, business development companies, unit investment trusts, and other investment companies of the Trust. Investments in the securities of other investment companies may involve duplication of advisory fees and certain other expenses. By investing in another investment company, the Fund becomes a shareholder of that investment company. As a result, Fund shareholders indirectly will bear the Fund’s proportionate share of the fees and expenses paid by shareholders of the other investment company, in addition to the fees and expenses Fund shareholders directly bear in connection with the Fund’s own operations. These other fees and expenses are reflected as Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses and are itemized in the Fees and Expenses Table for each Fund in its prospectus. Investment in other investment companies may involve the payment of substantial premiums above the value of such issuer's portfolio securities.
Publicly Traded Partnerships; Master Limited Partnerships. The Fund may invest in publicly traded partnerships such as master limited partnerships (“MLPs”). MLPs issue units that are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and are freely tradable on a securities exchange or in the over-the-counter market. An MLP may have one or more general partners, who conduct the business, and one or more limited partners, who contribute capital. The general partner or are jointly and severally responsible for the liabilities of the MLP. The Fund invests as a limited partner, and normally would not be liable for the debts of an MLP beyond the amounts the Fund has contributed but it would not be shielded to the same extent that a shareholder of a corporation would be. In certain instances, creditors of an MLP would have the right to seek a return of capital that had been distributed to a limited partner. The right of an MLP’s creditors would continue even after the Fund had sold its investment in the partnership. MLPs typically invest in real estate, oil and gas equipment leasing assets, but they also finance entertainment, research and development, and other projects.
Preferred Stock
- A preferred stock blends the characteristics of a bond and common stock. It can offer the higher yield of a bond and has priority over common stock in equity ownership, but does not have the seniority of a bond and its participation in the issuer’s growth may be limited. Preferred stock has preference over common stock in the receipt of dividends and in any residual assets after payment to creditors should the issuer be dissolved. Although the dividend is typically set at a fixed annual rate, in some circumstances it can be variable, changed or omitted by the issuer.
Ratings of Short-Term Obligations
– The Fund utilizes ratings provided by the following NRSROs in order to determine eligibility of short-term obligations.
Moody’s short-term ratings, designated as P-1, P-2 or P-3, are opinions of the ability of issuers to honor short-term financial obligations that generally have an original maturity not exceeding thirteen months. The rating P-1 is the highest short-term rating assigned by Moody’s and it denotes an issuer (or supporting institution) that has a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations. The rating P-2 denotes an issuer (or supporting institution) that has a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations. The rating P-3 denotes an issuer (or supporting institution) that has an acceptable ability for repayment of senior short-term policyholder claims and obligations.
Standard & Poor’s short-term ratings are generally assigned to obligations with an original maturity of no more than 365 days—including commercial paper. A short-term obligation rated A-1 is rated in the highest category by Standard & Poor’s. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on these obligations is extremely strong. A short-term obligation rated A-2 is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is satisfactory. A short-term obligation rated A-3 exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. A short-term obligation rated B is regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. Ratings of B-1, B-2, and B-3 may be assigned to indicate finer distinctions within the B category. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties which could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. A short-term obligation rated C is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. A short-term obligation rated D is in payment default. The D rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due even if the applicable grace period has not expired, unless Standard & Poor’s believes that such payments will be made during such grace period. The D rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action if payments on an obligation are jeopardized.
Fitch Ratings’ short-term ratings have a time horizon of less than 13 months for most obligations, or up to three years for US public finance, in line with industry standards, to reflect unique risk characteristics of bond, tax, and revenue anticipation notes that are commonly issued with terms up to three years. Short-term ratings thus place greater emphasis on the liquidity necessary to meet financial commitments in a timely manner. A rating of F1 denotes an obligation of the highest credit quality. It indicates the strongest capacity for timely payment of financial commitments and may have an added "+" to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature. A rating of F2 denotes good credit quality. It indicates a satisfactory capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, but the margin of safety is not as great as in the case of the higher ratings. A rating of F3 denotes fair credit quality. The capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate; however, near term adverse changes could result in a reduction to non investment grade. A rating of B denotes an obligation that is speculative. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus vulnerability to near term
adverse changes in financial and economic conditions. A rating of C denotes a high default risk. Default is a real possibility. Capacity for meeting financial commitments is solely reliant upon a sustained, favorable business and economic environment. A rating of D indicates an entity or sovereign that has defaulted on all of its financial obligations.
The Dominion Bond Rating Service Limited (“DBRS”) short-term debt rating scale is meant to give an indication of the risk that a borrower will not fulfill its near-term debt obligations in a timely manner. Short-term debt rated R-1 (high) is of the highest credit quality, and indicates an entity possessing unquestioned ability to repay current liabilities as they fall due. Entities rated in this category normally maintain strong liquidity positions, conservative debt levels, and profitability that is both stable and above average. Companies achieving an R-1 (high) rating are normally leaders in structurally sound industry segments with proven track records, sustainable positive future results, and no substantial qualifying negative factors. Given the extremely tough definition DBRS has established for an R-1 (high), few entities are strong enough to achieve this rating. Short-term debt rated R-1 (middle) is of superior credit quality and, in most cases, ratings in this category differ from R-1 (high) credits by only a small degree. Given the extremely tough definition DBRS has established for the R-1 (high) category, entities rated R-1 (middle) are also considered strong credits, and typically exemplify above average strength in key areas of consideration for the timely repayment of short-term liabilities. Short-term debt rated R-1 (low) is of satisfactory credit quality. The overall strength and outlook for key liquidity, debt, and profitability ratios is not normally as favorable as with higher rating categories, but these considerations are still respectable. Any qualifying negative factors that exist are considered manageable, and the entity is normally of sufficient size to have some influence in its industry. Short-term debt rated R-2 (high) is considered to be at the upper end of adequate credit quality. The ability to repay obligations as they mature remains acceptable, although the overall strength and outlook for key liquidity, debt and profitability ratios is not as strong as credits rated in the R-1 (low) category. Relative to the latter category, other shortcomings often include areas such as stability, financial flexibility, and the relative size and market position of the entity within its industry. Short-term debt rated R-2 (middle) is considered to be of adequate credit quality. Relative to the R-2 (high) category, entities rated R-2 (middle) typically have some combination of higher volatility, weaker debt or liquidity positions, lower future cash flow capabilities, or are negatively impacted by a weaker industry. Ratings in this category would be more vulnerable to adverse changes in financial and economic conditions. Short-term debt rated R-2 (low) is considered to be at the lower end of adequate credit quality, typically having some combination of challenges that are not acceptable for an R-2 (middle) credit. However, R-2 (low) ratings still display a level of credit strength that allows for a higher rating than the R-3 category, with this distinction often reflecting the issuer's liquidity profile. Short-term debt rated R-3 is considered to be at the lowest end of adequate credit quality, one step up from being speculative. While not yet defined as speculative, the R-3 category signifies that although repayment is still expected, the certainty of repayment could be impacted by a variety of possible adverse developments, many of which would be outside of the issuer's control. Entities in this area often have limited access to capital markets and may also have limitations in securing alternative sources of liquidity, particularly during periods of weak economic conditions. Short-term debt rated R-4 is speculative. R-4 credits tend to have weak liquidity and debt ratios, and the future trend of these ratios is also unclear. Due to its speculative nature, companies with R-4 ratings would normally have very limited access to alternative sources of liquidity. Earnings and cash flow would typically be very unstable, and the level of overall profitability of the entity is also likely to be low. The industry environment may be weak, and strong negative qualifying factors are also likely to be present. Short-term debt rated R-5 is highly speculative. There is a reasonably high level of uncertainty as to the ability of the entity to repay the obligations on a continuing basis in the future, especially in periods of economic recession or industry adversity. In some cases, short term debt rated R-5 may have challenges that if not corrected, could lead to default. A security rated D implies the issuer has either not met a scheduled payment or the issuer has made it clear that it will be missing such a payment in the near future. In some cases, DBRS may not assign a D rating under a bankruptcy announcement scenario, as allowances for grace periods may exist in the underlying legal documentation. Once assigned, the D rating will continue as long as the missed payment continues to be in arrears, and until such time as the rating is discontinued or reinstated by DBRS.
Market Events
- Turbulence in the financial sector may result in an unusually high degree of volatility in the financial markets. Both domestic and foreign equity markets have been experiencing increased volatility and turmoil, with issuers that have exposure to the real estate, mortgage and credit markets particularly affected, and it is uncertain whether or for how long these conditions could continue. The U.S. Government has taken a number of unprecedented actions designed to support certain financial institutions and segments of the financial markets that have experienced extreme volatility, and in some cases a lack of liquidity.
Reduced liquidity in credit and fixed-income markets may adversely affect many issuers worldwide. This reduced liquidity may result in less money being available to purchase raw materials, goods and services from emerging markets, which may, in turn, bring down the prices of these economic staples. It may also result in emerging market issuers having more difficulty obtaining financing, which may, in turn, cause a decline in their stock prices. These events and possible continued market turbulence may have an adverse effect on the Fund.
Repurchase Agreements
- A repurchase agreement, which provides a means to earn income on funds for periods as short as overnight, is an arrangement under which the purchaser (e.g., a Fund) purchases securities and the seller agrees, at the time of sale, to repurchase the securities at a specified time and price. The repurchase price will be higher than the purchase price, the difference being income to the purchaser, or the purchase and repurchase prices may be the same, with interest at a stated rate due to the purchaser together with the repurchase price on repurchase. In either case, the income to the purchaser is unrelated to the interest rate on the securities subject to the repurchase agreement. Repurchase agreements are generally for a short period of time, usually less than a week.
The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with any bank that is a member of the Federal Reserve System or registered broker-dealer who, in the opinion of the Manager and the sub-advisor as applicable, presents a minimum risk of bankruptcy during the term of the agreement based upon guidelines that periodically are reviewed by the Board. The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements as a short-term investment of its idle cash in order to earn income. The securities will be held by a custodian (or agent) approved by the Board, during the term of the agreement. However, if the market value of the securities subject to the repurchase agreement becomes less than the repurchase price (including interest), the Fund will direct the seller of the securities to deliver additional securities so that the market value of all securities subject to the repurchase agreement will equal or exceed the repurchase price.
In the event of the commencement of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings with respect to the seller of the securities before the repurchase of the securities under a repurchase agreement, the Fund may encounter a delay and incur costs before being able to sell the security being held as collateral. Delays may involve loss of interest or decline in price of the securities. Apart from the risk of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings, there is also the risk that the seller may fail to repurchase the securities, in which case the Fund may incur a loss if the proceeds to the Fund from the sale of the securities to a third party are less than the repurchase price.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
- The Fund may borrow funds for temporary purposes by entering into reverse repurchase agreements. Pursuant to such agreements, the Fund would sell portfolio securities to financial institutions such as banks and broker/dealers and agree to repurchase them at a mutually agreed-upon date and price. The Fund intends to enter into reverse repurchase agreements only to avoid selling securities to meet redemptions during market conditions deemed unfavorable by the investment advisor possessing investment authority. At the time the Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, it will place in a segregated custodial account assets such as liquid high quality debt securities having a value not less than 100% of the repurchase price (including accrued interest), and will subsequently monitor the account to ensure that such required value is maintained. Reverse repurchase agreements involve the risk that the market value of the securities sold by the Fund may decline below the price at which such Fund is obligated to repurchase the securities. Reverse repurchase agreements are considered to be borrowings by an investment company under the 1940 Act.
Rights and Warrants
- Rights are short-term warrants issued in conjunction with new stock issues. Warrants are options to purchase an issuer’s securities at a stated price during a stated term. If the market price of the underlying common stock does not exceed the warrant's exercise price during the life of the warrant, the warrant will expire worthless. Warrants usually have no voting rights, pay no dividends and have no rights with respect to the assets of the corporation issuing them. The percentage increase or decrease in the value of a warrant may be greater than the percentage increase or decrease in the value of the underlying common stock. There is no specific limit on the percentage of assets the Fund may invest in rights and warrants, although the ability of some of the Fund to so invest is limited by their investment objectives or policies.
Section 4(2) Securities
- Section 4(2) securities are restricted as to disposition under the federal securities laws, and generally are sold to institutional investors, such as one of the Funds, that agree they are purchasing the securities for investment and not with an intention to distribute to the public. Any resale by the purchaser must be pursuant to an exempt transaction and may be accomplished in accordance with Rule 144A. Section 4(2) securities normally are resold to other institutional investors through or with the assistance of the issuer or dealers that make a market in the Section 4(2) securities, thus providing liquidity.
The Board and the applicable sub-advisor will carefully monitor the Fund’s investments in Section 4(2) securities offered and sold under Rule 144A, focusing on such important factors, among others, as valuation, liquidity, and availability of information. Investments in Section 4(2) securities could have the effect of reducing the Fund’s liquidity to the extent that qualified institutional buyers no longer wish to purchase these restricted securities.
Terrorism Risks
- Some of the U.S. securities markets were closed for a four-day period as a result of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on September 11, 2001. These terrorist attacks, the war with Iraq and its aftermath, continuing occupation of Iraq by coalition forces and related events have led to increased short-term market volatility and may have long-term effects on U.S. and world economies and markets. Those events could also have an acute effect on individual issuers, related groups of issuers, or issuers concentrated in a single geographic area. A similar disruption of the financial markets or other terrorist attacks could adversely impact interest rates, auctions, secondary trading, ratings, credit risk, inflation and other factors relating to portfolio securities and adversely affect Fund service providers and the Fund’s operations.
U.S. Government Securities
- U.S. Government Securities are securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or its agencies or instrumentalities. Some obligations issued by U.S. Government agencies and instrumentalities are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury; others by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury; others by discretionary authority of the U.S. Government to purchase certain obligations of the agency or instrumentality; and others only by the credit of the agency or instrumentality. U.S. Government Securities bear fixed, floating or variable rates of interest. While the U.S. Government currently provides financial support to certain U.S. Government-sponsored agencies or instrumentalities, no assurance can be given that it will always do so, since it is not so obligated by law. U.S. Government securities include U.S. Treasury bills, notes and bonds, Federal Home Loan Bank obligations, Federal Intermediate Credit Bank obligations, U.S. Government agency obligations and repurchase agreements secured thereby. The prices of these securities (like all debt securities) change between issuance and maturity in response to fluctuating market interest rates or credit ratings.
U.S. Treasury Obligations
- U.S. Treasury obligations include bills (initial maturities of one year or less), notes (initial maturities between two and ten years), and bonds (initial maturities over ten years) issued by the U.S. Treasury, Separately Traded Registered Interest and Principal component parts of such obligations known as STRIPS and inflation-indexed securities. Although U.S. Treasury securities carry relatively little principal risk if held to maturity, the prices of these securities (like all debt securities) change between issuance and maturity in response to fluctuating market interest rates or credit ratings.
Variable or Floating Rate Obligations
- A variable rate obligation is one whose terms provide for the adjustment of its interest rate on set dates and which, upon such adjustment, can reasonably be expected to have a market value that approximates its par value. A floating rate obligation is one whose terms provide for the adjustment of its interest rate whenever a specified interest rate changes and which, at any time, can reasonably be expected to have a market value that approximates its par value. Variable or floating rate obligations may be secured by bank letters of credit.
Pursuant to Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act, variable or floating rate obligations with stated maturities of more than 397 days may be deemed to have shorter maturities as follows:
(1) An obligation that is issued or guaranteed by the United States Government or any agency thereof which has a variable rate of interest readjusted no less frequently than every 397 days will be deemed by a Fund to have a maturity equal to the period remaining until the next readjustment of the interest rate.
(2) A variable rate obligation, the principal amount of which is scheduled on the face of the instrument to be paid in 397 days or less, will be deemed by a Fund to have a maturity equal to the period remaining until the next readjustment of the interest rate.
(3) A variable rate obligation that is subject to a demand feature will be deemed by a Fund to have a maturity equal to the longer of the period remaining until the next readjustment of the interest rate or the period remaining until the principal amount can be recovered through demand.
(4) A floating rate obligation that is subject to a demand feature will be deemed by a Fund to have a maturity equal to the period remaining until the principal amount can be recovered through demand.
As used above, an obligation is “subject to a demand feature” when a Fund is entitled to receive the principal amount of the obligation either at any time on no more than 30 days’ notice or at specified intervals not exceeding one year and upon no more than 30 days’ notice.
When-Issued and Forward Commitment Transactions
- These transactions involve a commitment by the Fund to purchase or sell securities at a future date. These transactions enable the Fund to “lock-in” what the Manager or the sub-advisor, as applicable, believes to be an attractive price or yield on a particular security for a period of time, regardless of future changes in interest rates. For instance, in periods of rising interest rates and falling prices, the Fund might sell securities it owns on a forward commitment basis to limit its exposure to falling prices. In periods of falling interest rates and rising prices, the Fund might purchase a security on a when-issued or forward commitment basis and sell a similar security to settle such purchase, thereby obtaining the benefit of currently higher yields. If the other party fails to complete the trade, the Fund may lose the opportunity to obtain a favorable price. For purchases on a when-issued basis, the price of the security is fixed at the date of purchase, but delivery of and payment for the securities is not set until after the securities are issued (generally one to two months later). The value of when-issued securities is subject to market fluctuation during the interim period and no income accrues to the Fund until settlement takes place. Such transactions therefore involve a risk of loss if the value of the security to be purchased declines prior to the settlement date or if the value of the security to be sold increases prior to the settlement date. A sale of a when-issued security also involves the risk that the other party will be unable to settle the transaction. Forward commitment transactions involve a commitment to purchase or sell securities with payment and delivery to take place at some future date, normally one to two months after the date of the transaction. The payment obligation and interest rate are fixed at the time the buyer enters into the forward commitment. Forward commitment transactions are typically used as a hedge against anticipated changes in interest rates and prices. Forward commitment transactions are executed for existing obligations, whereas in a when-issued transaction, the obligations have not yet been issued.
The Fund maintains with the Custodian a segregated account containing high-grade liquid securities in an amount at least equal to the when-issued or forward commitment transaction. When entering into a when-issued or forward commitment transaction, the Fund will rely on the other party to consummate the transaction; if the other party fails to do so, the Fund may be disadvantaged.
AMERICAN BEACON MASTER TRUST
AMERICAN BEACON FUNDS
AMERICAN BEACON MILEAGE FUNDS
AMERICAN BEACON SELECT FUNDS
PROXY VOTING POLICY AND PROCEDURES
Last Amended March 1, 2010
Preface
Proxy voting is an important component of investment management and must be performed in a dutiful and purposeful fashion in order to secure the best long-term interests of interest holders of the American Beacon Master Trust and shareholders of the American Beacon Funds, the American Beacon Mileage Funds, and the American Beacon Select Funds (collectively, the “Funds”). Therefore, these Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures (the "Policy") have been adopted by the Funds.
The Funds are managed by American Beacon Advisors, Inc. (the "Manager"). The Funds’ Boards of Trustees has delegated proxy voting authority to the Manager with respect to the Funds that invest primarily in the securities of domestic U.S. issuers and the portion of the Global Real Estate Fund that invests in the securities of North American issuers (collectively, the "Domestic Funds"). The Manager has retained a proxy voting consultant (the “Consultant”) to provide assistance regarding the objective review and voting of proxies on any assets held by the Domestic Funds, consistent with the Policy. The Policy sets forth the policies and procedures the Manager employs when voting proxies for the Domestic Funds, including the role of their investment subadvisors (the “Subadvisors”). Proxy voting for the Funds that invest primarily in the securities of foreign issuers and the portion of the Global Real Estate Fund that invests in the securities of non-North American issuers (the "International Funds") has been delegated by the International Funds' Boards of Trustees to the subadvisors for those funds (“International Subadvisors”). For the securities held in their respective portion of each International Fund, the International Subadvisors make voting decisions pursuant to their own proxy voting policies and procedures, which have been adopted by the International Funds and approved by their Boards of Trustees. The Policy includes the procedures that the Manager performs to monitor proxy voting by the International Subadvisors.
For all of the Funds, the Manager seeks to ensure that proxies are voted in the best interests of Fund interest holders and shareholders (collectively, “shareholders”). For certain proxy proposals, the interests of the Manager and/or its affiliates may differ from Fund shareholders’ interests. To avoid the appearance of impropriety and to fulfill its fiduciary responsibility to shareholders in these circumstances, the Policy includes procedures established by the Manager for voting proxy proposals that potentially present a conflict of interests.
Domestic Funds - Procedures
1.
Voting
–The Consultant has been instructed by the Manager to vote proxies in accordance with the Policy, unless it is notified to vote otherwise by the Manager in writing. The Manager may decide to instruct the Consultant to vote in a manner different than specified by the Policy if it determines that such a variance from the Policy would be in the best interests of Fund shareholders. In making such a determination, the Manager will conduct its analysis of the proxy proposal, which may include, among other things, discussing the issue with Subadvisors holding the security to determine their recommended voting position.
Except as otherwise noted, items to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis and proposals not contemplated by the Policy will be assessed by the Manager. In these situations, the Manager will use its judgment in directing the Consultant to vote in the best interest of the Funds’ shareholders and will propose changes to the Policy when appropriate.
2.
Conflicts of Interest
-
The Manager maintains a list by Fund of all affiliated persons, including the Manager and its affiliates, the Subadvisors and their affiliates as well as the Funds' distributor and its affiliates. Any proxy proposal involving an entity on this list could be considered to represent a conflict of interest between a) the Manager, a Subadvisor, the distributor or any of their affiliates and b) Fund shareholders. The Manager will monitor the Fund’s holdings against the list of affiliated persons and will
conduct an analysis based upon the following procedures to resolve these known potential conflicts as well as any unforeseen conflicts.
a.
Proxies for Affiliated Funds
-
Each Fund has the ability to invest in the shares of any of the Money Market Funds. For example, the High Yield Bond Fund may purchase shares of the Money Market Fund. If the Money Market Fund issues a proxy for which the High Yield Bond Fund is entitled to vote, the Manager's interests regarding the Money Market Fund might appear to conflict with the interests of the shareholders of the High Yield Bond Fund. In these cases, the Manager will instruct the Consultant to vote in accordance with the Board of Trustees' recommendations in the proxy statement.
b.
Business / Personal Connections of the Manager
-
The Manager is minority owned by AMR Corporation, which is a publicly-traded corporation and the parent company of American Airlines, Inc. To avoid the appearance of any conflict of interests, the Funds are expressly prohibited from investing in the securities of AMR Corporation or any other airline company.
The Manager could have an advisory client that issues a proxy or promotes a proxy proposal for which a Fund is entitled to vote. By taking a particular voting position on the proxy, it could be perceived by Fund shareholders that the Manager is favoring the advisory client over Fund shareholders in order to avoid harming its relationship with the advisory client. If the Manager is asked to render a decision regarding a proxy proposal issued or promoted by one of its advisory clients, the Manager will refer that proposal to the applicable Fund's Board of Trustees, who will decide the Fund's voting position after consultation with the Manager.
In the event that a principal officer of the Manager has a personal relationship or connection with an issuer or proponent of a proxy proposal being considered by the Manager, the voting matter will be discussed with the applicable Fund's Board of Trustees, who will decide the Fund's voting position after consultation with the Manager.
If an unforeseen conflict pertaining to a particular proxy proposal becomes apparent, the Manager will refer that proposal to the applicable Fund's Board of Trustees, who will decide the Fund's voting position after consultation with the Manager.
c.
Business / Personal Connections of the Subadvisors
- Each Subadvisor (and its affiliates) is considered an affiliate of the portion of the Fund it manages. When the Manager receives input regarding a voting recommendation from a Subadvisor, the Manager will request the Subadvisor’s disclosure of any business or personal relationships or connections that the Subadvisor itself or its principals may have with the proxy issuer or any proponent of the proxy proposal. If the Subadvisor’s disclosure reveals any potential conflicts of interest, the Manager will not rely on the Subadvisor’s recommendation regarding the proxy proposal.
3.
Securities on Loan
-
The Consultant will notify the Manager before the record date about the occurrence of a future shareholder meeting. The Manager will determine whether or not to recall shares of the applicable security that are on loan with the intent of voting such shares in accordance with the Policy, based on factors including the nature of the meeting (i.e., annual or special), the percentage of the proxy issuer’s outstanding securities on loan, any other information regarding the proxy proposals of which the Manager may be aware, and the loss of securities lending income to a Fund as a result of recalling the shares on loan.
Domestic Funds - Policies
1.
Routine Proposals
-
Routine proxy proposals are most commonly defined as those that do not change the structure, bylaws, or operations of the corporation to the detriment of the shareholders. The proposals are consistent with industry standards as well as the corporate laws in the state of incorporation. Traditionally, these include:
A. Location of annual meeting
B. Employee stock purchase plan
C. Appointment of auditors
D. Corporate strategy
E. Director indemnification and liability protection
F. Reincorporation
The Funds’ policy is to
support
management on these routine proposals.
2.
Social, Political and Environmental Proposals
-
Issues which can be characterized as non-financial or non-business issues involving social, political and environmental issues will result in voting to
support
management. Financial interests of the shareholders are the only consideration for proxy voting decisions.
3.
Shareholder Equality Proposals
-
Issues that do not discriminate against certain shareholders will be
supported
. Non-discriminatory proposals include:
A.
Anti-greenmail
-
Provisions that require that the price paid to the greenmailer must be extended to all shareholders of record will be
supported
.
B.
Fair price provisions
-
Provisions that guarantee an equal price to all shareholders will be
supported
.
4.
Non-routine proposals
-
Issues in this category are more likely to affect the structure and operation of the corporation and, therefore have a greater impact on the value of the shareholders’ investment. All situations will be viewed individually and independently with the focus on the financial interest of the shareholders.
Various factors will contribute in the decision-making process assessing the financial interest of the shareholders. Consideration should be given first and foremost to the board of directors. The board of directors oversees the management of the company, makes decisions on the most important issues and is a representative of the shareholders. To the degree that the board is independent (defined as at least 75% of members are independent, having no personal or business relationship with management, as defined by the relevant exchange), capable and dedicated to the shareholders, support should be for the board's recommendations.
Management’s record, strategy and tenure will contribute in the decision-making process. The tendency will be to side with management if, in the past, it has shown the intent and ability to maximize shareholder wealth over the long term. Management will not be judged on a quarter-by-quarter basis, but judged on decisions that are consistent with the long-term interests of the shareholders of the company.
The following are specific issues that directly impact the financial interest of the shareholders.
A.
Board of Directors
a.
Uncontested elections
-
The Funds will
support
management’s slate during uncontested elections if the board is independent. The company is the best judge of who is able and available to serve, and who will work well together.
b.
Contested elections
-
will be evaluated on a
case-by-case
basis. Both slates of candidates will be evaluated based on a thorough analysis of each contesting side.
c.
Independent compensation committee
-
an independent committee will best represent shareholder interests and guards against conflicts of interest in executive pay decisions. An independent or majority independent committee will have no financial interest in the outcome. The Funds will
support
proposals for independent compensation committees.
d.
Independent nominating committee
–
The Funds believe that independent directors selected by a committee of independent directors will be more likely to question the CEO's business judgment. Therefore, the Funds will
support
proposals for independent nominating committees.
e.
Classified boards
-
A typical classified board is divided into 3 groups with one group standing for election every third year. The Funds believe that shareholders benefit from the structure as classified boards provide stability of leadership and continuity of management and policy that is crucial when evaluating company issues. Therefore, the Funds’ policy is to
support
classified boards, unless an independent board proposes to declassify itself, in which case the Funds will
support
management.
f.
Cumulative voting
-
Under cumulative voting, shareholders are entitled to a number of votes equal to the number of board seats open for election, times the number of shares held. The votes can be cast for one nominee or apportion them, equally or not, amongst the nominees. The Funds believe that each director should act for the benefit of all shareholders and therefore should not be elected by a special group of shareholders. As a result, the Funds do
not support
cumulative voting. Directors have the fiduciary responsibility to protect and enhance the interests of all shareholders. The potential disruption caused by a minority director with a special agenda is potentially damaging to a majority of shareholders. Directors should act in the benefit of the majority, not the minority.
g.
Independent boards
–
The Funds believe independent boards will permit clear and independent decision-making, benefiting shareholders’ long-term interests. Board members who are independent are more likely to protect shareholders’ interests than company executives or other insiders. An “independent director” is defined as an individual who has had no personal or business relationship with management, as defined by the relevant exchange. While the Funds’ policy is to generally
support
independent boards, there is no objection to including up to 25% of insiders or affiliated outsiders on the board. Inside directors have intimate knowledge of the company that will be beneficial during discussions of the company’s long-term prospects. If the board is less than 75% independent, the Funds will
withhold
their vote for non-CEO board members that are not independent.
h.
Separate chairman, CEO positions
-
Proponents contend that an individual with both positions is accountable to no one. The CEO is a management employee, responsible for day-to-day operations, implementing corporate strategy, and accountable to the board. The chairman is responsible for the overall direction of the company, protecting the shareholders' interests, evaluating the performance of the CEO, and is accountable to the shareholders.
Opponents contend it would dilute the power of the CEO to provide effective leadership, create a potential rivalry between the two positions leading to compromise rather than decisive action, insulate the CEO from being held accountable by the board if the chairman is overprotective, and finally, may cause confusion by having two public spokesmen. Despite the widespread use of this structure in Britain, it is relatively revolutionary in the U.S. If the board is independent, the Funds will
support
the company’s recommendation regarding separate chairman, CEO positions. Other situations will be evaluated on a
case-by-case
basis.
i.
Minimum director stock / fund ownership
-
proponents contend that a director's interests will be more aligned with shareholders if the director has a personal stake in the company. Additionally, many companies are providing part of their compensation in the form of stock for directors.
Opponents contend that minimum stock/fund ownership requirements will restrict the search to qualified, wealthy board candidates. This could eliminate other candidates who may not be able to pay the price of the required stock.
The Funds will
not support
proposals for minimum director stock ownership.
j.
Majority vote to elect directors
– Shareholder concern about director elections is an outgrowth of their concern about director accountability in the aftermath of corporate scandals. Opponents argue that because of the “holdover” provision applicable to most directors, a resignation policy could be more effective in actually effecting the removal of an unpopular director. Proponents maintain that a resignation policy approach still leaves such a director technically “elected” and puts the onus on other board members to take action against one of their colleagues.
The Funds will
support
proposals for a majority vote requirement to elect directors.
k.
Increase/decrease size of board
– The board and management are in the best position to determine the structure for the board. If the board is independent, the Funds will
support
proposals to increase or decrease the size of the board if the board will be comprised of at least 5 but no more than 20 members. Outside of this range, the Funds will vote
against
a change in the size of a board of directors.
l.
Limit number of boards served
– The board and management are in the best position to determine the structure for the board. The Funds will
not support
proposals to limit the number of boards a director may serve on.
m.
Term limits
- Opponents of term limits sustain that the board and management are in the best position to determine a workable, efficient structure for the board. Furthermore, shareholders may approve or disapprove of certain directors with their vote at annual meetings. The board should be free to identify the individuals who will best serve the shareholders. Supporters of term limits say that limiting the number of years that a director can serve on the board provides a built-in mechanism to force turnover. A structure that specifically limits the period of time a director can serve provides opportunities for recruiting directors with new ideas and perspectives.
The Funds will
not support
proposals to institute term limits.
B.
Executive / Director compensation
a.
Incentive/Stock option plans (establish, amend, add)
-
proponents contend that incentive/stock option plans are designed to attract, hold and motivate management. Shareholders generally favor these plans, as top managers should have a stake in their company that ties compensation to performance. By aligning management's interests with shareholders toward a goal of increasing shareholder value, better returns usually result.
Opponents contend that incentive/stock option plans may dilute the shareholders’ claim on profits and assets and may lead to a shift in the balance of voting control. Additionally, easily attainable incentive goals may not provide the necessary incentive for management.
If the board is independent and if the company has performed well over the previous 3- or 5- year period, the Funds will generally
support
these plans. However, the Funds will
not support
plans that permit:
|
●
|
Dilution in excess of the company’s peer group, unless overall executive compensation levels (including the value of the options) are at or below the peer group; or
|
|
●
|
Repricing/replacing underwater options
|
b.
Discounted stock options
-
options that may be exercised at prices below the stock's fair market value on the award date. Sometimes called non-qualified options, these options are granted "in-the-money" or immediately exercisable for a profit. The Funds do
not support
discounted stock options, as they do not give management much incentive to increase share value, while the purpose of granting stock options is to align executives' interests with those of the shareholders.
c.
Exchange of underwater options
-
options with an exercise price higher than the market price are considered "underwater" and, needless to say, unattractive. The Funds do
not support
the exchange of underwater options that result in a financial gain to the participants since other shareholders have no such protection from falling stock prices and since executives would bear no risk if management is willing to bail them out when the stock price falls. The Funds will
support
the exchange of underwater options that do not result in a financial gain to the participants.
d.
Cap or limit executive and director pay
- T
he Funds will
not support
capping or limiting executive or director pay. Pay flexibility is necessary to motivate and retain top quality executives and align shareholder and management interests.
e.
Link pay to performance
-
Proponents contend that by linking pay to performance management’s interests will be aligned with shareholders. Management with compensation packages containing little volatility or risk may have a goal other than maximizing shareholder wealth. As a result, the Funds will
support
proposals to link pay to performance. However, the Funds will
not support
proposals requiring that an excessive portion (75% or more) of equity compensation be performance based.
f.
Golden parachute provisions
-
provide severance payments to top executives who are terminated or demoted after a change in control (takeover). They provide some financial security to executives relieving potential anxiety as they negotiate and impartially evaluate future takeover bids. This provision will allow executives to not oppose a merger that might be in the best interests of the shareholders but may cost them their job. Parachutes may also benefit shareholders as they aid in the attraction and retention of managers.
However, opponents contend the existence of these provisions can discourage takeover attempts, as significant sums may have to be paid to company executives. Executives are already well paid to manage the company and should not have an extra reward. Additionally, shareholder approval is generally not necessary for enactment of this provision.
Properly conceived, golden parachutes can free management to act in the best interests of shareholders. Often, however, it is clearly an attempt to raise the cost to a third party of acquiring the company. Other criteria for analyzing the actual approval of parachute plans might include necessity, breadth of participation, payout size, sensitivity of triggers and leveraged buyout restrictions. If the board is independent and the company has performed well over the previous 3- or 5-year period, the Funds will
support
golden parachute provisions.
g.
Executive incentive bonus plans
- Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code prohibits companies from deducting more than $1 million in compensation paid to each of the top five executives, unless the compensation is paid under a performance-based, shareholder approved plan. To maintain compliance, these performance-based plans require shareholder approval every five years.
Cash bonus plans can be an important part of an executive's overall pay package, along with stock-based plans tied to long-term total shareholder returns. Over the long term, stock prices are an excellent indicator of management performance. However, other factors, such as economic conditions and investor reaction to the stock market in general, and certain industries in particular, can greatly impact the company's stock price. As a result, a cash bonus plan can effectively reward individual performance and the achievement of business unit objectives that are independent of short-term market share price fluctuations. Moreover, preservation of the full deductibility of all compensation paid reduces the company's corporate tax obligation.
Generally, the Funds will
support
these performance-based plans. However, if the compensation committee is not 100% independent, the proposal will be decided on a case-by-case basis.
h.
Supplemental executive retirement plans (SERPs)
- Supplemental executive retirement plans (SERPs) provide supplemental retirement benefits for executives in excess of IRS compensation limitations. SERPs are unfunded plans and payable out of the company's general assets. The ability of a company to offer a SERP could affect the company's ability to compete for qualified senior executives, and could place the company at a competitive disadvantage to its peers.
Opponents contend that such benefits are unnecessary given the high levels of executive compensation at most companies.
Generally, the Funds will
support
SERPs. However, if the compensation committee is not 100% independent, the proposal will be decided on a case-by-case basis.
i.
Shareholder Proposal Regarding Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation
- Proponents are urging boards to adopt a policy to allow shareholders an opportunity to vote on an advisory management resolution at each annual meeting to ratify compensation of the named executive officers (NEOs) as set forth in the proxy statement’s summary compensation table. The vote would be non-binding and would not affect any compensation paid or awarded to any NEO.
If the board is independent, the Funds will
support
management. All other proposals will be decided on a case-by-case basis.
C.
RIC Contracts and Policies
a.
Investment Advisory Contracts
- All proposals regarding new investment advisory contracts or amendments to existing contracts will be reviewed on a
case-by-case
basis. Due to the complex and varied nature of these proposals, the principal emphasis will be on the financial ramifications of the proposal for the Funds' shareholders.
b.
Distribution Plans
- All proposals pertaining to a RIC's distribution plan will be reviewed on a
case-by-case
basis, weighing any proposed additional fees to be paid by shareholders against the potential benefits. The analysis will foremost consider the effects of the proposal on the shareholders.
c.
Fundamental Objectives / Policies
- All proposals regarding the fundamental investment objectives or policies of a RIC will be reviewed on a
case-by-case
basis. Due to the complex and varied nature of these proposals, the principal emphasis will be on the financial ramifications of the proposal for the shareholders.
D.
Confidential voting
– The Funds believe that confidential voting restricts communication between shareholders and management. Additionally, the system of free and open proxy voting protects shareholder interests and ensures that the fiduciary obligations of investment funds are met. These representatives are then fully accountable to their constituents. Confidential voting is also expensive, as voting must be tabulated by a third party before presentation. The Funds will
not support
confidential voting. Management cannot address shareholder concerns if they cannot identify the dissenting voters. Undue pressure will not be condoned but our concern is that communication might be diminished during a time when shareholders are considering significant issues. Implementing confidential voting is not an acceptable tradeoff for the potential loss of open dialogue.
E.
Supermajority-voting provisions
- Proponents contend that a broad agreement should be reached on issues that may have a significant impact on the company. Supermajority vote requirements usually require a level of voting approval in excess of a simple majority of the outstanding shares. Usually this range is from 66% to 80%, but in some cases even higher.
Opponents contend that supermajority-voting provisions detract from a simple majority's power to enforce its will. In many cases, the supermajority requirement will make it impossible to repeal or enact proposals due to the number of votes needed. Matters of corporate policy, a sale of assets or a sale of the entire company should ordinarily only require a majority of shareholders.
The Funds will support supermajority provisions up to 67%. All situations regarding supermajority-voting provisions larger than 67% will be reviewed on a
case-by-case
basis.
F.
Right to call a special meeting
– Proponents seek to change company’s bylaws and other appropriate governing documents to allow shareholders of between 10% and 25% of outstanding common stock to call a special meeting. Proponents believe special meetings will allow shareholders to vote on urgent matters that may arise between regularly scheduled meetings.
Opponents contend that typically company regulations allow for majority shareholders to call special meetings which is a reasonable threshold in order to avoid the expense of unnecessary meetings.
The Funds will
support
these proposals if proposed by management and the board is independent. However, if proposed by shareholders, the Funds will
support
proposals for the right to call a special meeting by shareholders of 30% or greater of outstanding common stock.
G.
Anti-takeover proposals
–
Poison pills, preemptive rights, fair pricing and dual class voting provisions force potential bidders to deal directly with the board of directors. The board’s role is to protect shareholders against unfair and unequal treatment and guard against partial tender offers and other abusive tactics. Fair and equitable offers will not be prevented and will equally benefit all shareholders.
a.
Poison pills (Shareholder rights plans)
-
protect shareholders from coercive and unfair offers. Therefore, all shareholders should receive a better/fairer offer. If the board is independent, the Funds will
support
poison pills. If the board is not independent, each situation involving poison pills will be decided on a
case-by-case
basis.
b.
Preemptive rights
-
enable shareholders to retain the same percentage of ownership during additional stock offerings. This eliminates the effect of dilution on the shareholder. The Funds will
support
preemptive rights.
c.
Fair pricing provisions
-
require that if offers are not approved by the board, the bidder must pay the same "fair" price for all shares purchased. The fair price is usually defined as the highest price paid by the bidder for shares acquired before the start of the tender offer. This provision attempts to prevent "two-tiered" offers in which the bidder offers a premium for sufficient shares to gain control then offers a much lower price to the remaining holders. The Funds will
support
fair pricing provisions.
d.
Dual class voting provisions
-
create unequal voting rights among different shareholders. These provisions allow companies to raise capital and expand while letting management maintain control without fear of being acquired. However, these provisions enable management to become entrenched, as it is an anti-takeover mechanism. With management controlling the voting power, no one will pay a premium for shares of a company when there is no way for them to obtain voting control of the company. The Funds will
not support
dual class voting provisions.
H.
Stock related proposals
a.
Increase authorized common/preferred stock
-
A request for additional shares of stock was, in the past, considered a routine voting item. Companies usually state it is for a specific use, such as a stock split, acquisition or for "general corporate purposes." However, an abundance of authorized but unissued shares can become an anti-takeover measure, such as implementing a poison pill or placing a large block of stock with a friendly holder to maintain control.
If the board is independent, the Funds will
support
increases in common/preferred stock. The authorization will give companies the ability and flexibility to finance corporate growth. If the board is not independent, the Funds will not support increases in common/preferred stock.
b.
Targeted share placements
-
the issuance of a specific block of company securities to a friendly shareholder. These placements are often used to defend against an unfriendly takeover or to obtain favorable financing and may be executed using common stock, preferred stock or convertible securities. Targeted share placements are often less expensive to execute than issuing stock, they do not require the high interest rates of traditional debt and a placement can be structured for the benefit of the limited number of parties. Additionally, share placements can be executed fairly quickly and shareholder approval is not required.
Opponents contend targeted placements give selected shareholders an unfair access to valuable securities while diluting current shareholder's proportional ownership and voting interests. Additionally, critics contend that not only do targeted share placements serve to entrench management, but also the holder of the share placement may have a senior claim or return from company assets.
All situations regarding targeted share placements will be reviewed on a
case-by-case
basis. Since such stock could be used to dilute the ownership rights of current shareholders, shareholders should have the opportunity to analyze the proposal to determine whether it is in their best economic interests.
I.
Mergers, Acquisitions, Restructurings
-
These transactions involve fundamental changes in the structure and allocation of a company's assets. Financial considerations are foremost in these transactions but ERISA fiduciaries are not obligated to take an offer if they feel the long-term interests of the Funds, as a shareholder will be best served by the company continuing as is.
All situations regarding mergers, acquisitions, or restructuring will be reviewed on a
case-by-case
basis. Due to the complexity and company-specific nature of these proposals, the principal emphasis will be on the financial ramifications of the proposal.
5.
Other Business
-- The Funds will
support
management with respect to “Other Business.”
6.
Adjourn Meeting
– The Funds will
support
management with respect to proposals to adjourn the shareholder meeting.
All other issues will be decided on a
case-by-case
basis. As with other non-routine proposals, decisions will be based primarily on management and board responsiveness to enhancing shareholder wealth.
Issues requiring analysis on a case-by-case basis will be voted according to the Consultant’s recommendation when the Funds own less than 1% of the company’s outstanding shares
and
less than $3 million of the company’s market capitalization.
International Funds - Procedures
1.
Voting
- The International Funds' Boards of Trustees have delegated proxy voting to the International Subadvisors. Each International Fund has adopted the proxy voting policies and procedures of its respective subadvisor(s). The Manager maintains copies of the International Subadvisors' policies and will periodically check the voting record for adherence to the policies. If any discrepancies are noted, the Manager will follow up with the International Subadvisor.
2.
Conflicts of Interest
-
Each International Subadvisor receives from the Manager the list of affiliated persons for each International Fund. Any proxy proposal involving an entity on this list could be considered to represent a conflict of interest between a) the Manager, an International Subadvisor, the distributor or any of their affiliates and b) Fund shareholders. If an International Subadvisor receives a proxy involving one of these entities, it will notify the Manager and forward all proxy materials for consideration by the applicable Fund's Board of Trustees. The Board of Trustees will decide the Fund's voting position in consultation with the Manager and the International Subadvisor.
If an unforeseen conflict pertaining to a particular proxy proposal becomes apparent, the International Subadvisor will notify the Manager and forward all proxy materials for consideration by the applicable Fund's Board of Trustees. The Board of Trustees will decide the Fund's voting position in consultation with the Manager and the International Subadvisor.
All Funds - Other Procedures
1.
Recordkeeping
- Records of all votes will be maintained by a) the Consultant for the Domestic Funds and b) the International Subadvisors for the International Funds. Documentation of all votes for the Domestic Funds will be maintained by the Manager and the Consultant. Such documentation will include the recommendations of the Subadvisors along with pertinent supporting comments and letters, the Policy, the proxy voting policies and procedures of the International Subadvisors, any and all company reports provided by proxy advisory consulting services, additional information gathered by the Manager, minutes from any meeting at which the Boards of Trustees considered a voting matter, the conclusion and final vote.
2.
Disclosure
- The Manager, in conjunction with the Consultant, will compile the Funds' proxy voting record for each year ended June 30 and file the required information with the SEC via Form N-PX by August 31. The Manager will include a summary of the Policy and/or the proxy voting policies and procedures of the International Subadvisors, as applicable, in each Fund's Statement of Additional Information ("SAI"). In each Fund's annual and semi-annual reports to shareholders, the Manager will disclose that a description of the Policy and/or the proxy voting policies and procedures of the International Subadvisors, as applicable, is a) available upon request, without charge, by toll-free telephone request, b) on the Funds' website (if applicable), and c) on the SEC's website in the SAI. The SAI and shareholder reports will also disclose that the Funds' proxy voting record is available by toll-free telephone request (or on the Funds' website) and on the SEC's website by way of the Form N-PX. Within three business days of receiving a request, the Manager will send a copy of the policy description or voting record by first-class mail.
3.
Board Oversight
-
On at least an annual basis, the Manager will present a summary of the voting records of the Funds to the Boards of Trustees for their review. The Boards of Trustees will annually consider for approval the Policy and the proxy voting policies and procedures of the International Subadvisors. In addition, the Manager and International Subadvisors will notify the Board of any material changes to the proxy voting policies and procedures.
A-9