INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES, POLICIES AND
RESTRICTIONS
The Prospectus discusses the investment objectives of the
Worldwide Fund and the International Fund, as well as the primary strategies they employ to achieve those objectives. Each Fund is an investment
portfolio of IVA Fiduciary Trust (the Trust), an open-end series management investment company organized as a Massachusetts business trust
on June 12, 2008. Each Fund is a diversified portfolio. A copy of the Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust, as amended (the
Declaration of Trust), which is governed by Massachusetts law, is on file with the Secretary of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The
discussion below supplements the information set forth in the Prospectus under the Investment Objective and Principal Investment
Strategies sections. References herein to the Adviser shall mean International Value Advisers, LLC.
Investment Objectives of the Funds
IVA Worldwide Fund
. The Fund will seek long-term
growth of capital by investing in a range of securities and asset classes from markets around the world, including U.S. markets. No attempt is made to
construct a portfolio relative to a benchmark. Rather, the objective is to achieve a positive annual return with moderate annual downside
risk.
There is no assurance that the Funds investment objective
will be achieved. Additionally, since the Funds investment objective has been adopted as a non-fundamental investment policy, the Funds
investment objective may be changed without a vote of shareholders.
IVA International Fund
. The Fund will seek
long-term growth of capital by investing in a range of securities and asset classes from markets around the world. No attempt is made to construct a
portfolio relative to a benchmark. Rather, the objective is to achieve a positive annual return with moderate annual downside risk.
There is no assurance that the Funds investment objective
will be achieved. Additionally, since the Funds investment objective has been adopted as a non-fundamental investment policy, the Funds
investment objective may be changed without a vote of shareholders.
Principal Investment Strategies and Risks of the
Funds
IVA Worldwide Fund
. To achieve its objective, the
Fund primarily seeks investment opportunities in companies of any capitalization that the Adviser believes have fundamental value, financial strength
and stability. However, the Fund may invest in companies with fundamental value that do not have the other characteristics. The Adviser, under normal
market conditions, intends to invest at least 40%, but no less than 30%, of the Funds total assets in equity and debt securities issued by
foreign companies and governments.
IVA International Fund
. To achieve its objective,
the Fund primarily seeks investment opportunities in companies of any capitalization that the Adviser believes have fundamental value, financial
strength and stability. However, the Fund may invest in companies with fundamental value that do not have the other characteristics. The Adviser, under
normal market conditions, intends to invest at least 65%, but no less than 30%, of the International Funds total assets in equity and debt
securities issued by foreign companies and governments.
Principal Investment
Strategies
As part of the principal investment strategies, the Funds intend
to invest in both foreign and domestic fixed income securities and equities, as well as precious metals.
Each Fund may invest a maximum of 25% of its total assets in
precious metals, primarily gold bullion, silver, platinum, and palladium.
Fixed income securities include bonds, notes, bills, debentures,
high-yield debt securities (commonly referred to as junk-bonds), preferred stock, convertible securities, Rule 144A securities, structured
notes, securities issued by supranational organizations, and sovereign debt securities.
Each Fund normally will invest its assets in common stocks,
preferred stocks, derivatives, including forward contracts, options and futures contracts, convertible securities, bonds, debentures, or other debt
instruments. A Fund may invest in securities of foreign issuers directly or in the form of American Depositary Receipts
(ADRs),
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Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs), European
Depositary Receipts (EDRs), or other securities representing underlying shares of foreign issuers. When deemed appropriate by the Adviser
for short term investment or defensive purposes, a Fund may hold up to 100% of its assets in cash and equivalents including government obligations in
the local currency of any developed country including the U.S., commercial paper and certificates of deposit.
Other asset classes with different correlations to the economy or
the stock market will be considered to enable each Fund further diversification and, where possible, to provide downside protection in a difficult
stock market. These include distressed debt securities, real estate interests, commodities futures, and auction market preferred securities
(AMPS).
Among the types of fixed income securities in which the Funds may
invest from time to time are United States government obligations. United States government obligations include Treasury Notes, Bonds and Bills, which
are direct obligations of the United States government backed by the full faith and credit of the United States, and securities issued by agencies and
instrumentalities of the United States government, which may be: (i) guaranteed by the United States Treasury, such as the securities of the Government
National Mortgage Association; or (ii) supported by the issuers right to borrow from the Treasury and backed by the credit of the federal agency
or instrumentality itself, such as securities of the Federal Intermediate Land Banks, Federal Land Banks, Bank of Cooperatives, Federal Home Loan
Banks, Tennessee Valley Authority and Farmers Home Administration.
For all securities that give rise to an obligation on the part of
the Funds to repay an obligation, the Funds will establish and maintain segregated accounts to cover such obligations as agreed upon with the
counterparty and consistent with any regulatory requirements under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the 1940
Act).
Principal Investment Risks
Asset Segregation
. With respect to certain kinds of
derivative transactions entered into by a Fund that involve obligations to make future payments to third parties, under applicable federal securities
laws, rules, and interpretations thereof, the Fund must set aside (referred to sometimes as asset segregation) liquid assets,
or engage in other measures to cover open positions with respect to such transactions. For example, with respect to certain foreign
currency transactions and futures contracts that are not contractually required to cash-settle, a Fund must cover its open positions by
setting aside liquid assets equal to the contracts full, notional value, except that deliverable certain foreign currency transactions for
currencies that are liquid will be treated as the equivalent of cash-settled contracts. As such, a Fund may set aside liquid assets in an
amount equal to the Funds daily marked-to-market (net) obligation (i.e., the Funds daily net liability, if any) rather than the full
notional amount under such deliverable foreign currency transactions. With respect to certain forward foreign currency exchange contracts and futures
contracts that are contractually required to cash-settle, a Fund may set aside liquid assets in an amount equal to the Funds daily
marked-to-market (net) obligation rather than the notional value. Each Fund reserves the right to modify its asset segregation policies in the future.
As a result, if a large portion of assets is segregated or committed as cover, it could impede portfolio management or the ability to meet redemption
requests or other current obligations.
Covered Option Writing
. Each Fund may write
covered calls and covered puts on equity or debt securities and on stock indices in seeking to enhance investment return or to
hedge against declines in the prices of portfolio securities or may write put options to hedge against increases in the prices of securities which it
intends to purchase. A call option is covered if a Fund holds, on a share-for-share basis, either the underlying shares or a call on the same security
as the call written where the exercise price of the call held is equal to or less than the exercise price of the call written (or greater than the
exercise price of the call written if the difference is maintained by a Fund in cash, treasury bills or other high grade short-term obligations in a
segregated account with its custodian). A put option is covered if a Fund maintains cash, treasury bills or other high grade short-term
obligations with a value equal to the exercise price in a segregated account with its custodian, or holds on a share-for-share basis a put on the same
equity or debt security as the put written where the exercise price of the put held is equal to or greater than the exercise price of the put written,
or lower than the exercise price of the put written if the difference is maintained in a segregated account with its custodian.
Currency Exchange Transactions
. A Fund may engage
in currency transactions with counterparties to hedge the value of portfolio securities denominated in particular currencies against fluctuations in
relative value, to gain or reduce exposure to certain currencies, or to generate income or gains.
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Currency transactions include currency forward contracts,
exchange-listed currency futures contracts and options thereon, exchange-listed and OTC options on currencies, and currency swaps. A forward currency
contract involves a privately negotiated obligation to purchase or sell (with delivery generally required) a specific currency at a future date, which
may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. A currency swap
is an agreement to exchange cash flows based on the notional difference among two or more currencies and operates similarly to an interest rate
swap.
Each Fund may enter into a forward contract to sell, for a fixed
amount of U.S. dollars, the amount of that currency approximating the value of some or all of a Funds portfolio securities denominated in such
currency. For example, a Fund may do this if the manager believes that the currency of a particular country may decline in relation to the U.S. dollar.
Forward contracts may limit potential gain from a positive change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies. Transaction
hedging includes entering into a currency transaction with respect to specific assets or liabilities of the Fund, which will generally arise in
connection with the purchase or sale of portfolio securities or the receipt of income from them. Position hedging is entering into a currency
transaction with respect to portfolio securities positions denominated or generally quoted in that currency.
Each Fund may cross-hedge currencies by entering into
transactions to purchase or sell one or more currencies that are expected to increase or decline in value relative to other currencies to which the
Fund has or in which the Fund expects to have exposure. To reduce the effect of currency fluctuations on the value of existing or anticipated holdings
of its securities, a Fund also may engage in proxy hedging. Proxy hedging is often used when the currency to which the Funds holdings is exposed
is difficult to hedge generally or difficult to hedge against the dollar. Proxy hedging entails entering into a forward contract to sell a currency,
the changes in the value of which are generally considered to be linked to a currency or currencies in which some or all of the Funds securities
are or are expected to be denominated, and to buy dollars.
Currency hedging involves some of the same risks and
considerations as other derivative transactions. Currency transactions can result in losses to a Fund if the currency being hedged fluctuates in value
to a degree or in a direction that is not anticipated. Further, the risk exists that the perceived linkage between various currencies may not be
present or may not be present during the particular time that the Fund is engaging in these transactions. Currency transactions are also subject to
risks different from those of other portfolio transactions. Because currency control is of great importance to the issuing governments and influences
economic planning and policy, purchases and sales of currency and related instruments can be adversely affected by government exchange controls,
limitations or restrictions on repatriation of currency, and manipulations or exchange restrictions imposed by governments. These forms of governmental
actions can result in losses to a Fund if it is unable to deliver or receive currency or monies in settlement of obligations and could also cause
hedges it has entered into to be rendered useless, resulting in full currency exposure as well as incurring transaction costs. Buyers and sellers of
currency futures contracts are subject to the same risks that apply to the use of futures contracts generally. Further, settlement of a currency
futures contract for the purchase of most currencies must occur at a bank based in the issuing nation. Trading options on currency futures contracts is
relatively new, and the ability to establish and close out positions on these options is subject to the maintenance of a liquid market that may not
always be available. Currency exchange rates may fluctuate based on factors extrinsic to that countrys economy.
Foreign (non-U.S.) Securities
. Investors should
recognize that investing in the securities of foreign issuers generally, and particularly in emerging market issuers, involves special considerations,
which are not typically associated with investing in securities of U.S. issuers. Investments in securities of foreign issuers may involve risks arising
from differences between U.S. and foreign securities markets, including less volume, much greater price volatility in and relative illiquidity of
foreign securities markets, different trading and settlement practices and less governmental supervision and regulation, from changes in currency
exchange rates, from high and volatile rates of inflation, from economic, social and political conditions and, as with domestic multinational
corporations, from fluctuating interest rates.
Since most foreign securities are denominated in foreign
currencies or traded primarily in securities markets in which settlements are made in foreign currencies, the value of these investments and the net
investment income available for distribution to shareholders of a Fund may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in currency exchange rates
or exchange control regulations. Because a Fund may purchase securities denominated in foreign currencies, a change in the value of any such currency
against the U.S. dollar will result in a change in the U.S. dollar value of the Funds assets and the Funds income available for
distribution. Certain of the Funds foreign currency transactions may give rise to ordinary income or loss, for federal income tax purposes, to
the extent such
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income or loss results from fluctuations in the value of the
foreign currency.
In addition, although a Funds income may be received or
realized in foreign currencies, the Fund will be required to compute and distribute its income in U.S. dollars. Therefore, if the value of a currency
relative to the U.S. dollar declines after a Funds income has been earned in that currency, translated into U.S. dollars and declared as a
dividend, but before payment of such dividend, the Fund could be required to liquidate portfolio securities to pay such dividend. Similarly, if the
value of a currency relative to the U.S. dollar declines between the time a Fund incurs expenses or other obligations in U.S. dollars in order to pay
such expenses in U.S. dollars will be greater than the equivalent amount in such currency of such expenses at the time they were
incurred.
Certain markets are in only the earliest stages of development.
There is also a high concentration of market capitalization and trading volume in a small number of issuers representing a limited number of
industries, as well as a high concentration of investors and financial intermediaries. Many of such markets also may be affected by developments with
respect to more established markets in the region. Brokers in foreign and emerging market countries typically are fewer in number and less capitalized
than brokers in the United States. These factors, combined with the U.S. regulatory requirements for open-end investment companies and the restrictions
on foreign investment, result in potentially fewer investment opportunities for a Fund and may have an adverse impact on the investment performance of
a Fund.
There generally is less governmental supervision and regulation
of exchanges, brokers and issuers in foreign countries than there is in the United States. For example, there may be no comparable provisions under
certain foreign laws to insider trading and similar investor protection securities laws that apply with respect to securities transactions consummated
in the United States. Further, brokerage commissions and other transaction costs on foreign securities exchanges generally are higher than in the
United States. With respect to investments in certain emerging market countries, archaic legal systems may have an adverse impact on a Fund. For
example, while the potential liability of a shareholder in a U.S. corporation with respect to acts of the corporation generally is limited to the
amount of the shareholders investment, the notion of limited liability is less clear in certain emerging market countries. Similarly, the rights
of investors in emerging market companies may be more limited than those of shareholders of U.S. corporations.
Other investment risks include the possible imposition of foreign
withholding taxes on certain amounts of a Funds income which may reduce the net return on foreign investments as compared to income received from
a U.S. issuer, the possible seizure or nationalization of foreign assets and the possible establishment of exchange controls, expropriation,
confiscatory taxation, other foreign governmental laws or restrictions which might affect adversely payments due on securities held by a Fund, the lack
of extensive operating experience of eligible foreign subcustodians and legal limitations on the ability of a Fund to recover assets held in custody by
a foreign subcustodian in the event of the subcustodians bankruptcy.
In addition, there may be less publicly-available information
about a foreign issuer than about a U.S. issuer, and foreign issuers may not be subject to the same accounting, auditing and financial record-keeping
standards and requirements as U.S. issuers. In particular, the assets and profits appearing on the financial statements of an emerging market country
issuer may not reflect its financial position or results of operations in the way they would be reflected had the financial statements been prepared in
accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. In addition, for an issuer that keeps accounting records in local currency, inflation
accounting rules may require, for both tax and accounting purposes, that certain assets and liabilities be restated on the issuers balance sheet
in order to express items in terms of currency of constant purchasing power. Inflation accounting may indirectly generate losses or profits.
Consequently, financial data may be materially affected by restatements for inflation and may not accurately reflect the real condition of those
issuers and securities markets. Finally, in the event of a default of any such foreign obligations, it may be more difficult for a Fund to obtain or
enforce a judgment against the issuers of such obligations. The manner in which foreign investors may invest in companies in certain emerging market
countries, as well as limitations on such investments, also may have an adverse impact on the operations of a Fund. For example, the Fund may be
required in certain of such countries to invest initially through a local broker or other entity and then have the shares purchased re-registered in
the name of the Fund. Re-registration may in some instances not be able to occur on a timely basis, resulting in a delay during which the Fund may be
denied certain of its rights as an investor.
Foreign markets have different clearance and settlement
procedures, and in certain markets there have been times when settlements have failed to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, making
it difficult to conduct such transactions. Further, satisfactory custodial services for investment securities may not be available in
some
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countries having smaller, emerging capital markets, which may
result in a Fund incurring additional costs and delays in transporting and custodying such securities outside such countries. Delays in settlement or
other problems could result in periods when assets of a Fund are uninvested and no return is earned thereon. The inability of a Fund to make intended
security purchases due to settlement problems or the risk of intermediary counterparty failures could cause a Fund to miss attractive investment
opportunities. The inability to dispose of a portfolio security due to settlement problems could result either in losses to a Fund due to subsequent
declines in the value of such portfolio security or, if the Fund has entered into a contract to sell the security, could result in possible liability
to the purchaser.
Futures
. Each Fund may use interest rate, foreign
currency, index and other futures contracts. A futures contract provides for the future sale by one party and purchase by another party of a specified
quantity of the security or other financial instrument at a specified price and time. A futures contract on an index is an agreement pursuant to which
two parties agree to take or make delivery of an amount of cash equal to the difference between the value of the index at the close of the last trading
day of the contract and the price at which the index contract originally was written. Although the value of an index might be a function of the value
of certain specified securities, physical delivery of these securities is not always made. A public market exists in futures contracts covering a
number of indexes, as well as financial instruments, including, without limitation: U.S. Treasury bonds; U.S. Treasury notes; GNMA Certificates;
three-month U.S. Treasury bills; 90-day commercial paper; bank CDs; Eurodollar CDs; the Australian dollar; the Canadian dollar; the British pound; the
Japanese yen; the Swiss franc; the Mexican peso; and certain multinational currencies, such as the euro. It is expected that other futures contracts
will be developed and traded in the future.
When a purchase or sale of a futures contract is made by a Fund,
the Fund is required to deposit with its futures commission merchant a specified amount of liquid assets (initial margin). The margin
required for a futures contract is set by the exchange on which the contract is traded and may be modified during the term of the contract. The initial
margin is in the nature of a performance bond or good faith deposit on the futures contract that is returned to the Fund upon termination of the
contract, assuming all contractual obligations have been satisfied. Each Fund expects to earn taxable interest income on its initial margin deposits. A
futures contract held by a Fund is valued daily at the official settlement price of the exchange on which it is traded. Each day the Fund pays or
receives cash, called variation margin, equal to the daily change in value of the futures contract. This process is known as marking
to market. Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by the Fund but is instead a settlement between the Fund and the broker of the
amount one would owe the other if the futures contract expired. In computing daily NAV, each Fund will mark to market its open futures
positions.
Although some futures contracts call for making or taking
delivery of the underlying securities, generally these obligations are closed out prior to delivery by offsetting purchases or sales of matching
futures contracts (involving the same exchange, underlying security or index and delivery month). If an offsetting purchase price is less than the
original sale price, a Fund realizes a capital gain, or if it is more, the Fund realizes a capital loss. Conversely, if an offsetting sale price is
more than the original purchase price, a Fund realizes a capital gain, or if it is less, the Fund realizes a capital loss. The transaction costs also
must be included in these calculations.
Limitations on Use of Futures
. When purchasing a
futures contract, the purchaser or seller of a futures contract is not required to deliver or pay for the underlying instrument unless the contract is
held until the delivery date. However, both the purchaser and seller are required to deposit initial margin with a futures broker, known as
a futures commission merchant (FCM), when the contract is entered into. If the value of either partys position declines, that party
will be required to make additional variation margin payments to settle the change in value on a daily basis.
This process of marking to market will be reflected
in the daily calculation of open positions computed in a Funds NAV per share. The party that has a gain is entitled to receive all or a portion
of this amount. Initial and variation margin payments do not constitute purchasing securities on margin for purposes of a Funds investment
limitations. In the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of an FCM that holds margin on behalf of a Fund, the Fund may be entitled to return of margin
owed to it only in proportion to the amount received by the FCMs other customers, potentially resulting in losses to the Fund. Each Fund will be
required to comply with asset coverage requirements pursuant to SEC guidelines. See Asset Segregation.
The requirements for qualification as a regulated investment
company under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), also may limit the extent to which a Fund may enter into futures or
forward contracts.
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Options Transactions
. The Adviser believes that
certain transactions in options on securities and on stock indices may be useful in limiting each Funds investment risk and augmenting its
investment return. The Adviser expects, however, the amount of each Funds assets that will be involved in options transactions to be small
relative to the Funds assets. Accordingly, it is expected that only a relatively small portion of each Funds investment return will be
attributable to transactions in options on securities and on stock indices. Each Fund may invest in put and call options transactions involving options
on securities and on stock indices that are traded on U.S. and foreign exchanges or in the over-the-counter markets.
Securities and options exchanges have established limitations on
the maximum number of options that an investor or group of investors acting in concert may write. It is possible that the Funds, other investment
vehicles advised by the Adviser and other clients of the Adviser may be considered such a group. Position limits may restrict a Funds ability to
purchase or sell options on particular securities and on stock indices.
Index prices may be distorted if trading in certain stocks
included in the index is interrupted. Trading in the index options also may be interrupted in certain circumstances, such as if trading were halted in
a substantial number of stocks included in the index. If this occurred, a Fund would not be able to close out options which it had purchased or written
and, if restrictions on exercise were imposed, might be unable to exercise an option it held, which could result in substantial losses to a
Fund.
Risks Associated with Futures
. There are several
risks associated with the use of futures contracts. A purchase or sale of a futures contract may result in losses in excess of the amount invested in
the futures contract. There can be no guarantee that there will be a correlation between price movements in the futures contracts and in the securities
or index positions covering them. In addition, there are significant differences between the securities and indexes and futures markets that could
result in an imperfect correlation between the markets. The degree of imperfection of correlation depends on circumstances such as variations in
speculative market demand for futures, including technical influences in futures trading, and differences between the financial instruments held by a
Fund and the instruments underlying the standard contracts available for trading in such respects as interest rate levels, maturities and
creditworthiness of issuers. A decision as to whether, when and how to employ futures contracts involves the exercise of skill and judgment, and even
well-conceived uses may be unsuccessful to some degree because of market behavior or unexpected interest rate trends.
Futures exchanges may limit the amount of fluctuation permitted
in certain futures contract prices during a single trading day. The daily limit establishes the maximum amount that the price of a futures contract may
vary either up or down from the previous days settlement price at the end of the current trading session. Once the daily limit has been reached
in a futures contract subject to the limit, no more trades may be made on that day at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price
movements during a particular trading day and therefore does not limit potential losses because the limit may work to prevent the liquidation of
unfavorable positions. For example, futures prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days with little or no
trading, thereby preventing prompt liquidation of positions and subjecting some holders of futures contracts to substantial losses.
There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist at a
time when a Fund seeks to close out a futures contract, and the Fund would remain obligated to meet margin requirements until the position is closed.
In addition, many of the contracts discussed above are relatively new instruments without a significant trading history. As a result, there can be no
assurance that an active secondary market will develop or continue to exist.
Illiquid Assets and Restricted Securities
. Each
Fund may hold up to 15% of its respective net assets in illiquid securities, including certain securities that are subject to legal or contractual
restrictions on resale (restricted securities). When a Funds holdings in illiquid securities exceed 15% of net assets, the Adviser
will use its best efforts to remedy the situation as promptly as practicable under the circumstances. Generally, restricted securities may be sold only
in privately negotiated transactions or in a public offering with respect to which a registration statement is in effect under the Securities Act of
1933 (the 1933 Act). Where registration is required, a Fund may be obligated to pay all or part of the registration expenses and a
considerable period may elapse between the time of the decision to sell and the time the Fund may be permitted to sell a security under an effective
registration statement. If, during such a period, adverse market conditions were to develop, a Fund might obtain a less favorable price than that which
prevailed when it decided to sell. Restricted securities will be priced at fair value as determined in good faith by the procedures adopted, approved
and set forth by the Trusts Board of Trustees (the Board).
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Notwithstanding the above, a Fund may purchase securities that
have been privately placed but that are eligible for purchase and sale under Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. That rule permits certain qualified
institutional buyers, such as the Funds, to trade in privately placed securities that have not been registered for sale under the 1933 Act. The
Adviser, under the supervision of the Board, will consider whether securities purchased under Rule 144A are illiquid and thus subject to a Funds
restriction on investing in illiquid securities. A determination as to whether a Rule 144A security is liquid or not is a factual issue requiring an
evaluation of a number of factors. In making this determination, the Adviser will consider the trading markets for the specific security, taking into
account the unregistered nature of a Rule 144A security. In addition, the Adviser could consider: (1) the frequency of trades and quotes; (2) the
number of dealers and potential purchasers; (3) the dealer undertakings to make a market; and (4) the nature of the security and of marketplace trades
(e.g., the time needed to dispose of the security, the method of soliciting offers and the mechanics of transfer). The liquidity of Rule 144A
securities would be monitored and if, as a result of changed conditions, it is determined that a Rule 144A security is no longer liquid, a Funds
holdings of illiquid securities would be reviewed to determine what steps, if any, are required to assure that the Fund does not invest more than the
maximum percentage of its assets in illiquid securities.
Investing in Rule 144A securities could have the effect of
increasing the amount of a Funds assets invested in illiquid securities if qualified institutional buyers are unwilling to purchase such
securities. Because the liquidity or illiquidity of a security depends on various factors, other types of restricted securities also may be determined
to be liquid under largely the same type of analysis and process as is applied in respect of Rule 144A.
Liquidity risk is the risk that the value of a security will fall
if trading in the security is limited or absent. Liquidity risk also refers to the possibility that the Fund may not be able to sell a security, or
close out an investment contract, when it wants to.
Precious Metals
. Each Fund may invest a maximum of
25% of its total assets in precious metals. Precious metals at times have been subject to substantial price fluctuations over short periods of time and
may be affected by unpredictable monetary and political policies such as currency devaluations or revaluations, economic and social conditions within a
country, trade imbalances, or trade or currency restrictions between countries. The prices of precious metals, however, are less subject to local and
company-specific factors than securities of individual companies. As a result, precious metals may be more or less volatile in price than securities of
companies engaged in precious metals-related businesses. Investments in precious metals can present concerns such as delivery, storage and maintenance,
possible illiquidity, and the unavailability of accurate market valuations. Although precious metals can be purchased in any form, including bullion
and coins, the Funds intend to purchase only those forms of precious metals that are readily marketable and that can be stored in accordance with
custody regulations applicable to mutual funds. A Fund may incur higher custody and transaction costs for precious metals than for securities. Also,
precious metals investments do not pay income.
For a Fund to qualify as a regulated investment company under
current federal tax law, gains from selling precious metals may not exceed 10% of the Funds gross income for its taxable year. This tax
requirement could cause a Fund to hold or sell precious metals or securities when it would not otherwise do so.
Commodities and Commodity Contracts
. Each Fund may
purchase or sell precious metals directly or may invest in precious metal commodity contracts and options on such contracts (metals are considered
commodities under the federal commodities laws). Investing in precious metals in this manner carries risks, as described below. Each Fund
also may invest in instruments related to precious metals, including structured notes, securities of precious metal finance and operating companies.
The Funds exposure to the commodities markets may subject the Fund to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities. The value of
commodity-linked instruments may be affected by changes in overall market movements, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates, and other
risks affecting a particular industry or commodity.
Floating Rate, Inverse Floating Rate and Index
Obligations
. Each Fund may invest in debt securities with interest payments or maturity values that are not fixed, but float in conjunction
with (or inversely to) an underlying index or price. These securities may be backed by sovereign or corporate issuers, or by collateral such as
mortgages. The indices and prices upon which such securities can be based include interest rates, currency rates and commodities
prices.
Floating rate securities pay interest according to a coupon,
which is reset periodically. The reset mechanism may be formula based, or reflect the passing through of floating interest payments on an underlying
collateral pool. Inverse floating rate securities are similar to floating rate securities except that their coupon payments vary inversely with
an
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underlying index by use of a formula. Inverse floating rate
securities tend to exhibit greater price volatility than other floating rate securities.
Floating rate obligations generally exhibit a low price
volatility for a given stated maturity or average life because their coupons adjust with changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk and price
volatility on inverse floating rate obligations can be high, especially if leverage is used in the formula. Index securities pay a fixed rate of
interest, but have a maturity value that varies by formula, so that when the obligation matures a gain or loss may be realized. The risk of index
obligations depends on the volatility of the underlying index, the coupon payment and the maturity of the obligation.
Lower-Rated Debt Securities
. Each Fund may invest
in lower-rated fixed-income securities (commonly known as junk bonds). The lower ratings reflect a greater possibility that adverse changes
in the financial condition of the issuer or in general economic conditions, or both, or an unanticipated rise in interest rates, may impair the ability
of the issuer to make payments of interest and principal. The inability (or perceived inability) of issuers to make timely payment of interest and
principal would likely make the values of securities held by the Fund more volatile and could limit the Funds ability to sell its securities at
prices approximating the values the Fund had placed on such securities. In the absence of a liquid trading market for securities held by it, the Fund
at times may be unable to establish the fair value of such securities.
Securities ratings are based largely on the issuers historical financial condition and the rating agencies analysis at the time of
rating. Consequently, the rating assigned to any particular security is not necessarily a reflection of the issuers current financial condition,
which may be better or worse than the rating would indicate. In addition, the rating assigned to a security by Moodys Investors Service, Inc.
(Moodys ) or Standard & Poors, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (Standard & Poors)
(or by any other nationally recognized statistical rating organization) does not reflect an assessment of the volatility of the securitys market
value or the liquidity of an investment in the security.
Like those of other fixed-income securities, the values of
lower-rated securities fluctuate in response to changes in interest rates. A decrease in interest rates generally will result in an increase in the
value of a Funds fixed-income assets. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the value of a Funds fixed-income assets
generally will decline. The values of lower-rated securities may often be affected to a greater extent by changes in general economic conditions and
business conditions affecting the issuers of such securities and their industries. Negative publicity or investor perceptions also may adversely affect
the values of lower-rated securities. Changes by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations in their ratings of any fixed-income security
and changes in the ability of an issuer to make payments of interest and principal also may affect the value of these investments. Changes in the value
of portfolio securities generally will not affect income derived from these securities, but will affect a Funds net asset value
(NAV). A Fund will not necessarily dispose of a security when its rating is reduced below its rating at the time of purchase. However, the
Adviser will take this reduction into consideration when analyzing an investment and will carefully monitor the investment to determine whether its
retention will assist in meeting the Funds investment objective.
Issuers of lower-rated securities often are highly leveraged, so that their ability to service their debt obligations during an economic
downturn or during sustained periods of rising interest rates may be impaired. Such issuers may not have more traditional methods of financing
available to them and may be unable to repay outstanding obligations at maturity by refinancing. The risk of loss due to default in payment of interest
or repayment of principal by such issuers is significantly greater because such securities frequently are unsecured and subordinated to the prior
payment of senior indebtedness.
At times, a substantial portion of each Funds assets may be invested in an issue of which the Fund, by itself or together with other
funds and accounts managed by the Adviser, holds all or a major portion. Although the Adviser generally considers such securities to be liquid because
of the availability of an institutional market for such securities, it is possible that, under adverse market or economic conditions or in the event of
adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer, a Fund could find it more difficult to sell these securities when the Adviser believes it
advisable to do so or may be able to sell the securities only at prices lower than if they were more widely held. Under these circumstances, it also
may be more difficult to determine the fair value of such securities for purposes of computing a Funds NAV. In order to enforce its rights in the
event of a default, a Fund may be required to participate in various legal proceedings or take possession of and manage assets securing the
issuers obligations on such securities. This could increase the Funds operating expenses and adversely affect the Funds NAV. In
addition, the Funds intention to qualify as a regulated investment company under the Internal Revenue Code may
8
limit the extent to which the Fund may exercise its rights by
taking possession of such assets.
To the extent that a Fund invests in securities in the lower
rating categories, the achievement of the Funds goals is more dependent on the Advisers investment analysis than would be the case if the
Fund were investing in securities in the higher rating categories.
Zero-Coupon and Pay-in-Kind Securities
. Each Fund
may invest in zero coupon and pay-in-kind (PIK) securities. Zero coupon securities are debt securities that pay no cash income but are sold
at substantial discounts from their value at maturity. PIK securities pay all or a portion of their interest in the form of additional debt or equity
securities. Because such securities do not pay current cash income, the price of these securities can be volatile when interest rates fluctuate. While
these securities do not pay current cash income, federal income tax law requires the holders of zero coupon and PIK securities to include in income
each year the portion of the original issue discount (or deemed discount) and other non-cash income on such securities accrued during that
year.
Investment in Relatively New Issuers
. Each Fund
intends to invest occasionally in the common stock of selected new issuers. Investments in relatively new issuers, i.e., those having continuous
operating histories of less than three years, may carry special risks and may be more speculative because such companies are relatively unseasoned.
Such companies also may lack sufficient resources, may be unable to generate internally the funds necessary for growth and may find external financing
to be unavailable on favorable terms or even totally unavailable. Those companies will often be involved in the development or marketing of a new
product with no established market, which could lead to significant losses. The securities of such issuers may have a limited trading market, which may
adversely affect their disposition and can result in their being priced lower than might otherwise be the case. If other investors who invest in such
issuers trade the same securities when a Fund attempts to dispose of its holdings, the Fund may receive lower prices than might otherwise be the
case.
Arbitrage Transactions
. To the extent that a Fund
invests significantly in foreign securities traded on markets that close before the Funds valuation time, it may be particularly susceptible to
dilution as a result of excessive trading. Because events may occur after the close of foreign markets and before the Funds valuation time that
influence the value of foreign securities, investors may seek to trade Fund shares in an effort to benefit from their understanding of the value of
foreign securities as of the Funds valuation time. This is often referred to as price arbitrage. The Fund has adopted procedures designed to
adjust closing market prices of foreign securities under certain circumstances to reflect what the Fund believes to be the fair value of those
securities as of its valuation time. To the extent the adjustments dont work fully, investors engaging in price arbitrage may cause dilution in
the value of the Funds shares held by other shareholders.
Non-Principal Investment Strategies and Risks of the
Funds
Non-Principal Investment
Strategies
Each Fund also may invest their assets in trade claims, municipal
bonds, and auction market preferred security loans, of, in the case of the Worldwide Fund, U.S. and foreign companies, and in the case of the
International Fund, primarily foreign companies.
In addition, each Fund may invest in currencies, warrants, options or other similar rights, in asset-backed securities, collateralized debt or
loan obligations or other structured securities in which the value is linked to the price of an underlying instrument, such as a currency,
commodity or index, or purchase or sell contracts for future delivery of commodities, currencies, indices or securities. Each Fund may invest in swaps,
including rate caps, floors and collars, credit default swap contracts, total return swaps and currency swaps, for hedging purposes or to gain exposure
to a credit which the Funds may otherwise invest, as well as other derivative instruments, including products that have yet to be developed. Each Fund
may invest in mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. Each Fund may, subject to a number of restrictions, hold securities issued by other
investment funds or trusts as well as securities issued by private investment funds. Each Fund may enter into repurchase
agreements.
Non-Principal Investment
Risks
Mortgage-Backed Securities
. Each Fund may invest in
mortgage-backed securities and derivative mortgage-backed securities, and also may invest in principal only and interest only
components. Mortgage-backed securities are securities that directly or indirectly represent a participation in, or are secured by and payable from,
mortgage loans on real property.
9
As with other debt securities, mortgage-backed securities are
subject to credit risk and interest rate risk. However, the yield and maturity characteristics of mortgage-backed securities differ from traditional
debt securities. A major difference is that the principal amount of the obligations may normally be prepaid at any time because the underlying assets
(i.e., loans) generally may be prepaid at any time. The relationship between prepayments and interest rates may give some mortgage-backed securities
less potential for growth in value than conventional fixed-income securities with comparable maturities. In addition, in periods of falling interest
rates, the rate of prepayments tends to increase. During such periods, the reinvestment of prepayment proceeds by each Fund generally will be at lower
rates than the rates that were carried by the obligations that have been prepaid. If interest rates rise, borrowers may prepay mortgages more slowly
than originally expected. This may further reduce the market value of mortgage-backed securities and lengthen their durations. Because of these and
other reasons, a mortgage-backed securitys total return, maturity and duration may be difficult to predict precisely. Mortgage-backed securities
come in different classes that have different risks. Junior classes of mortgage-backed securities protect the senior class investors against losses on
the underlying mortgage loans by taking the first loss if there are liquidations among the underlying loans. Junior classes generally receive principal
and interest payments only after all required payments have been made to more senior classes. If a Fund invests in junior classes of mortgage-related
securities, it may not be able to recover all of its investment in the securities it purchases. In addition, if the underlying mortgage portfolio has
been overvalued, or if mortgage values subsequently decline, a Fund may suffer significant losses.
Investments in mortgage-backed securities involve the risks of
interruptions in the payment of interest and principal (delinquency) and the potential for loss of principal if the property underlying the security is
sold as a result of foreclosure on the mortgage (default). These risks include the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the
effects of general and local economic conditions on real estate values, the conditions of specific industry segments, the ability of tenants to make
lease payments and the ability of a property to attract and retain tenants, which in turn may be affected by local market conditions such as oversupply
of space or a reduction of available space, the ability of the owner to provide adequate maintenance and insurance, energy costs, government
regulations with respect to environmental, zoning, rent control and other matters, and real estate and other taxes. If the underlying borrowers cannot
pay their mortgage loans, they may default and the lenders may foreclose on the property. Finally, the ability of borrowers to repay mortgage loans
underlying mortgage-backed securities will typically depend upon the future availability of financing and the stability of real estate
values.
For mortgage loans not guaranteed by a government agency or other
party, the only remedy of the lender in the event of a default is to foreclose upon the property. If borrowers are not able or willing to pay the
principal balance on the loans, there is a good chance that payments on the related mortgage-related securities will not be made. Certain borrowers on
underlying mortgages may become subject to bankruptcy proceedings, in which case the value of the mortgage-backed securities may
decline.
Asset-Backed Securities
. Each Fund may invest in
asset-backed securities that, through the use of trusts and special purpose vehicles, are securitized with various types of assets, such as automobile
receivables, credit card receivables and home-equity loans in pass-through structures similar to the mortgage-related securities described above. In
general, the collateral supporting asset-backed securities is of shorter maturity than the collateral supporting mortgage loans and is less likely to
experience substantial prepayments. However, asset-backed securities are not backed by any governmental agency.
Bank Loans
. Each Fund may invest in bank loans. By
purchasing a loan, a Fund acquires some or all of the interest of a bank or other lending institution in a loan to a particular borrower. A Fund may
act as part of a lending syndicate, and in such cases would be purchasing a participation in the loan. A Fund also may purchase loans by
assignment from another lender. Many loans are secured by the assets of the borrower, and most impose restrictive covenants that must be met by the
borrower. These loans are typically made by a syndicate of banks, represented by an agent bank which has negotiated and structured the loan and which
is responsible generally for collecting interest, principal, and other amounts from the borrower on its own behalf and on behalf of the other lending
institutions in the syndicate, and for enforcing its and their other rights against the borrower. Each of the lending institutions, including the agent
bank, lends to the borrower a portion of the total amount of the loan, and retains the corresponding interest in the loan.
A Funds ability to receive payments of principal and
interest and other amounts in connection with loan participations held by it will depend primarily on the financial condition of the borrower (and, in
some cases, the lending institution from which it purchases the loan). The value of collateral, if any, securing a loan can decline, or may be
insufficient to meet the borrowers obligations or difficult to liquidate. In addition, a Funds access to
10
collateral may be limited by bankruptcy or other insolvency
laws. The failure by a Fund to receive scheduled interest or principal payments on a loan would adversely affect the income of the Fund and would
likely reduce the value of its assets, which would be reflected in a reduction in the Funds NAV. Banks and other lending institutions generally
perform a credit analysis of the borrower before originating a loan or participating in a lending syndicate. In selecting the loans in which a Fund
will invest, however, the Adviser will not rely solely on that credit analysis, but will perform its own investment analysis of the borrowers. The
Advisers analysis may include consideration of the borrowers financial strength and managerial experience, debt coverage, additional
borrowing requirements or debt maturity schedules, changing financial conditions, and responsiveness to changes in business conditions and interest
rates. The Adviser generally will not have access to non-public information to which other investors in syndicated loans may have access. Because loans
in which a Fund may invest generally are not rated by independent credit rating agencies, a decision by the Fund to invest in a particular loan will
depend almost exclusively on the Advisers, and the original lending institutions, credit analysis of the borrower. Investments in loans may
be of any quality, including distressed loans, and will be subject to a Funds credit quality policy. The loans in which a Fund may
invest include those that pay fixed rates of interest and those that pay floating rates
i.e.
, rates that adjust periodically based
on a known lending rate, such as a banks prime rate.
Investing directly in loans or other direct debt instruments
exposes a Fund to various risks similar to those borne by a creditor. Such risks include the risk of default, the risk of delayed repayment, and the
risk of inadequate collateral. Investments in loans are also less liquid than investment in publicly traded securities and carry less legal protections
in the event of fraud or misrepresentation. Unlike debt instruments that are securities, investments in loans are not regulated by federal securities
laws or the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). In addition, loan participations involve a risk of insolvency by the lending bank or
other financial intermediary.
Bank Obligations
. Each Fund may invest in bank
obligations, which may include bank certificates of deposit (CDs), time deposits or bankers acceptances. CDs and time deposits are
negotiable certificates issued against funds deposited in a commercial bank for a definite period of time and earning a specified return. Bankers
acceptances are negotiable drafts or bills of exchange, normally drawn by an importer or exporter to pay for specific merchandise, which are
accepted by a bank, meaning in effect that the bank unconditionally agrees to pay the face value of the instrument on
maturity.
Domestic commercial banks organized under federal law are
supervised and examined by the Comptroller of the Currency and are required to be members of the Federal Reserve System and to have their deposits
insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Domestic banks organized under state law are supervised and examined by state
banking authorities and are members of the Federal Reserve System only if they elect to join. In addition, state banks whose CDs may be purchased by
the Funds are insured by the FDIC (although such insurance may not be of material benefit to a Fund, depending on the principal amount of the CDs of
each bank held by the Fund) and are subject to federal examination and to a substantial body of federal law and regulation. As a result of federal or
state laws and regulations, domestic branches of domestic banks whose CDs may be purchased by the Funds generally are required, among other things, to
maintain specified levels of reserves, are limited in the amounts that they can loan to a single borrower and are subject to other regulations designed
to promote financial soundness. However, not all of such laws and regulations apply to the foreign branches of domestic banks.
Obligations of foreign branches of domestic banks, foreign
subsidiaries of domestic banks and domestic and foreign branches of foreign banks, such as CDs and time deposits, may be general obligations of the
parent banks in addition to the issuing branch, or may be limited by the terms of a specific obligation and/or governmental regulation. Such
obligations are subject to different risks than are those of domestic banks. These risks include foreign economic and political developments, foreign
governmental restrictions that may adversely affect payment of principal and interest on the obligations, foreign exchange controls and foreign
withholding and other taxes on amounts realized on the obligations. These foreign branches and subsidiaries are not necessarily subject to the same or
similar regulatory requirements that apply to domestic banks, such as mandatory reserve requirements, loan limitations, and accounting, auditing and
financial record keeping requirements. In addition, less information may be publicly available about a foreign branch of a domestic bank or about a
foreign bank than about a domestic bank.
Obligations of U.S. branches of foreign banks may be general
obligations of the parent bank in addition to the issuing branch, or may be limited by the terms of a specific obligation or by federal or state
regulation, as well as governmental action in the country in which the foreign bank has its head office. A domestic branch of a foreign bank with
assets in excess of $1 billion may be subject to reserve requirements imposed by the Federal Reserve System or by the state in which the branch is
located if the branch is licensed in that state.
11
Conditions in the Sub-Prime Mortgage Markets, Commercial
Real Estate Markets, Financial Institutions and Government Regulation
. Over the past several years, certain real estate markets have
experienced declines in prices and demand, in the residential housing and commercial markets, with recent declines more heavily impacting the
residential housing markets. In addition, there have been rising delinquency rates in highly leveraged loans to weaker borrowers, specifically in the
sub-prime mortgage and commercial real estate sector, that have caused rising defaults on loans. These defaults have caused unexpected losses for loan
originators and certain sub-prime lenders. The deteriorating situation with loans and lenders has led to instability in capital markets associated with
securities that are linked to the sub-prime mortgage market. These events may increase the risks associated with investments in mortgage-backed
securities and asset-backed securities. There is limited historical precedent to analyze these market declines.
The collapse of various large financial institutions and
investment funds across the globe and widespread related losses have resulted in an ongoing severe liquidity crisis throughout the global credit
markets during the last several years. Sectors of the credit markets that are experiencing particular difficulty include the collateralized
mortgage-backed securities and leveraged finance markets, along with various other areas of consumer finance. The lack of transparency and reliable
pricing of assets has resulted in some investors withdrawing from the markets for asset-backed securities and related securities. The resulting lack of
liquidity has become sufficiently widespread to cause credit issues in areas of the capital markets that have limited exposure to subprime mortgages
and has prompted central banks in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and elsewhere to take action to attempt to ease these
liquidity issues and has also resulted in the United States experiencing a broad and ongoing economic recession. Delinquencies and losses with respect
to certain of these asset types, such as auto loans, generally have increased in recent months and may continue to increase. High unemployment and the
continued lack of availability of credit may lead to increased default rates on the collateral underlying many of these securities. As a result, this
may adversely affect the performance and market value of a Fund.
If a perception develops that there is or in the future could be
renewed regulatory focus on participants who benefit from their participation in any U.S. government-sponsored program, or attempts by legislative
and/or regulatory bodies to impose new restrictions and/or taxes and penalties on such participants, possibly even with retroactive effect, then a
Funds position in such securities may be compromised.
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
(the Dodd-Frank Act), which was signed into law in July 2010, is expected to result in a significant revision of the U.S. financial
regulatory framework. The Dodd-Frank Act covers a broad range of topics, including, among many others, a reorganization of federal financial
regulators; a process designed to ensure financial systematic stability and the resolution of potentially insolvent financial firms; new rules for
derivatives trading; the creation of a consumer financial protection watchdog; the registration and regulation of private funds; the regulation of
credit rating agencies; and new federal requirements for residential mortgage loans. The ultimate impact of the Dodd-Frank Act, and any resulting
regulation, is not yet certain and issuers in which the Funds invest may also be affected by the new legislation and regulation in ways that are
currently unforeseeable. Governments or their agencies also may acquire distressed assets from financial institutions and acquire ownership interests
in those institutions. The long-term implications of government ownership and disposition of these assets are unclear, and may have positive or
negative effects on the liquidity, valuation and performance of the Funds portfolio holdings.
Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs)
. Each Fund
may invest in ETFs, which are investment companies or special purpose trusts whose primary objective is to achieve the same rate of return as a
particular market index while trading throughout the day on an exchange. The Funds will purchase and sell individual shares of ETFs in the secondary
market. These secondary market transactions require the payment of commissions.
ETF shares are subject to the same risks as other investment
companies, as described above. Certain risks of investing in an ETF are similar to those of investing in an indexed mutual fund, including tracking
error risk (the risk of errors in matching the ETFs underlying assets to the index); and the risk that because an ETF is not actively managed, it
cannot sell poorly performing stocks as long as they are represented in the index. Other ETF risks include the risk that ETFs may trade in the
secondary market at a discount from their NAVs and the risk that the ETFs may not be liquid. Furthermore, there may be times when the exchange halts
trading, in which case a Fund owning ETF shares would be unable to sell them until trading is resumed. In addition, because ETFs often invest in a
portfolio of common stocks and track a designated index, an overall decline in stocks comprising an ETFs benchmark index could have a
greater impact on the ETF and investors than might be the case in an investment company with a more widely diversified portfolio. Losses could also
occur if the ETF is unable to replicate the performance of the chosen benchmark index. Other risks associated with ETFs include the possibility that:
(i) an
12
ETFs distributions may decline if the issuers of the
ETFs portfolio securities fail to continue to pay dividends; and (ii) under certain circumstances, an ETF could be terminated. Should termination
occur, the ETF could have to liquidate its portfolio when the prices for those assets are falling. In addition, inadequate or irregularly provided
information about an ETF or its investments could expose investors in ETFs to unknown risks.
Exchange-Traded Notes (ETNs)
. An
investment in an ETN involves risks, including possible loss of principal. ETNs are unsecured debt securities issued by a bank that are linked to the
total return of a market index. Risks of investing in ETNs also include limited portfolio diversification, uncertain principal payment, and
illiquidity. Additionally, the investor fee will reduce the amount of return on maturity or at redemption, and as a result the investor may receive
less than the principal amount a maturity or upon redemption, even if the value of the relevant index has increased.
Structured Investments
. A structured investment is
a security having a return tied to an underlying index or other security or asset class. Structured investments generally are individually negotiated
agreements and may be traded over-the-counter. Structured investments are organized and operated to restructure the investment characteristics of the
underlying security. This restructuring involves the deposit with or purchase by an entity, such as a corporation or trust, on specified instruments
(such as commercial bank loans) and the issuance by that entity or one or more classes of securities (structured securities) backed by, or
representing interests in, the underlying instruments. The cash flow on the underlying instruments may be apportioned among the newly issued structured
securities to create securities with different investment characteristics, such as varying maturities, payment priorities and interest rate provisions,
and the extent of such payments made with respect to structured securities is dependent on the extent of the cash flow on the underlying instruments.
Because structured securities typically involve no credit enhancement, their credit risk generally will be equivalent to that of the underlying
instruments. Investments in structured securities are generally of a class of structured securities that is either subordinated or unsubordinated to
the right of payment of another class. Subordinated structured securities typically have higher yields and present greater risks than unsubordinated
structured securities. Structured securities are typically sold in private placement transactions, and there currently is no active trading market for
structured securities. Investments in government and government-related and restructured debt instruments are subject to special risks, including the
inability or unwillingness to repay principal and interest, requests to reschedule or restructure outstanding debt and requests to extend additional
loan amounts.
Certain issuers of structured investments may be deemed to be
investment companies as defined in 1940 Act. As a result, a Funds investment in these structured investments may be limited by the
restrictions contained in the 1940 Act. Structured investments are typically sold in private placement transactions, and there currently is no active
trading market for Structured Investments.
Private Investment Funds
. Each Fund may invest in
private investment funds (Hedge Funds) managed by various investment managers (Managers) that use a variety of investment
strategies, including investment in other Hedge Funds. By investing in Hedge Funds indirectly through the Fund, an investor indirectly bears a portion
of the asset-based fees, incentive-based allocations and other expenses borne by a Fund as an investor in Hedge Funds, in addition to the operating
expenses of a Fund. The incentive-based allocations assessed by Managers and borne directly by a Fund may create an incentive for Managers to make
investments that are riskier or more speculative than those that might have been made in the absence of incentive-based allocations. Because the
Managers value the Hedge Funds they manage, which directly affects the amount of incentive-based allocations they receive, Managers face a conflict of
interest in performing such valuations. Various risks are associated with the securities and other instruments in which Hedge Funds may invest, their
investment strategies and the specialized investment techniques they may use. Hedge Funds are not registered as investment companies under the 1940
Act. Therefore, a Fund, as an investor in Hedge Funds, will not have the benefit of the protections afforded by the 1940 Act to investors in registered
investment companies, such as mutual funds. To the extent a Fund invests in a Hedge Fund that allows its investors to effect withdrawals only at
certain specified times, a Fund may not be able to withdraw its investment in such Hedge Fund promptly after it has made a decision to do so, which may
result in a loss and adversely affect a Funds investment return. To the extent a Fund invests in a Hedge Fund that is permitted to distribute
securities in kind to investors making withdrawals, upon a Funds withdrawal of all or a portion of its interest in such Hedge Fund a Fund may
receive securities that are illiquid or difficult to value.
Investment in Other Investment Companies
. Each Fund
may invest in unaffiliated investment funds that invest principally in securities in which that Fund is authorized to invest. Under the 1940 Act, a
Fund may invest a maximum of 10% of its total assets in the securities of other investment companies. In addition, under the 1940 Act,
13
not more than 5% of the Funds total assets may be
invested in the securities of any one investment company and a Fund may not purchase more than 3% of the outstanding voting stock of such investment
company.
Investing in other investment companies involves substantially
the same risks as investing directly in the underlying securities, but may involve additional expenses at the investment company level. To the extent
that a Fund invests in other investment funds, the Funds shareholders will incur certain duplicative fees and expenses, including investment
advisory fees. The return on such investments will be reduced by the operating expenses, including investment advisory and administration fees, of such
investment funds, and will be further reduced by fund expenses, including management fees; that is, there will be a layering of certain fees and
expenses. Investments in investment companies also may involve the payment of substantial premiums above the value of such companies portfolio
securities.
Despite the possibility of greater fees and expenses, investment
in other investment companies may be attractive for several reasons, especially in connection with foreign investments. Because of restrictions on
direct investment by U.S. entities in certain countries, investing indirectly in such countries (by purchasing shares of another fund that is permitted
to invest in such countries) may be the most practical and efficient way for a Fund to invest in such countries. In other cases, when a Funds
portfolio manager desires to make only a relatively small investment in a particular country, investing through another fund that holds a diversified
portfolio in that country may be more effective than investing directly in issuers in that country. The Funds do not intend to invest in such vehicles
or funds unless the Adviser determines that the potential benefits of such investment justify the payment of any applicable premiums.
Adjustable Rate and Auction Preferred Stocks
.
Typically, the dividend rate on an adjustable rate preferred stock is determined prospectively each quarter by applying an adjustment formula
established at the time of issuance of the stock. Although adjustment formulas vary among issues, they typically involve a fixed premium or discount
relative to rates on specified debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury. Typically, an adjustment formula will provide for a fixed premium or
discount adjustment relative to the highest base yield of three specified U.S. Treasury securities: the 90-day Treasury bill, the 10-year Treasury note
and the 20-year Treasury bond. The premium or discount adjustment to be added to or subtracted from this highest U.S. Treasury base rate yield is fixed
at the time of issue and cannot be changed without the approval of the holders of the stock. The dividend rate on other preferred stocks, commonly
known as auction preferred stocks, is adjusted at intervals that may be more frequent than quarterly, such as every 49 days, based on bids submitted by
holders and prospective purchasers of such stocks and may be subject to stated maximum and minimum dividend rates. The issues of most adjustable rate
and auction preferred stocks currently outstanding are perpetual, but are redeemable after a specified date at the option of the issuer. Certain issues
supported by the credit of a high-rated financial institution provide for mandatory redemption prior to expiration of the credit arrangement. No
redemption can occur if full cumulative dividends are not paid. Although the dividend rates on adjustable and auction preferred stocks generally are
adjusted or reset frequently, the market values of these preferred stocks still may fluctuate in response to changes in interest rates. Market values
of adjustable preferred stocks also may substantially fluctuate if interest rates increase or decrease once the maximum or minimum dividend rate for a
particular stock is approached.
Municipal Bonds
. Municipal bonds are debt obligations
issued by the states, possessions, or territories of the United States (including the District of Columbia) or a political subdivision, public
instrumentality, agency or other governmental unit of such states, possessions, or territories (e.g., counties, cities, towns, villages, districts and
authorities). For example, states, possessions, territories and municipalities may issue municipal bonds to raise funds for various public purposes
such as airports, housing, hospitals, mass transportation, schools, water and sewer works. They also may issue municipal bonds to refund outstanding
obligations and to meet general operating expenses.
Municipal bonds may be general obligation bonds or revenue bonds.
General obligation bonds are secured by the issuers pledge of its full faith, credit and taxing power for the payment of principal and interest.
Revenue bonds are payable from revenues derived from particular facilities, from the proceeds of a special excise tax or from other specific revenue
sources. They are not usually payable from the general taxing power of a municipality.
In addition, certain types of private activity bonds
may be issued by public authorities to obtain funding for privately operated facilities, such as housing and pollution control facilities, for
industrial facilities and for water supply, gas, electricity and waste disposal facilities. Other types of private activity bonds are used to finance
the construction, repair or improvement of, or to obtain equipment for, privately operated industrial or commercial
14
facilities. Current federal tax laws place substantial
limitations on the size of certain of such issues. In certain cases, the interest on a private activity bond may not be exempt from federal income tax
or the alternative minimum tax.
Options on Futures
. Each Fund may use options on
futures contracts. Each Fund may also purchase and write call and put futures options. Futures options possess many of the same characteristics as
options on securities and indexes (See Futures). A futures option gives the holder the right, in return for the premium paid, to assume a
long position (call) or short position (put) in a futures contract at a specified exercise price upon expiration of, or at any time during the period
of, the option. Upon exercise of a call option, the holder acquires a long position in the futures contract and the writer is assigned the opposite
short position. In the case of a put option, the opposite is true.
Each Fund is required to deposit and to maintain a margin with
respect to put and call options on futures contracts written by it. Such margin deposits will vary depending on the nature of the underlying futures
contract (and the related initial margin requirements), the current market value of the option and other futures positions held by the
Fund.
Limitations on Use of Futures Options
. When
purchasing an option for a futures contract, the purchaser or seller of an option for a futures contract is not required to deliver or pay for the
underlying instrument unless the contract is held until the delivery date. However, both the purchaser and seller are required to deposit initial
margin with a futures broker, known as a futures commission merchant (FCM), when the contract is entered into. If the value of either
partys position declines, that party will be required to make additional variation margin payments to settle the change in value on a
daily basis.
This process of marking to market will be reflected
in the daily calculation of open positions computed in a Funds NAV per share. The party that has a gain is entitled to receive all or a portion
of this amount. Initial and variation margin payments do not constitute purchasing securities on margin for purposes of a Funds investment
limitations. In the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of an FCM that holds margin on behalf of a Fund, the Fund may be entitled to return of margin
owed to it only in proportion to the amount received by the FCMs other customers, potentially resulting in losses to the Fund. Each Fund will be
required to comply with asset coverage requirements pursuant to SEC guidelines. See Asset Segregation.
The requirements for qualification as a regulated investment
company under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), also may limit the extent to which a Fund may enter into futures
options.
Risks Associated with Futures Options
. There are
several risks associated with the use of futures options. There can be no guarantee that there will be a correlation between price movements in the
futures options and in the securities or index positions covering them. In addition, there are significant differences between the securities and
indexes and futures markets that could result in an imperfect correlation between the markets. The degree of imperfection of correlation depends on
circumstances such as variations in speculative market demand for futures options on securities or indexes, including technical influences in futures
options, and differences between the financial instruments held by a Fund and the instruments underlying the standard contracts available for trading
in such respects as interest rate levels, maturities and creditworthiness of issuers. A decision as to whether, when and how to employ futures options
involves the exercise of skill and judgment, and even well-conceived uses may be unsuccessful to some degree because of market behavior or unexpected
interest rate trends.
There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist at a
time when a Fund seeks to close out a futures option position, and the Fund would remain obligated to meet margin requirements until the position is
closed. In addition, many of the futures contracts previously discussed are relatively new instruments without a significant trading history. As a
result, there can be no assurance that an active secondary market will develop or continue to exist.
Over the Counter Options and Futures Transactions
.
Each Fund may invest in options, futures, swaps and related products. Each Fund may enter into interest rate, currency and index swaps and the purchase
or sale of related caps, floors and collars. Each Fund may enter into these transactions to preserve a return or spread on a particular investment or
portion of its portfolio, to protect against currency fluctuations or to protect against any increase in the price of securities it anticipates
purchasing at a later date. Swaps may be used in conjunction with other instruments to offset interest rate, currency or other underlying risks. For
example, interest rate swaps may be offset with caps, floors or collars. A cap is essentially a call
option, which places a limit on the amount of floating rate interest that must be paid on a certain principal amount. A floor is
essentially a put option, which places a limit on the
15
minimum amount that would be paid on a certain principal
amount. A collar is essentially a combination of a long cap and a short floor where the limits are set at different
levels.
A Fund usually will enter into swaps on a net basis; that is, the
two payment streams will be netted out in a cash settlement on the payment date or dates specified in the instrument, with the Fund receiving or
paying, as the case may be, only the net amount of the two payments. To the extent obligations created thereby may be deemed to constitute senior
securities, the Fund will maintain required collateral in a segregated account consisting of U.S. government securities or cash or cash
equivalents.
If a Fund were assigned an exercise notice on a call it has
written, it would be required to liquidate portfolio securities in order to satisfy the exercise, unless it has other liquid assets that are sufficient
to satisfy the exercise of the call. When a Fund has written a call, there is also a risk that the market may decline between the time the Fund has a
call exercised against it, at a price that is fixed as of the closing level of the index on the date of exercise, and the time it is able to sell
securities in its portfolio. As with stock options, a Fund will not learn that an index option has been exercised until the day following the exercise
date but, unlike a call on stock where it would be able to deliver the underlying securities in settlement, a Fund may have to sell part of its
securities portfolio in order to make settlement in cash, and the price of such securities might decline before they can be sold. For example, even if
an index call which a Fund has written is covered by an index call held by the Fund with the same strike price, it will bear the risk that
the level of the index may decline between the close of trading on the date the exercise notice is filed with the Options Clearing Corporation and the
close of trading on the date the Fund exercises the call it holds or the time it sells the call, which in either case would occur no earlier than the
day following the day the exercise notice was filed.
Over-the-Counter (OTC) transactions differ from
exchange-traded transactions in several respects. OTC transactions are transacted directly with dealers and not with a clearing corporation. Without
the availability of a clearing corporation, OTC transaction pricing is normally done by reference to information from market makers, which information
is carefully monitored by the Adviser and verified in appropriate cases.
As OTC transactions are transacted directly with dealers, there
is a risk of nonperformance by the dealer as a result of the insolvency of such dealer or otherwise. An OTC transaction may only be terminated
voluntarily by entering into a closing transaction with the dealer with whom a Fund originally dealt. Any such cancellation may require a Fund to pay a
premium to that dealer. In those cases in which a Fund has entered into a covered transaction and cannot voluntarily terminate the transaction, the
Fund will not be able to sell the underlying security until the transaction expires or is exercised or different cover is substituted. The Funds intend
to enter into OTC transactions only with dealers that agree to, and that are expected to be capable of, entering into closing transactions with the
Funds. There is also no assurance that a Fund will be able to liquidate an OTC transaction at any time prior to expiration.
The Funds administrator is entitled to rely upon prices
received from a reputable pricing service. In addition, and with respect to securities valued by the Adviser, the administrator is entitled to rely
without inquiry upon the valuations submitted to it by the Adviser and has no responsibility to determine the accuracy or otherwise
thereof.
Investment in Blank Check Companies
. Each Fund may
invest a maximum of 10% of total assets in equity securities of so-called blank check companies. These are companies that raise commitments
from investors that enable the company to identify and negotiate an acquisition of an operating company, obtain shareholder approval of the transaction
and then close on the acquisition. There is a risk that the company will not be able to identify a suitable acquisition candidate or negotiate a
transaction or obtain approval and close on the transaction, in which case, a Fund may miss other investment opportunities. If the company closes on an
acquisition, it will have similar risks to other operating companies with similar characteristics operating in a similar industry or
market.
Trade Claims
. Each Fund may invest a maximum of 10%
of total assets in trade claims. Trade claims are interests in amounts owed to suppliers of goods or services and are purchased from creditors of
companies in financial difficulty and often involved in bankruptcy proceedings. For purchasers such as the Funds, trade claims offer the potential for
profits since they are often purchased at a significant discount from face value and, consequently, may generate capital appreciation in the event that
the market value of the claim increases as the debtors financial position improves or the claim is paid.
An investment in trade claims is very speculative and carries a
high degree of risk. Trade claims are illiquid instruments, which generally do not pay interest, and there can be no guarantee that the debtor will
ever be able to
16
satisfy the obligation on the trade claim. The markets in
trade claims are not regulated by federal securities laws or the SEC. Because trade claims are unsecured, holders of trade claims may have a lower
priority in terms of payment than certain other creditors in a bankruptcy proceeding.
Repurchase Agreements
. Each Fund may invest a
maximum of 10% of its total assets in repurchase agreements. A repurchase agreement is a transaction in which the seller of a security commits itself
at the time of sale to repurchase that security from the buyer at a mutually agreed upon time and price. The resale price is in excess of the purchase
price and reflects an agreed-upon market interest rate unrelated to the coupon rate on the purchased security. Such transactions afford a Fund the
opportunity to earn a return on temporarily available cash at relatively low market risk. The manager monitors the value of the securities underlying
the repurchase agreement at the time the transaction is entered into and at all times during the term of the repurchase agreement to ensure that the
value of the securities always equals or exceeds the repurchase price. Each Fund requires that additional securities be deposited if the value of the
securities purchased decreases below their resale price and does not bear the risk of a decline in the value of the underlying security unless the
seller defaults under the repurchase obligation.
While the underlying security may be a bill, certificate of
indebtedness, note or bond issued by an agency, authority or instrumentality of the U.S. government, the obligation of the seller is not guaranteed by
the U.S. government and there is a risk that the seller may fail to repurchase the underlying security. In such event, a Fund would attempt to exercise
rights with respect to the underlying security, including possible disposition in the market. However, a Fund may be subject to various delays and
risks of loss, including: (i) possible declines in the value of the underlying security during the period while the Fund seeks to enforce its rights
thereto; (ii) possible reduced levels of income and lack of access to income during this period; and (iii) inability to enforce rights and the expenses
involved in the attempted enforcement.
Repurchase agreements with maturities of more than seven days
will be treated as illiquid securities.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
. Each Fund may enter
into reverse repurchase agreements to avoid selling securities during unfavorable market conditions to meet redemptions. Each Fund may
invest a maximum of 10% of its total assets in reverse repurchase agreements. Pursuant to a reverse repurchase agreement, a Fund will sell portfolio
securities and agree to repurchase them from the buyer at a particular date and price. Whenever a Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, it
will establish a segregated account in which it will maintain liquid assets in an amount at least equal to the repurchase price marked to market daily
(including accrued interest), and will subsequently monitor the account to ensure that such equivalent value is maintained. A Fund pays interest on
amounts obtained pursuant to reverse repurchase agreements. Reverse repurchase agreements are considered to be borrowings by a Fund.
Borrowing
. Borrowing creates an opportunity for
increased return, but, at the same time, creates special risks. Furthermore, if a Fund were to engage in borrowing, an increase in interest rates could
reduce the value of the Funds shares by increasing the Funds interest expense.
Subject to the limitations described under Investment
Limitations below, a Fund may be permitted to borrow for temporary purposes and/or for investment purposes. Such a practice will result in
leveraging of a Funds assets and may cause a Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so. This borrowing may
be secured or unsecured. Provisions of the 1940 Act require a Fund to maintain continuous asset coverage (that is, total assets including borrowings,
less liabilities exclusive of borrowings) of 300% of the amount borrowed, with an exception for borrowings not in excess of 5% of the Funds total
assets made for temporary administrative purposes. Any borrowings for temporary administrative purposes in excess of 5% of a Funds total assets
will count against this asset coverage requirement. If the 300% asset coverage should decline as a result of market fluctuations or other reasons, a
Fund may be required to sell some of its portfolio holdings within three days (excluding Sundays and holidays) to reduce the debt and restore
the 300% asset coverage, even though it may be disadvantageous from an investment standpoint if the Fund sells securities at that time. Borrowing will
tend to exaggerate the effect on NAV of any increase or decrease in the market value of a Funds portfolio. Money borrowed will be subject to
interest costs, which may or may not be recovered by appreciation of the securities purchased, if any. A Fund also may be required to maintain minimum
average balances in connection with such borrowings or to pay a commitment or other fee to maintain a line of credit; either of these requirements
would increase the cost of borrowing over the stated interest rate.
17
From time to time, the Trust may enter into, and make borrowings
for temporary purposes related to the redemption of shares under, a credit agreement with third-party lenders. Borrowings made under such a credit
agreement will be allocated between the Funds pursuant to guidelines approved by the Board.
Warrants
. Each Fund may invest in warrants, which
are instruments that give a Fund the right to purchase certain securities from an issuer at a specific price (the strike price) for a
limited period of time. The strike price of warrants typically is much lower than the current market price of the underlying securities, yet they are
subject to similar price fluctuations. As a result, warrants may be more volatile investments than the underlying securities and may offer greater
potential for capital appreciation as well as capital loss. Warrants do not entitle a holder to dividends or voting rights with respect to the
underlying securities and do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuing company. Also, the value of the warrant does not necessarily change
with the value of the underlying securities and a warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to the expiration date. These factors can
make warrants more speculative than other types of investments.
In addition to warrants on securities, each Fund may purchase put
warrants and call warrants whose values vary depending on the change in the value of one or more specified securities indices (index
warrants). Index warrants are generally issued by banks or other financial institutions and give the holder the right, at any time during the
term of the warrant, to receive upon exercise of the warrant a cash payment from the issuer based on the value of the underlying index at the time of
exercise. In general, if the value of the underlying index rises above the exercise price of the index warrant, the holder of a call warrant will be
entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the value of the index and the exercise price of the
warrant; if the value of the underlying index falls, the holder of a put warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon
exercise based on the difference between the exercise price of the warrant and the value of the index. The holder of a warrant would not be entitled to
any payments from the issuer at any time when, in the case of a call warrant, the exercise price is greater than the value of the underlying index, or,
in the case of a put warrant, the exercise price is less than the value of the underlying index. If a Fund were not to exercise an index warrant prior
to its expiration, then the Fund would lose the amount of the purchase price paid by it for the warrant.
Each Fund normally will use index warrants in a manner similar to
its use of options on securities indices. The risks of a Funds use of index warrants are generally similar to those relating to its use of index
options. Unlike most index options, however, index warrants are issued in limited amounts and are not obligations of a regulated clearing agency, but
are backed only by the credit of the bank or other institution which issues the warrant. Also, index warrants generally have longer terms than index
options. Index warrants are not likely to be as liquid as certain index options backed by a recognized clearing agency. In addition, the terms of index
warrants may limit a Funds ability to exercise the warrants at such time, or in such quantities, as the Fund would otherwise wish to
do.
Lending of Securities
. Each Fund may lend
securities if such loans are secured continuously by liquid assets consisting of cash, United States Government securities or other appropriate
securities or by a letter of credit in favor of the Fund at least equal at all times to 100% of the market value of the securities loaned, plus any
accrued interest. While such securities are on loan, the borrower pays the applicable Fund any dividends or income received on the securities loaned
and has the right to vote the securities on any matter in which the securities are entitled to be voted. Loans may be terminated by the lending Fund or
the borrower and shall be affected according to the standard settlement time for trades in the particular loaned securities. Borrowed securities must
be returned to the lending Fund when a loan is terminated. If a loan is collateralized by U.S. Government securities or other non-cash collateral, the
lending Fund receives a fee from the borrower. If a loan is collateralized by cash, the lending Fund typically invests the cash collateral for its own
account in short-term, interest-bearing securities and pays a fee to the borrower that normally represents a portion of the Funds earnings on the
collateral. Any gain or loss in the market price of the borrowed securities that occurs during the term of the loan inures to the lending Fund. A Fund
may incur custodial fees and other costs in connection with loans. In addition, the Funds lending agent receives a fixed fee from the Funds,
representing a percentage of the securities loaned. Each Fund may, in the future, appoint and pay compensation to additional securities lending agents.
Each Fund will loan no more than one-third of its total assets.
In lending their portfolio securities, the Funds consider all
facts and circumstances, including the creditworthiness of the borrowing financial institution, and the Funds will not make any loans for terms in
excess of one year. The Funds will recall a loaned security in order to vote the shares on a material proxy issue. Neither Fund will lend its portfolio
securities to any director, trustee, officer, employee, or any other affiliated person (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Trust, the
Adviser, State Street Bank and Trust Company, the Funds administrator (the
18
Administrator), or IVA Funds Distributors, LLC, the Funds
distributor (the Distributor), unless permitted by applicable law.
Options on Stock Indices
. Each Fund will write call
options on broadly based stock market indices only if at the time of writing it holds a portfolio of stocks. When a Fund writes a call option on a
broadly based stock market index, it will segregate or put into escrow with its custodian any combination of cash, cash equivalents or qualified
securities with a market value at the time the option is written of not less than 100% of the current index value times the multiplier times the
number of contracts. A qualified security is an equity security that is listed on a securities exchange or on the NASDAQ against which a
Fund has not written a call option and which has not been hedged by the sale of stock index futures.
When-Issued or Delayed-Delivery Securities
. Each Fund may
purchase securities on a when-issued or delayed delivery basis. For example, delivery of and payment for these securities can take place a month or
more after the date of the purchase commitment. The purchase price and the interest rate payable, if any, on the securities are fixed on the purchase
commitment date or at the time the settlement date is fixed. The value of such securities is subject to market fluctuations and, in the case of fixed
income securities, no interest accrues to a Fund until settlement takes place. When purchasing a security on a when-issued or delayed-delivery basis, a
Fund assumes the rights and risks of ownership of the security, including the risk of price and yield fluctuations. Accordingly, at the time a Fund
makes the commitment to purchase securities on a when-issued or delayed delivery basis, it will record the transaction, reflect the value each day of
such securities in determining its NAV and, if applicable, calculate the maturity for the purposes of average maturity from that date. At the time of
its acquisition, a when-issued security may be valued at less than the purchase price. A Fund will make commitments for such when-issued transactions
only when it has the intention of actually acquiring the securities. To facilitate such acquisitions, each Fund will maintain with the Custodian a
segregated account with liquid assets, consisting of cash, United States Government securities or other appropriate securities, in an amount at least
equal to such commitments. On delivery dates for such transactions, each Fund will meet its obligations from maturities or sales of the securities held
in the segregated account and/or from cash flow. If, however, a Fund chooses to dispose of the right to acquire a when-issued security prior to its
acquisition, it could, as with the disposition of any other portfolio obligation, incur a taxable capital gain or loss due to market fluctuation. Also,
a Fund may be disadvantaged if the other party to the transaction defaults. It is the current policy of each Fund not to enter into when-issued
commitments exceeding in the aggregate 25% of the market value of the Funds total assets, less liabilities other than the obligations created by
when-issued commitments.
Swap Agreements
.
Total Return Swaps
. Each Fund
may enter into total return swap contracts for investment purposes. Total return swaps are contracts in which one party agrees to make periodic
payments based on the change in market value of the underlying assets, which may include a specified security, basket of securities or security indexes
during the specified period, in return for periodic payments based on a fixed or variable interest rate of the total return from other underlying
assets. Total return swap agreements may be used to obtain exposure to a security or market without owning or taking physical custody of such security
or market, including in cases in which there may be disadvantages associated with direct ownership of a particular security. In a typical total return
equity swap, payments made by a Fund or the counterparty are based on the total return of a particular reference asset or assets (such as an equity
security, a combination of such securities, or an index). That is, one party agrees to pay another party the return on a stock, basket of stocks, or
stock index in return for a specified interest rate. By entering into an equity index swap, for example, the index receiver can gain exposure to stocks
making up the index of securities without actually purchasing those stocks. Total return swaps involve not only the risk associated with the investment
in the underlying securities, but also the risk of the counterparty not fulfilling its obligations under the agreement.
Credit Default Swaps
. Each Fund
may enter into credit default swap agreements for investment purposes. A credit default swap agreement may have as reference obligations one or more
securities that are not currently held by the Funds. A Fund may be either the buyer or seller in the transaction. Credit default swaps also may be
structured based on the debt of a basket of issuers, rather than a single issuer, and may be customized with respect to the default event that triggers
purchase or other factors. As a seller, a Fund generally receives an up front payment or a fixed rate of income throughout the term of the swap, which
typically is between six months and three years, provided that there is no credit event. If a credit event occurs, generally the seller must pay the
buyer the full face amount of deliverable obligations of the reference obligations that may have little or no value. If a Fund is a buyer and no credit
event occurs, the Fund recovers nothing if the swap is held through its termination date. However, if a
19
credit event occurs, the buyer may
elect to receive the full notional value of the swap in exchange for an equal face amount of deliverable obligations of the reference obligation that
may have little or no value.
The use of swap agreements by a Fund
entails certain risks, which may be different from, or possibly greater than, the risks associated with investing directly in the securities and other
investments that are the referenced asset for the swap agreement. Swaps are highly specialized instruments that require investment techniques, risk
analyses, and tax planning different from those associated with stocks, bonds, and other traditional investments. The use of a swap requires an
understanding not only of the referenced asset, reference rate, or index, but also of the swap itself, without the benefit of observing the performance
of the swap under all the possible market conditions. Because some swap agreements have a leverage component, adverse changes in the value or level of
the underlying asset, reference rate, or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the swap itself. Certain swaps
have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment.
The largest risks associated with swaps
include: credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk.
A Fund also may purchase credit default
swap contracts in order to hedge against the risk of default of the debt of a particular issuer or basket of issuers, in which case the Fund would
function as the counterparty referenced in the preceding paragraphs. This would involve the risk that the investment may expire worthless and would
only generate income in the event of an actual default by the issuer(s) of the underlying obligation(s) (or, as applicable, a credit downgrade or other
indication of financial instability). It also would involve the risk that the seller may fail to satisfy its payment obligations to a Fund in the event
of a default. The purchase of credit default swaps involves costs, which will reduce a Funds return.
Currency Swaps
. Each Fund may
enter into currency swap agreements for investment purposes. Currency swaps are similar to interest rate swaps, except that they involve multiple
currencies. A Fund may enter into a currency swap when it has exposure to one currency and desires exposure to a different currency. Typically the
interest rates that determine the currency swap payments are fixed, although occasionally one or both parties may pay a floating rate of interest.
Unlike an interest rate swap, however, the principal amounts are exchanged at the beginning of the contract and returned at the end of the contract. In
addition to paying and receiving amounts at the beginning and termination of the agreements, both sides will also have to pay in full periodically
based upon the currency they have borrowed. Change in foreign exchange rates and changes in interest rates, as described above, may negatively affect
currency swaps.
Investment Restrictions
Fundamental Investment Restrictions of the Worldwide
Fund and International Fund
The investment restrictions set forth below are fundamental
policies of the Funds and may not be changed with respect to a Fund without shareholder approval by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting
securities of that Fund. Under these restrictions, each Fund:
(1) may not issue senior securities, except as
permitted borrowings or as otherwise permitted under the 1940 Act
1
;
(2) may not borrow money, except to the extent
permitted under the 1940 Act (see Borrowing above);
(3) may not underwrite securities issued by other
persons except to the extent that, in connection with the disposition of its portfolio investments, it may be deemed to be an underwriter under federal
securities laws;
(4) may not concentrate 25% or more of the value of
its total assets in any one industry or group of industries
2
;
(5) with respect to 75% of its total assets (exclusive
of cash, cash items, and government securities), may not invest in securities of any issuer if, immediately after such investment, more than 5% of the
total assets of the Fund (taken at current value) would be invested in the securities of such issuer;
(6) with respect to 75% of its total assets, may not
acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any
1
Section 18(f)(1)of the 1940 Act generally prohibits registered open-end investment companies from issuing senior securities other than with respect to
bank borrowings. Section 18(g) defines senior security, in pertinent part, as any bond, debenture, note, or similar obligation or
instrument constituting a security and evidencing indebtedness, and any stock of a class having priority over any other class as to distribution of
assets or payment of dividends.
2
The
Funds use the term industry as a classification that refers to a group of companies related in terms of their primary business
activities.
20
issuer;
(7) may not purchase or sell real estate, although it
may purchase securities of issuers which deal in real estate, including securities of real estate investment trusts, and may purchase securities which
are secured by interests in real estate;
(8) may not make loans, except by purchase of debt
obligations in which the Fund may invest consistent with its investment policies, by entering into repurchase agreements, or by lending its portfolio
securities. A Fund may loan no more than one-third of its total assets; and
(9) may not purchase or sell commodities, except that
the Fund may purchase and sell futures contracts and options, may enter into foreign exchange contracts, and may enter into swap agreements and other
financial transactions not requiring the delivery of physical commodities. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Fund may purchase or sell up to 25% in
precious metals directly, and purchase or sell precious metal commodity contracts or options on such contracts in compliance with applicable
commodities laws.
In determining whether a transaction is permitted under the 1940
Act, restriction (1) above will not be construed to prohibit any transaction that is permitted under the 1940 Act, as interpreted or modified, or as
otherwise permitted by regulatory authority having jurisdiction from time to time.
For purposes of Investment Restriction (9), the commodities in
which the Funds will invest directly have robust, deep and liquid markets. The Funds investments in precious metals can be readily
liquidated.
In addition, under normal circumstances, each Fund will invest in
at least three foreign countries.
Notwithstanding the foregoing investment restrictions, each Fund
may purchase securities pursuant to the exercise of subscription rights. Japanese and European corporations frequently issue additional capital stock
by means of subscription rights offerings to existing shareholders at a price substantially below the market price of the shares. The failure to
exercise such rights would result in a Funds interest in the issuing company being diluted. The market for such rights is not well developed in
all cases and, accordingly, a Fund may not always realize full value on the sale of rights. The exception applies in cases where the limits set forth
in the investment restrictions would otherwise be exceeded by exercising rights or would have already been exceeded as a result of fluctuations in the
market value of a Funds portfolio securities with the result that a Fund would be forced either to sell securities at a time when it might not
otherwise have done so, or to forego exercising the rights.
Non-Fundamental Investment Restrictions of the Worldwide
Fund and International Fund
Notwithstanding the foregoing investment restrictions, as a
non-fundamental restriction, neither Fund may purchase additional securities while it has outstanding borrowings exceeding 5% of its total
assets.
Notwithstanding the foregoing investment restrictions, as a
non-fundamental restriction, each Fund may pledge, mortgage, hypothecate, or otherwise encumber any of its assets to secure borrowings; provided that
such amount shall not exceed one-third of its total assets. This restriction shall not prohibit the Funds from engaging in options, futures, and
foreign currency transactions.
Portfolio Turnover
Purchases and sales of portfolio investments may be made
as considered advisable by the Adviser in the best interests of the shareholders. Each Funds portfolio turnover rate may vary from year to year,
as well as within a year. A Funds distributions of any net short-term capital gains realized from portfolio transactions are taxable to
shareholders as ordinary income. In addition, higher portfolio turnover rates can result in corresponding increases in portfolio transaction costs for
a Fund. See Portfolio Transactions and Brokerage in this SAI.
For reporting purposes, a Funds portfolio turnover rate is
calculated by dividing the lesser of purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average of the value of the
portfolio securities owned by the Fund during the fiscal year. In determining such portfolio turnover, all securities whose maturities at the time of
acquisition were one year or less are excluded. A 100% portfolio turnover rate would occur, for example, if all of the securities in the Funds
investment portfolio (other than short-term money market securities) were replaced once during the fiscal year. Portfolio turnover will not be a
limiting factor should the Adviser deem it advisable to purchase or sell securities.
21
Set forth below are the Funds portfolio turnover rates for
the two most recently completed fiscal years.
Fund
|
|
|
|
Fiscal Year Ended
September 30, 2009
|
|
Fiscal Year Ended
September 30, 2010
|
Worldwide
Fund
|
|
|
|
|
54.8
|
%
|
|
|
28.9
|
%
|
International
Fund
|
|
|
|
|
46.6
|
%
|
|
|
28.1
|
%
|
DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
The Board has adopted, on behalf of the Funds, policies and
procedures relating to disclosure of each Funds portfolio securities. These policies and procedures are designed to protect the confidentiality
of each Funds portfolio holdings information and to prevent the selective disclosure of such information. These policies and procedures may be
modified at any time with the approval of the Board. In addition, the Funds have policies in place to regulate the Boards oversight of the
disclosure of portfolio holdings.
Each Fund may disclose portfolio holdings information as required
by applicable law or as requested by governmental authorities. Portfolio holdings of each Fund also will be disclosed on a quarterly basis on forms
required to be filed with the SEC as follows: portfolio holdings as of the end of each Funds second and fourth fiscal quarters will be filed as
part of the annual or semi-annual report filed on Form N-CSR, and portfolio holdings as of the end of each Funds first and third fiscal quarters
will be filed on Form N- Q. The Trusts Form N-CSRs and Form N-Qs will be available on the SECs website at www.sec.gov approximately 60 days
after the end of each respective quarter. The Trust also discloses to the general public top positional holdings and portfolio-related statistical
information on the Trusts website at http://www.ivafunds.com/mutual-funds no earlier than 21 days after the end of each calendar
month.
Disclosure of a Funds portfolio holdings information that
is not publicly available (Confidential Portfolio Information) is periodically made to the Adviser (International Value Advisers, LLC) and
to the Funds custodian (State Street Bank and Trust Company) and sub-custodians, transfer agent (Boston Financial Data Services, Inc.),
administrator, principal underwriter (IVA Funds Distributors, LLC), financial printers, pricing services, proxy voting services, Funds
independent registered public accounting firm, and counsel that require access to such information in order to fulfill their contractual duties with
respect to the Funds (Financial Service Providers) and to facilitate the review of a Fund by certain mutual fund analysts and ratings
agencies (such as Morningstar and Lipper Analytical Services) (Rating Agencies);
provided
that such disclosure is limited to the
information that a Fund believes is reasonably necessary in connection with the services to be provided. Except to the extent permitted under the
Funds portfolio holdings disclosure policies and procedures, Confidential Portfolio Information may not be disseminated for compensation or other
consideration. Financial Service Providers and Rating Agencies must sign a non-disclosure agreement unless otherwise approved by the Chief Compliance
Officer of the Trust (the CCO), are required to keep such information confidential, and are prohibited from trading based on the
information or otherwise using the information except as necessary in providing services to the Funds.
Before any disclosure of Confidential Portfolio Information to
Financial Service Providers or Rating Agencies is permitted, the CCO (or an officer designated by the CCO) must determine that, under the
circumstances, the disclosure is being made for a legitimate business purpose and is in the best interest of shareholders. Furthermore, the recipient
of Confidential Portfolio Information by a Financial Service Provider or Rating Agency must be subject to a written confidentiality agreement that
prohibits any trading upon the Confidential Portfolio Information or the recipient must be subject to professional or ethical obligations not to
disclose or otherwise improperly use the information, such as would apply to independent registered public accounting firms or legal counsel. The CCO
will attempt to uncover any apparent conflict between the interests of Fund shareholders and the Adviser, underwriter and their affiliates. Any
conflict of interest that may rise as a result of a request for Confidential Portfolio Information will be resolved by the CCO in the best interests of
Fund shareholders.
Exceptions to these procedures may only be made if the CCO (or an
officer designated by the CCO) determines that the disclosure is being made for a legitimate business purpose, and must be reported to the Board on a
quarterly basis.
The Adviser has primary responsibility for ensuring that a
Funds portfolio holdings information is disclosed only in accordance with these policies. As part of this responsibility, the Adviser will
maintain such internal policies and procedures as it believes are reasonably necessary for preventing the unauthorized disclosure of
Confidential
22
Portfolio Information.
Separate account clients of the Adviser have access to their
portfolio holdings and are not subject to the Funds portfolio holdings disclosure policies. Some of the separate accounts managed by the Adviser
may have investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar or identical to the Funds, and therefore potentially substantially
similar, and in certain cases nearly identical, portfolio holdings, as the Funds.
MANAGEMENT OF THE FUNDS
Board of Trustees
The business and affairs of each Fund are managed under the
direction of the Board. The Board meets at least quarterly to review the investment performance of each Fund and other matters, including policies and
procedures with respect to compliance with regulatory and other requirements. The Board held five meetings during the fiscal year ended September 30,
2010. Each Board member attended at least 75% of such meetings and of meetings of the committees on which he/she served during the periods that he/she
served.
Currently, 75% of the Trusts Board members are not
interested persons of the Adviser, including its affiliates, or the Trust (the Independent Trustees). The Independent Trustees
interact directly with the senior management of the Adviser at scheduled meetings and at special meetings, as appropriate. The Independent Trustees
regularly discuss matters outside of the presence of management and are advised by its own experienced independent legal counsel. The Boards
independent legal counsel participates in Board meetings and interacts with the Adviser. Each Independent Trustee also is a member of the Audit
Committee and the Nominating and Governance Committee and from time to time one or more Independent Trustees may be designated, formally or informally,
to take the lead in addressing with management or the Boards independent legal counsel matters or issues of concern to the Board. The Board and
its committees have the ability to engage other experts as appropriate.
The Board has appointed Adele R. Wailand, an Independent Trustee,
to act as Chair of the Board. The Chairs primary responsibilities are: (i) to preside at all meetings of the Board; (ii) to act as the
Boards liaison with management between meetings of the Board; and (iii) to act as the primary contact for Board communications. The Chair may
perform such other functions as may be requested by the Board from time to time. Except for any duties specified herein or pursuant to the Trusts
Declaration of Trust or Amended and Restated By-laws, the designation as Chair does not impose on such Independent Trustee any duties, obligations or
liability that is greater than the duties, obligations or liability imposed on such person as a member of the Board, generally.
The Board has determined that its leadership structure is
appropriate in light of the services that the Adviser and the Advisers affiliates provide to the Trust and potential conflicts of interest that
could arise from these relationships. The Board evaluates its performance on an annual basis.
Boards Oversight Role in Risk Management
. The
Boards role in the risk management of the Trust is oversight. As is the case with virtually all investment companies (as distinguished from
operating companies), service providers to the Trust have responsibility for the day-to-day management of the Funds, which includes responsibility for
risk management (including management of investment performance and investment risk, valuation risk, issuer and counterparty credit risk, compliance
risk and operational risk). As part of its oversight, the Board, acting at its scheduled meetings, or the Chair, acting between Board meetings,
regularly interacts with and receives reports from senior personnel of the Adviser and other service providers, the Trusts and the Advisers
CCO and portfolio management personnel. The Board also receives periodic presentations from senior personnel of the Adviser regarding risk management
generally, as well as periodic presentations regarding specific operational, compliance or investment areas. The Board also receives reports from
counsel to the Trust or counsel to the Adviser and the Boards own independent legal counsel regarding regulatory compliance and governance
matters. The Board has adopted policies and procedures designed to address certain risks to the Funds. In addition, the Adviser and other service
providers to the Funds have adopted a variety of policies, procedures and controls designed to address particular risks to the Funds. Different
processes, procedures and controls are employed with respect to different types of risks. However, it is not possible to eliminate all of the risks
applicable to the Funds. The Boards oversight role does not make the Board a guarantor of the Funds investments or
activities.
Information About Each Board Members Experience,
Qualifications, Attributes or Skills
. Board members of the Trust, together with information as to their positions with the Trust, principal
occupations and other board memberships, are shown below. Unless otherwise noted, each Trustee has held each principal occupation and
board
23
membership indicated for at least the past five years. Each
Trustees mailing address is c/o International Value Advisers, LLC, 645 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10022.
Name (Birth Year)
|
|
|
|
Position(s) Held
with the Trust
|
|
Term of Office
(2)
and Length of
Time Served
|
|
Principal Occupation(s)
During Past 5
Years
|
|
Number of Portfolios
in the Fund
Complex
Overseen by Trustee
|
|
Other Directorships/
Trusteeships Held
by
Trustee During the
Past 5 Years
|
Adele R.
Wailand
(1949)
|
|
|
|
Trustee and Chair of the Board
|
|
since 2008
|
|
Vice
President, General Counsel & Corporate Secretary, Case, Pomeroy & Company, Inc. (Case, Pomeroy) (real estate and
investments).
|
|
2
|
|
Director of various wholly owned subsidiaries of Case, Pomeroy.
Director, Shaker Museum & Library
(not-for-profit).
|
|
Manu Bammi
(1962)
|
|
|
|
Trustee
|
|
since 2008
|
|
Founder and Chief Executive Officer, SMARTANALYST, Inc. (provider of research and analytics and decision support to
businesses).
|
|
2
|
|
None.
|
Ronald S.
Gutstein
(1971)
|
|
|
|
Trustee
|
|
since 2008
|
|
Institutional Trader and Market Maker, Access Securities (an institutional broker-dealer)
|
|
2
|
|
None.
|
Name (Birth Year)
|
|
|
|
Position(s) Held
with the Trust
|
|
Term of Office
(2)
and Length of
Time Served
|
|
Principal Occupation(s)
During Past 5
Years
|
|
Number of Portfolios
in the Fund
Complex
Overseen by Trustee
|
|
Other Directorships/
Trusteeships Held by
Trustee
|
Michael W.
Malafronte
(3)
(1974)
|
|
|
|
President and Trustee
|
|
since 2008
|
|
CEO
and Research Analyst, the Adviser (since 2007); Senior Research Analyst, Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder Advisers, LLC (ASB) (asset management
advisory services) (2005-2007).
|
|
2
|
|
None .
|
(1)
|
|
Trustees who are not interested persons of the Trust
as defined in the 1940 Act.
|
(2)
|
|
Each Trustee serves until resignation or removal from the
Board.
|
(3)
|
|
Mr. Malafronte is considered an interested trustee due to his
position as Chief Executive Officer of the Adviser.
|
The Board believes that the significance of each Trustees
experience, qualifications, attributes or skills is an individual matter (meaning that experience that is important for one Trustee may not have the
same value for another) and that these factors are best evaluated at the Board level, with no single Trustee, or particular factor, being indicative of
Board effectiveness. However, the Board believes that Trustees need to have the ability to critically review, evaluate, question and discuss
information provided to them, and to interact effectively with Trust management, service providers and counsel, in order to exercise effective business
judgment in the performance of their duties; the Board believes that all of the Trustees satisfy this standard. The following discusses each
Trustees particular experience, qualifications, attributes or skills that contribute to the Boards operations:
Adele R. Wailand
Through her positions as a senior officer , general counsel and corporate secretary , Ms. Wailand has senior management experience in
legal compliance, corporate governance , board operations and business transactions. She has additionally served as a member of a
number of private corporate and not-for-profit boards.
24
Manu Bammi
As
founder and CEO of SMARTANALYST, Inc., Mr. Bammi has senior management experience in the financial research and analytics industry.
Ronald S. Gutstein
As an institutional trader and market maker with Access Securities, Mr. Gutstein has experience in asset management and securities
markets.
Michael W. Malafronte
Through his positions as CEO and Research Analyst with the Adviser, and previous senior management positions with ASB, Mr. Malafronte has
experience in the development and management of registered investment companies, enabling him to provide management input to the
Board.
Additional Information About the Board and its Committees
.
The Trust has an Audit Committee and a Nominating and Governance Committee. The members of both the Audit Committee and the Nominating and Governance
Committee consist of all the Independent Trustees, namely Manu Bammi, Ronald S. Gutstein and Adele R. Wailand.
In accordance with its written charter, the Audit
Committees primary purposes are to assist the Board in fulfilling its responsibility for oversight of the integrity of the accounting, auditing
and financial reporting practices of the Funds, the qualifications and independence of the Funds independent registered public accounting firm,
and the Funds compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. The Audit Committee reviews the scope of the Funds audits, the Funds
accounting and financial reporting policies and practices and its internal controls. The Audit Committee approves, and recommends to the Independent
Trustees for their ratification, the selection, appointment, retention or termination of the Funds independent registered public accounting firm
and approves the compensation of the independent registered public accounting firm. The Audit Committee also approves all audit and permissible
non-audit services provided to the Funds by the independent registered public accounting firm and all permissible non-audit services provided by the
Funds independent registered public accounting firm to the Adviser and any affiliated service providers if the engagement relates directly to the
Funds operations and financial reporting. The Audit Committee held three meetings during the fiscal year ended September 30,
2010.
The Nominating and Governance Committee operates pursuant to a
written charter. The principal functions of the Nominating and Governance Committee are to: (i) make nominations for Independent Trustee membership on
the Board; (ii) periodically review Board governance practices and procedures and to recommend to the Board any changes deemed appropriate; (iii)
periodically review Independent Trustee compensation and recommend to the Board any changes deemed appropriate; (iv) review on an annual basis
committee chair assignments and committee assignments; (v) review on an annual basis the responsibilities and charter of each committee of the Board,
whether there is continuing need for each committee, whether there is a need for additional committees of the Board, and whether committees should be
combined or reorganized, and to make recommendations for any such action to the Board; (vi) plan and administer the Boards annual self-evaluation
process; (vii) consider on an annual basis the structure, operations and effectiveness of the Nominating and Governance Committee annually; and (viii)
evaluate on at least an annual basis the independence of counsel to the Independent Trustees, to make recommendations to the Independent Trustees
regarding their determination of such counsels status as an independent legal counsel under applicable SEC rules, and to supervise
such counsel. In making nominations for Independent Trustee membership on the Board, the Nominating and Governance Committee may consider potential
nominees in light of their professional experience, education, skill, and other individual qualities and attributes that contribute to Board
heterogeneity. The Nominating and Governance, as it deems appropriate and when a vacancy becomes available, will consider nominees recommended by a
shareholder. Shareholders who wish to recommend a nominee should send recommendations to the Funds Secretary that include all information
relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for the election of Trustees. A recommendation must be accompanied
by a written consent of the individual to stand for election if nominated by the Board and to serve if elected by the shareholders. The Nominating and
Governance Committee held one meeting during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2010.
Trustee Ownership of the Funds.
The following table sets
forth, for each Trustee, the aggregate dollar range of equity securities owned of the Funds and of all funds in the Fund Complex overseen by each
Trustee as of December 31, 2009.
25
|
|
|
|
Dollar Range of Equity
Securities in the
Funds
|
|
Aggregate Dollar Range of Equity
Securities in All
Registered Investment
Companies Overseen by Trustee in
Family of Investment Companies
|
|
Independent Trustees
|
Adele R.
Wailand
|
|
|
|
Over $100,000
|
|
(Worldwide Fund)
|
|
Over
$100,000
|
|
|
|
|
None
|
|
(International Fund)
|
|
|
Manu
Bammi
|
|
|
|
$10,001$50,000
|
|
(Worldwide Fund)
|
|
$10,001$50,000
|
|
|
|
|
None
|
|
(International Fund)
|
|
|
|
|
Ronald S.
Gutstein
|
|
|
|
$10,001$50,000
|
|
(Worldwide Fund)
|
|
$10,001$50,000
|
|
|
|
|
None
|
|
(International Fund)
|
|
|
|
|
Interested Trustee
|
Michael
W. Malafronte
|
|
|
|
Over $100,000
|
|
(Worldwide Fund)
|
|
Over
$100,000
|
|
|
|
|
$1$10,000
|
|
(International Fund)
|
|
|
As of December 1, 2010, the Trustees and officers of each
Fund, individually and as a group, owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of each Fund.
Compensation of Board Members.
The Trust pays each
Independent Trustee an annual retainer of $30,000, with the Chair receiving an additional $10,000, and an attendance fee of $2,500 for each regular
quarterly Board meeting attended. Independent Trustees are reimbursed for travel and out-of-pocket expenses incurred in attending such meetings. Prior
to January 1, 2010, each Independent Trustee received an annual retainer of $15,000, the Chair an additional $10,000 and no attendance fee was paid for
regular quarterly Board meetings attended. The Funds do not pay retirement benefits to its Trustees and officers. Officers and the interested Trustee
of the Funds are not compensated by the Funds.
The following table summarizes the compensation for the
Independent Trustees for the 12-month period ended September 30, 2010.
Independent Trustees
|
|
|
|
Aggregate
Compensation
From Trust
|
|
Pension or Retirement
Benefits Accrued as Part
of
Funds Expenses
|
|
Estimated
Annual
Benefits Upon
Retirement
|
|
Total Compensation
From Fund Complex
Paid to
Trustee
|
Manu
Bammi
|
|
|
|
$ 33,750
|
|
None
|
|
None
|
|
$ 33,750
|
Ronald S.
Gutstein
|
|
|
|
$ 33,750
|
|
None
|
|
None
|
|
$ 33,750
|
Adele R.
Wailand
|
|
|
|
$ 43,750
|
|
None
|
|
None
|
|
$ 43,750
|
Officers of the Trust
Name (Birth Year)
and Address
(1)
|
|
|
Position(s) Held
with the Trust
|
|
Term of Office and
Length of Time
Served
(2)
|
|
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5Years
|
Shanda
Scibilia
(1971)
|
|
|
Chief
Compliance
Officer and Secretary
|
|
since
2008
|
|
Chief Operating Officer and Chief Compliance Officer, the Adviser (since 2008); acting Chief Operating Officer and head of compliance,
Oppenheimer & Close (from 1998 to 2008).
|
|
Stefanie J.
Hempstead
(1973)
|
|
|
Treasurer
|
|
since
2008
|
|
Chief Financial Officer, the Adviser (since 2008); Senior Vice President, ASB (prior to 2008); Vice President, ASB Securities LLC (prior to
2008); Vice President and Treasurer, First Eagle Funds and First Eagle Variable Funds (prior to 2008).
|
|
Christopher
Hine
(1978)
|
|
|
Assistant Treasurer
|
|
since
2010
|
|
Director of Accounting, the Adviser (since 2009); Manager, Citco Fund Services (2008); Assistant Vice President, ASB (from 2006 to
2007).
|
(1) Each Officers mailing address is c/o
International Value Advisers, LLC, 645 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10022.
(2) The term of office of each officer is indefinite.
Length of time served represents time served as an officer of the Trust, although various positions may have been held during the
period.
26
Sales Loads
. In recognition of the limited sales support
and servicing required for certain accounts, Trustees and officers and other affiliated persons of the Trust qualify for a waiver of the Class A sales
charge.
Codes of Ethics
. The Trust, the Adviser, and the
Distributor each have adopted a code of ethics in accordance with Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. These codes of ethics permit the personnel of these
entities to invest in securities, including securities that the Funds may purchase or hold. The codes of ethics are on public file with, and are
available from, the SEC.
PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
Attached as Appendix A is the summary of the guidelines and
procedures that the Adviser uses to determine how to vote proxies relating to portfolio securities, including the procedures that the Adviser uses when
a vote presents a conflict between the interests of Fund shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Adviser or any affiliated person of the Fund
or the Adviser, on the other. This summary of the guidelines gives a general indication as to how the Adviser will vote proxies relating to portfolio
securities on each issue listed. However, the guidelines do not address all potential voting issues or the intricacies that may surround individual
proxy votes. For that reason, there may be instances in which votes may vary from the guidelines presented. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Adviser
always endeavors to vote proxies relating to portfolio securities in accordance with the Funds investment objectives. Information on how the
Funds voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the most recent prior 12-month period as of June 30 is available without charge, (1) upon
request, by calling (866) 941-4482, and (2) on the SECs website at http://www.sec.gov.
CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF
SECURITIES
As of December 1, 2010, no shareholders beneficially held
more than 25% of the outstanding shares of a Fund. Persons beneficially holding more than 25% of the outstanding shares of a Fund may be deemed to
control (as that term is defined in the 1940 Act) that Fund and may be able to affect or determine the outcome of matters presented for a
vote of the shareholders of that Fund.
As of December 1, 2010, the following shareholders held of
record (but not beneficially) more than 5% of the outstanding shares of the Funds:
Fund
|
|
|
|
Name and Address on Account
|
|
% of Shares
|
Worldwide Fund
Class A
|
|
|
|
UBS Financial Services Inc. FBO
Mr. Khalid Farid
P.O. Box 3321
1000 Harbor Blvd.
Weehawken, NJ
07086-8154
|
|
|
18.05
|
%
|
|
Worldwide Fund
Class A
|
|
|
|
Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith
FBO of its Customers
4800 Deer Lake Drive E
Jacksonville, FL
32246-6484
|
|
|
15.21
|
%
|
|
Worldwide Fund
Class A
|
|
|
|
Pershing LLC
P.O. Box 2052
Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052
|
|
|
12.20
|
%
|
|
Worldwide Fund
Class A
|
|
|
|
NFS LLC FEBO
FBO John D. Kraus
3616 Poplar Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA 15234-2140
|
|
|
11.64
|
%
|
|
Worldwide Fund
Class A
|
|
|
|
Charles Schwab & Co. Inc.
Special Custody A/C FBO Customers
Attn. Mutual Funds
101 Montgomery
St.
San Francisco, CA 94104-4151
|
|
|
10.89
|
%
|
|
Worldwide Fund
Class A
|
|
|
|
First Clearing, LLC
2801 Market St.
Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523
|
|
|
9.21
|
%
|
27
Fund
|
|
|
|
Name and Address on Account
|
|
% of Shares
|
Worldwide Fund
Class C
|
|
|
|
Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith
FBO of its Customers
4800 Deer Lake Drive E
Jacksonville, FL
32246-6484
|
|
|
42.73
|
%
|
|
Worldwide Fund
Class C
|
|
|
|
First Clearing, LLC
2801 Market St.
Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523
|
|
|
9.93
|
%
|
|
Worldwide Fund
Class C
|
|
|
|
UBS Financial Services Inc. FBO
Mr. Douglas D. Truckenmiller
P.O. Box 3321
1000 Harbor Blvd.
Weehawken, NJ 07086-8154
|
|
|
7.32
|
%
|
|
Worldwide Fund
Class C
|
|
|
|
NFS LLC FEBO
Lawrence L. Johnson and Marion P. Johnson
111 Nancy Lane
Kersey, PA
15846-2417
|
|
|
6.33
|
%
|
|
Worldwide Fund
Class I
|
|
|
|
Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith
FBO of its Customers
4800 Deer Lake Drive E
Jacksonville, FL
32246-6484
|
|
|
24.99
|
%
|
|
Worldwide Fund
Class I
|
|
|
|
Charles Schwab & Co. Inc.
Special Custody A/C FBO Customers
Attn. Mutual Funds
101 Montgomery
St.
San Francisco, CA 94104-4151
|
|
|
17.05
|
%
|
|
Worldwide Fund
Class I
|
|
|
|
NFS LLC FEBO
FBO Margaret J. OBrien
50 Cobblestone Circle
North Andover, MA
01845-4547
|
|
|
14.78
|
%
|
|
Worldwide Fund
Class I
|
|
|
|
Mesirow Financial Inc.
Susan E. Fox TR
350 North Clark Street
Chicago IL 60654-4712
|
|
|
7.69
|
%
|
|
Worldwide Fund
Class I
|
|
|
|
First Clearing, LLC
Mildred H. Carlisle Trust A TR
Mildred Heck Carlisle TTEE
1401 Fountaingrove Pkwy,
Unit 236
Santa Rosa, CA 95403-5761
|
|
|
5.37
|
%
|
|
International
Fund Class A
|
|
|
|
NFS LLC FEBO
FBO Chris R. Taylor
2435 Electric Avenue
Upland, CA 91784-1013
|
|
|
20.10
|
%
|
|
International
Fund Class A
|
|
|
|
Pershing LLC
P.O. Box 2052
Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052
|
|
|
17.95
|
%
|
|
International
Fund Class A
|
|
|
|
Charles Schwab & Co. Inc.
Special Custody A/C FBO Customers
Attn. Mutual Funds
101 Montgomery
St.
San Francisco, CA 94104-4151
|
|
|
16.80
|
%
|
|
International
Fund Class A
|
|
|
|
UBS WM USA
Omni Account MF
Attn: Dept. Manager
1000 Harbor Blvd., STE 5
Weehawken, NJ
07086-6761
|
|
|
11.77
|
%
|
|
International
Fund Class C
|
|
|
|
NFS LLC FEBO
NSPS Kathryn J. Bebenek
13 Davonshire Drive
Pittsburgh, PA 15238-1509
|
|
|
26.29
|
%
|
28
Fund
|
|
|
|
Name and Address on Account
|
|
% of Shares
|
International
Fund Class C
|
|
|
|
Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith
FBO of its Customers
4800 Deer Lake Drive E
Jacksonville, FL
32246-6484
|
|
|
26.23
|
%
|
|
International
Fund Class C
|
|
|
|
UBS Financial Services Inc.
FBO Ms. Ellen Goldstein
P.O. Box 3321
1000 Harbor Blvd.
Weehawken,
NJ 07086-8154
|
|
|
8.58
|
%
|
|
International
Fund Class C
|
|
|
|
First Clearing, LLC
2801 Market St.
Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523
|
|
|
6.60
|
%
|
|
International
Fund Class I
|
|
|
|
Charles Schwab & Co. Inc.
Special Custody A/C FBO Customers
Attn. Mutual Funds
101 Montgomery
St.
San Francisco, CA 94104-4151
|
|
|
26.56
|
%
|
|
International
Fund Class I
|
|
|
|
NFS LLC FEBO
Norman Pattiz
Norman & Mary T. Pattiz TTEE
21731 Ventura Blvd., Suite 300
Woodland Hills, CA 91364-1851
|
|
|
17.24
|
%
|
|
International
Fund Class I
|
|
|
|
Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith
FBO of its Customers
4800 Deer Lake Drive E
Jacksonville, FL
32246-6484
|
|
|
14.84
|
%
|
INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER
SERVICES
The Adviser
International Value Advisers, LLC is the investment manager of
the Funds. The Adviser was organized as a Delaware limited liability company in 2007. The managing member of the Adviser is IVA Holdings, LLC. Michael
Malafronte, Chief Executive Officer and President of the Adviser, Stefanie Hempstead, Chief Financial Officer of the Adviser, and Shanda Scibilia,
Chief Operating Officer of the Adviser, are affiliated persons of the Trust.
IVA serves as the investment manager of each Fund pursuant to an
investment advisory agreement dated as of August 21, 2008. The investment advisory agreement had an initial term of two years from its effective date
and continues in effect with respect to each Fund (unless terminated sooner) if its continuance is specifically approved annually by (a) the vote of a
majority of the Independent Trustees, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on approval, and (b) either (i) the vote of a
majority of the outstanding voting securities of the affected Fund, or (ii) the vote of a majority of the Board. The investment advisory agreement is
terminable with respect to a Fund by vote of the Board, or by the holders of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of a Fund, at any time
without penalty, on 60 days written notice to the Adviser. The Adviser also may terminate its advisory relationship with respect to a Fund
without penalty on 60 days written notice to the Trust, as applicable. The investment advisory agreement terminates automatically in the event of
its assignment (as defined in the 1940 Act).
The investment advisory agreement provides that the Adviser shall
manage the operations of each Fund, subject to policies established by the Board. Pursuant to the investment advisory agreement, the Adviser manages
each Funds investment portfolio, directs purchases and sales of portfolio securities and reports thereon to a Funds officers and Board
regularly. The Adviser also provides the office space, facilities, equipment and personnel necessary to perform the following services for each Fund:
SEC compliance, including record keeping, reporting requirements and registration statements and proxies; supervision of Fund operations, including
custodian, accountants and counsel and other parties performing services or operational functions for each Fund; certain administrative and clerical
services, including certain accounting services, facilitation of redemption requests, exchange privileges, account adjustments, development of new
shareholder services and maintenance of certain books and records; and certain services related to each Funds shareholders, including assuring
that investments and redemptions are completed efficiently, responding to shareholder inquiries, and maintaining a flow of information to shareholders.
In addition, the Adviser pays the compensation of each Funds officers, employees and Trustees affiliated with the
29
Adviser. Each Fund bears all other costs of its operations,
including the compensation of its Trustees not affiliated with the Adviser.
As compensation for its services, each Fund pays the Adviser a
monthly fee at an annual rate of 0.90% of the Funds average daily net assets.
Under the terms of the investment advisory agreement, neither the
Adviser nor its affiliates shall be liable for losses or damages incurred by a Fund, unless such losses or damages are attributable to the willful
misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of either the Adviser or its affiliates or from reckless disregard by it of its obligations and
duties under the management contract (disabling conduct). In addition, the Funds will indemnify the Adviser and its affiliates and hold
each of them harmless against any losses or damages not resulting from disabling conduct.
The Adviser has contractually agreed, in a letter agreement dated
August 21, 2008 and in a separate letter agreement dated August 11, 2009 to waive the fees payable to it under the investment advisory agreement and/or
to reimburse the operating expenses allocated to a Fund to the extent the Classes operating expenses (excluding acquired fund fees and expense,
brokerage commissions, interest, taxes, organizational and extraordinary expenses) exceed, in the aggregate, the rate per annum as set forth below.
With respect to each Fund, the Adviser is permitted to recover, on a Class by Class basis, expenses it has borne subsequent to the effective date of
the letter agreements (whether through reduction of its management fee or otherwise) in later periods to the extent that a Funds expenses fall
below the annual rates set forth below and to the extent that, the Fund does not exceed its operating expense limitation after giving effect to the
reimbursement; provided, however, that a Fund is not obligated to pay any such deferred fees more than one year after the end of the fiscal year in
which the fee was deferred. The fee waiver will remain in effect until January 31, 2012, at which time it may be continued, modified or
eliminated and net expenses will be adjusted as necessary.
Fund
|
|
|
|
Expense Cap
|
Worldwide
Fund
|
|
|
|
1.40%
for Class A Shares
|
|
|
|
|
2.15%
for Class C Shares
|
|
|
|
|
1.15%
for Class I Shares
|
|
International
Fund
|
|
|
|
1.40%
for Class A Shares
|
|
|
|
|
2.15%
for Class C Shares
|
|
|
|
|
1.15%
for Class I Shares
|
Set forth below are the gross advisory fees the Funds paid and
the advisory fees waived for the periods indicated. (Each Fund commenced operations on October 1, 2008.)
|
|
|
|
Fiscal Year Ended
September 30, 2009
|
|
Fiscal Year Ended
September 30, 2010
|
|
Fund
|
|
|
|
Gross
Advisory
Fees
|
|
Advisory
Fees
Waived
|
|
Net
Advisory
Fee Paid
|
|
Gross
Advisory
Fees
|
|
Advisory
Fees
Waived
|
|
Net
Advisory
Fee Paid
|
Worldwide
Fund
|
|
|
|
$
|
8,327,072
|
|
|
$
|
0
|
|
|
|
$8,327,072
|
|
|
$
|
35,916,981
|
|
|
$
|
0
|
|
|
|
$35,916,981
|
|
International
Fund
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,883,239
|
|
|
$
|
305,199
|
|
|
|
$1,578,040
|
|
|
$
|
7,945,053
|
|
|
$
|
8,506
|
|
|
|
$7,936,547
|
|
Portfolio Managers
Charles de Lardemelle and Charles de Vaulx, each a portfolio
manager, are primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Funds. Each portfolio manager functions as a member of a portfolio management
team. Messrs. de Lardemelle and de Vaulx have been portfolio managers of the Funds since their inceptions. The following tables set forth certain
additional information with respect to the portfolio managers. The information is as of the fiscal year ended September 30, 2010.
30
Other Accounts Managed by the Portfolio
Managers
In addition to the Funds, the table below identifies, for each
portfolio manager, the number of accounts for which he has day-to-day management responsibilities and the total assets in such accounts, within each of
the following categories: registered investment companies, other pooled investment vehicles, and other accounts.
|
|
|
|
Registered Investment
Companies
|
|
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles
|
|
Other Accounts
|
|
Portfolio Manager
|
|
|
|
Number of
Accounts
|
|
Total Assets
|
|
Number of
Accounts
|
|
Total Assets
|
|
Number of
Accounts
|
|
Total Assets
|
Charles de
Lardemelle
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
$0
|
|
3
|
|
$ 991
million
|
|
15
|
|
$ 1.8
billion
|
Charles de
Vaulx
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
$0
|
|
3
|
|
$ 991
million
|
|
15
|
|
$ 1.8
billion
|
The table below identifies, for each portfolio manager, the
number of accounts for which he has day-to-day management responsibilities and the total assets in such accounts with respect to which the advisory fee
is based on the performance of the account, within each of the following categories: registered investment companies, other pooled investment vehicles,
and other accounts.
|
|
|
|
Registered Investment
Companies for which the
Adviser receives a
performance-based fee
|
|
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles
managed for which
the
Adviser receives a
performance-based fee*
|
|
Other Accounts managed
for which the Adviser
receives a
performance-based fee
|
|
Portfolio Manager
|
|
|
|
Number of
Accounts
|
|
Total Assets
|
|
Number of
Accounts
|
|
Total Assets
|
|
Number of
Accounts
|
|
Total Assets
|
Charles de
Lardemelle
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
$0
|
|
1
|
|
$ 143
million
|
|
0
|
|
$ 0
|
Charles de
Vaulx
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
$0
|
|
1
|
|
$ 143
million
|
|
0
|
|
$ 0
|
*The Adviser manages two private funds. One of the two private
funds has a feeder (with assets of $ 143 million) that charges a performance fee and two feeders that do not charge a performance fee (with
assets of $ 191 million). The other private fund (with assets of $ 238 million) does not charge a performance fee.
Potential Conflicts of Interest
Because each portfolio manager manages other accounts, including
accounts that pay higher fees or accounts that pay performance-based fees, potential conflicts of interest exist, including potential conflicts between
the investment strategy of a Fund and the investment strategy of the other accounts managed by the portfolio manager and potential conflicts in the
allocation of investment opportunities between a Fund and the other accounts.
The Adviser and the Funds have adopted compliance policies and
procedures that are designed to avoid, mitigate, monitor and oversee areas that could present potential conflicts of interest. The Adviser attempts to
address these potential conflicts of interest through various compliance policies that are generally intended to place all accounts, regardless of fee
structure, on the same footing for investment management purposes. For example, the Adviser seeks to minimize the effects of competing interests for
the time and attention of portfolio managers by assigning portfolio managers to manage funds and accounts that share a similar investment style. The
Adviser has also adopted trade allocation procedures that are designed to facilitate the fair allocation of limited investment opportunities among
multiple funds and accounts. The Advisers trade allocation policies generally provide that each days transactions in securities that are
purchased or sold by multiple accounts are, insofar as possible, averaged as to price and allocated between such accounts (including the Funds) in a
manner, which, in the Advisers opinion, is equitable to each account and in accordance with the amount being purchased or sold by each account.
Certain exceptions exist for specialty, regional or sector accounts. Trade allocations are reviewed on a periodic basis as part of the Advisers
trade oversight procedures in an attempt to ensure fairness over time across accounts and to monitor whether any account is systematically favored over
time. There is no guarantee, however, that the policies and procedures adopted by the Adviser and the Funds will be able to detect and/or prevent every
situation in which an actual or potential conflict may appear.
These potential conflicts include:
31
Allocation of Limited Time and Attention.
A portfolio
manager who is responsible for managing multiple funds and/or accounts may devote unequal time and attention to the management of those funds and/or
accounts. As a result, the portfolio manager may not be able to formulate as complete a strategy or identify equally attractive investment
opportunities for each of those accounts as might be the case if he were to devote substantially more attention to the management of a single fund. The
effects of this potential conflict may be more pronounced where funds and/or accounts overseen by a particular portfolio manager have different
investment strategies.
Allocation of Limited Investment Opportunities.
If a
portfolio manager identifies a limited investment opportunity that may be suitable for multiple funds and/or accounts, the opportunity may be allocated
among these several funds or accounts, which may limit a Funds ability to take full advantage of the investment opportunity.
Pursuit of Differing Strategies.
At times, a portfolio
manager may determine that an investment opportunity may be appropriate for only some of the funds and/or accounts for which he exercises investment
responsibility, or may decide that certain of the funds and/or accounts should take differing positions with respect to a particular security. In these
cases, the portfolio manager may place separate transactions for one or more funds or accounts which may affect the market price of the security or the
execution of the transaction, or both, to the detriment or benefit of one or more other funds and/or accounts.
Selection of Brokers/Dealers.
Portfolio managers may be
able to select or influence the selection of the brokers and dealers that are used to execute securities transactions for the funds and/or accounts
that they supervise. In addition to executing trades, some brokers and dealers provide portfolio managers with brokerage and research services (as
those terms are defined in Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), which may result in the payment of higher brokerage fees than might
have otherwise been available. These services may be more beneficial to certain funds or accounts than to others.
Variation in Compensation.
A conflict of interest may
arise where the financial or other benefits available to the portfolio manager differ among the funds and/or accounts that he manages. If the structure
of the Advisers management fee and/or the portfolio managers compensation differs among funds and/or accounts (such as where certain funds
or accounts pay higher management fees or performance-based management fees), the portfolio manager might be motivated to help certain funds and/or
accounts over others. The portfolio manager might be motivated to favor funds and/or accounts in which he has an interest or in which the Adviser
and/or its affiliates have interests. Similarly, the desire to maintain or raise assets under management or to enhance the portfolio managers
performance record or to derive other rewards, financial or otherwise, could influence the portfolio manager to lend preferential treatment to those
funds and/or accounts that could most significantly benefit the portfolio manager.
Related Business Opportunities.
The Adviser or its
affiliates may provide more services (such as distribution or recordkeeping) for some types of funds or accounts than for others. In such cases, a
portfolio manager may benefit, either directly or indirectly, by devoting disproportionate attention to the management of funds and/or accounts that
provide greater overall returns to the Adviser and its affiliates.
Portfolio Manager Compensation
Each portfolio manager is a member (partner) of the Adviser. The
compensation of each portfolio manager consists of a partnership interest in the Advisers profits. The compensation program does not
disproportionately reward outperformance by higher fee/performance fee products. The Adviser membership interest is the primary incentive for the
portfolio managers. The Adviser believes this is the best incentive to maintain stability of portfolio management personnel.
Portfolio Manager Securities
Ownership
The table below identifies ownership of Fund securities by each
Portfolio Manager as of September 30, 2010.
Fund
|
|
|
|
Portfolio Manager(s)
|
|
Dollar Range of
Ownership of Securities
|
Worldwide
Fund
|
|
|
|
Charles de Lardemelle
|
|
|
Over $1,000,000
|
|
|
|
|
|
Charles de Vaulx
|
|
|
Over $1,000,000
|
|
International
Fund
|
|
|
|
Charles de Lardemelle
|
|
|
Over $1,000,000
|
|
|
|
|
|
Charles de Vaulx
|
|
|
Over $1,000,000
|
|
32
Principal Underwriter
Shares of the Funds are offered on a continuous basis through the
Distributor, located at Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, ME 04101, as distributor pursuant to a distribution agreement (the Distribution
Agreement) between the Distributor and the Funds. Pursuant to the Distribution Agreement, the Distributor shall devote its best efforts to effect
sales of Shares of the Funds but shall not be obligated to sell any certain number of Shares. Other than payments pursuant to the Rule 12b-1 plans
discussed below, the Distributor receives no compensation from the Funds for distribution of the Funds shares.
Rule 12b-1 Plans
As described in the Prospectus, the Funds have adopted Rule 12b-1
plans (Plans) for their Class A and Class C shares. The Plans, among other things, permit the Class A and Class C share classes to pay the
Distributor quarterly fees, other than in exceptional cases, at annual rates not exceeding 0.25% and 1.00%, respectively, of the assets of the Class A
and Class C share classes as compensation for its services as principal underwriter of the shares of such classes. Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the
1940 Act, each Plan (together with the Distribution Agreement) was approved by the Board, including a majority of the Trustees who are not interested
persons of the Funds (as defined in the 1940 Act) and who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Plans or the
Distribution Agreement. The principal types of activities for which payments under these Plans may be made include payments to intermediaries for
shareholder servicing, for no transaction fee or wrap programs, and for retirement plan record keeping. Payments under the Plans also may
be made for activities such as advertising, printing and mailing the Prospectuses to persons who are not current shareholders, compensation to
underwriters, compensation to broker-dealers, compensation to sales personnel, and interest, carrying or other financing charges. The Trust believes
that the Plans may benefit the Trust by increasing net sales of the Funds (or reducing net redemptions), potentially allowing the Funds to benefit from
economies of scale.
Each Plan may be terminated by vote of a majority of the
Independent Trustees, or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the relevant class of shares of the relevant Fund. Each Plan may
be amended by a vote of the Board, including a majority of the Independent Trustees, cast in person at a meeting called for that purpose. Any change in
either Plan that would materially increase the fees payable thereunder by the relevant class of shares of the relevant Fund requires approval by a vote
of the holders of a majority of such shares outstanding. The Board reviews quarterly a written report detailing the costs and the purposes for which
such costs have been incurred.
The Plans will continue in effect for successive one-year
periods, provided that each such continuance is specifically approved (i) by the vote of a majority of the Independent Trustees and (ii) by the vote of
a majority of the entire Board cast in person at a meeting called for that purpose or by a vote of a majority of the outstanding securities of the
relevant class.
Set forth below, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2010,
are the fees paid to the Distributor pursuant to the Plans for the Class A and Class C shares of the Funds, as well as the contingent deferred sales
charges (CDSCs) to which redemptions are subject.
|
|
|
|
Class A Shares
Fiscal Year Ended
September 30,
2010
|
|
Class C Shares
Fiscal Year Ended
September 30,
2010
|
|
Fund
|
|
|
|
Distribution Fees
|
|
CDSCs
|
|
Distribution and
Servicing Fees
|
CDSCs
|
|
Worldwide
Fund
|
|
|
|
$
|
3,253,826
|
|
|
|
$29,106
|
|
|
$
|
6,989,750
|
|
$ 139,899
|
|
International
Fund
|
|
|
|
$
|
426,191
|
|
|
|
$0
|
|
|
$
|
374,624
|
|
$ 12,557
|
|
The amounts paid to the Distributor under the Plans during the
fiscal year ended September 30, 2010 were spent on the following categories of payments:
33
Fund
|
|
|
|
Trail
Commissions to
Dealers
|
|
Promotional
Events and
Materials
|
|
Prospectus/
Shareholder
Reports
|
|
Sales
Literature
|
|
Sponsorship
|
Worldwide
Fund
|
|
|
|
$
|
3,910,634
|
|
|
$
|
80,148
|
|
|
$
|
51,545
|
|
|
$
|
30,573
|
|
|
$
|
14,345
|
|
International
Fund
|
|
|
|
$
|
469,918
|
|
|
$
|
8,450
|
|
|
$
|
5,314
|
|
|
$
|
3,203
|
|
|
$
|
1,475
|
|
|
|
|
|
Subscriptions
|
|
Other
Distribution
Expenses
|
|
Trail Commissions
to A Share
Financier
|
|
Trail Commissions
to C Share
Financier
|
Worldwide
Fund
|
|
|
|
|
$97,055
|
|
|
|
$248,846
|
|
|
|
$613,354
|
|
|
|
$5,695,807
|
|
International Fund
|
|
|
|
|
$10,472
|
|
|
|
$ 26,374
|
|
|
|
$ 41,152
|
|
|
|
$ 278,076
|
|
The Plans compensate the Distributor regardless of its
expenses.
No interested person of the Funds nor any Independent Trustee has
any direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of the Plans except to the extent that the Distributor, the Adviser or certain of their
employees may be deemed to have such an interest as a result of benefits derived from the successful operation of the Plans.
Other Service Providers
Administrator
The Trust has entered into an administration agreement dated
August 21, 2008, with State Street Bank and Trust Company, 2 Copley Place, Boston, MA 0211 6 , pursuant to which State Street provides
administrative services to the Funds. The Administrator is responsible for (i) the general administrative duties associated with the day-to-day
operations of the Funds; (ii) conducting relations with the custodian, independent registered public accounting firm, legal counsel and other service
providers; (iii) providing regulatory reporting; and (iv) providing necessary office space, equipment, personnel, compensation and facilities for
handling the affairs of the Funds. In performing its duties and obligations under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator shall not be held
liable except in the case of its gross negligence or willful misconduct in the performance of its duties. For providing these services, State Street
receives a fee which is calculated daily and paid monthly at an annual rate based on the average daily net assets of the Funds as follows: 0.04% on the
first $1.0 billion of net assets, 0.03% on the next $1.0 billion of net assets and 0.01% on net assets over $2.0 billion. Prior to January 1, 2011,
State Street received a fee which was calculated daily and paid monthly at an annual rate based on the average daily net assets of the Funds as
follows: 0.04% on the first $1.0 billion of net assets, 0.03% on the next $1.0 billion of net assets and 0.02% on net assets over $2.0 billion.
Set
forth below are the fees the Funds paid to the Administrator for the periods indicated. (Each Fund commenced operations on October 1,
2008.)
Fund
|
|
|
|
Fiscal Year Ended
September 30, 2009
|
|
Fiscal Year Ended
September 30, 2010
|
Worldwide
Fund
|
|
|
|
$
|
357,372
|
|
|
$
|
1,073,173
|
|
International
Fund
|
|
|
|
$
|
121,437
|
|
|
$
|
257,095
|
|
Transfer Agent/Dividend Disbursing
Agent
Boston Financial Data Services, Inc. is the Transfer Agent for
the Funds shares and the dividend disbursing agent for payment of dividends and distributions on Fund shares. The principal business address of
the Transfer Agent is 2000 Crown Colony Drive, Quincy, MA 02169.
Custodian
State Street Bank and Trust Company (the Custodian),
located at 200 Newport Avenue, North Quincy, Massachusetts 02171, serves as the custodian for the Funds. As such, the Custodian holds in safekeeping
certificated securities and cash belonging to each Fund and, in such capacity, is the registered owner of securities in book-entry form belonging to
each Fund. Upon instruction, the Custodian receives and delivers cash and securities of each Fund in connection with Fund transactions and collects all
dividends and other distributions made with respect to Fund
34
portfolio securities. The Custodian also maintains certain
accounts and records of the Funds and calculates the total NAV, total net income and NAV per share of each Fund on a daily basis.
Independent Registered Public Accounting
Firm
Ernst & Young LLP (E&Y) serves as each
Funds independent registered public accountant. E&Y provides audit services, tax return preparation and assistance and consultation in
connection with the review of SEC filings. E&Y is located at 200 Clarendon Street , Boston, Massachusetts 02116-5072.
The financial statements of the Funds included or incorporated by
reference in the Prospectus and SAI have been audited by E&Y as stated in their report which is also included or incorporated by reference
in the Prospectus and SAI, and have been so included or incorporated by reference in reliance upon the report of such firm, given on the authority of
that firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
Counsel
K&L Gates LLP serves as counsel to the Funds, and is located
at State Street Financial Center, One Lincoln Street, Boston, MA 02111-2950
REVENUE SHARING
The Distributor, the Adviser or an affiliate may, from time to
time, out of its (or their) own resources, make substantial cash payments sometimes referred to as revenue sharing -
to broker-dealers or financial intermediaries for various reasons in addition to any Rule 12b-1 payments described elsewhere in this SAI. (Such
payments may include any other payment requirement of a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary, including certain agreed upon
finders fee commissions, which are described in the Prospectus under Initial Sales Charges-Class A Shares.) These
payments may support the delivery of services to the Funds or to shareholders in the Funds, including, without limitation, transaction processing and
sub-accounting services. The recipients of such payments may include the Distributor, other affiliates of the Adviser, and broker-dealers, financial
institutions, plan sponsors and administrators and other financial intermediaries through which investors may purchase shares of a Fund. In some
circumstances, such payments may create an incentive for an intermediary or its employees or associated persons to recommend or sell shares of a Fund
to you, rather than shares of another mutual fund. Please contact your financial intermediary or plan administrator or sponsor for details about
revenue sharing payments it may receive.
Revenue sharing payments may include any portion of sub-transfer
agency fees that exceed the costs of similar services provided by the Transfer Agent. Such excess sub-transfer agency payments are paid by the
Distributor, the Adviser or an affiliate out of its or their own resources. Payments will vary according to a number of factors (including, for
example, numbers of shareholder accounts serviced).
As of September 30, 2010 the following broker-dealers that are
registered with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) have arrangements with the Distributor, the Adviser or an affiliate
pursuant to which the firm is entitled to a revenue sharing payment, each member may receive up to 0.25 % of revenue sharing:
Merrill,
Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated
|
|
|
|
UBS Financial Services Inc.
|
Morgan Stanley
Smith Barney LLC
|
|
|
|
Wells Fargo Advisors, LLC
|
RBC Wealth
Management
|
|
|
|
Wells Fargo Investments LLC
|
The Distributor may have arrangements with intermediaries that
are not members of FINRA.
PURCHASE, REDEMPTION AND EXCHANGE OF
SHARES
The methods of buying and selling shares and the sales charges
applicable to purchases of shares of a Fund are described in the Prospectus. As stated in the Prospectus, shares of each Fund may be purchased at NAV
by various persons associated with the Trust, the Adviser, certain firms providing services to the Trust or affiliates thereof for the purpose of
promoting good will with employees and others with whom the Trust has business relationships, as well as in other special circumstances. Shares are
offered to other persons at NAV in circumstances where there are economies of selling efforts and sales related expenses with respect to offers to
certain investors.
35
The Funds reserve the right to make payment in securities or
other portfolio investments rather than cash. If a Fund deems it advisable for the benefit of all shareholders that a redemption payment wholly or
partly in-kind would be in the best interests of the Funds remaining shareholders, the Fund may pay redemption proceeds to you in whole or in
part with securities held by the Fund. A redemption-in kind could occur under extraordinary circumstances, such as a very large redemption that could
affect a Funds operations. Securities used to redeem Fund shares will be valued as described in the Funds Prospectus. A Fund is obligated
to redeem shares solely in cash up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of its net assets during any 90-day period for any one shareholder. Redemptions
in-kind may only be made with liquid investments. A shareholder will bear market risk for the securities received as a result of a redemption-in kind
and a shareholder may pay brokerage charges on the sale of any securities received as a result of a redemption-in kind.
COMPUTATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
As described in the Prospectus under the heading How Fund
Share Prices Are Calculated, the NAV of a Funds shares of a particular class is determined by dividing the total value of the Funds
portfolio investments and other assets attributable to that class, less any liabilities, by the total number of shares outstanding of that class. The
Prospectus further notes that Fund shares are valued on each day that the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is open (a Business
Day), and describes the time (the Valuation Time) as of which Fund shares are valued each Business Day. The Trust expects that the
holidays upon which the NYSE will be closed are as follows: New Years Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents Day, Good Friday,
Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day.
Each Funds liabilities are allocated among its share
classes. The total of such liabilities allocated to a class plus that classs distribution and/or servicing fees and any other expenses specially
allocated to that class are then deducted from the classs proportionate interest in the Funds assets, and the resulting amount for each
class is divided by the number of shares of that class outstanding to produce the classs NAV. Under certain circumstances, NAV of classes of
shares of the Funds with higher service and/or distribution fees may be lower than NAV of the classes of shares with lower or no service and/or
distribution fees as a result of the relative daily expense accruals that result from paying different service and/or distribution fees. Generally, for
funds that pay income dividends, those dividends are expected to differ over time by approximately the amount of the expense accrual differential
between a particular Funds classes. In accordance with regulations governing registered investment companies, a Funds transactions in
portfolio securities and purchases and sales of Fund shares (which bear upon the number of Fund shares outstanding) are generally not reflected in the
NAV determined for the Business Day on which the transactions are effected (the trade date), but rather on the following Business Day.
The Board has delegated primary responsibility for determining or
causing to be determined the value of the Funds portfolio securities and other assets (including any fair value pricing) and the Funds NAVs
to the Administrator, pursuant to valuation policies and procedures approved by the Board (the Valuation Procedures). The Administrator
has, in turn, delegated several of these responsibilities to the Custodian, and other agents. The Trustees have established a Pricing and Fair
Valuation Committee to which they have delegated responsibility to officers of the Adviser for overseeing the implementation of the Valuation
Procedures and fair value determinations made on behalf of the Board. As described in the Prospectus, for purposes of calculating NAV, the Funds
investments for which market quotations are readily available are valued at market value. The following summarizes the methods used by the Funds to
determine market values for the noted types of securities or instruments (although other appropriate market-based methods may be used at any time or
from time to time):
Listed equity securities and equity securities listed
on the NASDAQ stock exchange generally are valued at the last sale price on the exchange that is the primary market for such securities (or, if
available in the case of NASDAQ securities, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price (NOCP) . If no sales or closing prices are reported during
the day, equity securities are generally valued at the mean of the last available bid and asked quotations on the exchange or market on which the
security is primarily traded, or using other market information obtained from a quotation reporting system, established market makers or pricing
services. If there is only a bid or only an asked price on such date, valuation will be at such bid or asked price for long or short positions,
respectively. Other over-the-counter equity securities are generally valued at the mean of the last available bid and asked quotations on the exchange
or market on which the security is primarily traded, or using other market information obtained from a quotation reporting system, established market
makers or pricing services. If there is only a bid or only an asked price on such date, valuation will be at such bid or asked price for long or
short positions, respectively.
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Precious metals are valued at the spot price at the time trading
on the NYSE closes (normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time).
Debt securities (except for short-term investments as described
below) for which market quotations are readily available are valued at the mean between the last bid and asked prices received from dealers in the
over-the-counter market in the United States or abroad, except that when no asked price is available, debt securities are valued at the last bid price
alone. Short-term investments having a maturity of 60 days or less are generally valued at amortized cost.
Forward currency contracts are valued at the current cost of
offsetting such contracts. Futures contracts are generally valued at the settlement price determined by the exchange on which the instrument is
primarily traded or, if there were no trades that day for a particular instrument, at the mean of the last available bid and asked quotations on the
market in which the instrument is primarily traded.
Exchange-traded options are generally valued at the mean of the
bid and asked quotations on the exchange at closing. Exchange-traded options also may be valued at their NBBO (national best bid and offer from
participant exchanges) reported by the Options Price Reporting Authority. Over-the-counter options not traded on an exchange are valued at the mean of
the bid and asked quotations. If there is only a bid or only an asked price on such date, valuation will be at such bid or asked price for long or
short options, respectively.
Swap agreements are generally valued using a broker-dealer bid
quotation or on market-based prices provided by approved pricing sources.
Portfolio securities and other assets initially valued in
currencies other than the U.S. dollar are converted to U.S. dollars using exchange rates obtained from pricing services. The value of any investment
that is listed or traded on more than one exchange is based on the exchange or market determined by the Adviser to be the primary trading venue for
that investment. A quotation from the exchange or market deemed by the Adviser to be the secondary trading venue for a particular investment may be
relied upon in instances where a quotation is not available on the primary exchange or market.
As described in the Prospectus, if market quotations are not
readily available (including in cases where available market quotations are deemed to be unreliable), the Funds investments will be valued as
determined in good faith pursuant to the Valuation Procedures (so-called fair value pricing). Fair value pricing may require subjective
determinations about the value of a security or other asset, and fair values used to determine a Funds NAV may differ from quoted or published
prices, or from prices that are used by others, for the same investments. Also, the use of fair value pricing may not always result in adjustments to
the prices of securities or other assets held by a Fund. The Prospectus provides additional information regarding the circumstances in which fair value
pricing may be used and related information.
TAX STATUS
Taxation of the Funds: In General
The following discussion of the U.S. federal income tax
consequences of investment in a Fund is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), U.S. Treasury regulations, and
other applicable authority, as of the date of the preparation of this SAI. These authorities are subject to change by legislative or administrative action, possibly with
retroactive effect. The following discussion is only a summary of some of the important U.S. federal tax considerations generally applicable to
investments in a Fund. There may be other tax considerations applicable to particular shareholders. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors
regarding their particular situation and the possible application of foreign, state and local tax laws.
Each Fund intends to elect to be treated and to qualify each year
as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. In order to qualify for the special tax treatment accorded regulated investment
companies and their shareholders, each Fund must, among other things:
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(a) derive at least 90% of its gross income for each
taxable year from (i) dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock,
securities or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures, or forward contracts) derived with respect
to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies and (ii) net income derived from interests in qualified publicly traded
partnerships (as defined below);
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(b) diversify its holdings so that, at the end of the
quarter of each Funds taxable year, (i) at least 50% of the market value of each Funds total assets consists of cash and cash items, U.S.
government securities, securities of other regulated investment companies, and other securities limited in respect of any one issuer to a value not
greater than 5% of the value of the Funds total assets and not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (ii) not
more than 25% of the value of the Funds total assets is invested (x) in the securities (other than those of the U.S. government or other
regulated investment companies) of any one issuer or of two or more issuers that the Fund controls and that are engaged in the same, similar, or
related trades or businesses, or (y) in the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (as defined below); and
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(c) distribute with respect to each taxable year at
least 90% of the sum of its investment company taxable income (as that term is defined in the Code without regard to the deduction for dividends
paid generally taxable ordinary income and the excess, if any, of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses) and net
tax-exempt interest income, for such year.
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For purposes of the 90% gross income requirement described in (a)
above, income derived from a partnership will be treated as qualifying income only to the extent such income is attributable to items of income of the
partnership which would be qualifying income if realized by the regulated investment company. However, 100% of the net income derived from an interest
in a qualified publicly traded partnership will be treated as qualifying income. A qualified publicly traded partnership is
defined as a partnership (i) interests in which are traded on an established securities market or readily tradable on a secondary market or the
substantial equivalent thereof, (ii) that derives at least 90% of its income from the passive income sources defined in Code section 7704(d), and (iii)
that derives less than 90% of its income from the qualifying income described in (a)(i) above. In addition, although in general the passive loss rules
of the Code do not apply to regulated investment companies, such rules do apply to a regulated investment company with respect to items attributable to
an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership.
Gains from foreign currencies (including foreign currency
options, foreign currency swaps, foreign currency futures and foreign currency forward contracts) currently constitute qualifying income for purposes
of the 90% good income test, described in (a) above. However, the Treasury Department has the authority to issue regulations (possibly with retroactive
effect) excluding from the definition of qualifying income a Funds foreign currency gains to the extent that such income is not
directly related to the Funds principal business of investing in stock or securities.
For purposes of the diversification requirements described in (b)
above, in the case of a Funds investment in loan participations, the Fund shall treat both the financial intermediary and the issuer of the
underlying loan as an issuer. Also, for purposes of (b) above, the term outstanding voting securities of such issuer will include the
equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership.
Each Fund may invest in certain assets that do not give rise to
good income and do not constitute securities for purposes of the regulated investment company qualification tests referred to above. Each
Fund also may invest in other assets, such as various derivative and structured investment products, the status of which as securities for
the above purposes may not be fully settled.
For example, income derived from investing or trading in precious
metals is not qualifying income for purposes of the 90% good income requirement, unless the investment in metals is made for purposes of hedging a
Funds investment in securities of issuers engaged in metals-related businesses, such as mining companies. Also, under an Internal Revenue Service
revenue ruling effective after September 30, 2006, income from certain commodities-linked derivatives is not considered qualifying income for purposes
of the 90% good income test. Although certain commodity-linked notes are not affected by this revenue ruling, it is unclear what other types of
commodity-linked derivatives are affected.
In general, if a Fund qualifies as a regulated investment company
that is accorded special tax treatment, that Fund will not be subject to federal income tax on income distributed in a timely manner to its
shareholders in the form of dividends (including Capital Gain Dividends, as defined below).
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By contrast, if a Fund were to fail to qualify as a regulated
investment company in any taxable year, that Fund would be subject to tax on its taxable income at corporate rates. In addition, all distributions from
earnings and profits, including any distributions of net tax-exempt income and net long-term capital gains, would be taxable to shareholders as
dividend income. Some portions of such distributions may be eligible for the dividends received deduction in the case of corporate shareholders or may
be treated as qualified dividend income to individual shareholders. Finally, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial
taxes and interest and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a regulated investment company.
Each Fund intends to distribute at least annually to its
shareholders all or substantially all of its investment company taxable income (computed without regard to the dividends-paid deduction) and may
distribute its net capital gain. Investment company taxable income that is retained by the Fund will be subject to tax at regular corporate rates. If a
Fund retains any net capital gain, it will be subject to tax at regular corporate rates on the amount retained. However, a Fund may designate the
retained capital gain amount as undistributed capital gains in a notice to its shareholders who (i) will be required to include in income for federal
income tax purposes, as long-term capital gain, their share of such undistributed amount, and (ii) will be entitled to credit their proportionate share
of the tax paid by the Fund on such undistributed amount against their federal income tax liabilities, if any, and to claim refunds on a properly-filed
U.S. tax return to the extent the credit exceeds such liabilities. For federal income tax purposes, the tax basis of shares owned by a shareholder of
the Fund will be increased by an amount equal under current law to the difference between the amount of undistributed capital gains included in the
shareholders gross income and the tax deemed paid by the shareholder under clause (ii) of the preceding sentence.
In determining its net capital gain for Capital Gain Dividend
purposes, a regulated investment company generally must treat any net capital loss or any net long-term capital loss incurred after October 31 as if it
had been incurred in the succeeding year. Treasury regulations permit a regulated investment company, in determining its taxable income, to elect to
treat all or part of any net capital loss, any net long-term capital loss or any foreign currency loss incurred after October 31 as if it had been
incurred in the succeeding year.
If a Fund fails to distribute in a calendar year an amount at
least equal to the sum of 98% of its ordinary income for such year and 98% of its capital gain net income for the one-year period ending October 31 of
such year, plus any retained amount from the prior year, that Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% excise tax on the under-distributed amounts.
For these purposes, a Fund will be treated as having distributed any amount on which it has been subject to corporate income tax in the taxable year
ending within the calendar year. A dividend paid to shareholders in January of a year generally is deemed to have been paid by a Fund on December 31 of
the preceding year, if the dividend was declared and payable to shareholders of record on a date in October, November or December of that preceding
year. Each Fund intends generally to make distributions sufficient to avoid imposition of the 4% excise tax, although there can be no assurance that it
will be able to do so.
Fund Distributions
Except in the case of certain shareholders eligible for
preferential tax treatment,
e.g.
, qualified retirement or pension trusts, shareholders of each Fund generally will be subject to federal income
tax on Fund distributions. Distributions are taxable whether shareholders receive them in cash or reinvest them in additional shares through a dividend
reinvestment plan.
Distributions are taxable to shareholders even if they are paid
from income or gains earned by a Fund before a shareholders investment (and thus were included in the price the shareholder paid for his or her
shares). Such distributions are likely to occur in respect of shares purchased at a time when the Funds NAV reflects gains that are either
unrealized, or realized but not distributed. Such realized gains may be required to be distributed even when a Funds NAV also reflects unrealized
losses.
Distributions by a Fund of investment income generally will be
taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long the Fund owned the investments that
generated them, rather than how long a shareholder has owned his or her shares. Distributions of net capital gains from the sale of investments that
the Fund owned for more than one year and that are properly designated by the Fund as capital gain dividends (Capital Gain Dividends) will
be taxable as long-term capital gains. Distributions from capital gains are generally made after applying any available capital loss carryovers.
Long-term capital gain rates applicable to individuals have been temporarily reduced in general, to 15% with lower rates applying to
taxpayers in the 10% and 15% rate brackets for taxable years beginning before January 1, 20 13 . Distributions of gains from the sale of
investments that the Fund owned for one year or less will be taxable as ordinary income.
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For taxable years beginning before January 1, 20 13 , distributions
of investment income designated by a Fund as derived from qualified dividend income will be taxed in the hands of individuals at the rates
applicable to long-term capital gain, provided that both the shareholder and the Fund meet certain holding period and other requirements. Specifically,
in order for some portion of the dividends received by a Fund shareholder to be qualified dividend income, the Fund must meet certain
holding period and other requirements with respect to some portion of the dividend-paying stocks in its portfolio and the shareholder must meet certain
holding period and other requirements with respect to the Funds shares. A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income (at either
the Fund or shareholder level) (1) if the dividend is received with respect to any share of stock held for fewer than 61 days during the 121-day period
beginning on the date which is 60 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend (or, in the case of
certain preferred stock, 91 days during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before such date), (2) to the extent that the recipient is under an
obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related
property, (3) if the recipient elects to have the dividend income treated as investment income for purposes of the limitation on deductibility of
investment interest, or (4) if the dividend is received from a foreign corporation that is (a) not eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income
tax treaty with the United States (with the exception of dividends paid on stock of such a foreign corporation that is readily tradable on an
established securities market in the United States) or (b) treated as a passive foreign investment company.
In general, distributions of investment income designated by the
Fund as derived from qualified dividend income will be treated as qualified dividend income by a shareholder taxed as an individual, provided the
shareholder meets the holding period and other requirements described above with respect to the Funds shares. If the aggregate qualified
dividends received by the Fund during any taxable year are 95% or more of its gross income (excluding net long-term capital gain over net short-term
capital loss), then 100% of the Funds dividends (other than dividends properly designated as Capital Gain Dividends) will be eligible to be
treated as qualified dividend income.
Unless further legislative action is taken, the maximum long-term
capital gain rate will increase to 20%, and qualified dividend income will be taxable at ordinary income tax rates, in taxable years beginning on or
after January 1, 20 13 .
Dividends of net investment income received by corporate
shareholders of each Fund will qualify for the 70% dividends received deduction generally available to corporations to the extent of the amount of
qualifying dividends received by the Fund from domestic corporations for the taxable year. A dividend received by a Fund will not be treated as a
qualifying dividend (1) if the stock on which the dividend is paid is considered to be debt-financed (generally, acquired with borrowed
funds), (2) if it has been received with respect to any share of stock that the Fund has held for less than 46 days during the 91-day period beginning
on the date which is 45 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend (less than 91 days during the
181-day period beginning 90 days before such date in the case of certain preferred stock) or (3) to the extent that the Fund is under an obligation
(pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. Moreover, the
dividends received deduction may be disallowed or reduced (1) if the corporate shareholder fails to satisfy the foregoing requirements with respect to
its shares of the Fund or (2) otherwise by application of the Code.
A portion of the interest paid or accrued on certain high yield
discount obligations owned by a Fund may be treated as a dividend for purposes of the corporate dividends received deduction. In such cases, if the
issuer of the high yield discount obligations is a domestic corporation, dividend payments by the Fund may be eligible for the dividends received
deduction to the extent of the deemed dividend portion of such accrued interest.
If a Fund makes a distribution to a shareholder in excess of the
Funds current and accumulated earnings and profits in any taxable year, the excess distribution will be treated as a return of capital to the
extent of such shareholders tax basis in its shares, and thereafter as capital gain. A return of capital is not taxable, but it reduces a
shareholders tax basis in its shares, thus reducing any loss or increasing any gain on a subsequent taxable disposition by the shareholder of its
shares.
An investor should also be aware that the benefits of the reduced
tax rate applicable to long-term capital gains and qualified dividend income may be impacted by the application of the alternative minimum tax to
individual shareholders.
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Under legislation enacted in 2010, effective for tax years
beginning after December 31, 2012, certain net investment income received by an individual having modified adjusted gross income in excess of $200,000
(or $250,000 for married individuals filing jointly) will be subject to a tax of 3.8%. Undistributed net investment income of trusts and estates in
excess of a specified amount will also be subject to this tax. Dividends paid by a Fund will constitute investment income of the type subject to this
tax.
Sales, Redemptions, and Exchanges
The sale, exchange or redemption of Fund shares may give rise to
a gain or loss. In general, any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of shares will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the
shares have been held for more than 12 months. Otherwise, the gain or loss on a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be treated as short-term
capital gain or loss. However, any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather
than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by the shareholder with respect to the shares.
All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if other substantially identical shares of the Fund
are purchased within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the
disallowed loss.
Foreign Taxes and Investments
.
Income received by a Fund from sources within foreign countries
may be subject to withholding and other taxes imposed by such countries. Tax treaties between certain countries and the U.S. may reduce or eliminate
such taxes. If more than 50% of a Funds assets at year end consist of the securities of foreign corporations, the Fund may elect to permit
shareholders to claim a credit or deduction on their income tax returns for their pro rata portions of qualified taxes paid by the Fund to foreign
countries in respect of foreign securities that the Fund has held for at least the minimum period specified in the Code. In such a case, shareholders
will include in gross income from foreign sources their pro rata share of such taxes. A shareholders ability to claim a foreign tax credit or
deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by a Fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in the
shareholders not getting a full credit or deduction for the amount of such taxes. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax
returns may claim a credit (but not a deduction) for such foreign taxes.
A Fund may invest in one or more passive foreign investment
companies (PFICs). A PFIC is generally any foreign corporation if, for any year in the Funds holding period, (i) 75 percent or
more of the income of the corporation is passive income, or (ii) at least 50 percent of the assets of the corporation (generally by value, but by
adjusted tax basis in certain cases) produce or are held for the production of passive income. Generally, passive income for this purpose means
dividends, interest (including income equivalent to interest), royalties, rents, annuities, the excess of gain over losses from certain property
transactions and commodities transactions, and foreign currency gains.
Investments by a Fund in a PFIC could potentially subject the
Fund to a U.S. federal income tax (including interest charges) on distributions received from the PFIC or on proceeds received from the disposition of
shares in the PFIC. This tax cannot be eliminated by making distributions to Fund shareholders. However, a Fund may make elections to avoid the
imposition of such taxes. For example, a Fund may be able to elect to treat a PFIC as a qualified electing fund (i.e., make a QEF
election), in which case the Fund will be required to include its share of the PFICs income and net capital gains annually, regardless of
whether it receives any distribution from the PFIC. A Fund also may make an election to mark the gains (and to a limited extent losses) in a PFIC
to the market as though it had sold and repurchased its holdings in the PFIC on the last day of the Funds taxable year. Such gains
and losses are treated as ordinary income and loss. The QEF and mark-to-market elections may accelerate the recognition of income by the Fund (without
the receipt of cash) and increase the amount required to be distributed by the Fund to avoid taxation. Making either of these elections therefore may
require the Fund to liquidate other investments (including when it is not advantageous to do so) to meet its distribution requirement, which also may
accelerate the recognition of gain and affect the Funds total return. Dividends paid by PFICs will not be eligible to be treated as
qualified dividend income.
Finally, a Funds transactions in foreign currencies,
foreign currency-denominated debt obligations and certain foreign currency options, futures contracts and forward contracts (and similar instruments)
may give rise to ordinary income or loss to the extent such income or loss results from fluctuations in the value of the foreign currency
concerned.
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Certain Investments in Debt
Obligations
If a Fund purchases a debt obligation with acquisition discount
or original issue discount (OID), the Fund may be required to include the acquisition discount or OID in income over the term of the debt
security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, usually when the debt security matures. A Fund may make one or more of
the elections applicable to debt obligations having acquisition discount or OID, which could affect the character and timing of recognition of income
by the Fund. The Fund may be required to pay out as an income distribution each year an amount which is greater than the total amount of cash interest
the Fund actually received. Such distributions may be made from the cash assets of the Fund or by liquidation of portfolio securities, if necessary.
The Fund may realize gains or losses from such liquidations. In the event the Fund realizes net capital gains from such transactions, its shareholders
may receive a larger distributions than they would in the absence of such transactions.
Payment-in-kind securities will also give rise to income which is
required to be distributed even though the Fund holding the security receives no interest payment in cash on the security during the year. In addition,
investments in certain ETNs may accrue interest which is required to be distributed to shareholders, even though the Fund may not receive any interest
payment in cash on the security during the year.
Investments in debt obligations that are in the lowest rating
categories or are unrated, including debt obligations of issuers at risk of or in default present special tax issues for the Fund. Tax rules are not
entirely clear about issues such as when the Fund may cease to accrue interest, OID or market discount, when and to what extent deductions may be taken
for bad debts or worthless securities and how payments received on obligations in default should be allocated between principal and interest. These and
other related issues will be addressed by each Fund when, as and if it invests in such securities, in order to seek to ensure that it distributes
sufficient income to preserve its status as a regulated investment company and does not become subject to U.S. federal income or excise
tax.
Derivative Transactions
If a Fund engages in derivative transactions, including
transactions in options, futures contracts, forward contracts, swap agreements, foreign currencies and straddles, other Section 1256 contracts or other
similar transactions, including for hedging purposes, it will be subject to special tax rules (including mark-to-market, constructive sale, straddle,
wash sale and short sale rules), the effect of which may be to accelerate income to the Fund, defer losses to the Fund, cause adjustments in the
holding periods of the Funds securities, convert long-term capital gains into short-term capital gains and convert short-term capital losses into
long-term capital losses. These rules could therefore affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders.
A Funds transactions in foreign currency-denominated debt
instruments and certain of its derivative activities may produce a difference between its book income and its taxable income. If the Funds book
income exceeds its taxable income, the distribution (if any) of such excess generally will be treated as (i) a dividend to the extent of the
Funds remaining earnings and profits (including earnings and profits arising from tax-exempt income), (ii) thereafter, as a return of capital to
the extent of the recipients basis in its shares, and (iii) thereafter, as gain from the sale or exchange of a capital asset. If the Funds
book income is less than the sum of its taxable income and net tax-exempt income (if any), the Fund could be required to make distributions exceeding
book income to qualify as a regulated investment company and to eliminate fund-level income tax.
Certain Investments in Real Estate Investment
Trusts.
If a Fund invests in equity securities of real estate investment
trusts (REITs), such investments may require the Fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. In order to generate sufficient
cash to make the requisite distributions, a Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio (including when it is not advantageous to do so)
that it otherwise would have continued to hold. A Funds investment in REIT equity securities may at other times result in the Funds receipt
of cash in excess of the REITs earnings. If a Fund distributes such amounts, such distribution could constitute a return of capital to the
Funds shareholders for federal income tax purposes. Dividends received by a Fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend
income.
A Fund may invest directly or indirectly in residual interests in
real estate mortgage investment conduits (REMICs) or equity interests in taxable mortgage pools (TMPs) or REITs that invest in
TMPs. Under a notice issued by the IRS and Treasury regulations that have not yet been issued, but may apply retroactively, a portion of a Funds
income (including income allocated to the Fund from a REIT or other pass-through entity) that is attributable
42
to a residual interest in a REMIC or an equity interest in a TMP (referred to in
the Code as an excess inclusion) will be subject to federal income tax in all events. This notice also provides, and the regulations are
expected to provide, that excess inclusion income of a regulated investment company, such as the Funds, will be allocated to shareholders of the
regulated investment company in proportion to the dividends received by such shareholders, with the same consequences as if the shareholders held the
related interest directly. As a result, a Fund investing in such interests may not be a suitable investment for certain tax-exempt shareholders, as
discussed under
Tax-Exempt Shareholders
below.
In general, excess inclusion income allocated to shareholders (i) cannot be offset by net operating losses (subject to a limited exception for
certain thrift institutions), (ii) will constitute unrelated business taxable income (UBTI) to entities (including a qualified pension
plan, an individual retirement account, a 401(k) plan, a Keogh plan or other tax-exempt entity) subject to tax on unrelated business income, thereby
potentially requiring such an entity that is allocated excess inclusion income, and otherwise might not be required to file a tax return, to file a tax
return and pay tax on such income, and (iii) in the case of a non-U.S. shareholder, will not qualify for any reduction in U.S. federal withholding
tax.
Tax-Exempt Shareholders
Under current law, the Funds generally serve to block (that is, prevent the attribution to shareholders of) UBTI from being
realized by tax-exempt shareholders. Notwithstanding this blocking effect, a tax-exempt shareholder of a Fund could realize UBTI by virtue
of its investment in a Fund if shares in that Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of
Code Section 514(b). A tax-exempt shareholder also may recognize UBTI if a Fund recognizes excess inclusion income derived from direct or
indirect investments in residual interests in REMICS or equity interests in TMPs (as described above). Any investment by a Fund in residual interests
of a Collateralized Mortgage Obligation (a CMO) that has elected to be treated as a REMIC can create complex tax problems, especially if
the Fund has state or local governments or other tax-exempt organizations as shareholders.
In addition, special tax consequences apply to charitable remainder trusts (CRTs) that invest in regulated investment companies
that invest directly or indirectly in residual interests in REMICs or equity interests in TMPs. Under legislation enacted in December 2006, a CRT, as
defined in section 664 of the Code, that realizes UBTI for a taxable year must pay an excise tax annually of an amount equal to such UBTI. Under IRS
guidance issued in November 2006, a CRT will not recognize UBTI solely as a result of investing in a Fund that recognizes excess inclusion
income (which is described earlier). Rather, as described above, if at any time during any taxable year a CRT (or one of certain other tax-exempt
shareholders, such as the United States, a state or political subdivision, or an agency or instrumentality thereof, and certain energy cooperatives) is
a record holder of a share in a Fund that recognizes excess inclusion income, then such Fund will be subject to a tax on that portion of
its excess inclusion income for the taxable year that is allocable to such shareholders at the highest federal corporate income tax rate.
The extent to which the IRS guidance in respect of CRTs remains applicable in light of the December 2006 CRT legislation is unclear. To the extent
permitted under the 1940 Act, the Funds may elect to allocate any such tax specifically to the applicable CRT, or other shareholder, and thus reduce
such shareholders distributions for the year by the amount of the tax that relates to such shareholders interest in the Fund. CRTs are
urged to consult their tax advisors concerning the consequences of investing in a Fund.
Backup Withholding
Each Fund generally is required to withhold and remit to the U.S.
Treasury a percentage of the taxable distributions and redemption proceeds paid to any individual shareholder who fails to properly furnish the Fund
with a correct taxpayer identification number (TIN), who has under-reported dividend or interest income, or who fails to certify to the
Fund that he or she is not subject to such withholding. The backup withholding tax rate is 28% for amounts paid through 20 12 . This rate will expire,
and the backup withholding tax rate will be 31% for amounts paid after December 31, 20 12 , unless Congress enacts legislation providing
otherwise.
Non-U.S. Shareholders
.
In general, dividends (other than capital gain dividends) paid by a Fund to a shareholder that is not a U.S. person within the
meaning of the Code (such shareholder, a foreign person) are subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30 percent (or
lower applicable treaty rate) even if they are funded by income or gains (such as portfolio interest, short-term capital gains, or foreign-source
dividend and interest income) that, if paid to a
43
foreign person directly, would not be subject to
withholding.
Beginning in 2013, withholding will be imposed on all
distributions, redemptions and proceeds from sales of Fund shares payable to shareholders that are non-U.S. entities, unless certain disclosures are
made by such non-U.S. entities as to any of their direct and indirect U.S. owners.
Under U.S. federal tax law, a beneficial holder of shares who is
a foreign person is not, in general, subject to U.S. federal income tax on gains (and is not allowed a deduction for losses) realized on the sale of
shares of a Fund or on Capital Gain Dividends unless (i) such gain or Capital Gain Dividend is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or
business carried on by such holder within the United States or (ii) in the case of an individual holder, the holder is present in the United States for
a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the sale or Capital Gain Dividend and certain other conditions are met. If a
shareholder is eligible for the benefits of a tax treaty, any effectively connected income or gain will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax
on a net basis only if it is also attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by the shareholder in the United States.
In order for a foreign investor to qualify for an exemption from
the backup withholding, the foreign investor must comply with special certification and filing requirements. Foreign investors in the Fund should
consult their tax advisers in this regard. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld may be credited against the
shareholders U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the appropriate information is furnished to the Internal Revenue
Service.
A beneficial holder of shares who is a foreign person may be
subject to state and local tax and to the U.S. federal estate tax in addition to the federal tax on income referred to above.
Tax Deferred Plans
Special tax rules apply to investments through defined
contribution plans and other tax-qualified plans. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers to determine the suitability of shares of a Fund as an
investment through such plans and the precise effect of such an investment on their particular tax situation.
Tax Shelter Reporting
Under Treasury regulations, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of
$2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the Internal
Revenue Service a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting
requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a regulated investment company are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current
exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all regulated investment companies. The fact that a loss is reportable under these
regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayers treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their
tax advisers to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
Shareholders should consult their own tax advisers as to the
state or local tax consequences of investing in a Fund.
PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS AND BROKERAGE
Investment Decisions and Portfolio
Transactions
Investment decisions for the Funds are made with a view to achieving their respective investment objectives. Investment decisions are the
product of many factors in addition to basic suitability for the particular client involved (including the Funds). Some securities considered for
investment by the Funds also may be appropriate for other clients served by the Adviser. Thus, a particular security may be bought or sold for certain
clients even though it could have been bought or sold for other clients at the same time. If a purchase or sale of securities consistent with the
investment policies of a Fund and one or more of these clients is considered at or about the same time, transactions in such securities will be
allocated among the Fund and clients in a manner deemed fair and reasonable by the Adviser. Particularly when investing in less liquid or illiquid
securities of smaller capitalization companies, such allocation may take into account the asset size of a Fund in determining whether the allocation of
an investment is suitable. The Adviser may aggregate orders for the Funds with simultaneous transactions entered into on behalf of its other clients so
long as price and transaction expenses are averaged either for the portfolio transaction or for that day. Likewise, a particular security may be bought
for one or more clients when one or more clients are selling the
44
security. In some instances, one client may sell a particular
security to another client. It also sometimes happens that two or more clients simultaneously purchase or sell the same security, in which event each
days transactions in such security are, insofar as possible, averaged as to price and allocated between such clients in a manner which in the
Advisers opinion is equitable to each and in accordance with the amount being purchased or sold by each. There may be circumstances when
purchases or sales of portfolio securities for one or more clients will have an adverse effect on other clients, including the Funds.
Brokerage and Research Services
There is generally no stated commission in the case of securities
traded on a principal basis in the over-the-counter markets, but the price paid by the Funds usually includes an undisclosed dealer commission or
markup. In underwritten offerings, the price paid by the Funds includes a disclosed, fixed commission or discount retained by the underwriter or
dealer. Transactions on U.S. stock exchanges and other agency transactions involve the payment by the Funds of negotiated brokerage commissions. Such
commissions vary among different brokers. Also, a particular broker may charge different commissions according to such factors as the difficulty and
size of the transaction. Transactions in non-U.S. securities generally involve the payment of fixed brokerage commissions, which are generally higher
than those in the United States. The purchase by a Fund of participations or assignments may be pursuant to privately negotiated transactions pursuant
to which a Fund may by required to pay fees to the seller or forego a portion of payments in respect of the participation agreement.
The Adviser places orders for the purchase and sale of portfolio
securities, options and futures contracts and buys and sells such securities, options and futures for a Fund through a substantial number of brokers
and dealers. In so doing, the Adviser uses its best efforts to obtain for the Fund the most favorable price and execution available, except to the
extent it may be permitted to pay higher brokerage commissions as described below. In seeking the most favorable price and execution, the Adviser,
having in mind a Funds best interests, considers all factors it deems relevant, including, by way of illustration, price, the size of the
transaction, the nature of the market for the security, the amount of the commission, the timing of the transaction taking into account market prices
and trends, the reputation, experience and financial stability of the broker-dealer involved and the quality of service rendered by the broker-dealer
in that or other transactions.
The Adviser places orders for the purchase and sale of portfolio
investments for a Funds accounts with brokers or dealers selected by it in its discretion. In effecting purchases and sales of portfolio
securities for the accounts of the Funds, the Adviser will seek the best price and execution of the Funds orders. In doing so, a Fund may pay
higher commission rates than the lowest available when the Adviser believes it is reasonable to do so in light of the value of the brokerage and
research services provided by the broker effecting the transaction, as discussed below. Although the Funds may use a broker-dealer that sells Fund
shares to effect transactions for the Funds portfolios, the Funds will not consider the sale of Fund shares as a factor when selecting
broker-dealers to execute those transactions.
It has for many years been a common practice in the investment
advisory business for advisers of investment companies and other institutional investors to receive research and brokerage products and services
(together, services) from broker-dealers which execute portfolio transactions for the clients of such advisers. Consistent with this
practice, the Adviser receives services from many broker-dealers with which the Adviser places the Funds portfolio transactions. These services,
which in some cases also may be purchased for cash, may include, among other things, such items as general economic and security market reviews,
industry and company reviews, evaluations of securities, recommendations as to the purchase and sale of securities, and services related to the
execution of securities transactions. The advisory fees paid by the Funds are not reduced because the Adviser receives such services even though the
receipt of such services relieves the Adviser from expenses they might otherwise bear. Research and brokerage services provided by broker-dealers
chosen by the Adviser to place the Funds portfolio transactions may be useful to the Adviser in providing services to the Advisers other
clients, although not all of these services may be necessarily useful and of value to the Adviser in managing the Funds. Conversely, research and
brokerage services provided to the Adviser by broker-dealers in connection with trades executed on behalf of other clients of the Adviser may be useful
to the Adviser in managing the Funds, although not all of these services may be necessarily useful and of value to the Adviser in managing such other
clients.
In reliance on the safe harbor provided by Section
28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the 1934 Act), the Adviser may cause a Fund to pay a broker-dealer which provides
brokerage and research services (as defined for purposes of Section 28(e)) to the Adviser an amount of commission for effecting a
securities transaction for the Fund in excess of the commission which another broker-dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction if the
Adviser determines in good faith that the commission is reasonable in relation to the
45
value of the brokerage and research services provided by the
broker-dealer viewed in terms of either a particular transaction or the Advisers overall responsibilities to the advisory accounts for which it
exercises investment discretion.
The Adviser may place orders for the purchase and sale of
exchange-listed portfolio securities with a broker-dealer that is an affiliate of the Adviser where, in the judgment of the Adviser, such firm will be
able to obtain a price and execution at least as favorable as other qualified broker-dealers. Pursuant to rules of the SEC, a broker-dealer that is an
affiliate of the Adviser may receive and retain compensation for effecting portfolio transactions for a Fund on a securities exchange if the
commissions paid to such an affiliated broker-dealer by a Fund on exchange transactions do not exceed usual and customary brokerage
commissions. The rules define usual and customary commissions to include amounts which are reasonable and fair compared to the
commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar
securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.
The table below shows information on brokerage commissions paid
by each Fund for the periods indicated, all of which were paid to entities that are not affiliated with the Funds or Adviser. (Each Fund commenced
operations on October 1, 2008.)
Fund
|
|
|
|
Fiscal Year Ended
September 30, 2009
|
|
Fiscal Year Ended
September 30, 2010
|
Worldwide
Fund
|
|
|
|
$2,352,647
|
|
$5,570,021
|
International
Fund
|
|
|
|
$524,005
|
|
$1,366,208
|
Regular Broker Dealers
. Each Fund is required to identify
the securities of its regular brokers or dealers (as defined in Rule 10b-1 under the 1940 Act) or their parent companies held by the Fund as of the
close of their most recent fiscal year and state the value of such holdings. As of September 30, 2010, the Funds did not hold any securities of their
respective regular brokers or dealers or their parent companies.
DESCRIPTION OF THE TRUST
The Declaration of Trust permits the Trustees to issue an
unlimited number of full and fractional shares of each series. Each share of each Fund represents an equal proportionate interest in such Fund with
each other share of that Fund and is entitled to a proportionate interest in the dividends and distributions from that Fund. The Declaration of Trust
further permits the Board to divide the shares of each series into any number of separate classes, each having such rights and preferences relative to
other classes of the same series as the Board may determine. When you invest in a Fund, you acquire freely transferable shares of beneficial interest
that entitle you to receive dividends as determined by the Board and to cast a vote for each share you own at shareholder meetings. The shares of each
Fund do not have any preemptive rights. Upon termination of either Fund, whether pursuant to liquidation of the Trust or otherwise, shareholders of
each class of that Fund are entitled to share pro rata in the net assets attributable to that class of shares of that Fund available for distribution
to shareholders. The Declaration of Trust also permits the Board to charge shareholders directly for custodial, transfer agency, and servicing
expenses.
Shares of each Fund are currently divided into three classes,
designated Class A, Class C and Class I Shares.
The assets received by each class of a Fund for the issue or sale
of its shares and all income, earnings, profits, losses and proceeds therefrom, subject only to the rights of creditors, are allocated to, and
constitute the underlying assets of, that class of the Fund. The underlying assets of each class of a Fund are segregated and are charged with the
expenses with respect to that class of the Fund and with a share of the general expenses of the relevant Fund and Trust. Any general expenses of the
Trust that are not readily identifiable as belonging to a particular class of a Fund are allocated by or under the direction of the Trustees in such
manner as the Trustees determine to be fair and equitable. While the expenses of the Trust are allocated to the separate books of account of each Fund,
certain expenses may be legally chargeable against the assets of all of the Funds in a Trust.
The Declaration of Trust also permits the Board, without
shareholder approval, to subdivide either Fund or series or class of shares into various sub-series or sub-classes with such dividend preferences and
other rights as the Trustees may designate. The Board also may, without shareholder approval, establish one or more additional series or classes or
merge two or more existing series or classes without shareholder approval. Shareholders investments in such an additional or merged series would
be evidenced by a separate series of shares (
i.e.
, a new Fund).
46
The Declaration of Trust provides for the perpetual existence of
the Trust. The Trust or either Fund, however, may be terminated at any time by vote of at least two thirds of the outstanding shares of each Fund
affected. Similarly, any class within a Fund may be terminated by vote of at least two thirds of the outstanding shares of such class. The Declaration
of Trust further provides that the Board also may without shareholder approval terminate the relevant Trust or Fund upon written notice to its
shareholders.
Voting Rights.
Shareholders of both Funds are entitled to
one vote for each full share held (with fractional votes for each fractional share held) and may vote (to the extent provided therein) on the election
of Trustees and the termination of the Trust and on other matters submitted to the vote of shareholders.
All classes of shares of the Funds have identical voting rights
except that each class of shares has exclusive voting rights on any matter submitted to shareholders that relates solely to that class, and has
separate voting rights on any matter submitted to shareholders in which the interests of one class differ from the interests of any other class. Each
class of shares has exclusive voting rights with respect to matters pertaining to any distribution or servicing plan or agreement applicable to that
class. Matters submitted to shareholder vote will be approved by each series separately except (i) when required by the 1940 Act, shares shall be voted
together and (ii) when the matter does not affect all series, then only shareholders of the series affected shall be entitled to vote on the matter.
Consistent with the current position of the SEC, shareholders of all series and classes vote together, irrespective of series or class, on the election
of Trustees and the selection of the Trusts independent registered public accounting firm, but shareholders of each series vote separately on
most other matters requiring shareholder approval, such as certain changes in investment policies of that series or the approval of the investment
advisory and any subadvisory agreement relating to that series, and shareholders of each class within a series vote separately as to the Rule 12b-1
plan (if any) relating to that class.
There will normally be no meetings of shareholders for the
purpose of electing Trustees, except that, in accordance with the 1940 Act, (i) a Trust will hold a shareholders meeting for the election of
Trustees at such time as less than a majority of the Trustees holding office have been elected by shareholders, and (ii) if there is a vacancy on the
Board, such vacancy may be filled only by a vote of the shareholders unless, after filling such vacancy by other means, at least two-thirds of the
Trustees holding office shall have been elected by the shareholders. In addition, Trustees may be removed from office by a written consent signed by
the holders of two-thirds of the outstanding shares and filed with a Trusts custodian or by a vote of the holders of two-thirds of the
outstanding shares at a meeting duly called for that purpose.
Except as set forth above, the Trustees shall continue to hold
office and may appoint successor Trustees. Shareholder voting rights are not cumulative.
The affirmative vote of a majority of shares of the Trust voted
(assuming a quorum is present in person or by proxy) is required to amend the Declaration of Trust if such amendment (1) affects the power of
shareholders to vote, (2) amends the section of the relevant Declaration of Trust governing amendments, (3) is one for which a vote is required by law
or by the Trusts registration statement or (4) is submitted to the shareholders by the Trustees. If one or more new series of a Trust is
established and designated by the Trustees, the shareholders having beneficial interests in the Funds shall not be entitled to vote on matters
exclusively affecting such new series, such matters including, without limitation, the adoption of or any change in the investment objectives, policies
or restrictions of the new series and the approval of the investment advisory contracts of the new series. Similarly, the shareholders of the new
series shall not be entitled to vote on any such matters as they affect the other Funds.
Shareholder and Trustee Liability.
Under Massachusetts
law, shareholders could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust. However, the Declaration of Trust
disclaims shareholder liability for acts or obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation
or instrument entered into or executed by the Trust or the Trustees. The Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of each Funds
property for all loss and expense of any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Fund by reason of owning shares of such Fund.
Thus, the risk of a shareholder incurring financial loss on account of shareholder liability is considered remote since it is limited to circumstances
in which the disclaimer is inoperative and a Fund itself would be unable to meet its obligations.
The Declaration of Trust further provides that the Board will not
be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust protects a Trustee against any liability to
which the Trustee would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved
in the conduct of his or her office. The Declaration of Trust of the Trust provides for indemnification
47
by the Trust of Trustees and officers of the Trust, except
with respect to any matter as to which any such person did not act in good faith in the reasonable belief that his or her action was in the best
interests of the Trust. Such persons may not be indemnified against any liability to the Trust or the Trusts shareholders to whom he or she would
otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his
or her office.
Redemptions at the Option of the Trust
. The Trust shall
have the right at its option and at any time to redeem shares of any shareholder at the NAV thereof: (i) if at such time such shareholder owns shares
of any series or class having an aggregate NAV of less than an amount determined from time to time by the Trustees; (ii) to the extent that such
shareholder owns shares equal to or in excess of a percentage determined from time to time by the Trustees of the outstanding shares of the Trust or of
any series or class; (iii) if the Trustees determine that such shareholder is engaging in conduct that is harmful to the Trust or any series or class;
or (iv) if the Trustees otherwise determine such redemption to be necessary or appropriate.
SECURITIES RATINGS
The rating of a rating service represents the services
opinion as to the credit quality of the security being rated. However, the ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality or guarantees
as to the creditworthiness of an issuer. Consequently, the Adviser believes that the quality of debt securities in which a Fund invests should be
continuously reviewed. A rating is not a recommendation to purchase, sell or hold a security, because it does not take into account market value or
suitability for a particular investor. When a security has received a rating from more than one service, each rating should be evaluated independently.
Ratings are based on current information furnished by the issuer or obtained by the ratings services from other sources, which they consider reliable.
Ratings may be changed, suspended or withdrawn as a result of changes in or unavailability of such information, or for other reasons.
The following is a description of the characteristics of ratings
used by Moodys and Standard & Poors.
Moodys Ratings
Aaa
Bonds rated Aaa are
judged to be the best quality. They carry the smallest degree of investment risk and are generally referred to as giltedge. Interest
payments are protected by a large or by an exceptionally stable margin and principal is secure. Although the various protective elements are likely to
change, such changes as can be visualized are most unlikely to impair the fundamentally strong position of such bonds.
Aa
Bonds rated Aa are
judged to be high quality by all standards. Together with the Aaa group they comprise what are generally known as high grade bonds. They are rated
lower than the best bonds because margins of protection may not be as large as in Aaa bonds or fluctuation of protective elements may be of greater
amplitude or there may be other elements present which make the long-term risk appear somewhat larger than in Aaa bonds.
A
Bonds rated A possess
many favorable investment attributes and are to be considered as upper medium grade obligations. Factors giving security to principal and interest are
considered adequate but elements may be present which suggest a susceptibility to impairment sometime in the future.
Baa
Bonds rated Baa are
considered as medium grade obligations, i.e., they are neither highly protected nor poorly secured. Interest payments and principal security appear
adequate for the present but certain protective elements may be lacking or may be characteristically unreliable over any great length of time. Such
bonds lack outstanding investment characteristics and in fact have speculative characteristics as well.
Ba
Bonds rated Ba are
judged to have speculative elements; their future cannot be considered as well assured. Often the protection of interest and principal payments may be
very moderate and thereby not well safeguarded during both good and bad times over the future. Uncertainty of position characterizes bonds in this
class.
B
Bonds rated B generally
lack characteristics of the desirable investment. Assurance of interest and principal payments or of maintenance of other terms of the contract over
any long period of time may be small.
Caa
Bonds rated Caa are of
poor standing. Such bonds may be in default or there may be present elements of danger with respect to principal or interest.
48
Ca
Bonds rated Ca represent
obligations which are speculative in a high degree. Such bonds are often in default or have other marked shortcomings.
Standard & Poors Ratings
AAA
Bonds rated AAA have
the highest rating. Capacity to pay principal and interest is extremely strong.
AA
Bonds rated AA have a
very strong capacity to pay principal and interest and differ from AAA bonds only in small degree.
A
Bonds rated A have a
strong capacity to pay principal and interest, although they are somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and
economic conditions than bonds in higher rated categories.
BBB
Bonds rated BBB are
regarded as having an adequate capacity to pay principal and interest. Whereas they normally exhibit protection parameters, adverse economic conditions
or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity to pay principal and interest for bonds in this capacity than for bonds in
higher rated categories.
BBBCCCCCBonds A-1A-rated BB, B, CCC and CC
are regarded, on balance, as predominantly speculative with
respect to the issuers capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligation.
BB
indicates the lowest degree
of speculation among such bonds and CC the highest degree of speculation. Although such bonds will likely have some quality and protective
characteristics, these are outweighed by large uncertainties or major risk exposures to adverse conditions.
49
APPENDIX A
PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND
PROCEDURES
The Board of Trustees of the Funds has delegated the authority to
develop policies and procedures relating to proxy voting to the Adviser. The Adviser has adopted a set of proxy voting policies and procedures (the
Policies) to ensure that the Adviser votes proxies relating to equity securities in the best interest of clients.
In voting proxies, the Adviser is guided by general fiduciary
principles and seeks to act prudently and solely in the best interest of clients. The Adviser attempts to consider all factors that could affect the
value of the investment and will vote proxies in the manner that it believes will be consistent with efforts to maximize shareholder values. The
Adviser may utilize an external service provider to provide it with information and/or a recommendation with regard to proxy votes. However, such
recommendations do not relieve the Adviser of its responsibility for the proxy vote.
In the case of a proxy issue for which there is a stated position
in the Policies, the Adviser generally votes in accordance with such stated position. In the case of a proxy issue for which there is a list of factors
set forth in the Policies that the Adviser considers in voting on such issue, the Adviser votes on a case-by-case basis in accordance with the general
principles set forth above and considering such enumerated factors. In the case of a proxy issue for which there is no stated position or list of
factors that the Adviser considers in voting on such issue, the Adviser votes on a case-by-case basis in accordance with the general principles set
forth above. Issues for which there is a stated position set forth in the Policies or for which there is a list of factors set forth in the Policies
that the Adviser considers in voting on such issues fall into a variety of categories, including election of trustees, ratification of auditors, proxy
and tender offer defenses, capital structure issues, executive and trustee compensation, mergers and corporate restructurings, and social and
environmental issues. The stated position on an issue set forth in the Policies can always be superseded, subject to the duty to act solely in the best
interest of the beneficial owners of accounts, by the investment management professionals responsible for the account whose shares are being voted.
Issues applicable to a particular industry may cause the Adviser to abandon a policy that would have otherwise applied to issuers generally. The
Advisers policy is to vote all proxies from a specific issuer in the same way for each client absent qualifying restrictions from the
client.
In furtherance of the Advisers goal to vote proxies in the
best interest of clients, the Adviser follows procedures designed to identify and address material conflicts that may arise between the Advisers
interests and those of its clients before voting proxies on behalf of such clients. To seek to identify conflicts of interest, the Adviser reviews its
relationship with the issuer of each security to determine if the Adviser or any of its employees has any financial, business or personal relationship
with the issuer. The Adviser is also sensitive to the fact that a significant, publicized relationship between an issuer and a non- affiliate might
appear to the public to influence the manner in which the Adviser decides to vote a proxy with respect to such issuer.
The Advisers CCO reviews and addresses conflicts of
interest brought to her attention. A proxy issue that will be voted in accordance with a stated position on an issue or in accordance with the
recommendation of an independent third party is not brought to the attention of the CCO for a conflict of interest review because the Advisers
position is that to the extent a conflict of interest issue exists, it is resolved by voting in accordance with a pre-determined policy or in
accordance with the recommendation of an independent third party. With respect to a conflict of interest brought to its attention, the CCO first
determines whether such conflict of interest is material. A conflict of interest is considered material to the extent that it is determined that such
conflict is likely to influence, or appear to influence, the Advisers decision-making in voting proxies.
If it is determined by the CCO that a conflict of interest is not
material, the Adviser may vote proxies notwithstanding the existence of the conflict. If it is determined by the CCO that a conflict of interest is
material, the CCO is responsible for determining an appropriate method to resolve such conflict of interest before the proxy affected by the conflict
of interest is voted. Such determination is based on the particular facts and circumstances, including the importance of the proxy issue and the nature
of the conflict of interest. Methods of resolving a material conflict of interest may include, but are not limited to, disclosing the conflict to
clients and obtaining their consent before voting, or suggesting to clients that they engage another party to vote the proxy on their
behalf.
50
PART C
OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 28. EXHIBITS
|
|
|
Exhibit
|
|
|
Number
|
|
Description
|
|
|
|
(a)
|
|
Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust of the Registrant (1)
|
|
|
|
(a)(1)
|
|
Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust (2)
|
|
|
|
(b)
|
|
Amended and Restated By-laws of the Registrant (1)
|
|
|
|
(b)(1)
|
|
Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated By-Laws of IVA Fiduciary Trust (2)
|
|
|
|
(c)
|
|
Portions of the Agreement and Declaration of Trust and By-laws of
the Registrant defining the rights of holders of shares of the Registrant (Reference is made to Article III
(Shares) and Article V (Shareholders Voting Powers and Meetings) of the Registrants Amended and
Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust and to Article 9 (Issuance of Shares Certificates) and Article 11
(Shareholders Voting Powers and Meetings) of the Registrants Amended and Restated By-laws, incorporated by
reference to Exhibits (a) and (b).
|
|
|
|
(d)(1)
|
|
Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and International Value Advisers, LLC (1)
|
|
|
|
(d)(2)
|
|
Fee Waiver/Expense Reimbursement Letter Agreement, dated August 11, 2009 (2)
|
|
|
|
(d)(3)
|
|
Fee Waiver/Expense Reimbursement Letter Agreement, dated December 2, 2010 Filed herewith
|
|
|
|
(e)
|
|
Distribution Agreement between Registrant and IVA Funds Distributors, LLC (3)
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(f)
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Not applicable.
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(g)
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Master Custodian Agreement between Registrant and State Street Bank and Trust Company (1)
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(h)(1)
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Administration Agreement between Registrant and State Street Bank and Trust Company (1)
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(h)(2)
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Transfer Agency and Service Agreement between Registrant and Boston Financial Data Services, Inc. (1)
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(i)
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Opinion and Consent of Counsel Filed herewith
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(j)
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Consent of independent registered public accounting firm Filed herewith
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(k)
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Not applicable.
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(l)
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Initial Capital Agreement (1)
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(m)
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Distribution Plans (1)
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(n)
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Multi-Class Plan (1)
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(o)
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Reserved.
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(p)(1)
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Code of Ethics of the Registrant (1)
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(p)(2)
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Code of Ethics of the Adviser Filed herewith
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(p)(3)
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Code of Ethics of the Distributor (2)
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(q)
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Power of Attorney (1)
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(q)(1)
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Power of Attorney for Ronald S. Gutstein (3)
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(1) Incorporated herein by reference from Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2
to Registrants Registration Statement on Form N-1A (the Registration Statement) (File Nos. 333-151800,
811-22211) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 19, 2008.
(2) Incorporated herein by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Registrants
Registration Statement as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 19, 2009.
(3) Incorporated herein by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 2
to Registrants Registration Statement as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 18,
2009.
ITEM 29. PERSONS CONTROLLED BY OR UNDER COMMON CONTROL WITH REGISTRANT
None.
ITEM 30. INDEMNIFICATION
Article VII of Registrants Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust provides:
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of
1933, as amended (the Securities Act), may be permitted to trustees, officers and controlling persons of the
Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant understands that in the opinion of the
Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and
is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than
the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a trustee, officer or controlling person of the Registrant
in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such trustee, officer or controlling person
in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter
has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such
indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final
adjudication of such issue.
Section 7 of the Distribution Agreement (Agreement) between the Registrant and IVA Funds Distributors, LLC (the Distributor) provides:
The Registrant shall indemnify, defend and hold the Distributor, its affiliates
and each of their respective members, managers, directors, officers, employees, representatives and any person who
controls or previously controlled the Distributor within the meaning of Section 15 of the 1933 Act (collectively, the
Distributor Indemnitees), free and harmless from and against any and all losses, claims, demands,
liabilities, damages and expenses (including the costs of investigating or defending any alleged losses, claims,
demands, liabilities, damages or expenses and any reasonable counsel fees incurred in connection therewith)
(collectively, Losses) that any Distributor Indemnitee may incur under the 1933 Act, the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, as amended, the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, any other statute (including Blue Sky laws) or
any rule or regulation thereunder, or under common law or otherwise, arising out of or relating to (i) the Distributor
serving as distributor of the Funds pursuant to this Agreement; (ii) the Registrants breach of any of its
obligations, representations, warranties or covenants contained in this Agreement; (iii) the Registrants failure
to comply with any applicable securities laws or regulations; or (iv) any claim that the Registration Statement,
Prospectus, shareholder reports, sales literature and advertising materials or other information filed or made public by the Registrant (as from time to time amended) include or
included an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or
necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading under the 1933 Act, or any other statute or the common
law any violation of any rule of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority or of the Securities and Exchange
Commission or any other jurisdiction wherein Shares of the Funds are sold,
provided, however
, that the
Registrants obligation to indemnify any of the Distributor Indemnitees shall not be deemed to cover any Losses
arising out of any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made in the Registration
Statement, Prospectus, annual or interim report, or any such advertising materials or sales literature in reliance upon
and in conformity with information relating to the Distributor and furnished to the Registrant or its counsel by the
Distributor in writing and acknowledging the purpose of its use. In no event shall anything contained herein be so
construed as to protect the Distributor against any liability to the Registrant or its shareholders to which the
Distributor would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, or
gross negligence in the performance of its obligations or duties under this Agreement or by reason of its reckless disregard of its obligations or duties under this Agreement.
Section 4 of the Indemnity Agreement between the Registrant, International Value Advisers, LLC (Adviser) and IVA Funds Distributors, LLC provides:
The Registrant and Adviser hereby jointly and severally indemnify, defend and
hold Distributor, its affiliates and each of their respective members, managers, directors, officers, employees,
representatives and any person who controls or previously controlled Distributor within the meaning of Section 15 of the
1933 Act (collectively the Distributor Indemnitees) free and harmless from and against any and all losses,
claims, demands, damages, liabilities and expenses (including the reasonable cost of investigating or defending such
claims, demands or liabilities and any reasonable counsel fees incurred in connection therewith
such fees to be payable upon the final disposition of any such claims demands or liabilities) (collectively, the
Losses) which any Distributor Indemnitee may incur arising out of or based upon (a) Distributor being a
party to any covered agreement; (b) any failure by Distributor or any other service provider to the Funds to carry out
its or their duties and obligations as required by the covered agreements; or (c) any indemnification provided by
Distributor under the covered agreements with respect to Distributors and any other service providers
performance pursuant to the covered agreements; provided, however, that the Trust and Adviser shall not be required to
indemnify any Distributor Indemnitee for any Losses arising out of or based upon the willful misfeasance, bad faith or
gross negligence of Distributor in the performance of its duties or its reckless disregard of its
obligations and duties under the covered agreements.
ITEM 31. BUSINESS AND OTHER CONNECTIONS OF INVESTMENT ADVISER
Describe any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature in which
the investment adviser and each trustee, officer or partner of the investment adviser, is or has been, engaged within
the last two fiscal years for his or her own account or in the capacity of trustee, officer, employee, partner or
trustee. (Disclose the name and principal business address of any company for which a person listed above serves in the
capacity of trustee, officer, employee, partner or trustee, and the nature of the relationship.)
Reference is made to the caption Investment Adviser in the
Prospectus constituting Part A which is incorporated by reference to this Registration Statement and
Investment Advisory and Other Services in the Statement of Additional Information constituting Part B
which is incorporated by reference to this Registration Statement.
The information as to the trustees and executive officers of International Value
Advisers, LLC is set forth in Form ADV filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 1, 2009
(IARD/CRD No. 146105), as amended through the date hereof, which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 32. PRINCIPAL UNDERWRITERS
(a) State the name of each investment company (other than the Registrant) for which each
principal underwriter currently distributing securities of the Registrant also acts as a principal underwriter,
depositor or investment adviser.
None
(b) Provide the information required by the following table with respect to each trustee,
officer or partner of each principal underwriter named in the response to Item 25.
The following officers of IVA Funds Distributors,
LLC, the Registrants underwriter, hold the following positions with the Registrant. Their business address
is Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, ME 04101.
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Name
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Position with Underwriter
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Position with Registrant
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Mark S. Redman
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|
President and Manager
|
|
None
|
Richard J. Berthy
|
|
Treasurer, Vice President and Manager
|
|
None
|
Mark A. Fairbanks
|
|
Vice President
|
|
None
|
Paul F. Hahesy, Jr.
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|
Chief Compliance Officer
|
|
None
|
Jennifer E. Hoopes
|
|
Secretary
|
|
None
|
James E. Pike
|
|
Financial and Operations Principal
|
|
None
|
(c) Reference is made to the captions Principal Underwriter and Rule 12b-1
Plans in the Statement of Additional Information constituting Part B, which is incorporated by reference to
this Registration Statement.
ITEM 33. LOCATION OF ACCOUNTS AND RECORDS
The books, accounts and other documents required by
Section 31(a) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and the rules promulgated thereunder
are maintained as follows:
International Value Advisers, LLC
645 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10022
(records relating to its function as investment adviser)
IVA Funds Distributors, LLC
Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100
Portland, ME 04101
(records relating to its function as principal underwriter)
State Street Bank and Trust Company
2 Copley Place, 3rd Floor
Boston, Massachusetts 02116
(records relating to its function as administrator)
Boston Financial Data Services, Inc.
2000 Crown Colony Drive
Quincy, Massachusetts 02169
(records relating to its function as transfer agent for the Registrants shares
and the dividend disbursing agent)
State Street Bank and Trust Company
200 Newport Avenue
North Quincy, Massachusetts 02171
(records relating to its function as custodian)
ITEM 34. MANAGEMENT SERVICES
Not applicable.
ITEM 35. UNDERTAKINGS
None.
NOTICE
A copy of the Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust of IVA
Fiduciary Trust (the Trust), together with all amendments thereto, is on file with the Secretary of the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts and notice is hereby given that this Registration Statement is executed on behalf of the
Trust by an officer of the Trust as an officer and not individually and that the obligations of or arising out of this
Registration Statement are not binding upon any of the Trustees of the Trust or shareholders of any series of the Trust
individually but are binding only upon the assets and property of the Trust or the respective series.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the
1933 Act), and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, the Registrant certifies that it meets all of
the requirements for effectiveness of this registration statement under Rule 485(b) under the 1933 Act and has duly
caused this Post-Effective Amendment No. 4 to its Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned,
duly authorized, in the City of New York, and State of New York, on the 21st day of December, 2010.
|
|
|
IVA Fiduciary Trust
(Registrant)
|
|
|
|
/s/ Michael W. Malafronte
|
|
Michael W. Malafronte
President and Chief Executive Officer
|
Pursuant to the requirements of the 1933 Act, this amendment to the registration statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the date indicted.
|
|
|
|
|
SIGNATURE
|
|
TITLE
|
|
DATE
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ Adele R. Wailand *
|
|
Trustee
|
|
December 21, 2010
|
Adele R. Wailand
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ Manu Bammi *
|
|
Trustee
|
|
December 21, 2010
|
Manu Bammi
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ Ronald S. Gutstein *
|
|
Trustee
|
|
December 21, 2010
|
Ronald S. Gutstein
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ Michael W. Malafronte
|
|
Trustee, President and Chief Executive Officer
|
|
December 21, 2010
|
Michael W. Malafronte
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ Stefanie Hempstead
|
|
Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer
|
|
December 21, 2010
|
Stefanie Hempstead
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* By:
|
/s/ Michael W. Malafronte
|
|
Michael W. Malafronte
|
|
(Attorney-in-Fact)
|
IVA Fiduciary Trust
Exhibit Index
Exhibits for Item 28 of Form N-1A
|
|
|
Exhibit
|
|
Exhibit Description
|
|
|
|
99.(d)(3)
|
|
Fee Waiver/Expense Reimbursement Letter Agreement
|
99.(i)
|
|
Opinion and Consent of Counsel
|
99.(j)
|
|
Consent of independent registered public accounting firm
|
99.(p)(2)
|
|
Code of Ethics of the Adviser
|