As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 11, 2005
Registration No. 333–
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM S-11
FOR REGISTRATION UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
OF SECURITIES OF CERTAIN REAL ESTATE COMPANIES
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its governing instruments)
712 Fifth Avenue
10
th
Floor
New York, NY 10019
(212) 974-1708
(Address,
including zip code, and telephone number,
including area code, of registrants
principal executive offices)
Jonathan Z. Cohen
Chief Executive Officer
712 Fifth Avenue
10
th
Floor
New York, New York 10019
(212) 974-1708
(212) 245-6372 (Facsimile)
(Name,
address, including zip code, and telephone number,
including area code, of agent for service)
Copies to: | |||
J. Baur Whittlesey, Esq. | Larry P. Medvinsky, Esq. | ||
Lisa A. Ernst, Esq. | Clifford Chance US LLP | ||
Ledgewood | 31 West 52 nd Street | ||
1521 Locust Street | New York, NY 10019 | ||
Philadelphia, PA 19102 | (212) 878-8000 | ||
(215) 731-9450 | (212) 878-8375 (Facsimile) | ||
(215) 735-2513 (Facsimile) | |||
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.
If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [ ]
If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [ ]
If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [ ]
If delivery of the prospectus is expected to be made pursuant to Rule 434, check the following box. [ ]
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE | |||||||
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aggregate offering price (1) |
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registration fee (2) |
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Title of securities being registered | |||||||
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Common Stock, $0.001 par value | $ | 287,500,000 | $ | 33,839 | |||
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(1) | Estimated solely for the purpose of determining the registration fee in accordance with Rule 457(o) of the Securities Act of 1933. |
(2) | Calculated in accordance with Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933. |
The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such dates as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities, nor is it a solicitation of an offer to buy these securities, in any state in which the offer or sale is not permitted.
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED JULY 11, 2005
PROSPECTUS
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP.
_________ Shares
Common Stock
We are a specialty finance company that intends to invest in a combination of real estate-related assets and, to a lesser extent, higher-yielding commercial finance assets. We are externally managed and advised by Resource Capital Manager, Inc., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Resource America, Inc. (NASDAQ: REXI). We commenced operations in March 2005.
This is our initial public offering. We are offering a total of _______ shares of our common stock in this offering. The selling stockholders described in this prospectus are offering an additional ______ shares of common stock. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of common stock by the selling stockholders.
We intend to qualify and will elect to be taxed as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, for federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ending December 31, 2005 and subsequent tax years.
We currently expect the initial public offering price of our common stock to be between $____ and $____ per share. Before this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. We intend to apply to have our common stock listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol RSO.
To assist us in qualifying as a REIT, ownership of our common stock by any person is generally limited to 9.8% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive. In addition, our charter contains other restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our common stock. For additional information on these restrictions, see Description of Capital Stock Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer.
Investing in our common stock involves risks. See Risk Factors beginning on page 24 of this prospectus for a discussion of these risk factors. These risk factors include:
• | We have a limited operating history and limited experience operating as a REIT. | |
• | We depend upon Resource Capital Manager and Resource America and their key personnel. We may not find suitable replacements if our management agreement with them terminates or if key personnel are no longer available to us. | |
• | There are potential conflicts of interest in our relationship with Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates, which could result in decisions that are not in the best interests of our stockholders. | |
• | We may change our investment strategy without stockholder consent, which could result in investments that are different, and possibly more risky, than those described in this prospectus. |
• | We intend to invest in mezzanine obligations and B notes which are subject to a greater risk of loss than senior obligations. | |
• | We leverage our investments and are not limited in the amount of leverage we may use. Our use of leverage may have the effect of increasing losses when economic conditions are unfavorable, and may reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders. | |
• | The yields on our investments may be sensitive to changes in prevailing interest rates and changes in prepayment rates. Moreover, we may not be able to execute our match-funding strategy successfully. As a consequence, we may have mismatches between the repricing dates and the maturities of our assets and those of our borrowings which, as interest rates fluctuate, could result in the reduction or elimination of our income or result in losses. | |
• | If we fail to qualify as a REIT and statutory relief provisions are not available, we will be subject to income tax at regular corporate rates, which could reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders and reduce the value of our common stock. | |
• | Loss of our exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940 would require significant changes in our operations and could reduce the market price of our common stock and our ability to make distributions. | |
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Per share | Total | |||
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Public offering price | $ | $ | ||
Underwriting discounts and commissions | $ | $ | ||
Proceeds to us, before expenses | $ | $ | ||
Proceeds to selling stockholders, before expenses | $ | $ |
We have granted the underwriters an option to purchase up to an additional __________ shares of our common stock at the initial public offering price, less underwriting discounts and commissions, within 30 days after the date of this prospectus solely to cover over-allotments, if any.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
Delivery of the shares of our common stock is expected to be made in book-entry form on or about _______ , 2005.
CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON | FRIEDMAN BILLINGS RAMSEY | CITIGROUP | JPMORGAN |
The date of this prospectus is ____________, 2005
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No dealer, salesperson or other individual has been authorized to give any information or make any representations not contained in this prospectus in connection with the offering made by this prospectus. If given or made, such information or representations must not be relied upon as having been authorized by us or any of the underwriters. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, any of our securities in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or solicitation is not authorized or in which the person making such offer or solicitation is not qualified to do so, or to any person to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation. Neither the delivery of this prospectus nor any sale made hereunder shall, under any circumstances, create an implication that there has not been any change in the facts set forth in this prospectus or in the affairs of our company since the date hereof.
Dealer Prospectus Delivery Requirement
Until , 2005 (25 days after the date of this prospectus), all dealers effecting transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to a dealers obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as an underwriter and with respect to unsold allotments or subscriptions.
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SUMMARY
This summary highlights the key aspects of this offering. It is not complete and may not contain all of the information that you should consider. You should read carefully the more detailed information set forth under Risk Factors and the other information included in this prospectus. Except where the context suggests otherwise, the terms we, us and our refer to Resource Capital Corp. and its subsidiaries; Resource Capital Manager refers to Resource Capital Manager, Inc., our external manager; Resource America refers to Resource America, Inc. and its affiliated companies; and Resource refers to Resource America and Resource Capital Manager, collectively. Unless indicated otherwise, the information in this prospectus assumes (i) the common stock to be sold in this offering is to be sold at $____ per share, which is the mid-point of the price range set forth on the front cover of this prospectus and (ii) no exercise by the underwriters, for whom Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. are acting as representatives, of their option to purchase up to an additional ______ shares of our common stock solely to cover over-allotments, if any.
Our Company
We are a specialty finance company that intends to elect and qualify to be taxed as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, for federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ending December 31, 2005. We intend to invest in a combination of real estate-related assets and, to a lesser extent, higher-yielding commercial finance assets with the objective of providing attractive risk-adjusted total returns to our stockholders through both stable quarterly dividends and capital appreciation. We intend to finance a substantial portion of our portfolio investments through borrowing strategies seeking to match the maturities and repricing dates of our financings with the maturities and repricing dates of those investments. Our ability to execute our multi-asset class strategy will be subject to limitations imposed by REIT qualification standards under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and requirements for exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940.
Our investments will target the following asset classes:
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We use multiple strategies to finance our investment portfolio. In our non-agency RMBS, CMBS, other ABS, syndicated bank loans, equipment lease and trust preferred asset classes, we intend to use warehouse facilities as a short-term financing source before the execution of collateralized debt obligations, which we refer to as CDOs, or other term financing secured by these assets. We finance our agency RMBS portfolio with short-term repurchase arrangements. We seek to mitigate the risk created by any mismatch between the maturities and repricing dates of our agency RMBS and the maturities and repricing dates of the repurchase agreements we use to finance them through derivative instruments, principally floating to fixed interest rate swap agreements.
Our income is generated primarily from the net interest spread, or the difference between the interest income we earn on our investment portfolio and the cost of financing our investment portfolio, which includes the interest expense, fees, and related expenses that we pay on our borrowings and the cost of the interest rate hedges that we use to manage our interest rate risk.
As of May 31, 2005, our investment portfolio consisted of the following (unaudited):
Estimated fair
value |
Percent of our
total investments |
Weighted
average coupon |
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Commercial real estate-related assets | (dollars in thousands) | ||||||
CMBS | $ | 28,377 | 2.16 | % | 5.42 | % | |
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Total commercial real estate-related assets | 28,377 | 2.16 | % | 5.42 | % | ||
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Residential real estate-related assets | |||||||
Agency RMBS (1) | 887,768 | 67.50 | % | 4.43 | % | ||
Non-agency RMBS (2) | 241,775 | 18.38 | % | 4.62 | % | ||
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Total residential real estate-related assets | 1,129,543 | 85.88 | % | 4.47 | % | ||
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Commercial finance assets | |||||||
Syndicated bank loans (3) | 134,627 | 10.24 | % | 5.67 | % | ||
Other ABS | 22,754 | 1.73 | % | 5.05 | % | ||
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Total commercial finance assets | 157,381 | 11.97 | % | 5.58 | % | ||
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Total | $ | 1,315,301 | 100.00 | % | 4.63 | % | |
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(1) | Agency RMBS are guaranteed by federally chartered entities such as the Government National Mortgage Association, known as Ginnie Mae, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, known as Freddie Mac, and the Federal National Mortgage Association, known as Fannie Mae. |
(2) | Non-agency RMBS are not guaranteed by federally chartered entities. All of the loans underlying our non-agency RMBS do not conform to agency underwriting standards. |
(3) | Syndicated bank loans are reflected at the lower of cost or fair market value. |
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Our investment portfolio as of May 31, 2005 reflects our initial investment of the $214.7 million net proceeds from our March 2005 private offering. We expect to diversify this portfolio over our targeted asset classes during the next 12 months. Our current targeted asset allocation is between 20% and 25% in commercial real estate-related assets, between 35% and 40% in agency RMBS, between 15% and 20% in non-agency RMBS, and between 20% and 25% in commercial finance assets, subject to the availability of appropriate investment opportunities and changes in market conditions. Because the amount of leverage we intend to use will vary by asset class, our asset allocation may not reflect the relative amounts of equity capital we have invested in the respective classes.
We have not adopted policies that require us to establish or maintain any specific asset allocations. As a result, we cannot predict the percentage of our assets that we will invest in each asset class or whether we will invest in other asset classes or investments. Investing in multiple asset classes does not, however, reduce or eliminate many of the risks associated with our investment portfolio such as geographic concentration risk and credit risk. We may change our investment strategies and policies, and the percentage of assets that may be invested in each asset class, without a vote of our stockholders.
Because we will elect and intend to qualify to be taxed as a REIT and to operate our business so as to be excluded from regulation under the Investment Company Act, we are required to invest a substantial majority of our assets in qualifying real estate assets, such as agency RMBS, B notes with unilateral foreclosure rights on the underlying mortgages, mortgage loans and other liens on and interests in real estate. Therefore, the percentage of our assets we may invest in other mortgage backed securities, or MBS, other B notes, mezzanine debt, other ABS, syndicated bank loans, equipment leases, trust preferred securities, private equity and other types of investments is limited, unless those investments comply with federal income tax requirements for REIT qualification and requirements for exclusion from Investment Company Act regulation.
External Manager
We are externally managed and advised by Resource Capital Manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Resource America (NASDAQ: REXI), with whom Resource Capital Manager shares personnel. Resource America is a proprietary asset management company in the structured finance, real estate, and equipment leasing sectors, with approximately $5.4 billion of assets under management in these sectors at May 31, 2005, of which $2.8 billion were CDO assets. Under our management agreement with Resource Capital Manager and Resource America, Resource Capital Manager is responsible for providing us with all management and support personnel and services necessary for our operations. To provide its services, Resource Capital Manager draws upon the expertise and experience of Resource America which, as of May 31, 2005, had 136 employees involved in asset management, including 47 asset management professionals and 89 asset management support personnel. Resource conducts its activities through the following subsidiaries:
• | Ischus Capital Management, LLC invests in, finances, structures and manages RMBS, CMBS and other ABS. As of May 31, 2005, Ischus had a team of five asset management professionals managing over $1.9 billion in par value of MBS and other ABS, including one CDO with $400 million in assets on a cost basis and $292 million of assets that have been accumulated for our CDO that priced on June 28, 2005. | |
• | Resource Real Estate, Inc. originates, finances and manages investments in real estate and real estate loans. As of May 31, 2005, Resource Real Estate had a team of 12 asset management professionals managing over $473 million of commercial and multi-family real estate assets, including over $303 million in original principal amount of real estate loans. |
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• | Apidos Capital Management LLC invests in, finances and manages syndicated bank loans. As of May 31, 2005, Apidos had a team of eight asset management professionals who managed over $135 million in par value of syndicated bank loans, all of which have been accumulated for our CDO that priced on June 29, 2005. | |
• | Trapeza Capital Management, LLC, a joint venture between Resource America and an unaffiliated third party, originates, structures, finances and manages trust preferred securities of banks and other financial institutions. As of May 31, 2005, Trapeza managed or co-managed over $2.6 billion par value of trust preferred securities of which $2.4 billion were held by seven CDOs. Resource America had three asset management professionals dedicated to Trapezas operations as of May 31, 2005. | |
• | LEAF Financial Corporation originates, manages and services small- and middle-ticket equipment lease assets. LEAF Financial had 14 asset management professionals at May 31, 2005 managing over $270 million in book value of equipment lease assets. |
Business Strengths
Experienced senior management team. Our senior management team, led by Edward E. Cohen and Jonathan Z. Cohen, has significant experience in real estate investment, commercial lending, financing, securitization, capital markets, transaction structuring and risk management. Individually and through their involvement with Resource America, they also have significant experience in sponsoring and managing public companies in the real estate, financial services and energy sectors, including the sponsorship of a REIT, RAIT Investment Trust (NYSE: RAS). We believe that the broad experience of our executive officers will enable us to generate investment opportunities across all of our targeted asset classes and effectively manage and finance our portfolio.
Deep experience in targeted asset classes . Through Resource, we have access to a team of 47 investment professionals that has broad experience originating, investing in, managing and financing commercial and residential real estate-related assets and commercial finance assets. We believe that Resources deep experience in these areas will enable us to achieve our portfolio objectives.
Established asset management platform and strategic relationships. We benefit from access to Resource Americas mature administrative infrastructure, which includes pro-active credit analysis and risk management procedures, technology, operations, transaction processing, accounting, legal and compliance and internal audit functions. We also benefit from Resources extensive relationships with commercial banks, investment banks, brokerage firms, loan originators, real estate companies, equipment sales organizations and other financial intermediaries, which we believe enhance our access to attractive investment opportunities and financing sources.
Disciplined credit culture and credit perspective. Resources disciplined credit culture serves as the backbone for all of its financial services related businesses. We benefit from Resource Americas highly specialized, proprietary credit analysis techniques, such as its proprietary credit and collateral stratifications, stress assessments and its PROTECT procedures for early detection of troubled and deteriorating securities. Resource and our executive officers have extensive experience operating companies in the financial services, real estate and energy sectors and lending to companies in a large group of industries. Through their diverse and ongoing credit experience, they have the ability to bring perspectives from multiple asset sectors together in their analysis of investment opportunities.
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Significant experience in asset-liability management . Since 2002, Resource has sponsored eight CDOs with approximately $2.8 billion in assets on a cost basis. In addition, Resources professionals have significant experience in using hedging instruments to manage the interest rate risk associated with the asset classes we invest in, and manage $739 million notional amount of interest rate swaps for us as of May 31, 2005.
Business Strategy
Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted total returns to our investors through both stable quarterly dividends and capital appreciation. We intend to achieve this objective by constructing a diversified investment portfolio, using our disciplined approach to credit analysis to identify appropriate opportunities in our targeted asset classes. Resource Capital Manager intends to apply its credit-based investment strategies to selecting investments in the following general asset classes: commercial real estate-related investments, residential real estate-related investments, and commercial finance assets. We expect our agency RMBS to provide us with a stable foundation where our credit risk will be limited and we can manage our interest rate exposure. We expect our other investments to provide enhanced returns and limited interest rate risk. The core components and values of our business strategy are described in more detail below.
Disciplined credit underwriting and active risk management. The backbone of Resources investment process is credit analysis. Resource and its senior management have extensive experience in underwriting the credit risk associated with our targeted asset classes, and conduct detailed due diligence on all credit-sensitive investments, including the use of proprietary credit stratifications and collateral stresses. After making an investment, Resource engages in active monitoring of its investments through several highly specialized, proprietary risk management systems, including its PROTECT procedures for early detection of troubled and deteriorating securities. If a default occurs, our senior management teams strong asset management skills will be utilized to mitigate the severity of any losses, and we will seek to optimize the recovery from assets in the event that we foreclose upon them.
Invest in higher-yielding assets . We intend for a portion of our portfolio to be comprised of assets such as mezzanine loans, B notes, RMBS and CMBS rated below AAA, and syndicated bank loans, which generally have higher yields than more senior obligations or agency RMBS. A critical component of our success will be our ability to manage the credit risk we assume when we make such investments.
Diversification of investments . We intend to complement our investments in residential real estate-related assets with commercial real estate-related assets such as mezzanine loans, B notes and CMBS, and commercial finance assets such as syndicated bank loans, equipment leases and trust preferred investments. We believe that this strategy of diversifying our portfolio assets will allow us to continually allocate our capital to the most attractive sectors, enhancing the returns we will be able to achieve, while reducing the overall risk of our portfolio through the non-correlated nature of these various asset classes. The percentage of assets that we may invest in certain of our targeted asset classes is subject to the federal income tax requirements for REIT qualification and the requirements for exclusion from Investment Company Act regulation.
Use of leverage . We use leverage to increase the potential returns to our stockholders, and seek to achieve leverage consistent with our analysis of the risk profile of the investments we finance and the borrowing sources available to us. Our income is generated primarily from the net spread, or the difference, between the interest income we earn on our investment portfolio and the cost of our borrowings and hedging activities. Leverage can enhance returns but also magnifies losses.
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Actively manage interest rate risk and liquidity risk. We expect to finance a substantial portion of our portfolio investments on a long-term basis through borrowing strategies that seek to match the maturity and repricing dates of our investments with the maturities and repricing dates of our financing. These strategies allow us to mitigate our interest rate risk and liquidity risk, resulting in more stable and predictable cash flows and will include the use of CDOs structured for us by Resource Capital Manager. We will retain the equity portion of the CDO and can retain one or more series of the subordinated obligations issued by the CDO. We also use derivative instruments such as interest rate swaps to hedge the borrowings we use to finance our assets on a short-term basis. We intend to maintain borrowing arrangements with multiple counterparties in order to manage the liquidity risk associated with our short-term financing.
Targeted Asset Classes
Our targeted asset classes are as follows:
• | Commercial real estate-related assets. | ||
• | CMBS. We intend to invest in CMBS and CDOs collateralized by CMBS. CMBS and CDOs collateralized by CMBS are secured by or evidence interests in a pool of mortgage loans secured by commercial properties. These securities may be senior or subordinate and may be either investment grade or non-investment grade. We expect that the majority of our CMBS investments will be rated by at least one nationally recognized rating agency, although we may invest in related securities that are below investment grade. | ||
• | Subordinate interests in whole loans (B notes). We intend to purchase subordinate interests, referred to as B notes, from third parties. B notes are loans secured by a first mortgage and subordinated to a senior interest, referred to as an A note. The subordination of a B note is generally evidenced by a co-lender or participation agreement between the holders of the related A note and the B note. B note lenders have the same obligations, collateral and borrower as the A note lenders, but are typically subordinated in recovering upon default. B notes share certain credit characteristics with second mortgages in that both are subject to greater credit risk with respect to the underlying mortgage collateral than the corresponding first mortgage or A note. | ||
• | Mezzanine financing. Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we anticipate acquiring or making mezzanine loans that are senior to the borrowers equity in, and subordinate to a first mortgage loan on, a property. These loans are secured by pledges of ownership interests, in whole or in part, in entities that directly own the real property. In addition, we may require other collateral to secure mezzanine loans, including letters of credit, personal guarantees of the principals of the borrower, or collateral unrelated to the property. We may structure our mezzanine loans so that we receive a stated fixed or variable interest rate on the loan as well as a percentage of gross revenues and a percentage of the increase in the fair market value of the property securing the loan, payable upon maturity, refinancing or sale of the property. | ||
• | Residential real estate-related investments. | ||
• | Agency RMBS. We intend to invest in agency RMBS. RMBS differ from traditional fixed income securities with respect to the possibility that the principal on the RMBS may be prepaid at any time due to prepayments on the underlying mortgage loans. Agency RMBS are guaranteed as to the payment of principal by federally chartered entities, in the case of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, or the U.S. government, in the case of Ginnie Mae. While the prepayment and extension risk of agency securities add to their price and yield volatility, the securities carry little credit risk. We intend for our investments in agency RMBS to be primarily hybrid adjustable rate securities. Hybrid adjustable rate RMBS have interest rates that have an initial fixed-rate period, typically three, five, seven or ten years, and reset at regular intervals after that. | ||
• | Non-agency RMBS . We also intend to invest in RMBS that do not have agency guarantees with respect to payment of principal. These non-agency RMBS will be backed by pools comprised primarily of home equity loans, residential B/C loans, “Alt-A” loans and “high LTV loans.” In contrast to agency RMBS, non-agency RMBS typically have structural characteristics that mitigate their prepayment and extension risk. We intend for our investments in non-agency RMBS to be primarily adjustable rate securities. |
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• | Commercial finance assets. | ||
• | Syndicated bank loans . Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we intend to acquire senior secured loans that have a first priority pledge of specified collateral and are senior to other obligations of the borrower. We also intend to acquire subordinated loans which provide a significantly higher yield than first lien loans, in exchange for higher risk in the form of a subordinated claim on collateral. We may also invest in corporate bonds which pay holders a specified amount, known as the coupon, periodically until maturity of the bonds, when the face value is due. | ||
• | Other ABS . Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we intend to invest in other ABS, principally CDOs backed by small business loans and trust preferred securities of financial institutions such as banks, savings and thrift institutions, insurance companies, holding companies for these institutions and REITs. | ||
• | Trust preferred securities . Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we intend to invest in trust preferred securities, with an emphasis on securities of small- to middle-market financial institutions, including banks, savings and thrift institutions, insurance companies, holding companies for these institutions and REITs. Our focus will be to invest in trust preferred securities originated by financial institutions that have favorable characteristics with respect to market demographics, cash flow stability and franchise value. | ||
• | Equipment leases . Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we intend to invest in small- and middle-ticket equipment leases. We expect that we will focus on lease equipment and other assets that are essential for businesses to conduct their operations so that end users will be highly motivated to make required monthly payments. | ||
• | Private equity . Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we may make direct, non-controlling purchases of private equity and purchases of interests in private equity funds. We expect that any such investments will consist of securities issued by financial institutions, particularly banks and savings and thrift institutions. |
Our Financing Strategy
We use leverage to finance our portfolio with the objective of increasing potential returns to our stockholders. While we have identified our leverage targets for each of our targeted asset classes, our investment policies require no minimum or maximum leverage. We intend to use match funding to mitigate interest rate risk and liquidity risk. Match funding is the financing of our investments on a basis where the maturity and repricing dates of the investments approximates the maturity and repricing dates of the borrowings used to finance the investments. We intend to accumulate investments, other than agency RMBS, in warehouse facilities and, upon our acquisition of the assets in those facilities, match fund them on a long-term basis with CDOs and other term financing. For any period during which our investment portfolio and related borrowings are not match funded, we may be exposed to the risk that our investment portfolio will reprice more slowly than the borrowings that we use to finance a significant portion of our investment portfolio. Increases in interest rates under these circumstances may significantly reduce the net interest income that we earn on our investment portfolio.
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We finance our agency RMBS through repurchase agreements and use derivatives such as interest rate swaps as a means of mitigating our interest rate risk on forecasted interest expense associated with the repurchase agreements.
Resources Asset Management and Administrative Resources
Asset management and administrative infrastructure. Resource has substantial asset management resources for each of our targeted asset classes, and extensive infrastructure systems supporting those resources. Resource America has a total of 136 employees who carry out its asset management operations and who provide us with operations, accounting, systems and legal/compliance support. Resources asset management resources and infrastructure are scalable to service our companys activities. Resource Capital Manager utilizes the asset management support resources of five of Resource Americas divisions: Ischus Capital Management and Resource Real Estate for real estate-related assets; Apidos Capital Management for syndicated loan investments; Trapeza Capital Management for trust preferred securities and LEAF Financial for equipment leases.
Investment committee. Our investment process is managed broadly by our investment committee, made up of our chairman and chief executive officer and senior portfolio managers, and, under its guidance, more specifically by the asset management divisions of Resource America. Our investment committee meets at least weekly to establish and review allocation of capital to specific asset classes and to establish and review guidelines for the specific asset classes to which capital is allocated.
Credit and risk management analysis . Resource focuses its attention on credit from the earliest stage of its investment selection process. Resource conducts detailed due diligence on all of our credit-sensitive investments, examining such aspects as the issuer/borrower, servicer, collateral, industry, market and structure, depending on the asset class. Resource’s various investment managers also interact with each other to share insights from various asset classes and credit markets. After the investment process, Resource conducts continuous ongoing surveillance of its assets and attempts to identify and monitor credit trends. Throughout the credit and risk management process, we benefit from Resource’s comprehensive risk management program, including its proprietary quantitative analytics, internal ratings methodologies, and PROTECT system for the early detection of troubled and deteriorating securities.
Investment sourcing. We recognize that investing in our targeted asset classes is highly competitive, and that we compete with many other investors for profitable investment opportunities. Accordingly, we believe the ability to identify, or source, such opportunities is very important to our success. Resource has developed strong relationships over the years with a large and diverse group of financial intermediaries, ranging from financial sponsors and major investment banks to specialty dealers and brokerage firms that it will use to source our investments. In addition, Trapeza will directly originate trust preferred securities through its relationships with regional broker-dealers that service smaller financial services companies and LEAF Financial will directly originate equipment leases on our behalf through the relationships it has developed with direct sales organizations.
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Summary Risk Factors
An investment in our common stock involves various risks. You should consider carefully the risks discussed below and under Risk Factors before purchasing our common stock.
• | We were recently formed, and have a limited operating history and limited experience operating as a REIT. As a result, investors will not be able to evaluate whether we will be able to execute our investment strategies or operate profitably. | |
• | We depend upon Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their key personnel. We may not find suitable replacements if they terminate our management agreement with them or if key personnel are no longer available to us. | |
• | There are potential conflicts of interest in our relationship with Resource Capital Manager, which could result in decisions that are not in the best interests of our stockholders. Our management agreement with Resource Capital Manager was negotiated between related parties and its terms, including fees payable, may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third party. In addition, affiliates of Resource Capital Manager may sponsor or manage other investment vehicles in the future with an investment focus similar to ours, which could result in us competing for access to the benefits that our relationship with Resource Capital Manager provides to us. | |
• | Resource Capital Manager is entitled to receive a base management fee which is tied to the amount of equity we have raised and not to the performance of our investment portfolio. | |
• | Resource Capital Manager also is entitled to incentive compensation based on our financial performance, which may lead it to place emphasis on the short-term maximization of net income. This could result in increased risk to the value of our investment portfolio. | |
• | We may not terminate the management agreement with Resource Capital Manager and Resource America without cause until after March 31, 2008. Upon termination without cause after this initial term, or upon a failure to renew the management agreement, we must pay Resource Capital Manager a substantial termination fee. These and other provisions in our management agreement make termination without cause or non-renewal difficult and costly. | |
• | As of May 31, 2005, greater than 67% of our investment portfolio consisted of adjustable-rate agency RMBS. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in achieving a more diversified portfolio that generates comparable or better returns. Even if we are successful in achieving a more diversified portfolio, it is likely that up to 40% of our fully leveraged assets will be adjustable-rate agency RMBS. | |
• | We may change our investment strategy without stockholder consent, which could result in investments that are different, and possibly more risky, than those described in this prospectus. |
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• | Failure to procure adequate capital and funding may decrease our profitability and our ability to pay dividends, reducing the market price of our common stock. | |
• | We intend to invest in mezzanine obligations and B notes which are subject to a greater risk of loss than senior obligations. | |
• | We leverage our investments and are not limited in the amount of leverage we may use. Our use of leverage may have the effect of increasing losses when economic conditions are unfavorable, and may reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders. | |
• | The yields on our investments may be sensitive to changes in prevailing interest rates and changes in prepayment rates. Moreover, we may not be able to execute our match-funding strategy successfully. As a consequence, we may have mismatches between the repricing dates and maturities of our assets and those of our borrowings which, as interest rates fluctuate, could result in the reduction or elimination of our income or result in losses. | |
• | Fluctuations in interest rates may reduce the market value of our investments. | |
• | Our hedging transactions may not insulate us from interest rate risk. | |
• | Hedging instruments often are not traded on regulated exchanges, guaranteed by an exchange or its clearing house, or regulated by any U.S. or foreign governmental authorities and involve risks of default by the hedging counterparty and illiquidity. | |
• | The assets in which we intend to invest are subject to the credit risk of the underlying collateral. In the event of default, the amount we may be able to realize from the underlying collateral or additional credit support may be insufficient for us to fully recover our investment. | |
• | We have relationships with some of our underwriters or their affiliates who may receive benefits in connection with this offering which may create a potential conflict of interest because these underwriters have interests in the successful completion of this offering beyond the underwriting discounts and commissions they will receive. | |
• | Our charter and bylaws, and the Internal Revenue Code provisions regarding REIT qualification, contain provisions that may inhibit potential acquisition bids that you and other stockholders may consider favorable. | |
• | If we fail to qualify as a REIT and statutory relief provisions are not available, we will be subject to income tax at regular corporate rates, which could reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders and reduce the value of our common stock. | |
• | The REIT qualification rules impose limitations on the types of investments and activities which we may undertake, including limitations on our use of hedging transactions and derivatives, and these limitations may, in some cases, preclude us from pursuing the most economically beneficial investment alternatives. |
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• | Dividends paid by REITs generally do not qualify for the reduced tax rates for individuals applicable to qualified dividend income currently in effect for taxable years beginning before December 31, 2008. | |
• | There may not be an active market for our common stock, which may cause our common stock to trade at a discount and make it difficult to sell your common stock. The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile following this offering. | |
• | If our CDO issuers that are taxable REIT subsidiaries are subject to federal income tax at the entity level, it would greatly reduce the amounts those entities would have available to distribute to us and to pay their creditors. | |
• | Loss of our exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act would require significant changes in our operations and could reduce the market price of our common stock and our ability to make distributions. |
Management Agreement
Our management agreement with Resource Capital Manager and Resource America provides for the day-to-day management of our operations and requires Resource Capital Manager to manage our business affairs in conformity with the policies and the investment guidelines that are approved and monitored by our board of directors. Resource Capital Manager's role as manager is under the supervision and direction of our board of directors.
The initial term of the management agreement expires on March 31, 2008 and will be automatically renewed for a one-year term on each anniversary date after that. Our board of directors will review Resource Capital Managers performance annually. After the initial term, we may terminate the management agreement annually upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our independent directors, or by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock, based upon unsatisfactory performance that is materially detrimental to us or a determination by our independent directors that the management fees payable to Resource Capital Manager are not fair, subject to Resource Capital Managers right to prevent such a compensation termination by accepting a mutually acceptable reduction of management fees. We must provide 180 days prior notice of any such termination and pay Resource Capital Manager a termination fee. We may also terminate the management agreement for cause with 30 days prior written notice from our board of directors without payment of a termination fee. The management agreement defines cause as:
• | Resource Capital Managers continued material breach of any provision of the management agreement after 30 days' prior written notice thereof; | |
• | Resource Capital Managers fraud, misappropriation of funds or embezzlement against us; | |
• | Resource Capital Managers gross negligence in the performance of its duties; | |
• | the bankruptcy or insolvency of Resource Capital Manager, or the filing of a voluntary bankruptcy petition by Resource Capital Manager; | |
• | the dissolution of Resource Capital Manager; and |
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• | a change of control of Resource Capital Manager if a majority of our independent directors determines, at any point during the 18 months following the change of control,that the change of control was detrimental to the ability of Resource Capital Manager to perform its duties in substantially the same manner conducted before the change of control. |
Cause does not include unsatisfactory performance that is materially detrimental to our business.
Under the management agreement, Resource Capital Manager is entitled to receive a base management fee, incentive compensation, reimbursement of specified expenses and, as described above, a termination fee. The following table summarizes these fees:
Fee | Summary description | ||||||
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Base management fee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Payable monthly in arrears in an amount equal to 1/12 of our equity, as defined in the management agreement, times 1.5%. | ||||||
Incentive fee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Payable quarterly in an amount equal to the product of: | ||||||
• | 25% of the dollar amount by which | ||||||
• | our net income, determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, before non-cash equity compensation expense and incentive compensation but after the base management fee, for the quarter per common share, based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the quarter, | ||||||
• | exceeds an amount equal to | ||||||
• | the weighted average of $15.00, the price per share of the common shares in our March 2005 private offering, and the prices per common share in any subsequent offerings by us, including this offering, in each case at the time of issuance, multiplied by | ||||||
• | the greater of | ||||||
• | 2.00% or | ||||||
• | 0.50% plus one-fourth of the average 10-year Treasury Rate for such quarter; | ||||||
• | multiplied by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the quarter. | ||||||
The calculation of incentive compensation will be adjusted to exclude one-time events pursuant to changes in GAAP as well as non-cash charges after discussion between Resource Capital Manager and our independent directors and approval by a majority of our independent directors in the case of non-cash charges. |
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Expense reimbursement . . . . . . . . . . . | We are responsible for all of our operating expenses except those that Resource Capital Manager has specifically agreed to assume. Resource Capital Manager is responsible for all costs incident to the performance of its duties under the management agreement, including compensation of employees of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates and other related expenses, except that because employees of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates will perform some legal, accounting, due diligence and other services that outside professionals or outside consultants otherwise would perform, we reimburse Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates for the documented cost of performing such tasks. The reimbursement amount may be no greater than the amount which we would be required to pay outside professionals or consultants on an arms-length basis. | |
Termination fee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Payable upon termination without cause or non-renewal of the management agreement in an amount equal to four times the sum of the average annual base management fee and the average annual incentive compensation earned by Resource Capital Manager during the two 12-month periods immediately preceding the date of termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter before the date of termination. |
From March 8, 2005, the date we commenced operations, through March 31, 2005, Resource Capital Manager had earned base management fees of approximately $208,000 and received expense reimbursements of $52,000. We did not accrue or pay any incentive fees through March 31, 2005.
Conflicts of Interest in our Relationship with Resource Capital Manager and Resource America
We are entirely dependent upon Resource Capital Manager for our day-to-day management and do not have any independent officers. Our chairman, two of our other directors, our executive officers and the members of our investment committee also serve as officers and/or directors of Resource Capital Manager or Resource America. As a result, conflicts of interest may arise between Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates, on the one hand, and us, on the other. These conflicts include the following:
• | Our management agreement was negotiated between related parties and its terms, including fees payable, may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated at arm's length with an unaffiliated third party. | |
• | Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates are permitted to invest in, and to manage entities that invest in, asset classes that are the same as or similar to our targeted asset classes, except that they may not raise capital for, sponsor or advise any new publicly-traded REIT that invests primarily in domestic MBS in the United States. In addition, our officers, other than the chief financial officer we will hire, and the employees of Resource America and its affiliates who provide services to us are not required to work full time on our affairs and anticipate devoting significant time to the affairs of Resource America and its affiliates. As a result, there may be significant conflicts between us, on the one hand, and Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates on the other, regarding allocation of Resource Capital Managers and Resource Americas resources to the management of our investment portfolio. |
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• | Our agreements with Resource Capital Manager and Resource America do not prohibit us from entering into any investment opportunity in which Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates have an interest and we anticipate that we will invest in the equity portions of CDOs structured for us by Resource Capital Manager. A conflict of interest may arise between us and Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates with respect to the terms upon which we would make such an investment. In the event that any such investment opportunity is made available to us, the transaction will require the approval of a majority of our independent directors. | |
• | We have not adopted a policy that expressly prohibits our directors, officers, security holders or affiliates from having a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in any investment to be acquired or disposed of by us or any of our subsidiaries or in any transaction to which we or any of our subsidiaries is a party or has an interest. Nor do we have a policy that expressly prohibits any such persons from engaging for their own account in business activities of the types conducted by us. However, our code of business conduct and ethics contains a conflicts of interest policy that prohibits our directors, officers and employees, as well as employees of Resource Capital Manager and Resource America who provide services to us, from engaging in any transaction that involves an actual or apparent conflict of interest with us. | |
• | The compensation we pay to Resource Capital Manager consists of both a base management fee that is not tied to our performance and an incentive management fee that is based entirely on our performance. The risk of the base management fee component is that it may not provide sufficient incentive to Resource Capital Manager to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns for us. The risk of the incentive fee component is that it may cause Resource Capital Manager to place undue emphasis on the maximization of short-term net income at the expense of other criteria, such as preservation of capital, in order to achieve a higher incentive fee. Investments with higher yield potential are generally riskier or more speculative. This could result in increased risk to the value of our investment portfolio. | |
• | Resource Capital Manager will receive at least 25% of its incentive fee in the form of shares of our common stock, and, at Resource Capital Manager's option, it may receive up to 100% of its incentive fee in the form of shares of our common stock. Resource Capital Manager has the right in its discretion to allocate these shares to its officers, employees and other individuals who provide services to it. Any such shares received would have the benefit of registration rights. | |
• | As described in the immediately preceding section, termination of the management agreement without cause is difficult and costly. | |
• | We have authorized Resource Capital Manager to follow very broad investment guidelines. Our directors review our investment guidelines and our investment portfolio on a quarterly basis. However, our board of directors will not review all of our proposed investments. In addition, in conducting reviews, the directors rely primarily on information provided to them by Resource Capital Manager. Furthermore, Resource Capital Manager may use complex strategies, and transactions entered into by Resource Capital Manager may be difficult or impossible to unwind by the time they are reviewed by our directors. Resource Capital Manager has great latitude within our broad investment guidelines in determining the types of assets it may decide are proper investments for us. Poor investment decisions could impair our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. |
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• | Resource Capital Manager does not assume any responsibility beyond the duties specified in the management agreement and will not be responsible for any action of our board of directors in following or declining to follow its advice or recommendations. Resource Capital Manager, Resource America, their directors, officers, managers, employees and affiliates will not be liable to us, our directors or our stockholders for acts or omissions performed in accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement, except by reason of acts constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of their duties under the management agreement. We have agreed to indemnify Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates with respect to all claims and damages arising from acts of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates not constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of duties, performed in good faith in accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement. Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates have agreed to indemnify us, our directors and officers with respect to all claims and damages arising from acts of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence or reckless disregard of their duties under the management agreement or any claims by employees of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates relating to the terms and conditions of their employment. Resource Capital Manager and Resource America carry directors and officers insurance. | |
• | At the discretion of either Resource Capital Manager or us, Resource Capital Manager may request a separate management agreement with Resource TRS, Inc., our taxable REIT subsidiary, or TRS, with respect to its particular lines of business, which such request may not be unreasonably denied by the party to whom the request is made. However, the aggregate compensation paid by us and Resource TRS may not exceed the aggregate compensation payable under our existing management agreement. |
Resolution of Potential Conflicts of Interest in Allocation of Investment Opportunities
Resource Capital Manager and Resource America must offer us the right to consider all investments they identify that are within the parameters of our investment strategies and policies. For all potential investments other than in equipment leases, if Resource Capital Manager and Resource America identify an investment that is appropriate both for us and for one or more other investment programs managed by them, but the amount available is less than the amount sought by all of their investment programs, they will allocate the investment among us and such other investment programs in proportion to the relative amounts of the investment sought by each. If the portion of the investment allocable to a particular investment program would be too small for it to be appropriate for that investment program, either because of economic or market inefficiency, regulatory constraints, such as REIT qualification or exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act, or otherwise, that portion will be reallocated among the other investment programs. Investment programs that do not receive an allocation will have preference in future investments where investment programs are seeking more of the investment than is available so that, on an overall basis, each investment program is treated equitably.
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To equitably allocate investments that Resource Capital Manager or Resource America has acquired at varying prices, Resource will allocate the investment so that each investment program will pay approximately the same average price.
With respect to equipment leases, if an investment is appropriate for more than one investment program, including us, Resource will allocate the investment based on the following factors:
• | which investment program has been seeking investments for the longest period of time; | |
• | whether the investment program has the cash required for the investment; | |
• | whether the amount of debt to be incurred with respect to the investment is acceptable for the investment program; | |
• | the effect the investment will have on the investment programs cash flow; | |
• | whether the investment would further diversify, or unduly concentrate, the investment programs investments in a particular lessee, class or type of equipment, location or industry; and | |
• | whether the term of the investment is within the term of the investment program. |
Resource may make exceptions to these general policies when other circumstances make application of the policies inequitable or uneconomic.
Resource Capital Manager has also instituted policies designed to mitigate potential conflicts of interest between it and us, including:
• | We will not be permitted to invest in any investment fund or CDO structured, co- structured or managed by Resource other than those structured, co-structured or managed on our behalf. Resource will not receive duplicate management fees from any such investment fund or CDO to the extent we invest in it. | |
• | We will not be permitted to purchase investments from, or sell investments to, Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates, except that we may purchase investments originated by those entities within 60 days before our investment. |
Any transaction between entities managed by Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates and us must be approved by a majority of our independent directors.
Distribution PolicyTo maintain our qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code and to avoid any REIT level corporate income tax, we intend to make regular quarterly distributions to our stockholders of all or substantially all of our REIT taxable income which is determined as of the close of our taxable year. REIT taxable income does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP. Up to 20% of the value of a REITs assets may consist of investments in the securities of one or more TRSs. A TRS such as Resource TRS may retain its net income, and its earnings are subject to the 90% distribution requirement for REIT qualification only to the extent that it actually distributes its earnings to the REIT. The net income of a TRS, such as Resource TRS, is subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates, whether such income is retained or distributed to the REIT.
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We anticipate that our distributions generally will be taxable as ordinary income to our stockholders. To the extent that we decide to make distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for federal income tax purposes, such distributions would generally be considered a return of capital for federal income tax purposes. We will furnish annually to each of our stockholders a statement setting forth distributions paid during the preceding year and their characterization as ordinary income, return of capital, qualified dividend income or capital gain. Income as computed for purposes of these tax rules will not necessarily correspond to our income as determined for financial reporting purposes.
Exclusion from Regulation under the Investment Company Act
We intend to operate our business so as to be excluded from regulation under the Investment Company Act. Because we conduct our business through wholly-owned subsidiaries, we must ensure not only that we qualify for an exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act, but also that each of our subsidiaries so qualifies.
We believe that RCC Real Estate, Inc., the subsidiary that as of May 31, 2005 held all of our assets other than our syndicated bank loans, is excluded from Investment Company Act regulation under a provision designed for companies that do not issue redeemable securities and are primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate. To qualify for this exclusion, at least 55% of RCC Real Estates assets must consist of mortgage loans and other assets that are considered the functional equivalent of mortgage loans for purposes of the Investment Company Act, which we refer to as qualifying real estate assets. Moreover, an additional 25% of RCC Real Estates assets must consist of qualifying real estate assets and other real estate-related assets. RCC Real Estate does not intend to issue redeemable securities.
We consider agency whole pool certificates to be qualifying real estate assets. An agency whole pool certificate is a certificate issued or guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae that represents the entire beneficial interest in the underlying pool of mortgage loans. By contrast, an agency certificate that represents less than the entire beneficial interest in the underlying mortgage loans is not considered to be a qualifying real estate asset for purposes of the 55% test, but constitutes a real estate-related asset for purposes of the 25% test.
We generally do not expect that investments in non-agency RMBS, CMBS and B notes will constitute qualifying real estate assets for the 55% test, unless we determine that those investments are the functional equivalent of owning mortgage loans, which will depend, among other things, on whether we have unilateral foreclosure rights with respect to the underlying real estate collateral. Instead, these investments generally will be classified as real estate-related assets for purposes of the 25% test. We do not expect that investments in mezzanine debt, CDOs, other ABS, syndicated bank loans, equipment leases, trust preferred securities and private equity will constitute qualifying real estate assets. Moreover, to the extent that these investments are not backed by mortgage loans or other interests in real estate, they will not constitute real estate-related assets. Instead, they will constitute miscellaneous assets, which can constitute no more than 20% of RCC Real Estates assets.
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We do not expect that our other subsidiaries, RCC Commercial, Inc. and Resource TRS, will qualify for this exclusion. However, we do expect them to qualify for another exclusion. Accordingly, as required by that exclusion, we will not allow either entity to make, or propose to make, a public offering of its securities, and we will require that each owner of securities issued by those entities be a qualified purchaser so that those entities are not investment companies subject to regulation under the Investment Company Act. If we form other subsidiaries, we must ensure that they qualify for an exemption or exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act.
Moreover, we must ensure that Resource Capital Corp. itself qualifies for an exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act. We will do so by monitoring the value of our interests in our subsidiaries. At all times, we must ensure that no more than 40% of our assets, on an unconsolidated basis, excluding government securities and cash, are investment securities as defined in the Investment Company Act. Our interest in RCC Real Estate does not constitute an investment security for these purposes, but our interests in RCC Commercial and Resource TRS do constitute investment securities. Accordingly, we must monitor the value of our interest in these two subsidiaries to ensure that the value of our interests in them never exceeds 40% of the value of our total assets. We will monitor the value of our interest in Resource TRS for tax purposes as well; the applicable tax rules require us to ensure that the total value of the stock and other securities of Resource TRS and any other TRS held directly or indirectly by us does not exceed 20% of the value of our total assets. These requirements may limit our flexibility in acquiring assets in the future.
We have not received, nor have we sought, a no-action letter from the SEC regarding how our investment strategy fits within the exclusions from regulation under the Investment Company Act that we and our subsidiaries are using. To the extent that the SEC provides more specific or different guidance regarding the treatment of assets as qualifying real estate assets or real estate-related assets, we may have to adjust our investment strategy accordingly. Any additional guidance from the SEC could provide additional flexibility to us or it could further inhibit our ability to pursue the investment strategy we have chosen.
Qualification as a REIT
We intend to elect to be taxed as a REIT commencing with our taxable year ending December 31, 2005. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet various tax law requirements, including, among others, requirements relating to the nature of our assets, the sources of our income, the timing and amount of distributions that we make and the composition of our stockholders. As a REIT, we generally are not subject to federal income tax on our net taxable income that we distribute to our stockholders on a current basis. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and are not eligible for specified relief provisions, we will be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates, and we may be precluded from qualifying as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we lost our qualification. Further, even to the extent that we qualify as a REIT, we will be subject to tax at normal corporate rates on net income or capital gains not distributed to our stockholders, and we may be subject to other taxes, including payroll taxes, and state and local income, franchise, property, sales and other taxes. Moreover, our domestic TRSs, including Resource TRS, are subject to federal income taxation and to various other taxes. Any dividends received from us, with limited exceptions, will not be eligible for taxation at the preferred rates applicable to qualified dividend income currently in effect for taxable years beginning before December 31, 2008 that apply to dividends received by individuals, trusts and estates from taxable corporations.
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Selling Stockholders
Persons who purchased shares of our common stock in connection with the private offering we completed in March 2005 and their transferees have the right to sell their common stock in this offering. This offering includes _____ shares of common stock to be sold by selling stockholders. With respect to _____ shares of common stock issued in our March 2005 private placement that are not included in this offering, we have agreed to file a registration statement with the SEC for the resale of such shares no later than December 3, 2005 and to use our best efforts to cause the registration statement to become effective. However, investors who include any of their shares in this offering are subject to lock up periods with respect to their remaining shares.
Our Formation and Structure
We were organized on January 31, 2005 as a Maryland corporation and completed a private offering of our common stock in March 2005 in which we sold 15,333,334 shares of our common stock resulting in net proceeds to us of $214.7 million. Credit Suisse First Boston LLC acted as our exclusive initial purchaser and placement agent in this offering. Resource America, the corporate parent of Resource Capital Manager, and entities affiliated with it purchased 1,000,000 shares of our common stock in the offering, representing 6.1% of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis as of May 31, 2005. Directors, officers and other persons related to us, Resource Capital Manager and Resource America and their affiliated entities purchased 357,166 shares, or 2.2% of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis, in that offering. In addition, at the completion of the offering, we granted to Resource Capital Manager 345,000 shares of restricted stock and options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $15.00 per share, representing in the aggregate approximately 6.1% of our common stock as of May 31, 2005 on a fully-diluted basis. Following completion of this offering, Resource America, Resource Capital Manager and their affiliates, including our officers and directors, will collectively own ________ shares of our common stock, representing approximately ___% of shares outstanding, and Resource Capital Manager will have options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock, representing approximately an additional ___% of our common stock, in each case on a fully-diluted basis. Our principal office is located at 712 Fifth Avenue, 10 th Floor, New York, New York 10019.
The following illustrates the structure and ownership of our company before this offering, on a fully-diluted basis, and the management relationship between Resource America, Resource Capital Manager and us:
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The Offering | ||
Common stock offered by us | ____________ shares. | |
Common stock offered by selling stockholders | ____________ shares. | |
Common stock to be outstanding after this offering | ____________ shares. (1) | |
Use of proceeds | We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering to repay outstanding indebtedness under repurchase agreements. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of common stock by the selling stockholders. | |
Reserved New York Stock Exchange symbol | We intend to apply to have our common stock listed under the symbol RSO. | |
Ownership and transfer restrictions | In order to assist in complying with requirements that limit the concentration of ownership of a REIT imposed by the Internal Revenue Code, our charter generally prohibits any stockholder from beneficially or constructively owning more than 9.8% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of any class or series of the outstanding shares of our capital stock. Our board may, in its sole discretion, waive the 9.8% ownership limit with respect to a particular stockholder if it is presented with evidence satisfactory to it that such ownership will not then or in the future jeopardize our qualification as a REIT. One such waiver has been granted to Omega Advisors, Inc. in its capacity as the manager of funds and investment accounts which purchased common stock in the March 2005 private offering. None of such funds or accounts individually owns more than 9.8% of our outstanding common stock and, collectively, they own 13.2% of our outstanding common stock. Omegas ownership limit has been set at 15% of our outstanding capital stock in the aggregate, provided that no one fund or account can own more than 9.8%. Our board may reduce each of these ownership limits in its discretion; however, any such reduction will not be effective as to shares then owned by Omegas funds and accounts which are in excess of the reduced limit. | |
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(1) | Based upon the number of shares of our common stock outstanding on _____ __, 2005. Includes 345,000 shares of restricted stock granted to Resource Capital Manager and 4,000 shares of restricted stock granted to our independent directors in connection with our March 2005 private offering. Does not include options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock granted to Resource Capital Manager in connection with our March 2005 private offering. Also does not include 532,668 shares of our common stock available for future grant under our stock incentive plan. |
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Our charter also prohibits any person from beneficially or constructively owning capital stock such that we would be deemed to be closely held under the Internal Revenue Code, would have our capital stock being beneficially owned by fewer than 100 persons, or would otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT. |
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Summary Consolidated Financial Information
The following table presents summary historical consolidated financial information as of March 31, 2005 and for the period March 8, 2005 (date operations commenced) through March 31, 2005. We derived the information as of March 31, 2005 and for the period ending March 31, 2005 from our consolidated financial statements, which have been audited by Grant Thornton LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, whose report is included elsewhere in this prospectus. Financial data as of and for the period ended March 31, 2005 are not necessarily indicative of results of operations or financial condition to be expected as of any future date or for any future period. Since the information presented below is only a summary and does not provide all of the information contained in our historical consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, you should read it together with Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our historical consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, included elsewhere in this prospectus.
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RISK FACTORS
Investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, together with the other information contained in this prospectus, before investing in our common stock. If any of the risks discussed in this prospectus occurs, our business, prospects, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations, and our ability to pay dividends, could be materially harmed. This could cause the value of our common stock to decline and you could lose all or a part of your investment.
Risks Related to Our Business
We have a limited operating history. We may not be able to operate our business successfully or generate sufficient revenue to pay dividends to our stockholders.
We are a recently-organized REIT that has only a limited operating history. We are subject to all of the business risks and uncertainties associated with any new business, including the risk that we will not be able to execute our investment strategy or achieve our investment objectives and that the value of your investment could decline substantially. We may not be able to generate sufficient revenue from operations to pay our operating expenses and pay our stockholders.
We depend on Resource Capital Manager and Resource America and may not find suitable replacements if the management agreement terminates.
We have no employees. Our officers, portfolio managers, administrative personnel and support personnel are employees of Resource America or its affiliates. We have no separate facilities and completely rely on Resource Capital Manager and Resource America, which have significant discretion as to the implementation of our operating policies and investment strategies. If our management agreement with Resource Capital Manager and Resource America terminates, we may be unable to find a suitable replacement for them. Moreover, we believe that our success depends to a significant extent upon the experience of Resource Capital Managers and Resource Americas executive officers and senior portfolio managers, whose continued service is not guaranteed. The departure of any of the executive officers or senior portfolio managers could harm our investment performance.
Termination of the management agreement with Resource is an event of default under the repurchase agreements financing our agency RMBS.
Under our repurchase agreement with Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, one of our underwriters, which has financed our purchase of agency RMBS and had an aggregate amount of outstanding indebtedness of approximately $769 million as of May 31, 2005, it will be an event of default if Resource Capital Manager ceases to be our manager. Such an event of default would cause a termination event, which would give Credit Suisse First Boston LLC the option to terminate all repurchase transactions existing with us and make any amount due by us to Credit Suisse First Boston LLC payable immediately. If Resource Capital Manager terminates the management agreement and Credit Suisse First Boston LLC terminates the repurchase agreement with us, we may be unable to find another counterparty for our repurchase agreements and, as a result, may be required to sell a substantial portion or all of our agency RMBS. As a result, we may be unable to execute our business plan and may suffer losses, impairing or eliminating our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Moreover, a sale of all or a substantial portion of our agency RMBS might result in a loss of our exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act.
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Resource Capital Manager and Resource America have only limited prior experience managing a REIT and we cannot assure you that their past experience will be sufficient to successfully manage our business.
The federal income tax laws impose numerous constraints on the operations of REITs. The executive officers of Resource Capital Manager and Resource America have only limited prior experience managing assets under these constraints, which may hinder Resource Capital Managers ability to achieve our investment objectives.
We must pay Resource Capital Manager the base management fee regardless of our performance.
Resource Capital Manager is entitled to receive a base management fee that is based on the amount of our equity, as defined in the management agreement, regardless of the performance of our portfolio. Resource Capital Manager's entitlement to substantial non-performance based compensation might reduce its incentive to devote its time and effort to seeking profitable opportunities for our portfolio. This in turn could hurt our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
The incentive fee we pay Resource Capital Manager may induce it to make riskier investments.
In addition to its base management fee, Resource Capital Manager will receive incentive compensation if we achieve targeted levels of net income. In evaluating investments and other management strategies, the opportunity to earn incentive compensation based on net income may lead Resource Capital Manager to place undue emphasis on the maximization of net income at the expense of other criteria, such as preservation of capital, in order to achieve higher incentive compensation. Investments with higher yields generally have higher risk of loss than investments with lower yields.
Resource Capital Manager manages our portfolio pursuant to very broad investment guidelines and our board does not approve each investment decision, which may result in our making riskier investments.
Resource Capital Manager is authorized to follow very broad investment guidelines. While our directors periodically review our investment guidelines and our investment portfolio, they do not review all of our proposed investments. In addition, in conducting periodic reviews, the directors may rely primarily on information provided to them by Resource Capital Manager. Furthermore, Resource Capital Manager may use complex strategies, and transactions entered into by Resource Capital Manager may be difficult or impossible to unwind by the time they are reviewed by the directors. Resource Capital Manager has great latitude within the broad investment guidelines in determining the types of investments it makes for us. Poor investment decisions could impair our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We may change our investment strategy without stockholder consent, which may result in riskier investments than those currently targeted.
We have not adopted a policy as to the amounts to be invested in each of our intended investments, including securities rated below investment grade. Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT and our exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act, we may change our investment strategy, including the percentage of assets that may be invested in each class, or in the case of securities, in a single issuer, at any time without the consent of our stockholders, which could result in our making investments that are different from, and possibly riskier than, the investments described in this prospectus. A change in our investment strategy may increase our exposure to interest rate and real estate market fluctuations, all of which may reduce the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to make distributions to you. Furthermore, a change in our asset allocation could result in our making investments in asset categories different from those described in this prospectus.
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Our management agreement with Resource Capital Manager and Resource America was not negotiated at arms-length and, as a result, may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated with a third party.
Our officers and two of our directors are officers or directors of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates. As a result, our management agreement with Resource Capital Manager and Resource America was not the result of arms-length negotiations and its terms, including fees payable, may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third party.
Termination of the management agreement by us without cause is difficult and could be costly.
Termination of our management agreement with Resource Capital Manager and Resource America without cause is difficult and costly. We may terminate the management agreement without cause only annually following its initial term upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our independent directors or by a vote of the holders of at least a majority of our outstanding common stock, based upon unsatisfactory performance by Resource Capital Manager that is materially detrimental to us or a determination that the management fee payable to Resource Capital Manager is not fair. Moreover, with respect to a determination that the management fee is not fair, Resource Capital Manager may prevent termination by accepting a mutually acceptable reduction of management fees. We must give not less than 180 days prior notice of any termination. Upon any termination without cause, Resource Capital Manager will be paid a termination fee equal to four times the sum of the average annual base management fee and the average annual incentive compensation earned by it during the two 12-month periods immediately preceding the date of termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter before the date of termination.
Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates may engage in activities that compete with us.
Our management agreement does not prohibit Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates from investing in or managing entities that invest in asset classes that are the same as or similar to our targeted asset classes, except that they may not raise funds for, sponsor or advise any new publicly-traded REIT that invests primarily in domestic MBS in the United States. Resource Capital Managers policies regarding resolution of conflicts of interest may be varied by it if economic, market, regulatory or other conditions make their application economically inefficient or otherwise impractical. Moreover, our officers and the officers, directors and employees of Resource America and its affiliates who provide services to us are not required to work full time on our affairs, and anticipate devoting significant time to the affairs of Resource America and its affiliates. As a result, there may be significant conflicts between us, on the one hand, and Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates on the other, regarding allocation of Resource Capital Managers and Resource Americas resources to the management of our investment portfolio.
Our investment portfolio is heavily concentrated in agency RMBS and we cannot assure you that we will be successful in achieving a more diversified portfolio.
As of May 31, 2005, approximately 67% of our investment portfolio consisted of agency RMBS. One of our key strategic objectives is to achieve a more diversified portfolio of investments that delivers attractive risk-adjusted returns. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in diversifying our investment portfolio, and even if we are successful in diversifying our investment portfolio it is likely that up to 40% of our fully leveraged assets will be agency RMBS. If we are unable to achieve a more diversified portfolio, we will be particularly exposed to the investment risks that relate to investments in agency RMBS and we may suffer losses if investments in agency RMBS decline in value.
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We leverage our portfolio, which may reduce the return on our investments and cash available for distribution.
We currently leverage our portfolio through repurchase agreements and warehouse facilities, and expect in the future to leverage through securitizations, including CDOs, bank credit facilities and other forms of borrowing. We are not limited in the amount of leverage we may use. The amount of leverage we use will vary depending on the availability of credit facilities, our ability to structure and market securitizations, the asset classes we leverage and the cash flows from the assets being financed. Our use of leverage subjects us to risks associated with debt financing, including the risk that
• | the cash provided by our operating activities will not be sufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest, | |
• | the cost of financing will increase relative to the income from the assets financed, reducing the income we have available to pay dividends, and | |
• | our investments may have maturities that differ from the maturities of the related financing and, consequently, the risk that the terms of any refinancing we obtain will not be as favorable as the terms of existing financing. If we are unable to secure refinancing on acceptable terms we may be forced to dispose of some of our assets upon disadvantageous terms or to obtain financing at unfavorable terms, either of which may result in losses to us or reduce the cash flow available to meet our debt service obligations or to pay dividends. |
Financing that we obtain, and particularly securitization financing such as CDOs, may require us to maintain a specified ratio of the amount of the financing to the value of the assets financed. A decrease in the value of these assets may lead to margin calls or calls for the pledge of additional assets which we will have to satisfy. We may not have sufficient funds or unpledged assets to satisfy any such calls.
We may not be able to manage growth effectively or achieve growth at all.
Our ability to achieve our investment objectives depends on our ability to grow, which will depend on the ability of Resource Capital Manager to identify and invest in securities that meet our investment criteria and to obtain financing on acceptable terms. Our ability to grow also depends upon the ability of Resource Capital Manager and Resource America to successfully hire, train, supervise and manage any new employees needed to discharge their duties to us under our management agreement. Our business operations may strain Resources management infrastructure, which could increase our costs, reduce our profitability and reduce either or both of the dividends we can pay or the price at which our common stock trades.
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We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities.
A number of entities compete with us to make the types of investments that we seek to make. We will compete with other REITs, public and private investment funds, commercial and investment banks, commercial finance companies and other debt-oriented investors. Many of our competitors are substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do. Other REITs have recently raised, or are expected to raise, significant amounts of capital, and may have investment objectives substantially similar to ours. Some of our competitors may have a lower cost of funds and access to funding sources that are not available to us. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments or establish more relationships than us. As a result of this competition, we may not be able to take advantage of attractive investment opportunities from time to time or be able to identify and make investments that are consistent with our investment objectives. Competition for desirable investments may result in higher prices, lower yields and a narrower net interest spread, and may delay the investment of our capital as contemplated by this prospectus. If competition has these effects, our earnings and ability to pay dividends could be reduced.
Failure to procure adequate capital and funding may decrease our profitability and our ability to pay dividends, reducing the market price of our common stock.
We depend upon the availability of adequate funding and capital for our operations. As a REIT, we must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gain, to our stockholders and are therefore not able to retain significant amounts of our earnings for new investments. Moreover, although Resource TRS, our TRS, may retain earnings as new capital, we are subject to REIT qualification requirements which limit the relative value of TRS stock and securities to the other assets owned by a REIT. Consequently, we will depend upon the availability of financing and additional capital to execute our investment strategy. If sufficient financing or capital is not available to us on acceptable terms, we may not be able to achieve anticipated levels of profitability either due to the lack of funding or an increase in funding costs and our ability to pay dividends and the price of our common stock may decline.
We intend to finance some of our investments through CDOs in which we will retain the equity. CDO equity receives distributions from the CDO only if the CDO generates enough income to first pay the holders of its debt securities and its expenses.
We intend to finance our non-agency RMBS, CMBS and commercial finance assets through CDOs, such as Ischus CDO II and Apidos CDO I, in which we will retain the equity interest. A CDO is a special purpose vehicle that purchases collateral that is expected to generate a stream of interest or other income. The CDO issues various classes of securities that participate in that income stream, typically one or more classes of debt instruments and a class of equity securities. The equity is usually entitled to all of the income generated by the CDO after the CDO pays all of the interest due on the debt securities and other expenses. However, there will be little or no income available to the CDO equity if there are excessive defaults by the issuers of the underlying collateral. In that event, the value of our investment in the CDOs equity could decrease substantially. In addition, the equity securities of CDOs are generally illiquid, and because they represent a leveraged investment in the CDOs assets, the value of the equity securities will generally have greater fluctuations than the value of the underlying collateral.
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The use of CDO financings with over-collateralization requirements may reduce our cash flow.
We expect that the terms of CDOs we may use to finance our portfolio will generally require the principal amount of the assets forming the collateral pool to exceed the principal balance of the CDOs, commonly referred to as over-collateralization. Typically, in a CDO if the delinquencies or losses exceed specified levels, which are generally established based on the analysis by the rating agencies or a financial guaranty insurer of the characteristics of the assets collateralizing the bonds, the amount of over-collateralization required increases or may be prevented from decreasing from what would otherwise be permitted if losses or delinquencies did not exceed those levels. Other tests, based on delinquency levels or other criteria, may restrict our ability to receive net income from assets collateralizing the obligations. Before structuring any CDO issuances, we will not know the actual terms of the delinquency tests, over-collateralization terms, cash flow release mechanisms or other significant terms. If our assets fail to perform as anticipated, we may be unable to comply with these terms, which would reduce or eliminate our cash flow from our CDO financings and, as a result, our net income and ability to pay dividends.
Declines in the market values of our investments may reduce periodic reported results, credit availability and our ability to make distributions.
We classify a substantial portion of our assets for accounting purposes as available-for-sale. As a result, changes in the market values of those assets are directly charged or credited to stockholders equity. A decline in these values will reduce the book value of our assets. Moreover, if the decline in value of an available-for-sale asset is other than temporary, such decline will reduce earnings.
A decline in the market value of our assets may also adversely affect us in instances where we have borrowed money based on the market value of those assets. If the market value of those assets declines, the lender may require us to post additional collateral to support the loan. If we were unable to post the additional collateral, we could have to sell the assets under adverse market conditions. As a result, a reduction in credit availability may reduce our earnings and, in turn, cash available to pay dividends.
Loss of our exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act would require significant changes in our operations and could reduce the market price of our common stock and our ability to make distributions.
In order to be excluded from regulation under the Investment Company Act, we must comply with the requirements of one or more of the exclusions from the definition of investment company. Because we conduct our business through wholly-owned subsidiaries, we must ensure not only that we qualify for an exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act, but also that each of our subsidiaries so qualifies. If we fail to qualify for an exclusion, we could be required to restructure our activities or register as an investment company. Either alternative would require significant changes in our operations and could reduce the market price of our common stock. For example, if the market value of our investments in assets other than real estate or real estate-related assets were to increase beyond the levels permitted under the Investment Company Act exclusion, we might have to sell those assets in order to maintain our exclusion. The sale could occur under adverse market conditions. If we were required to register as an investment company, our use of leverage to fund our investment strategies would be significantly limited, which would limit our profitability and ability to pay dividends, and we would become subject to substantial regulation concerning management, operations, transactions with affiliated persons, portfolio composition, including restrictions with respect to diversification and industry concentration, and other matters.
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Rapid changes in the values of our RMBS, CMBS or other real-estate related investments may make it more difficult for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT or exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act.
If the market value or income potential of our RMBS, CMBS or other real estate-related investments declines as a result of increased interest rates, prepayment rates or other factors, we may need to increase our real estate-related investments and income and/or liquidate our non-qualifying assets in order to maintain our REIT qualification or exclusion from the Investment Company Act. If the decline in real estate asset values and/or income occurs quickly, this may be especially difficult to accomplish. This difficulty may be exacerbated by the illiquid nature of many of our non-real estate assets. We may have to make investment decisions that we otherwise would not make absent REIT qualification and Investment Company Act considerations.
We are highly dependent on information systems. Systems failures could significantly disrupt our business.
Our business is highly dependent on communications and information systems. Any failure or interruption of our systems could cause delays or other problems in our securities trading activities which could harm our operating results, cause the market price of our common stock to decline and reduce our ability to make distributions.
If we issue senior securities, their terms may restrict our operating flexibility.
If we issue senior securities, they will likely be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility. Holders of senior securities may be granted the right to hold a perfected security interest in certain of our assets, to accelerate payments due under the indenture, to restrict dividend payments, and to require approval to sell assets. These covenants could make it more difficult to execute our investment strategy and achieve our investment objectives. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our common stock. We, and indirectly our stockholders, will bear the cost of issuing and servicing such securities.
Terrorist attacks and other acts of violence or war may affect the market for our common stock, the industry in which we conduct our operations and our profitability.
Terrorist attacks may harm our results of operations and your investment. We cannot assure you that there will not be further terrorist attacks against the United States or U.S. businesses. These attacks or armed conflicts may directly impact the property underlying our ABS securities or the securities markets in general. Losses resulting from these types of events are uninsurable.
More generally, any of these events could cause consumer confidence and spending to decrease or result in increased volatility in the United States and worldwide financial markets and economy. Adverse economic conditions could harm the value of the property underlying our ABS or the securities markets in general which could harm our operating results and revenues and may result in the volatility of the value of our securities.
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Risks Related to Our Investments
We may not realize gains or income from our investments.
We seek to generate both current income and capital appreciation. However, the securities we invest in may not appreciate in value and, in fact, may decline in value, and the debt securities we invest in may default on interest and/or principal payments. Accordingly, we may not be able to realize gains or income from our investments. Any gains that we do realize may not be sufficient to offset any other losses we experience. Any income that we realize may not be sufficient to offset our expenses.
Increases in interest rates and other factors could reduce the value of our investments, result in reduced earnings or losses and reduce our ability to pay dividends.
A significant risk associated with our investment in RMBS, CMBS and other debt instruments is the risk that either or both of long-term and short-term interest rates increase significantly. If long-term rates increase, the market value of our assets would decline. Even if the mortgages underlying the RMBS we own are guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae, those guarantees do not protect against declines in market value of the related RMBS caused by interest rate changes. At the same time, because of the short-term nature of the financing we expect to use to acquire our investments and to hold RMBS, an increase in short-term interest rates would increase our interest expense, reducing our net interest spread. This could result in reduced profitability and dividends.
We remain subject to losses on our mortgage portfolio despite our strategy of investing in highly-rated MBS.
A significant portion of our assets are invested in MBS that are either agency-backed or are rated investment grade by at least one rating agency. While highly-rated MBS are generally subject to a lower risk of default than lower credit quality MBS and may benefit from third-party credit enhancements such as insurance or corporate guarantees, there is no assurance that the MBS will not be subject to credit losses. Furthermore, ratings are subject to change over time as a result of a number of factors, including greater than expected delinquencies, defaults or credit losses, or a deterioration in the financial strength of corporate guarantors, any of which may reduce the market value of such securities. Furthermore, ratings do not take into account the reasonableness of the issue price, interest rate risk, prepayment risk, extension risk or other risks associated with the MBS. As a result, while we attempt to mitigate our exposure to credit risk in our real estate-related portfolio on a relative basis by focusing on highly-rated MBS, we cannot completely eliminate credit risk and remain subject to other risks to our investment portfolio that could cause us to suffer losses, which may harm the market price of our common stock.
Investing in mezzanine debt and mezzanine or other subordinated tranches of CMBS, syndicated bank loans and other ABS involves greater risks of loss than senior secured debt investments.
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we will invest in mezzanine debt and expect to invest in mezzanine or other subordinated tranches of CMBS, syndicated bank loans and other ABS. These types of investments carry a higher degree of risk of loss than senior secured debt investments such as our RMBS investments because, in the event of default and foreclosure, holders of senior liens will be paid in full before mezzanine investors and, depending on the value of the underlying collateral, there may not be sufficient assets to pay all or any part of amounts owed to mezzanine investors. Moreover, our mezzanine and other subordinate debt investments may have higher loan to value ratios than conventional senior lien financing, resulting in less equity in the collateral and increasing the risk of loss of principal. If a borrower defaults or declares bankruptcy, we may be subject to agreements restricting or eliminating our rights as a creditor, including rights to call a default, foreclose on collateral, accelerate maturity or control decisions made in bankruptcy proceedings. In addition, the prices of lower credit quality securities are generally less sensitive to interest rate changes than more highly rated investments, but more sensitive to economic downturns or individual issuer developments. An economic downturn, for example, could cause a decline in the price of lower credit quality securities because the ability of obligors of instruments underlying the securities to make principal and interest payments may be impaired. In such event, existing credit support relating to the securities structure may not be sufficient to protect us against loss of our principal.
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The B notes in which we invest may be subject to additional risks relating to the privately negotiated structure and terms of the transaction, which may result in losses to us.
A B note is a mortgage loan typically secured by a first mortgage on a single large commercial property or group of related properties and subordinated to a senior note secured by the same first mortgage on the same collateral. As a result, if a borrower defaults, there may not be sufficient funds remaining for B note owners after payment to the senior note owners. B notes reflect similar credit risks to comparably rated CMBS. However, since each transaction is privately negotiated, B notes can vary in their structural characteristics and risks. For example, the rights of holders of B notes to control the process following a borrower default may be limited in certain investments. We cannot predict the terms of each B note investment we will make. Further, B notes typically are secured by a single property, and so reflect the increased risks associated with a single property compared to a pool of properties. B notes also are less liquid than CMBS, thus we may be unable to dispose of underperforming or non-performing investments. The higher risks associated with our subordinate position in our B note investments could subject us to increased risk of losses.
Our assets likely will include trust preferred securities of financial institutions, or CDOs collateralized by these securities, which may have greater risks of loss than senior secured loans.
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we expect that we will invest in the trust preferred securities of financial institutions or CDOs collateralized by these securities. Investing in these securities will involve a higher degree of risk than investing in senior secured loans, including the following:
• | Trust preferred securities, which are issued by a special purpose trust, typically are collateralized by a junior subordinated debenture of the financial institution and that institutions guarantee, and thus are subordinate and junior in right of payment to most of the financial institutions other debt. | |
• | Trust preferred securities often will permit the financial institution to defer interest payments on its junior subordinated debenture, deferring dividend payments by the trust on the trust preferred securities, for specified periods. | |
• | If trust preferred securities are collateralized by junior subordinated debentures issued by the financial institutions holding company, dividend payments may be affected by regulatory limitations on the amount of dividends, other distributions or loans a financial institution can make to its holding company, which typically are the holding companys principal sources of funds for meeting its obligations, including its obligations under the junior subordinated debentures. |
As a result, a holder of trust preferred securities may be limited in its ability both to enforce its payment rights and to recover its investment upon default. Moreover, any deferral of dividends on the trust preferred securities in which we may invest will reduce the funds available to us for payment of dividends on our common stock which, in turn, could reduce the market price of our common stock.
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We may invest in small- and middle-ticket equipment leases which may have greater risks of default than senior secured loans.
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we expect that we will invest in small- and middle-ticket equipment leases and anticipate that many of the lessees will be small- to mid-size businesses. As a result, we may be subject to higher risks of lease default than if our lessees were larger businesses. While we will seek to repossess and re-lease or sell the equipment subject to a defaulted lease, we may not be able to do so on advantageous terms. If a lessee files for protection under the bankruptcy laws, we may experience difficulties and delays in recovering the equipment. Moreover, the equipment may be returned in poor condition and we may be unable to enforce important lease provisions against an insolvent lessee, including the contract provisions that require the lessee to return the equipment in good condition. In some cases, a lessees deteriorating financial condition may make trying to recover what the lessee owes impractical. The costs of recovering equipment upon a lessees default, enforcing the lessees obligations under the lease, and transporting, storing, repairing and finding a new lessee or purchaser for the equipment may be high. Higher than expected lease defaults will result in a loss of anticipated revenues. These losses may impair our ability to pay dividends and reduce the market price of our common stock.
Preferred equity investments involve a greater risk of loss than traditional debt financing.
Preferred equity investments are subordinate to debt financing and are not secured. Should the issuer default on our investment, we would only be able to proceed against the entity that issued the preferred equity in accordance with the terms of the preferred security, and not any property owned by the entity. Furthermore, in the event of bankruptcy or foreclosure, we would only be able to recoup our investment after any lenders to the entity are paid. As a result, we may not recover some or all of our investment, which could result in losses.
Some of our portfolio investments will be recorded at fair value as estimated by our management and reviewed by our board of directors and, as a result, there will be uncertainty as to the value of these investments.
Some of our portfolio investments will be in the form of securities that are not publicly traded, including the securities of our TRS. The fair value of securities and other investments that are not publicly traded may not be readily determinable. We will value these investments quarterly at fair value as determined under policies approved by our board of directors. Because such valuations are inherently uncertain, may fluctuate over short periods of time and may be based on estimates, our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have been used if a ready market for these securities existed. The value of our common stock would likely decrease if our determinations regarding the fair value of these investments were materially higher than the values that we ultimately realize upon their disposal.
It may be difficult to sell many of our investments quickly if the need arises.
We have made investments, and expect to make additional investments, in securities that are not publicly traded. A portion of these securities may be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or will otherwise be less liquid than publicly traded securities. If we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio quickly, we may realize significantly less than the value at which we have previously recorded our investments. In addition, we may face other restrictions on our ability to liquidate an investment in a business entity to the extent that we, Resource Capital Manager or Resource America has or could be attributed with material non-public information regarding such business entity.
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We may enter into warehouse agreements in connection with our planned investment in the equity securities of CDOs and if the investment in the CDO is not consummated, the warehoused collateral will be sold and we must bear any loss resulting from the purchase price of the collateral exceeding the sale price.
In connection with our investment in CDOs that Resource Capital Manager structures for us, we expect to enter into warehouse agreements with investment banks or other financial institutions, pursuant to which the institutions will initially finance the purchase of the collateral that will be transferred to the CDOs. Resource Capital Manager will select the collateral. If the CDO transaction is not consummated, the institution would liquidate the warehoused collateral and we would have to pay any amount by which the original purchase price of the collateral exceeds its sale price, subject to negotiated caps, if any, on our exposure. In addition, regardless of whether the CDO transaction is consummated, if any of the warehoused collateral is sold before the consummation, we will have to bear any resulting loss on the sale. The amount at risk in connection with the warehouse agreements supporting our investments in CDOs, generally is the amount that we have agreed to invest in the equity securities of the CDO.
We may not be able to acquire eligible securities for a CDO issuance, or may not be able to issue CDO securities on attractive terms, which may require us to seek more costly financing for our investments or to liquidate assets.
We intend to use CDOs to provide long-term financing for a significant portion of the assets we acquire. During the period that we are acquiring these assets, however, we intend to finance our purchases through warehouse facilities until we accumulate a sufficient quantity to permit a CDO issuance. The warehouse facility is typically with a bank or other financial institution that will be the lead manager of the CDO issuance. We direct the warehouse provider to purchase the securities and contribute cash and other collateral which the warehouse provider holds in escrow as security for our commitment to purchase equity in the CDO and to cover our share of losses should securities need to be liquidated. As a result, during the accumulation period, we are subject to the risk that we will not be able to acquire a sufficient amount of eligible assets to maximize the efficiency of a CDO issuance. In addition, conditions in the capital markets may make the issuance of CDOs less attractive to us when we do have a sufficient pool of collateral. If we are unable to issue a CDO to finance these assets, we may have to seek other forms of potentially less attractive financing or otherwise to liquidate the assets at a price that could result in a loss of all or a portion of the cash and other collateral backing our purchase commitment.
We may have to repurchase assets that we have sold in connection with CDOs and other securitizations.
If any of the assets that we originate or acquire and sell or securitize does not comply with representations and warranties that we make about their characteristics, the borrowers and the underlying assets, we may have to purchase these assets from the CDO or securitization vehicle, or replace them with substitute loans or securities. In addition, in the case of loans or securities that we have sold instead of retained, we may have to indemnify purchasers for losses or expenses incurred as a result of a breach of a representation or warranty. Any significant repurchases or indemnification payments could materially reduce our liquidity, earnings and ability to pay dividends.
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An increase in our borrowing costs relative to the interest we receive on our assets may impair our profitability, and thus our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
As our repurchase agreements and other short-term borrowings mature, we will be required either to enter into new borrowings or to sell certain of our investments at times when we might otherwise not choose to do so. An increase in short-term interest rates at the time that we seek to enter into new borrowings would reduce the spread between the income on our assets and the cost of our borrowings. This would adversely affect our returns on our assets that are subject to prepayment risk, including our MBS, which might reduce earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Termination events contained in our repurchase agreements increase the possibility that we will be unable to maintain adequate capital and funding and may reduce cash available for distribution.
We obtain a significant portion of our funding through the use of repurchase facilities. Our repurchase agreements include termination events that, if they occur, may cause transactions to be terminated early. Except as noted below, the repurchase agreements for our repurchase facilities do not include substantive provisions other than those contained in the standard master repurchase agreement as published by the Bond Market Association. Our repurchase agreement with Credit Suisse First Boston LLC includes provisions that establish termination events if:
• | we incur a net asset value decline of 20% on a monthly basis, 30% on a quarterly basis, 40% on an annual basis, or 50% or more from the highest net asset value since the inception of the repurchase agreement; | |
• | we fail to maintain a minimum net asset value of $100 million; | |
• | Resource Capital Manager ceases to be our manager; | |
• | we fail to qualify as a REIT; or | |
• | we fail to deliver specified documents including financial statements or financial information due annually, quarterly or monthly, or an estimate of net asset values. |
The occurrence of an event of default or termination event would give our counterparty the option to terminate all repurchase transactions existing with us and make any amount due by us to the counterparty payable immediately. If we are required to terminate outstanding repurchase transactions and are unable to negotiate more favorable funding terms, our financing costs will increase. This may reduce the amount of capital available for investing and/or may impair our ability to distribute dividends. In addition, we may have to sell assets at a time when we might not otherwise choose to do so.
A prolonged economic slowdown, recession or decline in real estate values could impair our investments and harm our operating results.
Many of our investments may be susceptible to economic slowdowns or recessions, which could lead to financial losses on our investments and a decrease in revenues, net income and assets. Unfavorable economic conditions also could increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us. These events could prevent us from increasing investments and reduce or eliminate our earnings and ability to pay dividends.
We may be exposed to environmental liabilities with respect to properties to which we take title.
In the course of our business, we may take title to real estate either through direct purchase or through foreclosure on collateral underlying real estate securities. If we do take title to any property, we could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to it. In such a circumstance, we may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation, and clean-up costs they incur as a result of environmental contamination, or may have to investigate or clean up hazardous or toxic substances, or chemical releases at a property. The costs associated with investigation or remediation activities could be substantial and could reduce our income and ability to make distributions.
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We will lose money on our repurchase transactions if the counterparty to the transaction defaults on its obligation to resell the underlying security back to us at the end of the transaction term, or if the value of the underlying security has declined as of the end of the term or if we default on our obligations under the repurchase agreement.
When we engage in a repurchase transaction, we generally sell securities to the transaction counterparty and receive cash from the counterparty. The counterparty must resell the securities back to us at the end of the term of the transaction, which is typically 30-90 days. Because the cash we receive from the counterparty when we initially sell the securities to the counterparty is less than the value of those securities, typically about 97% of that value, if the counterparty defaults on its obligation to resell the securities back to us we will incur a loss on the transaction equal to about 3% of the value of the securities, assuming there was no change in the value of the securities. We will also lose money on a repurchase transaction if the value of the underlying securities has declined as of the end of the transaction term, as we will have to repurchase the securities for their initial value but would receive securities worth less than that amount. Any losses we incur on our repurchase transactions could reduce our earnings, and thus our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
If we default on one of our obligations under a repurchase transaction, the counterparty can terminate the transaction and cease entering into any other repurchase transactions with us. In that case, we would likely need to establish a replacement repurchase facility with another repurchase dealer in order to continue to leverage our portfolio and carry out our investment strategy. There is no assurance we would be able to establish a suitable replacement facility.
Our hedging transactions may not completely insulate us from interest rate risk.
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we may pursue various hedging strategies to seek to reduce our exposure to losses from adverse changes in interest rates. Our interest rate hedging activity will vary in scope depending upon market conditions relating to, among other factors, the level and volatility of interest rates and the type of assets we hold. Interest rate hedging may not be effective in eliminating all of the interest rate risk of a particular investment, or could impair our operations, because, among other things:
• | Available interest rate hedges may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk against which we seek protection. | |
• | The duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the related liability. | |
• | Interest rate hedging can be expensive, particularly during periods of rising and volatile interest rates. | |
• | Losses on a hedge position may reduce the cash available to pay dividends to stockholders, and may exceed the amounts invested in the hedge position. | |
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• | The amount of income that a REIT may earn from hedging transactions, other than through a TRS, is limited by federal tax provisions governing REITs. | |
• | The credit quality of the party owing money on the hedge may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction. | |
• | The party owing money in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation to pay. | |
Hedging against a decline in the values of our portfolio positions does not eliminate the possibility of fluctuations in the values of the positions or prevent losses if the values of the positions decline. Hedging transactions may also limit the opportunity for gain if the values of the portfolio positions should increase. Moreover, we may not be able to hedge against an interest rate fluctuation that is generally anticipated by the market.
The success of our hedging transactions will depend on Resource Capital Managers ability to correctly predict movements of interest rates. Therefore, unanticipated changes in interest rates may result in poorer overall investment performance than if we had not engaged in any such hedging transactions. In addition, the degree of correlation between price movements of the instruments used in a hedging strategy and price movements in the portfolio positions being hedged may vary. Moreover, for a variety of reasons, we may not seek to establish a perfect correlation between such hedging instruments and the portfolio holdings being hedged. Any such imperfect correlation may prevent us from achieving the intended hedge and expose us to risk of loss.
Hedging instruments often are not traded on regulated exchanges, guaranteed by an exchange or its clearing house, or regulated by any U.S. or foreign governmental authorities and involve risks of default by the hedging counterparty and illiquidity.
Hedging instruments often are not traded on regulated exchanges, guaranteed by an exchange or its clearing house, or regulated by any U.S. or foreign governmental authorities. Consequently, there are no requirements with respect to record keeping, financial responsibility or segregation of customer funds and positions. Furthermore, the enforceability of agreements underlying derivative transactions may depend on compliance with applicable statutory and commodity and other regulatory requirements and, depending on the identify of the counterparty, applicable international requirements. The business failure of a counterparty with whom we enter into a hedging transaction will most likely result in a default. Default by a party with whom we entered into a hedging transaction may result in the loss of unrealized profits and force us to cover our resale commitments, if any, at the then current market price. Although generally we will seek to reserve the right to terminate our hedging positions, we may not always be able to dispose of or close out a hedging position without the consent of the hedging counterparty, and we may not be able to enter into an offsetting contract in order to cover our risk. A liquid secondary market may not exist for hedging instruments purchased or sold, and we may have to maintain a position until exercise or expiration, which could result in losses.
We may enter into derivative contracts that could expose us to unexpected losses in the future.
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, part of our investment strategy involves entering into derivative contracts that could require us to fund cash payments in the future under certain circumstances, for example, upon the early termination of the derivative agreement caused by an event of default or other early termination event, or the decision by a counterparty to request margin securities it is contractually owed under the terms of the derivative contract. The amount due would be equal to the unrealized loss of the open swap positions with the counterparty and could also include other fees and charges. These losses will be reflected in our financial results of operations, and our ability to fund these obligations will depend on the liquidity of our assets and access to capital at the time, and the need to fund these obligations could adversely impact our financial condition.
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Increased levels of prepayments on our MBS might decrease our net interest income or result in a net loss.
Pools of mortgage loans underlie the MBS that we acquire. We generally will receive payments from the payments that are made on these underlying mortgage loans. When we acquire MBS, we anticipate that the underlying mortgages will prepay at a projected rate generating an expected yield. When borrowers prepay their mortgage loans faster than expected, this results in corresponding prepayments on the mortgage-related securities and may reduce the expected yield. Prepayment rates generally increase when interest rates fall and decrease when interest rates rise, but changes in prepayment rates are difficult to predict. Prepayment rates also may be affected by other factors, including conditions in the housing and financial markets, general economic conditions and the relative interest rates on adjustable-rate and fixed-rate mortgage loans. No strategy can completely insulate us from prepayment or other such risks. As a result, in periods of declining rates, owners of MBS may have more money to reinvest than anticipated and be required to invest it at the lower prevailing market rates. Conversely, in periods of rising rates, owners of MBS may have less money to invest than anticipated at the higher prevailing rates. This volatility in prepayment rates also may affect our ability to maintain targeted amounts of leverage on our MBS portfolio and may result in reduced earnings or losses for us and reduce or eliminate the cash available for dividends.
The obligations underlying our RMBS, CMBS and B notes will be subject to delinquency, foreclosure and loss, which could result in losses to us.
The RMBS, CMBS and B notes in which we invest will be secured by underlying mortgage loan obligations. Accordingly, our investments in our portfolio will be subject to all of the risks of the underlying obligations.
Residential mortgage loans are secured by single-family residential property and are subject to risks of delinquency and foreclosure, and risks of loss. The ability of a borrower to repay these loans is dependent upon the borrowers income or assets. A number of factors, including a national, regional or local economic downturn, acts of God, terrorism, social unrest and civil disturbances, may impair borrowers abilities to repay their loans. Economic problems specific to a borrower, such as loss of a job or medical problems, may also impair a borrowers ability to repay his or her loan.
Commercial mortgage loans are secured by multifamily or commercial property and are subject to risks of delinquency and foreclosure, and risks of loss, that are greater than similar risks associated with loans made on the security of single-family residential property. The ability of a borrower to repay a loan secured by an income-producing property typically depends primarily upon the successful operation of the property rather than upon the existence of independent income or assets of the borrower. If the net operating income of the property is reduced, the borrowers ability to repay the loan may be impaired. Net operating income of an income producing property can be affected by, among other things:
• | tenant mix, success of tenant businesses and property management decisions, | |
• | property location and condition, | |
• | competition from comparable types of properties, | |
• | changes in laws that increase operating expense or limit rents that may be charged, | |
• | any need to address environmental contamination at the property, | |
• | the occurrence of any uninsured casualty at the property, |
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• | changes in national, regional or local economic conditions and/or specific industry segments, | |
• | declines in regional or local real estate values, | |
• | declines in regional or local rental or occupancy rates, | |
• | increases in interest rates, real estate tax rates and other operating expenses, | |
• | changes in governmental rules, regulations and fiscal policies, including environmental legislation, and | |
• | acts of God, terrorism, social unrest and civil disturbances. |
In the event of any default under a mortgage loan held directly by us, we will bear a risk of loss of principal to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the collateral and the principal and accrued interest of the mortgage loan, which would reduce our cash flow from operations. Foreclosure of a mortgage loan can be an expensive and lengthy process which could reduce our return on the foreclosed mortgage loan. In the event of the bankruptcy of a mortgage loan borrower, the mortgage loan will be deemed to be secured only to the extent of the value of the underlying collateral at the time of bankruptcy as determined by the bankruptcy court, and the lien securing the mortgage loan will be subject to the avoidance powers of the bankruptcy trustee or debtor-in-possession to the extent the lien isunenforceable under state law.
Our assets will include, in the future, syndicated bank loans, other ABS and, possibly, private equity investments, which will carry higher risks of loss than our real estate-related portfolio.
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we expect to invest in syndicated bank loans and other ABS as our portfolio develops. Our syndicated bank loan investments or our other ABS investments, which we expect will be principally backed by small business and bank syndicated loans, may not be secured by mortgages or other liens on assets or may involve higher loan-to-value ratios than our RMBS or CMBS. Our syndicated bank loan investments, and our ABS backed by loans, may involve one or more loans that have an interest-only payment schedule or a schedule that does not fully amortize principal over the term of the loan, which will make repayment of the loan depend upon the borrowers liquidity or ability to refinance the loan at maturity. Numerous factors affect a borrowers ability to repay or refinance loans at maturity, including national and local economic conditions, a downturn in a borrowers industry, loss of one or more principal customers and conditions in the credit markets. A deterioration in a companys financial condition or prospects may be accompanied by a deterioration in the collateral for the syndicated bank loan or any ABS backed by such companys loans.
In addition, private equity investments may also have a greater risk of loss than senior secured or other financing since such investments are subordinate to debt of the issuer, are not secured by property underlying the investment and may be illiquid, depending upon the existence of a market for the issuers securities, the length of time we have held the investment and any rights we may have to require registration under the Securities Act.
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Our due diligence may not reveal all of an entitys liabilities and other weaknesses in its business.
Before investing in the securities of any issuer, we will assess the strength and skills of the issuers management, the value of any collateral securing debt securities, the ability of the issuer and the collateral to service the debt and other factors that we believe are material to the performance of the investment. In making the assessment and otherwise conducting customary due diligence, we will rely on the resources available to us and, in some cases, an investigation by third parties. This process is particularly important and subjective with respect to newly-organized entities because there may be little or no information publicly available about the entities or, with respect to debt securities, any underlying collateral. Our due diligence processes, however, may not uncover all facts that may be relevant to an investment decision.
Risks Related to this Offering
A trading market may not develop for our common stock or, if it does, you may not be able to sell your shares at or above the initial offering price.
Before this offering, there was no market for our common stock. Although we intend to apply to list our common stock for trading on the New York Stock Exchange, we do not know whether our application will be approved or, if approved, the extent to which investor interest will lead to the development of a trading market or how liquid that market might be. The initial public offering price for our common stock will be determined by negotiation between us and the underwriters. You may not be able to sell your shares at or above the initial offering price. The market price of our common stock may also be subject to significant fluctuations in response to our future operating results, analyst reports about us, additions to or departures of key management personnel, actual or projected interest rate changes and other factors, including conditions affecting securities markets generally. In recent years, the markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performances and prospects of individual companies.
Future offerings of debt securities, which would rank senior to our common stock upon our liquidation, and future offerings of equity securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders and may be senior to our common stock for the purposes of dividend and liquidating distributions, may reduce the market price of our common stock.
In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by making offerings of debt or additional offerings of equity securities. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and shares of preferred stock, if any, and lenders with respect to other borrowings will receive a distribution of our available assets before we can make any distributions to the holders of our common stock. Additional equity offerings may dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our common stock, or both. Our preferred stock, if issued, could have a preference on liquidating distributions or dividend payments that could limit our ability to make distributions to the holders of our common stock. Issuance of substantial amounts of our common stock, including shares of our common stock issued pursuant to our incentive plan, or the perception that these issuances could occur, could depress the price of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings.
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Future sales of shares of our common stock may depress the price of our shares.
We cannot predict the effect, if any, that future sales of our common stock or the availability of shares for future sales will have on the market price of our common stock. We have agreed to file a registration statement with respect to the resale of 15,333,334 shares of common stock issued in our March 2005 private offering no later than December 3, 2005. We have also agreed to register 345,000 shares of restricted stock and 651,666 shares of common stock underlying options issued to Resource Capital Manager upon completion of our March 2005 private offering and any shares of common stock issued to Resource Capital Manager as incentive compensation under our management agreement. We also granted an aggregate of 4,000 shares of stock to our independent directors upon the completion of the March 2005 private offering and may issue up to an additional 532,668 shares of common stock under our incentive plan.
We also may issue additional common stock in connection with the acquisition of investments and we may grant additional demand or piggyback registration rights in connection with such issuances.
Sales of substantial amounts of common stock or the perception that such sales could occur could reduce the price that our common stock might otherwise obtain.
You should not rely on lock-up agreements in connection with the private placement or this offering to limit the amount of common stock sold into the market.
We will agree with the underwriters not to offer to sell, contract to sell, or otherwise dispose of, loan, pledge or grant any rights with respect to any shares of our common stock, any options or warrants to purchase any shares of our common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable for any of our common stock for a period of 180 days following the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions. Our directors and officers, members of our investment committee, Resource Capital Manager and Resource America will agree, with limited exceptions, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, and the selling stockholders will agree, with limited exceptions, for a period of 60 days after the date of this prospectus, that they will not, without the prior written consent of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, offer to sell, sell or otherwise dispose of any shares of our common stock other than the shares of common stock sold by the selling stockholders in this offering.
In addition, holders of common stock issued in our March 2005 private placement have agreed not to sell their shares for a period of 60 days following the date of this prospectus.
Credit Suisse First Boston LLC may, at any time, release all or a portion of the securities subject to these lock-up provisions. There are no present agreements between the underwriters and us or any of our executive officers, directors or stockholders releasing them or us from these lock-up agreements. However, we cannot predict the circumstances or timing under which Credit Suisse First Boston LLC may waive these restrictions. If the restrictions under the lock-up agreements with members of our senior management, directors, members of our investment committee, Resource Capital Manager, Resource America are waived or terminated, or upon expiration of a lock-up period, approximately __________ shares will be available for sale into the market at that time, subject only to applicable securities rules and regulations. These sales or a perception that these sales may occur could reduce the market price for our common stock.
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Your interest in us may be diluted if we issue additional shares.
Existing stockholders and potential investors in this offering do not have preemptive rights to any common stock issued by us in the future. Therefore, investors purchasing shares in this offering may experience dilution of their equity investment if we sell additional common stock in the future, sell securities that are convertible into common stock or issue shares of common stock, including shares issued as incentive compensation under our management agreement, or options exercisable for shares of common stock.
An increase in market interest rates may reduce the market price of our common stock.
One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our common stock is our distribution rate as a percentage of our share price relative to market interest rates. If the market price of our common stock is based primarily on the earnings and return that we derive from our investments and income with respect to our investments and our related distributions to stockholders, and not from the market value of the investments themselves, then interest rate fluctuations and capital market conditions will likely affect the market price of our common stock. For example, if market rates rise without an increase in our distribution rate, the market price of our common stock could decrease as potential investors may require a higher distribution yield on our common stock or seek other securities paying higher distributions or interest. In addition, rising interest rates would result in increased interest expense on our variable rate debt, decreasing cash flow and our ability to service our indebtedness and pay distributions.
Investors in this offering will suffer immediate and substantial dilution.
The initial public offering price of our common stock is substantially higher than what our net tangible book value per share will be immediately after this offering. Purchasers of our common stock in this offering will incur immediate dilution of approximately $____ in net tangible book value per share of our common stock, based on the mid-point of the expected price range for the shares to be sold in this offering.
We have relationships with some of our underwriters or their affiliates who may receive benefits in connection with this offering.
Some of our underwriters have interests in the successful completion of this offering beyond the underwriting discounts and commissions they will receive. The following circumstances may create conflicts between us and our investors, on the one hand, and those underwriters and their affiliates, on the other:
• | We have purchased and will in the future likely purchase investments, including RMBS, ABS and syndicated loans, from or issued by affiliates of underwriters in this offering or underwritten by underwriters in this offering. As of May 31, 2005, an aggregate of approximately $523 million in carrying value, or 39.7%, of our portfolio, had been issued by affiliates of the underwriters in this offering or underwritten by underwriters in this offering, including Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, Friedman Billings Ramsey & Co., Inc., CitiGroup Global Markets, Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. | |
• | Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, one of our underwriters, has entered into repurchase agreements with us under which $769 million was outstanding at May 31, 2005. These repurchase agreements mature at various dates between June 22, 2005 and June 30, 2005. We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering to repay our indebtedness under these repurchase agreements. | |
• | Credit Suisse First Boston International, an affiliate of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, entered into three interest rate swaps with us between April 15, 2005 and May 23, 2005 in an aggregate amount of $739 million. These swaps mature between April 15, 2006 and May 23, 2006. |
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• | Credit Suisse First Boston LLC is acting as the exclusive structurer and placement agent for us in connection with the Ischus CDO II transaction and we expect that it will receive a customary fee of approximately $3.6 million and reimbursement of approximately $200,000 of expenses in connection with the transaction, assuming the CDO issues $400 million of securities. Credit Suisse First Boston LLC is also acting as the exclusive structurer and placement agent for us in connection with the Apidos CDO I transaction and we expect that it will receive a customary fee of approximately $3.6 million and reimbursement of approximately $100,000 of expenses in connection with the transaction, assuming the CDO issues $350 million of securities. |
Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure
Our charter and bylaws contain provisions that may inhibit potential acquisition bids that you and other stockholders may consider favorable, and the market price of our common stock may be lower as a result.
Our charter and bylaws contain provisions that may have an anti-takeover effect and inhibit a change in our board of directors. These provisions include the following:
• | There are ownership limits and restrictions on transferability and ownership in our charter. For purposes of assisting us in maintaining our REIT qualification under the Internal Revenue Code, our charter generally prohibits any person from beneficially or constructively owning more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of any class or series of our outstanding capital stock. This restriction may: | ||
• | discourage a tender offer or other transactions or a change in the composition of our board of directors or control that might involve a premium price for our shares or otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders; or | ||
• | result in shares issued or transferred in violation of such restrictions being automatically transferred to a trust for a charitable beneficiary, resulting in the forfeiture of those shares. | ||
• | Our charter permits our board of directors to issue stock with terms that may discourage a third party from acquiring us. Our board of directors may amend our charter without stockholder approval to increase the total number of authorized shares of stock or the number of shares of any class or series and issue common or preferred stock having preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to distributions, qualifications, or terms or conditions of redemption as determined by our board. Thus, our board could authorize the issuance of stock with terms and conditions that could have the effect of discouraging a takeover or other transaction in which holders of some or a majority of our shares might receive a premium for their shares over the then-prevailing market price. | ||
• | Our charter and bylaws contain other possible anti-takeover provisions . Our charter and bylaws contain other provisions that may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of us or the removal of existing directors and, as a result, could prevent our stockholders from being paid a premium for their common stock over the then-prevailing market price. |
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Maryland takeover statutes may prevent a change in control of us, and the market price of our common stock may be lower as a result.
Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act . Maryland law provides that control shares of a corporation acquired in a control share acquisition will have no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the votes eligible to be cast on the matter under the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act. The act defines control shares as voting shares of stock that, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned by the acquiror or in respect of which the acquiror is able to exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquiror to exercise voting power in electing directors within one of the following ranges of voting power: one-tenth or more but less than one-third, one-third or more but less than a majority, or a majority or more of all voting power. A control share acquisition means the acquisition of control shares, subject to specific exceptions.
If voting rights or control shares acquired in a control share acquisition are not approved at a stockholders meeting or if the acquiring person does not deliver an acquiring person statement as required by the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act then, subject to specific conditions and limitations, the issuer may redeem any or all of the control shares for fair value. If voting rights of such control shares are approved at a stockholders meeting and the acquiror becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to vote, all other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. Our bylaws contain a provision exempting acquisitions of our shares from the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act. However, our board of directors may amend our bylaws in the future to repeal this exemption.
Business combinations . Under Maryland law, business combinations between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transferor issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested stockholder is defined as:
• | any person who beneficially owns ten percent or more of the voting power of the corporations shares; or | |
• | an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period before the date in question, was the beneficial owner of ten percent or more of the voting power of the then outstanding voting stock of the corporation. |
A person is not an interested stockholder under the statute if the board of directors approved in advance the transaction by which such person otherwise would have become an interested stockholder. However, in approving a transaction, the board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board.
After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between the Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:
• | 80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of voting stock of the corporation; and |
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• | two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting stock of the corporation other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder. |
These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if the corporations common stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares.
The statute permits exemptions from its provisions, including business combinations that are exempted by the board of directors before the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder.
Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to take action against our directors and officers are limited, which could limit your recourse in the event of actions not in your best interests.
Our charter limits the liability of our directors and officers to us and our stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting from:
• | actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services; or | |
• | a final judgment based upon a finding of active and deliberate dishonesty by the director or officer that was material to the cause of action adjudicated. |
In addition, our charter authorizes us to indemnify our present and former directors and officers for actions taken by them in those capacities to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law. Our bylaws require us to indemnify each present or former director or officer, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of his or her service to us. In addition, we may be obligated to fund the defense costs incurred by our directors and officers.
Our right to take action against Resource Capital Manager is limited.
The obligation of Resource Capital Manager under the management agreement is to render its services in good faith. It will not be responsible for any action taken by our board of directors or investment committee in following or declining to follow its advice and recommendations. Furthermore, as discussed above under Risks Related to Our Business, it will be difficult and costly for us to terminate the management agreement without cause. In addition, we will indemnify Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their officers and affiliates for any actions taken by them in good faith.
We have not established a minimum distribution payment level and we cannot assure you of our ability to make distributions in the future.
We expect to make quarterly distributions to our stockholders in amounts such that we distribute all or substantially all of our taxable income in each year, subject to certain adjustments. We have not established a minimum distribution payment level, and our ability to make distributions may be impaired by the risk factors described in this prospectus. All distributions will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our earnings, our financial condition, maintenance of our REIT qualification and other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. We may not be able to make distributions in the future. In addition, some of our distributions may include a return of capital. To the extent that we decide to make distributions in excess of our current and accumulated taxable earnings and profits, such distributions would generally be considered a return of capital for federal income tax purposes. A return of capital is not taxable, but it has the effect of reducing the holders tax basis in its investment.
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Tax Risks
Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities.
To qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy various tests regarding the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our common stock. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our investment performance.
Certain financing activities may subject us to U.S. federal income tax.
We may enter into transactions that will result in us or a portion of our assets being treated as a taxable mortgage pool for federal income tax purposes. If we enter into such a transaction at the REIT level, although the law on the matter is unclear, we might be taxable at the highest corporate income tax rate on a portion of the income arising from a taxable mortgage pool that is allocable to the percentage of our stock held by disqualified organizations, which are generally certain cooperatives, governmental entities and tax-exempt organizations that are exempt from unrelated business taxable income. We expect that disqualified organizations will own our stock. Because this tax would be imposed on us, all of our investors, including investors that are not disqualified organizations, would bear a portion of the tax cost associated with the classification of us or a portion of our assets as a taxable mortgage pool.
We may realize excess inclusion income that would increase our tax liability and that of our stockholders.
If we realize excess inclusion income and allocate it to stockholders, this income cannot be offset by net operating losses of the stockholders. If the stockholder is a tax-exempt entity, then this income would be fully taxable as unrelated business taxable income under Section 512 of the Internal Revenue Code. If the stockholder is a foreign person, it would be subject to federal income tax withholding on this income without reduction or exemption pursuant to any otherwise applicable income tax treaty.
Excess inclusion income could result if we hold a residual interest in a real estate mortgage investment conduit, or REMIC. Excess inclusion income also could be generated if we issue debt obligations, such as certain CDOs, with two or more maturities and the terms of the payments on these obligations bore a relationship to the payments that we received on our mortgage related securities securing those debt obligations, i.e., if we were to own an interest in a taxable mortgage pool. However, the Department of Treasury has not issued regulations regarding the allocation of excess inclusion income to stockholders of a REIT that owns an interest in a taxable mortgage pool. While we do not expect to acquire significant amounts of residual interests in REMICs, we will own residual interests in taxable mortgage pools, which means that we will likely generate significant amounts of excess inclusion income.
If we realize excess inclusion income, we may be taxable at the highest corporate income tax rate on a portion of such income that is allocable to the percentage of our stock held by “disqualified organizations,” which are generally cooperatives, governmental entities and tax-exempt organizations that are exempt from unrelated business taxable income. Although the law on the matter is unclear, we may also be taxable at the highest corporate income tax rate on a portion of excess inclusion income arising from a taxable mortgage pool that is allocable to the percentage of our stock held by disqualified organizations. We expect that disqualified organizations will own our stock. Because this tax would be imposed on us, all of our investors, including investors that are not disqualified organizations, would bear a portion of the tax cost associated with the classification of us or a portion of our assets as a taxable mortgage pool.
Failure to qualify as a REIT would subject us to federal income tax, which would reduce the cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
We operate in a manner that is intended to cause us to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ending on December 31, 2005. However, the federal income tax laws governing REITs are extremely complex, and interpretations of the federal income tax laws governing qualification as a REIT are limited. Qualifying as a REIT requires us to meet various tests regarding the nature of our assets and our income, the ownership of our outstanding stock, and the amount of our distributions on an ongoing basis.
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If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any calendar year and we do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we will be subject to federal income tax, including any applicable alternative minimum tax on our taxable income, at regular corporate rates. Distributions to stockholders would not be deductible in computing our taxable income. Corporate tax liability would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders. Under some circumstances, we might need to borrow money or sell assets in order to pay that tax. Furthermore, if we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT and we do not qualify for the statutory relief provisions, we no longer would be required to distribute substantially all of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders. Unless our failure to qualify as a REIT were excused under federal tax laws, we could not re-elect to qualify as a REIT until the fifth calendar year following the year in which we failed to qualify.
Failure to make required distributions would subject us to tax, which would reduce the cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
In order to qualify as a REIT, in each calendar year we must distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gain. To the extent that we satisfy the 90% distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed income. In addition, we will incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which our distributions in any calendar year are less than the sum of:
• | 85% of our ordinary income for that year; | |
• | 95% of our capital gain net income for that year; and | |
• | 100% our undistributed taxable income from prior years. |
We intend to distribute our REIT taxable income to our stockholders in a manner intended to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement and to distribute all or substantially all of our net income to avoid both corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax. However, there is no requirement that a TRS distribute its after-tax net income to its parent REIT or their stockholders and Resource TRS, our TRS, may determine not to make any distributions to us.
Our taxable income may substantially exceed our net income as determined based on GAAP because, for example, realized capital losses will be deducted in determining our GAAP net income but may not be deductible in computing our taxable income. In addition, we may invest in assets that generate taxable income in excess of economic income or in advance of the corresponding cash flow from the assets, referred to as phantom income. Although some types of phantom income are excluded to the extent they exceed 5% of our REIT taxable income in determining the 90% distribution requirement, we will incur corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax with respect to any phantom income items if we do not distribute those items on an annual basis. As a result, we may generate less cash flow than taxable income in a particular year. In that event, we may be required to use cash reserves, incur debt, or liquidate non-cash assets at rates or times that we regard as unfavorable in order to satisfy the distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax in that year.
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If we make distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, they will be treated as a return of capital, which will reduce the adjusted basis of your stock. To the extent such distributions exceed your adjusted basis, you may recognize a capital gain.
Unless you are a tax-exempt entity, distributions that we make to you generally will be subject to tax as ordinary income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits as determined for federal income tax purposes. If the amount we distribute to you exceeds your allocable share of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, the excess will be treated as a return of capital to the extent of your adjusted basis in your stock, which will reduce your basis in your stock but will not be subject to tax. To the extent the amount we distribute to you exceeds both your allocable share of our current and accumulated earnings and profits and your adjusted basis, this excess amount will be treated as a gain from the sale or exchange of a capital asset.
Our ownership of and relationship with our TRS will be limited and a failure to comply with the limits would jeopardize our REIT qualification and may result in the application of a 100% excise tax.
A REIT may own up to 100% of the securities of one or more TRSs. A TRS may earn specified types of income or hold specified assets that would not be qualifying income or assets if earned or held directly by the parent REIT. Both the subsidiary and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a TRS. A corporation of which a TRS directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated as a TRS. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REITs assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRSs. A TRS will pay federal, state and local income tax at regular corporate rates on any income that it earns. In addition, the TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to its parent REIT to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. The rules also impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arms-length basis.
Our TRS will pay federal, state and local income tax on its taxable income, and its after-tax net income is available for distribution to us but is not required to be distributed to us. We will monitor the compliance of our investments in TRSs with the rules relating to value of assets and transactions not on an arms-length basis. We cannot assure you, however, that we will be able to comply with such rules.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively.
The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code substantially limit our ability to hedge mortgage-backed securities and related borrowings. Under these provisions, our annual gross income from qualifying and non-qualifying hedges of our borrowings, together with any other income not generated from qualifying real estate assets, cannot exceed 25% of our gross income. In addition, our aggregate gross income from non-qualifying hedges, fees and certain other non-qualifying sources cannot exceed 5% of our annual gross income determined without regard to income from qualifying hedges. As a result, we might have to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through Resource TRS. This could increase the cost of our hedging activities or expose us to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates than we would otherwise want to bear.
The tax on prohibited transactions will limit our ability to engage in transactions, including certain methods of securitizing mortgage loans, that would be treated as sales for federal income tax purposes.
A REITs net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, but including mortgage loans, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. We might be subject to this tax if we were able to sell or securitize loans in a manner that was treated as a sale of the loans for federal income tax purposes. Therefore, in order to avoid the prohibited transactions tax, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of loans and may limit the structures we utilize for our securitization transactions even though such sales or structures might otherwise be beneficial to us.
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Tax law changes could depress the market price of our common stock.
The federal income tax laws governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time. We cannot predict when or if any new federal income tax law or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing federal income tax law or administrative interpretation, will become effective and any such law or interpretation may take effect retroactively. Tax law changes could depress our stock price or restrict our operations.
Dividends paid by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates provided for under current law.
Dividends paid by REITs are generally not eligible for the reduced 15% maximum tax rate for dividends paid to individuals under recently enacted tax legislation. The more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate dividends could cause stockholders who are individuals to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stock of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends to which more favorable rates apply, which could reduce the value of the stocks of REITs.
The tax treatment for purposes of the gross income requirements for REITs of income inclusions from our foreign TRSs or other corporations that are not REITs or qualified REIT subsidiaries is unclear.
We may be required to include in our income, even without the receipt of actual distributions, earnings from our foreign TRSs or other corporations that are not REITs or qualified REIT subsidiaries, including from our contemplated equity investments in CDOs. We intend to treat these income inclusions as qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test applicable to REITs but not for purposes of the REIT 75% gross income test. Because there is no clear precedent with respect to the qualification of such income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests, we cannot assure you that the IRS will not assert a contrary position. In the event that such income was determined not to qualify for the 95% gross income test, we could fail to qualify as a REIT. Even if such income does not cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT because of relief provisions, we could be subject to a penalty tax with respect to such income to the extent it exceeds 5% of our gross income.
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Some of the statements under Summary, Risk Factors, Distribution Policy, Business and elsewhere in this prospectus constitute forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements relate to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends and similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. In some cases, you can identify forward looking statements by terms such as anticipate, believe, could, estimate, expect, intend, may, plan, potential, project, should, will and would or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology.
The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. These beliefs, assumptions and expectations can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to us or are within our control. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations may vary materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements we make in this offering memorandum are subject to various risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to vary from our forward-looking statements, including:
• | the factors described in this offering memorandum, including those set forth under the sections captioned Risk Factors and Business; | |
• | our future operating results; | |
• | our business prospects; | |
• | general volatility of the securities markets in which we invest and the market price of our common stock; | |
• | changes in our business strategy; | |
• | availability, terms and deployment of capital; | |
• | availability of qualified personnel; | |
• | changes in our industry, interest rates, the debt securities markets or the general economy; | |
• | increased rates of default and/or decreased recovery rates on our investments; | |
• | increased prepayments of the mortgage and other loans underlying our mortgage-backed or other asset-backed securities; | |
• | changes in governmental regulations, tax rates and similar matters; | |
• | availability of investment opportunities in real estate-related and commercial finance assets; | |
• | the degree and nature of our competition; | |
• | the adequacy of our cash reserves and working capital; and | |
• | the timing of cash flows, if any, from our investments. |
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USE OF PROCEEDS
We estimate that the net proceeds from our sale of ____________ shares of common stock in this offering will be approximately $______ million and approximately $______ million if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, assuming an initial offering price of $_______ per share, the midpoint of the expected range of offering prices set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the shares of our common stock by the selling stockholders. We intend to use all of the net proceeds of this offering to repay a portion of the outstanding indebtedness under our repurchase agreement which, as of May 31, 2005, were as follows:
Amount | Borrowing | Original | |||||
Repurchase agreement counterparties | outstanding | rate | maturity | ||||
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Credit Suisse First Boston LLC | $ | 768,979,000 | 3.06% | June 22 June 30, 2005 | |||
Amounts repaid may be reborrowed from time to time, subject to compliance with borrowing conditions. Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, a managing underwriter in this offering, will receive a portion of the net proceeds received by us from this offering through the repayment of indebtedness under these repurchase agreements. We used the proceeds of the repurchase agreements set forth above to finance the acquisition of our agency RMBS portfolio. We expect these repurchase agreements to be extended for consecutive 30-day periods.
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INSTITUTIONAL TRADING OF OUR COMMON STOCK
There is no public trading market for our common stock. Shares of our common stock issued to qualified institutional buyers in connection with our March 2005 private offering are eligible for trading in the PORTAL (SM) Market, or PORTAL, a subsidiary of the NASDAQ Stock Market, Inc., which permits secondary sales of eligible unregistered securities to qualified institutional buyers in accordance with Rule 144A under the Securities Act. To our knowledge, there has been only one trade of our common stock on PORTAL, which was executed on June 10, 2005 at a price of $15.00 per share. This information regarding PORTAL prices may not be complete since we have access only to information regarding trades reported by our underwriters and not trades reported by other broker-dealers. Moreover, broker-dealers are not required to report all trades to PORTAL.
As of May 31, 2005, we had 15,682,334 shares of our common stock outstanding which were held by one holder of record. The one holder of record is Cede & Co., which holds shares as nominee for The Depository Trust Company, which itself holds shares on behalf of approximately 261 beneficial owners.
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DISTRIBUTION POLICY
We will elect and intend to qualify to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended on December 31, 2005. Federal income tax law requires that a REIT distribute with respect to each year at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gain. Up to 20% of the value of a REIT's assets may consist of investments in the securities of one or more TRSs. A domestic TRS, such as Resource TRS, may retain its net income, and its earnings are subject to the 90% distribution requirement only to the extent the TRS actually distributes its earnings to the REIT. However, if a REIT invests in a foreign TRS, such as some of the CDOs in which we intend to invest, the REIT must include in its income the earnings of the foreign TRS on an annual basis for federal income tax purposes, regardless of whether the foreign TRS actually distributes its earnings. The net income of a domestic TRS, such as Resource TRS, is subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates, regardless of whether such income is retained or distributed to us. For more information, please see Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Qualification as a REITTaxation of Our Company.
To satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT and generally not be subject to federal income and excise tax, we intend to make regular quarterly distributions of all or substantially all of our REIT taxable income to holders of our common stock out of assets legally available therefor. Any future distributions we make will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our earnings and financial condition, maintenance of REIT qualification, applicable provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law, or MGCL, and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant.
We anticipate that our distributions generally will be taxable as ordinary income to our stockholders, although a portion of the distributions may be designated by us as qualified dividend income or capital gain or may constitute a return of capital. To the extent that we decide to make distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for federal income tax purposes, such distributions would generally be considered a return of capital for federal income tax purposes. We will furnish annually to each of our stockholders a statement setting forth distributions paid during the preceding year and their characterization as ordinary income, return of capital, qualified dividend income or capital gain. Income as computed for purposes of the foregoing tax rules will not necessarily correspond to our income as determined for financial reporting purposes.
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CAPITALIZATION
The following table sets forth our capitalization as of March 31, 2005 on an actual basis and on an as adjusted basis giving effect to the sale of common stock by us in this offering at an assumed price of $____ per share, the mid-point of the expected range of offering prices set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, net of estimated offering expenses and underwriting discounts and commissions, and the application of net proceeds described in Use of Proceeds.
You should read this table together with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in this prospectus.
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(1) | Includes 345,000 shares of restricted stock granted to Resource Capital Manager upon completion of our March 2005 private offering. Does not include options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $15.00 that we granted to Resource Capital Manager at the same time. These shares and options will vest or become exercisable in three equal annual installments beginning on the first anniversary of the date of grant. Resource Capital Manager has the right in its discretion to allocate these shares and options to its officers, employees and other individuals who provide services to it and has so allocated 279,000 shares. Includes an aggregate of 4,000 shares of stock granted to our independent directors upon completion of the March 2005 private offering under our stock incentive plan, which shares vest on the first anniversary of the date of grant. Also does not include 532,668 shares of our common stock available for future grant under our stock incentive plan. See Management2005 Stock Incentive Plan. |
(2) | Assumes we will sell __________ shares in this offering at an initial public offering price of $____ per share, which is the mid-point of the range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, for net proceeds of approximately $____ million after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $____ million and estimated offering expenses of approximately $____ million, in each case payable by us. |
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DILUTION
Purchasers of our common stock offered in this prospectus will experience immediate and substantial dilution of the net tangible book value of their common stock from the initial public offering price. The net tangible book value of our common stock as of March 31, 2005 was $214.5 million, or approximately $13.68 per share. Net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our stockholders equity, less intangible assets, divided by 15,682,334 shares of common stock outstanding on March 31, 2005, including issued but unvested restricted stock.
Net tangible book value dilution per share to new investors represents the difference between the amount per share paid by purchasers of shares of common stock in this offering and the as adjusted net tangible book value per share of common stock immediately after completion of this offering. After giving effect to the sale by us of _________ shares of common stock in this offering and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses and the application of the estimated net proceeds therefrom, our as adjusted net tangible book value as of March 31, 2005 would have been $____ million or $____ per share. This amount represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $____ per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in as adjusted net tangible book value of $____ per share to new investors who purchase our common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price per share of $____. The following table shows this immediate per share dilution:
Assumed initial public offering price per share | $ | ||
Net tangible book value per share as of March 31, 2005 | $ | ||
Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to this offering | $ | ||
As adjusted net tangible book value per share on March 31, 2005 after giving effect to this offering | $ | ||
Dilution in as adjusted net tangible book value per share to new investors | $ |
The following table summarizes, as of March 31, 2005, the differences between the average price per share paid by our existing stockholders and by new investors purchasing shares of common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $____ per share, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us in this offering:
Shares purchased | Total consideration | |||||||||||
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Number | Percent | Amount | Percent |
Average
price per share |
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Existing stockholders | 15,682,334 (1) | $ | 230,000,010 | $ | 14.67 | |||||||
New stockholders | ||||||||||||
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Totals | ||||||||||||
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(1) | Includes 345,000 shares of restricted stock granted to Resource Capital Manager upon completion of our March 2005 private offering for which no consideration was paid. Includes an aggregate of 4,000 shares of stock granted to our independent directors on the same date under our stock incentive plan, for which no consideration was paid. Does not include 651,666 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding options. |
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If the underwriters fully exercise their over-allotment option, the number of shares of common stock held by existing holders will be reduced to ____% of the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding after this offering, and the number of shares of common stock held by new investors will be increased to ____ or ____%, of the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding after this offering.
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SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The following table presents selected historical consolidated financial information as of March 31, 2005 and for the period March 8, 2005 (date operations commenced) through March 31, 2005. We derived the information as of March 31, 2005 and for the period ending March 31, 2005 from our consolidated financial statements, which have been audited by Grant Thornton LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, whose report is included elsewhere in this prospectus. Financial data as of and for the quarter ended March 31, 2005 are not necessarily indicative of results of operations or financial condition to be expected as of any future date or for any future period. Since the information presented below is only a summary and does not provide all of the information contained in our historical consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, you should read it together with Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our historical consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, included elsewhere in this prospectus.
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MANAGEMENTS DISCUSSION OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion provides information to assist in understanding our financial condition and results of operations. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those expressed in or implied by those forward looking statements. Please see Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors for a discussion of certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions associated with those statements.
Overview
We are a specialty finance company that intends to elect and qualify to be taxed as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, for federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ending December 31, 2005. We intend to invest in a combination of real estate-related assets and, to a lesser extent, higher-yielding commercial finance assets with the objective of providing attractive risk-adjusted total returns to our stockholders through both stable quarterly dividends and capital appreciation. We intend to finance a substantial portion of our portfolio investments through borrowing strategies seeking to match the maturities and repricing dates of our financings with the maturities and repricing dates of those investments. Our ability to execute our multi-asset class strategy will be subject to limitations imposed by REIT qualification standards under the Internal Revenue Code and standards for exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act.
Our income is generated primarily from the spread between the yield on our assets and the cost to finance the purchase of those assets. We use a substantial amount of leverage to enhance our returns and we finance each of our different asset classes with different degrees of leverage. The cost of borrowings to finance our investments comprises a significant part of our expenses. Our net income will depend on our ability to control these expenses relative to our revenue. In our non-agency RMBS, CMBS, other ABS, bank loans, equipment lease and trust preferred asset classes we intend to use warehouse facilities as a short term financing source and CDOs and other term financing as a long-term match funding strategy. In our agency RMBS portfolio, we finance the acquisition of our investments with short-term repurchase arrangements. We seek to mitigate the risk created by any mismatch between the maturities and repricing dates of our agency RMBS and the maturities and repricing dates of the repurchase agreements we use to finance them through derivative instruments, principally floating to fixed interest rate swap agreements.
On March 8, 2005, we raised net proceeds of $214.7 million through a private placement of 15,333,334 shares of common stock. We are externally managed by Resource Capital Manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Resource America, a publicly traded specialized asset management company that uses industry specific expertise to generate and administer investment opportunities for its own account and for institutional and sophisticated individual investors in structured finance (primarily RMBS, CMBS and ABS), real estate and equipment leasing. As of March 31, 2005, Resource America managed approximately $5.4 billion of assets, including approximately $2.8 billion par value of assets in CDOs.
As we develop our investment portfolio, we expect that our ability to achieve our objectives, as well as to operate profitably, will be affected by a variety of economic and industry factors. These factors include:
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• | our ability to maintain a positive spread between our MBS and the borrowings we use to fund the purchase of our MBS; | |
• | the difference between actual prepayment speeds on mortgages underlying our MBS and the prepayment speeds that we projected when we acquired the MBS; | |
• | our ability to obtain funding and our borrowing capacity; | |
• | our intended use of leverage; | |
• | our borrowing costs; | |
• | our ability to obtain suitable hedging for our interest rate risks and the extent and cost of that hedging; | |
• | the market value of our investments; | |
• | our need to comply with REIT and Investment Company Act requirements; | |
• | competition; and | |
• | other market developments. | |
We discuss these factors, and other risks pertaining to our operations, in Risk Factors Risks Related to Our Business and – Risks Related to Our Investments.
Results of Operations
We made our first investment on March 14, 2005, and we believe that we will fully deploy and leverage, consistent with our financing strategy, the capital raised in our March 2005 private placement by the end of the fourth quarter of 2005, subject to market conditions. As of March 31, 2005, we had approximately $113 million of equity capital that we had not deployed and leveraged.
Summary
For the period from March 8, 2005 (date operations commenced) through March 31, 2005, our net loss was $48,000 or $0.00 per weighted-average share outstanding (basic and diluted). Our results for this period primarily reflect the timing of our receipt of net proceeds from our March 2005 private placement, the settlement date of securities purchased during the period and the initial investment of our capital in agency RMBS pending the intended diversification of our investment portfolio. Consequently, we expect that the results of this period will not be indicative of our future performance.
Our initial portfolio investments have been agency RMBS which we have financed through short-term repurchase agreements. As part of our investment strategy, we expect to continue financing our agency RMBS in this manner. In general, to the extent that we do not hedge this interest rate exposure, in a rising interest rate environment such as the one that existed in the quarter ended March 31, 2005 and in the subsequent quarter, interest rate increases (particularly to short-term rates) will decrease our net interest income from levels that might otherwise be expected as there will be a timing mismatch between the reset dates on our agency RMBS and those of our repurchase agreements. In addition, our agency RMBS are subject to interest rate caps while the short-term repurchase agreements we use to finance them are not. As a result, if interest rates rise to the point where increases in our interest income are limited by these caps, our net interest income could be reduced or, possibly, we could incur losses. While we have engaged in interest rate swaps that seek to hedge a substantial portion of the risks associated with increased interest rates, these swaps generally cover a period of one year from the dates they were entered into, currently ranging from April through May 2006. We intend to extend our hedges on a quarterly basis to maintain hedging coverage of between nine months to a year. However, in a rising interest rate environment, the cost of our hedging, and the levels of the interest rates at which we are hedged, will likely increase, increasing our costs and reducing our net income.
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The yield on our RMBS may be affected by a difference between the actual prepayment rates of the underlying mortgages and those that we projected when we acquired the RMBS. See Risk Factors Risks Related to Our Investments Increased levels of prepayments on our MBS might decrease our net interest income or result in a net loss. In periods of declining interest rates, prepayments will likely increase. If we are unable to reinvest the proceeds of such repayments at comparable yields, our net interest income may suffer. In a rising interest rate environment, prepayment rates on our assets will likely slow, causing their expected lives to increase. This may cause our net interest income to decrease as our borrowing and hedging costs may rise while our interest income on these assets will remain constant.
As we seek to diversify our investment portfolio from our initial investment position in agency RMBS, we will seek to execute our match funding strategy for non-agency RMBS, commercial real estate-related assets and commercial finance assets. However, we may not be able to execute this strategy fully, or at all. We expect that, for any period in which we do not match fund these assets, they will reprice more slowly than their related funding. In a rising interest rate environment, such as existed in the quarter ended March 31, 2005 and the subsequent quarter, our net interest income could be reduced from levels that might otherwise be expected, or we could incur loss.
Net Interest Income
Net interest income for the period totaled $484,000 and reflected both the non-diversified nature of our investment portfolio and a use of leverage that, as a result of our short operating period, did not meet our leverage target of eight to 12 times. Investment income totaled $694,000 and was comprised of $404,000 of interest income on our agency RMBS portfolio and $290,000 of income from the temporary investment of offering proceeds in over-night repurchase agreements. The average coupon rate of the agency RMBS we held at March 31, 2005 was 4.17% . Our interest income was offset by $210,000 of interest expense on our repurchase agreement borrowings.
Non-Investment Expenses
Non-investment expense for the period totaled $532,000. Management fees for the period totaled $208,000, all of which was related to the base management fees due to Resource Capital Manager pursuant to our management agreement. Base management fees are calculated as a fixed percentage of our equity (as defined in the management agreement, equity is equal to the net proceeds from any issuance of common stock less other offering related costs, plus or minus our retained earnings (excluding non cash equity compensation incurred in current or prior periods) less any amounts we paid for common stock repurchases) and are payable regardless of the performance of our portfolio. Equity compensation expense-related party totaled $209,000 and consisted of amortization related to the grant of restricted common stock to Resource Capital Manager and our independent directors and the grant of options to purchase common stock to Resource Capital Manager as of March 8, 2005. See Management 2005 Stock Incentive Plan. General and administrative expenses totaled $115,000 and included $30,000 of amortization related to our purchase of directors and officers insurance, $52,000 of expense reimbursements due to Resource Capital Manager and $22,000 of professional fees.
Income Taxes
We expect to operate in a manner that will allow us to qualify to be taxed as a REIT. A REIT is generally not subject to federal income tax on that portion of its net taxable income which is distributed to its stockholders, provided that at least 90% of its REIT taxable income (excluding net capital gains) is distributed and certain other requirements are met. Many of the other requirements for REIT qualification, however, are highly technical and complex. If we were to fail to meet these requirements and did not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would be subject to federal income tax, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and amounts available for distributions to our stockholders. In addition, Resource TRS, our TRS, is subject to corporate-level income taxes.
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Financial Condition
All of our assets at March 31, 2005 were acquired with the $214.7 million net proceeds from our March 2005 private placement and our use of leverage.
Mortgage-Backed Securities
At March 31, 2005, we held $501.2 million of agency RMBS at fair value, which is based on market prices provided by dealers, net of unrealized gains of $278,000 and unrealized losses of $618,000. As of March 31, 2005, our portfolio had a weighted-average amortized cost of 99.8% . Our agency RMBS were purchased at a discount to their par value and continue to be valued below par in the aggregate at March 31, 2005 because the weighted-average coupon of 4.17%, and the corresponding interest rates of loans underlying our agency RMBS, are below prevailing market rates. In the increasing interest rate environment following March 31, 2005, we expect that the fair value of our RMBS will continue to decrease, thereby increasing our net unrealized losses. However, at March 31, 2005, none of the securities whose fair market value was below amortized cost had been downgraded by a credit rating agency and all were guaranteed by either Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae. We intend and have the ability to hold these securities until maturity to allow for the anticipated recovery in fair value of the securities held as they reach maturity.
The following table summarizes our agency RMBS classified as available-for-sale as of March 31, 2005, which are carried at fair value (in thousands, except percentages):
Freddie Mac | Fannie Mae | Total mortgage- | |||||||
backed securities | |||||||||
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Mortgage-backed securities, gross | $ | 205,200 | $ | 297,071 | $ | 502,271 | |||
Unamortized discount | (515 | ) | (281 | ) | (796 | ) | |||
Unamortized premium | | 34 | 34 | ||||||
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Amortized cost | 204,685 | 296,824 | 501,509 | ||||||
Gross unrealized gains | 42 | 236 | 278 | ||||||
Gross unrealized losses | (345 | ) | (273 | ) | (618 | ) | |||
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Estimated fair value | $ | 204,382 | $ | 296,787 | $ | 501,169 | |||
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Percent of total | 40.8 | % | 59.2 | % | 100.0 | % | |||
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The stated contractual final maturity of the mortgage loans underlying our portfolio ranges up to 30 years; however, the expected maturities are subject to change based on the prepayments of the underlying mortgage loans.
The actual maturities of mortgage-backed securities are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. Actual maturities of our mortgage-backed securities are affected by the contractual lives of the underlying mortgages, periodic scheduled payments of principal and prepayments of principal. See Risk Factors Risks Related to Our Investments - Increased levels of prepayments on our MBS might decrease our net interest income or result in a net loss.
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The constant prepayment rate to balloon, or CPB, on our RMBS for the period ended March 31, 2005 was 15%. CPB attempts to predict the percentage of principal that will repay over the next 12 months based on historical principal paydowns. As interest rates rise, the rate of refinancing typically declines, which we believe may result in lower rates of prepayments and, as a result, a lower portfolio CPB.
At March 31, 2005, the mortgages underlying our hybrid agency RMBS had fixed interest rates for a weighted average of approximately 33 months, after which time the rates reset and become adjustable. The average length of time until maturity of those mortgages was 30 years. These mortgages are also subject to interest rate caps that limit both the amount that the applicable interest rate can increase during any year, known as an annual cap, and the amount that it can rise through maturity of the mortgage, known as a lifetime cap. After the interest rate reset date, interest rates on our adjustable agency RMBS float based on spreads over various LIBOR indices. The weighted average lifetime cap for our portfolio is an increase of 6%; the weighted average maximum annual increase is 2%.
The following table summarizes our RMBS as of March 31, 2005 according to estimated weighted-average life classifications (in thousands, except average coupon).
Weighted average life | Fair value | Amortized cost | Average coupon | |||||
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Less than one year | $ | | $ | | | |||
Greater than one year and less than five years | 501,169 | 501,509 | 4.17% | |||||
Greater than five years | | | | |||||
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Total | $ | 501,169 | $ | 501,509 | 4.17% | |||
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The estimated weighted-average lives of our RMBS as of March 31, 2005 in the table above are based upon data provided through subscription-based financial information services, assuming constant principal prepayment factors to the balloon or reset date for each security. The prepayment model considers current yield, forward yield, steepness of the yield curve, current mortgage rates, mortgage rate of the outstanding loan, loan age, margin and volatility. The actual weighted-average lives of the RMBS in our investment portfolio could be longer or shorter than the estimates in the table above depending on the actual prepayment factors experienced over the lives of the applicable securities and are sensitive to changes in both prepayment factors and interest rates.
At March 31, 2005, we had interest receivable of $1.8 million, which consisted primarily of $1.3 million of interest that had been accrued on our agency RMBS at the time of their purchase.
Other Assets
Other assets at March 31, 2005 consisted of prepaid directors and officers liability insurance premiums of $453,000.
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Hedging Instruments
Hedging involves risk and typically involves costs, including transaction costs. The costs of hedging can increase as the length of time covered by the hedging increases and during periods of rising and volatile interest rates. We may increase our hedging activity and, thus, increase our hedging costs during periods when interest rates are volatile and rising. We generally intend to hedge as much of our interest rate risk as Resource Capital Manager determines is in the best interest of our stockholders, after considering the cost of such hedging transactions and our need to maintain our qualification as a REIT. Our policies do not contain specific requirements as to the percentages or amounts of interest rate risk that we must hedge. We cannot assure you that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. In addition, no hedging activity can completely insulate us from the risks associated with changes in interest rates and prepayment rates. See Risk Factors Risks Related to Our Investments Hedging transactions may not completely insulate us from interest rate risk.
As of March 31, 2005, we had not entered into any interest rate hedging agreements. Subsequent to the end of that period, we have entered into hedges with a notional amount of $769.0 million, as described in Recent Developments, below. Interest rate hedging subsequent to the period ended March 31, 2005 has consisted, and our expected future interest rate hedging will typically consist of, interest rate swaps as a means of mitigating our interest rate risk on forecasted interest expense associated with repurchase agreements for a specified future time period. An interest rate swap is a contractual agreement entered into between two counterparties under which each agrees to make periodic payment to the other for an agreed period of time based upon a notional amount of principal. The principal amount is notional because there is no need to exchange actual amounts of principal in a single currency transaction: there is no foreign exchange component to be taken account of. However, a notional amount of principal is required in order to compute the actual cash amounts that will be periodically exchanged.
Under the most common form of interest rate swaps, a series of payments calculated by applying a fixed rate of interest to a notional principal amount is exchanged for a stream of payments similarly calculated but using a floating rate of interest. This is a fixed-for-floating interest rate swap. Our hedges subsequent to March 31, 2005 were fixed-for-floating interest rate swap agreements whereby we swapped the floating rate of interest on the liabilities we hedged for a fixed rate of interest. We intend to continue to seek such hedges for our floating rate debt in the future.
Liabilities
We have entered into repurchase agreements to finance our agency RMBS. These agreements are secured by our agency RMBS and bear interest rates that have historically moved in close relationship to LIBOR. At March 31, 2005, we had established three borrowing arrangements with various financial institutions, including Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, one of our underwriters. As of March 31, 2005, we had used only of these agreements which had as a counterparty a financial institution other than Credit Suisse First Boston LLC. None of the counterparties to these agreements are affiliates of Resource Capital Manager or us.
At March 31, 2005, we had outstanding $401.0 million of repurchase agreements with a weighted-average current borrowing rate of 2.81%, all of which matured in less than 30 days. We seek to renew our repurchase agreements as they mature under the then-applicable borrowing terms of the counterparties to our repurchase agreements. Through May 31, 2005, we have encountered no difficulties in effecting renewals of our repurchase agreements. At March 31, 2005, the repurchase agreements were secured by agency RMBS with an estimated fair value of $414.6 million and had a weighted-average maturity of 24 days. The net amount at risk, defined as the sum of the fair value of securities sold plus accrued interest income minus the sum of repurchase agreement liabilities plus accrued interest, with all counterparties was $15.0 million at March 31, 2005.
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Stockholders Equity
Stockholders equity at March 31, 2005 was $214.5 million and included $340,000 of net unrealized losses on mortgage-backed securities shown as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.
As a result of our available-for-sale accounting treatment, unrealized fluctuations in market values of assets do not impact our income determined in accordance with GAAP, or our taxable income, but rather are reflected on our balance sheet by changing the carrying value of the asset and stockholders equity under Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss). By accounting for our assets in this manner, we hope to provide useful information to stockholders and creditors and to preserve flexibility to sell assets in the future without having to change accounting methods.
REIT Taxable Income and Investment Company Act Matters
At March 31, 2005, we believe that we qualified as a REIT under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. The Internal Revenue Code requires that at least 75% of our total assets must be real estate assets as defined in the Internal Revenue Code. The Internal Revenue Code also requires that at least 75% of our gross income come from real estate sources and 95% of our gross income come from real estate sources and certain other sources itemized in the Internal Revenue Code, such as dividends and interest. As of March 31, 2005, we believe that we were in compliance with such requirements. We also believe that we met all of the REIT requirements regarding ownership of our common stock as of March 31, 2005.
We are subject to federal income taxation at corporate rates on our net taxable income; however, we are allowed a deduction for the amount of dividends paid to our stockholders, thereby subjecting the net income we distribute to taxation at the stockholders level only. To maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we are required to declare dividends amounting to at least 90% of our taxable income (excluding net capital gains) for each year by the time we file our applicable tax return for such year, and to pay such amounts on or before the first regular dividend payment date after such declaration. In addition, for each taxable year, to avoid federal excise taxes, we must declare and pay dividends or pay dividends that are deemed to be received by stockholders amounting to designated percentages of our taxable income by the end of such taxable year. Since we, as a REIT, expect to pay dividends based on taxable earnings, we expect that our dividends may at times be more or less than our reported earnings. REIT taxable income is not a presentation made in accordance with GAAP, and does not purport to be an alternative to net income (loss) determined in accordance with GAAP as a measure of operating performance or to cash flows from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP as a measure of liquidity. We believe that a presentation of REIT taxable income provides useful information to investors regarding our financial condition and results of operations as this measurement is used to determine the amount of dividends that we are required to declare to our stockholders in order to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. We use REIT taxable income for this purpose. Because not all companies use identical calculations, this presentation of REIT taxable income may not be comparable to other similarly-titled measures of other companies. The following table reconciles our REIT taxable income to our net loss as reported.
Period from March 8, 2005 (date | |||
operations commenced) through | |||
March 31, 2005 | |||
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Net loss | $ | (48 | ) |
Additions: | |||
Share-based compensation to related parties | 209 | ||
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Estimated REIT taxable income | $ | 161 | |
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We intend to operate our business so that we are not regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act because the regulatory requirements imposed upon registered investment companies would make it difficult to implement our investment strategies. Among other restrictions, the Investment Company Act imposes restrictions on a companys use of leverage. In order to qualify for exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act, at all times no more than 40% of our assets, on an unconsolidated basis, excluding government securities and cash, may be investment securities as defined in the Investment Company Act. For these purposes, the equity securities of a majority-owned subsidiary which is not itself an investment company would not constitute investment securities. As of March 31, 2005, we had three subsidiaries, RCC Real Estate, RCC Commercial and Resource TRS. The equity interests of RCC Commercial and Resource TRS will constitute investment securities and must be monitored to ensure that their fair value does not exceed the 40% test. As of March 31, 2005, neither such subsidiary held any assets. We intend to operate RCC Real Estate, which as of March 31, 2005 held all of our investments, so that it qualifies for the exclusion from regulation under Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act. If it qualifies for the exclusion, the equity interests we hold in it will not be deemed to be investment securities and, as a result, we will meet the 40% test. Section 3(c)(5)(C) excludes from regulation as an investment company those companies that do not issue redeemable securities and that are primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate. In order to maintain this exclusion, at least 55% of RCC Real Estates assets must be qualifying real estate assets such as whole mortgage loans, whole pool MBS, MBS and B notes with respect to which we have unilateral foreclosure rights on the underlying mortgages. Other MBS may or may not constitute qualifying real estate assets, depending on their characteristics, including whether the securities are subject to risk of loss and the rights that RCC Real Estate has with respect to the underlying loans. To qualify for Section 3(c)(5)(C) exclusion from regulation, not only must RCC Real Estate maintain 55% of its assets in qualifying real estate assets, but it must also maintain at least an additional 25% of its assets in real estate-related assets, such as MBS that do not constitute qualifying real estate assets for the 55% test, or additional qualifying real estate assets. At March 31, 2005, RCC Real Estate met both the 55% and 25% tests.
Through March 31, 2005, our principal sources of funds were the net proceeds from our March 2005 private placement and repurchase agreements totaling $401.0 million with a weighted average current borrowing rate of 2.81% . We expect to continue to borrow funds in the form of repurchase agreements to finance our agency RMBS portfolio. As of May 31, 2005, we had increased our borrowings under repurchase agreements to $769.4 million with a weighted average current borrowing rate of 3.06% and, as a result, had increased our agency RMBS portfolio to $887.8 million. In addition, in the second quarter of 2005, we began to accumulate non-agency RMBS, other ABS and syndicated loan assets through two warehouse lines of credit. As of May 31, 2005, we had borrowings under these facilities of $269.4 million and $134.7 million, with weighted average interest rates of 3.44% and 3.03%, respectively. As a result of these new borrowings, we held non-agency RMBS, CMBS, other ABS and syndicated loans with a fair value of $427.5 million as of May 31, 2005.
We held cash and cash equivalents of $112.6 million at March 31, 2005. We also held $86.6 million of available-for-sale securities that had not been pledged as collateral under our repurchase agreements.
We anticipate that, upon repayment of each borrowing under a repurchase agreement, we will immediately use the collateral released by the repayment as collateral for borrowing under a new repurchase agreement. We also anticipate that our borrowings under our warehouse credit facilities will be refinanced through the issuance of CDOs. Our leverage ratio may vary as a result of the various funding strategies we expect to utilize in the future. As of March 31, 2005, our leverage ratio was 1.9 times, which is substantially lower than our target of eight to 12 times. As of May 31, 2005, this ratio had increased to 5.3 times. We expect to increase this ratio in the future as we continue to implement our borrowing strategy.
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Except as noted below, the repurchase agreements for our repurchase facilities do not include substantive provisions other than those contained in the standard master repurchase agreement as published by the Bond Market Association. Our repurchase agreement with Credit Suisse First Boston LLC includes provisions that establish termination events if:
• | we incur a net asset value decline of 20% on a monthly basis, 30% on a quarterly basis, 40% on an annual basis, or 50% or more from the highest net asset value since the inception of the repurchase agreement; | |
• | we fail to maintain a minimum net asset value of $100 million; | |
• | Resource Capital Manager ceases to be our manager; | |
• | we fail to qualify as a REIT; or | |
• | we fail to deliver specified documents, including financial statements or financial information due annually, quarterly or monthly, or an estimate of net asset values. |
The occurrence of an event of default or termination event under the standard master repurchase agreement or additional provisions explained above would give our counterparty the option to terminate all repurchase transactions existing with us and make any amount due by us to the counterparty payable immediately.
We believe that our equity capital, combined with the cash flows from operations and borrowings, will be sufficient to meet anticipated liquidity requirements. However, an increase in interest rates substantially above our expectations could cause a liquidity shortfall. If our cash resources are at any time insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, we may be required to liquidate portfolio investments or sell debt or additional equity securities. If required, a sale of portfolio investments could be at prices lower than the carrying value of such assets, which would result in losses and reduced income.
We intend to increase our capital resources by making additional offerings of equity capital and obtaining additional debt financing. Our ability to access these forms of capital may be impacted by general market conditions. If we are unable to renew, replace or expand our sources of financing on substantially similar terms, we may be unable to implement our investment strategies successfully. In addition, if we are unable to execute CDO transactions or otherwise obtain term financing for our assets other than our agency RMBS, we may be forced to sell assets at a time or upon terms which are disadvantageous to us.
We intend to make regular quarterly distributions of all or substantially all of our REIT taxable income to holders of our common stock. In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT and to avoid corporate-level income tax on the income we distribute to our stockholders, we must distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income on an annual basis. This requirement can impact our liquidity and capital resources.
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As of March 31, 2005, we had not declared any dividends.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
As of March 8, 2005, we had entered into a management agreement with Resource Capital Manager. Under the agreement, Resource Capital Manager is entitled to receive a base management fee, incentive compensation and, in certain circumstances, a termination fee and reimbursement of expenses as described in the management agreement. The base management fee is payable monthly in arrears in an mount equal to 1/12 th of the amount of our equity multiplied by 1.50%. Under the management agreement, equity is equal to the net proceeds from any issuance of our common stock less other offering related costs plus or less our retained earnings (excluding non-cash equity compensation incurred in current or prior periods) less any amount we have paid for repurchases of our common stock. The calculation may be adjusted for one-time events due to changes in GAAP as well as other non-cash charges, upon approval of our independent directors. Incentive compensation, is payable quarterly based on the product of 25% of the dollar amount by which our net income (determined in accordance with GAAP) per common share before non-cash equity compensation expense and incentive compensation for a quarter (based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding) exceeds an amount equal to the weighted average share price of common shares in our initial offering and any subsequent offerings we make, multiplied by the greater of 2.00% or 0.50% plus one-fourth of the Ten Year Treasury rate (as defined in the management agreement) for such quarter, multiplied by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the quarter. The calculation may be adjusted for one-time events due to changes in GAAP as well as other non-cash charges upon approval of our independent directors. Seventy-five percent of the incentive compensation will be paid in cash and twenty-five percent will be paid in the form of a restricted stock award. Resource Capital Manager may elect to receive more than 25% of its incentive compensation in the form of common shares; however, Resource Capital Managers percentage ownership of our common stock, direct and indirect, cannot exceed 9.8%. All shares are fully vested upon issuance, provided that Resource Capital Manager may not sell such shares for one year after the incentive compensation becomes due and payable.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of March 31, 2005, we did not maintain any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities or variable interest entities, established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or contractually narrow or limited purposes. Further, as of March 31, 2005, we had not guaranteed any obligations of unconsolidated entities or entered into any commitment or intent to provide additional funding to any such entities.
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Recent Developments
Subsequent to March 31, 2005, we have continued to develop and diversify our investment portfolio. The following table summarizes our investment portfolio as of May 31, 2005 (unaudited):
Floating rate: | Weighted average | ||||||
Fair value | % of portfolio | coupon | |||||
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CMBS | $ | 486 | 0.04 | % | 5.99 | % | |
Non-agency RMBS | 221,760 | 16.86 | % | 4.54 | % | ||
Syndicated bank loans | 134,627 | 10.24 | % | 5.67 | % | ||
Other ABS | 19,495 | 1.48 | % | 5.08 | % | ||
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Total floating rate | $ | 383,203 | 29.13 | % | 4.97 | % | |
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Hybrid rate:
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Agency RMBS | $ | 887,768 | 67.50 | % | 4.43 | % | |
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T otal hybrid rate | $ | 887,768 | 67.50 | % | 4.43 | % | |
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Fixed rate:
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CMBS | $ | 27,891 | 2.12 | % | 5.41 | % | |
Non-agency RMBS | 20,015 | 1.52 | % | 5.49 | % | ||
Other ABS | 3,259 | 0.25 | % | 4.86 | % | ||
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Total fixed rate | $ | 51,165 | 3.37 | % | 5.41 | % | |
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Grand total | $ | 1,315,301 | 100.00 | % | 4.63 | % | |
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As of May 31, 2005, we had outstanding repurchase obligations under a repurchase agreement with one counterparty totaling $769.0 million with a weighted-average current borrowing rate of 3.06% . In addition, we have entered into three one-year interest rate swap agreements whereby we swap the floating rate of interest on the liability we are hedging for a fixed rate of interest. The aggregate notional amount of these hedges is $739.0 million and the average fixed rate we pay is 3.76% .
In addition, in April 2005, we and Ischus Capital Management, LLC, or Ischus, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Resource America, entered into an agreement with Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, one of our underwriters, pursuant to which Ischus engaged Credit Suisse First Boston LLC with respect to a $400.0 million asset-backed CDO transaction. Under the engagement agreement, Credit Suisse First Boston LLC agreed to serve as the sole and exclusive structurer and/or placement agent with respect to the establishment of Ischus CDO II, a special purpose entity for the purpose of acquiring a portfolio of predominantly investment grade ABS, and the structuring, marketing and sale of one or more classes of notes to be issued by Ischus CDO II, with the notes being secured by the assets of Ischus CDO II. We have agreed to purchase 100% of the equity interests in Ischus CDO II for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $27.0 million. Ischus CDO II will be a qualified REIT subsidiary, or QRS.
In connection with the engagement agreement, we, Ischus and Resource America also entered into a warehouse agreement with Credit Suisse First Boston LLC and Credit Suisse First Boston, Cayman Islands Branch, or CSFB Cayman, an affiliate of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, whereby CSFB Cayman agreed to finance the purchase of the collateral for the transaction. Under the terms of the agreement, Ischus, as collateral manager, may select securities to purchase onto the warehouse line provided by CSFB Cayman. As of May 31, 2005, $292 million of ABS had been accumulated on the warehouse line. Before the closing of the CDO transaction, we are entitled to the accrued interest on these securities in excess of the financing rate charged by CSFB Cayman. If the CDO transaction does not occur, CSFB Cayman would liquidate the ABS portfolio and we would be required to pay a portion of the difference between the original purchase price of the portfolio and the price at which it sold, which we refer to as a collateral loss. We would not be liable for any collateral losses exceeding the purchase price of the equity securities of the CDO, except if Ischus is in material breach of its obligations under the engagement or warehouse agreements, has a material change in its business, financial condition or results of operations, engages in specified intentional misconduct that is materially injurious to Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, the transaction or the CDO, or is dissolved, or has a receiver appointed for it. Upon any liquidation of the portfolio we have the option of purchasing the entire portfolio at the fair market value of the portfolio at the time of liquidation. We priced the CDO transaction as of June 28, 2005 and expect it to close in July 2005. We estimate that the aggregate fair value of the securities in the warehouse line is in excess of the aggregate purchase price of the securities.
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In April 2005, we entered into an agreement with Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, pursuant to which we and Apidos Capital Management, LLC, or Apidos, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Resource America, engaged Credit Suisse First Boston LLC with respect to a $350.0 million CDO transaction, collateralized by syndicated bank loans. Under the engagement agreement, Credit Suisse First Boston LLC agreed to serve as the exclusive structurer and placement agent with respect to the structuring of several classes of notes to be issued by Apidos CDO I, a Cayman Islands limited liability company, and the marketing and placement of the notes. We have agreed to purchase 100% of the equity interests in Apidos CDO I for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $24.0 million. Apidos CDO I will be a TRS.
In connection with the engagement agreement, we also entered into a warehouse agreement with CSFB Cayman pursuant to which it agreed to provide up to $125.0 million of financing for the acquisition of syndicated bank loans to be sold to Apidos CDO I, subject to an increase in the total amount of bank loans to be financed by CSFB Cayman upon mutual agreement of the parties. Apidos will serve as the collateral agent for the loans and will have the right to select the loans. As of May 31, 2005, $134.7 million of the loans had been accumulated. Before the closing of the Apidos CDO I transaction, we are entitled to the accrued interest in these bank loans in excess of the financing rate charged by CSFB Cayman. If the Apidos CDO I transaction is not consummated, CSFB Cayman would liquidate the portfolio of bank loans and we would be required to reimburse CSFB Cayman for any collateral loss. We would not, subject to the same exceptions as in the Ischus CDO II warehouse agreement, be liable for any collateral loss in excess of the purchase price of the equity interests on Apidos CDO. Upon any liquidation of the portfolio, we have the option of purchasing the entire portfolio at the original purchase prices of such bank loans. We priced the CDO transaction on June 29, 2005 and expect it to close in July 2005. We estimate that the aggregate fair value of the syndicated bank loans in the Apidos CDO I warehouse line is in excess of their aggregate purchase price.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared by management in accordance with GAAP. Note 3 to our financial statements, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, includes a detailed description of our significant accounting policies. Our significant accounting policies are fundamental to understanding our financial condition and results of operations because some of these policies require that we make significant estimates and assumptions that may affect the value of our assets or liabilities and our financial results. We believe that certain of our policies are critical because they require us to make difficult, subjective and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. The critical policies summarized below relate to classifications of investment securities, revenue recognition, accounting for derivative financial instruments and hedging activities, and stock-based compensation. We have reviewed these accounting policies with our board of directors and believe that all of the decisions and assessments upon which our financial statements are based were reasonable at the time made based upon information available to us at the time. We rely on Resource Capital Managers experience and analysis of historical and current market data in order to arrive at what we believe to be reasonable estimates.
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Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, or SFAS, No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities, requires us to classify our investment portfolio as either trading investments, available-for-sale investments or held-to-maturity investments. Although we generally plan to hold most of our investments to maturity, we may, from time to time, sell any of our investments due to changes in market conditions or in accordance with our investment strategy. Accordingly, SFAS No. 115 requires us to classify all of our investment securities as available-for-sale. We report all investments classified as available-for-sale at fair value, based on market prices provided by dealers, with unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders' equity. As of March 31, 2005, we had aggregate unrealized losses on our available-for-sale securities of $618,000, which if not recovered, may result in the recognition of future losses.
We evaluate our available-for-sale investments for other-than-temporary impairment charges on available-for-sale securities under SFAS 115 in accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force, or EITF, 03-01, The Meaning of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment and its Application to Certain Investments. SFAS 115 and EITF 03-01 requires an investor to determine when an investment is considered impaired (i.e., decline in fair value below its amortized cost), evaluate whether the impairment is other than temporary (i.e., the investment value will not be recovered over its remaining life), and, if the impairment is other than temporary, recognize an impairment loss equal to the difference between the investments cost and its fair value. The guidance also includes accounting considerations subsequent to the recognition of other-than-temporary impairment and requires certain disclosures about unrealized losses that have not been recognized as other-than-temporary impairments. EITF 03-01 also includes disclosure requirements for investments in an unrealized loss position for which other-than-temporary impairments have not been recognized.
Investment securities transactions are recorded on the trade date. Purchases of newly issued securities are recorded when all significant uncertainties regarding the characteristics of the securities are removed, generally shortly before settlement date. Realized gains and losses on investment securities are determined on the specific identification method.
Repurchase Agreements
We finance the acquisition of our agency RMBS solely through the use of repurchase agreements. Although structured as a sale and purchase obligation, a repurchase agreement operates as a financing under which we pledge our securities as collateral to secure a loan which is equal in value to a specified percentage of the estimated fair value of the pledged collateral, while we retain beneficial ownership of the pledged collateral. We carry these repurchase agreements at their contractual amounts, as specified in the respective agreements. We recognize interest expense on all borrowings on an accrual basis.
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Interest Income Recognition
We accrue interest income on our agency RMBS using the effective yield method based on the actual coupon rate and the outstanding principal amount of the underlying mortgages. We amortize or accrete into interest income premiums and discounts over the lives of the securities also using the effective yield method (or a method that approximates effective yield), adjusted for the effects of estimated prepayments based on SFAS No. 91, Accounting for Nonrefundable Fees and Costs Associated with Originating or Acquiring Loans and Initial Direct Costs of Leases. For investment purchased at par, the effective yield is the contractual interest rate on the investment. If the investment is purchased at a discount or at a premium, the effective yield is computed based on the contractual interest rate increased for the accretion of a purchase discount or decreased for the amortization of a purchase premium. The effective yield method requires that we make estimates of future prepayment rates for our investments that can be contractually prepaid before their contractual maturity date so that the purchase discount can be accreted, or the purchase premium can be amortized, over the estimated remaining life of the investment. The prepayment estimates that we use directly impact the estimated remaining lives or our investments. We review and adjust our prepayment estimates as of each quarter end or more frequently if we become aware of any material information that would lead us to believe that an adjustment is necessary. If our estimate of prepayments is incorrect, we may have to adjust the amortization or accretion of premiums and discounts, which would have an impact on future income.
We use both our experience and judgment and third-party prepayment projections when developing our estimates of future prepayment rates. Prepayment rates for residential mortgage loans and their related RMBS are very difficult to predict accurately because the underlying borrowers have the option to prepay their mortgages at any time before the contractual maturity date of their mortgages, generally without incurring any prepayment penalties. Prepayment models attempt to predict borrower behavior under different interest rate scenarios and the related projected prepayment rates. The experience of Resource Capital Managers managers indicates that prepayment models are less accurate during periods when there are material interest rate changes and material changes in the shape of the interest rate yield curves.
If we experience material differences between our projected prepayment rates and the actual prepayment rates that we realize, the remaining estimated lives of our investments may change and result in greater earnings volatility and/or lower net income than originally estimated. We may mitigate this risk by minimizing the amount of purchase premium and purchase discount on our investment portfolio and by purchasing investments where the underlying borrowers have no or fewer prepayment options. As of March 31, 2005, the aggregate amount of unamortized purchase premium on our RMBS portfolio totaled approximately $34,000 and the aggregate amount of unamortized purchase discount totaled approximately $796,000. Net purchase discount and purchase premium accretion totaled approximately $6,500 for the quarter ended March 31, 2005.
Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities
Our policies permit us to enter into derivative contracts, including interest rate swaps and interest rate forwards, as a means of mitigating our interest rate risk on forecasted interest expense associated with the benchmark rate on forecasted rollover/reissuance of repurchase agreements or the interest rate repricing of repurchase agreements, or hedged items, for a specified future time period.
As of March 31, 2005, we had not engaged in any hedging activities. When we do, we intend to designate our derivative instruments as cash flow hedges and evaluate them at inception and on an ongoing basis in order to determine whether they qualify for hedge accounting. The hedge instrument must be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in the hedged item attributable to the risk being hedged in order to qualify for hedge accounting. In order to determine whether the hedge instrument is highly effective, we use regression methodology to assess the effectiveness of our hedging strategies. Specifically, at the inception of each new hedge and on an ongoing basis, we assess effectiveness using regression analysis to evaluate the correlation between the rates consistent with the hedge instrument and the underlying hedged items. A hedge instrument is highly effective if changes in the fair value of the derivative provide an offset to at least 80% and not more than 120% of the changes in fair value or cash flows of the hedged item attributable to the risk being hedged. The futures and interest rate swap contracts are carried on the balance sheet at fair value. Any ineffectiveness which arises during the hedging relationship must be recognized in interest expense during the period in which it arises. Before the end of the specified hedge time period, the effective portion of all contract gain and losses (whether realized or unrealized) is recorded in other comprehensive income or loss. Realized gains and losses on futures contracts are reclassified into earnings as an adjustment to interest expense during the specified hedge time period. Realized gains and losses on interest rate swap contracts are reclassified into earnings as an adjustment to interest expense during the period after the swap repricing date through the remaining maturity of the swap. For REIT taxable income purposes, realized gains and losses on futures and interest rate swap contracts are reclassified into earnings immediately when positions are closed or have expired.
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We are not required to account for futures and interest rate swap contracts using hedge accounting as described above. If we decided not to designate the futures and interest rate swap contracts as hedges and to monitor their effectiveness as hedges, or if we entered into other types of financial instruments that did not meet the criteria to be designated as hedges, changes in the fair values of these instruments would be recorded in the statement of operations, potentially resulting in increased volatility in our earnings.
Income Taxes
We expect to operate in a manner that will allow us to qualify and be taxed as a REIT and to comply with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code with respect thereto. A REIT is generally not subject to federal income tax on that portion of its net taxable income (excluding net capital gains) which is distributed to its stockholders, provided that at least 90% of its REIT taxable income is distributed and certain other requirements are met. If we were to fail to meet these requirements and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would be subject to federal income tax. We have a wholly-owned subsidiary, Resource TRS, which has elected to be treated as a TRS. A TRS, is subject to corporate-level income taxes. As of March 31, 2005, our TRS did not have any taxable income.
Stock Based Compensation
Pursuant to our 2005 Stock Incentive Plan, we granted 345,000 shares of restricted stock and options to purchase 651,666 shares of common stock to Resource Capital Manager. Holders of the restricted shares have all of the rights of a stockholder, including the right to vote and receive dividends. We account for the restricted stock and stock options granted in accordance with the consensus in Issue 1 of EITF 96-18, Accounting for Equity Instruments That Are Issued to Other Than Employees for Acquiring, or in Conjunction with Selling, Goods or Services, and SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation. In accordance with EITF 96-18, we recorded the stock and options in stockholders equity at fair value through an increase to additional paid-in-capital and an off-setting entry to deferred equity compensation (a contra-equity account). We will amortize the deferred compensation over a three year graded vesting period with the amortization expense reflected as equity compensation expense. The unvested stock and options are adjusted quarterly to reflect changes in fair value as performance under the agreement is completed. We reflect change in fair value in stockholders equity in the equity compensation expense recognized in that quarter and in future quarters until the stock and options are fully vested.
We also issued 4,000 shares of stock to our directors on March 8, 2005. The stock awards vest in full one year after the date of the grant. We account for this issuance using the fair value based methodology prescribed by SFAS No. 123. Pursuant to SFAS No. 123, we measured the fair value of the award on the grant date and recorded this value in stockholders equity through an increase to additional paid-in capital and an offsetting entry to deferred equity compensation. This amount is not remeasured under the fair value-based method. The deferred compensation is amortized and included in equity compensation expense.
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Incentive Compensation
Our management agreement with Resource Capital Manager also provides for incentive compensation if our financial performance exceeds certain benchmarks. See Resource Capital Manager and the Management Agreement -Management Agreement Incentive Compensation, for a description of this compensation. Under the management agreement, the incentive compensation will be paid 75% in cash and 25% in restricted stock. The cash portion of the incentive fee is accrued and expensed during the period for which it is calculated and earned. In accordance with SFAS No. 123 and EITF 96-18, the restricted stock portion of the incentive fee is also accrued and expensed during the period for which it is calculated and earned. Shares granted in connection with the incentive fee will vest immediately. No incentive fee was incurred during the period ended March 31, 2005.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2004, the FASB issued SFAS No. 123-R, which is a revision of SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation. SFAS No. 123-R supersedes Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees, and amends SFAS No. 95, Statement of Cash Flows. Generally, the approach to accounting in Statement 123-R requires all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the issuers financial statements based on their fair value. We do not expect that the adoption of SFAS No. 123-R will have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operation or liquidity.
In May 2005, the FASB issued SFAS No. 154, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections, which replaces Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 20, Accounting Changes and SFAS No. 3, Reporting Accounting Changes in Interim Financial Statements-An Amendment of APB Opinion No. 28. SFAS 154 provides guidance on the accounting for, and reporting of, accounting changes and error corrections. It established retrospective application, or the latest practicable date, as the required method for reporting a change in accounting principle and the reporting of a correction of an error. SFAS 154 is effective for accounting changes and corrections of errors made in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2005.
Inflation
Virtually all of our assets and liabilities are interest rate sensitive in nature. As a result, interest rates and other factors influence our performance far more so than does inflation. Changes in interest rates do not necessarily correlate with inflation rates or changes in inflation rates. Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and our distributions are determined by our board of directors based primarily by our net income as calculated for tax purposes; in each case, our activities and balance sheet are measured with reference to historical cost and/or fair market value without considering inflation.
Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk
As of March 31, 2005, the primary component of our market risk is interest rate risk, as described below. While we do not seek to avoid risk completely, we do seek to assume risk that can be quantified from historical experience, to actively manage that risk, to earn sufficient compensation to justify assuming that risk and to maintain capital levels consistent with the risk we undertake or to which we are exposed.
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Interest Rate Risk
We are subject to interest rate risk in conjunction with our investments in fixed rate, adjustable rate and hybrid adjustable rate agency RMBS and our related debt obligations, which, as of March 31, 2005, were generally repurchase agreements of limited duration that are periodically refinanced at current market rates, and our derivative contracts.
Effect on Net Interest Income
We invest in hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS. Hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS have interest rates that are fixed for the first few years of the loan (typically three, five, seven or 10 years) and thereafter their interest rates reset periodically on the same basis as adjustable-rate agency RMBS. We compute the projected weighted-average life of our hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS based on the markets assumptions regarding the rate at which the borrowers will prepay the underlying mortgages. When we acquire a hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS with borrowings, we may, but are not required to, enter into an interest rate swap agreement or other hedging instrument that effectively fixes our borrowing costs for a period close to the anticipated average life of the fixed-rate portion of the related agency RMBS. This strategy is designed to protect us from rising interest rates because the borrowing costs are fixed for the duration of the fixed-rate portion of the related RMBS. However, if prepayment rates decrease in a rising interest rate environment, the life of the fixed-rate portion of the related RMBS could extend beyond the term of the swap agreement or other hedging instrument. This situation could negatively impact us as borrowing costs would no longer be fixed after the end of the hedging instrument while the income earned on the hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS would remain fixed. This results in a narrowing of the net interest spread between the related assets and borrowings and may even result in losses. This situation may also cause the market value of our hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS to decline with little or no offsetting gain from the related hedging transactions. In certain situations, we may be forced to sell assets and incur losses to maintain adequate liquidity.
Hybrid Adjustable-Rate Agency RMBS Interest Rate Cap Risk
We also invest in hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS which are based on mortgages that are typically subject to periodic and lifetime interest rate caps and floors, which limit the amount by which an adjustable-rate or hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBSs interest yield may change during any given period. However, our borrowing costs pursuant to our repurchase agreements will not be subject to similar restrictions. Therefore, in a period of increasing interest rates, interest rate costs on our borrowings could increase without limitation by caps, while the interest-rate yields on our adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS would effectively be limited by caps. This problem will be magnified to the extent we acquire adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS that are not based on mortgages which are fully-indexed. In addition, the underlying mortgages may be subject to periodic payment caps that result in some portion of the interest being deferred and added to the principal outstanding. This could result in our receipt of less cash income on our adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS than we need in order to pay the interest cost on our related borrowings. These factors could lower our net interest income or cause a net loss during periods of rising interest rates, which would negatively impact our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
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Interest Rate Mismatch Risk
We intend to fund a substantial portion of our acquisitions of hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS with borrowings that have interest rates based on indices and repricing terms similar to, but of shorter maturities than, the interest rate indices and repricing terms of the RMBS. Thus, we anticipate that in most cases the interest rate indices and repricing terms of our mortgage assets and our funding sources will not be identical, thereby creating an interest rate mismatch between assets and liabilities. Therefore, our cost of funds would likely rise or fall more quickly than would our earnings rate on assets. During periods of changing interest rates, such interest rate mismatches could negatively impact our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
Our analysis of risks is based on management's experience, estimates, models and assumptions. These analyses rely on models which utilize estimates of fair value and interest rate sensitivity. Actual economic conditions or implementation of investment decisions by Resource Capital Manager may produce results that differ significantly from our expectations.
Prepayment Risk
Prepayments are the full or partial repayment of principal prior to the original term to maturity of a mortgage loan and typically occur due to refinancing of the mortgage loan. Prepayment rates for existing RMBS generally increase when prevailing interest rates fall below the market rate existing when the underlying mortgages were originated. In addition, prepayment rates on adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS generally increase when the difference between long-term and short-term interest rates declines or becomes negative. Prepayments of RMBS could harm our results of operations in several ways. Some adjustable-rate mortgages underlying our adjustable-rate agency RMBS may bear initial teaser interest rates that are lower than their fully-indexed rates, which refers to the applicable index rates plus a margin. In the event that such an adjustable-rate mortgage is prepaid prior to or soon after the time of adjustment to a fully-indexed rate, the holder of the related mortgage-backed security would have held such security while it was less profitable and lost the opportunity to receive interest at the fully-indexed rate over the expected life of the adjustable-rate mortgage-backed security. Although we currently do not own any adjustable-rate agency RMBS with teaser rates, we may obtain some in the future which would expose us to this prepayment risk. Additionally, we currently own RMBS that were purchased at a premium. The prepayment of such RMBS at a rate faster than anticipated would result in a write-off of any remaining capitalized premium amount and a consequent reduction of our net interest income by such amount. Finally, in the event that we are unable to acquire new RMBS to replace the prepaid RMBS, our financial condition, cash flow and results of operations could be negatively impacted.
Effect on Fair Value
Another component of interest rate risk is the effect changes in interest rates will have on the market value of our assets. We face the risk that the market value of our assets will increase or decrease at different rates than that of our liabilities, including our hedging instruments.
We primarily assess our interest rate risk by estimating the duration of our assets and the duration of our liabilities. Duration essentially measures the market price volatility of financial instruments as interest rates change. We generally calculate duration using various financial models and empirical data. Different models and methodologies can produce different duration numbers for the same securities.
The following sensitivity analysis table shows, at March 31, 2005, the estimated impact on the fair value of our interest rate-sensitive investments and repurchase agreement liabilities of changes in interest rates, assuming rates instantaneously fall 100 basis points and rise 100 basis points (in thousands):
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Interest rates | Interest rates | ||||||||
fall 100 | rise 100 | ||||||||
basis points | Unchanged | basis points | |||||||
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Hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS | |||||||||
Fair value | $ | 511,715 | $ | 501,169 | $ | 490,934 | |||
Change in fair value | $ | 10,546 | $ | — | $ | (10,235 | ) | ||
Change as a percent of fair value | 2.10 | % | — | (2.04 | %) | ||||
Repurchase agreements (1) | |||||||||
Fair value | $ | 400,994 | $ | 400,994 | $ | 400,994 | |||
Change in fair value | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||
Change as a percent of fair value | — | — | — | ||||||
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(1) | The fair value of the repurchase agreements would not change materially due to the short-term nature of these instruments. |
It is important to note that the impact of changing interest rates on fair value can change significantly when interest rates change beyond 100 basis points from current levels. Therefore, the volatility in the fair value of our assets could increase significantly when interest rates change beyond 100 basis points from current levels. In addition, other factors impact the fair value of our interest rate-sensitive investments and hedging instruments, such as the shape of the yield curve, market expectations as to future interest rate changes and other market conditions. Accordingly, in the event of changes in actual interest rates, the change in the fair value of our assets would likely differ from that shown above and such difference might be material and adverse to our stockholders.
Risk Management
To the extent consistent with maintaining our status as a REIT, we seek to manage our interest rate risk exposure to protect our portfolio of RBMS and related debt against the effects of major interest rate changes. We generally seek to manage our interest rate risk by:
• | monitoring and adjusting, if necessary, the reset index and interest rate related to our mortgage-backed securities and our borrowings; | |
• | attempting to structure our borrowing agreements for our RMBS to have a range of different maturities, terms, amortizations and interest rate adjustment periods; and | |
using derivatives, financial futures, swaps, options, caps, floors and forward sales, to adjust the interest rate sensitivity of our RMBS and our borrowing. |
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BUSINESS
Our Company
We are a specialty finance company that intends to elect and qualify to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ending December 31, 2005. We intend to invest in a combination of real estate-related assets and, to a lesser extent, higher-yielding commercial finance assets with the objective of providing attractive risk-adjusted total returns to our stockholders through both stable quarterly dividends and capital appreciation. We intend to finance a substantial portion of our portfolio investments through borrowing strategies seeking to match the maturities and repricing dates of our financings with the maturities and repricing dates of those investments. Our ability to execute our multi-asset class strategy will be subject to limitations imposed by REIT qualification standards under the Internal Revenue Code and requirements for exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act.
Our investments will target the following asset classes:
Asset class | Principal investments | |
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Commercial real estate-related assets | • | CMBS |
• | B notes | |
• | Mezzanine debt related to commercial real estate that is senior to the borrowers equity position but subordinated to other third-party financing | |
Residential real estate-related assets | • | Agency RMBS |
• | Non-agency RMBS | |
Commercial finance assets | • | Syndicated bank loans |
• | Other ABS, backed principally by small business and syndicated bank loans and, to a lesser extent, by consumer receivables | |
• | Equipment leases, principally small- and middle-ticket commercial direct financing leases | |
• | Trust preferred securities of financial institutions | |
• | Private equity investments, principally issued by financial institutions |
We use multiple strategies to finance our investment portfolio. In our non-agency RMBS, CMBS, other ABS, syndicated bank loans, equipment lease and trust preferred asset classes, we intend to use warehouse facilities as a short-term financing source before the execution of CDOs or other term financing secured by these assets. We finance our agency RMBS portfolio with short-term repurchase arrangements. We seek to mitigate the risk created by any mismatch between the maturities and repricing dates of our agency RMBS and the maturities and repricing dates of the repurchase agreements we use to finance them through derivative instruments, principally floating to fixed interest rate swap agreements.
Our income is generated primarily from the net interest spread, or the difference between the interest income we earn on our investment portfolio and the cost of financing our investment portfolio, which includes the interest expense, fees, and related expenses that we pay on our borrowings and the cost of the interest rate hedges that we use to manage our interest rate risk.
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Estimated
fair
value |
Percent
of our
total investments |
Weighted
average coupon |
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(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Commercial real estate-related assets | |||||||
CMBS | $ | 28,377 | 2.16 | % | 5.42 | % | |
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Total commercial real estate-related assets | 28,377 | 2.16 | % | 5.42 | % | ||
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Residential real estate-related assets | |||||||
Agency RMBS (1) | 887,768 | 67.50 | % | 4.43 | % | ||
Non-agency RMBS (2) | 241,775 | 18.38 | % | 4.62 | % | ||
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Total residential real estate-related assets | 1,129,543 | 85.88 | % | 4.47 | % | ||
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Commercial finance assets | |||||||
Syndicated bank loans (3) | 134,627 | 10.24 | % | 5.67 | % | ||
Other ABS | 22,754 | 1.73 | % | 5.05 | % | ||
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Total commercial finance assets | 157,381 | 11.97 | % | 5.58 | % | ||
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Total | $ | 1,315,301 | 100.00 | % | 4.63 | % | |
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(1) | Agency RMBS are guaranteed by federally chartered entities such as Ginnie Mae, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. |
(2) | Non-agency RMBS are not guaranteed by federally chartered entities. All of the loans underlying our non- agency RMBS do not conform to agency underwriting standards. |
(3) | Syndicated bank loans are reflected at the lower of cost or fair market value. |
Our investment portfolio as of May 31, 2005 reflects our initial investment of the $214.7 million net proceeds of our March 2005 private offering. We expect to diversify this portfolio over our targeted asset classes during the next 12 months. Our current targeted asset allocation is between 20% and 25% in commercial real estate-related assets, between 35% and 40% in agency RMBS, between 15% and 20% in non-agency RMBS, and between 20% and 25% in commercial finance assets, subject to the availability of appropriate investment opportunities and changes in market conditions. Because the amount of leverage we intend to use will vary by asset class, our asset allocation may not reflect the relative amounts of equity capital we have invested in the respective classes.
We have not adopted policies that require us to establish or maintain any specific asset allocations. As a result, we cannot predict the percentage of our assets that we will invest in each asset class or whether we will invest in other asset classes or investments. Investing in multiple asset classes does not, however, reduce or eliminate many of the risks associated with our investment portfolio such as geographic concentration risk and credit risk. We may change our investment strategies and policies, and the percentage of assets that may be invested in each asset class, without a vote of our stockholders.
Because we will elect and intend to qualify to be taxed as a REIT and to operate our business so as to be excluded from regulation under the Investment Company Act, we are required to invest a substantial majority of our assets in qualifying real estate assets, such as agency RMBS, B notes with unilateral foreclosure rights on the underlying mortgages, mortgage loans and other liens on and interests in real estate. Therefore, the percentage of our assets we may invest in other MBS, other B notes, mezzanine debt, other ABS, syndicated bank loans, equipment leases, trust preferred securities, private equity and other types of investments is limited, unless those investments comply with federal income tax requirements for REIT qualification and requirements for exclusion from Investment Company Act regulation.
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Business Strengths
Experienced senior management team. Our senior management team, led by Edward E. Cohen and Jonathan Z. Cohen, has significant experience in real estate investment, commercial lending, financing, securitization, capital markets, transaction structuring and risk management. Individually and through their involvement with Resource America, they also have significant experience in sponsoring and managing public companies in the real estate, financial services and energy sectors, including the sponsorship of a REIT, RAIT Investment Trust. We believe that the broad experience of our executive officers will enable us to generate investment opportunities across all of our targeted asset classes and effectively manage and finance our portfolio.
Deep experience in targeted asset classes . Through Resource, we have access to a team of 47 investment professionals that has broad experience originating, investing in, managing and financing commercial and residential real estate-related assets and commercial finance assets. We believe that Resources deep experience in these areas will enable us to achieve our portfolio objectives.
Established asset management platform and strategic relationships. We benefit from access to Resource Americas mature administrative infrastructure, which includes pro-active credit analysis and risk management procedures, technology, operations, transaction processing, accounting, legal and compliance and internal audit functions. We also benefit from Resources extensive relationships with commercial banks, investment banks, brokerage firms, loan originators, real estate companies, equipment sales organizations and other financial intermediaries, which we believe enhance our access to attractive investment opportunities and financing sources.
Disciplined credit culture and credit perspective. Resources disciplined credit culture serves as the backbone for all of its financial services related businesses. We benefit from Resource Americas highly specialized, proprietary credit analysis techniques, such as its proprietary credit and collateral stratifications, stress assessments and its PROTECT procedures for early detection of troubled and deteriorating securities. Resource and our executive officers have extensive experience operating companies in the financial services, real estate and energy sectors and lending to companies in a large group of industries. Through their diverse and ongoing credit experience, they have the ability to bring perspectives from multiple asset sectors together in their analysis of investment opportunities.
Significant experience in asset-liability management . Since 2002, Resource has sponsored eight CDOs with approximately $2.8 billion in assets on a cost basis. In addition, Resources professionals have significant experience in using hedging instruments to manage the interest rate risk associated with the asset classes we invest in, and manage $739 million notional amount of interest rate swaps for us as of May 31, 2005.
Business Strategy
Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted total returns to our investors through both stable quarterly dividends and capital appreciation. We intend to achieve this objective by constructing a diversified investment portfolio, using our disciplined approach to credit analysis to identify appropriate opportunities in our targeted asset classes. Resource Capital Manager intends to apply its credit-based investment strategies to selecting investments in the following general asset classes: commercial real estate-related investments, residential real estate-related investments, and commercial finance assets. We expect our agency RMBS to provide us with a stable foundation where our credit risk will be limited and we can manage our interest rate exposure. We expect our other investments to provide enhanced returns and limited interest rate risk. The core components and values of our business strategy are described in more detail below.
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Disciplined credit underwriting and active risk management. The backbone of Resources investment process is credit analysis. Resource and its senior management have extensive experience in underwriting the credit risk associated with our targeted asset classes, and conduct detailed due diligence on all credit-sensitive investments, including the use of proprietary credit stratifications and collateral stresses. After making an investment, Resource engages in active monitoring of its investments through several highly specialized, proprietary risk management systems, including its PROTECT procedures for early detection of troubled and deteriorating securities. If a default occurs, our senior management teams strong asset management skills will be utilized to mitigate the severity of any losses, and we will seek to optimize the recovery from assets in the event that we foreclose upon them.
Invest in higher-yielding assets . We intend for a portion of our portfolio to be comprised of assets such as mezzanine loans, B notes, RMBS and CMBS rated below AAA, and syndicated bank loans, which generally have higher yields than more senior obligations or agency RMBS. A critical component of our success will be our ability to manage the credit risk we assume when we make such investments.
Diversification of investments . We intend to complement our investments in residential real estate-related assets with commercial real estate-related assets such as mezzanine loans, B notes and CMBS, and commercial finance assets such as syndicated bank loans, equipment leases and trust preferred investments. We believe that this strategy of diversifying our portfolio assets will allow us to continually allocate our capital to the most attractive sectors, enhancing the returns we will be able to achieve, while reducing the overall risk of our portfolio through the non-correlated nature of these various asset classes. The percentage of assets that we may invest in certain of our targeted asset classes is subject to the federal income tax requirements for REIT qualification and the requirements for exclusion from Investment Company Act regulation.
Use of leverage . We use leverage to increase the potential returns to our stockholders, and seek to achieve leverage consistent with our analysis of the risk profile of the investments we finance and the borrowing sources available to us. Our income is generated primarily from the net spread between the interest income we earn on our investment portfolio and the cost of our borrowings and hedging activities. Leverage can enhance returns but also magnifies losses.
Actively manage interest rate risk and liquidity risk. We expect to finance a substantial portion of our portfolio investments on a long-term basis through borrowing strategies that seek to match the maturity and repricing dates of our investments with the maturities and repricing dates of our financing. These strategies allow us to mitigate our interest rate risk and liquidity risk, resulting in more stable and predictable cash flows and will include the use of CDOs structured for us by Resource Capital Manager. We will retain the equity portion of the CDO and can retain one or more series of the subordinated obligations issued by the CDO. We also use derivative instruments such as interest rate swaps to hedge the borrowings we use to finance our assets on a short-term basis. We intend to maintain borrowing arrangements with multiple counterparties in order to manage the liquidity risk associated with our short-term financing.
Investment Strategy
We seek to implement our business strategies in each of our targeted asset classes as described in this section. We may change our investment strategies, policies and guidelines and the percentage of our assets that may be invested in each asset class or, in the case of securities, in a single issuer, without a vote of our stockholders.
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Commercial Real Estate-Related Investments
CMBS . We intend to invest in CMBS, which are securities that are secured by or evidence interests in a pool of mortgage loans secured by commercial properties. These securities may be senior or subordinate and may be either investment grade or non-investment grade. We expect that the majority of our CMBS investments will be rated by at least one nationally recognized rating agency.
The yields on CMBS depend on the timely payment of interest and principal due on the underlying mortgages loans and defaults by the borrowers on such loans may ultimately result in deficiencies and defaults on the CMBS. In the event of a default, the trustee for the benefit of the holders of CMBS has recourse only to the underlying pool of mortgage loans and, if a loan is in default, to the mortgaged property securing such mortgage loan. After the trustee has exercised all of the rights of a lender under a defaulted mortgage loan and the related mortgaged property has been liquidated, no further remedy will be available. However, holders of relatively senior classes of CMBS will be protected to a certain degree by the structural features of the securitization transaction within which such CMBS were issued, such as the subordination of the relatively more junior classes of the CMBS.
As of May 31, 2005, 2.16% of our portfolio consisted of CMBS. The following table describes the terms of our CMBS:
Amortized cost | Dollar price | ||||
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Moody's ratings category: | (in thousands) | ||||
Baa1 through Baa3 | $ | 27,985 | 98.61 | % | |
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TOTAL | $ | 27,985 | 98.61 | % | |
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S&P ratings category: | |||||
BBB+ through BBB- | $ | 12,248 | 98.94 | % | |
Non-Rated | $ | 15,737 | 98.36 | % | |
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TOTAL | $ | 27,985 | 98.61 | % | |
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Weighted average rating factor | 346 |
As of May 31, 2005, our investments in CMBS were leveraged 29 times principally as a result of using warehouse facilities to accumulate these assets. In general, after financing our CMBS through CDOs or other term financing, we expect our leverage for this asset class to be in the range of 10 to 15 times.
Subordinate interests in whole loans (B notes). We intend to purchase subordinate interests referred to as B notes from third parties. B notes are loans secured by a first mortgage and subordinated to a senior interest, referred to as an A note. The subordination of a B note is generally evidenced by a co-lender or participation agreement between the holders of the A note and the B note. In some instances, the B note lender may require a security interest in the stock or partnership interests of the borrower as part of the transaction. B note lenders have the same obligations, collateral and borrower as the A note lender, but typically are subordinated in recovery upon a default. B notes share certain credit characteristics with second mortgages in that both are subject to greater credit risk with respect to the underlying mortgage collateral than the corresponding first mortgage or A note. Typical B note investments will have terms of three years to five years, and are generally structured with an original term of up to three years, with one year extensions that bring the loan to a maximum term of five years. We expect to hold our B note investments to their maturity.
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In addition to the interest payable on the B note, we may earn fees charged to the borrower under the note or additional income by receiving principal payments in excess of the discounted price (below par value) we paid to acquire the note. Our ownership of a B note with controlling class rights may, in the event the financing fails to perform according to its terms, cause us to elect to pursue our remedies as owner of the B note, which may include foreclosure on, or modification of, the note. In some cases the owner of the A note may be able to foreclose or modify the note against our wishes as owner of the B note. As a result, our economic and business interests may diverge from the interests of the owner of the A note.
As of May 31, 2005, we had not invested in any B notes. We currently expect to leverage our investments in B notes in the range of two to six times.
Mezzanine financing. Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we anticipate acquiring or making mezzanine loans that are senior to the borrowers equity in, and subordinate to a first mortgage loan on, a property. These loans are secured by pledges of ownership interests, in whole or in part, in entities that directly own the real property. In addition, we may require other collateral to secure mezzanine loans, including letters of credit, personal guarantees of the principals of the borrower, or collateral unrelated to the property. We may structure our mezzanine loans so that we receive a stated fixed or variable interest rate on the loan as well as a percentage of gross revenues and a percentage of the increase in the fair market value of the property securing the loan, payable upon maturity, refinancing or sale of the property. Our mezzanine loans may also have prepayment lockouts, penalties, minimum profit hurdles and other mechanisms to protect and enhance returns in the event of premature repayment. We expect the stated maturity of our mezzanine financings to range from three to five years. Mezzanine loans may have maturities that match the maturity of the related mortgage loan but may have shorter or longer terms. We expect to hold these investments to maturity.
As of May 31, 2005, we had not invested in any mezzanine obligations. We currently expect to leverage our investments in mezzanine obligations in the range of two to four times.
Residential Real Estate Related Investments
We invest in adjustable rate and hybrid adjustable rate agency RMBS, which are securities representing interests in mortgage loans secured by residential real property in which payments of both principal and interest are generally made monthly, net of any fees paid to the issuer, servicer or guarantor of the securities. In agency RMBS, the mortgage loans in the pools are guaranteed as to principal and interest by federally chartered entities such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae. In general, our agency RMBS will be AAA-rated and will consist of mortgage pools in which we have the entire interest.
Adjustable rate RMBS have interest rates that reset periodically (typically monthly, semi-annually or annually) over their term. Because the interest rates on ARMs fluctuate based on market conditions, ARMS tend to have interest rates that do not deviate from current market rates by a large amount. This in turn can mean that ARMs have less price sensitivity to interest rates.
Hybrid ARMs have interest rates that have an initial fixed period (typically two, three, five, seven or ten years) and reset at regular intervals after that in a manner similar to traditional ARMs. Before the first interest rate reset date, hybrid ARMs have a price sensitivity to interest rates similar to that of a fixed-rate mortgage with a maturity equal to the period before the first reset date. After the first interest rate reset date occurs, the price sensitivity of a hybrid ARM resembles that of a non-hybrid ARM.
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However, because many hybrid ARMs are structured with a relatively short initial fixed interest rate period, even during that fixed rate period, the price sensitivity of hybrid ARMs may be low.
The investment characteristics of pass-through RMBS differ from those of traditional fixed-income securities. The major differences include the payment of interest and principal on the RMBS, as described above, and the possibility that principal may be prepaid on the RMBS at any time due to prepayments on the underlying mortgage loans. These differences can result in significantly greater price and yield volatility than is the case with traditional fixed-income securities. On the other hand, the guarantees on agency RMBS by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and, in the case of Ginnie Mae, the U.S. government, provide reasonable assurance that the investor will be ultimately repaid the principal face amount of the security.
Mortgage prepayments are affected by factors including the level of interest rates, general economic conditions, the location and age of the mortgage, and other social and demographic conditions. Generally, prepayments on pass-through RMBS increase during periods of falling mortgage interest rates and decrease during periods of stable or rising mortgage interest rates. Reinvestment of prepayments may occur at higher or lower interest rates than the original investment, thus affecting the yield on our portfolio.
As of May 31, 2005, 67.5% of our investment portfolio consisted of agency RMBS. As of May 31, 2005, the leverage we used for our investments in agency RMBS was 6.7 times. In general, we expect our leverage for this asset class to be in the range of eight to 12 times.
We also will invest in non-agency RMBS. The principal difference between agency RMBS and non-agency RMBS is that the mortgages underlying the non-agency RMBS do not conform to agency guidelines as a result of documentation deficiencies, having a high ratio of the amount of the loans to the value of the properties financed or credit quality issues. We expect that our non-agency RMBS will include loan pools with home equity loans (loans that are secured by subordinate liens), residential B/C loans (loans where the borrowers FICO score, a measure used to rate the financial strength of the borrower, is low, generally below 625), Alt-A loans (where the borrowers FICO score is between 675 and 725) and high LTV loans (loans where the ratio of the loan amount to the value of the property securing the loan is 95% or greater).
As of May 31, 2005, 18.4% of our investment portfolio consisted of non-agency RMBS. The following table describes the terms of our non-agency RMBS:
Amortized cost | Dollar price | ||||
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(in thousands) | |||||
Moody's ratings category: | |||||
A1 through A3 | $ | 28,700 | 100.44% | ||
Baa1 through Baa3 | 194,433 | 99.85% | |||
Ba1 through Ba3 | 18,185 | 89.74% | |||
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TOTAL | $ | 241,318 | 99.08% | ||
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S&P ratings category: | |||||
AA+ through AA- | $ | 2,000 | 100.00% | ||
A+ through A- | 38,354 | 99.43% | |||
BBB+ through BBB- | 186,736 | 98.97% | |||
BB+ through BB- | 1,190 | 94.12% | |||
Non-Rated | 13,038 | 100.00% | |||
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TOTAL | $ | 241,318 | 99.08% | ||
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Weighted average rating factor | 302 | ||||
Weighted average original FICO | 639 | ||||
Weighted average original LTV | 80.45% |
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As of May 31, 2005, our investments in non-agency RMBS were leveraged 29 times, principally as a result of using warehouse facilities to accumulate these assets. In general, after financing our nonagency RMBS through CDOs or other term financing, we expect our leverage for this asset class to be in the range of 10 to 15 times.
Commercial Finance Investments
Syndicated bank loans . Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we intend to acquire senior and subordinated, secured and unsecured loans made by banks or other financing entities. Syndicated bank loans may also include revolving credit facilities, under which the lender is obligated to advance funds to the borrower under the credit facility as requested by the borrower from time to time. We expect that some amount of these loans will be secured by real estate mortgages or liens on other assets. Certain of these loans may have an interest-only payment schedule, with the principal amount remaining outstanding and at risk until the maturity of the loan. These loans may include restrictive financial and operating covenants. We also intend to invest, to a lesser extent, in bonds which pay holders a coupon periodically until maturity of the bonds, when the face value is due.
As of May 31, 2005, 10.2% of our investment portfolio consisted of syndicated bank loans. The following table describes the terms of our syndicated bank loan investments:
Amortized cost | Dollar price | ||||
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(in thousands) | |||||
Moodys ratings category: | |||||
Ba1 through Ba3 | $ | 53,784 | 99.97% | ||
B1 through B3 | 80,889 | 100.07% | |||
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TOTAL | $ | 134,673 | 100.03% | ||
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S&P ratings category: | |||||
BBB+ through BBB- | $ | 19,984 | 99.92% | ||
BB+ through BB- | 26,747 | 99.96% | |||
B+ through B- | 86,433 | 100.06% | |||
CCC+ through CCC- | 1,509 | 100.63% | |||
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TOTAL | $ | 134,673 | 100.03% | ||
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Weighted average rating factor | 2,069 |
As of May 31, 2005, our investments in syndicated bank loans were leveraged 27 times, principally as a result of using warehouse facilities to accumulate these assets. In general, after financing our syndicated bank loans through CDOs or other term financing, we expect our leverage for this asset class to be in the range of five to 12 times.
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Other asset-backed securities . Subject to our maintaining qualification as a REIT, we intend to invest in other ABS, principally CDOs backed by small business loans and trust preferred securities of financial institutions such as banks, savings and thrift institutions, insurance companies, holding companies for these institutions and REITs. As with CDOs collateralized by RMBS and CMBS, discussed above, we may invest in either the equity or debt tranches of the CDOs. Although we currently have no plans to do so, we may also invest in consumer ABS, such as ABS backed by credit card receivables and automobile loans. As with CDOs collateralized by RMBS and CMBS, to avoid actual or potential conflicts of interest we will not invest in any CDO structured, co-structured or managed by Resource other than those structured, co-structured or managed on our behalf.
As of May 31, 2005, 1.7% of our investment portfolio consisted of other ABS. The following table describes the terms of our other ABS:
Amortized cost | Dollar price | ||||
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Moodys ratings category: | (in thousands) | ||||
Baa1 through Baa3 | $ | 22,784 | 99.89% | ||
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TOTAL | $ | 22,784 | 99.89% | ||
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S&P ratings category: | |||||
BBB+ through BBB- | $ | 19,089 | 99.87% | ||
Non-Rated | 3,695 | 100.00% | |||
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TOTAL | $ | 22,784 | 99.89% | ||
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Weighted average rating factor | 396 |
As of May 31, 2005, our investments in other ABS were leveraged 29 times, principally as a result of using warehouse facilities to accumulate these assets. In general, after financing our other ABS through CDOs or other term financing, we expect our leverage for this asset class to be in the range of 10 to 15 times.
Equipment leases. Subject to our maintaining qualification as a REIT, we intend to invest in small- and middle-ticket equipment leases. These leases will be direct financing leases, which are leases in which the rent over the term of the lease returns invested capital plus an appropriate premium without consideration of the residual, that is, the value of selling or re-leasing the equipment at the end of the lease term. We expect that we will focus on lease equipment and other assets that are essential for businesses to conduct their operations so that end users will be highly motivated to make required monthly payments. We anticipate that we will focus on equipment in the following areas:
• | general office equipment, such as office machinery, furniture and telephone and computer systems; | |
• | medical and dental practices and equipment for diagnostic and treatment use; | |
• | energy and climate control systems; | |
• | industrial equipment, including manufacturing, material handling and electronic diagnostic systems; and | |
• | agricultural equipment and facilities. |
As of May 31, 2005, we had not invested in any equipment leases. We currently expect to leverage our investment in equipment leases in the range of three to nine times.
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Trust preferred securities . Subject to our maintaining qualification as a REIT, we intend to invest in trust preferred securities, with an emphasis on securities of small- to middle-market financial institutions, including banks, savings and thrift institutions, insurance companies, holding companies for these institutions and REITS. Trust preferred securities are issued by a special purpose trust that holds a subordinated debenture or other debt obligation issued by a company to the trust. The company holds the equity interest in the trust, with the preferred securities of the trust being sold to investors. The trust invests the proceeds of the preferred securities in the sponsoring company through the purchase of the debenture issued by the company. Issuers of trust preferred securities are generally affiliated with financial institutions because, under current regulatory and tax structures, unlike the proceeds from debt securities the proceeds from trust preferred securities may be treated as primary regulatory capital by the financial institution, while it may deduct the interest it pays on the debt obligation held by the trust from its income for federal income tax purposes. Our focus will be to invest in trust preferred securities originated by financial institutions that have favorable characteristics with respect to market demographics, cash flow stability and franchise value.
As of May 31, 2005, we had not invested in trust preferred securities. We currently expect to leverage our investment in trust preferred securities in the range of six to 12 times.
Collateralized Debt Obligations
We intend to invest in the debt tranches of CDOs collateralized by CMBS, non-agency RMBS, other ABS and bank loans. To avoid any actual or perceived conflicts of interest with Resource, we will not invest in any CDO structured or co-structured by Resource other than those structured or co-structured on our behalf.
In general, CDOs are issued by special purpose vehicles that hold a portfolio of debt obligation securities. The CDO vehicle issues tranches of debt securities of different seniority, and equity to fund the purchase of the portfolio. The debt tranches are typically rated based on portfolio quality, diversification and structural subordination. The equity securities issued by the CDO vehicle are the first loss piece of the vehicles capital structure, but they are also generally entitled to all residential amounts available for payment after the vehicles obligations to the debt holders have been satisfied.
As of May 31, 2005, we had not invested in any CDOs. We currently expect to leverage our investments in CDOs in the range of 10 to 15 times.
Private Equity Investments
To a lesser extent, subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we also may invest from time to time in equity securities, which may or may not be related to real estate. These investments may include direct purchases of private equity as well as purchases of interests in private equity funds. We expect that any such investments will consist primarily of private equity securities issued by financial institutions, particularly banks and savings and thrift institutions. We will follow a value-oriented investment approach and focus on the anticipated future cash flows generated by the underlying business, discounted by an appropriate rate to reflect both the risk of achieving those cash flows and the alternative uses for the capital to be invested. We will also consider other factors such as the strength of management, the liquidity of the investment, the underlying value of the assets owned by the issuer, and prices of similar or comparable securities.
We currently expect to leverage our private equity investments in the range of one to three times.
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The Manager
We are externally managed and advised by Resource Capital Manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Resource America, with whom Resource Capital Manager shares personnel. Under our management agreement with Resource Capital Manager and Resource Americas, Resource Capital Manager is responsible for providing us with all of the management and support personnel and services necessary for our operation. For a description of the duties of Resource Capital Manager, see Management Management Agreement Duties.
The officers and directors of Resource Capital Manager as of May 31, 2005 are as follows:
Name | Position | ||
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Edward E. Cohen | Chairman of the Board | ||
Jonathan Z. Cohen | Chief Executive Officer, President and Director | ||
Steven J. Kessler | Chief Financial Officer and Director | ||
Thomas C. Elliott | Senior Vice President Finance | ||
Michael S. Yecies | Chief Legal Officer and Secretary |
For biographical information on Messrs. Cohen, Cohen, Kessler, Elliott and Yecies, please see Management Directors and Executive Officers and Other Significant Employees.
Resource America is a publicly-traded specialized asset management company that uses industry-specific expertise to generate and administer investment opportunities for its own account and for institutional and sophisticated individual investors in structured finance (primarily RMBS, CMBS and other ABS), real estate, equipment leasing and financial services. As of May 31, 2005, Resource America managed approximately $5.4 billion of assets in these sectors, including approximately $2.8 billion par value in CDOs.
To provide its services, Resource Capital Manager draws upon the expertise and experience of Resource America which, as of May 31, 2005, had 136 asset management employees, including 47 asset management professionals and 89 asset management support personnel. Resource conducts its asset management activities through the following subsidiaries:
• | Ischus Capital Management, LLC invests in, finances, structures and manages RMBS, CMBS and other ABS. As of May 31, 2005, Ischus had a team of five asset management professionals managing over $1.9 billion in par value of MBS and ABS, including one CDO with $400 million in assets on a cost basis and $292 million of assets that have been accumulated for our CDO that priced on June 28, 2005. | |
• | Resource Real Estate, Inc. originates, finances and manages investments in real estate and real estate loans. As of May 31, 2005, Resource Real Estate had a team of 12 asset management professionals managing over $473 million of commercial and multi-family real estate assets, including over $303 million in original principal amount of real estate loans. | |
• | Apidos Capital Management LLC invests in, finances and manages syndicated bank loans. As of May 31, 2005, Apidos had a team of eight asset management professionals who managed over $135 million in par value of syndicated bank loans, all of which have been accumulated for our CDO that priced on June 29, 2005. | |
• | Trapeza Capital Management, LLC, a joint venture between Resource America and an unaffiliated third party, originates, structures, finances and manages trust preferred securities of banks and other financial institutions. As of May 31, 2005, Trapeza managed or co-managed over $2.6 billion par value of trust preferred securities of which $2.4 billion were held by seven CDOs. Resource America had three asset management professionals dedicated to Trapezas operations as of May 31, 2005. |
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• | LEAF Financial Corporation originates, manages and services small- and middle-ticket equipment lease assets. LEAF Financial had 14 asset management professionals at May 31, 2005 managing over $270 million in book value of equipment lease assets. |
Resources Asset Management and Administrative Resources
Under our management agreement with Resource Capital and Resource America, we will have access to the management infrastructure that Resource America has built as a Sarbanes Oxley compliant public company.
Resource America has a total of 136 employees who carry out its management operations, and will provide us with the following functions:
• | A nine-person accounting and finance department reporting to Resource America CFO Steven Kessler provides accounting and internal audit functions. This group also manages, with respect to the CDOs managed by Resource America and its affiliates, investor reporting, the monitoring of cash flows, and interactions with trustees. | |
• | A three-person technology department which is responsible for managing the technology infrastructure of each of Resources asset management divisions and its business continuity and disaster recovery functionality. | |
• | A three-person legal department led by Resource America Chief Legal Officer Michael Yecies, which is responsible for legal and regulatory compliance functions, as well as the monitoring of traders and other employees for compliance with Resource Americas internal policies and procedures. | |
• | LEAF Financial has a total of 74 employees, including a field sales force and telephone sales force dedicated to originating leasing assets, as well as a servicing department that manages collection through strong telephone and mail efforts. LEAF has a complete technology platform that enables automated application, credit scoring based on Dun & Bradstreet data, customer relationship management, asset tracking, collection management, and document generation. | |
Investment Process |
General. Our investment process is managed broadly by our investment committee and, under its guidance, more specifically by Resource Capital Manager and, through it, the asset management divisions of Resource America. See – The Manager and Management Investment Committee. Our investment committee meets at least weekly to establish and review allocation of capital to specific investment strategies and to establish and review guidelines for the specific investment strategies to which capital is allocated. The investment decision process for each strategy consists of various types of diligence and quantitative analyses, depending upon the asset class. However, in general, Resource Capital Manager follows the decision-making process shown below:
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Investment Guidelines. We have established and comply with investment policies and procedures and investment guidelines that are reviewed and approved by our investment committee and board of directors. The investment committee meets as frequently as necessary in order for us to achieve our investment objectives. We review our investment portfolio and related compliance with our investment policies and procedures and investment guidelines at each regularly scheduled board of directors meeting.
Our board of directors and investment committee have adopted the following guidelines, among others, for our investments and borrowings:
• | no investment shall be made that would cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes; | |
• | no investment shall be made that would cause us to be regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act; and | |
• | with the exception of real estate, no industry shall represent greater than 20% of the securities in our portfolio. |
These investment guidelines may be changed by a majority of our board of directors without the approval of our stockholders.
Investment Sourcing. Resource Capital Manager originates portfolio investments, other than equipment leases and trust preferred securities, through a variety of financial industry sources including investment banks, brokerage firms, commercial banks and loan originators. Resource Capital Manager bases its origination capability on relationships its investment professionals have developed with these sources over their professional careers, as well as upon its, Resource Americas and our current presence in the marketplace as sponsor, originator, holder or acquiror of assets in our asset classes.
LEAF Financial will be responsible for sourcing of our equipment lease investments. LEAF Financials strategy for lease originations involves marketing to direct sales organizations which offer LEAF Financials leases as part of their equipment marketing package. By developing and maintaining these programs, LEAF Financial is able to use the sales forces of these organizations, and those of their distributors, dealers and resellers, to market its leasing products and services to the highly dispersed population of small- to middle-sized businesses.
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Our ability to source trust preferred investment opportunities comes from Resources relationships with the regional broker-dealer community that services smaller financial services companies. We also expect to source investments directly through our own relationships in the commercial banking sector.
Credit and Risk Management Analysis. The backbone of Resources investment process is credit analysis. Resource focuses its attention on credit and risk assessment from the earliest stage of its investment selection process. Resource also will screen and monitor all potential investments to determine their impact on maintaining our REIT qualification and our exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act. Risks related to portfolio management, including the management of risks related to credit losses, interest rate volatility, liquidity and counterparty credit, are generally managed on a portfolio-by-portfolio basis by each of Resource Americas asset management divisions, although there is often interaction and cooperation between divisions in this process.
The factors Resource Capital Manager considers in its credit analysis process are shown below:
Resource uses several proprietary risk management systems, including proprietary quantitative analytics, proprietary internal rating methodologies and investment committee processes, in determining investment and sale decisions. Resource conducts continuous ongoing surveillance of our portfolio and interacts with its affiliates on identifying and monitoring credit trends. In addition to these features, Resources investment managers will use a broad array of software and technology to manage risk. Key features of the risk management system include:
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• | PROTECT: Principal Recovery and Collateral Tracking . PROTECT is a proprietary surveillance and risk management process developed by Resource for the early identification of troubled and deteriorating securities in the RMBS, CMBS and ABS sectors. Under the principal recovery portion of the process, PROTECT examines not only net loss rates, but also the composition of net loss rates, such as gross loss rates and recovery rates, in order to detect negative pool trends and/or accounting irregularities for securities held in the portfolio. PROTECTs collateral tracking methodology includes: | ||
• | the monitoring of individual bond payments, prepayments, delinquencies, losses, subordination, excess spread and overcollateralization build-up; | ||
• | portfolio impact stress-testing for changes in prepayment speeds, loss rates, and interest rate scenarios; | ||
• | analysis of servicers and loan originators financial condition; | ||
• | analysis of sector performance and vintage comparison; | ||
• | frequent marking to market of the portfolio; and | ||
• | analysis of ratings events or downgrades. | ||
• | Proprietary Credit Stratifications . Resource has developed a set of proprietary credit stratifications to identify and measure the risks associated with potential non-agency RMBS, CMBS and other ABS investments. Data points for these stratifications include credit scores, LTV ratios, debt-to-income ratios, interest only loans, documentation type, mortgage insurance (where applicable), floating-rate/fixed-rate composition, credit enhancement and geographic dispersion. Stratifications are designed to focus on loans that are outside normal parameters, or outliers, as well as means and medians, in order to measure the dispersion of collateral. | ||
• | Proprietary Collateral Stresses . Resource runs proprietary collateral stresses to analyze the amount of structural protection associated with non-agency RMBS, CMBS and other ABS investments. Default assumptions are combined in the stress runs with | ||
• | varying prepayment speeds on various collateral subgroups, | ||
• | interest rate shocks, | ||
• | varying recovery rates on defaulted loans, and | ||
• | servicer advancement and timeliness | ||
to determine how much cumulative loss the investment can withstand and still pay the contractual coupon and/or principal invested. | |||
• | Technology and Software. Resource has built an extensive technology platform. This platform is critical to portfolio monitoring and credit analysis. Resource uses the following software and technology in monitoring its portfolios: |
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Product | Function |
Agency
RMBS |
Non-
agency RMBS |
CMBS/B
notes/ mezzanine loans |
Syndicated
bank loans |
ABS/ CDO |
Trust
preferred securities |
Equipment
leases |
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Derivative Solutions | Risk mgt/portfolio analytics | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||
Intex | Cash flows/static data/security | ||||||||||||||||
analytics | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||
Bloomberg | Market data/collateral data/ | ||||||||||||||||
security analytics | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||
Trepp | CMBS | X | |||||||||||||||
Moodys | Credit/surveillance | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||
Standard & Poors | Credit/surveillance | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||
Fitch | Credit/surveillance | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||
CoStar | Market data/collateral | ||||||||||||||||
data/surveillance | X | ||||||||||||||||
Claritas | Market data | X | |||||||||||||||
Smith Travel Research | Market data/collateral | ||||||||||||||||
data/surveillance | X | ||||||||||||||||
REIS | Market data/collateral | ||||||||||||||||
data/surveillance | X | ||||||||||||||||
Wall Street Office | Risk management/portfolio | ||||||||||||||||
analytics | X | ||||||||||||||||
Dun & Bradstreet | Credit/credit scoring | X | |||||||||||||||
SNL Datasource | Financial institution regulatory | ||||||||||||||||
and market data | X | ||||||||||||||||
KMV Risk Calc | Credit | X | |||||||||||||||
Lease Tracking | App entry/credit/documentation | X | |||||||||||||||
INFOLease | Asset tracking/invoicing, | ||||||||||||||||
collections/lease accounting/ | |||||||||||||||||
sales tax | X | ||||||||||||||||
CRM | Tracks all activity/usage levels | ||||||||||||||||
for leasing vendors | X | ||||||||||||||||
Proprietary | Risk mgt/portfolio analytics | X | X | X | X | X |
Our Financing Strategy
Overview. We use leverage in order to increase potential returns to our stockholders and for financing our portfolio. We do not expect to speculate on changes in interest rates. However, our use of leverage may also have the effect of increasing losses when economic conditions are unfavorable. While we have identified our leverage targets for each of our targeted asset classes, our investment policies require no minimum or maximum leverage and our investment committee will have the discretion, without the need for further approval by our board of directors, to increase the amount of leverage we incur above our targeted range for individual asset classes. We typically accumulate investments in our warehouse facilities and, upon our acquisition of the assets in those facilities, refinance them with repurchase agreements, for agency RMBS, and CDOs for our other asset classes. We are not limited to CDOs for our refinancing needs, and may use other forms of term financing if we believe that market conditions make it appropriate.
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Warehouse facilities. We rely on warehouse credit facilities for the capital we need to accumulate our investments, other than agency RMBS. These facilities are typically lines of credit from financial institutions that we can draw from to fund our investments. Warehouse lines are typically collateralized loans made to investors who invest in securities and loans that in turn pledge the resulting securities and loans to the lender. Third party custodians, usually large banks, typically hold the securities and loans funded with the warehouse facility borrowings, including the securities, loans, notes, mortgages and other important loan documentation, for the benefit of the lender who is deemed to own the securities and loans and, if there is a default under the warehouse line, for the benefit of the warehouse lender.
The pool of assets in a warehouse facility typically must meet specified requirements, including term, average life, investment rating, agency rating and sector diversity requirements. There are also specified requirements relating to portfolio performance, including required minimum portfolio yield and limitations on delinquencies and charge-offs. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in either the need to post additional collateral or cancellation of the financing facility.
As of May 31, 2005, we had two warehouse facilities with an aggregate total draw of $404 million and with $296 million of current availability. We have entered into agreements for two CDO financings in the aggregate amount of $750 million to provide term financing for the assets accumulated in these warehouse facilities. We priced these CDO financings in June 2005 and expect that they will close in July 2005. We are currently negotiating two new warehouse facilities.
Repurchase agreements. We finance our agency RMBS through the use of repurchase agreements. These agreements allow us to borrow against RMBS we own. We will sell our RMBS to a counterparty and agree to repurchase the same RMBS from the counterparty at a price equal to the original sales price plus an interest factor. We account for these agreements as debt, secured by the underlying assets. During the term of a repurchase agreement, we earn the principal and interest on the related RMBS and pay interest to the counterparty.
Our repurchase agreement counterparties are commercial and investment banks with whom we have agreements in place that cover the terms of our transactions. All our repurchase agreement counterparties have been formally approved by our investment committee and are monitored for changes in their financial condition.
As of May 31, 2005, we were party to repurchase agreements with seven counterparties. As of May 31, 2005 we had $769 million outstanding with one of these counterparties, Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, one of the underwriters of this offering. For a description of the terms of our repurchase agreements, see Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Recent Developments. We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering to repay indebtedness under our repurchase agreements. See Use of Proceeds.
Term financing CDOs. We expect to finance our non-agency RMBS, CMBS, B notes, mezzanine loans and commercial finance assets through term match funding strategies and, in particular, through the use of CDOs. We describe the general structure of a CDO in Investment Strategy Collateralized Debt Obligations.
Unlike typical securitization structures, the underlying assets in a CDO pool may be sold, subject to certain limitations, without a corresponding pay-down of the CDO provided the proceeds are reinvested in qualifying assets. As a result, CDOs enable the sponsor to actively manage the pool of assets. We believe CDO financing structures may be an appropriate financing vehicle for our targeted asset classes other than agency RMBS because they will enable us to lock in our cost of funds on a long-term basis and minimize the risk that we will have to refinance our liabilities before our investments mature or reprice, while giving us the flexibility to manage credit risk and, subject to certain limitations, to take advantage of profit opportunities.
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As of May 31, 2005, we have entered into agreements for two CDO financings in the aggregate amount of $750 million. For a description of the terms of these CDOs, see Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Recent Developments.
Hedging and interest rate risk management strategy. Repurchase agreements generally have maturities of 30 to 90 days while the weighted average life of the RMBS we will own generally will be longer. The difference in maturities, in addition to reset dates and reference indices, creates potential interest rate risk.
We may from time to time use derivative financial instruments to hedge all or a portion of the interest rate risk associated with our borrowings. Under the federal income tax laws applicable to REITs, we generally will be able to enter into certain transactions to hedge indebtedness that we may incur, or plan to incur, to acquire or carry real estate assets, provided that our total gross income from such hedges and other non-qualifying sources must not exceed 25% of our total gross income.
We intend to engage in a variety of interest rate management techniques that seek to mitigate changes in interest rates or potentially other influences on the values of our assets. Because of the tax rules applicable to REITs, we may be required to implement some of these techniques through a TRS that is fully subject to corporate income taxation. Our interest rate management techniques may include:
• | puts and calls on securities or indices of securities; and | |
• | interest rate swaps and/or swaptions. |
These techniques may also be used in an attempt to protect us against declines in the market value of our assets that result from general trends in debt markets.
We may from time to time enter into interest rate swap agreements to offset the potential adverse effects of rising interest rates under short-term repurchase agreements. Interest rate swap agreements have historically been structured such that the party seeking the hedge protection receives payments based on a variable interest rate and makes payments based on a fixed interest rate. The variable interest rate on which payments are received is calculated based on various reset mechanisms for LIBOR. The repurchase agreements generally have maturities of 30 to 90 days and carry interest rates that correspond to LIBOR rates for those same periods. The swap agreements will effectively fix our borrowing cost and will not be held for speculative or trading purposes.
As of May 31, 2005, we had hedged the repurchase agreements we have financing our agency RMBS portfolio by entering into three one-year interest rate swaps with Credit Suisse First Boston International, an affiliate of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, one of our underwriters. The total value of such swaps was $739 million and the weighted average fixed rate we pay is 3.76% .
Interest rate management techniques do not eliminate interest rate risk but, rather, seek to mitigate it. For example, if both long-term and short-term interest rates were to increase significantly, it could be expected that:
• | the weighted average life of our MBS would be extended because prepayments of the underlying mortgage loans would decrease; and | |
• | the market value of any fixed rate MBS would decline as long-term interest rates increased. |
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Competition
Our net income depends, in large part, on our ability to acquire assets at favorable spreads over our borrowing costs. In acquiring real estate-related assets, we compete with other mortgage REITs, specialty finance companies, savings and loan associations, banks, mortgage bankers, insurance companies, mutual funds, institutional investors, investment banking firms, other lenders, governmental bodies and other entities. In addition, there are numerous MBS and other mortgage REITs with similar asset acquisition objectives, and others may be organized in the future. The effect of the existence of additional REITs may be to increase competition for the available supply of mortgage assets suitable for purchase. Many of our competitors are significantly larger than us, have access to greater capital and other resources and may have other advantages over us. In addition to existing companies, other companies may be organized for similar purposes, including companies organized as REITs focused on purchasing mortgage assets. A proliferation of such companies may increase the competition for equity capital and thereby adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Moreover, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments and establish more relationships than us. For additional information concerning the competitive risks we face, see Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Business-We will operate in a highly competitive market.
Our Formation and Structure
We were organized on January 31, 2005 as a Maryland corporation and completed a private offering of our common stock in March 2005 in which we sold 15,333,334 shares of our common stock resulting in net proceeds to us of $214.7 million. Credit Suisse First Boston LLC acted as our exclusive initial purchaser and placement agent in this offering. Resource America, the corporate parent of Resource Capital Manager, and entities affiliated with it, purchased 1,000,000 shares of our common stock in the offering, representing 6.1% of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis as of May 31, 2005. Directors, officers and other persons related to us, Resource Capital Manager and Resource America and their affiliated entities purchased 357,166 shares, or 2.2% of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis, in that offering. In addition, at the completion of the offering, we granted to Resource Capital Manager 345,000 shares of restricted stock and options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $15.00 per share, representing in the aggregate approximately 6.1% of our common stock as of May 31, 2005 on a fully-diluted basis. Following completion of this offering, Resource America, Resource Capital Manager and their affiliates, including our officers and directors, will collectively own ________ shares of our common stock, representing approximately ___% of shares outstanding, and Resource Capital Manager will have options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock, representing approximately an additional ___% of our common stock, in each case on a fully-diluted basis. Our principal office is located at 712 Fifth Avenue, 10 th Floor, New York, New York 10019.
Exclusion from Regulation under the Investment Company Act
We intend to operate our business so as to be excluded from regulation under the Investment Company Act. Because we conduct our business through wholly-owned subsidiaries, we must ensure not only that we qualify for an exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act, but also that each of our subsidiaries so qualifies.
We believe that RCC Real Estate, Inc., the subsidiary that as of May 31, 2005 held all of our assets other than our syndicated bank loans, is excluded from Investment Company Act regulation under a provision designed for companies that do not issue redeemable securities and are primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate.
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To qualify for this exclusion, at least 55% of RCC Real Estates assets must consist of mortgage loans and other assets that are considered the functional equivalent of mortgage loans for purposes of the Investment Company Act, which we refer to as qualifying real estate assets. Moreover, an additional 25% of RCC Real Estates assets must consist of qualifying real estate assets and other real estate-related assets. RCC Real Estate does not intend to issue redeemable securities.
We consider agency whole pool certificates to be qualifying real estate assets. An agency whole pool certificate is a certificate issued or guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae that represents the entire beneficial interest in the underlying pool of mortgage loans. By contrast, an agency certificate that represents less than the entire beneficial interest in the underlying mortgage loans is not considered to be a qualifying real estate asset for purposes of the 55% test, but constitutes a real estate-related asset for purposes of the 25% test.
We generally do not expect that investments in non-agency RMBS, CMBS and B notes will constitute qualifying real estate assets for the 55% test, unless we determine that those investments are the functional equivalent of owning mortgage loans, which will depend, among other things, on whether we have unilateral foreclosure rights with respect to the underlying real estate collateral. Instead, these investments generally will be classified as real estate-related assets for purposes of the 25% test. We do not expect that investments in mezzanine debt, CDOs, other ABS, syndicated bank loans, equipment leases, trust preferred securities and private equity will constitute qualifying real estate assets. Moreover, to the extent that these investments are not backed by mortgage loans or other interests in real estate, they will not constitute real estate-related assets. Instead, they will constitute miscellaneous assets, which can constitute no more than 20% of RCC Real Estates assets.
We do not expect that our other subsidiaries, RCC Commercial and Resource TRS, will qualify for this exclusion. However, we do expect them to qualify for another exclusion. Accordingly, as required by that exclusion, we will not allow either entity to make, or propose to make, a public offering of its securities, and we will require that each owner of securities issued by those entities be a qualified purchaser so that those entities are not investment companies subject to regulation under the Investment Company Act. If we form other subsidiaries, we must ensure that they qualify for an exemption or exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act.
Moreover, we must ensure that Resource Capital Corp. itself qualifies for an exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act. We will do so by monitoring the value of our interests in our subsidiaries. At all times, we must ensure that no more than 40% of our assets, on an unconsolidated basis, excluding government securities and cash, are investment securities as defined in the Investment Company Act. Our interest in RCC Real Estate does not constitute an investment security for these purposes, but our interests in RCC Commercial and Resource TRS do constitute investment securities. Accordingly, we must monitor the value of our interest in these two subsidiaries to ensure that the value of our interests in them never exceeds 40% of the value of our total assets. We will monitor the value of our interest in Resource TRS for tax purposes as well; the applicable tax rules require us to ensure that the total value of the stock and other securities of Resource TRS and any other TRS held directly or indirectly by us does not exceed 20% of the value of our total assets. These requirements may limit our flexibility in acquiring assets in the future.
We have not received, nor have we sought, a no-action letter from the SEC regarding how our investment strategy fits within the exclusions from regulation under the Investment Company Act that we and our subsidiaries are using. To the extent that the SEC provides more specific or different guidance regarding the treatment of assets as qualifying real estate assets or real estate-related assets, we may have to adjust our investment strategy accordingly. Any additional guidance from the SEC could provide additional flexibility to us or it could further inhibit our ability to pursue the investment strategy we have chosen.
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Policies with Respect to Certain Other Activities
If our board of directors determines that additional funding is required, we may raise such funds through additional offerings of equity or debt securities or the retention of cash flow (subject to provisions in the Internal Revenue Code concerning distribution requirements and the taxability of undistributed REIT taxable income) or a combination of these methods. In the event that our board of directors determines to raise additional equity capital, it has the authority, without stockholder approval, to issue additional common stock or preferred stock in any manner and on such terms and for such consideration as it deems appropriate, at any time.
We have not in the past but may in the future offer equity or debt securities in exchange for property and to repurchase or otherwise reacquire our shares and may engage in such activities in the future. As described above under – Our Financing Strategy, we intend to borrow money in the ordinary course of business.
We have not in the past but may in the future, subject to gross income and asset tests necessary for REIT qualification, invest in securities of other REITs, other entities engaged in real estate activities or securities of other issuers. We may make such investments for the purpose of exercising control over such entities.
We engage in the purchase and sale of investments. We have not in the past but may in the future make loans to third parties in the ordinary course of business for investment purposes. We will not underwrite the securities of other issuers.
We intend to furnish our stockholders with annual reports containing consolidated financial statements audited by our independent certified public accountants and with quarterly reports containing unaudited consolidated financial statements for each of the first three quarters of each fiscal year.
Our board of directors may change any of these policies without prior notice to you or a vote of our stockholders.
Legal Proceedings
We and Resource Capital Manager are not subject to any material legal proceedings as of the date of this prospectus.
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MANAGEMENT
Directors and Executive Officers
The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers. All of our executive officers are employees of Resource America or its affiliates. Neither we nor Resource Capital Manager expect that we will have employees except that, before we complete this offering, Resource Capital Manager will hire a chief financial officer who will be exclusively dedicated to our operations. Our board of directors has determined that Messrs. Beach, Hart, Levin and Neff are independent consistent with the rules of the New York Stock Exchange.
Name | Age | Title | ||
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Edward E. Cohen | 66 | Chairman and Director | ||
Jonathan Z. Cohen | 34 | Chief Executive Officer, President and Director | ||
Walter T. Beach | 38 | Director | ||
William B. Hart | 61 | Director | ||
Murray S. Levin | 62 | Director | ||
P. Sherrill Neff | 53 | Director | ||
Steven J. Kessler | 62 | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer | ||
Jeffrey D. Blomstrom | 36 | Senior Vice President CDO Structuring | ||
Thomas C. Elliott | 32 | Senior Vice President Assets and Liabilities Management |
Edward E. Cohen has been our Chairman since March 2005. Mr. Cohen is Chairman of Resource America, a position he has held since 1990. He was Resource Americas Chief Executive Officer from 1988 to 2004 and its President from 2000 to 2003. He is Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President of Atlas America, Inc., a publicly traded (NASDAQ: ATLS) energy company, a position he has held since 2000, and Chairman of the Managing Board of Atlas Pipeline Partners GP, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Atlas America that is the general partner of Atlas Pipeline Partners, L.P., a publicly-traded (NYSE: APL) natural gas pipeline company. He is also a director of TRM Corporation, a publicly traded (NASDAQ: TRMM) consumer services company, and Chairman of Brandywine Construction & Management, Inc., a privately-held real estate management company. From 1981 to 1999 he was Chairman of the Executive Committee of JeffBanks, Inc., a bank holding company acquired by Hudson United Bancorporation. From 1969 to 1989 he was Chairman of the Executive Committee of State National Bank of Maryland (now a part of Wachovia Bank). Mr. Cohen is the father of Jonathan Z. Cohen.
Jonathan Z. Cohen has been our Chief Executive Officer and President and a director since March 2005. Mr. Cohen has been President since 2003, Chief Executive Officer since 2004 and a Director since 2002 of Resource America. He was Executive Vice President of Resource America from 2001 to 2003, and a Senior Vice President from 1999 to 2001. He has been Vice Chairman of the Managing Board of Atlas Pipeline Partners GP since its formation in 1999 and Vice Chairman of Atlas America since 2000. He has been the Vice Chairman of RAIT Investment Trust, a publicly traded (NYSE: RAS) REIT, since 2003, and Secretary, trustee and member of RAITs investment committee since its formation in 1997. Since 2003 he has been the general partner of Castine Partners, L.P., a financial services hedge fund. Mr. Cohen is a son of Edward E. Cohen.
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Walter T. Beach has been a director since March 2005. Mr. Beach has been Managing Director of Beach Investment Counsel, Inc., an investment management firm, since 1997. From 1993 to 1997, Mr. Beach was a Senior Analyst and Director of Research at Widmann, Siff and Co., Inc., an investment management firm where, beginning in 1994, he was responsible for the firms investment decisions for its principal equity product. Before that he was an associate and financial analyst at Essex Financial Group, a consulting and merchant banking firm, and an analyst at Industry Analysis Group, an industry and economic consulting firm. Mr. Beach has served as a director of The Bancorp, Inc., a Delaware bank holding company, and its subsidiary bank, The Bancorp Bank, since 1999.
William B. Hart has been a director since March 2005. Mr. Hart was Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the National Trust for Historic Preservation from 1999 to 2004. He was also a director of Anthem, Inc. (now Wellpoint, Inc.), a publicly-held health insurance company, from 2000 to 2004. Mr. Hart was Director of SIS Bancorp (now Banknorth Massachusetts, a division of Banknorth, N.A.) from 1995 to 2000. From 1988 to 1999, Mr. Hart served in various positions with Blue Cross/Blue Shield of New Hampshire, ending as Chairman of the Audit Committee and Chairman of the Board of Directors from 1996 to 1999. He also served as President of the Foundation for the National Capital Region, Washington, DC, from 1993 to 1996 and President of The Dunfey Group, a private investment firm, from 1986 to 1998. From 1986 to 1994 he was also director of First NH Banks where he was Chairman of the Audit Committee from 1992 to 1994.
Murray S. Levin has been a director since March 2005. Mr. Levin is a senior litigation partner at Pepper Hamilton LLP, a law firm with which he has been associated since 1970. Mr. Levin served as the first American president of the Association Internationale des Jeunes Avocats (Young Lawyers International Association), headquartered in Western Europe. He is a past president of the American Chapter and a member of the board of directors of the Union Internationale des Avocats (International Association of Lawyers), a Paris-based organization that is the worlds oldest international lawyers association. Mr. Levin was a member of the managing board of Atlas Pipeline Partners GP from 2001 to March 2005.
P. Sherrill Neff has been a director since March 2005. Mr. Neff is a founder of Quaker BioVentures, Inc., a life sciences venture fund, and has been Managing Partner since 2002. He was a director of Resource America from 1998 to March 2005. From 1994 to 2002 he was President and Chief Financial Officer, and from 1994 to 2003, a director of Neose Technologies, Inc., a publicly-traded life sciences company. Mr. Neff was also a director of The Bancorp from its formation in 1999 until 2002.
Steven J. Kessler has been our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since March 2005. Mr. Kessler has been Executive Vice President since 2005, Chief Financial Officer since 1997 and Senior Vice President from 1997 to 2005 of Resource America. He was Vice President Finance and Acquisitions at Kravco Company, a national shopping center developer and operator, from 1994 to 1997. He has been a Trustee of GMH Communities Trust, a publicly traded specialty housing REIT, since 2004. From 1983 to 1993 he worked for Strouse Greenberg & Co., a regional full service real estate company, ending as Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer. Before that, he was a partner at Touche Ross & Co. (now Deloitte & Touche LLP), independent public accountants.
Jeffrey D. Blomstrom has been our Senior Vice President CDO structuring since March 2005. Mr. Blomstrom has been President and Managing Director of RFFM since 2003. Mr. Blomstrom also currently serves as the head of collateral origination and as a member of the credit committee for Trapeza Capital Management. From 2001 to 2003 Mr. Blomstrom was a Managing Director at Cohen Brothers and Company, a Philadelphia-based investment bank specializing in the financial services sector. From 2000 to 2001 he was Senior Vice President of iATMglobal.net, Inc., an ATM software development company. Mr. Blomstrom was, from 1999 to 2000, an associate at Covington & Burling, a law firm, where he focused on mergers and acquisitions and corporate governance.
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Thomas C. Elliott has been our Senior Vice President Assets and Liabilities Management since June 2005 and, before that, served as Vice President Finance from March 2005. Mr. Elliott has been Senior Vice President since 2005 and was Vice President Finance from 2001 to 2005 at Resource America. He has also been Chief Financial Officer of RFFM since 2004. From 1997 to 2001 Mr. Elliott was a Vice President at Fidelity Leasing, Inc. where he managed all capital market functions, including the negotiation of all securitizations and credit and banking facilities in the U.S. and Canada. Mr. Elliott also oversaw the financial controls and budgeting departments.
Other Significant Employees
Christopher D. Allen, 35, has been our Senior Vice President Commercial Lending since March 2005. Mr. Allen has been a Managing Director of Resource Financial Fund Management, or RFFM, since 2003. At RFFM, Mr. Allen is in charge of identifying, implementing and overseeing new CDO products. He is a member of the investment committee of Ischus and is also a member of the investment committee of Apidos where he serves as the Chief Operating Officer and Director of Product Management. Before joining RFFM, from 2002 to 2003 he was a Vice President at Trenwith Securities, the investment banking arm of BDO Seidman, LLP, where he was in charge of corporate finance, mergers and acquisitions and restructuring transactions. From 1994 to 1997 he was an Associate with Citicorp Venture Capital working on leveraged buyout and recapitalization transactions.
Gretchen Bergstresser, 42, has been our Senior Vice President Syndicated Loans since March 2005. Ms. Bergstresser has been the President and Senior Portfolio Manager of Apidos since 2005. Before joining Apidos, from 2003 to 2005 she was the Managing Director and Portfolio Manager of MJX Asset Management, a greater than $1.5 billion boutique asset management firm managing leveraged loans across five structured vehicles. From 1996 to 2003 Ms. Bergstresser was CDO Portfolio Manager and Head Par Loan Trader at Eaton Vance Management, an investment management company. From 1995 to 1996 she was a Vice President in the Diversified Finance Division of Bank of Boston. From 1991 to 1995 she was a Vice President at ING (U.S.), Capital Markets, an investment banking firm.
David E. Bloom, 40, has been our Senior Vice President Real Estate Investments since March 2005. Mr. Bloom has been Senior Vice President of Resource America since 2001. He has also been President of Resource Real Estate since 2004 and President of Resource Capital Manager Partners since 2002. From 2001 to 2002 he was President of Resource Properties. Before that he was Senior Vice President at Colony Capital, LLC, an international real estate opportunity fund, from 1999 to 2001. From 1998 to 1999 he was Director at Sonnenblick-Goldman Company, a real estate investment bank. From 1995 to 1998 he was an attorney at the law firm of Willkie Farr & Gallagher, LLP.
Crit DeMent, 52, has been our Senior Vice President Equipment Leasing since March 2005. Mr. DeMent has been Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of LEAF Financial Corporation since 2001. Mr. DeMent was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of its subsidiary, LEAF Asset Management, Inc., from 2002 until 2004. From 2000 to 2001 he was President of the Small Ticket Group, an equipment leasing division of European American Bank. Before that, he was President and Chief Operating Officer of Fidelity Leasing, Inc. and its successor, the Technology Finance Group of CitiCapital Vendor Finance from 1996 to 2000. From 1987 to 1996 he was Vice President of Marketing for Tokai Financial Services, an equipment leasing firm.
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Alan F. Feldman has been our Senior Vice President Real Estate Investments since March 2005. Mr. Feldman has been Senior Vice President of Resource America and President of Resource Properties since 2002. He has also been Chief Executive Officer of Resource Real Estate since 2004. From 1998 to 2002, Mr. Feldman was Vice President at Lazard Freres & Co., an investment banking firm, specializing in real estate mergers and acquisitions, asset and portfolio sales and recapitalization. From 1992 through 1998, Mr. Feldman was Executive Vice President of PREIT-RUBIN, Inc. the management subsidiary of Pennsylvania Real Estate Investment Trust, a publicly-traded REIT, and its predecessor, The Rubin Organization. Before that, from 1990 to 1992 he was a Director at Strouse, Greenberg & Co., a regional full service real estate company.
Andrew P. Shook, 36, has been our Senior Vice President RMBS and CMBS since March 2005. Mr. Shook has been the President, Chief Investment Officer and Senior Portfolio Manager of Ischus since 2004. In 2001 Mr. Shook founded and ran HSBC Bank USAs structured finance credit arbitrage book until 2004. Before that, Mr. Shook worked domestically and in London for Bank of America from 1996 to 2001. From 1994 to 1996 he was a Senior Securities Analyst at Hyperion Capital Management, a commercial and residential mortgage related fixed income investment advisor.
Michael S. Yecies, 37, has been our Chief Legal Officer and Secretary since March 2005. Mr. Yecies has been Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary of Resource America since 1998. From 1994 to 1998 he was an attorney at the law firm of Duane Morris LLP.
Investment Committee
The role of our investment committee is to review and approve our investment policies, and review and approve our investment portfolio holdings and related compliance with our investment policies. The investment committee will meet at least weekly. The members of our investment committee are Messrs. J. Cohen, E. Cohen, Allen, Blomstrom, Bloom, Feldman, Shook and DeMent and Ms. Bergstresser. For biographical information regarding members of our investment committee please see Directors and Executive Officers and Other Significant Employees.
Board Committees
Our board of directors has three standing committees, consisting solely of independent directors: the audit committee, the compensation committee, and the nominating and corporate governance committee. We set forth below the committees on which directors serve, the chairman of each committee and a description of the functions of each committee.
Audit Committee. Our audit committee consists of Mr. Neff, chairman, and Messrs. Beach and Hart. Our board of directors has determined that all the members of the audit committee satisfy the independence requirements of the New York Stock Exchange and the SEC, and that Messrs. Beach and Neff are audit committee financial experts.
Our audit committee operates pursuant to a written charter adopted by our board of directors. Among other things, the audit committee charter calls upon the audit committee to oversee:
• | our accounting and financial reporting processes; | |
• | the integrity and audits of our consolidated financial statements; | |
• | our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements; | |
• | the qualifications and independence of our independent auditors; and | |
• | the performance of our independent auditors and any internal auditors. |
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The audit committee is also responsible for engaging independent public accountants, reviewing with the independent public accountants the plans and results of the audit engagement, approving professional services provided by the independent public accountants, reviewing the adequacy of our internal accounting controls and considering the range of audit and non-audit fees.
Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Beach, chairman, and Messrs. Levin and Neff. Our board of directors has determined that all members of the compensation committee qualify as independent directors under the New York Stock Exchange independence standards. The principal functions of the compensation committee are to:
• | review the compensation payable to our officers and directors; | |
• | review the compensation and fees payable to Resource Capital Manager under our management agreement; and | |
• | administer the issuance of any stock issued to our employees or the employees of Resource Capital Manager. |
Nominating and Corporate Governance. Our nominating and governance committee consists of Mr. Levin, as chairman, and Messrs. Beach and Hart. The committee is responsible for seeking, considering and recommending to our full board of directors qualified candidates for election as directors and recommending a slate of nominees for election as directors at the annual meeting of stockholders. It also periodically prepares and submits to our board for adoption the committees selection criteria for director nominees. It reviews and makes recommendations on matters involving the general operation of our board and our corporate governance, and annually recommends to our board nominees for each committee of the board.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. Our board of directors has established a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our officers, directors and employees and to Resource Capital Managers or Resource Americas officers, directors and employees when such individuals are acting for or on our behalf. Among other matters, our code of business conduct and ethics is designed to deter wrongdoing and to promote:
• | honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships; | |
• | full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in our SEC reports and other public communications; | |
• | compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations; | |
• | prompt internal reporting of violations of the code to appropriate persons identified in the code; and | |
• | accountability for adherence to the code. |
Any waiver of the code of business conduct and ethics for our executive officers or directors may be made only by our board of directors or our audit committee and will be promptly disclosed as required by law or stock exchange regulations.
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Director Compensation
Any member of our board of directors who is also an employee of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates does not receive additional compensation for serving on our board of directors. Each other director receives an annual retainer of $35,000. In addition, we grant each director who is not an employee of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates stock awards under our stock incentive plan equal to $15,000 divided by the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant for each year of service on our board. The stock awards will vest one year after the date of grant. We also reimburse our directors for their travel expenses incurred in connection with their attendance at board and committee meetings.
Executive Compensation
We have not paid, and we do not intend to pay, any annual cash compensation to our executive officers for their services as executive officers. Our executive officers will be compensated by Resource Capital Manager from the income it receives under our management agreement with it.
2005 Stock Incentive Plan
We have established the 2005 stock incentive plan for the purpose of attracting and retaining our executive officers, directors and other persons and entities that provide services to us, including portfolio managers and other employees of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates. The stock incentive plan authorizes the issuance of options to purchase common stock and the grant of stock awards, performance shares and stock appreciation rights. Up to 1,184,334 shares of common stock are available for issuance under the stock incentive plan. Administration of the stock incentive plan will be carried out by the compensation committee of our board of directors. The compensation committee or our board of directors may delegate its authority under the stock incentive plan to one or more officers but it may not delegate its authority with respect to awards to individuals subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. As used in this summary, the term administrator means the compensation committee or the board of directors and its delegate.
The stock incentive plan provides for the grant of both options intended to qualify as incentive stock options under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code and options that are not intended to so qualify. The principal difference between incentive stock options and other options is that a participant generally will not recognize ordinary income at the time an incentive stock option is granted or exercised, but rather at the time the participant disposes of the shares acquired under the incentive stock option. In contrast, the exercise of an option that is not an incentive stock option generally is a taxable event that requires the participant to recognize ordinary income equal to the difference between the shares fair market value and the option price. The employer will not be entitled to a federal income tax deduction with respect to incentive stock options except in the case of certain dispositions of shares acquired under the options. The employer may claim a federal income tax deduction on account of the exercise of an option that is not an incentive stock option equal to the amount of ordinary income recognized by the participant.
Except for stock awards made to our independent directors, the administrator will select the participants who are granted options and, consistent with the terms of the stock incentive plan, will prescribe the terms of each option. The option price cannot be less than the shares fair market value on the date the option is granted. Except for adjustments on account of stock dividends, stock splits and similar events described above, the option price of an outstanding option cannot be reduced without the approval of our stockholders. The option price may be paid in cash or, with the administrators consent, by surrendering shares of common stock, or a combination of cash and common stock. Options may be exercised in accordance with requirements set by the administrator. The maximum period in which an option may be exercised will be fixed by the administrator but cannot exceed ten years. Options generally will be nontransferable except in the event of the participants death but the administrator may allow the transfer of options to members of the participants immediate family, a family trust or a family partnership. No participant may be granted incentive stock options that are first exercisable in a calendar year for common stock having a total fair market value, determined as of the option grant, exceeding $100,000.
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The administrator also will select the participants who are granted stock awards and, consistent with the terms of the stock incentive plan, will establish the terms of each stock award. A stock award may be subject to vesting requirements or transfer restrictions or both as determined by the administrator. Those conditions may include, for example, a requirement that the participant complete a specified period of service or that certain objectives be achieved. The objectives may be based on performance goals that are stated with reference to funds from operations or funds from operations per share, return on equity, total earnings, earnings per share, earnings growth, return on capital, fair market value of the common stock, appreciation in value of the common stock, peer stockholder returns or other financial or operational measures that the administrator may designate. Before vesting of the award, the participant will have all the rights of a stockholder, including the right to receive dividends and vote the shares, but we will retain custody of the certificates evidencing the shares granted under the award and the participant will not be able to sell, transfer or pledge the shares. Each of our non-employee directors will be granted stock awards for stock equal to $15,000 divided by the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant for each year of service on our board. The stock awards will vest one year after the date of grant.
The stock incentive plan also authorizes the grant of performance shares, which are the right to receive a future payment, based on the value of the common stock, if certain conditions are met. The administrator will select the participants who are granted performance share awards and will establish the terms of each award. To the extent that a performance award is earned, it may be settled in cash, by the issuance of common stock or a combination of cash and common stock.
The administrator also will select the participants who receive stock appreciation rights under the stock incentive plan. A stock appreciation right entitles the participant to receive a payment of up to the amount by which the fair market value of a share of common stock on the date of exercise exceeds the fair market value of a share of common stock on the date the stock appreciation right was granted. A stock appreciation right will be exercisable at such times and subject to such conditions as may be established by the administrator. The amount payable upon the exercise of a stock appreciation right may be settled in cash, by the issuance of common stock or a combination of cash and common stock.
The stock incentive plan provides that outstanding awards will be exercisable, vested or earned upon a change in control, as defined in the plan. The stock incentive plan also provides that the benefits or amounts payable under awards will be reduced to avoid the parachute payment excise tax unless the participant will receive greater after-tax benefits by receiving all of his awards and paying the excise tax. The preceding limitation will not apply, however, if the award agreement or other agreement provides that we will indemnify the participant from any excise tax liability.
No awards may be granted under the stock incentive plan after March 2015. Our board of directors may amend or terminate the stock incentive plan at any time, but an amendment will not become effective without the approval of our stockholders if it increases the number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the plan, other than changes to reflect certain corporate transactions and changes in capitalization as described above. No amendment or termination of the stock incentive plan will affect a participants rights under outstanding awards without the participants consent.
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Upon completion of our March 2005 private offering, we granted to Resource Capital Manager 345,000 shares of restricted stock and options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $15.00 per share, the price in the March 2005 private offering. These shares and options will vest or become exercisable in three equal annual installments beginning on March 8, 2006. Resource Capital Manager allocated 279,000 shares, and may allocate the options, to its officers, employees and other individuals who provide services to it. We also granted our non-employee directors an aggregate of 4,000 shares of stock on the terms discussed above.
Maryland law permits a Maryland corporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the liability of its directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting from:
• | actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services; or | |
• | active and deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment as being material to the cause of action. |
Our charter contains such a provision limiting directors and officers liability to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law.
Our charter also authorizes us, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, to obligate us to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any individual who, while a director or officer of our company and at the request of our company, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise as a director, officer, partner or trustee, from and against any claim or liability to which that individual may become subject or which that individual may incur by reason of his or her or her service in any such capacity and to pay or reimburse his or her reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding.
Our bylaws obligate us, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any individual who, while a director or officer of our company and at the request of our company, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise as a director, officer, partner or trustee and who is made, or threatened to be made, a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity from and against any claim or liability to which that individual may become subject or which that individual may incur by reason of his or her service in any such capacity and to pay or reimburse his or her reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding. Our charter and bylaws also permit us to indemnify and advance expenses to any individual who served a predecessor of our company in any of the capacities described above and any employee or agent of our company or a predecessor of our company.
Maryland law requires a corporation (unless its charter provides otherwise, which our charter does not) to indemnify a director or officer who has been successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the defense of any proceeding to which he is made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of his or her service in such capacity, or in the defense of any issue, claim or matter in such a proceeding. Maryland law permits a corporation to indemnify its present and former directors and officers, among others, against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses actually incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they may be made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of their service in those or other capacities unless it is established that:
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• | the act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and was committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty, or | |
• | the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services, or | |
• | in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. |
A court may order indemnification if it determines that the director or officer is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnification, even though the director or officer did not meet the prescribed standard of conduct or was adjudged liable on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received.
However, under Maryland law, a Maryland corporation may not indemnify for an adverse judgment in a suit by or in the right of the corporation or for a judgment of liability on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received, unless in either case a court orders indemnification and then only for expenses. In addition, Maryland law permits a corporation to advance reasonable expenses to a director or officer upon the corporations receipt of:
• | a written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the corporation, and | |
• | a written undertaking by him or her or on his or her behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the corporation if it is ultimately determined that the standard of conduct was not met. | |
In addition to the provisions in our charter and bylaws, we have indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. The indemnification agreements require us to indemnify our directors and executive officers to the fullest extent permitted by law and to advance all related expenses, subject to reimbursement if it is subsequently determined that indemnification is not permitted. Under these agreements, we must also indemnify and advance all expenses incurred by directors and executive officers seeking to enforce their rights under the indemnification agreements. Although the form of indemnification agreement offers substantially the same scope of coverage afforded by our charter and bylaws and Maryland law, it provides greater assurance to directors and executive officers that indemnification will be available because, as a contract, it cannot be modified unilaterally in the future by the board of directors or the stockholders to eliminate the rights it provides.
We have obtained a policy of insurance under which our directors and officers will be insured, subject to the limits of the policy, against certain losses arising from claims made against them by reason of any acts or omissions in their respective capacities as directors or officers, including certain liabilities under the Securities Act. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers and controlling persons, or, we have been advised that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.
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Management Agreement
Duties. Our management agreement with Resource Capital Manager and Resource America requires Resource Capital Manager to manage our business affairs in conformity with the policies and the investment guidelines established by our board of directors. See Business Investment Process - Investment Guidelines. Resource Capital Managers role as manager is under the supervision and direction of our board of directors. Resource Capital Manager is responsible for (i) the selection, purchase and sale of our portfolio investments, (ii) our financing activities, and (iii) providing us with investment advisory services. The agreement requires Resource Capital Manager to provide us with all services necessary or appropriate for us to conduct our business, including the following:
• | serving as our consultant with respect to the periodic review of the investment criteria and parameters for our investments, borrowings and operations for the approval of our board of directors; | |
• | investigating, analyzing and selecting possible investment opportunities; | |
• | with respect to any prospective investment by us and any sale, exchange or other disposition of any investment by us, conducting negotiations on our behalf with sellers and purchasers and their respective agents, representatives and investment bankers; | |
• | engaging and supervising, on our behalf and at our expense, independent contractors who provide investment banking, mortgage brokerage, securities brokerage and other financial services and such other services as may be required relating to our investments; | |
• | coordinating and managing operations of any joint venture or co-investment interests held by us and conducting all matters with any joint venture or co-investment partners; | |
• | providing executive and administrative personnel, office space and office services required in rendering services to us; | |
• | administering our day-to-day operations and performing and supervising the performance of such other administrative functions necessary to our management as may be agreed upon by Resource Capital Manager and our board of directors, including the collection of revenues and the payment of our debts and obligations and maintenance of appropriate computer services to perform such administrative functions; | |
• | communicating on our behalf with the holders of any of our equity or debt securities as required to satisfy the reporting and other requirements of any governmental bodies or agencies or trading markets and to maintain effective relations with such holders; | |
• | counseling us in connection with policy decisions to be made by our board of directors; | |
• | evaluating and recommending to our board of directors hedging strategies and engaging in hedging activities on our behalf, consistent with such strategies, as so modified from time to time, and consistent with our qualification as a REIT; | |
• | counseling us regarding the maintenance of our qualification as a REIT and monitoring compliance with the various REIT qualification tests and other rules set out in the Internal Revenue Code and Treasury regulations thereunder; | |
• | counseling us regarding the maintenance of our exclusion from the Investment Company Act and monitoring compliance with the requirements for maintaining an exclusion from the Investment Company Act; |
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• | assisting us in developing criteria for asset purchase commitments that are specifically tailored to our investment objectives and making available to us its knowledge and experience with respect to mortgage loans, real estate, real estate-related securities, other real estate-related assets and non-real estate related assets; | |
• | furnishing reports and statistical and economic research to us regarding our activities and services performed for us by Resource Capital Manager; | |
• | monitoring the operating performance of our investments and providing periodic reports with respect thereto to our board of directors, including comparative information with respect to such operating performance and budgeted or projected operating results; | |
• | investing or reinvesting any money or securities of ours (including investing in short-term investments pending investment in other investments, payment of fees, costs and expenses, or payments of dividends or distributions to our stockholders and partners), and advising us as to our capital structure and capital raising; | |
• | causing us to retain qualified accountants and legal counsel, as applicable, to assist in developing appropriate accounting procedures, compliance procedures and testing systems with respect to financial reporting obligations and compliance with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code applicable to REITs and taxable REIT subsidiaries, and to conduct quarterly compliance reviews with respect thereto; | |
• | causing us to qualify to do business in all applicable jurisdictions and to obtain and maintain all appropriate licenses; | |
• | assisting us in complying with all regulatory requirements applicable to us in respect of our business activities, including preparing or causing to be prepared all financial statements required under applicable regulations and contractual undertakings and all reports and documents, if any, required under the Exchange Act; | |
• | taking all necessary actions to enable us to make required tax filings and reports, including soliciting stockholders for required information to the extent provided by the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and Treasury regulations applicable to REITs; | |
• | handling and resolving all claims, disputes or controversies (including all litigation, arbitration, settlement or other proceedings or negotiations) in which we may be involved or to which we may be subject arising out of our day-to-day operations, subject to such limitations or parameters as may be imposed from time to time by our board of directors; | |
• | using commercially reasonable efforts to cause expenses incurred by or on behalf of us to be commercially reasonable or commercially customary and within any budgeted parameters or expense guidelines set by our board of directors from time to time; | |
• | advising us with respect to obtaining appropriate warehouse or other financing for our assets; | |
• | advising us with respect to and structuring long-term financing vehicles for our portfolio of assets, and offering and selling securities publicly or privately in connection with any structured transaction; | |
• | performing such other services as may be required from time to time for management and other activities relating to our assets as our board of directors shall reasonably request or Resource Capital Manager shall deem appropriate under the particular circumstances; and | |
• | using commercially reasonable efforts to cause us to comply with all applicable laws. |
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Resource Capital Manager does not assume any responsibility beyond the duties specified in the management agreement and will not be responsible for any action of our board of directors in following or declining to follow its advice or recommendations. Resource Capital Manager, Resource America, their directors, officers, managers, employees and affiliates will not be liable to us, any subsidiary of ours, our directors, our stockholders or any subsidiarys stockholders or partners for acts or omissions performed in accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement, except by reason of acts constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of their duties under the management agreement. We have agreed to indemnify Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates with respect to all expenses, losses, damages, liabilities, demands, charges and claims arising from acts of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates not constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of duties, performed in good faith in accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement. Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates have agreed to indemnify us, our directors and officers with respect to all expenses, losses, damages, liabilities, demands, charges and claims arising from acts of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its duties under the management agreement or any claims by employees of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates relating to the terms and conditions of their employment. Resource Capital Manager and Resource America carry errors and omissions and other customary insurance.
The management agreement requires Resource Capital Manager to provide us with our management team, including a chief executive officer, president and chief financial officer, along with support personnel necessary to provide the management services it is required to provide under the management agreement. Before completion of this offering, Resource Capital Manager will hire a chief financial officer who will be exclusively dedicated to our operations.
Initial Term; Termination. The initial term of the management agreement expires on March 31, 2008 and will be automatically renewed for a one year term on each anniversary date thereafter. Our board of directors will review Resource Capital Managers performance annually. After the initial term, the management agreement may be terminated annually upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our independent directors, or by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock, based upon unsatisfactory performance that is materially detrimental to us or a determination by our independent directors that the management fees payable to Resource Capital Manager are not fair, subject to Resource Capital Managers right to prevent such a compensation termination by accepting a mutually acceptable reduction of management fees. Our board of directors must provide 180 days prior notice of any such termination. Resource Capital Manager will be paid a termination fee equal to four times the sum of the average annual base management fee and the average annual incentive compensation earned by Resource Capital Manager during the two 12-month periods immediately preceding the date of termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter before the date of termination.
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We may also terminate the management agreement for cause with 30 days prior written notice from our board of directors. No termination fee is payable with respect to a termination for cause. The management agreement defines cause as:
• | Resource Capital Managers continued material breach of any provision of the management agreement following a period of 30 days after written notice thereof; | |
• | Resource Capital Managers fraud, misappropriation of funds, or embezzlement against us; | |
• | Resource Capital Managers gross negligence in the performance of its duties under the management agreement; | |
• | the bankruptcy or insolvency of Resource Capital Manager, or the filing of a voluntary bankruptcy petition by Resource Capital Manager; | |
• | the dissolution of Resource Capital Manager; and | |
• | a change of control (as defined in the management agreement) of Resource Capital Manager if a majority of our independent directors determines, at any point during the 18 months following the change of control, that the change of control was detrimental to the ability of Resource Capital Manager to perform its duties in substantially the same manner conducted before the change of control. |
Cause does not include unsatisfactory performance that is materially detrimental to our business.
The management agreement will terminate at Resource Capital Managers option, without payment of the termination fee, in the event we become regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, with such termination deemed to occur immediately before such event.
Base Management Fee. We pay Resource Capital Manager a monthly base management fee of 1/12 of our equity times 1.50% . For these purposes, equity means, for any month, the sum of the net proceeds from any issuance of our common stock, after deducting any underwriting discounts and commissions and other expenses and costs relating to the issuance, plus our retained earnings at the end of such month (without taking into account any non-cash equity compensation expense incurred in current or prior periods), which amount will be reduced by any amount that we pay for repurchases of our common stock. The calculation of the base management fee will be adjusted to exclude one-time events pursuant to changes in GAAP, as well as non-cash charges after discussion between Resource Capital Manager and our independent directors and approval by a majority of our independent directors in the case of non-cash charges.
Resource Capital Manager will calculate the base management fee within 15 business days after the end of each month and must deliver its calculation to us promptly. We must pay the base management fee within 20 business days after the end of each month.
Reimbursement of Expenses . Because employees of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates will perform certain legal, accounting, due diligence and other services that outside professionals or outside consultants otherwise would perform, we reimburse Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates for the documented cost of performing such tasks. The reimbursement amount may be no greater than the amount which we would be required to pay outside professionals or consultants on an arms-length basis. We must reimburse Resources expenses by the 15 th business day of each month for the prior months expenses.
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We are responsible for all of our operating expenses except those that Resource Capital Manager has specifically agreed to assume under the management agreement. Resource Capital Manager is responsible for all costs incident to the performance of its duties under the management agreement, including compensation of employees of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates (except as referred to in the previous paragraph) and other related expenses. The expenses required to be paid by us include, but are not limited to:
• | issuance and transaction costs incident to the acquisition, disposition and financing of our investments; | |
• | legal, tax, accounting, consulting, auditing and administrative fees and expenses; | |
• | the compensation and expenses of our directors and the cost of liability insurance to indemnify our directors and officers; | |
• | the costs associated with the establishment and maintenance of any credit facilities and other indebtedness of ours (including commitment fees, accounting fees, legal fees and closing costs); | |
• | the costs incurred to third parties, including affiliates of Resource Capital Manager and Resource America, for servicing and special servicing of our assets, which will include servicing fees, in the amount of 1% of the book value of assets under management, to LEAF Financial for servicing our equipment lease investments; | |
• | expenses associated with other securities offerings of ours; | |
• | expenses relating to the payment of dividends; | |
• | expenses connected with communications to holders of our securities and in complying with the reporting and other requirements of the SEC and other governmental bodies; | |
• | transfer agent and exchange listing fees; | |
• | the costs of printing and mailing proxies and reports to our stockholders; | |
• | the allocable costs associated with any computer software or hardware, electronic equipment, or purchased information technology services from third party vendors used for us; | |
• | the costs incurred by employees of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates for travel on our behalf; | |
• | the allocable costs incurred with respect to market information systems and publications, research publications and materials; | |
• | settlement, clearing, and custodial fees and expenses; | |
• | the costs of maintaining compliance with all federal, state and local rules and regulations or any other regulatory agency, all taxes and license fees and all insurance costs incurred on our behalf; and | |
• | expenses relating to any office or office facilities, including disaster backup recovery sites and facilities maintained for us or separate from the offices of Resource Capital Manager. |
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In addition, we are responsible for our pro rata portion of rent, telephone, utilities, office furniture, equipment, machinery and other office, internal and overhead expenses of Resource Capital Manager and its affiliates required for our operations.
Incentive Compensation . In addition to the base management fee, Resource Capital Manager will receive quarterly incentive compensation in an amount equal to the product of:
• | 25% of the dollar amount by which | ||||
• | our net income (determined in accordance with GAAP) before non-cash equity compensation expense and incentive compensation (but after the base management fee) for the quarter per common share (based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the quarter) | ||||
• | exceeds an amount equal to | ||||
• | the weighted average of $15.00, the price per share of the common shares in our March 2005 offering, and the prices per common share in any subsequent offerings by us, in each case at the time of issuance thereof, multiplied by | ||||
• | the greater of | ||||
• | 2.00% or | ||||
• | 0.50% plus one-fourth of the Ten Year Treasury Rate for such quarter; | ||||
• | multiplied by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the quarter; |
provided, that the foregoing calculation of incentive compensation shall be adjusted to exclude one-time events pursuant to changes in GAAP, as well as non-cash charges after discussion between Resource Capital Manager and our independent directors and approval by a majority of our independent directors in the case of non-cash charges. The management agreement defines the Ten Year Treasury Rate to be the average of weekly average yields to maturity for U.S. Treasury securities, adjusted to a constant maturity of 10 years, during a fiscal quarter.
We structured Resource Capital Managers incentive compensation to provide it with an incentive to achieve net income for us above a specified base amount. While the structure of the incentive compensation rewards Resource Capital Manager for achieving net income in excess of the base amount, it also has the effect of reducing the amount of income above the base amount that would be available absent the incentive compensation, and involves risks which we discuss in Risk Factors Risks Related to Our Business The incentive fee we pay Resource Capital Manager may induce it to make riskier investments.
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Resource Capital Manager will compute the quarterly incentive compensation within 30 days after the end of each fiscal quarter. We must pay the quarterly incentive compensation within five business days following the delivery to us of Resource Capital Managers written computation of the incentive fee for such quarter. The management agreement provides that 25% of Resource Capital Managers incentive compensation will be paid in shares of our common stock provided that Resource Capital Manager may not own more than 9.8% of our common stock) and the balance in cash. Resource Capital Manager may, in its sole discretion, elect to receive a greater percentage of its incentive compensation in the form of our common stock. Under our management agreement, Resource Capital Manager may not elect to receive shares of our common stock as payment of its incentive compensation except in accordance with all applicable securities exchange rules and securities laws.
The number of shares Resource Capital Manager receives will be based on the fair market value of these shares. Shares of our common stock delivered as payment of the incentive fee will be immediately vested or exercisable; however, Resource Capital Manager has agreed not to sell the shares before nine months after the date they are paid. This transfer restriction will lapse if the management agreement is terminated. Resource Capital Manager may allocate these shares to its officers, employees and other individuals who provide services to it.
We have agreed to register the resale of these shares by Resource Capital Manager. We have also granted Resource Capital Manager the right to include these shares in any registration statements we might file in connection with any future public offerings, subject only to the right of the underwriters of those offerings to reduce the total number of secondary shares included in those offerings (with such reductions to be proportionately allocated among selling stockholders participating in those offerings).
The following is an example of how we would calculate the incentive compensation under hypothetical performance assumptions. For purposes of this calculation, we have assumed that:
• | GAAP net income before non-cash equity compensation expense, or adjusted GAAP net income, is $7,000,000; | |
• | 15,682,334 shares of common stock are outstanding, with the weighted average common shares outstanding for the quarter being 15,682,334; | |
• | the U.S. 10-year treasury rate is 4.125%; and | |
• | the weighted average offering price per share is $15.00. |
Under these assumptions, the incentive compensation would be calculated as follows:
• | Adjusted GAAP net income per share ($7,000,000 ÷ 15,682,334) | $ | .4464 | ||
• | Weighted average offering price per share ($15.00) multiplied by the greater of (i) 2.00% or (ii) .50% plus one-fourth of the ten-year U.S. Treasury rate (1.03%) | $ | .3000 | ||
• | Excess of adjusted GAAP net income per share over amount in the second bullet point, above | $ | .1464 | ||
• | Weighted average number of shares outstanding multiplied by the amount in the third bullet point, above (15,682,334 x .1464) | $ | 2,295,894 | ||
• | Incentive compensation equals 25% of the amount calculated in the fourth bullet point, above | $ | 573,974 |
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Restricted Stock and Option Grant. Upon completion of our March 2005 private offering and execution of the management agreement, we granted Resource Capital Manager 345,000 shares of restricted stock and options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock under our 2005 stock incentive plan. We describe these grants in 2005 Stock Incentive Plan.
Conflicts of Interest in our Relationship with Resource Capital Manager and Resource America
We are entirely dependent upon Resource Capital Manager for our day-to-day management and do not have any independent officers. Our chairman, two of our other directors, our executive officers and the members of our investment committee also serve as officers and/or directors of Resource Capital Manager or Resource America. As a result, conflicts of interest may arise between Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates, on the one hand, and us, on the other. These conflicts include the following:
• | Our management agreement was negotiated between related parties and its terms, including fees payable, may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated at arm's length with an unaffiliated third party. | |
• | Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates are permitted to invest in, and to manage entities that invest in, asset classes that are the same as or similar to our targeted asset classes, except that they may not raise capital for, sponsor or advise any new publicly-traded REIT that invests primarily in domestic MBS in the United States. In addition, our officers, other than the chief financial officer we will hire, and the employees of Resource America and its affiliates who provide services to us are not required to work full time on our affairs and anticipate devoting significant time to the affairs of Resource America and its affiliates. As a result, there may be significant conflicts between us, on the one hand, and Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates on the other, regarding allocation of Resource Capital Managers and Resource Americas resources to the management of our investment portfolio. | |
• | Our agreements with Resource Capital Manager and Resource America do not prohibit us from entering into any investment opportunity in which Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates have an interest and we anticipate that we will invest in the equity portions of CDOs structured for us by Resource Capital Manager. A conflict of interest may arise between us and Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates with respect to the terms upon which we would make such an investment. In the event that any such investment opportunity is made available to us, the transaction will require the approval of a majority of our independent directors. | |
• | We have not adopted a policy that expressly prohibits our directors, officers, security holders or affiliates from having a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in any investment to be acquired or disposed of by us or any of our subsidiaries or in any transaction to which we or any of our subsidiaries is a party or has an interest. Nor do we have a policy that expressly prohibits any such persons from engaging for their own account in business activities of the types conducted by us. However, our code of business conduct and ethics contains a conflicts of interest policy that prohibits our directors, officers and employees, as well as employees of Resource Capital Manager and Resource America who provide services to us, from engaging in any transaction that involves an actual or apparent conflict of interest with us. |
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• | The compensation we pay to Resource Capital Manager consists of both a base management fee that is not tied to our performance and an incentive management fee that is based entirely on our performance. The risk of the base management fee component is that it may not provide sufficient incentive to Resource Capital Manager to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns for us. The risk of the incentive fee component is that it may cause Resource Capital Manager to place undue emphasis on the maximization of short-term net income at the expense of other criteria, such as preservation of capital, in order to achieve a higher incentive fee. Investments with higher yield potential are generally riskier or more speculative. This could result in increased risk to the value of our investment portfolio. | |
• | Resource Capital Manager will receive at least 25% of its incentive fee in the form of shares of our common stock, and, at Resource Capital Managers option, it may receive up to 100% of its incentive fee in the form of shares of our common stock. Resource Capital Manager has the right in its discretion to allocate these shares to its officers, employees and other individuals who provide services to it. Any such shares received would have the benefit of registration rights. | |
• | As described in ManagementManagement AgreementInitial Term; Termination, termination of the management agreement without cause is difficult and costly. | |
• | We have authorized Resource Capital Manager to follow very broad investment guidelines. Our directors review our investment guidelines and our investment portfolio on a quarterly basis. However, our board of directors will not review all of our proposed investments. In addition, in conducting reviews, the directors rely primarily on information provided to them by Resource Capital Manager. Furthermore, Resource Capital Manager may use complex strategies, and transactions entered into by Resource Capital Manager may be difficult or impossible to unwind by the time they are reviewed by our directors. Resource Capital Manager has great latitude within our broad investment guidelines in determining the types of assets it may decide are proper investments for us. Poor investment decisions could impair our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. | |
• | Resource Capital Manager does not assume any responsibility beyond the duties specified in the management agreement and will not be responsible for any action of our board of directors in following or declining to follow its advice or recommendations. Resource Capital Manager, Resource America, their directors, officers, managers, employees and affiliates will not be liable to us, our directors or our stockholders for acts or omissions performed in accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement, except by reason of acts constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of their duties under the management agreement. We have agreed to indemnify Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates with respect to all claims and damages arising from acts of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates not constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of duties, performed in good faith in accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement. Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates have agreed to indemnify us, our directors and officers with respect to all claims and damages arising from acts of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence or reckless disregard of their duties under the management agreement or any claims by employees of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates relating to the terms and conditions of their employment. Resource Capital Manager and Resource America carry directors and officers insurance. |
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• | At the discretion of either Resource Capital Manager or us, Resource Capital Manager may request a separate management agreement with Resource TRS, our taxable REIT subsidiary, or TRS, with respect to its particular lines of business, which such request may not be unreasonably denied by the party to whom the request is made. However, the aggregate compensation paid by us and Resource TRS may not exceed the aggregate compensation payable under our existing management agreement. |
Resolution of Potential Conflicts of Interest in Allocation of Investment Opportunities
Resource Capital Manager and Resource America must offer us the right to consider all investments they identify that are within the parameters of our investment strategies and policies. For all potential investments other than in equipment leases, if Resource Capital Manager and Resource America identify an investment that is appropriate both for us and for one or more other investment programs managed by them, but the amount available is less than the amount sought by all of their investment programs, they will allocate the investment among us and such other investment programs in proportion to the relative amounts of the investment sought by each. If the portion of the investment allocable to a particular investment program would be too small for it to be appropriate for that investment program, either because of economic or market inefficiency, regulatory constraints (such as REIT qualification or exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act) or otherwise, that portion will be reallocated among the other investment programs. Investment programs that do not receive an allocation will have preference in future investments where investment programs are seeking more of the investment than is available so that, on an overall basis, each investment program is treated equitably.
To equitably allocate investments that Resource Capital Manager or Resource America has acquired at varying prices, Resource will allocate the investment so that each investment program will pay approximately the same average price.
With respect to equipment leases, if an investment is appropriate for more than one investment program, including us, Resource will allocate the investment based on the following factors:
• | which investment program has been seeking investments for the longest period of time; | |
• | whether the investment program has the cash required for the investment; | |
• | whether the amount of debt to be incurred with respect to the investment is acceptable for the investment program; | |
• | the effect the investment will have on the investment programs cash flow; | |
• | whether the investment would further diversify, or unduly concentrate, the investment programs investments in a particular lessee, class or type of equipment, location or industry; and | |
• | whether the term of the investment is within the term of the investment program. |
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Resource may make exceptions to these general policies when other circumstances make application of the policies inequitable or uneconomic.
Resource Capital Manager has also instituted policies designed to mitigate potential conflicts of interest between it and us, including:
• | We will not be permitted to invest in any investment fund or CDO structured, co- structured or managed by Resource other than those structured, co-structured or managed on our behalf. Resource will not receive duplicate management fees from any such investment fund or CDO to the extent we invest in it. | |
• | We will not be permitted to purchase investments from, or sell investments to, Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates, except that we may purchase investments originated by those entities within 60 days before our investment. |
Any transaction between entities managed by Resource Capital Manager, Resource America or their affiliates and us must be approved by a majority of our independent directors.
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PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS
The following table sets forth the number and percentage of shares of our common stock beneficially owned as of May 31, 2005 by each of our directors and executive officers, all of our directors and executive officers as a group and other persons who beneficially own 5% or more of our outstanding common stock. This information is reported in accordance with the beneficial ownership rules of the SEC under which a person is deemed to be the beneficial owner of a security if that person has or shares voting power or investment power with respect to such security or has the right to acquire such ownership within 60 days. Shares issuable pursuant to options are deemed to be outstanding for purposes of computing the percentage of the person or group holding such options but are not deemed to be outstanding for purposes of computing the percentage of any other person.
(1) | Assumes issuance of __________ shares offered hereby. Does not reflect __________ shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of the underwriters over-allotment option, 651,666 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options granted to Resource Capital Manager upon completion of our March 2005 private offering or 532,660 shares of common stock available for future grant under our stock incentive plan. |
(2) | The address for all of our executive officers and directors is c/o Resource Capital Corp., 712 Fifth Avenue, 10th Floor, New York, New York 10019. |
(3) | Includes shares originally issued to Resource Capital Manager as part of the 345,000 shares of restricted stock we granted to it in connection with our March 2005 private offering, and transferred by it, without consideration, as follows: E. Cohen 70,000; J. Cohen 100,000; S. Kessler 7,500; J. Blomstrom 10,000; and T. Elliott 20,000. Each such person has the right to receive dividends on and vote, but not to transfer, such shares. One-third of the grant amount vests in the recipient each year, commencing March 8, 2006. |
(4) | Also includes 143,333 shares purchased by Beach Investment Counsel, Inc., an investment management firm for which Mr. Beach acts as managing director and possesses investment and/or voting power over the 143,333 shares. The address for Beach Investment Counsel, Inc. is Three Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 410, Radnor, Pennsylvania 19087. |
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(5) | Includes 1,000 restricted shares issued to each non-employee director in connection with our March 2005 private offering. Each non-employee director has the right to receive dividends on and vote, but not to transfer, such shares. All such shares vest in the recipient on March 8, 2006. |
(6) | The addresses for our 5% or more holders are as follows: Resource Capital Investors and Resource Capital Manager: 712 Fifth Avenue, 10 th Floor, New York, New York 10019; Elliott & Associates: 712 Fifth Avenue, 36 th Floor, New York, New York 10019; JD Capital Management LLC: Two Greenwich Plaza, 2 nd Floor, Greenwich, Connecticut 06830; Omega Advisors, Inc.: 88 Pine Street, New York, New York 10005; Rockbay Capital Management: 660 Fifth Avenue, 24 th Floor, New York, New York 10020; and Kal Zeff: 950 South Cherry Street, Suite 1100, Denver, Colorado 80246. |
(7) | Includes 66,000 shares of restricted stock granted to Resource Capital Manager in connection with our March 2005 private placement, 100,000 shares purchased by Resource Capital Manager and 900,000 shares purchased by Resource Capital Investor, Inc. Resource Capital Manager and Resource Capital Investor are wholly-owned subsidiaries of Resource America. The address for Resource America is 1845 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103. |
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CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
We have entered into a management agreement with Resource Capital Manager under with Resource Capital Manager receives substantial fees. We describe the management agreement and the fees payable under its provisions in Management Management Agreement. From March 8, 2005, the date we commenced operations, through March 31, 2005, Resource Capital Manager had earned base management fees of approximately $208,000 and received expense reimbursements of $52,000. We did not accrue or pay any incentive fees through March 31, 2005.
Employees of Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates act as our officers and employees. Two of our directors are also directors, and one is the chief executive officer, of Resource America. We reimburse Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates for expenses, including compensation expenses for employees of Resource who perform legal, accounting, due diligence and other services that outside professionals or consultants would otherwise perform. See Management Directors and Executive Officers, Management Agreement and Conflicts of Interest in our Relationship with Resource Capital Manager and Resource America.
Resource America and entities affiliated with it purchased 1,000,000 shares (or 6.1% on a fully-diluted basis) of our common stock in our March 2005 private offering and our officers and directors of us, Resource Capital Manager and Resource America collectively purchased 357,166 additional shares (or 2.2% on a fully-diluted basis) of common stock in that offering. Resource Capital Manager also has agreed to receive at least 25% of its incentive fee under our management agreement in shares of our common stock, subject to certain limitations in our management agreement, and generally not to transfer those shares before one year after the date they are paid. In addition, upon completion of our March 2005 private offering, we granted to Resource Capital Manager 345,000 shares of restricted stock and options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $15.00 per share, representing in the aggregate approximately 6.1% of the outstanding shares of our common stock as of the date of this prospectus on a fully-diluted basis. See Management 2005 Stock Incentive Plan. Resource Capital Manager subsequently allocated 279,000 shares of the 345,000 shares of restricted stock to its officers and employees.
LEAF Financial will originate and manage our equipment lease investments. LEAF Financial will originate leases on our behalf, which we will then purchase from LEAF Financial at a price equal to their book value plus a reimbursable origination cost not to exceed 1% to compensate LEAF Financial for its origination costs. In addition, we will pay LEAF Financial an annual servicing fee, equal to 1% of the book value of managed assets, for servicing our equipment lease investments.
In April 2005, we entered into an agreement with Ischus, an indirect subsidiary of Resource America, and Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, an underwriter in this offering, under which we and Ischus engaged Credit Suisse First Boston LLC with respect to a $400.0 million asset-backed CDO transaction. Ischus acts as the collateral manager for the CDO. Pursuant to our management agreement with Resource Capital Manager, Ischus is not paid separately for these collateral management services. Credit Suisse First Boston LLC provided customary investment banking and placement agent services and received customary fees. We agreed to purchase 100% of the equity interest in the CDO entity for approximately $27.0 million.
In connection with this transaction we, Ischus, Credit Suisse First Boston LLC and a Credit Suisse First Boston LLC affiliate entered into a warehouse agreement whereby the Credit Suisse First Boston LLC affiliate provided, through May 31, 2005, $292.1 million of financing to acquire the assets collateralizing the CDO. We are liable for collateral losses in the assets acquired under the warehouse line.
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In connection with this transaction, we also entered into a warehouse agreement with CSFB Caymen whereby it agreed to provide up to $125.0 million of financing for the acquisition of syndicate bank loans to be sold to Apidos CDO I, subject to an increase in the total amount of bank loans to be financed by CSFB Cayman upon mutual agreement of the parties.
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SELLING STOCKHOLDERS
The following table sets forth information as of ___________ , 2005, with respect to the selling stockholders and the common stock that they propose to offer pursuant to this prospectus. The common stock being offered by the selling stockholders was sold to them in our March 2005 private offering.
If the lead underwriters advise us that the number of shares that the selling stockholders want to include in this offering exceeds the number which can be sold, this offering will include all of the common stock we propose to sell and the balance will be allocated among the selling stockholders pro rata in accordance with the relative number of shares for which registration has been requested. In accordance with notices that we received from the selling stockholders, we expect to include __________ shares of their common stock in this offering.
Any selling stockholder that is identified as a broker-dealer will be deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act, unless such selling stockholder obtained the stock as compensation for services. In addition, any affiliate of a broker-dealer will be deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act, unless such selling stockholder purchased in the ordinary course of business and, at the time of its purchase of the stock to be resold, did not have any agreements or understandings, directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute the stock. As a result, any profits on the sale of the common stock by selling stockholders who are deemed to be underwriters and any discounts, commissions or concessions received by any such broker-dealers who are deemed to be underwriters will be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act. Selling stockholders who are deemed to be underwriters will be subject to prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act and to certain statutory liabilities, including those under Sections 11, 12 and 17 of the Securities Act and Rule 10b-6 under the Exchange Act.
No selling stockholder has been identified as a broker-dealer or as an affiliate of a broker-dealer.
Shares of | Shares of | Percentage of | ||||||
common stock | Shares of | common stock | class | |||||
beneficially | common stock | beneficially | beneficially | |||||
owned before | offered by this | owned after | owned after | |||||
Selling stockholders | resale | prospectus | resale | resale (1) | ||||
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* | Holdings represent less than 1% of all shares outstanding. |
(1) | Assumes that each selling stockholder sells all of the common stock it is offering for sale under this prospectus and neither acquires nor disposes of any other shares, or right to purchase other shares, after the date as of which we obtained information regarding its holdings. |
No selling stockholder has, or has had since our inception, any position, office or other material relationship with us or any of our predecessors or affiliates. The selling stockholders may have sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of all or a portion of their securities since the date on which they provided the information regarding their securities, in transactions exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act.
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The selling stockholders will each agree, with limited exceptions, for a period of 60 days after the date of this prospectus that, without the prior written consent of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, they will not, directly or indirectly, offer to sell, sell or otherwise dispose of any shares of our common stock or any securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, shares or our common stock or our other capital stock, other than the shares of common stock sold by them in this offering.
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DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
The following summary description of our capital stock does not purport to be complete and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to the MGCL and our charter and our bylaws. Copies of our charter and bylaws are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. See Where You Can Find More Information.
General
Our charter provides that we may issue up to 500,000,000 shares of common stock and 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock, both having par value $0.001 per share. As of March 31, 2005, we had 15,682,334 shares of common stock outstanding. Under Maryland law, our stockholders generally are not personally liable for our debts and obligations solely as a result of their status as stockholders.
Common Stock
All shares of our common stock have equal rights as to earnings, assets, dividends and voting and, when they are issued, will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. Distributions may be paid to the holders of our common stock if, as and when authorized by our board of directors and declared by us out of funds legally available therefor. Shares of our common stock have no preemptive, appraisal, preferential exchange, conversion or redemption rights and are freely transferable, except where their transfer is restricted by federal and state securities laws, by contract or by the restrictions in our charter. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, each share of our common stock would be entitled to share ratably in all of our assets that are legally available for distribution after payment of or adequate provision for all of our known debts and other liabilities and subject to any preferential rights of holders of our preferred stock, if any preferred stock is outstanding at such time. Subject to our charter restrictions on the transfer and ownership of our stock and except as may be specified otherwise in the terms of any class or series of our common stock, each share of our common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, including the election of directors. Except as provided with respect to any other class or series of stock, the holders of our common stock will possess exclusive voting power. There is no cumulative voting in the election of directors, which means that holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of common stock can elect all of our directors and holders of less than a majority of such shares will be unable to elect any director.
Power to Reclassify Unissued Shares of Our Capital Stock
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to classify and reclassify any unissued shares of stock into other classes or series of stock, including preferred stock. Before issuance of shares of each class or series, the board of directors is required by Maryland law and by our charter to set, subject to our charter restrictions on the transfer and ownership of our stock, the terms, preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption for each class or series. Thus, the board of directors could authorize the issuance of shares of common stock or preferred stock with terms and conditions which could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interests. No shares of our preferred stock are presently outstanding and we have no present plans to issue any preferred stock.
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Power to Issue Additional Shares of Common Stock and Preferred Stock
We believe that the power of our board of directors to amend the charter without stockholder approval to increase the total number of authorized shares of our stock or any class or series of our stock, to issue additional authorized but unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to classify or reclassify unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and thereafter to cause us to issue such classified or reclassified shares of stock will provide us with increased flexibility in structuring possible future financings and acquisitions and in meeting other needs which might arise. The additional classes or series, as well as our common stock, will be available for issuance without further action by our stockholders, unless stockholder action is required by applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange or automated quotation system on which our securities may be listed or traded. Although our board of directors has no intention at the present time of doing so, it could authorize us to issue a class or series that could, depending upon the terms of such class or series, delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control of us that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interests.
Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer
In order to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, our shares of capital stock must be beneficially owned by 100 or more persons during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. Also, no more than 50% of the value of our outstanding shares of capital stock may be owned, directly or constructively, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include certain entities) at any time during the second half of any calendar year.
Our charter, subject to certain exceptions, contains restrictions on the number of shares of our capital stock that a person may own and may prohibit certain entities from owning our shares. Our charter provides that (subject to certain exceptions described below) no person may own, or be deemed to own by virtue of the attribution provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, more than 9.8% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of any class or series of our capital stock. Our board may, in its sole discretion, waive the 9.8% ownership limit with respect to a particular stockholder if it is presented with evidence satisfactory to it that such ownership will not then or in the future jeopardize our qualification as a REIT. Our board has waived the ownership limit for Omega Advisors, Inc. in its capacity as the manager of funds and accounts which purchased common stock in the March 2005 private offering. Our board has set Omegas ownership limit at 15% of our outstanding capital stock in the aggregate, provided that no one of such funds or accounts can own more than 9.8% of our outstanding capital stock. Our board may reduce each of these ownership limits at its discretion; however, any such reduction will not be effective as to shares then owned by Omegas funds and accounts which are in excess of the reduced limit. As of May 31, 2005, none of such funds or accounts individually owns more than 9.8% of our outstanding common stock although, collectively, they own 13.2% . Each such fund or account would be deemed to be a separate holder for Internal Revenue Code purposes.
Our charter also prohibits any person from:
• | beneficially or constructively owning shares of our capital stock that would result in our being closely held under Section 856(h) of the Internal Revenue Code or otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT, and | |
• | transferring shares of our capital stock if such transfer would result in our capital stock being owned by fewer than 100 persons. |
Any person who acquires or attempts or intends to acquire beneficial or constructive ownership of shares of our capital stock that will or may violate any of the foregoing restrictions on transferability and ownership, or who is the intended transferee of shares of our stock which are transferred to the trust (as described below), will be required to give notice immediately to us and provide us with such other information as we may request in order to determine the effect of such transfer on our qualification as a REIT. The foregoing restrictions on transferability and ownership will not apply if our board of directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests to attempt to qualify, or to continue to qualify, as a REIT.
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Our board of directors, in its sole discretion, may exempt a person from the foregoing restrictions. The person seeking an exemption must provide to our board of directors such representations, covenants and undertakings as our board of directors may deem appropriate in order to conclude that granting the exemption will not cause us to lose our qualification as a REIT. Our board of directors may also require a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service or an opinion of counsel in order to determine or ensure our qualification as a REIT.
Our charter provides that, until all classes of our equity securities are publicly-traded for purposes of resolutions issued by the U.S. Department of Labor regarding assets of benefit plans, which we refer to as the DOL Plan Asset Regulations, equity participation in any class of our capital stock by benefit plan investors is limited to less than 25% in the aggregate, disregarding for such purposes any stock held by persons or their affiliates who have discretionary authority or control over our assets or who provide investment advice for a fee with respect to our assets (such as Resource Capital Manager and its affiliates), so that such participation in that class of our stock by benefit plan investors will not be deemed to be significant. Following this offering, we will have only one outstanding class of capital stock, which we expect will be deemed to be publicly traded under DOL Plan Asset Regulations.
Any attempted transfer of our stock which, if effective, would result in a violation of the foregoing restrictions will cause the number of shares causing the violation (rounded to the nearest whole share) to be automatically transferred to a trust for the exclusive benefit of one or more charitable beneficiaries, and the proposed transferee will not acquire any rights in such shares. The automatic transfer will be deemed to be effective as of the close of business on the business day (as defined in our charter) before the date of the transfer. If, for any reason, the transfer to the trust does not occur, our charter provides that the purported transfer in violation of the restrictions will be void ab initio . Shares of our stock held in the trust will be issued and outstanding shares. The proposed transferee will not benefit economically from ownership of any shares of stock held in the trust, will have no rights to dividends and no rights to vote or other rights attributable to the shares of stock held in the trust. The trustee of the trust will have all voting rights and rights to dividends or other distributions with respect to shares held in the trust. These rights will be exercised for the exclusive benefit of the charitable beneficiary. Any dividend or other distribution paid before our discovery that shares of stock have been transferred to the trust will be paid by the recipient to the trustee upon demand. Any dividend or other distribution authorized but unpaid will be paid when due to the trustee. Any dividend or distribution paid to the trustee will be held in trust for the charitable beneficiary. Subject to Maryland law, the trustee will have the authority to rescind as void any vote cast by the proposed transferee before our discovery that the shares have been transferred to the trust and to recast the vote in accordance with the desires of the trustee acting for the benefit of the charitable beneficiary. However, if we have already taken irreversible corporate action, then the trustee will not have the authority to rescind and recast the vote.
Within 20 days of receiving notice from us that shares of our stock have been transferred to the trust, the trustee will sell the shares to a person designated by the trustee, whose ownership of the shares will not violate the above ownership limitations. Upon such sale, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the shares sold will terminate and the trustee will distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the proposed transferee and to the charitable beneficiary as follows. The proposed transferee will receive the lesser of:
• | the price paid by the proposed transferee for the shares or, if the proposed transferee did not give value for the shares in connection with the event causing the shares to be held in the trust (e.g., a gift, devise or other similar transaction), the market price (as defined in our charter) of the shares on the day of the event causing the shares to be held in the trust, and | |
• | the price received by the trustee from the sale or other disposition of the shares. Any net sale proceeds in excess of the amount payable to the proposed transferee will be paid immediately to the charitable beneficiary. If, before our discovery that shares of our stock have been transferred to the trust, the shares are sold by the proposed transferee, then the shares shall be deemed to have been sold on behalf of the trust and, to the extent that the proposed transferee received an amount for the shares that exceeds the amount the proposed transferee was entitled to receive, the excess must be paid to the trustee upon demand. |
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In addition, shares of our stock held in the trust will be deemed to have been offered for sale to us, or our designee, at a price per share equal to the lesser of:
• | the price per share in the transaction that resulted in the transfer to the trust (or, in the case of a devise or gift, the market price at the time of the devise or gift), and | |
• | the market price on the date we, or our designee, accept the offer. |
We will have the right to accept the offer until the trustee has sold the shares. Upon a sale to us, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the shares sold will terminate and the trustee will distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the proposed transferee.
All certificates representing shares of our capital stock will bear a legend referring to the restrictions described above.
Every owner of more than 5% (or such lower percentage as required by the Internal Revenue Code or the regulations promulgated thereunder) of all classes or series of our stock, including shares of common stock, within 30 days after the end of each taxable year, will be required to give written notice to us stating the name and address of such owner, the number of shares of each class and series of shares of our stock which the owner beneficially owns and a description of the manner in which the shares are held. Each owner must provide us such additional information as we may request in order to determine the effect, if any, of the beneficial ownership on our qualification as a REIT and to ensure compliance with the ownership limitations. In addition, each such owner must, upon demand, provide to us such information as we may request, in good faith, in order to determine our qualification as a REIT and to comply with the requirements of any taxing authority or governmental authority or to determine such compliance.
These ownership limitations could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for the common stock or might otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our shares of common stock is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company.
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Registration Rights
The holders of common stock issued in our March 2005 private offering and their tranferees, which we refer to as the initial investors, are entitled to the benefits of a registration rights agreement. Pursuant to this agreement, we will, at our expense:
• | file a registration statement with the SEC no later than December 3, 2005 for the resale of their shares, | ||
• | use our commercially reasonable efforts to cause the registration statement to become effective under the Securities Act as soon as practicable after the filing, and | ||
• | maintain the registration statements effectiveness under the Securities Act until the first to occur of: | ||
• | such time as all of the shares of common stock covered by the registration statement have been sold pursuant to the registration statement or pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act, | ||
• | such time as, in the opinion of counsel, all of the common stock not held by our affiliates, and covered by the registration statement, are eligible for sale pursuant to Rule 144(k) (or any successor or analogous rule), and | ||
• | the second anniversary of the effective date of the registration statement. |
We also agreed to use our commercially reasonable efforts to list our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange or the NASDAQ Stock Market.
The initial investors have the right to participate in this offering in order to resell their shares, subject to compliance with the registration rights agreement, full cutback rights on the part of the underwriters and other conditions and limitations that may be imposed by the underwriters. Initial investors who include any of their shares in this offering will not be able to sell any remaining shares not included in this offering for a period of at least 180 days and, in the case of any subsequent underwritten offering in which an initial investors shares are included, any remaining shares not included in that offering may not be sold for a period of at least 60 days, in each case as determined between us and the underwriters.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, we may suspend the use, from time to time, of the prospectus that is part of the registration statement (and therefore suspend sales under the registration statement) for certain periods, referred to as blackout periods, if
• | the lead underwriter in any underwritten public offering by us of our common stock advises us that an offer or sale of shares covered by the registration statement would have a material adverse effect on our offering; | |
• | our board of directors determines in good faith that the sale of shares covered by the registration statement would materially impede, delay or interfere with any proposed financing, offer or sale of securities, acquisition, corporate reorganization or other significant transaction involving our company; or | |
• | our board of directors determines in good faith that it is in our best interests or it is required by law that we supplement the registration statement or file a post-effective amendment to the registration statement in order to ensure that the prospectus included in the registration statement contains the financial information required under Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act, discloses any fundamental change in the information included in the prospectus or discloses any material information with respect to the plan of distribution that was not disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to that information, |
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and we provide notice of the suspension. The cumulative blackout periods in any 12 month period commencing on the closing of the offering may not exceed an aggregate of 90 days and furthermore may not exceed 45 consecutive days, except as a result of a refusal by the SEC to declare any post-effective amendment to the registration statement as effective after we have used all commercially reasonable efforts to cause the post-effective amendment to be declared effective, in which case we must terminate the blackout period immediately following the effective date of the post-effective amendment.
Our management agreement provides that in the event that the resale registration statement is not filed with the SEC on or before December 3, 2005, Resource Capital Manager will forfeit its base management fee in respect of the period from and after that date until the registration statement is actually filed. In addition, all incentive fee payments in respect of such period will be deferred until such registration statement is filed.
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SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE
Before this offering, there has been no market for our common stock. Therefore, future sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect market prices prevailing from time to time.
Upon completion of this offering, we will have 29,571,223 shares of common stock outstanding assuming no exercise of outstanding options and excluding shares that may be issued to Resource Capital Manager in partial payment of its incentive management fee. The common stock sold in this offering will be freely transferable without restriction or registration under the Securities Act, except for any shares purchased by one of our existing affiliates, as that term is defined by the Securities Act, which shares will be subject to the resale limitations of Rule 144 adopted under the Securities Act. As defined in Rule 144, an affiliate of an issuer is a person that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the issuer. The shares of common stock issued in connection with our private placement and not sold in this offering and all shares of our common stock held by our affiliates, including our officers and directors, are restricted securities as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. Restricted securities may be sold in the public market only if registered under the securities laws or if they qualify for an exemption from registration under Rule 144, as described below. As a result of the contractual restrictions described below and the provisions of Rules 144 and 701, additional shares will be available for sale in the public market as follows:
• | No restricted shares will be eligible for immediate sale on the date of this prospectus; | |
• | ________ restricted shares will be eligible for sale upon expiration of lock-up agreements 180 days after the date of this prospectus subject to Rule 144; and | |
• | _______ restricted shares will be eligible for sale approximately one year after the date of this prospectus, subject to Rule 144 and, with respect to shares held by Resource Capital Manager or our independent directors as stock awards, subject to vesting periods. |
Rule 144
In general, under Rule 144, a person (or persons whose shares are aggregated) who owns shares that were purchased from us or any affiliate at least one year previously, is entitled to sell within any three-month period a number of shares that does not exceed the greater of 1% of our then-outstanding shares of common stock (______ shares immediately after this offering) or the average weekly trading volume of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange during the four calendar weeks preceding the date on which notice of the sale is filed with the SEC. Sales under Rule 144 are also subject to manner of sale provisions, notice requirements and the availability of current public information about us. Any person (or persons whose shares are aggregated) who is not deemed to have been one of our affiliates at any time during the three months preceding a sale, and who owns shares within the definition of restricted securities under Rule 144 that were purchased from us or any affiliate at least two years previously, would be entitled to sell such shares under Rule 144(k) without regard to the volume limitations, manner of sale provisions, public information requirements or notice requirements.
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Rule 710
Subject to limitations on the aggregate offering price of a transaction and other conditions, Rule 710 may be relied upon with respect to the resale of securities originally purchased from us by our directors, officers, consultants or advisers before we become subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, pursuant to written compensatory benefit plans or written contracts relating to the compensation of such persons. In addition, the SEC has indicated that Rule 701 will apply to typical stock options granted by an issuer before it becomes subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, along with the shares acquired upon exercise of such options, including exercises after the date of this prospectus. Securities issued in reliance on Rule 701 are restricted securities and, subject to the contractual restrictions described above, beginning 90 days after the date of this prospectus, may be sold by persons other than affiliates subject only to the manner of sale provisions of Rule 144 and by affiliates under Rule 144 without compliance with its minimum holding period requirements.
The holders of 15,333,334 shares of common stock, or their transferees, are entitled to various rights with respect to the registration of such shares under the Securities Act. Registration of such shares under the Securities Act would result in such shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act (except for shares purchased by affiliates) immediately upon the effectiveness of such registration. See Description of Capital Stock Registration Rights.
Lock-Up Agreements
We have agreed not to offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for common stock, or enter into any swap or similar agreement that transfers, in whole or in part, the economic risk of ownership of the common stock, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, without the prior written consent of Credit Suisse First Boston, LLC, subject to limited exceptions.
All of our officers and directors, members of our investment committee, Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their directors and officers, who own our common stock have agreed not to offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for common stock, or enter into any swap or similar agreement that transfers, in whole or in part, the economic risk of ownership of the common stock, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, without the prior written consent of Credit Suisse First Boston. However, these contractual restrictions may be released before expiration of the lock-up period.
In addition, holders of common stock issued in our March 2005 private offering have agreed not to sell their shares for a period of up to 60 days following the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.
As of May 31, 2005, options to purchase a total of 651,666 shares of common stock pursuant to our 2005 Stock Incentive Plan were outstanding and will vest in three equal installments beginning on the first anniversary of the completion of our March 2005 private offering. All of the shares subject to options are subject to lock-up agreements. An additional 532,668 shares of common stock were available for future option grants under the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan.
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CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF THE MARYLAND GENERAL CORPORATION LAW AND OUR CHARTER AND BYLAWS
The following description of certain material provisions of Maryland law and our charter and bylaws is only a summary. For a complete description, we refer you to the MGCL, our charter and our bylaws. Copies of charter and bylaws are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. See Where You Can Find More Information.
The MGCL and our charter and bylaws contain provisions that could make it more difficult for a potential acquiror to acquire us by means of a tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise. We expect that these provisions may discourage certain coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids and may encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to negotiate first with our board of directors. We believe that the benefits of these provisions outweigh the potential disadvantages of discouraging any such acquisition proposals because, among other things, the negotiation of such proposals may improve their terms.
Number of Directors; Vacancies; Removal
Our charter provides that the number of directors will be set only by the board of directors in accordance with our bylaws. Our bylaws provide that a majority of our entire board of directors may at any time increase or decrease the number of directors. However, unless our bylaws are amended, the number of directors may never be less than five nor more than 15. Our bylaws currently provide that any vacancy may be filled by a majority of the remaining directors, except a vacancy resulting from an increase in the number of directors must be filled by a majority of the entire board of directors. Any individual elected to fill such vacancy will serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders, and until a successor is duly elected and qualifies. However, our charter provides that, at such time as we have at least three independent directors and a class of our common or preferred stock is registered under the Exchange Act, we elect to be subject to the provision of Subtitle 8 of Title 3 of the MGCL regarding the filling of vacancies on the board of directors. Accordingly, at such time, except as may be provided by the board of directors in setting the terms of any class or series of stock, any and all vacancies on the board of directors may be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors in office, even if the remaining directors do not constitute a quorum, and any director elected to fill a vacancy will serve for the remainder of the full term of the class in which the vacancy occurred and until a successor is duly elected and qualifies.
Our charter provides that a director may be removed only for cause, as defined in our charter, and then only by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast in the election of directors.
Action by Stockholders
Under the MGCL, stockholder action can be taken only at an annual or special meeting of stockholders or by unanimous written consent in lieu of a meeting (unless the charter provides for a lesser percentage, which our charter does not). These provisions, combined with the requirements of our bylaws regarding the calling of a stockholder-requested special meeting of stockholders discussed below, may have the effect of delaying consideration of a stockholder proposal until the next annual meeting.
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Advance Notice Provisions for Stockholder Nominations and Stockholder Proposals
Our bylaws provide that with respect to an annual meeting of stockholders, nominations of individuals for election to the board of directors and the proposal of business to be considered by stockholders may be made only
• | pursuant to our notice of the meeting, | |
• | by the board of directors or | |
• | by a stockholder who was a stockholder of record both at the time of giving of notice by such stockholder as provided for in our bylaws and at the time of the annual meeting and who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who has complied with the advance notice procedures of the bylaws. |
With respect to special meetings of stockholders, only the business specified in our notice of the meeting may be brought before the meeting. Nominations of individuals for election to the board of directors at a special meeting may be made only
• | pursuant to our notice of the meeting, | |
• | by the board of directors or | |
• | provided that the board of directors has determined that directors will be elected at the meeting, by a stockholder who was a stockholder of record both at the time of giving of notice by such stockholder as provided for in our bylaws and at the time of the annual meeting and who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who has complied with the advance notice provisions of the bylaws. |
The purpose of requiring stockholders to give us advance notice of nominations and other business is to afford our board of directors a meaningful opportunity to consider the qualifications of the proposed nominees and the advisability of any other proposed business and, to the extent deemed necessary or desirable by our board of directors, to inform stockholders and make recommendations about such qualifications or business, as well as to provide a more orderly procedure for conducting meetings of stockholders. Although our bylaws do not give our board of directors any power to disapprove stockholder nominations for the election of directors or proposals recommending certain action, they may have the effect of precluding a contest for the election of directors or the consideration of stockholder proposals if proper procedures are not followed and of discouraging or deterring a third party from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect its own slate of directors or to approve its own proposal without regard to whether consideration of such nominees or proposals might be harmful or beneficial to us and our stockholders.
Calling of Special Meetings of Stockholders
Our bylaws provide that special meetings of stockholders may be called by our board of directors and certain of our officers. Additionally, our bylaws provide that, subject to the satisfaction of certain procedural and informational requirements by the stockholders requesting the meeting, a special meeting of stockholders shall be called by the secretary of the corporation upon the written request of stockholders entitled to cast not less than a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at such meeting.
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Approval of Extraordinary Corporate Action; Amendment of Charter and Bylaws
Under Maryland law, a Maryland corporation generally cannot dissolve, amend its charter, merge, sell all or substantially all of its assets, engage in a share exchange or engage in similar transactions outside the ordinary course of business, unless approved by the affirmative vote of stockholders entitled to cast at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. However, a Maryland corporation may provide in its charter for approval of these matters by a lesser percentage, but not less than a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Our charter generally provides for approval of charter amendments and extraordinary transactions, which have been first declared advisable by our board of directors, by the stockholders entitled to cast at least a majority of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
Our bylaws provide that the board of directors will have the exclusive power to adopt, alter or repeal any provision of our bylaws and to make new bylaws.
No Appraisal Rights
As permitted by the MGCL, our charter provides that stockholders will not be entitled to exercise appraisal rights.
Control Share Acquisitions
The Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act provides that control shares of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share acquisition have no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Shares owned by the acquiror, by officers or by directors who are employees of the corporation are excluded from shares entitled to vote on the matter. Control shares are voting shares of stock which, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned by the acquiror or in respect of which the acquiror is able to exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquiror to exercise voting power in electing directors within one of the following ranges of voting power:
• | one-tenth or more but less than one-third; | |
• | one-third or more but less than a majority; or | |
• | a majority or more of all voting power. |
Control shares do not include shares the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained stockholder approval. A control share acquisition means the acquisition of control shares, but does not include the acquisition of shares (i) under the laws of descent and distribution, (ii) under the satisfaction of a pledge or other security interest created in good faith and not for the purpose of circumventing this subtitle, or (iii) under a merger, consolidation, or share exchange effected under Subtitle 1 of the Control Share Acquisition Act if the corporation is a party to the merger, consolidation, or share exchange.
A person who has made or proposes to make a control share acquisition may compel the board of directors of the corporation to call a special meeting of stockholders to be held within 50 days of demand to consider the voting rights of the shares. The right to compel the calling of a special meeting is subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, including an undertaking to pay the expenses of the meeting. If no request for a meeting is made, the corporation may itself present the question at any stockholders meeting.
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If voting rights are not approved at the meeting or if the acquiring person does not deliver an acquiring person statement as required by the statute, then the corporation may repurchase for fair value any or all of the control shares, except those for which voting rights have previously been approved. The right of the corporation to repurchase control shares is subject to certain conditions and limitations. Fair value is determined, without regard to the absence of voting rights for the control shares, as of the date of the last control share acquisition by the acquiror or of any meeting of stockholders at which the voting rights of the shares are considered and not approved. If voting rights for control shares are approved at a stockholders meeting and the acquiror becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to vote, all other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares as determined for purposes of appraisal rights may not be less than the highest price per share paid by the acquiror in the control share acquisition.
The Control Share Acquisition Act does not apply to shares acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange if the corporation is a party to the transaction or to acquisitions approved or exempted by the charter or bylaws of the corporation.
Our bylaws contain a provision exempting from the Control Share Acquisition Act any and all acquisitions by any person of our shares of stock. There can be no assurance that such provision will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future. However, we will amend our bylaws to be subject to the Control Share Acquisition Act only if the board of directors determines that it would be in our best interests.
Business Combinations
Under Maryland law, business combinations between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested stockholder is defined as:
• | any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of the corporations shares; or | |
• | an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period before the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding voting stock of the corporation. |
A person is not an interested stockholder under the statute if the board of directors approved in advance the transaction by which he or she otherwise would have become an interested stockholder. However, in approving a transaction, the board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board.
After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between the corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:
• | 80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of voting stock of the corporation; and | |
• | two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting stock of the corporation other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder. |
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These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if the corporations common stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares.
The statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including business combinations that are exempted by the board of directors before the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder.
Subtitle 8
Subtitle 8 of Title 3 of the MGCL permits a Maryland corporation with a class of equity securities registered under the Exchange Act and at least three independent directors to elect to be subject, by provision in its charter or bylaws or a resolution of its board of directors and notwithstanding any contrary provision in the charter or bylaws, to any or all of five provisions:
• | a classified board; | |
• | a two-thirds stockholder vote requirement for removing a director; | |
• | a requirement that the number of directors be fixed only by vote of the directors; | |
• | a requirement that a vacancy on the board be filled only by the remaining directors and for the remainder of the full term of the class of directors in which the vacancy occurred; and | |
• | a majority requirement for the calling of a special meeting of stockholders. |
Through provisions in our charter and bylaws unrelated to Subtitle 8, we already (a) require a two-thirds stockholder vote for the removal of any director from the board, as well as require such removal be for cause (as defined in our charter), (b) unless called by our chairman of the board, our president, our chief executive officer or the board, require the request of holders of a majority of outstanding shares to call a special meeting and (c) vest in the board of exclusive power to fix the number of directorships. Our charter also provides that at such time as Subtitle 8 becomes applicable to us, our board will have the exclusive power to fill vacancies on the board, by a vote of the remaining directors, and such vacancies will be filled until the end of the term of the class of directors in which the vacancy occurred.
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FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF OUR QUALIFICATION AS A REIT
This section summarizes the material federal income tax considerations that you, as a stockholder, may consider relevant. Ledgewood has acted as our counsel, has reviewed this summary, and is of the opinion that the discussion contained herein fairly summarizes the federal income tax consequences that are likely to be material to a holder of our shares of common stock. Because this section is a summary, it does not address all aspects of taxation that may be relevant to particular stockholders in light of their personal investment or tax circumstances, or to certain types of stockholders that are subject to special treatment under the federal income tax laws, such as insurance companies, tax-exempt organizations (except to the extent discussed in Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders below), financial institutions or broker-dealers, and non-U.S. individuals and foreign corporations (except to the extent discussed in Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders below).
The statements in this section are based on the current federal income tax laws. We cannot assure you that new laws, interpretations of law, court decisions, any of which may take effect retroactively, will not cause any statement in this section to be inaccurate.
We urge you to consult your own tax advisor regarding the specific tax consequences to you of the purchase, ownership and sale of our common stock and of our election to be taxed as a REIT.
Taxation of Our Company
We will elect to be taxed as a REIT under the federal income tax laws effective for our initial taxable year ending on December 31, 2005. We believe that, commencing with such taxable year, we will be organized and will operate in such a manner so as to qualify for taxation as a REIT under the federal income tax laws, and we intend to continue to operate in such a manner, but no assurances can be given that we will operate in a manner so as to qualify or remain qualified as a REIT. This section discusses the laws governing the federal income tax treatment of a REIT and its stockholders. These laws are highly technical and complex.
In connection with this offering, Ledgewood is rendering an opinion that, commencing with our taxable year ending on December 31, 2005, we have been organized and operated in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the federal income tax laws, and our current and proposed method of operation will enable us to continue to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the federal income tax laws. Ledgewoods opinion is based upon customary assumptions, is conditioned upon certain representations made by us as to factual matters, including representations regarding the nature of our assets and the conduct of our business, and isnt binding upon the Internal Revenue Service, which we refer to in this discussion as the IRS, or any court. In addition, Ledgewoods opinion is based on existing federal income tax law governing qualification as a REIT, which is subject to change either prospectively or retroactively. Moreover, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depends upon our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual annual operating results, certain qualification tests set forth in the federal tax laws. Those qualification tests involve the percentage of income that we earn from specified sources, the percentage of our assets that falls within specified categories, the diversity of our stock ownership, and the percentage of our earnings that we distribute. Ledgewood will not review our compliance with those tests on a continuing basis. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that our actual results of operations for any particular taxable year will satisfy such requirements. For a discussion of the federal income tax consequences of our failure to qualify as a REIT, see -Failure to Qualify.
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If we qualify as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on our net taxable income that we distribute to our stockholders, but taxable income generated by Resource TRS, our TRS, will be subject to regular corporate income tax. However, our stockholders will generally be taxed on dividends that they receive at ordinary income rates unless such dividends are designated by us as capital gain dividends, return of capital or qualified dividend income. This differs from non-REIT C corporations, which generally are subject to federal corporate income taxes but whose individual and certain non-corporate trust and estate stockholders are generally taxed on dividends they receive at the 15% rate on qualified dividend income, and whose corporate stockholders generally receive the benefits of a dividends received deduction that substantially reduces the effective rate that they pay on such dividends. In general, income earned by a REIT and distributed to its stockholders will be subject to less federal income taxation than if such income were earned by a non-REIT C corporation, subjected to corporate income tax, and then distributed and taxed to stockholders.
While we generally are not subject to corporate income taxes on income that we distribute currently to stockholders, we will be subject to federal tax in the following circumstances:
• | We will pay federal income tax on taxable income, including net capital gain, that we do not distribute to stockholders during, or within a specified time period after, the calendar year in which the income is earned. | |
• | We may be subject to the alternative minimum tax on any items of tax preference that we do not distribute or allocate to stockholders. | |
• | We will pay income tax at the highest corporate rate on: | |
• | net income from the sale or other disposition of property acquired through foreclosure, or foreclosure property, that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, and | ||
• | other non-qualifying income from foreclosure property. | ||
• | We will pay a 100% tax on net income earned on sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. | |
• | If we fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, as described below under -Requirements for Qualification-Gross Income Tests, and nonetheless continue to qualify as a REIT because we meet other requirements, we will pay a 100% tax on the amount by which we fail the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test, multiplied, in either case, by a fraction intended to reflect our profitability. | |
• | In the event of a more than de minimis failure of the asset tests, as described below under –Requirements for Qualification-Asset Tests, as long as the failure was due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect and we dispose of the assets or otherwise comply with such asset tests within six months after the last day of the quarter, we will pay a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or 35% of the net income from the nonqualifying assets during the period in which we failed to satisfy such asset tests. | |
• | If we fail to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification, other than the gross income tests and the asset tests, and the violation is due to reasonable cause, we may retain our qualification as a REIT but will be required to pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure. |
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• | If we fail to distribute during a calendar year at least the sum of: | ||
• | 85% of our REIT ordinary income for the year, | ||
• | 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for the year, and | ||
• | any undistributed taxable income from earlier periods, | ||
we will pay a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of the required distribution over the amount we actually distributed, plus any retained amounts on which income tax has been paid at the corporate level. | |||
• | We may elect to retain and pay income tax on our net long-term capital gain. In that case, a U.S. stockholder would be taxed on its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term capital gain (to the extent that we make a timely designation of such gain to the stockholder) and would receive a credit or refund for its proportionate share of the tax we paid. | ||
• | We will be subject to a 100% excise tax on transactions between us and a TRS that are not conducted on an arms-length basis. | ||
• | If we acquire any asset from a C corporation, or a corporation that generally is subject to full corporate-level tax, in a merger or other transaction in which we acquire a basis in the asset that is determined by reference either to the C corporations basis in the asset or to another asset, we will pay tax at the highest regular corporate rate applicable if we recognize gain on the sale or disposition of the asset during the 10-year period after we acquire the asset. The amount of gain on which we will pay tax is the lesser of: | ||
• | the amount of gain that we recognize at the time of the sale or disposition, and | ||
• | the amount of gain that we would have recognized if we had sold the asset at the time we acquired it, assuming that the C corporation will not elect in lieu of this treatment to an immediate tax when the asset is acquired. | ||
• | If we own a residual interest in a real estate mortgage investment conduit, or REMIC, we will be taxable at the highest corporate rate on the portion of any excess inclusion income that we derive from the REMIC residual interests equal to the percentage of our stock that is held by disqualified organizations. Although the law is unclear, similar rules may apply if we own an equity interest in a taxable mortgage pool. To the extent that we own a REMIC residual interest or a taxable mortgage pool through a TRS, we will not be subject to this tax. For a discussion of excess inclusion income, see -Requirements for Qualification-Taxable Mortgage Pools. A disqualified organization includes: | ||
• | the United States; | ||
• | any state or political subdivision of the United States; | ||
• | any foreign government; |
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• | any international organization; | ||
• | any agency or instrumentality of any of the foregoing; | ||
• | any other tax-exempt organization, other than a farmers cooperative described in section 521 of the Internal Revenue Code, that is exempt both from income taxation and from taxation under the unrelated business taxable income provisions of the Internal Revenue Code; and | ||
• | any rural electrical or telephone cooperative |
We do not currently intend to hold REMIC residual interests but it is likely that we directly or through a qualified REIT subsidiary of ours will own residual interests in taxable mortgage pools.
In addition, notwithstanding our qualification as a REIT, we may also have to pay certain state and local income taxes, because not all states and localities treat REITs in the same manner that they are treated for federal income tax purposes. Moreover, as further described below, any TRS in which we own an interest, including Resource TRS, will be subject to federal corporate income tax on its taxable income.
Requirements for Qualification
A REIT is a corporation, trust, or association that meets each of the following requirements:
• | It is managed by one or more trustees or directors. | |
• | Its beneficial ownership is evidenced by transferable shares, or by transferable certificates of beneficial interest. | |
• | It would be taxable as a domestic corporation, but for the REIT provisions of the federal income tax laws. | |
• | It is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company subject to special provisions of the federal income tax laws. | |
• | At least 100 persons are beneficial owners of its shares or ownership certificates. | |
• | Not more than 50% in value of its outstanding shares or ownership certificates is owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals, which the federal income tax laws define to include certain entities, during the last half of any taxable year. | |
• | It elects to be a REIT, or has made such an election for a previous taxable year, and satisfies all relevant filing and other administrative requirements established by the IRS that must be met to elect and maintain REIT status. | |
• | It meets certain other qualification tests, described below, regarding the nature of its income and assets. |
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We must meet the first four requirements during our entire taxable year and must meet the fifth requirement during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a taxable year of less than 12 months. The fifth and sixth requirements will apply to us beginning with our 2006 taxable year. If we comply with all the requirements for ascertaining the ownership of our outstanding stock in a taxable year and have no reason to know that we violated the sixth requirement, we will be deemed to have satisfied the sixth requirement for that taxable year. For purposes of determining share ownership under the sixth requirement, an individual generally includes a supplemental unemployment compensation benefits plan, a private foundation, or a portion of a trust permanently set aside or used exclusively for charitable purposes. An individual, however, generally does not include a trust that is a qualified employee pension or profit sharing trust under the federal income tax laws, and beneficiaries of such a trust will be treated as holding our stock in proportion to their actuarial interests in the trust for purposes of the sixth requirement.
We believe that we have issued sufficient common stock with sufficient diversity of ownership to satisfy the fifth and sixth requirements. In addition, our charter restricts the ownership and transfer of our stock so that we should continue to satisfy these requirements. The provisions of our charter restricting the ownership and transfer of our common stock are described in Description of Capital Stock-Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer.
If we comply with regulatory rules pursuant to which we are required to send annual letters to our stockholders requesting information regarding the actual ownership of our stock, and we do not know, or exercising reasonable diligence would not have known, whether we failed to meet the sixth requirement, we will be treated as having met the requirement.
In addition, we must satisfy all relevant filing and other administrative requirements established by the IRS that must be met to elect and maintain our REIT qualification, use a calendar year for federal income tax purposes, and comply with the record keeping requirements of the Internal Revenue Code and regulations promulgated thereunder which we have satisfied or intend to satisfy.
Qualified REIT Subsidiaries . A corporation that is a qualified REIT subsidiary is not treated as a corporation separate from its parent REIT. All assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction and credit of a qualified REIT subsidiary are treated as assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction and credit of the REIT. A qualified REIT subsidiary is a corporation, other than a TRS, all of the capital stock of which is owned by the REIT. Thus, in applying the requirements described herein, any qualified REIT subsidiary that we own will be ignored, and all assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit of such subsidiary will be treated as our assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction and credit.
Other Disregarded Entities and Partnerships . An unincorporated domestic entity, such as a partnership or limited liability company, that has a single owner, generally is not treated as an entity separate from its parent for federal income tax purposes. An unincorporated domestic entity with two or more owners generally is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. In the case of a REIT that is a partner in a partnership that has other partners, the REIT is treated as owning its proportionate share of the assets of the partnership and as earning its allocable share of the gross income of the partnership for purposes of the applicable REIT qualification tests. For purposes of the 10% value test (described in -Asset Tests), our proportionate share is based on our proportionate interest in the equity interests and certain debt securities issued by the partnership. For all of the other asset and income tests, our proportionate share is based on our proportionate interest in the capital interests in the partnership. Our proportionate share of the assets, liabilities and items of income of any partnership, joint venture, or limited liability company that is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes in which we acquire an interest, directly or indirectly, will be treated as our assets and gross income for purposes of applying the various REIT qualification requirements.
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Taxable REIT Subsidiaries . A REIT is permitted to own up to 100% of the stock of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRSs. A TRS is generally a fully taxable corporation that may earn income that would not be qualifying income if earned directly by the parent REIT. The subsidiary and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a TRS. A corporation of which a TRS directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated as a TRS. However, an entity will not qualify as a TRS if it directly or indirectly operates or manages a lodging or health care facility or, generally, provides to another person, under a franchise, license or otherwise, rights to any brand name under which any lodging facility or health care facility is operated. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REITs assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRSs.
We have jointly elected with Resource TRS to treat Resource TRS as a TRS of ours. As a TRS, Resource TRS will be subject to federal income tax, and state and local income tax where applicable, on its taxable income. To the extent that Resource TRS is required to pay taxes, it will have less cash available for distribution to us. If dividends are paid by Resource TRS to us, then the dividends we pay to our stockholders who are taxed as individuals, up to the amount of dividends we receive from Resource TRS, will generally be eligible to be taxed at the reduced 15% rate applicable to qualified dividend income. See -Taxation of Taxable U.S. Stockholders. The decision as to whether Resource TRS will distribute its after-tax income to us will be made on a periodic basis, subject to our compliance with the 20% asset test.
We anticipate that we will likely make a TRS election with respect to certain entities that issue equity interests to us pursuant to CDO securitizations. The Internal Revenue Code and the Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder provide a specific exemption from U.S. federal income tax to non-U.S. corporations that restrict their activities in the United States to trading in stock and securities (or any activity closely related thereto) for their own account, whether such trading (or such other activity) is conducted by the corporation or its employees through a resident broker, commission agent, custodian or other agent. Certain U.S. stockholders of such a non-U.S. corporation are currently required to include in their income their proportionate share of the earnings of such a corporation, whether or not such earnings are distributed. We expect that certain of the CDO vehicles in which we may invest and with which we will jointly make a TRS election will be organized as Cayman Islands companies and will either rely on such exemption or otherwise operate in a manner so that they will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on their net income. Therefore, despite such contemplated CDO entities’ anticipated status as a TRS, such entities would generally not be subject to corporate income tax on their earnings. However, we will likely be required to include in our income, on a current basis, the earnings of such a TRS. This could affect our ability to comply with the REIT income tests and distribution requirements. See “Gross Income Tests” and “Distribution Requirements.”
The TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to its parent REIT to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. Further, the rules impose a 100% excise tax on transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT or the REITs tenants that are not conducted on an arms-length basis.
Taxable Mortgage Pools . An entity, or a portion of an entity, may be classified as a taxable mortgage pool under the Internal Revenue Code if:
• | substantially all of its assets consist of debt obligations or interests in debt obligations; | |
• | more than 50% of those debt obligations are real estate mortgage loans or interests in real estate mortgage loans as of specified testing dates; | |
• | the entity has issued debt obligations that have two or more maturities; and | |
• | the payments required to be made by the entity on its debt obligations bear a relationship to the payments to be received by the entity on the debt obligations that it holds as assets. |
Under U.S. Treasury regulations, if less than 80% of the assets of an entity (or a portion of an entity) consists of debt obligations, these debt obligations are considered not to comprise substantially all of its assets, and therefore the entity would not be treated as a taxable mortgage pool.
We likely will make investments or enter into financing and securitization transactions that give rise to us being considered to own an interest in one or more taxable mortgage pools. Where an entity, or a portion of an entity, is classified as a taxable mortgage pool, it is generally treated as a taxable corporation for federal income tax purposes. However, special rules apply to a REIT, a portion of a REIT, or a qualified REIT subsidiary that is a taxable mortgage pool. The portion of the REITs assets, held directly or through a qualified REIT subsidiary that qualifies as a taxable mortgage pool is treated as a qualified REIT subsidiary that is not subject to corporate income tax, and the taxable mortgage pool classification does not affect the tax status of the REIT. Rather, the consequences of the taxable mortgage pool classification would generally, except as described below, be limited to the tax liability on the REIT and the REITs stockholders. The Treasury Department has yet to issue regulations governing the tax treatment of the stockholders of a REIT that owns an interest in a taxable mortgage pool.
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A portion of our income from a taxable mortgage pool arrangement, which might be non-cash accrued income, or phantom taxable income, could be treated as excess inclusion income and allocated to our stockholders. Excess inclusion income is an amount, with respect to any calendar quarter, equal to the excess, if any, of (i) income allocable to the holder of a REMIC residual interest or taxable mortgage pool interest over (ii) the sum of an amount for each day in the calendar quarter equal to its ratable portion of the product of (a) the adjusted issue price of the interest at the beginning of the quarter multiplied by (b) 120% of the long-term federal rate (determined on the basis of compounding at the close of each calendar quarter and properly adjusted for the length of such quarter). This non-cash or phantom income would be subject to the distribution requirements that apply to us and could therefore adversely affect our liquidity. See -Distribution Requirements.
Our excess inclusion income would be allocated among our stockholders. A stockholders share of excess inclusion income (i) would not be allowed to be offset by any net operating losses otherwise available to the stockholder, (ii) would be subject to tax as unrelated business taxable income in the hands of most types of stockholders that are otherwise generally exempt from federal income tax, (iii) would result in the application of U.S. federal income tax withholding at the maximum rate (30%), without reduction for any otherwise applicable income tax treaty, to the extent allocable to most types of foreign stockholders and (iv) would be taxable (at the highest corporate tax rates) to us, rather than our stockholders, to the extent allocable to our stock held by disqualified organizations (generally, tax-exempt entities are not subject to unrelated business income tax, including governmental organizations). See Taxation of Taxable U.S. Stockholders, -Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders, and -Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders. The manner in which excess inclusion income would be allocated among shares of different classes of our stock or how such income is to be reported to stockholders is not clear under current law. Tax-exempt investors, foreign investors, and taxpayers with net operating losses should carefully consider the tax consequences describe above and are urged to consult their tax advisors in connection with their decision to invest in our common stock.
If we own less than 100% of the ownership interests in a subsidiary that is a taxable mortgage pool, the foregoing rules would not apply. Rather, the subsidiary would be treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, and would potentially be subject to corporate income tax. In addition, this characterization would alter our REIT income and asset test calculations and could adversely affect our compliance with those requirements. We currently do not have, and currently do not intend to form, any subsidiary in which we own some, but less than all, of the ownership interests that are or will become taxable mortgage pools, and we intend to monitor the structure of any taxable mortgage pools in which we have an interest to ensure that they will not adversely affect our qualification as a REIT.
Gross Income Tests
We must satisfy two gross income tests annually to maintain our qualification as a REIT. First, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year must consist of defined types of income that we derive, directly or indirectly, from investments relating to real property or mortgage loans on real property or qualified temporary investment income. Qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test generally includes:
• | rents from real property; | |
• | interest on debt secured by a mortgage on real property, or on interests in real property; |
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• | dividends or other distributions on, and gain from the sale of, shares in other REITs; | |
• | gain from the sale of real estate assets; | |
• | income derived from a REMIC in proportion to the real estate assets held by the REMIC, unless at least 95% of the REMICs assets are real estate assets, in which case all of the income derived from the REMIC; and | |
• | income derived from the temporary investment of new capital that is attributable to the issuance of our stock or a public offering of our debt with a maturity date of at least five years and that we receive during the one-year period beginning on the date on which we received such new capital. |
Second, in general, at least 95% of our gross income for each taxable year must consist of income that is qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, other types of interest and dividends, gain from the sale or disposition of stock or securities or any combination of these. Gross income from our sale of property that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business is excluded from both the numerator and the denominator in both income tests. In addition, income and gain from hedging transactions, as defined in -Hedging Transactions, that we enter into in the normal course of our business to hedge indebtedness incurred or to be incurred to acquire or carry real estate assets and that are clearly and timely identified as such will be excluded from both the numerator and the denominator for purposes of the 95% gross income test (but not the 75% gross income test). We will monitor the amount of our non-qualifying income and we will manage our investment portfolio to comply at all times with the gross income tests. The following paragraphs discuss the specific application of the gross income tests to us.
Interest. The term interest, as defined for purposes of both gross income tests, generally excludes any amount that is based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. However, interest generally includes the following:
• | an amount that is based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales; and | |
• | an amount that is based on the income or profits of a debtor, as long as the debtor derives substantially all of its income from the real property securing the debt from leasing substantially all of its interest in the property, and only to the extent that the amounts received by the debtor would be qualifying, rents from real property if received directly by a REIT. |
If a loan contains a provision that entitles a REIT to a percentage of the borrowers gain upon the sale of the real property securing the loan or a percentage of the appreciation in the propertys value as of a specific date, income attributable to that loan provision will be treated as gain from the sale of the property securing the loan, which generally is qualifying income for purposes of both gross income tests.
Interest on debt secured by a mortgage on real property or on interests in real property, including, for this purpose, discount points, prepayment penalties, loan assumption fees, and late payment charges that are not compensation for services, generally is qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. However, if the highest principal amount of a loan outstanding during a taxable year exceeds the fair market value of the real property securing the loan as of the date the REIT agreed to originate or acquire the loan, a portion of the interest income from such loan will not be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, but will be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test. The portion of the interest income that will not be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test will be equal to the portion of the principal amount of the loan that is not secured by real property that is, the amount by which the loan exceeds the value of the real estate that is security for the loan.
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The interest, original issue discount, and market discount income that we receive from our mortgage-related assets generally, including B notes, will be qualifying income for purposes of both gross income tests. We expect that some of our loans, which we have called mezzanine loans, will not be secured by a direct interest in real property. Instead, such loans will be secured by ownership interests in a non-corporate entity owning real property. In Revenue Procedure 2003-65, the Internal Revenue Service established a safe harbor under which interest from loans secured by a first priority security interest in ownership interests in a partnership or limited liability company owning real property will be treated as qualifying income for both the 75% and 95% gross income tests, and the loans will be treated as qualifying assets for the purposes of the 75% asset test, provided several requirements are satisfied. Some of our mezzanine loans, however, may not qualify for that safe harbor. Although the Revenue Procedure provides a safe harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive law. In situations where a loan is secured by interests in non-corporate entities but not all of the requirements of the safe harbor are met, the interest income from the loan will be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test, but potentially will not be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. In addition, some of our loans will not be secured by mortgages on real property or interests in real property. Our interest income from those loans will be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test, but not the 75% gross income test. Further, as discussed above, if the fair market value of the real estate securing any of our loans is less than the principal amount of the loan, a portion of the income from that loan will be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test but not the 75% gross income test.
Equipment Lease Income. Any income we receive as lease payments from equipment leases in which we may invest will be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test only if the lease is considered a financing lease and not a true lease for federal income tax purposes. Although the classification of a lease as a financing lease or a true lease is sometimes a difficult one, where the fixed rents during the base term of the lease are sufficient for the lessor to recover its entire investment in the equipment plus a market interest rate of return, and the lessor is not entitled to any substantial residual value of its equipment, the lease will be characterized as a financing lease. It is expected that all of our equipment leases will be structured in that manner and thus the interest component of the payments received will qualify for the 95% gross income test. In no event will income from equipment leases qualify for the 75% gross income test.
Fee Income . We may receive various fees in connection with our operations. The fees will be qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests if they are received in consideration for entering into an agreement to make a loan secured by real property and the fees are not determined by income and profits. Other fees are not qualifying income for purposes of either gross income test. Any fees earned by Resource TRS, our TRS, will not be included for purposes of the gross income tests.
Dividends . Our share of any dividends received from any corporation (including any TRS, but excluding any REIT) in which we own an equity interest will qualify for purposes of the 95% gross income test but not for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Our share of any dividends received from any other REIT in which we own an equity interest will be qualifying income for purposes of both gross income tests.
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We intend to treat certain income inclusions received with respect to our contemplated equity investments in CDOs as qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test but not the 75% gross income test. Because there is no clear precedent with respect to the qualification of such income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests, we cannot assure you that the IRS will not assert a contrary position. In the event that such income was determined not to qualify for the 95% gross income test, we could be subject to a penalty tax with respect to such income to the extent it exceeds 5% of our gross income or fail to qualify as a REIT. See “Failure to Satisfy the Gross Income Tests” and “Failure to Qualify.”
Rents from Real Property . We currently do not intend to acquire any real property with the proceeds of this offering, but we may acquire real property or an interest therein in the future. To the extent that we acquire real property or an interest therein, rents we receive will qualify as rents from real property in satisfying the gross income requirements for a REIT described above only if the following conditions are met:
• | First, the amount of rent must not be based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. However, an amount received or accrued generally will not be excluded from rents from real property solely by reason of being based on fixed percentages of receipts or sales. | |
• | Second, rents we receive from a related party tenant will not qualify as rents from real property in satisfying the gross income tests unless the tenant is a TRS, at least 90% of the property is leased to unrelated tenants and the rent paid by the TRS is substantially comparable to the rent paid by the unrelated tenants for comparable space. A tenant is a related party tenant if the REIT, or an actual or constructive owner of 10% or more of the REIT, actually or constructively owns 10% or more of the tenant. | |
• | Third, if rent attributable to personal property, leased in connection with a lease of real property, is greater than 15% of the total rent received under the lease, then the portion of rent attributable to the personal property will not qualify as rents from real property. | |
• | Fourth, we generally must not operate or manage our real property or furnish or render services to our tenants, other than through an independent contractor who is adequately compensated and from whom we do not derive revenue. However, we may provide services directly to tenants if the services are usually or customarily rendered in connection with the rental of space for occupancy only and are not considered to be provided for the tenants convenience. In addition, we may provide a minimal amount of non-customary services to the tenants of a property, other than through an independent contractor, as long as our income from the services does not exceed 1% of our income from the related property. Furthermore, we may own up to 100% of the stock of a TRS, which may provide customary and non-customary services to tenants without tainting its rental income from the related properties. |
Hedging Transactions . From time to time, we may enter into hedging transactions with respect to one or more of our assets or liabilities. Income and gain from hedging transactions will be excluded from gross income for purposes of the 95% gross income test (but will be treated as non qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test). A hedging transaction includes any transaction entered into in the normal course of our trade or business primarily to manage the risk of interest rate, price changes, or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made, or ordinary obligations incurred or to be incurred, to acquire or carry real estate assets. We will be required to clearly identify any such hedging transaction before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into. To the extent that we hedge for other purposes, or to the extent that a portion of our mortgage loans is not secured by real estate assets (as described below under -Asset Tests) or in other situations, the income from those transactions will likely be treated as nonqualifying income for purposes of the gross income tests. We intend to structure any hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize our qualification as a REIT.
Prohibited Transactions . A REIT will incur a 100% tax on the net income derived from any sale or other disposition of property, other than foreclosure property, that the REIT holds primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. We believe that none of our assets will be held primarily for sale to customers and that a sale of any of our assets will not be in the ordinary course of our business. Whether a REIT holds an asset primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business depends, however, on the facts and circumstances in effect from time to time, including those related to a particular asset. Nevertheless, we will attempt to comply with the terms of safe-harbor provisions in the federal income tax laws prescribing when a sale of real property will not be characterized as a prohibited transaction. We cannot assure you however, that we can comply with the safe-harbor provisions or that we will avoid owning property that may be characterized as property that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. To the extent necessary to avoid the prohibited transactions tax, we will conduct sales of our assets through a TRS.
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Foreclosure Property . We will be subject to tax at the maximum corporate rate on any income from foreclosure property, other than income that otherwise would be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, less expenses directly connected with the production of that income. However, gross income from foreclosure property will qualify under the 75% and 95% gross income tests. Foreclosure property is any real property, including interests in real property, and any personal property incident to such real property:
• | that is acquired by a REIT as the result of the REIT having bid on such property at foreclosure, or having otherwise reduced such property to ownership or possession by agreement or process of law, after there was default or default was imminent on a lease of such property or on indebtedness that such property secured; | |
• | for which the related loan or lease was acquired by the REIT at a time when the default was not imminent or anticipated; and | |
• | for which the REIT makes a proper election to treat the property as foreclosure property. |
However, a REIT will not be considered to have foreclosed on a property where the REIT takes control of the property as a mortgagee-in-possession and cannot receive any profit or sustain any loss except as a creditor of the mortgagor. Property generally ceases to be foreclosure property at the end of the third taxable year following the taxable year in which the REIT acquired the property, or longer if an extension is granted by the Secretary of the Treasury. This grace period terminates and foreclosure property ceases to be foreclosure property on the first day:
• | on which a lease is entered into for the property that, by its terms, will give rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test, or any amount is received or accrued, directly or indirectly, pursuant to a lease entered into on or after such day that will give rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test; | |
• | on which any construction takes place on the property, other than completion of a building or any other improvement, where more than 10% of the construction was completed before default became imminent; or | |
• | which is more than 90 days after the day on which the REIT acquired the property and the property is used in a trade or business which is conducted by the REIT, other than through an independent contractor from whom the REIT itself does not derive or receive any income. |
Failure to Satisfy Gross Income Tests . If we fail to satisfy one or both of the gross income tests for any taxable year, we nevertheless may qualify as a REIT for that year if we qualify for relief under certain provisions of the federal income tax laws. Those relief provisions generally will be available if:
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• | our failure to meet such tests is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect; and | |
• | following such failure for any taxable year, a schedule of the sources of our income is filed in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. |
We cannot predict, however, whether in all circumstances we would qualify for the relief provisions. In addition, as discussed above in - Taxation of Our Company, even if the relief provisions apply, we would incur a 100% tax on the gross income attributable to the amount by which we fail the 75% or 95% gross income test, multiplied, in either case, by a fraction intended to reflect our profitability.
Asset Tests
To qualify as a REIT, we also must satisfy the following asset tests at the end of each quarter of each taxable year. First, at least 75% of the value of our total assets must consist of:
• | cash or cash items, including certain receivables; | |
• | government securities; | |
• | interests in real property, including leaseholds and options to acquire real property and leaseholds; | |
• | interests in mortgage loans secured by real property; | |
• | stock in other REITs; | |
• | investments in stock or debt instruments during the one-year period following our receipt of new capital that we raise through equity offerings or public offerings of debt with at least a five-year term; and | |
• | regular or residual interests in a REMIC. |
However, if less than 95% of the assets of a REMIC consists of assets that are qualifying real estate-related assets under the federal income tax laws, determined as if we held such assets, we will be treated as holding directly our proportionate share of the assets of such REMIC.
Second, of our investments not included in the 75% asset class, the value of our interest in any one issuers securities may not exceed 5% of the value of our total assets.
Third, we may not own more than 10% of the voting power or value of any one issuers outstanding securities.
Fourth, no more than 20% of the value of our total assets may consist of the securities of one or more TRSs.
Fifth, no more than 25% of the value of our total assets may consist of the securities of TRSs and other non-TRS taxable subsidiaries and other assets that are not qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test.
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For purposes of the second and third asset tests, the term securities does not include stock in another REIT, equity or debt securities of a qualified REIT subsidiary or TRS, mortgage loans that constitute real estate assets, or equity interests in a partnership.
For purposes of the 10% value test, the term securities does not include:
• | Straight debt securities, which is defined as a written unconditional promise to pay on demand or on a specified date a sum certain in money if (i) the debt is not convertible, directly or indirectly, into stock, and (ii) the interest rate and interest payment dates are not contingent on profits, the borrowers discretion, or similar factors. Straight debt securities do not include any securities issued by a partnership or a corporation in which we or any controlled TRS (i.e., a TRS in which we own directly or indirectly more than 50% of the voting power or value of the stock) hold non-straight debt securities that have an aggregate value of more than 1 % of the issuers outstanding securities. However, straight debt securities include debt subject to the following contingencies: | ||
• | a contingency relating to the time of payment of interest or principal, as long as either(i) there is no change to the effective yield of the debt obligation, other than a change to the annual yield that does not exceed the greater of 0.25% or 5% of the annual yield, or (ii) neither the aggregate issue price nor the aggregate face amount of the issuers debt obligations held by us exceeds $1 million and no more than 12 months of unaccrued interest on the debt obligations can be required to be prepaid; and | ||
• | a contingency relating to the time or amount of payment upon a default or prepayment of a debt obligation, as long as the contingency is consistent with customary commercial practice. | ||
• | Any loan to an individual or an estate. | ||
• | Any section 467 rental agreement, other than an agreement with a related party tenant. | ||
• | Any obligation to pay rents from real property. | ||
• | Certain securities issued by governmental entities. | ||
• | Any security issued by a REIT. | ||
• | Any debt instrument issued by an entity treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes to the extent of our interest as a partner in the partnership. | ||
• | Any debt instrument issued by an entity treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes not described above if at least 75% of the partnerships gross income, excluding income from prohibited transaction, is qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test described above in -Requirements for Qualification-Gross Income Tests. |
It is possible that we may hold real estate mezzanine loans that are secured by equity interests in a non-corporate entity that directly or indirectly owns real property. In Revenue Procedure 2003-65, the IRS provided a safe harbor pursuant to which a mezzanine loan to such a non-corporate entity, if it meets each of the requirements contained in the Revenue Procedure, will be treated by the IRS as a real estate asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests, and interest derived from it will be treated as qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% gross income test described above. Although the Revenue Procedure provides a safe harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. Moreover, any real estate mezzanine loans that we acquire may not meet all of the requirements for reliance on this safe harbor.
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We believe that most of the residential mortgage loans (including the B notes) and mortgage-backed securities that we expect to hold will be qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test. For purposes of these rules, however, if the outstanding principal balance of a mortgage loan exceeds the fair market value of the real property securing the loan, a portion of such loan likely will not be a qualifying real estate asset under the federal income tax laws. Although the law on the matter is not entirely clear, it appears that the non-qualifying portion of that mortgage loan will be equal to the portion of the loan amount that exceeds the value of the associated real property that is security for that loan. Our debt securities issued by other REITs or corporations that are not secured by mortgages on real property will not be qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test. We believe that any stock that we will acquire in other REITs will be qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test. However, if a REIT in which we own stock fails to qualify as a REIT in any year, the stock in such REIT will not be a qualifying asset for purposes of the 75% asset test. Instead, we would be subject to the second, third, fourth, and fifth assets tests described above with respect to our investment in such a disqualified REIT. We will also be subject to those assets tests with respect to our investments in any non-REIT C corporations for which we do not make a TRS election. We anticipate that value of our investment in Resource TRS, our TRS, will be less than 20% of the value of our total assets.
We will monitor the status of our assets for purposes of the various asset tests and will seek to manage our portfolio to comply at all times with such tests. There can be no assurances, however, that we will be successful in this effort. In this regard, to determine our compliance with these requirements, we will need to estimate the value of the real estate securing our mortgage loans at various times. In addition, we will have to value our investment in our other assets to ensure compliance with the asset tests. Although we will seek to be prudent in making these estimates, there can be no assurances that the IRS might not disagree with these determinations and assert that a different value is applicable, in which case we might not satisfy the 75% and the other asset tests and would fail to qualify as a REIT. If we fail to satisfy the asset tests at the end of a calendar quarter, we will not lose our REIT qualification if:
• | we satisfied the asset tests at the end of the preceding calendar quarter; and | |
• | the discrepancy between the value of our assets and the asset test requirements arose from changes in the market values of our assets and was not wholly or partly caused by the acquisition of one or more non-qualifying assets |
If we did not satisfy the condition described in the second item, above, we still could avoid disqualification by eliminating any discrepancy within 30 days after the close of the calendar quarter in which it arose.
In the event that we violate the second or third asset tests described above at the end of any calendar quarter, we will not lose our REIT qualification if the failure is de minimis (up to the lesser of 1% of our assets or $10 million) and we dispose of assets or otherwise comply with the asset tests within six months after the last day of the quarter. In the event of a more than de minimis failure of any of the asset tests, as long as the failure was due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect, we will not lose our REIT qualification if we dispose of assets or otherwise comply with the asset tests within six months after the last day of the quarter and pay a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or 35% of the net income from the nonqualifying assets during the period in which we failed to satisfy the asset tests.
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To avoid an inadvertent violation of the second, third or fourth asset tests described above, we may form a trust, the sole beneficiary of which will be Resource TRS, our TRS. Upon an uncured violation of the second, third or fourth asset tests described above, the asset or assets causing the violation would be deemed automatically to have been transferred to the trust before the occurrence of the violation. Once a deemed transfer occurs, we would have no further ownership interest in the assets transferred, and all income subsequently accruing with respect to the transferred assets would be reported on Resource TRS's tax returns and would be subject to federal, state and local income tax. Similar trusts are currently under review by the IRS and there can be no assurance that the IRS would respect the deemed transfer of assets to the trust.
We currently believe that the mortgage-related assets, securities and other assets that we expect to hold will satisfy the foregoing asset test requirements. However, no independent appraisals will be obtained to support our conclusions as to the value of our assets and securities, or in many cases, the real estate collateral for the mortgage loans that we hold. Moreover, the values of some assets may not be susceptible to a precise determination. As a result, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not contend that our ownership of securities and other assets violates one or more of the asset tests applicable to REITs.
Distribution Requirements
Each taxable year, we must distribute dividends, other than capital gain dividends and deemed distributions of retained capital gain, to our stockholders in an aggregate amount at least equal to:
• | the sum of | ||
• | 90% of our REIT taxable income, computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and our net capital gain, and | ||
• | 90% of our after-tax net income, if any, from foreclosure property, minus | ||
• | the sum of certain items of non-cash income. |
We must pay such distributions in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following taxable year if either (i) we declare the distribution before we timely file our federal income tax return for the year and pay the distribution on or before the first regular dividend payment date after such declaration or (ii) we declare the distribution in October, November or December of the taxable year, payable to stockholders of record on a specified day in any such month, and we actually pay the dividend before the end of January of the following year. The distributions under clause (i) are taxable to the stockholders in the year in which paid, and the distributions in clause (ii) are treated as paid on December 31 of the prior taxable year. In both instances, these distributions relate to our prior taxable year for purposes of the 90% distribution requirement.
We will pay federal income tax on taxable income, including net capital gain, that we do not distribute to stockholders. Furthermore, if we fail to distribute during a calendar year, or by the end of January following the calendar year in the case of distributions with declaration and record dates falling in the last three months of the calendar year, at least the sum of:
• | 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year, | |
• | 95% of our REIT capital gain income for such year, and | |
• | any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, |
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we will incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the amounts we actually distribute. We may elect to retain and pay income tax on the net long-term capital gain we receive in a taxable year. See -Taxation of Taxable U.S. Stockholders. If we so elect, we will be treated as having distributed any such retained amount for purposes of the 4% nondeductible excise tax described above. We intend to make timely distributions sufficient to satisfy the annual distribution requirements and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax.
It is possible that, from time to time, we may experience timing differences between the actual receipt of income and actual payment of deductible expenses and the inclusion of that income and deduction of such expenses in arriving at our REIT taxable income. Possible examples of those timing differences include the following:
• | Because we may deduct capital losses only to the extent of our capital gains, we may have taxable income that exceeds our economic income. | |
• | We will recognize taxable income in advance of the related cash flow if any of our MBS are deemed to have original issue discount. We generally must accrue original issue discount based on a constant yield method that takes into account projected prepayments but that defers taking into account credit losses until they are actually incurred. | |
• | We may recognize taxable market discount income when we receive the proceeds from the disposition of, or principal payments on, loans that have a stated redemption price at maturity that is greater than our tax basis in those loans, although such proceeds often will be used to make non-deductible principal payments on related borrowings. | |
• | We may recognize phantom taxable income from any residual interests in REMICs or retained ownership interests in mortgage loans subject to collateralized mortgage obligation debt. |
Although several types of non-cash income are excluded in determining the annual distribution requirement, we will incur corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax with respect to those non-cash income items if we do not distribute those items on a current basis. As a result of the foregoing, we may have less cash than is necessary to distribute all of our taxable income and thereby avoid corporate income tax and the excise tax imposed on certain undistributed income. In such a situation, we may need to borrow funds or issue additional common or preferred stock.
Under certain circumstances, we may be able to correct a failure to meet the distribution requirement for a year by paying deficiency dividends to our stockholders in a later year. We may include such deficiency dividends in our deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year. Although we may be able to avoid income tax on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends, we will be required to pay interest to the IRS based upon the amount of any deduction we take for deficiency dividends.
Recordkeeping Requirements
We must maintain certain records in order to qualify as a REIT. In addition, to avoid a monetary penalty, we must request on an annual basis information from our stockholders designed to disclose the actual ownership of our outstanding stock. We intend to comply with these requirements.
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Failure to Qualify
If we fail to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification, other than the gross income tests and the asset tests, we could avoid disqualification if our failure is due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect and we pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure. In addition, there are relief provisions for a failure of the gross income tests and asset tests, as described in -Gross Income Tests and -Asset Tests.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and no relief provision applies, we would be subject to federal income tax and any applicable alternative minimum tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. In calculating our taxable income in a year in which we fail to qualify as a REIT, we would not be able to deduct amounts paid out to stockholders. In fact, we would not be required to distribute any amounts to stockholders in that year. In such event, to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, all distributions to stockholders would be taxable as ordinary income. Subject to certain limitations of the federal income tax laws, corporate stockholders might be eligible for the dividends received deduction, and individual and certain non-corporate trust and estate stockholders may be eligible for the reduced federal income tax rate of 15% on such dividends. Unless we qualified for relief under specific statutory provisions, we also would be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we ceased to qualify as a REIT. We cannot predict whether in all circumstances we would qualify for such statutory relief.
Taxable REIT Subsidiaries
As described above, we may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs. A TRS, other than certain foreign TRSs, is a fully taxable corporation that may earn income that would not be qualifying income if earned directly by us. A corporation will not qualify as a TRS if it directly or indirectly operates or manages any hotels or health care facilities or provides rights to any brand name under which any hotel or health care facility is operated. We and our corporate subsidiary must elect for the subsidiary to be treated as a TRS. A corporation of which a TRS directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated as a TRS. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of our assets may consist of securities of one or more TRSs, and no more than 25% of the value of our assets may consist of the securities of TRSs and other non-TRS taxable subsidiaries and other assets that are not qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test. The TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to us to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. Further, the rules impose a 100% excise tax on transactions between a TRS and us or our tenants that are not conducted on an arms-length basis. We will make an election to treat Resource TRS as a TRS. We believe that all transactions between us and Resource TRS and any other TRS that we form or acquire will be conducted on an arms-length basis.
Taxation of Taxable U.S. Stockholders
The term U.S. stockholder means a holder of our common stock that, for United States federal income tax purposes, is:
• | a citizen or resident of the United States; | |
• | a corporation (including an entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized under the laws of the United States, any of its States, or the District of Columbia; | |
• | an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or | |
• | any trust if (i) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of such trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (ii) it has a valid election in place to be treated as a U.S. person. |
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If a partnership, entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes holds our common stock, the federal income tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner in a partnership holding our common stock, you should consult your tax advisor regarding the consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our common stock by the partnership.
As long as we qualify as a REIT, a taxable U.S. stockholder must generally take into account as ordinary income distributions made out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits that we do not designate as capital gain dividends or retained long-term capital gain. A U.S. stockholder will not qualify for the dividends received deduction generally available to corporations. In addition, dividends paid to a U.S. stockholder generally will not qualify for the 15% tax rate for qualified dividend income. The Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 reduced the maximum tax rate for qualified dividend income received by noncorporate taxpayers to 15% for tax years 2003 through 2008. Without future congressional action, the maximum tax rate for such taxpayers on qualified dividend income will move to 35% in 2009 and 39.6% in 2011. Qualified dividend income generally includes dividends paid to individuals, trusts and estates by domestic C corporations and certain qualified foreign corporations. Because we are not generally subject to federal income tax on the portion of our REIT taxable income distributed to our stockholders (see -Taxation of Our Company above), our dividends generally will not be eligible for the 15% rate on qualified dividend income. As a result, our ordinary REIT dividends will continue to be taxed at the higher tax rate applicable to ordinary income. Currently, the highest marginal individual income tax rate on ordinary income is 35%. However, the 15% tax rate for qualified dividend income will apply to our ordinary REIT dividends attributable to dividends received by us from non-REIT corporations, such as our TRSs, and to the extent attributable to income upon which we have paid corporate income tax (e.g., to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our taxable income). In general, to qualify for the reduced tax rate on qualified dividend income, a stockholder must hold our common stock for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date that is 60 days before the date on which our common stock became ex-dividend.
A U.S. stockholder generally will recognize distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends as long-term capital gain without regard to the period for which the U.S. stockholder has held our common stock. A corporate U.S. stockholder, however, may be required to treat up to 20% of certain capital gain dividends as ordinary income.
A U.S. stockholder will not incur tax on a distribution in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits if the distribution does not exceed the adjusted basis of the U.S. stockholders common stock. Instead, the distribution will reduce the adjusted basis of such common stock. A U.S. stockholder will recognize a distribution in excess of both our current and accumulated earnings and profits and the U.S. stockholders adjusted basis in his or her common stock as long-term capital gain, or short-term capital gain if the shares of common stock have been held for one year or less, assuming the shares of common stock are a capital asset in the hands of the U.S. stockholder. In addition, if we declare a distribution in October, November, or December of any year that is payable to a U.S. stockholder of record on a specified date in any such month, such distribution will be treated as both paid by us and received by the U.S. stockholder on December 31 of such year, provided that we actually pay the distribution during January of the following calendar year.
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Stockholders may not include in their individual income tax returns any of our net operating losses or capital losses. Instead, these losses are generally carried over by us for potential offset against our future income. Taxable distributions from us and gain from the disposition of our common stock will not be treated as passive activity income and, therefore, stockholders generally will not be able to apply any passive activity losses, such as losses from certain types of limited partnerships in which the stockholder is a limited partner, against such income. In addition, taxable distributions from us and gain from the disposition of our common stock generally will be treated as investment income for purposes of the investment interest limitations. We will notify stockholders after the close of our taxable year as to the portions of the distributions attributable to that year that constitute ordinary income, return of capital and capital gain.
We may recognize taxable income in excess of our economic income, known as phantom income, in the first years that we hold certain investments, and experience an offsetting excess of economic income over our taxable income in later years. As a result, stockholders at times may be required to pay federal income tax on distributions that economically represent a return of capital rather than a dividend. These distributions would be offset in later years by distributions representing economic income that would be treated as returns of capital for federal income tax purposes. Taking into account the time value of money, this acceleration of federal income tax liabilities may reduce a stockholders after-tax return on his or her investment to an amount less than the after-tax return on an investment with an identical before-tax rate of return that did not generate phantom income. For example, if an investor with a 30% tax rate purchases a taxable bond with an annual interest rate of 10% on its face value, the investors before-tax return on the investment would be 10% and the investors after-tax return would be 7%. However, if the same investor purchased our common stock at a time when the before-tax rate of return was 10%, the investors after-tax rate of return on such stock might be somewhat less than 7% as a result of our phantom income. In general, as the ratio of our phantom income to our total income increases, the after-tax rate of return received by a taxable stockholder will decrease. We will consider the potential effects of phantom income on our taxable stockholders in managing our investments.
Any excess inclusion income (See Requirements for Qualification Taxable Mortgage Pools for a definition of excess inclusion income) that we recognize generally will be allocated among our stockholders to the extent that it exceeds our undistributed REIT taxable income in a particular year. A stockholders share of excess inclusion income would not be allowed to be offset by any net operating losses or other deductions otherwise available to the stockholder.
Taxation of U.S. Stockholders on the Disposition of Common Stock
In general, a U.S. stockholder who is not a dealer in securities must treat any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of our common stock as long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. stockholder has held the common stock for more than one year and otherwise as short-term capital gain or loss. In general, a U.S. stockholder will realize gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the sum of the fair market value of any property and the amount of cash received in such disposition and the U.S. stockholders adjusted tax basis will equal the U.S. stockholders acquisition cost, increased by the excess of net capital gains deemed distributed to the U.S. stockholder (discussed above) less tax deemed paid on it and reduced by any returns of capital. However, a U.S. stockholder must treat any loss upon a sale or exchange of common stock held by such stockholder for six months or less as a long-term capital loss to the extent of capital gain dividends and any other actual or deemed distributions from us that such U.S. stockholder treats as long-term capital gain. All or a portion of any loss that a U.S. stockholder realizes upon a taxable disposition of our common stock may be disallowed if the U.S. stockholder purchases other common stock within 30 days before or after the disposition.
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Capital Gains and Losses
A taxpayer generally must hold a capital asset for more than one year for gain or loss derived from its sale or exchange to be treated as long-term capital gain or loss. The highest marginal individual income tax rate currently is 35% (which rate will apply for the period from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2010). The maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain applicable to individuals, trusts and estates is 15% for sales and exchanges of assets held for more than one year occurring through December 31, 2008. The maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain from the sale or exchange of section 1250 property, or depreciable real property, is 25% to the extent that such gain would have been treated as ordinary income if the property were section 1245 property. With respect to distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends and any retained capital gain that we are deemed to distribute, we generally may designate whether such a distribution is taxable to our individual, trust and estate stockholders at a 15% or 25% rate. Thus, the tax rate differential between capital gain and ordinary income for those taxpayers may be significant. In addition, the characterization of income as capital gain or ordinary income may affect the deductibility of capital losses. A non-corporate taxpayer may deduct capital losses not offset by capital gains against its ordinary income only up to a maximum annual amount of $3,000. A non-corporate taxpayer may carry forward unused capital losses indefinitely. A corporate taxpayer must pay tax on its net capital gain at ordinary corporate rates. A corporate taxpayer may deduct capital losses only to the extent of capital gains, with unused losses being carried back three years and forward five years.
Information Reporting Requirements and Backup Withholding
We will report to our stockholders and to the IRS the amount of distributions we pay during each calendar year, and the amount of tax we withhold, if any. Under the backup withholding rules, a stockholder may be subject to backup withholding at a current rate of 28% with respect to distributions unless the holder:
• | is a corporation or comes within certain other exempt categories and, when required, demonstrates this fact; or | |
• | provides a taxpayer identification number, certifies as to no loss of exemption from backup withholding, and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules. |
A stockholder who does not provide us with its correct taxpayer identification number also may be subject to penalties imposed by the IRS. Any amount paid as backup withholding will be creditable against the stockholders income tax liability. In addition, we may be required to withhold a portion of capital gain distributions to any stockholders who fail to certify their non-foreign status to us. For a discussion of the backup withholding rules as applied to non-U.S. stockholders. See -Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders.
Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders
Tax-exempt entities, including qualified employee pension and profit sharing trusts and individual retirement accounts, generally are exempt from federal income taxation. However, they are subject to taxation on their unrelated business taxable income, or UBTI. While many investments in real estate generate UBTI, the IRS has issued a ruling that dividend distributions from a REIT to an exempt employee pension trust do not constitute UBTI so long as the exempt employee pension trust does not otherwise use the shares of the REIT in an unrelated trade or business of the pension trust. Based on that ruling, amounts that we distribute to tax-exempt stockholders generally should not constitute UBTI. However, if a tax-exempt stockholder were to finance its acquisition of common stock with debt, a portion of the income that it receives from us would constitute UBTI pursuant to the debt-financed property rules. Moreover, social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations, supplemental unemployment benefit trusts and qualified group legal services plans that are exempt from taxation under special provisions of the federal income tax laws are subject to different UBTI rules, which generally will require them to characterize distributions that they receive from us as UBTI. Furthermore, a tax-exempt stockholders share of any excess inclusion income that we recognize would be subject to tax as UBTI. Finally, in certain circumstances, a qualified employee pension or profit sharing trust that owns more than 10% of our stock must treat a percentage of the dividends that it receives from us as UBTI. Such percentage is equal to the gross income we derive from an unrelated trade or business, determined as if we were a pension trust, divided by our total gross income for the year in which we pay the dividends. That rule applies to a pension trust holding more than 10% of our stock only if:
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• | the percentage of our dividends that the tax-exempt trust must treat as UBTI is at least 5%; | ||
• | we qualify as a REIT by reason of the modification of the rule requiring that no more than 50% of our stock be owned by five or fewer individuals that allows the beneficiaries of the pension trust to be treated as holding our stock in proportion to their actuarial interests in the pension trust; and | ||
• | either: | ||
• | one pension trust owns more than 25% of the value of our stock; or | ||
• | a group of pension trusts individually holding more than 10% of the value of our stock collectively owns more than 50% of the value of our stock. |
Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders
The rules governing U.S. federal income taxation of nonresident alien individuals, foreign corporations, foreign partnerships, and other foreign stockholders are complex. This section is only a summary of such rules. We urge non-U.S. stockholders to consult their own tax advisors to determine the impact of federal, state, and local income tax laws on ownership of our common stock, including any reporting requirements.
A non-U.S. stockholder that receives a distribution that is not attributable to gain from our sale or exchange of United States real property interests, as defined below, and that we do not designate as a capital gain dividend or retained capital gain will recognize ordinary income to the extent that we pay the distribution out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. A withholding tax equal to 30% of the gross amount of the distribution ordinarily will apply unless an applicable tax treaty reduces or eliminates the tax. However, if a distribution is treated as effectively connected with the non-U.S. stockholders conduct of a U.S. trade or business, the non-U.S. stockholder generally will be subject to federal income tax on the distribution at graduated rates, in the same manner as U.S. stockholders are taxed on distributions and also may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax in the case of a corporate non-U.S. stockholder. We plan to withhold U.S. income tax at the rate of 30% on the gross amount of any distribution paid to a non-U.S. stockholder unless either:
• | a lower treaty rate applies and the non-U.S. stockholder files an IRS Form W-8BEN evidencing eligibility for that reduced rate with us, or | |
• | the non-U.S. stockholder files an IRS Form W-8ECI with us claiming that the distribution is effectively connected income. |
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However, reduced treaty rates are not available to the extent that the income allocated to the non-U.S. stockholder is excess inclusion income. Our excess inclusion income generally will be allocated among our stockholders to the extent that it exceeds our undistributed REIT taxable income in a particular year.
A non-U.S. stockholder will not incur tax on a distribution in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits if the excess portion of the distribution does not exceed the adjusted basis of its common stock. Instead, the excess portion of the distribution will reduce the adjusted basis of that common stock. A non-U.S. stockholder will be subject to tax on a distribution that exceeds both our current and accumulated earnings and profits and the adjusted basis of the common stock if the non-U.S. stockholder otherwise would be subject to tax on gain from the sale or disposition of its common stock, as described below. Because we generally cannot determine at the time we make a distribution whether the distribution will exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits, we normally will withhold tax on the entire amount of any distribution at the same rate as we would withhold on a dividend. However, a non-U.S. stockholder may obtain a refund from the IRS of amounts that we withhold if we later determine that a distribution in fact exceeded our current and accumulated earnings and profits.
We may be required to withhold 10% of any distribution that exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits. Consequently, although we intend to withhold at a rate of 30% on the entire amount of any distribution, to the extent that we do not do so, we will withhold at a rate of 10% on any portion of a distribution not subject to withholding at a rate of 30%.
For any year in which we qualify as a REIT, a non-U.S. stockholder will incur tax on distributions that are attributable to gain from our sale or exchange of United States real property interests under special provisions of the federal income tax laws known as FIRPTA. The term United States real property interests includes interests in real property and shares in corporations at least 50% of whose assets consist of interests in real property. The term United States real property interests does not generally include mortgage loans or MBS. As a result, we do not anticipate that we will generate material amounts of gain that would be subject to FIRPTA. Under the FIRPTA rules, a non-U.S. stockholder is taxed on distributions attributable to gain from sales of United States real property interests as if the gain were effectively connected with a U.S. business of the non-U.S. stockholder. A non-U.S. stockholder thus would be taxed on such a distribution at the normal capital gain rates applicable to U.S. stockholders, subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of a non-resident alien individual. A non-U.S. corporate stockholder not entitled to treaty relief or exemption also may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax on such a distribution. We must withhold 35% of any such distribution that we could designate as a capital gain dividend. A non-U.S. stockholder, may receive a credit against our tax liability for the amount we withhold. However, if our common stock becomes regularly traded on an established securities market in the future, capital gain distributions that are attributable to our sale of real property will be treated as ordinary dividends rather than as gain from the sale of a United States real property interest, as long as the non-U.S. stockholder does not own more than 5% of that class of our stock during the taxable year. As a result, non-U.S. stockholders generally would be subject to withholding tax on such capital gain distributions in the same manner as they are subject to withholding tax on ordinary dividends.
In the unlikely event that at least 50% of the assets we hold were determined to be United States real property interests, gains from the sale of our common stock by a non-U.S. stockholder could be subject to a FIRPTA tax. However, even if that event were to occur, a non-U.S. stockholder generally would not incur tax under FIRPTA on gain from the sale of our common stock if we were a domestically-controlled REIT. A domestically-controlled REIT is a REIT in which, at all times during a specified testing period, less than 50% in value of its shares are held directly or indirectly by non-U.S. stockholders. We cannot assure you that this test will be met.
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If our common stock becomes regularly traded on an established securities market in the future, an additional exception to the tax under FIRPTA will become available, even if we do not qualify as a domestically-controlled REIT at the time the non-U.S. stockholder sells our common stock. The gain from such a sale by such a non-U.S. stockholder will not be subject to tax under FIRPTA if:
• | our common stock is considered regularly traded under applicable Treasury regulations on an established securities market, such as the New York Stock Exchange; and | |
• | the non-U.S. stockholder owned, actually or constructively, 5% or less of our common stock at all times during a specified testing period. |
If the gain on the sale of the common stock were taxed under FIRPTA, a non-U.S. stockholder would be taxed on that gain in the same manner as U.S. stockholders, subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien individuals. Furthermore, a non-U.S. stockholder generally will incur tax on gain not subject to FIRPTA if:
• | the gain is effectively connected with the non-U.S. stockholders U.S. trade or business, in which case the non-U.S. stockholder will be subject to the same treatment as U.S. stockholders with respect to such gain, or | |
• | the non-U.S. stockholder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the U.S. for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a tax home in the United States, in which case the non-U.S. stockholder will incur a 30% tax on his or her capital gains. |
Sunset of Reduced Tax Rate Provisions
Several of the tax considerations described herein are subject to a sunset provision. The sunset provisions generally provide that for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2008, certain provisions that are currently in the Internal Revenue Code will revert back to a prior version of those provisions. These provisions include provisions related to the reduced maximum income tax rate for long-term capital gains of 15% (rather than 20%) for taxpayers taxed at individual rates, the application of the 15% tax rate to qualified dividend income, and certain other tax rate provisions described herein. The impact of this reversion is not discussed herein. Consequently, prospective stockholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the effect of sunset provisions on an investment in our common stock.
State and Local Taxes
We and/or our stockholders may be subject to taxation by various states and localities, including those in which we or a stockholder transacts business, owns property or resides. The state and local tax treatment may differ from the federal income tax treatment described above. Consequently, stockholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the effect of state and local tax laws upon an investment in our common stock.
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UNDERWRITING
Under the terms and subject to the conditions contained in an underwriting agreement dated ________, 2005, we and the selling stockholders have agreed to sell to the underwriters named below, for whom Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, Friedman Billings Ramsey & Co., Inc., Citigroup Global Markets, Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. are acting as representatives, the following respective numbers of shares of common stock:
Underwriter | Number | |
of Shares | ||
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Credit Suisse First Boston LLC | ||
Friedman Billings Ramsey & Co., Inc. | ||
Citigroup Global Markets, Inc. | ||
J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. | ||
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Total | ||
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The underwriting agreement provides that the underwriters are obligated to purchase all the shares of common stock in the offering if any are purchased, other than those shares covered by the over-allotment option described below. The underwriting agreement also provides that if an underwriter defaults the purchase commitments of non-defaulting underwriters may be increased or the offering may be terminated.
We have granted to the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to __________ additional shares from us at the initial public offering price less the underwriting discounts and commissions. The option may be exercised only to cover any over-allotments of common stock.
The underwriters propose to offer the shares of common stock initially at the public offering price on the cover page of this prospectus and to selling group members at that price less a selling concession of $_______ per share. The underwriters and selling group members may allow a discount of $_______per share on sales to other broker/dealers. After the initial public offering the underwriters may change the public offering price and concession and discount to broker/dealers.
The following table summarizes the compensation and estimated expenses we and the selling stockholders will pay:
Per Share | Total | ||||||||||||
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Without | With | Without | With | ||||||||||
Over-Allotment | Over-Allotment | Over-Allotment | Over-Allotment | ||||||||||
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Underwriting Discounts and Commissions paid by us | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Expenses payable by us | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Underwriting Discounts and Commissions paid by selling stockholders | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Expenses payable by the selling stockholders | $ | $ | $ | $ |
The underwriters have informed us that they do not expect sales to accounts over which the underwriters have discretionary authority to exceed 5% of the shares of common stock being offered. The underwriters will not confirm sales to any accounts over which they exercise discretionary authority without first receiving a written consent from those accounts.
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We intend to use more than 10% of the net proceeds from the sale of our common stock to repay approximately $___ million of repurchase agreements owed by us to________________, one of our underwriters.
We have agreed that we will not offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, or file with the SEC a registration statement under the Securities Act relating to, any shares of our common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares of our common stock, or publicly disclose the intention to make any offer, sale, pledge, disposition or filing, without the prior written consent of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, except issuances pursuant to the exercise of employee stock options outstanding on the date hereof. However, in the event that either (1) during the last 17 days of the lock-up period, we release earnings results or material news or a material event relating to us occurs or (2) before the expiration of the lock-up period, we announce that we will release earnings results during the 16-day period beginning on the last day of the lock-up period, then in either case the expiration of the lockup will be extended until the expiration of the 18-day period beginning on the date of the release of the earnings results or the occurrence of the material news or event, as applicable, unless Credit Suisse First Boston LLC waives, in writing, such an extension.
Our officers, directors, members of our investment committee, Resource America, Resource Capital Manager and the selling stockholders have agreed that they will not offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of our common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares of our common stock, enter into a transaction that would have the same effect, or enter into any swap, hedge or other arrangement that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of our common stock, whether any of these transactions are to be settled by delivery of our common stock or other securities, in cash or otherwise, or publicly disclose the intention to make any offer, sale, pledge or disposition, or to enter into any transaction, swap, hedge or other arrangement, without, in each case, the prior written consent of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus (or with respect to our selling stockholders, 60 days after the date of this prospectus). However, in the event that either (1) during the last 17 days of the lock-up period, we release earnings results or material news or a material event relating to us occurs or (2) before the expiration of the lock-up period, we announce that we will release earnings results during the 16-day period beginning on the last day of the lock-up period, then in either case the expiration of the lock-up will be extended until the expiration of the 18-day period beginning on the date of the release of the earnings results or the occurrence of the material news or event, as applicable, unless Credit Suisse First Boston LLC waives, in writing, such an extension.
The underwriters have reserved for sale at the initial public offering price up to _______ shares of the common stock for employees, directors and other persons associated with us who have expressed an interest in purchasing common stock in the offering. The number of shares available for sale to the general public in the offering will be reduced to the extent these persons purchase the reserved shares. Any reserved shares not so purchased will be offered by the underwriters to the general public on the same terms as the other shares.
We have been advised by the underwriters that:
• | they have not offered or sold, and, before the expiration of the period of six months from the closing date for the issue of our common stock, will not offer or sell any of our common stock to persons in the United Kingdom, except to those persons whose ordinary activities involve them in acquiring, holding, managing or disposing of investments (as principal or agent) for the purpose of their businesses or otherwise in circumstances which have not resulted and will not result in an offer to the public in the United Kingdom within the meaning of the Public Offers of Securities Regulations 1995; they have complied and will comply with all applicable provisions of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 or FSMA, with respect to anything done by them in relation to our common stock in, from or otherwise involving the United Kingdom; they have only communicated or caused to be communicated and will only communicate or cause to be communicated any invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the meaning of Section 21 of the FSMA) received by them in connection with the issue or sale of our common stock in circumstances in which Section 21(1) of the FSMA does not apply to us; |
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• | they will not offer or sell any of our common stock directly or indirectly in Japan or to, or for the benefit of any Japanese person or to others, for re-offering or re-sale directly or indirectly in Japan or to any Japanese person, except in each case pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of, and otherwise in compliance with, the Securities and Exchange Law of Japan and any other applicable laws and regulations of Japan. For purposes of this paragraph, Japanese person means any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan; | |
• | they and each of their affiliates have not (i) offered or sold and will not offer or sell in Hong Kong, by means of any document, our common stock other than (a) to professional investors as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571) of Hong Kong and any rules made under that Ordinance or (b) in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a prospectus as defined in the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32) of Hong Kong or which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of that Ordinance or (ii) issued or had in their possession for the purposes of issue, and will not issue or have in their possession for the purposes of issue, whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere, any advertisement, invitation or document relating to our common stock, which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public of Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to our common stock which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to professional investors as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance and any rules made under that Ordinance. The contents of this document have not been reviewed by any regulatory authority in Hong Kong. You are advised to exercise caution in relation to the offer. If you are in any doubt about any of the contents of this document, you should obtain independent professional advice; | |
• | this prospectus or any other offering material relating to our common stock has not been and will not be registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore, and our common stock will be offered in Singapore pursuant to exemptions under Section 274 and Section 275 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore (the Securities and Futures Act). Accordingly, our common stock may not be offered or sold, or be the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, nor may this prospectus or any other offering material relating to our common stock be circulated or distributed, whether directly or indirectly, to the public or any member of the public in Singapore other than (a) to an institutional investor or other person specified in Section 274 of the Securities and Futures Act, (b) to a sophisticated investor, and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275 of the Securities and Futures Act or (c) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the Securities and Futures Act; |
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• | they are aware of the fact that no German sales prospectus (Verkaufsprospekt) within the meaning of the Securities Sales Prospectus Act (Wertpapier-Verkaufsprospektgesetz, the Act) of the Federal Republic of Germany has been or will be published with respect to our common stock. In particular, each underwriter has represented that it has not engaged and has agreed that it will not engage in a public offering (öffentliches Angebot) within the meaning of the Act with respect to any of our common stock otherwise than in accordance with the Act and all other applicable legal and regulatory requirements; | |
• | shares of our common stock are being issued and sold outside the Republic of France and that, in connection with their initial distribution, they have not offered or sold and will not offer or sell, directly or indirectly, any of our common stock to the public in the Republic of France, and that they have not distributed and will not distribute or cause to be distributed to the public in the Republic of France this prospectus or any other offering material relating to our common stock, and that such offers, sales and distributions have been and will be made in the Republic of France only to qualified investors (investisseurs qualifiés) in accordance with Article L.411-2 of the Monetary and Financial Code and decrét no. 98-880 dated 1st October, 1998; and | |
• | shares of our common stock may not be offered, sold, transferred or delivered in or from the Netherlands as part of their initial distribution or at any time thereafter, directly or indirectly, other than to individuals or legal entities situated in The Netherlands who or which trade or invest in securities in the conduct of a business or profession (which includes banks, securities intermediaries (including dealers and brokers), insurance companies, pension funds, collective investment institutions, central governments, large international and supranational organizations, other institutional investors and other parties, including treasury departments of commercial enterprises, which as an ancillary activity regularly invest in securities; hereinafter, Professional Investors), provided that in the offer, prospectus and in any other documents or advertisements in which a forthcoming offering of our common stock is publicly announced (whether electronically or otherwise) in The Netherlands it is stated that such offer is and will be exclusively made to such Professional Investors. Individual or legal entities who are not Professional Investors may not participate in the offering of our common stock, and this prospectus or any other offering material relating to our common stock may not be considered an offer or the prospect of an offer to sell or exchange our common stock. |
We and the selling stockholders have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against liabilities under the Securities Act or contribute to payments that the underwriters may be required to make in that respect.
We intend to apply to have our common stock listed for trading on The New York Stock Exchange under the symbol RSO.
Before this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. Consequently, the initial public offering price for the shares was determined by negotiations among us, the selling stockholders and the representatives. Among the factors considered in determining the initial public offering price were our record of operations, our management, our estimated net income, our estimated cash available for distribution to our common stockholders, our anticipated dividend yield, our growth prospects, the current market valuations, financial performance and dividend yields of publicly traded companies considered by us and the underwriters to be comparable to us, and the current state of the commercial real estate industry and the economy as a whole. We cannot assure you, however, that the prices at which the shares will sell in the public market after this offering will not be lower than the initial public offering price or that an active trading market in our common stock will develop and continue after this offering.
163
In connection with the offering the underwriters may engage in stabilizing transactions, over-allotment transactions, syndicate covering transactions, penalty bids and passive market making in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act.
• | Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase the underlying security so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum. | |
• | Over-allotment involves sales by the underwriters of shares in excess of the number of shares the underwriters are obligated to purchase, which creates a syndicate short position. The short position may be either a covered short position or a naked short position. In a covered short position, the number of shares over-allotted by the underwriters is not greater than the number of shares that they may purchase in the over-allotment option. In a naked short position, the number of shares involved is greater than the number of shares in the over-allotment option. The underwriters may close out any covered short position by either exercising their over-allotment option and/or purchasing shares in the open market. | |
• | Syndicate covering transactions involve purchases of the common stock in the open market after the distribution has been completed in order to cover syndicate short positions. In determining the source of shares to close out the short position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which they may purchase shares through the over-allotment option. If the underwriters sell more shares than could be covered by the over-allotment option, a naked short position, the position can only be closed out by buying shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there could be downward pressure on the price of the shares in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in the offering. | |
• | Penalty bids permit the representatives to reclaim a selling concession from a syndicate member when the common stock originally sold by the syndicate member is purchased in a stabilizing or syndicate covering transaction to cover syndicate short positions. | |
• | In passive market making, market makers in the common stock who are underwriters or prospective underwriters may, subject to limitations, make bids for or purchases of our common stock until the time, if any, at which a stabilizing bid is made. |
These stabilizing transactions, syndicate covering transactions and penalty bids may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of our common stock or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the common stock. As a result the price of our common stock may be higher than the price that might otherwise exist in the open market. These transactions may be effected on The New York Stock Exchange and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.
The underwriters may, from time to time, engage in transactions with, and perform services for, us in the ordinary course of their business.
164
We have purchased and will in the future likely purchase investments, including RMBS, ABS and syndicated loans, from or issued by affiliates of underwriters in this offering or underwritten by underwriters in this offering. As of May 31, 2005, an aggregate of approximately $523 million in carrying value, or 39.7%, of our portfolio, had been issued by affiliates of the underwriters in this offering or underwritten by underwriters in this offering, including Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, Friedman Billings Ramsey & Co., Inc., Citigroup Global Markets, Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities Inc.
Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, one of our underwriters, has entered into repurchase agreements with us under which $769 million was outstanding at May 31, 2005. These repurchase agreements mature at various dates between June 22, 2005 and June 30, 2005. We expect these repurchase agreements to be extended for 30 day periods.
Credit Suisse First Boston International, an affiliate of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, entered into three interest rate swaps with us between April 15, 2005 and May 23, 2005 in an aggregate amount of $739 million. These swaps mature between April 15, 2006 and May 23, 2006.
Credit Suisse First Boston LLC is acting as the exclusive structurer and placement agent for us in connection with the Ischus CDO II transaction and we expect that it will receive a customary fee of approximately $3.6 million and reimbursement of approximately $200,000 of expenses in connection with the transaction, assuming the CDO issues $400 million of securities. Credit Suisse First Boston LLC is also acting as the exclusive structurer and placement agent for us in connection with the Apidos CDO I transaction and we expect that it will receive a customary fee of approximately $3.6 million and reimbursement of approximately $100,000 of expenses in connection with the transaction, assuming the CDO issues $350 million of securities.
A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on the web sites maintained by one or more of the underwriters, or selling group members, if any, participating in this offering and one or more of the underwriters participating in this offering may distribute prospectuses electronically. The representatives may agree to allocate a number of shares to underwriters and selling group members for sale to their online brokerage account holders. Internet distributions will be allocated by the underwriters and selling group members that will make internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations.
165
NOTICE TO CANADIAN RESIDENTS
Resale Restrictions
The distribution of the common stock in Canada is being made only on a private placement basis exempt from the requirement that we and the selling stockholders prepare and file a prospectus with the securities regulatory authorities in each province where trades of the common stock are made. Any resale of the common stock in Canada must be made under applicable securities laws which will vary depending on the relevant jurisdiction, and which may require resales to be made under available statutory exemptions or under a discretionary exemption granted by the applicable Canadian securities regulatory authority. Purchasers are advised to seek legal advice before any resale of the common stock.
Representations of Purchasers
By purchasing the common stock in Canada and accepting a purchase confirmation a purchaser is representing to us, the selling stockholders and the dealer from whom the purchase confirmation is received that:
• | the purchaser is entitled under applicable provincial securities laws to purchase the common stock without the benefit of a prospectus qualified under those securities laws, | |
• | where required by law, that the purchaser is purchasing as principal and not as agent, and | |
• | the purchaser has reviewed the text above under Resale Restrictions. |
Rights of Action Ontario Purchasers Only
Under Ontario securities legislation, a purchaser who purchases a security offered by this prospectus during the period of distribution will have a statutory right of action for damages, or while still the owner of the common stock, for rescission against us and the selling stockholders in the event that this prospectus contains a misrepresentation without regard to whether the purchaser relied on the representation. The right of action for damages is exercisable not later than the earlier of 180 days from the date the purchaser first had knowledge of the facts giving rise to the cause of action and three years from the date on which payment is made for the common stock. The right of action for rescission is exercisable not later than 180 days from the date on which payment is made for the common stock. If a purchaser elects to exercise the right of action for rescission, the purchaser will have no right of action for damages against us or the selling stockholders. In no case will the amount recoverable in any action exceed the price at which the common stock were offered to the purchaser and if the purchaser is shown to have purchased the securities with knowledge of the misrepresentation, we and the selling stockholders will have no liability. In the case of an action for damages, we and the selling stockholders will not be liable for all or any portion of the damages that are proven to not represent the depreciation in value of the common stock as a result of the misrepresentation relied upon. These rights are in addition to, and without derogation from, any other rights or remedies available at law to an Ontario purchaser. The foregoing is a summary of the rights available to an Ontario purchaser. Ontario purchasers should refer to the complete text of the relevant statutory provisions.
Enforcement of Legal Rights
All of our directors and officers as well as the experts named herein and the selling stockholders may be located outside of Canada and, as a result, it may not be possible for Canadian purchasers to effect service of process within Canada upon us or those persons. All or a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of those persons may be located outside of Canada and, as a result, it may not be possible to satisfy a judgment against us or those persons in Canada or to enforce a judgment obtained in Canadian courts against us or those persons outside of Canada.
166
Taxation and Eligibility for Investment
Canadian purchasers of the common stock should consult their own legal and tax advisors with respect to the tax consequences of an investment in the common stock in their particular circumstances and about the eligibility of the common stock for investment by the purchaser under relevant Canadian legislation.
167
LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters in connection with this offering will be passed on for us by Ledgewood. DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP will pass upon the validity of the shares of common stock sold in this offering and certain other matters under Maryland law. Certain legal matters in connection with this offering will be passed upon for the underwriters by Clifford Chance US LLP.
EXPERTS
Our consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2005 and for the period March 8, 2005 (date operations commenced) through March 31, 2005 included in this prospectus have been so included in reliance upon the reports of Grant Thornton LLP, independent registered accounting firm, upon the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-11, including exhibits and schedules filed with the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, under the Securities Act with respect to the shares of common stock to be sold in this offering. This prospectus does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement and exhibits and schedules to the registration statement. For further information with respect to our company and the shares of common stock to be sold in this offering, reference is made to the registration statement, including the exhibits and schedules to the registration statement which may be examined without charge at the public reference room of the SEC, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Information about the operation of the public reference room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0300. Copies of all or a portion of the registration statement may be obtained from the public reference room of the SEC upon payment of prescribed fees. Our SEC filings, including our registration statement, are also available to you on the SECs website at www.sec.gov .
As a result of this offering, we will become subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and will file periodic reports, proxy statements and make available to our stockholders annual reports containing audited financial information for each year and quarterly reports for the first three quarters of each fiscal year containing unaudited interim financial information.
168
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
F-1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Board of Directors
Resource Capital Corp.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Resource Capital Corp. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of March 31, 2005, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders equity, and cash flows for the period from March 8, 2005 (date operations commenced) to March 31, 2005. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Companys management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of internal control over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Companys internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Resource Capital Corp. and subsidiaries as of March 31, 2005, and the results of their operations, and their cash flows for the period from March 8, 2005 to March 31, 2005 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
New York, New York
June 13, 2005
F-2
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
March 31, 2005
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
ASSETS | |||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 112,599 | |
Mortgage-backed securities available-for-sale, pledged as collateral-at fair value | 414,564 | ||
Mortgage-backed securities available-for-sale, at fair value | 86,605 | ||
Interest receivable | 1,752 | ||
Other assets | 453 | ||
|
|
||
Total assets | $ | 615,973 | |
|
|
||
LIABILITIES | |||
Repurchase agreements, including accrued interest of $210 | $ | 400,963 | |
Management fee payable related party | 208 | ||
Offering costs payable | 237 | ||
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 83 | ||
|
|
||
Total liabilities | 401,491 | ||
|
|
||
STOCKHOLDERS EQUITY | |||
Preferred stock, par value $0.001: 100,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding | — | ||
Common stock, par value $0.001: 500,000,000 shares authorized; 15,682,334 shares issued and outstanding (including
349,000 restricted shares) |
16 | ||
Additional paid-in capital | 220,038 | ||
Deferred equity compensation | (5,184) | ||
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (340) | ||
Retained deficit | (48) | ||
|
|
||
Total stockholders equity | 214,482 | ||
|
|
||
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS EQUITY | $ | 615,973 | |
|
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
F-3
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
Period from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to March 31, 2005
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
REVENUES | |||
Net interest income: | |||
Interest income from securities available-for-sale | $ | 404 | |
Interest income on temporary cash investments | 290 | ||
|
|
||
Total interest income | 694 | ||
Interest expense on repurchase agreements | 210 | ||
|
|
||
Net interest income | 484 | ||
|
|
||
EXPENSES | |||
Management fee expense related party | 208 | ||
Equity compensation expense related party | 209 | ||
General and administrative | 115 | ||
|
|
||
Total expenses | 532 | ||
|
|
||
NET LOSS | $ | (48) | |
|
|
||
NET LOSS PER SHARE BASIC AND DILUTED | $ | (.00) | |
|
|
||
WEIGHTED AVERAGE NUMBER OF SHARES OUTSTANDING BASIC AND DILUTED | 15,333,334 | ||
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-4
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS EQUITY
Period from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced)
to March 31, 2005
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Common stock | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Shares | Amount |
Additional
Paid-In Capital |
Deferred
Equity Compensation |
Accumulated
|
Retained
Deficit |
Comprehensive
Loss |
Total
Stockholders Equity |
|||||||||||||||||
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
$ | $ | 215,325 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Common shares issued | 15,333,334 | $ | 15 | $ | 215,310 | $ | $ | (664 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Offering costs | (664 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock based compensation | 349,000 | $ | 1 | 5,392 | (5,393 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of stock
based compensation
|
209 | (209 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Net loss | (48 | ) | $ | (48 | ) | (48 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Mortgage-backed
securities available-for-sale, fair value adjustment
|
(340 | ) | (340 | ) | (340 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
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|
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Comprehensive loss | $ | (388 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Balance, March 31, 2005 | 15,682,334 | $ | 16 | $ | 220,038 | $ | (5,184 | ) | $ | (340 | ) | $ | (48 | ) | $ | 214,482 | ||||||||
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|
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
F-5
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
Period from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to March 31, 2005
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-6
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTE 1 – ORGANIZATION
Resource Capital Corp. and subsidiaries (the Company) was incorporated in Maryland on January 31, 2005 and commenced its operations on March 8, 2005 upon receipt of the net proceeds from a private placement of shares of its common stock. The Companys principal business activity is to purchase and manage a diversified portfolio of real estate-related assets and commercial finance assets. The Companys investment activities are managed by Resource Capital Manager, Inc. (the Manager) pursuant to a management agreement (the Management Agreement) (see Note 7).
The Company intends to elect to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (REIT) for federal income tax purposes effective for our initial taxable year ending December 31, 2005 and to comply with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code) with respect thereto. See Note 3 for further discussion on income taxes.
The Company has three wholly-owned subsidiaries; RCC Real Estate, Inc., RCC Commercial, Inc. and Resource TRS, Inc. As of March 31, 2005, RCC Real Estate held all of the mortgaged backed securities purchased during the period ended March 31, 2005. There was no activity in either RCC Commercial or Resource TRS, the Companys taxable REIT subsidiary (TRS).
NOTE 2 – BASIS OF PRESENTATION
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The results of operations for the period ended March 31, 2005 may not necessarily be indicative of the results of operations for the period commencing March 8, 2005 and ending December 31, 2005.
NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates affecting the accompanying consolidated financial statements include the fair values of mortgage-backed securities and the estimated life used to calculate amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts, respectively, on securities.
F-7
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
–
(Continued)
Period from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to March 31,
2005
NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – (Continued)
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less (temporary cash investments) at the time of purchase.
Securities Available for Sale
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities, (SFAS No. 115) requires the Company to classify its investment portfolio as either trading investments, available-for-sale investments or held-to-maturity investments. Although the Company generally plans to hold most of its investments to maturity, it may, from time to time, sell any of its investments due to changes in market conditions or in accordance with its investment strategy. Accordingly, SFAS No. 115 requires the Company to classify all of its investment securities as available-for-sale. All investments classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value, based on market prices provided by dealers, with unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders' equity.
The Company evaluates its available-for-sale investments for other-than-temporary impairment charges on available-for-sale securities under SFAS No. 115, in accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) 03-1, The Meaning of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment and its Application to Certain Investments. SFAS 115 and EITF 03-01 requires an investor to determine when an investment is considered impaired (i.e., a decline in fair value below its amortized cost), evaluate whether that impairment is other than temporary (i.e., the investment value will not be recovered over its remaining life), and, if the impairment is other than temporary, recognize an impairment loss equal to the difference between the investments cost and its fair value. The guidance also includes accounting considerations subsequent to the recognition of an other-than-temporary impairment and requires certain disclosures about unrealized losses that have not been recognized as other-than-temporary impairments. EITF 03-01 also includes disclosure requirements for investments in an unrealized loss position for which other-than-temporary impairments have not been recognized.
Investment securities transactions are recorded on the trade date. Purchases of newly issued securities are recorded when all significant uncertainties regarding the characteristics of the securities are removed, generally shortly before settlement date. Realized gains and losses on investment securities are determined on the specific identification method.
F-8
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS –
(Continued)
Period from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to March 31,
2005
NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – (Continued)
Interest Income Recognition
Interest income on the Companys mortgage-backed securities is accrued using the effective yield method based on the actual coupon rate and the outstanding principal amount of the underlying mortgages. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted into interest income over the lives of the securities also using the effective yield method (or a method that approximates effective yield), adjusted for the effects of estimated prepayments based on SFAS No. 91, Accounting for Nonrefundable Fees and Costs Associated with Originating or Acquiring Loans and Initial Direct Costs of Leases. For investment purchased at par, the effective yield is the contractual interest rate on the investment. If the investment is purchased at a discount or at a premium, the effective yield is computed based on the contractual interest rate increased for the accretion of a purchase discount or decreased for the amortization of a purchase premium. The effective yield method requires the Company to make estimates of future prepayment rates for its investments that can be contractually prepaid before their contractual maturity date so that the purchase discount can be accreted, or the purchase premium can be amortized, over the estimated remaining life of the investment. The prepayment estimates that the Company uses directly impact the estimated remaining lives or its investments. Actual prepayment estimates are reviewed as of each quarter end or more frequently if the Company becomes aware of any material information that would lead it to believe that an adjustment is necessary. If prepayment estimates are incorrect, the amortization or accretion of premiums and discounts may have to be adjusted, which would have an impact on future income.
Credit Risk
At March 31, 2005, the Company had limited its exposure to credit losses on its investment portfolio by only purchasing securities issued by Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC) and Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA). The payment of principal and interest on these securities is guaranteed by the respective issuing agencies.
F-9
The Company finances the acquisition of its agency RMBS investments solely through the use of repurchase agreements. Although structured as a sale and purchase obligation, a repurchase agreement operates as a financing under which the Company pledges its securities as collateral to secure a loan which is equal in value to a specified percentage of the estimated fair value of the pledged collateral, while the Company retains beneficial ownership of the pledged collateral. These repurchase agreements are carried at their contractual amounts, as specified in the respective agreements. The Company recognizes interest expense on all borrowings on an accrual basis.
Comprehensive Loss
Comprehensive loss for the Company includes net loss and the change in net unrealized gains/(losses) on available-for-sale securities. Certain derivative instruments would also be included, although the Company has not entered into any such instruments during the period ended March 31, 2005.
Income Taxes
The Company expects to operate in a manner that will allow it to qualify and be taxed as a REIT and to comply with the provisions of the Code with respect thereto. A REIT is generally not subject to federal income tax on that portion of its REIT taxable income (Taxable Income) which is distributed to its stockholders, provided, that at least 90% of Taxable Income is distributed and certain other requirements are met. If the Company fails to meet these requirements and does not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, it would be subject to federal income tax. The Company has a wholly owned subsidiary, Resource TRS, Inc., which it will elect to be treated as TRS. A TRS is subject to corporate-level income taxes. As of March 31, 2005, the Companys TRS did not have any taxable income.
F-10
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
Period
from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to March 31,
2005
NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
Distributions
There were no distributions declared for the period ended March 31, 2005.
Stock Based Compensation
Pursuant to its 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (see Note 11), the Company granted 345,000 shares of restricted stock and options to purchase 651,666 shares of common stock to its Manager. Holders of the restricted shares granted have all of the rights of a stockholder of the Company including the right to vote such shares and receive dividends. The Company accounts for the restricted stock and stock options granted in accordance with EITF 96-18, Accounting for Equity Instruments that are issued to other than Employees for Acquiring, or in Conjunction with Selling, Goods or Services, (EITF 96-18) and SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation, (SFAS No. 123). In accordance with EITF 96-18, the stock and options are recorded in stockholders equity at fair value through an increase to additional paid-in-capital and an off-setting entry to deferred equity compensation (a contra-equity account). The deferred compensation is amortized over a three year graded vesting period with the amortization expense reflected as equity compensation expense. The unvested stock and options are adjusted quarterly to reflect changes in fair value as performance under the agreement is completed. Any change in fair value is reflected in the equity compensation expense recognized in that quarter and in future quarters until the stock and options are fully vested.
The Company also issued 4,000 shares of restricted stock to its directors on March 8, 2005. The stock awards vest in full one year after the date of the grant. The Company accounts for this issuance using the fair value based methodology prescribed by SFAS No. 123. Pursuant to SFAS No. 123, the fair value of the award was measured on the grant date and recorded in stockholders equity through an increase to additional paid-in capital and an offsetting entry to deferred equity compensation (a contra-equity account). This amount is not remeasured under the fair value based method. The deferred compensation is amortized and included in equity compensation expense.
Incentive Compensation
The Management Agreement also provides for incentive compensation if the Companys financial performance exceeds certain benchmarks. See Note 7 for further discussion on the specific terms of the computation and payment of the incentive fee.
The incentive fee will be paid 75% in cash and 25% in restricted stock. The cash portion of the incentive fee is accrued and expensed during the period for which it is calculated and earned. In accordance with SFAS No. 123 and EITF 96-18, the restricted stock portion of the incentive fee is also accrued and expensed during the period for which it is calculated and earned. Shares granted in connection with the incentive fee will vest immediately. No incentive fee was incurred for the period ended March 31, 2005.
F-11
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
Period
from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to March 31,
2005
NOTE 3 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
Net Loss Per Share
In accordance with the provisions of SFAS No. 128, Earnings per Share, the Company calculates basic loss per share by dividing net loss for the period by weighted-average shares of its common stock, including vested restricted stock outstanding for that period. Diluted loss per share takes into account the effect of dilutive instruments, such as stock options and unvested restricted stock, but uses the average share price for the period in determining the number of incremental shares that are to be added to the weighted-average number of shares outstanding (see Note 6).
The Companys policies permit it to enter into derivative contracts, including interest rate swaps and interest rate forwards, as a means of mitigating its interest rate risk on forecasted interest expense associated with the benchmark rate on forecasted rollover/reissuance of repurchase agreements or the interest rate repricing of repurchase agreements, or hedged items, for a specified future time period.
The Company designates its derivative instruments as cash flow hedges and evaluate them at inception and on an ongoing basis in order to determine whether they qualify for hedge accounting. The hedge instrument must be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in the hedged item attributable to the risk being hedged in order to qualify for hedge accounting. Regression methodology is used to assess the effectiveness of its hedging strategies. Specifically, at the inception of each new hedge and on an ongoing basis, the Company assesses effectiveness using regression analysis to evaluate the correlation between the rates consistent with the hedge instrument and the underlying hedged items. A hedge instrument is highly effective if changes in the fair value of the derivative provide an offset to at least 80% and not more than 120% of the changes in fair value or cash flows of the hedged item attributable to the risk being hedged. The futures and interest rate swap contracts are carried on the balance sheet at fair value. Any ineffectiveness which arises during the hedging relationship is recognized in interest expense during the period in which it arises. Before the end of the specified hedge time period, the effective portion of all contract gain and losses (whether realized or unrealized) is recorded in other comprehensive income or loss. Realized gains and losses on futures contracts are reclassified into earnings as an adjustment to interest expense during the specified hedge time period. Realized gains and losses on interest rate swap contracts are reclassified into earnings as an adjustment to interest expense during the period after the swap repricing date through the remaining maturity of the swap. For REIT taxable income purposes, realized gains and losses on futures and interest rate swap contracts are reclassified into earnings immediately when positions are closed or have expired.
F-12
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2004, the FASB issued SFAS No. 123-R, which is a revision of SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation. SFAS No. 123-R supersedes Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees, and amends SFAS No. 95, Statement of Cash Flows. Generally, the approach to accounting in Statement 123-R requires all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the issuers financial statements based on their fair value.
In May 2005, the FASB issued SFAS No. 154, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections, (SFAS 154) which replaces Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 20, Accounting Changes and SFAS No. 3, Reporting Accounting Changes in Interim Financial Statements-An Amendment of APB Opinion No. 28. SFAS 154 provides guidance on the accounting for, and reporting of, accounting changes and error corrections. It established retrospective application, or the latest practicable date, as the required method for reporting a change in accounting principle and the reporting of a correction of an error. SFAS 154 is effective for accounting changes and corrections of errors made in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2005.
F-13
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
Period
from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to March 31,
2005
NOTE 4 – MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
The following table summarizes the Company's mortgage-backed securities classified as available-for-sale as of March 31, 2005, which are carried at fair value (in thousands, except percentages):
Federal Home Loan | Federal National | |||||||||
Mortgage | Mortgage | Total Mortgage | ||||||||
Corporation | Association | Backed Securities | ||||||||
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Mortgage-backed securities, gross | $ | 205,200 | $ | 297,071 | $ | 502,271 | ||||
Unamortized discount | (515 | ) | (281 | ) | (796 | ) | ||||
Unamortized premium | | 34 | 34 | |||||||
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|
|
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|
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Amortized cost | 204,685 | 296,824 | 501,509 | |||||||
Gross unrealized gains | 42 | 236 | 278 | |||||||
Gross unrealized losses | (345 | ) | (273 | ) | (618 | ) | ||||
|
|
|
|
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|
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Estimated fair value | $ | 204,382 | $ | 296,787 | $ | 501,169 | ||||
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|
|
|
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Percent of total | 40.8 | % | 59.2 | % | 100.0 | % | ||||
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|
The actual maturities of mortgage-backed securities are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. Actual maturities of the Company's mortgage-backed securities are affected by the contractual lives of the underlying mortgages, periodic scheduled payments of principal, and prepayments of principal. The following table summarizes the Company's residential agency mortgage-backed securities as of March 31, 2005 according to their estimated weighted-average life classifications (in thousands, except average coupon):
Weighed Average Life | Fair Value | Amortized Cost |
Average
Coupon |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
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Less than one year | $ | – | $ | – | – | |||
Greater than one year and less than five years | 501,169 | 501,509 | 4.17 | % | ||||
Greater than five years | – | – | – | |||||
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|
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Total | $ | 501,169 | $ | 501,509 | 4.17 | % | ||
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|
The estimated weighted-average lives of the Companys agency residential mortgage-backed securities as of March 31, 2005 in the table above are based upon data provided through subscription-based financial information services, assuming constant principal prepayment factors to the balloon or reset date for each security. The prepayment model considers current yield, forward yield, steepness of the yield curve, current mortgage rates, mortgage rate of the outstanding loan, loan age, margin and volatility. The actual weighted-average lives of the agency residential mortgage-backed securities in the Company's investment portfolio could be longer or shorter than the estimates in the table above depending on the actual prepayment factors experienced over the lives of the applicable securities and are sensitive to changes in both prepayment factors and interest rates.
F-14
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
Period
from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to March 31,
2005
NOTE 4 – MORTGAGE BACKED SECURITIES (Continued)
The following table shows the Company's investments' fair value and gross unrealized losses, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at March 31, 2005 (in thousands):
Less than 12 Months | Total | |||||||||||
|
|
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Gross | Gross | |||||||||||
Unrealized | Unrealized | |||||||||||
Fair Value | Losses | Fair Value | Losses | |||||||||
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|
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|
|
|
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Mortgage-backed securities | $ | 305,558 | $ | (618) | $ | 305,558 | $ | (618) | ||||
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|
|
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|
|
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Total temporarily impaired securities | $ | 305,558 | $ | (618) | $ | 305,558 | $ | (618) | ||||
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|
|
|
|
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|
At March 31, 2005, the Companys mortgage-backed securities portfolio consisted entirely of agency guaranteed residential mortgage-backed securities. The temporary impairment of the available-for-sale securities results from the fair value of the securities falling below the amortized cost basis and is solely attributed to changes in interest rates. As of March 31, 2005, none of the securities held by the Company had been downgraded by a credit rating agency since their purchase. Management intends and has the ability to hold the securities until the fair value of the securities held is recovered, which may be maturity if necessary. As such, management does not believe any of the securities held are other-than-temporarily impaired at March 31, 2005.
NOTE 5 – REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS
The Company has entered into repurchase agreements with third party financial institutions to finance its mortgage-back securities. Certain of our repurchase agreements include termination events that, if they occur, may cause, among other things, transactions to be terminated early. As of March 31, 2005, no such covenants were breached. At March 31, 2005, the Company had repurchase agreements with an outstanding balance of $401.0 million with weighted-average borrowing rates of 2.81% and weighted average maturities of 24 days. The Companys borrowing agreements bear interest at floating rates based on a spread above the London InterBank Offered Rate (LIBOR). At March 31, 2005, securities pledged as collateral for repurchase agreements had estimated fair values of $414.6 million.
At March 31, 2005, the repurchase agreements had the following counterparties and amounts at risk (in thousands):
Amount of Risk (1) | ||
|
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|
Goldman, Sachs & Co. | $ | 15,004 |
|
|
(1) | Equal to the fair value of securities sold, plus accrued interest income, minus repurchase agreement liabilities, including accrued interest. |
F-15
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
Period
from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to March 31,
2005
NOTE 6 – CAPITAL STOCK AND EARNINGS PER SHARE
The Company had 500,000,000 shares of common stock par value $0.001 per share authorized and 15,682,334 shares (including 349,000 restricted shares) outstanding as of March 31, 2005. The Company had 100,000,000 shares of par value $0.001 preferred stock authorized and none issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2005.
On March 8, 2005, the Company completed a private placement of 15,333,334 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value at an offering price of $15.00 per share, including the sale of 666,667 shares of common stock pursuant to the over-allotment option of the initial purchasers/placement agents. The Company received proceeds from these transactions in the amount of $214.7 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions, placement agent fees and other offering costs.
On March 8, 2005, the Company granted 345,000 shares of restricted common stock, par value $0.001 and options to purchase 651,666 common shares at an exercise price of $15.00 per share, to the Manager (see Note 11). The restrictions with respect to the restricted common stock lapse and full rights of ownership vest for one-third of the shares and options on the first anniversary of the grant date, for one-third of the shares on the second anniversary and for the last one-third of the shares on the third anniversary. Vesting is predicated on the continuing involvement of the Manager in providing services to the Company. In addition, the Company granted 4,000 shares of restricted common stock to the Companys directors as part of their annual compensation. These shares vest in full on the first anniversary of the date of the grant.
The fair value of the shares of restricted stock, including shares issued to the directors, was $5,235,000 as of March 31, 2005, of which $203,000 was expensed for the period ended March 31, 2005. The fair value of the total option grant as of March 31, 2005 was $158,300, of which $6,100 was expensed for the period ended March 31, 2005. The fair value of each option grant at March 31, 2005 is $0.243. The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions as of March 31, 2005: dividend yield of 12.00 percent; expected volatility of 20.11 percent, risk-free interest rate of 4.603 percent; and expected life of 10 years.
The following table presents a reconciliation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the period ended March 31, 2005 (in thousands except share and per share amounts):
Basic and Diluted | |||
|
|
||
Net loss | $ | (48 | ) |
|
|
||
Weighted-average number of shares | 15,333,334 | ||
|
|
||
Net loss per share | $ | (.00 | ) |
|
|
Diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share as the Company had a loss in the periods presented and, therefore, the effect of all potentially dilutive securities on the loss per share is anti-dilutive. As a result, 349,000 and 651,666 potentially dilutive shares of restricted stock and stock options, respectively, are not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share for the period ended March 31, 2005.
F-16
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS
(Continued)
Period from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to March 31, 2005
NOTE 7 – THE MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT
On March 8, 2005, the Company entered into a Management Agreement pursuant to which the Manager will provide certain services, including investment management and certain administrative services. The Manager received fees and is reimbursed for its expenses as follows:
• | a monthly base management fee equal to 1/12 th of the amount of the Companys equity multiplied by 1.50%. Under the Management Agreement, equity is equal to the net proceeds from any issuance of shares of common stock less other offering related costs plus or minus the Company's retained earnings (excluding non-cash equity compensation incurred in current or prior periods) less any amounts the Company paid for common stock repurchases. The calculation may be adjusted for one-time events due to changes in GAAP as well as other non-cash charges, upon approval of the independent directors of the Company; | |
• | incentive compensation based on the products of (i) 25% of the dollar amount by which, (A) the Company's net income (determined in accordance with GAAP) per common share (before non-cash equity compensation expense and incentive compensation) for a quarter (based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding) exceeds, (B) an amount equal to (1) the weighted average share price of shares of common stock in the offerings of the Company, multiplied by, (2) the greater of (A) 2.00% or (B) 0.50% plus one-fourth of the Ten Year Treasury rate as defined in the Management Agreement for such quarter, multiplied by, (ii) the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the quarter. The calculation may be adjusted for one-time events due to changes in GAAP as well as other non-cash charges upon approval of the independent directors of the Company; and | |
• | out-of-pocket expenses and certain other costs incurred by the Manager that relates directly to the Company and its operations. |
Incentive compensation will be paid quarterly. Seventy-five percent (75%) of the incentive compensation will be paid in cash and twenty-five percent (25%) will be paid in the form of a restricted stock award. The Manager may elect to receive more than 25% of its incentive compensation in the form of shares of common stock. The Manager's ownership percentage in the Company, direct and indirect, cannot exceed 9.8% . All shares are fully vested upon issuance, provided, that the Manager may not sell such shares for one year after the incentive compensation becomes due and payable. Shares payable as incentive compensation are valued as follows:
• | if such shares are traded on a securities exchange, at the average of the closing prices of the shares on such exchange over the thirty day period ending three days prior to the issuance of such shares; | |
• | if such shares are actively traded over-the-counter, at the average of the closing bid or sales price as applicable over the thirty day period ending three days prior to the issuance of such shares; and | |
• | if there is no active market for such shares, the value shall be the fair market value thereof, as reasonably determined in good faith by the board of directors of the Company. |
F-17
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
Period from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to March 31,
2005
NOTE 7 – THE MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT (Continued)
The initial term of the Management Agreement ends March 31, 2008. The Management Agreement automatically renews for a one year term at the end of the initial term and each renewal term. With a two-thirds vote of the independent directors, the independent directors may elect to terminate the Management Agreement because of the following:
• | unsatisfactory performance; and/or | |
• | unfair compensation payable to the Manager and fair compensation cannot be agreed upon between two-thirds of the independent directors and the Manager; |
In the event that the Agreement is terminated based on the provisions disclosed above, the Company must pay the Manager a termination fee equal to four times the sum of the average annual base management fee and the average annual incentive during the two 12-month periods immediately preceding the date of such termination. The Company is also entitled to terminate the Management Agreement for cause (as defined therein) without payment of any termination fee.
The base management fee for the period ended March 31, 2005 was approximately $208,000. No incentive fee was earned by the Manager as of March 31, 2005.
NOTE 8 – RELATED-PARTY TRANSACTIONS
At March 31, 2005, the Company was indebted to the Manager for base management fees of approximately $208,000 and reimbursement of expenses of approximately $52,000. These amounts are included in management fee payable and accounts payable and accrued liabilities, respectively.
The corporate parent of the Manager owns a 6.4% ownership interest in the Company consisting of 1,000,000 shares purchased in the private placement. Certain officers of the Manager and its affiliates purchased 232,167 shares of the Companys common stock in the Companys private placement for $3.5 million, constituting 1.5% of the outstanding shares of the Companys common stock as of March 31, 2005. All such shares were purchased at the same price as those shares purchased by other third party investors.
NOTE 9 – FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
SFAS No. 107, Disclosure About Fair Value of Financial Instruments, requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate value. The fair value of mortgage-backed securities available-for-sale is equal to their carrying value presented in the consolidated balance sheet. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, interest receivable, repurchase agreements (including accrued interest) and accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximates carrying value as of March 31, 2005 due to the short-term nature of these instruments.
F-18
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
Period from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to March 31,
2005
NOTE 10 – INTEREST RATE RISK
The primary market risk to the Company is interest rate risk. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors beyond the Companys control. Changes in the general level of interest rates can affect net interest income, which is the difference between the interest income earned on interest-earning assets and the interest expense incurred in connection with the interest-bearing liabilities, by affecting the spread between the interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Changes in the level of interest rates also can affect the value of the Companys interest-earning assets and the Companys ability to realize gains from the sale of these assets. A decline in the value of the Companys interest-earning assets pledged as collateral for borrowings under repurchase agreements could result in the counterparties demanding additional collateral pledges or liquidation of some of the exiting collateral to reduce borrowing levels.
The Company seeks to manage the extent to which net income changes as a function of changes in interest rates by matching adjustable-rate assets with variable-rate borrowings. During periods of changing interest rates, such interest rate mismatches could negatively impact the Companys consolidated financial condition, consolidated results of operations and consolidated cash flows. In addition, although the Company has not done so as of March 31, 2005, the Company may seek to mitigate the potential impact on net income of periodic and lifetime coupon adjustment restrictions in its investment portfolio by entering into interest rate hedging agreements such as interest rate caps and interest rate swaps.
Changes in interest rates may also have an effect on the rate of mortgage principal payments and, as a result, prepayments on mortgage-backed securities of the type in the Companys investment portfolio. The Company will seek to mitigate the effect of change in the mortgage principal repayment rate by balancing assets purchased at a premium with assets purchased at a discount. To date, the aggregate discount exceeds the aggregate premium on the Companys mortgage-backed securities.
F-19
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP.
NOTES
TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Continued)
Period
from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to March 31,
2005
NOTE 11– STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN
Upon formation of the Company, the 2005 stock incentive plan (the Plan) was adopted for the purpose of attracting and retaining executive officers, employees, directors and other persons and entities that provide services to the Company. The stock incentive plan authorizes the issuance of options to purchase common stock and the grant of stock awards, performance shares and stock appreciation rights.
Up to 1,533,334 shares of common stock are available for issuance under the stock incentive plan. The share authorization, the incentive stock option limit and the terms of outstanding awards will be adjusted as the board of directors determines is appropriate in the event of a stock dividend, stock split, reclassification of shares or similar events. Upon completion of the March 2005 private placement, the Company granted the Manager 345,000 shares of restricted stock and options to purchase 651,666 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $15.00 per share under the Plan, none of which are exercisable as of March 31, 2005. The Companys directors were also granted 4,000 shares of restricted stock as part of their annual compensation.
F-20
PART II. INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
Item 30. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Contained in this prospectus included as part of this registration statement, under the caption Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risks in the section Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and by this reference included herein.
Item 31. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.
The following table sets forth the costs and expenses of the sale and distribution of the securities being registered, all of which are being borne by the Registrant.
Item 32. Sales to Special Parties.
See the response to Item 33 below.
Item 33. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities.
On January 31, 2005, in connection with the incorporation of Resource Capital Corp. (the Company), the Company issued 1,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share (the Common Stock) to Resource America, Inc. (RAI) for $1,000. Such issuance was exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act), pursuant to Section 4(2) thereof. These shares of Common Stock were redeemed upon completion of the Company's March 2005 private offering.
On March 8, 2005, the Company sold 8,754,962 shares of its Common Stock to Credit Suisse First Boston LLC (the Initial Purchaser). The Company issued these shares of Common Stock to the Initial Purchaser in reliance on the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act provided by Section 4(2) of the Securities Act. The Initial Purchaser paid the Company a purchase price of $13.95 per share, for total proceeds to the Company of $122,131,719.90. The Initial Purchaser resold all of these shares of Common Stock to (i) qualified institutional buyers (as defined in Rule 144A under the Securities Act) in reliance on the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act provided by Rule 144A under the Securities Act and (ii) investors outside the United States in reliance on the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act provided by Regulation S under the Securities Act. The offering price per share of Common Stock to qualified institutional buyers under Rule 144A and non-United States persons under Regulation S was $15.00 per share for gross proceeds of $131,324,430 and the Initial Purchasers discount and commission was $9,192,710.10.
II-1
On March 8, 2005, the Company sold 6,578,372 shares of its Common Stock in a concurrent private placement to accredited investors (as defined in Rule 501 under the Securities Act) in reliance on the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act provided by Rule 506 of Regulation D under the Securities Act, with the Initial Purchaser acting as placement agent. The Initial Purchaser received a placement fee of $1.05 per share with respect to 5,221,206 of these shares of Common Stock. No placement fee was paid with respect to 1,357,166 of these shares. The total proceeds to the Company from the private placement of these shares was $93,193,313.70 and total placement fees paid to the placement agents was $5,482,266.30.
On March 8, 2005, the Company granted a total of 345,000 restricted shares of Common Stock to Resource Capital Manager, Inc., as manager of the Company, pursuant to the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan of the Company (the Incentive Plan). Additionally, on March 8, 2005 the Company granted, in the aggregate, 4,000 restricted shares of Common Stock to the Companys non-employee directors pursuant to the Incentive Plan. Such grants were exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act pursuant to Section 4(2) thereof. For a more detailed description of the Incentive Plan, see Management2005 Stock Incentive Plan in the prospectus which is a part of this registration statement.
On March 8, 2005, the Company granted options to acquire 651,666 shares of Common Stock to Resource Capital Manager, Inc., as manager of the Company, pursuant to the Incentive Plan. Such grant was exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act pursuant to Section 4(2) thereof.
Item 34. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.
Maryland law permits a Maryland corporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the liability of its directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages except for liability resulting from (a) actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or (b) active or deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment as being material to the cause of action. Our charter contains a provision which limits the liability of our directors and officers to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law.
Our charter also authorizes our company, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, to obligate our company to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any individual who, while a director or officer of our company and at the request of our company, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise as a director, officer, partner or trustee, from and against any claim or liability to which that individual may become subject or which that individual may incur by reason of his or her or her service in any such capacity and to pay or reimburse his or her reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding.
II-2
Our bylaws obligate us, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any individual who, while a director or officer of our company and at the request of our company, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise as a director, officer, partner or trustee and who is made, or threatened to be made, a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity from and against any claim or liability to which that individual may become subject or which that individual may incur by reason of his or her service in any such capacity and to pay or reimburse his or her reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding. Our charter and bylaws also permit our company to indemnify and advance expenses to any individual who served a predecessor of our company in any of the capacities described above and any employee or agent of our company or a predecessor of our company.
Maryland law requires a corporation (unless its charter provides otherwise, which our charter does not) to indemnify a director or officer who has been successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of his or her service in such capacity, or in the defense of an issue, claim or matter in any such proceeding. Maryland law permits a corporation to indemnify its present and former directors and officers, among others, against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses actually incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they may be made, or are threatened to be made, a party by reason of their service in those or other capacities unless it is established that:
• | the act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and (i) was committed in bad faith or (ii) was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty; or | |
• | the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services; or | |
• | in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. |
A court may order indemnification if it determines that the director or officer is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnification, even though the director or officer did not meet the prescribed standard of conduct or was adjudged liable on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received. However, under Maryland law, a Maryland corporation may not indemnify for an adverse judgment in a suit by or in the right of the corporation or for a judgment of liability on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received, unless in either case a court orders indemnification and then only for expenses. In addition, Maryland law permits a corporation to advance reasonable expenses to a director or officer upon the corporation's receipt of:
• | a written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the corporation and | |
• | a written undertaking by him or her or on his or her behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the corporation if it is ultimately determined that the standard of conduct was not met. |
Item 35. Treatment of Proceeds from Stock Being Registered.
None of the proceeds will be credited to an account other than the appropriate capital share account.
II-3
Item 36. Financial Statements and Exhibits.
(a) Financial Statements. See page F-1 for an index of the financial statements included in the registration statement.
(b) Exhibits. The following exhibits are filed as part of this registration statement on Form S-11:
Exhibit | Description of Document | |
|
|
|
1.1 | Form of Underwriting Agreement among Resource Capital Corp. and the underwriters named therein.* | |
3.1 | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Resource Capital Corp. | |
3.2 | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Resource Capital Corp. | |
4.1 | Form of Certificate for Common Stock for Resource Capital Corp.* | |
5.1 | Opinion of DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP as to legality of the securities being issued* | |
8.1 | Opinion of Ledgewood as to certain U.S. federal income tax matters* | |
10.1 | Registration Rights Agreement among Resource Capital Corp. and Credit Suisse First Boston LLC for the benefit of certain holders of the common stock of Resource Capital Corp., dated as of March 8, 2005 | |
10.2 | Management Agreement between Resource Capital Corp., Resource Capital Manager, Inc. and Resource America, Inc. dated as of March 8, 2005 | |
10.3 | 2005 Stock Incentive Plan | |
10.4 | Form of Stock Award Agreement | |
10.5 | Form of Stock Option Agreement | |
21.1 | List of Subsidiaries of Resource Capital Corp. | |
23.1 | Consent of DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1)* | |
23.2 | Consent of Ledgewood (included in Exhibit 8.1)* | |
23.3 | Consent of Grant Thornton LLP | |
24.1 |
Power of Attorney (included on signature page) |
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|
||
* To be filed by amendment. |
II-4
Item 37. Undertakings.
(a) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the underwriters at the closing specified in the underwriting agreements certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriters to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.
(b) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, may be permitted to directors, officers or controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
(c) The undersigned Registrant hereby further undertakes that:
(1) For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.
(2) For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
II-5
SIGNATURES AND POWERS OF ATTORNEY
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the undersigned Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-11 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of New York, State of New York on July 11, 2005.
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. | ||
By: | /s/ Jonathan Z. Cohen | |
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Name: | Jonathan Z. Cohen | |
Title: | Chief Executive Officer and Director |
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Jonathan Z. Cohen and Steven J. Kessler and each of them, his true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Registration Statement, and any additional related registration statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (including post-effective amendments to the registration statement and any such related registration statements), and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and any other documents in connection therewith, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or their substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
/s/ | Edward E. Cohen | July 11, 2005 | ||
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Edward E. Cohen | ||||
Chairman and Director | ||||
/s/ | Jonathan Z. Cohen | July 11, 2005 | ||
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Jonathan Z. Cohen | ||||
Chief Executive Officer and Director | ||||
/s/ | Walter T. Beach | July 11, 2005 | ||
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Walter T. Beach | ||||
Director | ||||
/s/ | William B. Hart | July 11, 2005 | ||
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William B. Hart | ||||
Director | ||||
/s/ | Murray S. Levin | July 11, 2005 | ||
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Murray S. Levin | ||||
Director | ||||
/s/ | P. Sherrill Neff | July 11, 2005 | ||
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P. Sherrill Neff | ||||
Director | ||||
/s/ | Steven J. Kessler | July 11, 2005 | ||
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Steven J. Kessler | ||||
Chief Financial Officer |
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP.
AMENDED AND RESTATED
ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION
FIRST: RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP., a Maryland corporation (the "Corporation"), desires to amend and restate its charter (the "Charter") as currently in effect and as hereinafter amended.
SECOND: The following provisions are all the provisions of the Charter currently in effect and as hereinafter amended.
ARTICLE I
NAME
The name of the corporation (which is hereinafter called the "Corporation") is:
Resource Capital Corp.
ARTICLE II
PURPOSE
The purposes for which the Corporation is formed are to engage in any lawful act or activity (including, without limitation or obligation, engaging in business as a real estate investment trust under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time, or any successor statute (the "Code")) for which corporations may be organized under the general laws of the State of Maryland as now or hereafter in force. For purposes of this charter of the Corporation (the "Charter"), "REIT" means a real estate investment trust under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code. The foregoing purposes and objects shall be in no way limited or restricted by reference to, or inference from, the terms of any other clause of this or any other article of the Charter and each shall be regarded as independent; and they are intended to be and shall be construed as powers as well as purposes and objects of the Corporation and shall be in addition to and not in limitation of the general powers of corporations under the General Laws of the State of Maryland.
ARTICLE III
RESIDENT AGENT AND PRINCIPAL OFFICE IN MARYLAND
The address of the principal office of the Corporation in Maryland is c/o The Corporation Trust Incorporated, 300 East Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202. The name and address of the resident agent of the Corporation are The Corporation Trust Incorporated, 300 East Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202. The resident agent is a Maryland corporation.
ARTICLE IV
PROVISIONS FOR DEFINING, LIMITING
AND REGULATING CERTAIN POWERS OF THE
CORPORATION AND OF THE STOCKHOLDERS AND DIRECTORS
Section 4.1 Number of Directors. The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed under the direction of the Board of Directors. The number of directors of the Corporation shall be two, which number may be increased or decreased only by the Board of Directors pursuant to the Bylaws of the Corporation (the "Bylaws"), but shall never be less than the minimum number required by the Maryland General Corporation Law or any successor statute (the "MGCL"). The names of the directors who shall serve until the first annual meeting in 2006 of stockholders and until their successors are duly elected and qualified are:
Edward E. Cohen Jonathan Z. Cohen
The directors may increase the number of directors and may fill any vacancy, whether resulting from an increase in the number of directors or otherwise, on the Board of Directors in the manner provided in the Bylaws.
Beginning with the annual meeting of stockholders in 2006 and at each succeeding annual meeting of stockholders, the directors will be elected to hold office for a term expiring at the next succeeding annual meeting. Each director will hold office for the term for which that director is elected until that director's successor is duly elected and qualified.
The Corporation elects, at such time as it becomes eligible to make the election provided for under Section 3-804(c) of the MGCL, that, except as may be provided by the Board of Directors in setting the terms of any class or series of stock, any and all vacancies on the Board of Directors may be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors in office, even if the remaining directors do not constitute a quorum, and any director elected to fill a vacancy shall serve for the remainder of the full term of the directorship in which such vacancy occurred.
Section 4.2 Extraordinary Actions. Except as specifically provided in
Section 4.8 (relating to removal of directors) and in Article VII,
notwithstanding any provision of law permitting or requiring any action to be
taken or approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of shares entitled to
cast a greater number of votes, any such action shall be effective and valid if
declared advisable by the Board of Directors and taken or approved by the
affirmative vote of holders of shares entitled to cast a majority of all the
votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
Section 4.3 Authorization by Board of Stock Issuance. The Board of Directors may authorize the issuance from time to time of shares of stock of the Corporation of any class or series, whether now or hereafter authorized, or securities or rights convertible into shares of its stock of any class or series, whether now or hereafter authorized, for such consideration as the Board of Directors may deem advisable (or without consideration in the case of a stock split or stock dividend), subject to such restrictions or limitations, if any, as may be set forth in the Charter or the Bylaws.
Section 4.4 Preemptive Rights and Appraisal Rights. Except as may be provided by the Board of Directors in setting the terms of classified or reclassified shares of stock pursuant to Section 5.4 or as may otherwise be provided by contract approved by the Board of Directors, no holder of shares of stock of the Corporation shall, as such holder, have any preemptive right to purchase or subscribe for any additional shares of stock of the Corporation or any other security of the Corporation which it may issue or sell. Holders of shares of stock shall not be entitled to exercise any rights of an objecting stockholder provided for under Subtitle 2 of Title 3 of the MGCL unless the Board of Directors, upon the affirmative vote of a majority of the Board of Directors, shall determine that such rights apply, with respect to all or any classes or series of stock, to one or more transactions occurring after the date of such determination in connection with which holders of such shares would otherwise be entitled to exercise such rights.
Section 4.5 Indemnification. (a) The Corporation shall have the power,
to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law in effect from time to time, to
obligate itself to indemnify, and to pay or reimburse reasonable expenses in
advance of final disposition of a proceeding to, (i) any individual who is a
present or former director or officer of the Corporation or (ii) any individual
who, while a director or officer of the Corporation and at the request of the
Corporation, serves or has served as a director, officer, partner or trustee of
another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture,
trust, employee benefit plan or any other enterprise from and against any claim
or liability to which such person may become subject or which such person may
incur by reason of his or her service in any of the foregoing capacities. The
Corporation shall have the power, with the approval of the Board of Directors,
to provide such indemnification and advancement of expenses to a person who
served a predecessor of the Corporation in any of the capacities described in
(i) or (ii) above and to any employee or agent of the Corporation or a
predecessor of the Corporation.
(b) The Corporation may, to the fullest extent permitted by law, purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person described in the preceding paragraph against any liability which may be asserted against such person.
(c) The indemnification provided herein shall not be deemed to limit the right of the Corporation to indemnify any other person for any such expenses to the fullest extent permitted by law, nor shall it be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which any person seeking indemnification from the Corporation may be entitled under any agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors, or otherwise, both as to action in such person's official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding such office.
Section 4.6 Determinations by Board. The determination as to any of the following matters, made in good faith by or pursuant to the direction of the Board of Directors consistent with the Charter, shall be final and conclusive and shall be binding upon the Corporation and every holder of shares of its stock: the amount of the net income of the Corporation for any period and the
amount of assets at any time legally available for the payment of dividends, redemption of its stock or the payment of other distributions on its stock; the amount of paid-in surplus, net assets, net profits, other surplus, annual or other net profit, cash flow, funds from operations, net assets in excess of capital, undivided profits or excess of profits over losses on sales of assets; the amount, purpose, time of creation, increase or decrease, alteration or cancellation of any reserves or charges and the propriety thereof (whether or not any obligation or liability for which such reserves or charges shall have been created shall have been paid or discharged); any interpretation of the terms, preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers or rights, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or distributions, qualifications or terms or conditions of redemption of any class or series of stock of the Corporation; the fair value, or any sale, bid or asked price to be applied in determining the fair value, of any asset owned or held by the Corporation or of any shares of stock of the Corporation; the number of shares of stock of any class of the Corporation; any matter relating to the acquisition, holding and disposition of any assets by the Corporation; or any other matter relating to the business and affairs of the Corporation or required or permitted by applicable law, the Charter or Bylaws or otherwise to be determined by the Board of Directors.
Section 4.7 REIT Qualification. It shall be the duty of the Board of Directors to ensure that the Corporation satisfies the requirements for qualification as a REIT under the Code, including, but not limited to, the ownership of outstanding shares of its common stock, the nature of its assets, the sources of its income, and the amount and timing of its distributions to its stockholders. The Board of Directors shall take no action to disqualify the Corporation as a REIT or to otherwise revoke the Corporation's election to be taxed as a REIT without the affirmation vote of holders of shares entitled to cast a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast on such matter at a meeting of the stockholders.
Section 4.8 Removal of Directors. Subject to the rights of holders of one or more classes or series of Preferred Stock to elect or remove one or more directors, any director, or the entire Board of Directors, may be removed from office at any time, but only for cause and then only by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast generally in the election of directors. For the purpose of this paragraph, "cause" shall mean, with respect to any particular director, conviction of a felony or a final judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction holding that such director caused demonstrable, material harm to the Corporation through gross negligence, wilful misconduct, bad faith or active and deliberate dishonesty.
ARTICLE V
STOCK
Section 5.1 Authorized Shares. The Corporation has authority to issue 600,000,000 shares of stock, consisting of 500,000,000 shares of Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share ("Common Stock"), and 100,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share ("Preferred Stock"). The aggregate par value of all authorized shares of stock having par value is $600,000. If shares of one class of stock are classified or reclassified into shares of another class of stock pursuant to this Article V, the number of authorized shares of the former class shall be automatically decreased and the number of shares of the latter class shall be automatically increased, in each case by the number of shares so classified or reclassified, so that the aggregate number of shares of stock of all classes that the Corporation has authority to issue shall not be more than the total number of shares of stock set forth in the first sentence of this paragraph. The Board of Directors, with the approval of a majority of the entire Board of Directors, without any action by the stockholders of the Corporation, may amend the Charter from time to time to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that the Corporation has authority to issue.
Section 5.2 Common Stock. Subject to the provisions of Article VI and except as may otherwise be specified in the terms of any class or series of Common Stock, each share of Common Stock shall entitle the holder thereof to one vote. The Board of Directors may reclassify any unissued shares of Common Stock from time to time in one or more classes or series of stock.
Section 5.3 Preferred Stock. The Board of Directors may classify any unissued shares of Preferred Stock and reclassify any previously classified but unissued shares of Preferred Stock of any series from time to time, in one or more classes or series of stock.
Section 5.4 Classified or Reclassified Shares. Prior to issuance of classified or reclassified shares of any class or series, the Board of Directors by resolution shall: (a) designate that class or series to distinguish it from all other classes and series of stock of the Corporation; (b) specify the number of shares to be included in the class or series; (c) set or change, subject to the provisions of Article VI and subject to the express terms of any class or series of stock of the Corporation outstanding at the time, the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, including, without limitation, restrictions on transferability, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms and conditions of redemption for each class or series; and (d) cause the Corporation to file articles supplementary with the Maryland State Department of Assessments and Taxation ("MSDAT"). Any of the terms of any class or series of stock set or changed pursuant to clause (c) of this Section 5.4 may be made dependent upon facts or events ascertainable outside the Charter (including determinations by the Board of Directors or other facts or events within the control of the Corporation) and may vary among holders thereof, provided that the manner in which such facts, events or variations shall operate upon the terms of such class or series of stock is clearly and expressly set forth in the articles supplementary or other Charter document accepted for record by MSDAT.
Section 5.5 Charter and Bylaws. The rights of all stockholders and the terms of all stock are subject to the provisions of this Charter and the Bylaws.
ARTICLE VI
RESTRICTION ON TRANSFER AND OWNERSHIP OF SHARES
Section 6.1 Definitions. For the purpose of this Article VI, the following terms shall have the following meanings:
Beneficial Ownership. The term "Beneficial Ownership" shall mean
ownership of Capital Stock by a Person, whether the interest in the shares of
Capital Stock is held directly or indirectly (including by a nominee), and shall
include interests that would be treated as owned through the application of
Section 544 of the Code, as modified by Section 856(h)(1)(B) and 856 (h)(3)(A)
of the Code. The terms "Beneficial Owner," "Beneficially Owns" and "Beneficially
Owned" shall have the correlative meanings.
Benefit Plan Investor. The term "Benefit Plan Investor" shall mean any holder of shares of Capital Stock that is (i) an employee benefit plan (as defined in Section 3(3) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended ("ERISA")), whether or not it is subject to the provisions of Title I of ERISA; (ii) a plan as defined in Section 4975(e) of the Code (any such employee benefit plan or "plan" described in clause (i) or this clause (ii) being referred to herein as a "Plan"); (iii) an entity whose underlying assets include (or are deemed to include under ERISA or Section 4975(e) of the Code) assets of a Plan by reason of such Plan's investment in such entity or (iv) any other entity that otherwise constitutes a benefit plan investor within the meaning of the Plan Asset Regulations.
Business Day. The term "Business Day" shall mean any day other than a Saturday, a Sunday or a day on which banking institutions in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania are authorized or obligated by law or executive order to close.
Capital Stock. The term "Capital Stock" shall mean all classes or series of stock of the Corporation, including, without limitation, Common Stock and Preferred Stock.
Charitable Beneficiary. The term "Charitable Beneficiary" shall mean
one or more beneficiaries of the Charitable Trust as determined pursuant to
Section 6.3.6, provided that each such organization must be described in Section
501(c)(3) of the Code and contributions to each such organization must be
eligible for deduction under one of Sections 170(b)(1)(A), 2055 and 2522 of the
Code.
Charitable Trust. The term "Charitable Trust" shall mean any trust provided for in Section 6.3.1.
Constructive Ownership. The term "Constructive Ownership" shall mean
ownership of Capital Stock by a Person, whether the interest in the shares of
Capital Stock is held directly or indirectly (including by a nominee), and shall
include interests that would be treated as owned through the application of
Section 318(a) of the Code, as modified by Section 856(d)(5) of the Code. The
terms "Constructive Owner," "Constructively Owns" and "Constructively Owned"
shall have the correlative meanings.
Controlling Person. The term "Controlling Person" shall mean a Person who has discretionary authority or control with respect to the assets of the Corporation or who provides investment advice to the Corporation for a fee (direct or indirect) with respect to such assets, and any affiliate of such Person.
Excepted Holder. The term "Excepted Holder" shall mean a Person for whom an Excepted Holder Limit is created by the Charter or by the Board of Directors pursuant to Section 6.2.7.
Excepted Holder Limit. The term "Excepted Holder Limit" shall mean,
provided that the affected Excepted Holder agrees to comply with the
requirements established by the Charter or by the Board of Directors pursuant to
Section 6.2.7 and subject to adjustment pursuant to Section 6.2.8, the
percentage limit established for an Excepted Holder by the Charter or by the
Board of Directors pursuant to Section 6.2.7.
Initial Date. The term "Initial Date" shall mean the date of the closing of the issuance of Common Stock pursuant to the initial offering and placement transaction between the Corporation and the Initial Purchaser.
Initial Purchaser. The term "Initial Purchaser" shall mean Credit Suisse First Boston LLC.
Insignificant Participation Exception. The term "Insignificant Participation Exception" shall mean the exception to the Plan Asset Regulations which provides that a Benefit Plan Investor's assets will not include any of the underlying assets of an entity in which it invests if at all times less than 25% of the value of each class of equity interests in the entity is held by one or more Benefit Plan Investors.
Market Price. The term "Market Price" on any date shall mean, with respect to any class or series of outstanding shares of Capital Stock, the Closing Price for such Capital Stock on such date. The "Closing Price" on any date shall mean the last reported sale price for such Capital Stock, regular way, or, in case no such sale takes place on such day, the average of the closing bid and asked prices, regular way, for such Capital Stock, in either case as reported in the principal consolidated transaction reporting system with respect to securities listed or admitted to trading on the NYSE or, if such Capital Stock is not listed or admitted to trading on the NYSE, as reported on the principal consolidated transaction reporting system with respect to securities listed on the principal national securities exchange on which such Capital Stock is listed or admitted to trading or, if such Capital Stock is not listed or admitted to trading on any national securities exchange, the last quoted price, or, if not so quoted, the average of the high bid and low asked prices in the over-the-counter market, as reported by the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. Automated Quotation System or, if such system is no longer in use, the principal other automated quotation system that may then be in use or, if such Capital Stock is not quoted by any such organization, the average of the closing bid and asked prices as furnished by a professional market maker making a market in such Capital Stock selected by the Board of Directors of the Corporation or, in the event that no trading price is available for such Capital Stock, the fair market value of the Capital Stock, as determined in good faith by the Board of Directors of the Corporation.
NYSE. The term "NYSE" shall mean the New York Stock Exchange.
Person. The term "Person" shall mean an individual, corporation, partnership, limited liability company, estate, trust (including a trust qualified under Sections 401(a) or 501(c)(17) of the Code), a portion of a trust permanently set aside for or to be used exclusively for the purposes described in Section 642(c) of the Code, association, private foundation within the meaning of Section 509(a) of the Code, joint stock company or other entity and also includes a "group" as that term is used for purposes of Section 13(d)(3) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and a group to which an Excepted Holder Limit applies.
Plan Asset Regulations. The term "Plan Asset Regulations" shall mean
Section 2510.3-101 of the regulations of the Department of Labor.
Prohibited Owner. The term "Prohibited Owner" shall mean, with respect to any purported Transfer (or other event), any Person who, but for the provisions of Section 6.2.1, would Beneficially Own or Constructively Own shares of Capital Stock in violation of the provisions of Section 6.2.1(a), and if appropriate in the context, shall also mean any Person who would have been the record owner of the shares of Capital Stock that the Prohibited Owner would have so owned.
Publicly Offered Securities. The term "Publicly Offered Securities" shall have the meaning provided in Section 2510.3-101(b)(2) of the Plan Asset Regulations, or any successor regulation thereto.
Restriction Termination Date. The term "Restriction Termination Date" shall mean the first day after the Initial Date on which the Corporation determines pursuant to Section 4.7 of the Charter that it is no longer in the best interests of the Corporation to attempt to, or continue to, qualify as a REIT or that compliance with the restrictions and limitations on Beneficial Ownership, Constructive Ownership and Transfers of shares of Capital Stock set forth herein is no longer required in order for the Corporation to qualify as a REIT.
Stock Ownership Limit. The term "Stock Ownership Limit" shall mean nine and eight-tenths percent (9.8%) in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of any class or series of Capital Stock of the Corporation excluding any outstanding shares of Capital Stock not treated as outstanding for federal income tax purposes.
Transfer. The term "Transfer" shall mean any issuance, sale, transfer, gift, assignment, devise or other disposition, as well as any other event that causes any Person to acquire Beneficial Ownership or Constructive Ownership, or any agreement to take any such actions or cause any such events, of Capital Stock or the right to vote or receive dividends on Capital Stock, including (a) the granting or exercise of any option (or any disposition of any option), (b) any disposition of any securities or rights convertible into or exchangeable for Capital Stock or any interest in Capital Stock or any exercise of any such conversion or exchange right and (c) Transfers of interests in other entities that result in changes in Beneficial or Constructive Ownership of Capital Stock; in each case, whether voluntary or involuntary, whether owned of record, Constructively Owned or Beneficially Owned and whether by operation of law or otherwise. The terms "Transferring" and "Transferred" shall have the correlative meanings.
Trustee. The term "Trustee" shall mean the Person unaffiliated with the Corporation and a Prohibited Owner, that is appointed by the Corporation to serve as trustee of the Charitable Trust.
Section 6.2 Capital Stock.
Section 6.2.1 Ownership Limitations. During the period commencing on the Initial Date and prior to the Restriction Termination Date and subject to Section 6.4:
(a) Basic Restrictions.
(i) No Person, other than an Excepted Holder, shall Beneficially Own or Constructively Own shares of Capital Stock in excess of the Stock Ownership Limit.
(ii) Except as provided in Section 6.2.7 hereof, no Person shall Beneficially Own shares of Capital Stock to the extent that such Beneficial Ownership of Capital Stock would result in the Corporation being "closely held" within the meaning of Section 856(h) of the Code (without regard to whether the ownership interest is held during the last half of a taxable year) or would otherwise cause the Company to fail to qualify as a REIT.
(iii) Except as provided in Section 6.2.7 hereof, no Person shall Transfer shares of Capital Stock to the extent such transfer would result in the Capital Stock being beneficially owned by less than one hundred (100) Persons (determined under the principles of Section 856(a)(5) of the Code).
(iv) Except as provided in Section 6.2.7 hereof, during the period commencing on the Initial Date and prior to the date that either (i) each class or series of Capital Stock qualifies as a class of Publicly Offered Securities or (ii) the Corporation qualifies for another exception to the Plan Asset Regulations (other than the Insignificant Participation Exception), no Person shall Transfer shares of Capital Stock to the extent such Transfer would result in 25% or more of such class of Capital Stock being beneficially owned by one or more Benefit Plan Investors, disregarding, for purposes of such determination, Capital Stock held by persons (other than Benefit Plan Investors) who have discretionary authority or control with respect to the Corporation's assets or who provide investment advice for a fee (direct or indirect) with respect to the Corporation's assets, and their affiliates.
(v) Except as provided in Section 6.2.7 hereof, during the period commencing on the Initial Date and prior to the date each class or series of Capital Stock qualifies as a class of Publicly Offered Securities, no Person shall Transfer shares of Capital Stock unless such Person obtains from its transferee a representation and agreement that (i) its transferee is not (and will not be), and is not acting on behalf of, a Benefit Plan Investor or Controlling Person and (ii) such transferee will obtain from its transferee the representation and agreement set forth in this sentence (including without limitation clauses (i) and (ii)).
(b) Transfer in Trust/Transfer Void Ab Initio. If any Transfer of shares of Capital Stock (or other event) occurs which, if effective, would result in any Person Beneficially Owning or Constructively Owning shares of Capital Stock in violation of Section 6.2.1(a)(i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (v),
(i) then that number of shares of the
Capital Stock the Beneficial or Constructive Ownership of which otherwise would
cause such Person to violate Section 6.2.1(a)(i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (v)
(rounded up to the nearest whole share) shall be automatically transferred to a
Charitable Trust for the benefit of a Charitable Beneficiary, as described in
Section 6.3, effective as of the close of business on the Business Day prior to
the date of such Transfer (or other event), and such Person shall acquire no
rights in such shares of Capital Stock; or
(ii) if the transfer to the Charitable Trust described in clause (i) of this sentence would not be effective for any reason to prevent the violation of Section 6.2.1(a)(i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (v), then the Transfer of that number of shares of Capital Stock that otherwise would cause any Person to violate Section 6.2.1(a)(i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (v), shall be void ab initio, and the intended transferee shall acquire no rights in such shares of Capital Stock.
Section 6.2.2 Remedies for Breach. If the Board of Directors
of the Corporation or any duly authorized committee thereof or other designees
if permitted by the MGCL shall at any time determine in good faith that a
Transfer or other event has taken place that results in a violation of Section
6.2.1 or that a Person intends to acquire or has attempted to acquire Beneficial
or Constructive Ownership of any shares of Capital Stock in violation of Section
6.2.1 (whether or not such violation is intended), the Board of Directors or a
committee thereof or other designees if permitted by the MGCL shall take such
action as it deems advisable to refuse to give effect to or to prevent such
Transfer or other event, including, without limitation, causing the Corporation
to redeem shares of Capital Stock, refusing to give effect to such Transfer on
the books of the Corporation or instituting proceedings to enjoin such Transfer
or other event; provided, however, that any Transfers or attempted Transfers or
other events in violation of Section 6.2.1 shall automatically result in the
transfer to the Charitable Trust described above, or, where applicable, such
Transfer (or other event) shall be void ab initio as provided above irrespective
of any action (or non-action) by the Board of Directors or a committee thereof.
Section 6.2.3 Notice of Restricted Transfer. Any Person who acquires or attempts or intends to acquire Beneficial Ownership or Constructive Ownership of shares of Capital Stock that will or may violate Section 6.2.1(a) or any Person who would have owned shares of Capital Stock that resulted in a transfer to the Charitable Trust pursuant to the provisions of Section 6.2.1(b) shall immediately give written notice to the Corporation of such event, or in the case of such a proposed or attempted transaction, give at least fifteen (15) days prior written notice, and shall provide to the Corporation such other information as the Corporation may request in order to determine the effect, if any, of such Transfer on the Corporation's status as a REIT.
Section 6.2.4 Owners Required To Provide Information. From the Initial Date and prior to the Restriction Termination Date:
(a) Every owner of more than five percent (5%) (or such lower percentage as required by the Code or the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder) in number or value of the outstanding shares of Capital Stock, within thirty (30) days after the end of each taxable year, shall give written notice to the Corporation stating the name and address of such owner, the number of shares of Capital Stock Beneficially Owned and a description of the manner in which such shares are held. Each such owner shall provide to the Corporation such additional information as the Corporation may request in order to determine the effect, if any, of such Beneficial Ownership on the Corporation's status as a REIT and to ensure compliance with the Stock Ownership Limit; and
(b) Each Person who is a Beneficial or Constructive Owner of Capital Stock and each Person (including the stockholder of record) who is holding Capital Stock for a Beneficial or Constructive Owner shall provide to the Corporation such information as the Corporation may request, in good faith, in order to determine the Corporation's status as a REIT and to comply with requirements of any taxing authority or governmental authority or to determine such compliance and to ensure compliance with the Stock Ownership Limit.
Section 6.2.5 Remedies Not Limited. Nothing contained in this
Section 6.2 shall limit the authority of the Board of Directors of the
Corporation to take such other action as it deems necessary or advisable to (a)
subject to Section 4.7 of the Charter, protect the Corporation and the interests
of its stockholders in preserving the Corporation's status as a REIT or (b)
avoid having the assets of the Corporation being considered to be "plan assets"
(within the meaning of the Plan Asset Regulations) of any stockholder.
Section 6.2.6 Ambiguity. In the case of an ambiguity in the
application of any of the provisions of this Article VI, including any
definition contained in Section 6.1 of this Article VI, the Board of Directors
shall have the power to determine the application of the provisions of this
Article VI with respect to any situation based on the facts known to it. In the
event Section 6.2 or 6.3 requires an action by the Board of Directors and the
Charter fails to provide specific guidance with respect to such action, the
Board of Directors shall have the power to determine the action to be taken so
long as such action is not contrary to the provisions of Sections 6.1, 6.2 or
6.3. Absent a decision to the contrary by the Board of Directors (which the
Board may make in its sole and absolute discretion), if a Person would have (but
for the remedies set forth in Section 6.2.1) acquired Beneficial or Constructive
Ownership of Capital Stock in violation of Section 6.2.1, such remedies (as
applicable) shall apply first to the shares of Capital Stock which, but for such
remedies, would have been actually owned by such Person, and second to shares of
Capital Stock which, but for such remedies, would have been Beneficially Owned
or Constructively Owned (but not actually owned) by such Person, pro rata among
the Persons who actually own such shares of Capital Stock based upon the
relative number of the shares of Capital Stock held by each such Person.
Section 6.2.7 Exceptions.
(a) The Board of Directors of the Corporation, in its
sole discretion, may exempt (prospectively or retroactively) a Person from the
Stock Ownership Limit and/or the restrictions contained in Section 6.2.1(a)(ii),
(iii), (iv), or (v), as the case may be, and may establish or increase an
Excepted Holder Limit for such Person if the Board of Directors obtains such
representations, covenants and undertakings as the Board of Directors may deem
appropriate in order to conclude that granting the exemption and/or establishing
or increasing the Excepted Holder Limit, as the case may be, will not cause the
Corporation to lose its status as a REIT in the case of an exemption or Excepted
Holder Limit relating to Section 6.2.1(a)(i), (ii), and (iii) or cause any
assets of the Corporation to be treated as plan assets under the Plan Asset
Regulations in the case of an exemption relating to Section 6.2.1(a)(iv) and
(v).
(b) Prior to granting any exception pursuant to
Section 6.2.7(a), the Board of Directors of the Corporation may require a ruling
from the Internal Revenue Service, or an opinion of counsel, in either case in
form and substance satisfactory to the Board of Directors in its sole
discretion, as it may deem necessary or advisable in order to (i) determine the
Corporation's status as a REIT or (ii) in the case of an exception from Section
6.2.1(a)(iv) or (v), determine that the Corporation will not fail to qualify for
the Insignificant Participation Exception or another applicable exception to the
Plan Asset Regulations. Notwithstanding the receipt of any ruling or opinion,
the Board of Directors may impose such conditions or restrictions as it deems
appropriate in connection with granting such exception.
(c) Subject to Section 6.2.1.(a)(ii), an underwriter or placement agent that participates in a public offering or a private placement of Capital Stock (or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Capital Stock) may Beneficially Own or Constructively Own shares of Capital Stock (or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Capital Stock) in excess of the Stock Ownership Limit, but only to the extent necessary to facilitate such public offering or private placement and provided that the restrictions contained in Section 6.2.1(a) will not be violated following the distribution by such underwriter or placement agent of such shares of Capital Stock.
Section 6.2.8 Change in Common Stock Ownership Limit. (a) The Board of Directors may from time to time increase or decrease the Stock Ownership Limit; provided, however, that a decreased Stock Ownership Limit will not be effective for any Person whose percentage ownership of Capital Stock is in excess of such decreased Stock Ownership Limit until such time as such Person's percentage ownership of Capital Stock equals or falls below the decreased Stock Ownership Limit, but until such time as such Person's percentage ownership of Capital Stock falls below such decreased Stock Ownership Limit, any further acquisition of Capital Stock will be in violation of the Stock Ownership Limit and, provided further, that the new Stock Ownership Limit would not allow five or fewer Persons (taking into account all Excepted Holders) to Beneficially Own more than 50% in value of the outstanding Capital Stock.
(b) The Board of Directors may only reduce the Excepted Holder Limit for an Excepted Holder: (1) with the written consent of such Excepted Holder at any time, or (2) pursuant to the terms and conditions of the agreements and undertakings entered into with such Excepted Holder in connection with the establishment of the Excepted Holder Limit for that Excepted Holder. No Excepted Holder Limit shall be reduced to a percentage that is less than the Stock Ownership Limit.
Section 6.2.9 Legend. Each certificate for shares of Capital Stock shall bear a legend summarizing the restrictions on transfer and ownership contained herein.
Instead of a legend, the certificate may state that the Corporation will furnish a full statement about certain restrictions on transferability to a stockholder on request and without charge.
Section 6.3 Transfer of Capital Stock in Trust.
Section 6.3.1 Ownership in Trust. Upon any purported Transfer or other event described in Section 6.2.1(b) that would result in a transfer of shares of Capital Stock to a Charitable Trust, such shares of Capital Stock shall be deemed to have been transferred to the Trustee as trustee for the exclusive benefit of one or more Charitable Beneficiaries. Such transfer to the Trustee shall be deemed to be effective as of the close of business on the Business Day prior to the purported Transfer or other event that results in the transfer to the Charitable Trust pursuant to Section 6.2.1(b). The Trustee shall be appointed by the Corporation and shall be a Person unaffiliated with the Corporation and any Prohibited Owner. Each Charitable Beneficiary shall be designated by the Corporation as provided in Section 6.3.6.
Section 6.3.2 Status of Shares Held by the Trustee. Shares of Capital Stock held by the Trustee shall continue to be issued and outstanding shares of Capital Stock of the Corporation. The Prohibited Owner shall have no rights in the Capital Stock held by the Trustee. The Prohibited Owner shall not benefit economically from ownership of any shares held in trust by the Trustee, shall have no rights to dividends or other distributions and shall not possess any rights to vote or other rights attributable to the shares held in the Charitable Trust.
Section 6.3.3 Dividend and Voting Rights. The Trustee shall have all voting rights and rights to dividends or other distributions with respect to shares of Capital Stock held in the Charitable Trust, which rights shall be exercised for the exclusive benefit of the Charitable Beneficiary. Any dividend or other distribution paid to a Prohibited Owner prior to the discovery by the Corporation that the shares of Capital Stock have been transferred to the Trustee shall be paid with respect to such shares of Capital Stock by the Prohibited Owner to the Trustee upon demand and any dividend or other distribution authorized but unpaid shall be paid when due to the Trustee. Any dividends or distributions so paid over to the Trustee shall be held in trust for the Charitable Beneficiary. The Prohibited Owner shall have no voting rights with respect to shares held in the Charitable Trust and, subject to Maryland law, effective as of the date that the shares of Capital Stock have been transferred to the Trustee, the Trustee shall have the authority (at the Trustee's sole discretion) (i) to rescind as void any vote cast by a Prohibited Owner prior to the discovery by the Corporation that the shares of Capital Stock have been transferred to the Trustee and (ii) to recast such vote in accordance with the desires of the Trustee acting for the benefit of the Charitable Beneficiary; provided, however, that if the Corporation has already taken irreversible corporate action, then the Trustee shall not have the authority to rescind and recast such vote. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Article VI, until the Corporation has received notification that shares of Capital Stock have been transferred into a Charitable Trust, the Corporation shall be entitled to rely on its share transfer and other stockholder records for purposes of preparing lists of stockholders entitled to vote at meetings, determining the validity and authority of proxies and otherwise conducting votes of stockholders.
Section 6.3.4 Sale of Shares by Trustee. Within twenty (20) days of receiving notice from the Corporation that shares of Capital Stock have been transferred to the Charitable Trust, the Trustee of the Charitable Trust shall sell the shares held in the Charitable Trust to a person, designated by the Trustee, whose ownership of the shares will not violate the ownership limitations set forth in Section 6.2.1(a). Upon such sale, the interest of the Charitable Beneficiary in the shares sold shall terminate and the Trustee shall distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the Prohibited Owner and to the Charitable Beneficiary as provided in this Section 6.3.4. The Prohibited Owner shall receive the lesser of (1) the price paid by the Prohibited Owner for the shares or, if the Prohibited Owner did not give value for the shares in connection with the event causing the shares to be held in the Charitable Trust (e.g., in the case of a gift, devise or other such transaction), the Market Price of the shares on the day of the event causing the shares to be held in the Charitable Trust and (2) the price per share received by the Trustee (net of any commissions and other expenses of sale) from the sale or other disposition of the shares held in the Charitable Trust. The Trustee may reduce the amount payable to the Prohibited Owner by the amount of dividends and distributions paid to the Prohibited Owner and owed by the Prohibited Owner to the Trustee pursuant to Section 6.3.3 of this Article VI. Any net sales proceeds in excess of the amount payable to the Prohibited Owner shall be immediately paid to the Charitable Beneficiary. If, prior to the discovery by the Corporation that shares of Capital Stock have been transferred to the Trustee, such shares are sold by a Prohibited Owner, then (i) such shares shall be deemed to have been sold on behalf of the Charitable Trust and (ii) to the extent that the Prohibited Owner received an amount for such shares that exceeds the amount that such Prohibited Owner was entitled to receive pursuant to this Section 6.3.4, such excess shall be paid to the Trustee upon demand.
Section 6.3.5 Purchase Right in Stock Transferred to the
Trustee. Shares of Capital Stock transferred to the Trustee shall be deemed to
have been offered for sale to the Corporation, or its designee, at a price per
share equal to the lesser of (i) the price per share in the transaction that
resulted in such transfer to the Charitable Trust (or, in the case of a devise
or gift, the Market Price at the time of such devise or gift) and (ii) the
Market Price on the date the Corporation, or its designee, accepts such offer.
The Corporation may reduce the amount payable to the Prohibited Owner by the
amount of dividends and distributions paid to the Prohibited Owner and owed by
the Prohibited Owner to the Trustee pursuant to Section 6.3.3 of this Article
VI. The Corporation may pay the amount of such reduction to the Trustee for the
benefit of the Charitable Beneficiary. The Corporation shall have the right to
accept such offer until the Trustee has sold the shares held in the Charitable
Trust pursuant to Section 6.3.4. Upon such a sale to the Corporation, the
interest of the Charitable Beneficiary in the shares sold shall terminate and
the Trustee shall distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the Prohibited
Owner and any dividends or other distributions held by the Trustee shall be paid
to the Charitable Beneficiary.
Section 6.3.6 Designation of Charitable Beneficiaries. By written notice to the Trustee, the Corporation shall designate one or more nonprofit organizations to be the Charitable Beneficiary of the interest in the Charitable Trust such that (i) the shares of Capital Stock held in the Charitable Trust would not violate the restrictions set forth in Section 6.2.1(a) in the hands of such Charitable Beneficiary and (ii) each such organization must be described in Section 501(c)(3) of the Code and contributions to each such organization must be eligible for deduction under one of Sections 170(b)(1)(A), 2055 and 2522 of the Code.
Section 6.4 NYSE Transactions. Nothing in this Article VI shall preclude the settlement of any transaction entered into through the facilities of the NYSE or any other national securities exchange or automated inter-dealer quotation system. The fact that the settlement of any transaction occurs shall not negate the effect of any other provision of this Article VI and any transferee in such a transaction shall be subject to all of the provisions and limitations set forth in this Article VI.
Section 6.5 Deemed ERISA Representations. From and after the date upon which a registration statement with respect to the Common Stock becomes effective, each purchaser and subsequent transferee of Common Stock will be deemed to have represented, warranted, and agreed that its purchase and holding of Common Stock will not constitute or result in (i) a non-exempt prohibited transaction under Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code or (ii) a violation of any applicable other federal, state, local, non-U.S. or other laws or regulations that contain one or more provisions that are similar to the provisions of Title I of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code.
Section 6.6 Enforcement. The Corporation is authorized specifically to seek equitable relief, including injunctive relief, to enforce the provisions of this Article VI.
Section 6.7 Non-Waiver. No delay or failure on the part of the Corporation or the Board of Directors in exercising any right hereunder shall operate as a waiver of any right of the Corporation or the Board of Directors, as the case may be, except to the extent specifically waived in writing.
Section 6.8 Severability. If any provision of this Article VI or any application of any such provision is determined to be invalid by any federal or state court having jurisdiction over the issues, the validity of the remaining provisions shall not be affected and other applications of such provisions shall be affected only to the extent necessary to comply with the determination of such court.
ARTICLE VII
AMENDMENTS
The Corporation reserves the right from time to time to make any amendment to the Charter, now or hereafter authorized by law, including any amendment altering the terms or contract rights, as expressly set forth in the Charter, of any shares of outstanding stock. All rights and powers conferred by the Charter on stockholders, directors and officers are granted subject to this reservation. Except as otherwise provided in the Charter, any amendment to the Charter shall be valid only if approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. However, any amendment to Section 4.8, Section 5.3, Section 5.4, Article VI or to this sentence of the Charter shall be valid only if approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
ARTICLE VIII
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
To the maximum extent that Maryland law in effect from time to time permits limitation of the liability of directors and officers of a corporation, no present or former director or officer of the Corporation shall be liable to the Corporation or its stockholders for money damages. Neither the amendment nor repeal of this Article VIII, nor the adoption or amendment of any other provision of the Charter or Bylaws inconsistent with this Article VIII, shall apply to or affect in any respect the applicability of the preceding sentence with respect to any act or failure to act which occurred prior to such amendment, repeal or adoption.
THIRD: The foregoing amendment to and restatement of the Charter has been approved by a majority of the Board of Directors and approved by the stockholders of the Corporation as required by law.
FOURTH: The current address of the principal office of the Corporation in the State of Maryland is as set forth in Article III of the foregoing amended and restated Charter.
FIFTH: The name and address of the Corporation's current resident agent is as set forth in Article III of the foregoing amended and restated Charter.
SIXTH: The number of directors of the Corporation and the names of those currently in office are as set forth in Article IV of the foregoing amended and restated Charter.
SEVENTH: The total number of shares of stock which the Corporation had authority to issue immediately prior to this amendment and restatement was 1,000 shares, $0.001 par value per share. The aggregate par value of all shares of stock having par value was $1.00.
EIGHTH: The total number of shares of stock which the Corporation has authority to issue pursuant to the foregoing amended and restated Charter is 600,000,000, consisting of 500,000,000 shares of Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share, and 100,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share. The aggregate par value of all shares of stock having par value is $600,000.
NINTH: The undersigned Vice President acknowledges these Articles of Amendment and Restatement to be the corporate act of the Corporation and as to all matters or facts required to be verified under oath, the undersigned Vice President acknowledges that, to the best of his knowledge, information and belief, these matters and facts are true in all material respects and that this statement is made under the penalties for perjury.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Corporation has caused these Articles of Amendment and Restatement to be signed in its name and on its behalf by its Vice President and attested to by its Secretary on this ___ day of March, 2005.
ATTEST: RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. __________________________ By: _________________________(SEAL) Michael S. Yecies Thomas C. Elliott Secretary Vice President |
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP.
AMENDED AND RESTATED
BYLAWS
ARTICLE I
OFFICES
Section 1. PRINCIPAL OFFICE. The principal office of Resource Capital Corp. (the "Corporation") in the State of Maryland shall be located at such place as the Board of Directors may designate.
Section 2. ADDITIONAL OFFICES. The Corporation may have additional offices, including a principal executive office, at such places as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine or the business of the Corporation may require.
ARTICLE II
MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS
Section 1. PLACE. All meetings of stockholders shall be held at the principal executive office of the Corporation or at such other place as shall be set by the Board of Directors and stated in the notice of the meeting.
Section 2. ANNUAL MEETING. An annual meeting of the stockholders for the election of Directors and the transaction of any business within the powers of the Corporation shall be held on a date and at the time set by the Board of Directors during the month of June in each year, beginning in 2006.
Section 3. SPECIAL MEETINGS.
(a) General. The chairman of the Board of Directors, the president, the chief executive officer or the Board of Directors may call a special meeting of the stockholders. Subject to subsection (b) of this Section 3, a special meeting of stockholders shall also be called by the secretary of the Corporation upon the written request of the stockholders entitled to cast not less than a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at such meeting.
(b) Stockholder Requested Special Meetings. (1) Any stockholder of record seeking to have stockholders request a special meeting shall, by sending written notice to the secretary of the Corporation (the "Record Date Request Notice") by registered mail, return receipt requested, request the Board of Directors to fix a record date to determine the stockholders entitled to request a special meeting (the "Request Record Date"). The Record Date Request Notice shall set forth the purpose of the meeting and the matters proposed to be acted on at it, shall be signed by one or more stockholders of record as of the date of signature (or their agents duly authorized in a writing accompanying the Record Date Request Notice), shall bear the date of signature of each such stockholder (or such agent) and shall set forth all information relating to each such
stockholder that must be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of Directors in an election contest (even if an election contest is not involved), or is otherwise required, in each case pursuant to Regulation 14A (or any successor provision) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (the "Exchange Act"). Upon receiving the Record Date Request Notice, the Board of Directors may fix a Request Record Date. The Request Record Date shall not precede and shall not be more than ten (10) days after the close of business on the date on which the resolution fixing the Request Record Date is adopted by the Board of Directors. If the Board of Directors, within ten (10) days after the date on which a valid Record Date Request Notice is received, fails to adopt a resolution fixing the Request Record Date, the Request Record Date shall be the close of business on the tenth (10th) day after the first date on which the Record Date Request Notice is received by the secretary.
(2) In order for any stockholder to request a special meeting, one or more written requests for a special meeting signed by stockholders of record (or their agents duly authorized in a writing accompanying the request) as of the Request Record Date entitled to cast not less than a majority (the "Special Meeting Percentage") of all of the votes entitled to be cast at such meeting (the "Special Meeting Request") shall be delivered to the secretary. In addition, the Special Meeting Request (a) shall set forth the purpose of the meeting and the matters proposed to be acted on at it (which shall be limited to those lawful matters set forth in the Record Date Request Notice received by the secretary), (b) shall bear the date of signature of each such stockholder (or such agent) signing the Special Meeting Request, (c) shall set forth the name and address, as they appear in the Corporation's books, of each stockholder signing such request (or on whose behalf the Special Meeting Request is signed), the class, series and number of all shares of stock of the Corporation which are owned by each such stockholder, and the nominee holder for, and number of, shares owned by such stockholder beneficially but not of record, (d) shall be sent to the secretary by registered mail, return receipt requested, and (e) shall be received by the secretary within sixty (60) days after the Request Record Date. Any requesting stockholder (or agent duly authorized in a writing accompanying the revocation or Special Meeting Request) may revoke his, her or its request for a special meeting at any time by written revocation delivered to the secretary.
(3) The secretary shall inform the requesting stockholders of the reasonably estimated cost of preparing and mailing the notice of meeting (including the Corporation's proxy materials). The secretary shall not be required to call a special meeting upon stockholder request and such meeting shall not be held unless, in addition to the documents required by paragraph (2) of this Section 3(b), the secretary receives payment of such reasonably estimated cost from the requesting stockholders prior to the preparation and mailing of any notice of the meeting.
(4) Except as provided in the next sentence, any special meeting shall be held at such place, date and time as may be designated by the chairman of the Board of Directors, president, chief executive officer or Board of Directors, whoever has called the meeting. In the case of any special meeting called by the secretary upon the request of stockholders (a "Stockholder Requested Meeting"), such meeting shall be held at such place, date and time as may be designated by the Board of Directors; provided, however, that the date of any Stockholder Requested Meeting shall be not more than ninety (90) days after the record date
for such meeting (the "Meeting Record Date"); and provided, further, that if the Board of Directors fails to designate, within ten (10) days after the date that a valid Special Meeting Request is actually received by the secretary (the "Delivery Date"), a date and time for a Stockholder Requested Meeting, then such meeting shall be held at 2:00 p.m. local time on the ninetieth (90th) day after the Meeting Record Date or, if such ninetieth (90th) day is not a Business Day (as defined below), on the first preceding Business Day; and provided, further, that in the event that the Board of Directors fails to designate a place for a Stockholder Requested Meeting within ten (10) days after the Delivery Date, then such meeting shall be held at the principal executive office of the Corporation. In fixing a date for any special meeting, the chairman of the board, president, chief executive officer or Board of Directors may consider such factors as he, she or it deems relevant within the good faith exercise of business judgment, including, without limitation, the nature of the matters to be considered, the facts and circumstances surrounding any request for the meeting and any plan of the Board of Directors to call an annual meeting or a special meeting. In the case of any Stockholder Requested Meeting, if the Board of Directors fails to fix a Meeting Record Date that is a date within thirty (30) days after the Delivery Date, then the close of business on the thirtieth (30th) day after the Delivery Date shall be the Meeting Record Date. The Board of Directors may revoke the notice for any Stockholder Requested Meeting in the event that the requesting stockholders fail to comply with the provisions of paragraph (3) of this Section 3(b).
(5) If written revocations of requests for the special meeting have been delivered to the secretary and the result is that stockholders of record (or their agents duly authorized in writing), as of the Request Record Date, entitled to cast less than the Special Meeting Percentage have delivered, and not revoked, requests for a special meeting to the secretary, the secretary shall: (i) if the notice of meeting has not already been mailed, refrain from mailing the notice of the meeting and send to all requesting stockholders who have not revoked such requests written notice of any revocation of a request for the special meeting, or (ii) if the notice of meeting has been mailed and if the secretary first sends to all requesting stockholders who have not revoked requests for a special meeting written notice of any revocation of a request for the special meeting and written notice of the secretary's intention to revoke the notice of the meeting, revoke the notice of the meeting at any time before ten days before the commencement of the meeting. Any request for a special meeting received after a revocation by the secretary of a notice of a meeting shall be considered a request for a new special meeting.
(6) The chairman of the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer, the president or the Board of Directors may appoint regionally or nationally recognized independent inspectors of elections, who may be the transfer agent for shares of the corporation, or an affiliate thereof, to act as the agent of the Corporation for the purpose of promptly performing a ministerial review of the validity of any purported Special Meeting Request received by the secretary. For the purpose of permitting the inspectors to perform such review, no such purported request shall be deemed to have been delivered to the secretary until the earlier of (i) ten (10) Business Days after receipt by the secretary of such purported request and (ii) such date as the independent inspectors certify to the Corporation that the valid requests received by the secretary represent at least a majority of the issued and outstanding shares of stock that would be entitled to vote at such meeting.
Nothing contained in this paragraph (6) shall in any way be construed to suggest or imply that the Corporation or any stockholder shall not be entitled to contest the validity of any request, whether during or after such ten (10) Business Day period, or to take any other action (including, without limitation, the commencement, prosecution or defense of any litigation with respect thereto, and the seeking of injunctive relief in such litigation).
(7) For purposes of these Bylaws, "Business Day" shall mean any day other than a Saturday, a Sunday or a day on which banking institutions in the State of New York are authorized or obligated by law or executive order to close.
Section 4. NOTICE. Not less than ten (10) nor more than ninety (90) days before each meeting of stockholders, the secretary shall give to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting and to each stockholder not entitled to vote who is entitled to notice of the meeting written or printed notice stating the time and place of the meeting and, in the case of a special meeting or as otherwise may be required by any statute, the purpose for which the meeting is called, either by mail, by presenting it to such stockholder personally, by leaving it at the stockholder's residence or usual place of business or by any other means permitted by Maryland law. If mailed, such notice shall be deemed to be given when deposited in the United States mail addressed to the stockholder at the stockholder's address as it appears on the records of the Corporation, with postage thereon prepaid.
Subject to Section 11(a) of this Article II, any business of the Corporation may be transacted at an annual meeting of stockholders without being specifically designated in the notice, except such business as is required by any statute to be stated in such notice. No business shall be transacted at a special meeting of stockholders except as specifically designated in the notice.
Section 5. ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT. Every meeting of stockholders shall be conducted by an individual appointed by the Board of Directors to be chairman of the meeting or, in the absence of such appointment, by the chairman of the Board of Directors or, in the case of a vacancy in the office or absence of the chairman of the Board of Directors, by one of the following officers present at the meeting: the vice chairman of the Board of Directors, if there be one, the chief executive officer, the president, the vice presidents in their order of rank and seniority, or, in the absence of such officers, a chairman chosen by the stockholders by the vote of a majority of the votes cast by stockholders present in person or by proxy. The secretary, or, in the secretary's absence, an assistant secretary, or in the absence of both the secretary and assistant secretaries, an individual appointed by the Board of Directors or, in the absence of such appointment, an individual appointed by the chairman of the meeting shall act as secretary. In the event that the secretary presides at a meeting of the stockholders, an assistant secretary, or in the absence of an assistant secretary, an individual appointed by the Board of Directors or the chairman of the meeting, shall record the minutes of the meeting. The order of business and all other matters of procedure at any meeting of stockholders shall be determined by the chairman of the meeting. The chairman of the meeting may prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures and take such action as, in the discretion of such chairman, are appropriate for the proper conduct of the meeting, including, without limitation, (a) restricting admission to the time set for the commencement of the meeting; (b) limiting attendance at the meeting to stockholders of record of the Corporation, their duly authorized proxies or other such individuals as the chairman of the meeting may determine; (c) limiting participation at the meeting on any matter to stockholders of record of
the Corporation entitled to vote on such matter, their duly authorized proxies and other such individuals as the chairman of the meeting may determine; (d) limiting the time allotted to questions or comments by participants; (e) determining when the polls should be opened and closed, (f) maintaining order and security at the meeting; (g) removing any stockholder or any other individual who refuses to comply with meeting procedures, rules or guidelines as set forth by the chairman of the meeting; and (h) concluding the meeting or recessing or adjourning the meeting to a later date and time and place announced at the meeting. Unless otherwise determined by the chairman of the meeting, meetings of stockholders shall not be required to be held in accordance with the rules of parliamentary procedure.
Section 6. QUORUM. At any meeting of stockholders, the presence in person or by proxy of stockholders entitled to cast a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at such meeting on any matter shall constitute a quorum; but this section shall not affect any requirement under any statute or the charter of the Corporation (the "Charter") for the vote necessary for the adoption of any measure. If, however, such quorum shall not be present at any meeting of the stockholders, the chairman of the meeting shall have the power to adjourn the meeting from time to time to a date not more than one hundred twenty (120) days after the original record date without notice other than announcement at the meeting. At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be present, any business may be transacted which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally notified.
The stockholders present either in person or by proxy, at a meeting which has been duly called and convened, may continue to transact business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough stockholders to leave less than a quorum.
Section 7. VOTING. A plurality of all the votes cast at a meeting of stockholders duly called and at which a quorum is present shall be sufficient to elect a Director. Each share may be voted for as many individuals as there are Directors to be elected and for whose election the share is entitled to be voted. A majority of the votes cast at a meeting of stockholders duly called and at which a quorum is present shall be sufficient to approve any other matter which may properly come before the meeting, unless more than a majority of the votes cast is required by statute or by the Charter. Unless otherwise provided by statute or by the Charter, each outstanding share of stock, regardless of class, shall be entitled to one vote on each matter submitted to a vote at a meeting of stockholders.
Section 8. PROXIES. A stockholder may cast the votes entitled to be cast by the shares of stock owned of record by the stockholder in person or by proxy executed by the stockholder or by the stockholder's duly authorized agent in any manner permitted by law. Such proxy or evidence of authorization of such proxy shall be filed with the secretary of the Corporation before or at the meeting. No proxy shall be valid more than eleven (11) months after its date, unless otherwise provided in the proxy.
Section 9. VOTING OF SHARES BY CERTAIN HOLDERS. Shares of stock of the Corporation registered in the name of a corporation, partnership, trust or other entity, if entitled to be voted, may be voted by the president or a vice president, a general partner or trustee thereof, as the case may be, or a proxy appointed by any of the foregoing individuals, unless some other person who has been appointed to vote such shares pursuant to a bylaw or a resolution of the
governing body of such corporation or other entity or agreement of the partners of a partnership presents a certified copy of such bylaw, resolution or agreement, in which case such person may vote such shares. Any Director or other fiduciary may vote shares of stock registered in his or her name as such fiduciary, either in person or by proxy.
Shares of stock of the Corporation directly or indirectly owned by it shall not be voted at any meeting and shall not be counted in determining the total number of outstanding shares entitled to be voted at any given time, unless they are held by it in a fiduciary capacity, in which case they may be voted and shall be counted in determining the total number of outstanding shares at any given time.
The Board of Directors may adopt by resolution a procedure by which a stockholder may certify in writing to the Corporation that any shares of stock registered in the name of the stockholder are held for the account of a specified person other than the stockholder. The resolution shall set forth the class of stockholders who may make the certification, the purpose for which the certification may be made, the form of certification and the information to be contained in it; if the certification is with respect to a record date or closing of the stock transfer books, the time after the record date or closing of the stock transfer books within which the certification must be received by the Corporation; and any other provisions with respect to the procedure which the Board of Directors considers necessary or desirable. On receipt of such certification, the person specified in the certification shall be regarded as, for the purposes set forth in the certification, the stockholder of record of the specified shares of stock in place of the stockholder who makes the certification.
Section 10. INSPECTORS. The Board of Directors, in advance of any meeting, may, but need not, appoint one or more individual inspectors or one or more entities that designate individuals as inspectors to act at the meeting or any adjournment thereof. If an inspector or inspectors are not appointed, the individual presiding at the meeting may, but need not, appoint one or more inspectors. In case any person who may be appointed as an inspector fails to appear or act, the vacancy may be filled by appointment made by the Board of Directors in advance of the meeting or at the meeting by the chairman of the meeting. The inspectors, if any, shall determine the number of shares outstanding and the voting power of each, the shares represented at the meeting, the existence of a quorum, the validity and effect of proxies, and shall receive votes, ballots or consents, hear and determine all challenges and questions arising in connection with the right to vote, count and tabulate all votes, ballots or consents, determine the result, and do such acts as are proper to conduct the election or vote with fairness to all stockholders. Each such report shall be in writing and signed by him or her or by a majority of them if there is more than one inspector acting at such meeting. If there is more than one inspector, the report of a majority shall be the report of the inspectors. The report of the inspector or inspectors on the number of shares represented at the meeting and the results of the voting shall be prima facie evidence thereof.
Section 11. ADVANCE NOTICE OF STOCKHOLDER NOMINEES FOR DIRECTOR AND OTHER STOCKHOLDER PROPOSALS.
(a) Annual Meetings of Stockholders. (1) Nominations of individuals for election to the Board of Directors and the proposal of other business to be considered by the stockholders may be made at an annual meeting of stockholders
(i) pursuant to the Corporation's notice of meeting, (ii)ii by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (iii)iii by any stockholder of the Corporation who was a stockholder of record both at the time of giving of notice by the stockholder as provided for in this Section 11(a) and at the time of the annual meeting, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who has complied with this Section 11(a).
(2) For nominations for election to the Board of Directors or other business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder pursuant to clause (iii) of paragraph (a)(1) of this Section 11, the stockholder must have given timely notice thereof in writing to the secretary of the Corporation and such other business must otherwise be a proper matter for action by the stockholders. To be timely, a stockholder's notice shall set forth all information required under this Section 11 and shall be delivered to the secretary at the principal executive office of the Corporation not earlier than the one hundred fiftieth (150th) day nor later than 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on the one hundred twentieth (120th) day prior to the first (1st) anniversary of the date of mailing of the notice for the preceding year's annual meeting (for purposes of the Corporation's 2006 annual meeting, notice of the prior year's annual meeting shall be deemed to have been given on April 29, 2005); provided, however, that in the event that the date of the annual meeting is advanced or delayed by more than thirty (30) days from the first (1st) anniversary of the date of the preceding year's annual meeting, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so delivered not earlier than the one hundred fiftieth (150th) day prior to the date of such annual meeting and not later than 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on the later of the one hundred twentieth (120th) day prior to the date of such annual meeting or the tenth (10th) day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such meeting is first made. The public announcement of a postponement or adjournment of an annual meeting shall not commence a new time period for the giving of a stockholder's notice as described above. Such stockholder's notice shall set forth (i) as to each individual whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for election or reelection as a Director (A) the name, age, business address and residence address of such individual, (B) the class, series and number of any shares of stock of the Corporation that are beneficially owned by such individual, (C) the date such shares were acquired and the investment intent of such acquisition and (D) all other information relating to such individual that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of Directors in an election contest (even if an election contest is not involved), or is otherwise required, in each case pursuant to Regulation 14A (or any successor provision) under the Exchange Act (including such individual's written consent to being named in the proxy statement as a nominee and to serving as a Director if elected); (ii) as to any other business that the stockholder proposes to bring before the meeting, a description of such business, the reasons for proposing such business at the meeting and any material interest in such business of such stockholder and any Stockholder Associated Person (as defined below), individually or in the aggregate, including any anticipated benefit to the stockholder and the Stockholder Associated Person therefrom; (iii) as to the stockholder giving the notice and any Stockholder Associated Person, the class, series and number of all shares of stock of the Corporation which are owned by such stockholder and by such Stockholder Associated Person, if any, and the nominee holder for, and number of, shares owned beneficially but not of record by such stockholder and by any such Stockholder Associated Person; (iv) as to the stockholder giving the notice and any Stockholder Associated Person covered by clauses (ii) or (iii) of this paragraph (2) of this Section 11(a), the name and address of such stockholder, as they appear on the Corporation's stock ledger and current name
and address, if different, and of such Stockholder Associated Person; and (v) to the extent known by the stockholder giving the notice, the name and address of any other stockholder supporting the nominee for election or reelection as a Director or the proposal of other business on the date of such stockholder's notice.
(3) Notwithstanding anything in this subsection (a) of this Section 11 to the contrary, in the event the Board of Directors increases the number of Directors in accordance with Article III, Section 2 of these Bylaws, and there is no public announcement of such action at least one hundred thirty (130) days prior to the first (1st) anniversary of the date of mailing of the notice of the preceding year's annual meeting, a stockholder's notice required by this Section 11(a) shall also be considered timely, but only with respect to nominees for any new positions created by such increase, if it shall be delivered to the secretary at the principal executive office of the Corporation not later than 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which such public announcement is first made by the Corporation.
(4) For purposes of this Section 11, "Stockholder Associated Person" of any stockholder shall mean (i) any person controlling, directly or indirectly, or acting in concert with, such stockholder, (ii) any beneficial owner of shares of stock of the Corporation owned of record or beneficially by such stockholder and (iii) any person controlling, controlled by or under common control with such Stockholder Associated Person.
(b) Special Meetings of Stockholders. Only such business shall be conducted
at a special meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before the
meeting pursuant to the Corporation's notice of meeting. Nominations of
individuals for election to the Board of Directors may be made at a special
meeting of stockholders at which Directors are to be elected (i) pursuant to the
Corporation's notice of meeting, (ii) by or at the direction of the Board of
Directors or (iii) provided that the Board of Directors has determined that
Directors shall be elected at such special meeting, by any stockholder of the
Corporation who is a stockholder of record both at the time of giving of notice
provided for in this Section 11 and at the time of the special meeting, who is
entitled to vote at the meeting and who complied with the notice procedures set
forth in this Section 11. In the event the Corporation calls a special meeting
of stockholders for the purpose of electing one or more individuals to the Board
of Directors, any such stockholder may nominate an individual or individuals (as
the case may be) for election as a Director as specified in the Corporation's
notice of meeting, if the stockholder's notice required by paragraph (a)(2) of
this Section 11 shall be delivered to the secretary at the principal executive
office of the Corporation not earlier than the one hundred twentieth (120th) day
prior to such special meeting and not later than 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time on the
later of the ninetieth (90th) day prior to such special meeting or the tenth
(10th) day following the day on which public announcement is first made of the
date of the special meeting and of the nominees proposed by the Board of
Directors to be elected at such meeting. The public announcement of a
postponement or adjournment of a special meeting shall not commence a new time
period for the giving of a stockholder's notice as described above.
(c) General. (1) Upon written request by the secretary or the Board of Directors or any committee thereof, any stockholder proposing a nominee for election as a Director or any proposal for other business at a meeting of stockholders shall provide, within five (5) Business Days of delivery of such request (or such other period as may be specified in such request), written verification, satisfactory, in the discretion of the Board of Directors or any
committee thereof or any authorized officer of the Corporation, to demonstrate
the accuracy of any information submitted by the stockholder pursuant to this
Section 11. If a stockholder fails to provide such written verification within
such period, the information as to which written verification was requested may
be deemed not to have been provided in accordance with this Section 11.
(2) Only such individuals who are nominated in accordance with this
Section 11 shall be eligible for election by stockholders as Directors, and only
such business shall be conducted at a meeting of stockholders as shall have been
brought before the meeting in accordance with this Section 11. The chairman of
the meeting shall have the power to determine whether a nomination or any other
business proposed to be brought before the meeting was made or proposed, as the
case may be, in accordance with this Section 11 and, if any proposed nomination
or business is not in compliance with this Section 11 to declare such defective
nomination or proposal be disregarded.
(3) For purposes of this Section 11, (a) the "date of mailing of the notice" shall mean the date of the proxy statement for the solicitation of proxies for election of Directors and (b) "public announcement" shall mean disclosure (i) in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service, Associated Press, Business Wire, PR Newswire or comparable news service or (ii) in a document publicly filed by the Corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to the Exchange Act.
(4) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 11, a stockholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements of state law and of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder with respect to the matters set forth in this Section 11. Nothing in this Section 11 shall be deemed to affect any right of a stockholder to request inclusion of a proposal in, nor the right of the Corporation to omit a proposal from, the Corporation's proxy statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8 (or any successor provision) under the Exchange Act.
Section 12. VOTING BY BALLOT. Voting on any question or in any election may be viva voce unless the presiding officer shall order or any stockholder shall demand that voting be by ballot.
Section 13. MEETING BY CONFERENCE TELEPHONE. The Board of Directors or the chairman of the meeting may permit stockholders to participate in a meeting by means of a conference telephone or other communications equipment if all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other at the same time. Participation in a meeting by these means constitutes presence in person at the meeting.
Section 14. CONTROL SHARE ACQUISITION ACT. Notwithstanding any other provision of the Charter or these Bylaws, the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act, Subtitle 7 of Title 3 of the Maryland General Corporation Law at Titles 1 through 3 of the Corporations and Associations Article of the Annotated Code of Maryland, or any successor statute (the "MGCL"), Section 3-701 et seq., shall not apply to any acquisition by any person of shares of stock of the Corporation. This section may be repealed, in whole or in part, at any time, whether before or after an acquisition of control shares and, upon such repeal, may, to the extent provided by any successor bylaw, apply to any subsequent control share acquisition.
ARTICLE III
DIRECTORS
Section 1. GENERAL POWERS. The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed under the direction of its Board of Directors. All powers of the Corporation may be exercised by or under authority of the Board of Directors, except as conferred on or reserved to the stockholders by statute or by the Charter or Bylaws.
Section 2. NUMBER, TENURE AND QUALIFICATIONS. At any regular meeting or at any special meeting called for that purpose, a majority of the entire Board of Directors may establish, increase or decrease the number of Directors, provided, however, that the number thereof shall never be less than the two (2), nor more than fifteen (15), and provided, further, that the tenure of office of a Director shall not be affected by any decrease in the number of Directors. At all times, except in the case of a vacancy, a majority of the Board of Directors shall be Independent Directors (as defined below). For the purposes of these Bylaws, "Independent Director" shall mean a Director of the Corporation who meets the independence requirements under the rules and regulations of the New York Stock Exchange and the Securities and Exchange Commission as in effect from time to time.
Section 3. RESIGNATION. Any Director may resign at any time by sending a written notice of such resignation to the principal executive office of the Corporation addressed to the Chairman of the Board or the President. Unless otherwise specified therein such resignation shall take effect upon receipt thereof by the Chairman of the Board or the President.
Section 4. ANNUAL AND REGULAR MEETINGS. An annual meeting of the Board of Directors shall be held immediately after the annual meeting of stockholders, no notice other than this Bylaw being necessary. In the event such meeting is not so held, the meeting may be held at such time and place as shall be specified in a notice given as hereinafter provided for special meetings of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may provide, by resolution, the time and place for the holding of regular meetings of the Board of Directors without other notice than such resolution.
Section 5. SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by or at the request of the chairman of the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer, the president or by a majority of the Directors then in office. The person or persons authorized to call special meetings of the Board of Directors may fix any place as the place for holding any special meeting of the Board of Directors called by them. The Board of Directors may provide, by resolution, the time and place for the holding of special meetings of the Board of Directors without other notice than such resolution.
Section 6. NOTICE. Except as provided in Sections 5 and 6, notice of any special meeting of the Board of Directors shall be delivered personally or by telephone, electronic mail, facsimile transmission, United States mail or courier to each Director at his or her business or residence address. Notice by personal delivery, telephone, electronic mail or facsimile transmission shall be given at least twenty four (24) hours prior to the meeting. Notice by United States mail shall be given at least three (3) days prior to the meeting. Notice
by courier shall be given at least two (2) days prior to the meeting. Telephone notice shall be deemed to be given when the Director or his or her agent is personally given such notice in a telephone call to which the Director or his or her agent is a party. Electronic mail notice shall be deemed to be given upon transmission of the message to the electronic mail address given to the Corporation by the Director. Facsimile transmission notice shall be deemed to be given upon completion of the transmission of the message to the number given to the Corporation by the Director and receipt of a completed answer-back indicating receipt. Notice by United States mail shall be deemed to be given when deposited in the United States mail properly addressed, with postage thereon prepaid. Notice by courier shall be deemed to be given when deposited with or delivered to a courier properly addressed. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any annual, regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors need be stated in the notice, unless specifically required by statute or these Bylaws.
Section 7. QUORUM. A majority of the Directors shall constitute a quorum for transaction of business at any meeting of the Board of Directors, provided, however, that, if less than a majority of such Directors are present at said meeting, a majority of the Directors present may adjourn the meeting from time to time without further notice, and provided, further, that if, pursuant to applicable law, the Charter or these Bylaws, the vote of a majority of a particular group of Directors is required for action, a quorum must also include a majority of such group.
The Directors present at a meeting which has been duly called and convened may continue to transact business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough Directors to leave less than a quorum.
Section 8. VOTING. The action of the majority of the Directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the action of the Board of Directors, unless the concurrence of a greater proportion is required for such action by applicable law, the Charter or these Bylaws. If enough Directors have withdrawn from a meeting to leave less than a quorum but the meeting is not adjourned, the action of the majority of that number of Directors necessary to constitute a quorum at such meeting shall be the action of the Board of Directors, unless the concurrence of a greater proportion is required for such action by applicable law, the Charter or these Bylaws.
Section 9. ORGANIZATION. At each meeting of the Board of Directors, the chairman of the Board of Directors or, in the absence of the chairman, the vice chairman of the Board of Directors, if any, shall act as chairman of the meeting. In the absence of both the chairman and vice chairman of the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer or in the absence of the chief executive officer, the president or in the absence of the president, a Director chosen by a majority of the Directors present, shall act as chairman of the meeting. The secretary or, in his or her absence, an assistant secretary of the Corporation, or in the absence of the secretary and all assistant secretaries, an individual appointed by the Chairman, shall act as secretary of the meeting.
Section 10. TELEPHONE MEETINGS. Directors may participate in a meeting by means of a conference telephone or other communications equipment if all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other at the same time. Participation in a meeting by these means shall constitute presence in person at the meeting.
Section 11. CONSENT BY DIRECTORS WITHOUT A MEETING. Any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors may be taken without a meeting, if a consent in writing or by electronic transmission to such action is given by each Director and is filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of Directors.
Section 12. VACANCIES. (a) If for any reason any or all of the Directors cease to be Directors, such event shall not terminate the Corporation or affect these Bylaws or the powers of the remaining Directors hereunder (even if fewer than three Directors remain). Until such time as the Corporation becomes subject to Section 3-804(c) of the MGCL, any vacancy on the Board of Directors for any cause other than an increase in the number of Directors shall be filled by a majority of the remaining Directors, even if such majority is less than a quorum and any vacancy in the number of Directors created by an increase in the number of directors may be filled by a majority vote of the entire Board of Directors. Any individual so elected as a Director shall serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders and his or her successor is elected and qualifies.
(b) If for any reason any or all the Directors cease to be Directors, such event shall not terminate the Corporation or affect these Bylaws or the powers of the remaining Directors hereunder (even if fewer than three Directors remain). At such time as the Corporation becomes subject to Section 3-804(c) of the MGCL, except as may be provided by the Board of Directors in setting the terms of any class or series of stock, any vacancy on the Board of Directors may be filled only by a majority of the remaining Directors, even if the remaining Directors do not constitute a quorum. Any Director so elected to fill a vacancy shall serve for the remainder of the full term of the class in which the vacancy occurred and until a successor is elected and qualifies.
Section 13. COMPENSATION. Directors shall not receive any stated salary for their services as Directors but, by resolution of the Board of Directors or a committee thereof, may receive compensation per year and/or per meeting and/or per visit to real property or other facilities owned, leased or to be acquired by the Corporation and for any service or activity they performed or engaged in as Directors. Directors may be reimbursed for expenses of attendance, if any, at each annual, regular or special meeting of the Directors or of any committee thereof and for their expenses, if any, in connection with each property visit and any other service or activity they performed or engaged in as Directors; but nothing herein contained shall be construed to preclude any Directors from serving the Corporation in any other capacity and receiving compensation therefor.
Section 14. LOSS OF DEPOSITS. No Director shall be liable for any loss which may occur by reason of the failure of the bank, trust company, savings and loan association, or other institution with whom moneys or shares of stock have been deposited.
Section 15. SURETY BONDS. Unless required by law, no Director shall be obligated to give any bond or surety or other security for the performance of any of his or her duties.
Section 16. RELIANCE. Each Director, officer, employee and agent of the Corporation shall, in the performance of his or her duties with respect to the Corporation, be fully justified and protected with regard to any act or failure to act in reliance in good faith upon the books of account or other records of
the Corporation, upon an opinion of counsel or upon reports made to the Corporation by any of its officers or employees or by the adviser, accountants, appraisers or other experts or consultants selected by the Board of Directors or officers of the Corporation, regardless of whether such counsel or expert may also be a Director.
Section 17. CERTAIN RIGHTS OF DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES AND AGENTS. The Directors shall have no responsibility to devote their full time to the affairs of the Corporation. Any Director or officer, employee or agent of the Corporation, in his or her personal capacity or in a capacity as an affiliate, employee, or agent of any other person, or otherwise, may have business interests and engage in business activities similar to or in addition to or in competition with those of or relating to the Corporation.
ARTICLE IV
COMMITTEES
Section 1. NUMBER, TENURE AND QUALIFICATIONS. The Board of Directors may appoint from among its members an Executive Committee, an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee, a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and such other committees as the Board of Directors may deem appropriate, composed of one or more Directors, to serve at the pleasure of the Board of Directors.
Section 2. POWERS. The Board of Directors may delegate to committees appointed under Section 1 of this Article any of the powers of the Board of Directors, except as prohibited by law.
Section 3. MEETINGS. Notice of committee meetings shall be given in the same manner as notice for special meetings of the Board of Directors.
A majority of the members of any committee shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at any meeting of the committee. The act of a majority of the committee members present at a meeting for which a quorum is present shall be the act of such committee. The Board of Directors may designate a chairman of any committee, and such chairman or, in the absence of such chairman, any two (2) members of any committee (if there are at least two (2) members of the committee) may fix the time and place of its meeting unless the Board of Directors shall otherwise provide. In the absence of any member of any such committee, the members thereof present at any meeting, whether or not they constitute a quorum, may appoint another Director to act in the place of such absent member.
Each committee shall keep minutes of its proceedings.
Section 4. TELEPHONE MEETINGS. Members of a committee of the Board of Directors may participate in a meeting by means of a conference telephone or other communications equipment if all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other at the same time. Participation in a meeting by these means shall constitute presence in person at the meeting.
Section 5. CONSENT BY COMMITTEES WITHOUT A MEETING. Any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of a committee of the Board of Directors may be taken without a meeting, if a consent in writing or by electronic transmission to such action is given by each member of the committee and is filed with the minutes of proceedings of such committee.
Section 6. VACANCIES. Subject to the provisions hereof, the Board of Directors shall have the power at any time to change the membership of any committee, to fill all vacancies, to designate alternate members to replace any absent or disqualified member or to dissolve any such committee.
ARTICLE V
OFFICERS
Section 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS. The officers of the Corporation shall include a president, a secretary and a treasurer and may include a chairman of the Board of Directors, a vice chairman of the Board of Directors, a chief executive officer, one or more vice presidents, a chief operating officer, a chief financial officer, one or more assistant secretaries and one or more assistant treasurers. In addition, the Board of Directors may from time to time elect such other officers with such powers and duties as it shall deem necessary or desirable. The officers of the Corporation shall be elected annually by the Board of Directors, except that the chief executive officer or president may from time to time appoint one or more vice presidents, assistant secretaries and assistant treasurers or other officers. Each officer shall hold office until his or her successor is elected and qualifies or until his or her death, or his or her resignation or removal in the manner hereinafter provided. In its discretion, the Board of Directors may leave unfilled any office except that of president, treasurer and secretary. Any two (2) or more offices except president and vice president may be held by the same person. Election of an officer or agent shall not of itself create contract rights between the Corporation and such officer or agent. All officers of the Corporation as between themselves and the Corporation shall, respectively, have such authority and perform such duties in the management of the property and affairs of the Corporation as may be determined by resolution of the Board of Directors, or in the absence of controlling provisions in a resolution of the Board of Directors, as may be provided in these Bylaws.
Section 2. REMOVAL AND RESIGNATION. Any officer or agent of the Corporation may be removed, with or without cause, by the Board of Directors if in its judgment the best interests of the Corporation would be served thereby, but such removal shall be without prejudice to the contract rights, if any, of the person so removed. Any officer of the Corporation may resign at any time by giving written notice of his or her resignation to the Board of Directors, the chairman of the Board of Directors, the president or the secretary. Any resignation shall take effect immediately upon its receipt or at such later time specified in the notice of resignation. The acceptance of a resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective unless otherwise stated in the resignation. Such resignation shall be without prejudice to the contract rights, if any, of the Corporation.
Section 3. VACANCIES. A vacancy in any office may be filled by the Board of Directors for the balance of the term.
Section 4. CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER. The Board of Directors may designate a chief executive officer. In the absence of such designation, the chairman of the Board of Directors shall be the chief executive officer of the Corporation. The chief executive officer(s) shall have general responsibility for implementation of the policies of the Corporation, as determined by the Board of Directors, and for the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation. He or she may execute any deed, mortgage, bond, contract or other instrument, except in cases where the execution thereof shall be expressly delegated by the Board of Directors or by these Bylaws to some other officer or agent of the Corporation or shall be required by law to be otherwise executed; and in general shall perform all duties incident to the office of chief executive officer and such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors from time to time.
Section 5. CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER. The Board of Directors may designate a chief operating officer. The chief operating officer shall have the responsibilities and duties as set forth by the Board of Directors or the chief executive officer or, in the absence of a chief executive officer, the president.
Section 6. CHIEF INVESTMENT OFFICER. The Board of Directors may designate a chief investment officer. The chief investment officer shall have the responsibilities and duties as set forth by the Board of Directors or the chief executive officer or, in the absence of a chief executive officer, the president.
Section 7. CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER. The Board of Directors may designate a chief financial officer. The chief financial officer shall have the responsibilities and duties as set forth by the Board of Directors or the chief executive officer or, in the absence of a chief executive officer, the president.
Section 8. CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD. The Board of Directors shall designate a chairman of the Board of Directors. The chairman of the Board of Directors shall preside over the meetings of the Board of Directors and of the stockholders at which he shall be present. The chairman of the Board of Directors shall perform such other duties as may be assigned to him or her by the Board of Directors.
Section 9. PRESIDENT. In the absence of a chief executive officer, the president shall in general supervise and control all of the business and affairs of the Corporation. In the absence of a designation of a chief operating officer by the Board of Directors, the president shall be the chief operating officer. He or she may execute any deed, mortgage, bond, contract or other instrument, except in cases where the execution thereof shall be expressly delegated by the Board of Directors or by these Bylaws to some other officer or agent of the Corporation or shall be required by law to be otherwise executed; and in general shall perform all duties incident to the office of president and such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors from time to time.
Section 10. VICE PRESIDENTS. In the absence of the president or in the event of a vacancy in such office, the vice president (or in the event there be more than one vice president, the vice presidents in the order designated at the time of their election or, in the absence of any designation, then in the order of their election) shall perform the duties of the president and when so acting shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the president; and shall perform such other duties as from time to time may be assigned to such vice president by the president or by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may designate one or more vice presidents as executive vice president, senior vice president or as vice president for particular areas of responsibility.
Section 11. SECRETARY. The secretary shall (a) keep the minutes of the proceedings of the stockholders, the Board of Directors and committees of the Board of Directors in one or more books provided for that purpose; (b) see that all notices are duly given in accordance with the provisions of these Bylaws or as required by law; (c) be custodian of the corporate records and of the seal of the Corporation; (d) keep a register of the post office address of each stockholder which shall be furnished to the secretary by such stockholder; (e) have general charge of the stock transfer books of the Corporation; and (f) in general perform such other duties as from time to time may be assigned to him by the chief executive officer, the president or by the Board of Directors. The assistant secretary may perform all of the duties of the secretary as set forth in these Bylaws and all references to the secretary in these Bylaws shall also refer to the deputy secretary.
Section 12. TREASURER. The treasurer shall have the custody of the funds and securities of the Corporation and shall keep full and accurate accounts of receipts and disbursements in books belonging to the Corporation and shall deposit all moneys and other valuable effects in the name and to the credit of the Corporation in such depositories as may be designated by the Board of Directors. In the absence of a designation of a chief financial officer by the Board of Directors, the treasurer shall be the chief financial officer of the Corporation.
The treasurer shall disburse the funds of the Corporation as may be ordered by the Board of Directors, taking proper vouchers for such disbursements, and shall render to the president and Board of Directors, at the regular meetings of the Board of Directors or whenever it may so require, an account of all his or her transactions as treasurer and of the financial condition of the Corporation.
If required by the Board of Directors, the treasurer shall give the Corporation a bond in such sum and with such surety or sureties as shall be satisfactory to the Board of Directors for the faithful performance of the duties of his or her office and for the restoration to the Corporation, in case of his or her death, resignation, retirement or removal from office, of all books, papers, vouchers, moneys and other property of whatever kind in his or her possession or under his or her control belonging to the Corporation.
Section 13. ASSISTANT SECRETARIES AND ASSISTANT TREASURERS. The assistant secretaries and assistant treasurers, in general, shall perform such duties as shall be assigned to them by the secretary or treasurer, respectively, or by the president or the Board of Directors. The assistant treasurers shall, if required by the Board of Directors, give bonds for the faithful performance of their
duties in such sums and with such surety or sureties as shall be satisfactory to the Board of Directors.
ARTICLE VI
CONTRACTS, LOANS, CHECKS AND DEPOSITS
Section 1. CONTRACTS. The Board of Directors or any committee of the Board of Directors within the scope of its delegated authority, may authorize any officer or agent to enter into any contract or to execute and deliver any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation and such authority may be general or confined to specific instances. Any agreement, deed, mortgage, lease or other document shall be valid and binding upon the Corporation when duly authorized or ratified by action of the Board of Directors or such committee and executed by an authorized person.
Section 2. CHECKS AND DRAFTS. All checks, drafts or other orders for the payment of money, notes or other evidences of indebtedness issued in the name of the Corporation shall be signed by such officer or agent of the Corporation in such manner as shall from time to time be determined by the Board of Directors.
Section 3. DEPOSITS. All funds of the Corporation not otherwise employed shall be deposited from time to time to the credit of the Corporation in such banks, trust companies or other depositories as the Board of Directors may designate.
ARTICLE VII
STOCK
Section 1. CERTIFICATES. Except as otherwise provided in these Bylaws, this
Section shall not be interpreted to limit the authority of the Board of
Directors to issue some or all of the shares of any or all of the Corporation's
classes or series without certificates. Each stockholder, upon written request
to the secretary of the Corporation, shall be entitled to a certificate or
certificates which shall represent and certify the number of shares of each
class of stock held by him in the Corporation. Each certificate shall be signed
by the chairman of the Board of Directors, vice chairman of the Board of
Directors, chief executive officer, chief operating officer, chief financial
officer, president or a vice president and countersigned by the secretary or an
assistant secretary or the treasurer or an assistant treasurer and may be sealed
with the seal, if any, of the Corporation. The signatures may be either manual
or facsimile. Certificates shall be consecutively numbered; and if the
Corporation shall, from time to time, issue several classes of stock, each class
may have its own number series. A certificate is valid and may be issued whether
or not an officer who signed it is still an officer when it is issued. Each
certificate representing shares which are restricted as to their transferability
or voting powers, which are preferred or limited as to their dividends or as to
their allocable portion of the assets upon liquidation or which are redeemable
at the option of the Corporation, shall have a statement of such restriction,
limitation, preference or redemption provision, or a summary thereof, plainly
stated on the certificate. If the Corporation has authority to issue stock of
more than one class, the certificate shall contain on the face or back a full
statement or summary of the designations and any preferences, conversion and other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions, qualifications and terms and conditions of redemption of each class of stock and, if the Corporation is authorized to issue any preferred or special class in series, the differences in the relative rights and preferences between the shares of each series to the extent they have been set and the authority of the Board of Directors to set the relative rights and preferences of subsequent series. In lieu of such statement or summary, the certificate may state that the Corporation will furnish a full statement of such information to any stockholder upon request and without charge. If any class of stock is restricted by the Corporation as to transferability, the certificate shall contain a full statement of the restriction or state that the Corporation will furnish information about the restrictions to the stockholder on request and without charge.
Section 2. TRANSFERS. No transfers of shares of the Corporation shall be made if (i) void ab initio pursuant to any provision of the Charter or (ii) the Board of Directors, pursuant to any provision of the Charter or applicable law, shall have refused to permit the transfer of such shares. Permitted transfers of shares of the Corporation shall be made on the share transfer books of the Corporation only upon the instruction of the registered holder thereof, or by his or her attorney thereunto authorized by power of attorney duly executed and filed with the secretary or with a transfer agent or transfer clerk, and upon surrender of the certificate or certificates, if issued, for such shares properly endorsed or accompanied by a duly executed share transfer power and the payment of all taxes thereon. Upon surrender to the Corporation or the transfer agent of the Corporation of a stock certificate duly endorsed or accompanied by proper evidence of succession, assignment or authority to transfer, the Corporation shall issue a new certificate to the person entitled thereto, cancel the old certificate and record the transaction upon its books.
The Corporation shall be entitled to treat the holder of record of any share of stock as the holder in fact thereof and, accordingly, shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share or on the part of any other person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise provided by the laws of the State of Maryland.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, transfers of shares of any class of stock will be subject in all respects to the Charter and all of the terms and conditions contained therein.
Section 3. REPLACEMENT CERTIFICATE. Any officer designated by the Board of Directors may direct a new certificate to be issued in place of any certificate previously issued by the Corporation alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed upon the making of an affidavit of that fact by the person claiming the certificate to be lost, stolen or destroyed. When authorizing the issuance of a new certificate, an officer designated by the Board of Directors may, in his or her discretion and as a condition precedent to the issuance thereof, require the owner of such lost, stolen or destroyed certificate or the owner's legal representative to advertise the same in such manner as he or she shall require and/or to give bond, with sufficient surety, or other indemnities to the Corporation to indemnify it against any loss or claim which may arise as a result of the issuance of a new certificate.
Section 4. CLOSING OF TRANSFER BOOKS OR FIXING OF RECORD DATE. The Board of Directors may set, in advance, a record date for the purpose of determining
stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or determining stockholders entitled to receive payment of any dividend or the allotment of any other rights, or in order to make a determination of stockholders for any other proper purpose. Such date, in any case, shall not be prior to the close of business on the day the record date is fixed and shall be not more than ninety (90) days and, in the case of a meeting of stockholders, not less than ten (10) days, before the date on which the meeting or particular action requiring such determination of stockholders of record is to be held or taken.
In lieu of fixing a record date, the Board of Directors may provide that the stock transfer books shall be closed for a stated period but not longer than twenty (20) days. If the stock transfer books are closed for the purpose of determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders, such books shall be closed for at least ten (10) days before the date of such meeting.
If no record date is fixed and the stock transfer books are not closed for the determination of stockholders, (a) the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day on which the notice of meeting is mailed or the thirtieth (30th) day before the meeting, whichever is the closer date to the meeting; and (b) the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive payment of a dividend or an allotment of any other rights shall be the close of business on the day on which the resolution of the Board of Directors, authorizing the dividend or allotment of rights, is adopted.
When a determination of stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders has been made as provided in this section, such determination shall apply to any adjournment thereof, except when (i) the determination has been made through the closing of the transfer books and the stated period of closing has expired or (ii) the meeting is adjourned to a date more than one hundred twenty (120) days after the record date fixed for the original meeting, in either of which case a new record date shall be determined as set forth herein.
Section 5. STOCK LEDGER. The Corporation shall maintain at its principal office or at the office of its counsel, accountants or transfer agent, an original or duplicate stock ledger containing the name and address of each stockholder and the number of shares of each class held by such stockholder.
Section 6. FRACTIONAL STOCK; ISSUANCE OF UNITS. The Board of Directors may issue fractional stock or provide for the issuance of scrip, all on such terms and under such conditions as they may determine. Notwithstanding any other provision of the Charter or these Bylaws, the Board of Directors may issue units consisting of different securities of the Corporation. Any security issued in a unit shall have the same characteristics as any identical securities issued by the Corporation, except that the Board of Directors may provide that for a specified period securities of the Corporation issued in such unit may be transferred on the books of the Corporation only in such unit.
Section 7. CERTIFICATION OF BENEFICIAL OWNERS. The Board of Directors may adopt by resolution a procedure by which a stockholder of the Corporation may certify in writing to the Corporation that any shares of stock registered in the
name of the stockholder are held for the account of a specified person other than the stockholder. The resolution shall set forth the class of stockholders who may certify; the purpose for which the certification may be made; the form of certification and the information to be contained in it; if the certification is with respect to a record date or closing of the stock transfer books, the time after the record date or closing of the stock transfer books within which the certification must be received by the Corporation; and any other provisions with respect to the procedure which the Board of Directors considers necessary or desirable. On receipt of a certification which complies with the procedure adopted by the Board of Directors in accordance with this Section, the person specified in the certification is, for the purpose set forth in the certification, the holder of record of the specified stock in place of the stockholder who makes the certification.
ARTICLE VIII
ACCOUNTING YEAR
The Board of Directors shall have the power, from time to time, to fix the fiscal year of the Corporation by a duly adopted resolution.
ARTICLE IX
DISTRIBUTIONS
Section 1. AUTHORIZATION. Dividends and other distributions upon the stock of the Corporation may be authorized by the Board of Directors, subject to the provisions of law and the Charter. Dividends and other distributions may be paid in cash, property or shares of stock of the Corporation, subject to the provisions of law and the Charter.
Section 2. CONTINGENCIES. Before payment of any dividends or other distributions, there may be set aside out of any assets of the Corporation available for dividends or other distributions such sum or sums as the Board of Directors may from time to time, in its absolute discretion, think proper as a reserve fund for contingencies, for equalizing dividends or other distributions, for repairing or maintaining any property of the Corporation or for such other purpose as the Board of Directors shall determine to be in the best interests of the Corporation, and the Board of Directors may modify or abolish any such reserve.
ARTICLE X
INVESTMENT POLICIES
Subject to the provisions of the Charter, the Board of Directors may from time to time adopt, amend, revise or terminate any policy or policies with respect to investments by the Corporation as it shall deem appropriate in its sole discretion.
ARTICLE XI
SEAL
Section 1. SEAL. The Board of Directors may authorize the adoption of a seal by the Corporation. The seal shall contain the name of the Corporation, the year of its incorporation, and the words "Incorporated Maryland." The Board of Directors may authorize one or more duplicate seals and provide for the custody thereof.
Section 2. AFFIXING SEAL. Whenever the Corporation is permitted or required to affix its seal to a document, it shall be sufficient to meet the requirements of any law, rule or regulation relating to a seal to place the word "(SEAL)" adjacent to the signature of the person authorized to execute the document on behalf of the Corporation.
ARTICLE XII
INDEMNIFICATION AND ADVANCE OF EXPENSES
To the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law in effect from time to
time, the Corporation shall indemnify and, without requiring a preliminary
determination of the ultimate entitlement to indemnification, shall pay or
reimburse reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding to
any individual who is a present or former Director or officer of the Corporation
and who is made or threatened to be made a party to the proceeding by reason of
his or her service in that capacity or any individual who, while a Director or
officer of the Corporation and at the request of the Corporation, serves or has
served as a Director, officer, partner or trustee of such corporation, real
estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit
plan or other enterprise and who is made or threatened to be made a party to the
proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity. The Corporation
may, with the approval of its Board of Directors, or a duly authorized committee
thereof, provide such indemnification and advance for expenses to a person who
served a predecessor of the Corporation in any of the capacities described in
(a) or (b) above and to any employee or agent of the Corporation or a
predecessor of the Corporation. The indemnification and payment of expenses
provided in these Bylaws shall not be deemed exclusive of or limit in any way
other rights to which any person seeking indemnification or payment of expenses
may be or may become entitled under any bylaw, regulation, insurance, agreement
or otherwise.
Neither the amendment nor repeal of this Article, nor the adoption or amendment of any other provision of the Bylaws or Charter inconsistent with this Article, shall apply to or affect in any respect the applicability of the preceding paragraph with respect to any act or failure to act which occurred prior to such amendment, repeal or adoption.
ARTICLE XIII
WAIVER OF NOTICE
Whenever any notice is required to be given pursuant to the Charter or these Bylaws or pursuant to applicable law, a waiver thereof in writing, signed by the person or persons entitled to such notice, whether before or after the
time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to the giving of such notice. Neither the business to be transacted at nor the purpose of any meeting need be set forth in the waiver of notice, unless specifically required by statute. The attendance of any person at any meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except where such person attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting to the transaction of any business on the ground that the meeting is not lawfully called or convened.
ARTICLE XIV
AMENDMENT OF BYLAWS
The Board of Directors shall have the exclusive power to adopt, alter or repeal any provision of these Bylaws and to make new Bylaws.
ARTICLE XV
MISCELLANEOUS
Section 1. BOOKS AND RECORDS. The Corporation shall keep correct and complete books and records of its accounts and transactions and minutes of the proceedings of its stockholders and Board of Directors and of an executive or other committee when exercising any of the powers of the Board of Directors. The books and records of the Corporation may be in written form or in any other form which can be converted within a reasonable time into written form for visual inspection. Minutes shall be recorded in written form but may be maintained in the form of a reproduction. The original or a certified copy of these Bylaws shall be kept at the principal office of the Corporation.
Section 2. VOTING STOCK IN OTHER COMPANIES. Stock of other corporations or associations, registered in the name of the Corporation, may be voted by the president, a vice-president, or a proxy appointed by either of them. The Board of Directors, however, may by resolution appoint some other person to vote such shares, in which case such person shall be entitled to vote such shares upon the production of a certified copy of such resolution.
Section 3. EXECUTION OF DOCUMENTS. A person who holds more than one office in the Corporation may not act in more than one capacity to execute, acknowledge, or verify an instrument required by law to be executed, acknowledged, or verified by more than one officer.
MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT
THIS MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT is made and entered into as of March 8, 2005 by and among RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP., a Maryland corporation (the "Company"), RESOURCE CAPITAL MANAGER, INC., a Delaware corporation (together with its permitted assignees, the "Manager") and Resource America, Inc., a Delaware Corporation ("Resource America").
WHEREAS, the Company is a newly organized corporation that has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust for federal income tax purposes;
WHEREAS, the Company desires to retain the Manager to provide investment advisory services to the Company on the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth, and the Manager wishes to be retained to provide such services; and
WHEREAS, the Manager is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Resource America.
NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual agreements herein set forth, the parties hereto agree as follows:
SECTION 1. DEFINITIONS. The following terms have the meanings assigned them:
(a) "Affiliate" means a person that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by, or is under common control with, the person specified.
(b) "Agreement" means this Management Agreement, as amended from time to time.
(c) "Base Management Fee" means the base management fee, calculated and paid monthly in arrears, in an amount equal to (i) 1/12 of Equity multiplied by (ii) 1.50%.
(d) "Board of Directors" means the Board of Directors of the Company.
(e) "Change of Control" means the occurrence of any of the following:
(i) the sale, lease or transfer, in one or a series of related transactions, of all or substantially all of the assets of the Manager, taken as a whole, to any Person other than an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Resource America; or
(ii) the acquisition by any Person or group (within the meaning of Section 13(d)(3) or Section 14(d)(2) of the Exchange Act, or any successor provision), including any group acting for the purpose of acquiring, holding or disposing of securities (within the meaning of Rule 13d-5(b)(1) under the Exchange Act), in a single transaction or in a related series of transactions, by way of merger, consolidation or other business combination or purchase of beneficial ownership (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act, or any successor provision) of 50% or more of the total voting power of the voting capital interests of the Manager.
(f) "Code" means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.
(g) "Common Share" means a share of capital stock of the Company now or hereafter authorized as common voting stock of the Company.
(h) "Company Account" has the meaning set forth in Section 5 hereof.
(i) "Company Indemnified Party" has the meaning set forth in
Section 11(b) hereof.
(j) "Effective Termination Date" has the meaning set forth in
Section 13(a) hereof.
(k) "Equity" means, for purposes of calculating the Base Management Fee, for any month the sum of the net proceeds from any issuance of the Company's Common Shares, after deducting any underwriting discounts and commissions and other expenses and costs relating to the issuance, plus (or minus) the Company's retained earnings (or deficit) at the end of such month (without taking into account any non-cash equity compensation expense incurred in current or prior periods), which amount shall be reduced by any amount that the Company pays for repurchases of Common Shares; provided, that the foregoing calculation of Equity shall be adjusted to exclude one-time events pursuant to changes in GAAP, as well as non-cash charges after discussion between the Manager and the Independent Directors and approval by a majority of the Independent Directors in the case of non-cash charges.
(l) "Exchange Act" means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
(m) "Federal Reserve Board" means the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
(n) "GAAP" means generally accepted accounting principles, as applied in the United States.
(o) "Governing Instruments" means, with regard to any entity, the articles of incorporation and bylaws in the case of a corporation, certificate of limited partnership (if applicable) and the partnership agreement in the case of a general or limited partnership, the articles of formation and the operating agreement in the case of a limited liability company, the trust instrument in the case of a trust, or similar governing documents, in each case as amended from time to time.
(p) "Guidelines" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 2(b)(i) hereof.
(q) "Incentive Compensation" means an incentive management fee calculated and payable each fiscal quarter in an amount, not less than zero, equal to the product of: (i) twenty-five percent (25%) of the dollar amount by which (A) the Company's Net Income, (before Incentive Compensation but after the Base Management Fee) for such quarter per Common Share (based on the weighted average number of Common Shares outstanding for such quarter) exceeds (B) an amount equal to (1) the weighted average of the price per share of the Common Shares in the initial offering by the Company and the prices per share of the Common Shares in any subsequent offerings by the Company, in each case at the time of issuance thereof, multiplied by (2) the greater of (a) 2.00% and (b) 0.50% plus one-fourth of the Ten Year Treasury Rate for such quarter, multiplied by (ii) the weighted average number of Common Shares outstanding during such quarter; provided, that the foregoing calculation of Incentive Compensation shall be adjusted to exclude one-time events pursuant to changes in GAAP, as well as non-cash charges after discussion between the Manager and the Independent Directors and approval by a majority of the Independent Directors in the case of non-cash charges.
(r) "Indemnified Party" has the meaning set forth in Section 11(a) hereof.
(s) "Independent Directors" means the members of the Board of Directors who are not, and have not been within the last two years, officers or employees of the Manager or any Person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by, or otherwise an Affiliate of, the Manager and who are otherwise "independent" in accordance with the Company's Governing Instruments and, if applicable, the rules of any national securities exchange on which the Common Shares are listed.
(t) "Initial Term" has the meaning set forth in Section 13(a) hereof.
(u) "Investment Company Act" means the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.
(v) "Investments" means the investments of the Company.
(w) "Net Income" shall be determined by calculating the net income available to owners of Common Shares before non-cash equity compensation expense, in accordance with GAAP.
(x) "Notice of Proposal to Negotiate" has the meaning set forth in
Section 13(a) hereto.
(y) "Person" means any individual, corporation, partnership, joint venture, limited liability company, estate, trust, unincorporated association, any federal, state, county or municipal government or any bureau, department or agency thereof and any fiduciary acting in such capacity on behalf of any of the foregoing.
(z) "Purchase and Placement Agent Agreement" means the purchase and placement agent agreement, dated as of March 2, 2005 between the Company, the Manager, Resource America and Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, as initial purchaser/placement agent.
(aa) "Registration Rights Agreement" means the registration rights agreement, dated as of March 8, 2005 between the Company and Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, as the Initial Purchaser (as defined therein), and for the benefit of the Holders (as defined therein).
(bb) "REIT" means a "real estate investment trust" as defined under the Code.
(cc) "Renewal Term" has the meaning as set forth in Section 13(a) hereto.
(dd) "Subsidiary" means any subsidiary of the Company; any partnership, the general partner of which is the Company or any subsidiary of the Company; and any limited liability company, the managing member of which is the Company or any subsidiary of the Company.
(ee) "Ten Year Treasury Rate" means the average of weekly average yield to maturity for U.S. Treasury securities (adjusted to a constant maturity of ten (10) years) as published weekly by the Federal Reserve Board in publication H.15, or any successor publication, during a fiscal quarter, or if such rate is not published by the Federal Reserve Board, any Federal Reserve Bank or agency or department of the federal government selected by the Company. If the Company determines in good faith that the Ten-Year U.S. Treasury Rate cannot be calculated as provided above, then the rate shall be the arithmetic average of the per annum average yields to maturities, based upon closing asked prices on each business day during a quarter, for each actively-traded marketable U.S. Treasury fixed interest rate security with a final maturity date not less than eight no more than twelve years from the date of the closing asked prices as chosen and quoted for each business day in each such quarter in New York City by at least three recognized dealers in U.S. government securities selected by the Company.
(ff) "Termination Fee" has the meaning set forth in Section 13(b) hereof.
(gg) "Termination Notice" has the meaning set forth in Section 13(a) hereof.
(hh) "Treasury Regulations" means the regulations promulgated under the Code from time to time, as amended.
SECTION 2. APPOINTMENT AND DUTIES OF THE MANAGER.
(a) The Company hereby appoints the Manager to manage the assets of the Company subject to the further terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement and the Manager hereby agrees to use its commercially reasonable efforts to perform each of the duties set forth herein. The appointment of the Manager shall be exclusive to the Manager except to the extent that the Manager otherwise agrees, in its sole and absolute discretion, and except to the extent that the Manager elects, in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, to cause the duties of the Manager hereunder to be provided by third parties.
(b) The Manager, in its capacity as manager of the assets and the day-to-day operations of the Company, at all times will be subject to the supervision of the Company's Board of Directors and will have only such functions and authority as the Company may delegate to it including, without limitation, the functions and authority identified herein and delegated to the Manager hereby. The Manager will be responsible for the day-to-day operations of the Company and will perform (or cause to be performed) such services and activities relating to the assets and operations of the Company as may be appropriate, including, without limitation:
(i) serving as the Company's consultant with respect to the periodic review of the investment criteria and parameters for Investments, borrowings and operations, any modifications to which shall be approved by a majority of the Independent Directors (such policy guidelines as initially approved, as the same may be modified with such approval, the "Guidelines") and other policies for approval by the Board of Directors;
(ii) investigation, analysis and selection of investment opportunities;
(iii) with respect to any prospective investment by the Company and any sale, exchange or other disposition of any Investment by the Company, conducting negotiations on behalf of the Company with sellers and purchasers and their respective agents, representatives and investment bankers;
(iv) engaging and supervising, on behalf of the Company and at the Company's expense, independent contractors which provide investment banking, mortgage brokerage, securities brokerage and other financial services and such other services as may be required relating to the Investments;
(v) coordinating and managing operations of any joint venture or co-investment interests held by the Company and conducting all matters with the joint venture or co-investment partners;
(vi) providing executive and administrative personnel, office space and office services required in rendering services to the Company;
(vii) administering the day-to-day operations of the Company and performing and supervising the performance of such other administrative functions necessary in the management of the Company as may be agreed upon by the Manager and the Board of Directors, including, without limitation, the collection of revenues and the payment of the Company's debts and obligations and maintenance of appropriate computer services to perform such administrative functions;
(viii) communicating on behalf of the Company with the holders of any equity or debt securities of the Company as required to satisfy the reporting and other requirements of any governmental bodies or agencies or trading markets and to maintain effective relations with such holders;
(ix) counseling the Company in connection with policy decisions to be made by the Board of Directors;
(x) evaluating and recommending to the Board of Directors hedging strategies and engaging in hedging activities on behalf of the Company, consistent with such strategies, as so modified from time to time, with the Company's status as a REIT, and with the Guidelines;
(xi) counseling the Company regarding the maintenance of its status as a REIT and monitoring compliance with the various REIT qualification tests and other rules set out in the Code and Treasury Regulations thereunder;
(xii) counseling the Company regarding the maintenance of its exclusion from status as an investment company under the Investment Company Act and monitoring compliance with the requirements for maintaining such exclusion;
(xiii) assisting the Company in developing criteria for asset purchase commitments that are specifically tailored to the Company's investment objectives and making available to the Company its knowledge and experience with respect to mortgage loans, real estate, real estate securities, other real estate-related assets and non-real estate related assets;
(xiv) furnishing reports and statistical and economic research to the Company regarding the Company's activities and services performed for the Company by the Manager or the Subsidiaries;
(xv) monitoring the operating performance of the Investments and providing periodic reports with respect thereto to the Board of Directors, including comparative information with respect to such operating performance and budgeted or projected operating results;
(xvi) investing and re-investing any moneys and securities of the Company (including investing in short-term Investments pending investment in other Investments, payment of fees, costs and expenses, or payments of dividends or distributions to stockholders and partners of the Company) and advising the Company as to its capital structure and capital raising;
(xvii) causing the Company to retain qualified accountants and legal counsel, as applicable, to assist in developing appropriate accounting procedures, compliance procedures and testing systems with respect to financial reporting obligations and compliance with the provisions of the Code applicable to REITs and non-taxable REIT subsidiaries and to conduct quarterly compliance reviews with respect thereto;
(xviii) causing the Company to qualify to do business in all applicable jurisdictions and to obtain and maintain all appropriate licenses;
(xix) assisting the Company in complying with all regulatory requirements applicable to the Company in respect of its business activities, including preparing or causing to be prepared all financial statements required under applicable regulations and contractual undertakings and all reports and documents, if any, required under the Exchange Act;
(xx) taking all necessary actions to enable the Company and its Subsidiaries to make required tax filings and reports, including soliciting stockholders for required information to the extent provided by the provisions of the Code and Treasury Regulations applicable to REITs;
(xxi) handling and resolving all claims, disputes or controversies (including all litigation, arbitration, settlement or other proceedings or negotiations) in which the Company may be involved or to which the Company may be subject arising out of the Company's day-to-day operations, subject to such limitations or parameters as may be imposed from time to time by the Board of Directors;
(xxii) using commercially reasonable efforts to cause expenses incurred by or on behalf of the Company to be commercially reasonable or commercially customary and within any budgeted parameters or expense guidelines set by the Board of Directors from time to time;
(xxiii) advising the Company with respect to obtaining appropriate warehouse or other financings for its assets;
(xxiv) advising the Company with respect to and structuring long-term financing vehicles for the Company's portfolio of assets, and offering and selling securities publicly or privately in connection with any such structured financing;
(xxv) performing such other services as may be required from time to time for management and other activities relating to the assets of the Company as the Board of Directors shall reasonably request or the Manager shall deem appropriate under the particular circumstances; and
(xxvi) using commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Company to comply with all applicable laws.
Without limiting the foregoing, the Manager will perform portfolio management services (the "Portfolio Management Services") on behalf of the Company with respect to the Investments. Such services will include, but not be limited to, consulting with the Company on the purchase and sale of, and other investment opportunities in connection with, the Company's portfolio of assets; the collection of information and the submission of reports pertaining to the Company's assets, interest rates and general economic conditions; periodic review and evaluation of the performance of the Company's portfolio of assets; acting as liaison between the Company and banking, mortgage banking, investment banking and other parties with respect to the purchase, financing and disposition of assets; and other customary functions related to portfolio management. Additionally, the Manager will perform monitoring services (the "Monitoring Services") on behalf of the Company with respect to any loan servicing activities provided by third parties. Such Monitoring Services will include, to the extent applicable, negotiating servicing agreements; acting as a liaison between the servicers of the assets and the Company; review of servicers' delinquency, foreclosure and other reports on assets; supervising claims filed under any insurance policies; and enforcing the obligation of any servicer to repurchase assets.
(c) The Manager may enter into agreements with other parties, including its Affiliates, for the purpose of engaging one or more parties for and on behalf, and at the sole cost and expense, of the Company to provide property management, asset management, leasing, development and/or other services to the Company (including, without limitation, Portfolio Management Services and Monitoring Services) pursuant to agreement(s) with terms which are then customary for agreements regarding the provision of services to companies that have assets similar in type, quality and value to the assets of the Company; provided, that (i) any such agreements entered into with Affiliates of the Manager shall be (A) on terms no more favorable to such affiliate than would be obtained from a third party on an arm's-length basis and (B) to the extent the same do not fall within the provisions of the Guidelines, approved by a majority of the Independent Directors, (ii) with respect to Portfolio Management Services, (A) any such agreements shall be subject to the Company's prior written approval (and approved by a majority of the Independent Directors) and (B) the Manager shall remain liable for the performance of such Portfolio Management Services, and (iii) with respect to Monitoring Services, any such agreements shall be subject to the Company's prior written approval (and approved by a majority of the Independent Directors).
(d) The Manager may retain, for and on behalf, and at the sole cost and expense, of the Company, such services of accountants, legal counsel, appraisers, insurers, brokers, transfer agents, registrars, developers, investment banks, financial advisors, banks and other lenders and others as the Manager deems necessary or advisable in connection with the management and operations of the Company. Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, the Manager shall have the right to cause any such services to be rendered by its employees or Affiliates. The Company shall pay or reimburse the Manager or its Affiliates performing such services for the cost thereof; provided, that such costs and reimbursements are no greater than those which would be payable to outside professionals or consultants engaged to perform such services pursuant to agreements negotiated on an arm's-length basis.
(e) As frequently as the Manager may deem necessary or advisable, or at the direction of the Board of Directors, the Manager shall, at the sole cost and expense of the Company, prepare, or cause to be prepared, with respect to any Investment, reports and other information with respect to such Investment as may be reasonably requested by the Company.
(f) The Manager shall prepare, or cause to be prepared, at the sole cost and expense of the Company, all reports, financial or otherwise, with respect to the Company reasonably required by the Board of Directors in order for the Company to comply with its Governing Instruments, or any other materials required to be filed with any governmental body or agency, and shall prepare, or cause to be prepared, all materials and data necessary to complete such reports and other materials including, without limitation, an annual audit of the Company's books of account by a nationally recognized independent accounting firm.
(g) The Manager shall prepare, at the sole cost and expense of the Company, regular reports for the Board of Directors to enable the Board of Directors to review the Company's acquisitions, portfolio composition and characteristics, credit quality, performance and compliance with the Guidelines and policies approved by the Board of Directors.
(h) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Agreement to the contrary, except to the extent that the payment of additional moneys is proven by the Company to have been required as a direct result of the Manager's acts or omissions which result in the right of the Company to terminate this Agreement pursuant to Section 15 of this Agreement, the Manager shall not be required to expend money ("Excess Funds") in connection with any expenses that are required to be paid for or reimbursed by the Company pursuant to Section 9 in excess of that contained in any applicable Company Account (as herein defined) or otherwise made available by the Company to be expended by the Manager hereunder.
Failure of the Manager to expend Excess Funds out-of-pocket shall not give rise or be a contributing factor to the right of the Company under Section 13(a) of this Agreement to terminate this Agreement due to the Manager's unsatisfactory performance.
(i) In performing its duties under this Section 2, the Manager shall be entitled to rely reasonably on qualified experts and professionals (including, without limitation, accountants, legal counsel and other professional service providers) hired by the Manager at the Company's sole cost and expense.
SECTION 3. DEVOTION OF TIME; ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES OF THE MANAGER.
(a) The Manager will provide the Company with a management team, including a Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Financial Officer, along with appropriate support personnel, to provide the management services to be provided by the Manager to the Company hereunder, the members of which team shall devote such of their time to the management of the Company as may be reasonably necessary and appropriate, commensurate with the level of activity of the Company from time to time. Prior to the effective date of any registration statement registering a class or series of the Company's securities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Manager shall provide the Company with a Chief Financial Officer who shall be exclusively dedicated to the operations of the Company.
(b) The Manager agrees to offer the Company the right to
participate in all investment opportunities that the Manager determines are
appropriate for the Company in view of its investment objectives, policies and
strategies, and other relevant factors, subject to the exception that, in
accordance with the Manager's Conflict of Interests Policy (attached hereto as
Exhibit A and as may be amended from time to time in the sole discretion of the
Manager), the Company might not participate in each such opportunity but will on
an overall basis equitably participate with the Manager's other clients in all
such opportunities. Except as provided in the penultimate sentence of this
Section 3(b), nothing in this Agreement shall (i) prevent the Manager or any of
its Affiliates, officers, directors or employees, from engaging in other
businesses or from rendering services of any kind to any other Person,
including, without limitation, investing in, or rendering advisory services to
others investing in, any type of Conduit CMBS or other mortgage loans
(including, without limitation, investments that meet the principal investment
objectives of the Company), whether or not the investment objectives or policies
of any such other Person or entity are similar to those of the Company or (ii)
in any way bind or restrict the Manager or any of its Affiliates, officers,
directors or employees from buying, selling or trading any securities or
commodities for their own accounts or for the account of others for whom the
Manager or any of its Affiliates, officers, directors or employees may be
acting. While information and recommendations supplied to the Company shall, in
the Manager's reasonable and good faith judgment, be appropriate under the
circumstances and in light of the investment objectives and policies of the
Company, they may be different from the information and recommendations supplied
by the Manager or any Affiliate of the Manager to other investment companies,
funds and advisory accounts. The Company shall be entitled to equitable
treatment under the circumstances in receiving information, recommendations and
any other services, but the Company recognizes that it is not entitled to
receive preferential treatment as compared with the treatment given by the
Manager or any Affiliate of the Manager to any investment company, fund or
advisory account other than any fund or advisory account which contains only
funds invested by the Manager, its Affiliates (and not any funds of any of their
clients or customers) or their officers and directors. Notwithstanding anything
to the contrary in this Section 3(b), the Manager hereby agrees that, during the
term of this Agreement set forth in Section 13 hereof, neither the Manager nor
any entity controlled by the Manager shall raise, sponsor or advise any new REIT
that invests primarily in domestic mortgage backed securities in the United
States. The Company shall have the benefit of the Manager's best judgment and
effort in rendering services hereunder and, in furtherance of the foregoing, the
Manager shall not undertake activities that, in its good faith judgment, will adversely affect the performance of its obligations under this Agreement.
(c) Directors, officers, employees and agents of the Manager or Affiliates of the Manager may serve as directors, officers, employees, agents, nominees or signatories for the Company or any Subsidiary, to the extent permitted by their Governing Instruments, as from time to time amended, or by any resolutions duly adopted by the Board of Directors pursuant to the Company's Governing Instruments. When executing documents or otherwise acting in such capacities for the Company, such Persons shall use their respective titles in the Company.
(d) The Manager is authorized, for and on behalf, and at the sole cost and expense of the Company, to employ such securities dealers for the purchase and sale of investment assets of the Company as may, in the good faith judgment of the Manager, be necessary to obtain the best commercially available net results for the Company taking into account such factors as the policies of the Company, price, dealer spread, the size, type, timing and difficulty of the transaction involved, the firm's general execution and operational facilities and the firm's risk in positioning the securities involved. Consistent with this policy, the Manager is authorized to direct the execution of the Company's portfolio transactions to dealers and brokers furnishing statistical information or research deemed by the Manager to be useful or valuable to the performance of its investment advisory functions for the Company.
(e) The Company (including the Board of Directors) agrees to take all actions reasonably required to permit and enable the Manager to carry out its duties and obligations under this Agreement, including, without limitation, all steps reasonably necessary to allow the Manager to file any registration statement on behalf of the Company in a timely manner or to deliver any financial statements or other reports with respect to the Company. If the Manager is not able to provide a service, or in the reasonable judgment of the Manager it is not prudent to provide a service, without the approval of the Board of Directors or the Independent Directors, as applicable, then the Manager shall be excused from providing such service (and shall not be in breach of this Agreement) until the applicable approval has been obtained.
SECTION 4. AGENCY. The Manager shall act as agent of the Company in making, acquiring, financing and disposing of Investments, disbursing and collecting the Company's funds, paying the debts and fulfilling the obligations of the Company, supervising the performance of professionals engaged by or on behalf of the Company and handling, prosecuting and settling any claims of or against the Company, the Board of Directors, holders of the Company's securities or the Company's representatives or properties.
SECTION 5. BANK ACCOUNTS. At the direction of the Board of Directors, the Manager may establish and maintain one or more bank accounts in the name of the Company or any Subsidiary (any such account, a "Company Account"), and may collect and deposit funds into any such Company Account or Company Accounts, and disburse funds from any such Company Account or Company Accounts, under such terms and conditions as the Board of Directors may approve; and the Manager shall from time to time render appropriate accountings of such collections and payments to the Board of Directors and, upon request, to the auditors of the Company or any Subsidiary.
SECTION 6. RECORDS; CONFIDENTIALITY. The Manager shall maintain appropriate books of accounts and records relating to services performed under this Agreement, and such books of account and records shall be accessible for inspection by representatives of the Company or any Subsidiary at any time during normal business hours upon one (1) business day's advance written notice. The Manager shall keep confidential any and all information obtained in connection with the services rendered under this Agreement and shall not disclose any such information (or use the same except in furtherance of its
duties under this Agreement) to nonaffiliated third parties except (i) with the prior written consent of the Board of Directors, (ii) to legal counsel, accountants and other professional advisors; (iii) to appraisers, financing sources and others in the ordinary course of the Company's business; (iv) to governmental officials having jurisdiction over the Company; (v) in connection with any governmental or regulatory filings of the Company or disclosure or presentations to Company investors; or (vi) as required by law or legal process to which the Manager or any Person to whom disclosure is permitted hereunder is a party. The foregoing shall not apply to information which has previously become publicly available through the actions of a Person other than the Manager not resulting from the Manager's violation of this Section 6. The provisions of this Section 6 shall survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Agreement for a period of one year.
SECTION 7. OBLIGATIONS OF MANAGER; RESTRICTIONS.
(a) The Manager shall require each seller or transferor of investment assets to the Company to make such representations and warranties regarding such assets as may, in the reasonable judgment of the Manager, be necessary and appropriate or as advised by the Board of Directors and consistent with standard industry practice. In addition, the Manager shall take such other action as it deems necessary or appropriate or as advised by the Board of Directors and consistent with standard industry practice with regard to the protection of the Investments.
(b) The Manager shall refrain from any action that, in its sole judgment made in good faith, (i) is not in compliance with the Guidelines, (ii) would adversely affect the status of the Company as a REIT under the Code or the Company's status as an entity excluded from investment company status under the Investment Company Act or (iii) would violate any law, rule or regulation of any governmental body or agency having jurisdiction over the Company or any Subsidiary or that would otherwise not be permitted by the Company's Governing Instruments. If the Manager is ordered to take any such action by the Board of Directors, the Manager shall promptly notify the Board of Directors of the Manager's judgment that such action would adversely affect such status or violate any such law, rule or regulation or the Governing Instruments. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Manager, its directors, officers, stockholders and employees shall not be liable to the Company or any Subsidiary, the Board of Directors, or the Company's or any Subsidiary's stockholders or partners, for any act or omission by the Manager, its directors, officers, stockholders or employees except as provided in Section 11 of this Agreement.
(c) The Company shall not invest in joint ventures with the Manager or any affiliate thereof, unless (i) such Investment is made in accordance with the Guidelines and (ii) such Investment is approved in advance by a majority of the Independent Directors.
(d) The Manager shall not (i) consummate any transaction which would involve the acquisition by the Company of an asset in which the Manager or any Affiliate thereof has an ownership interest or the sale by the Company of an asset to the Manager or any Affiliate thereof, or (ii) under circumstances where the Manager is subject to an actual or potential conflict of interest, in the reasonable judgment of the Manager or the Board of Directors, because it manages both the Company and another Person (not an Affiliate of the Company) with which the Company has a contractual relationship, take any action constituting the granting to such Person of a waiver, forbearance or other relief, or the enforcement against such Person of remedies, under or with respect to the applicable contract, unless such transaction or action, as the case may be and in each case, is approved by a majority of the Independent Directors.
(e) The Board of Directors periodically reviews the Guidelines and the Company's portfolio of Investments but will not review each proposed investment, except as otherwise provided herein. If a majority of the
Independent Directors determines in the periodic review of transactions by the Independent Directors, that a particular transaction does not comply with the Guidelines (including as a result of violation of the provisions of Section 7(d) above), then a majority of the Independent Directors will consider what corrective action, if any, can be taken. The Manager shall be permitted to rely upon the direction of the Secretary of the Company to evidence the approval of the Board of Directors or the Independent Directors with respect to a proposed investment.
(f) The Manager shall at all times during the term of this Agreement (including the Initial Term and any Renewal Term) maintain a tangible net worth equal to or greater than $1,000,000. The Manager shall at all times during the term of this Agreement maintain "errors and omissions" insurance coverage and other insurance coverage which is customarily carried by property, asset and investment managers performing functions similar to those of the Manager under this Agreement with respect to assets similar to the assets of the Company, in an amount which is comparable to that customarily maintained by other managers or servicers of similar assets.
SECTION 8. COMPENSATION.
(a) During the Initial Term of this Agreement, as the same may be extended from time to time, the Company shall pay the Manager the Base Management Fee monthly in arrears commencing with the month in which this Agreement was executed (with such initial payment pro-rated based on the number of days during such month that this Agreement was in effect).
(b) The Manager shall compute each installment of the Base Management Fee within fifteen (15) business days after the end of the calendar month with respect to which such installment is payable. A copy of the computations made by the Manager to calculate such installment shall thereafter, for informational purposes only and subject in any event to Section 13(a) of this Agreement, promptly be delivered to the Board of Directors and, upon such delivery, payment of such installment of the Base Management Fee shown therein shall be due and payable no later than the date which is twenty (20) business days after the end of the calendar month with respect to which such installment is payable.
(c) The Base Management Fee is subject to adjustment pursuant to and in accordance with the provisions of Sections 8(j) and 13(a) of this Agreement.
(d) In addition to the Base Management Fee otherwise payable hereunder, the Company shall pay the Manager quarterly Incentive Compensation. The Incentive Compensation calculation and payment shall be made for each fiscal quarter in arrears.
(e) Subject to Section 8(j) below, the Manager shall compute each installment of the Incentive Compensation within 30 days after the end of each fiscal quarter with respect to which such installment is payable. A copy of the computations made by the Manager to calculate such installment shall thereafter, for informational purposes only and subject in any event to Section 13(a) of this Agreement, promptly be delivered to the Board of Directors and, upon such delivery, payment of such installment of the Incentive Compensation shown therein shall be due and payable no later than the date which is five (5) business days after the date of delivery to the Board of Directors of such computations.
(f) Twenty-five percent (25%) of the Incentive Compensation shall
(subject to the remaining provisions of this Section 8(f) and the provisions of
Sections 8(g), 8(h) and 8(i)) be payable to the Manager in Common Shares, and
the remainder thereof shall be paid in cash; provided, the Manager may (subject
to the remaining provisions of this Section 8(f) and the provisions of Sections
8(g), 8(h) and 8(i)) elect, by so indicating in the installment calculation
delivered to the Board of Directors, to receive more than twenty-five percent
(25%) of the Incentive Compensation in the form of Common Shares; provided,
however, the Manager may not receive payment of any portion of the Incentive Compensation in the form of Common Shares, either automatically or by election, if such payment would result in the Manager directly or indirectly through one or more subsidiaries owning in the aggregate more than 9.8% of the outstanding Common Shares. For purposes of this computation, Common Shares include shares issued and outstanding (whether vested or unvested or forfeitable or non-forfeitable) and shares to be issued upon exercise of outstanding stock options (whether such options are exercisable or nonexercisable). The Manager's receipt of Common Shares in accordance herewith shall be subject to all applicable securities exchange rules and securities laws (including, without limitation, prohibitions on insider trading). All Common Shares paid to the Manager as Incentive Compensation will be fully vested upon issuance, provided that the Manager hereby agrees not to sell such shares prior to the date that is one year after the date such shares are due and payable. Notwithstanding such restriction and subject to compliance with all applicable securities laws (including, without limitation, prohibitions on insider trading), the Manager shall have the right to allocate such shares in its sole and absolute discretion to its officers, employees and other individuals who provide services to it at any time. In addition, the foregoing restriction regarding the sale of such shares shall terminate upon termination of this Agreement.
(g) Common Shares payable as Incentive Compensation shall be valued as follows:
(i) if such shares are traded on a securities exchange, the value shall be deemed to be the average of the closing prices of the shares on such exchange over the thirty (30) day period ending three (3) days prior to the issuance of such shares;
(ii) if such shares are actively traded over-the-counter, the
value shall be deemed to be the average of the closing bid or sales
price as applicable over the thirty (30) day period ending three
(3) days prior to the issuance of such shares; and
(iii) if there is no active public market for such shares, the value shall be the fair market value thereof, as reasonably determined in good faith by the Board of Directors of the Company.
(h) If at any time the Manager shall, in connection with a
determination of fair market value made by the Board of Directors, (i) dispute
such determination in good faith by more than five percent (5%), and (ii) such
dispute cannot be resolved between the Independent Directors and the Manager
within ten (10) business days after the Manager provides written notice to the
Company of such dispute (the "Valuation Notice"), then the matter shall be
resolved by an independent appraiser of recognized standing selected jointly by
the Independent Directors and the Manager within not more than twenty (20) days
after the Valuation Notice. In the event the Independent Directors and the
Manager cannot agree with respect to such selection within the aforesaid twenty
(20) day time-frame, the Independent Directors shall select one such independent
appraiser and the Manager shall select one independent appraiser within five (5)
business days after the expiration of the twenty (20) day period, with one
additional such appraiser (the "Last Appraiser") to be selected by the
appraisers so designated within five (5) business days after their selection.
Any valuation decision made by the appraisers shall be deemed final and binding
upon the Board of Directors and the Manager and shall be delivered to the
Manager and the Company within not more than fifteen (15) days after the
selection of the Last Appraiser. The expenses of the appraisal shall be paid by
the party with the estimate which deviated the furthest from the final valuation
decision made by the appraisers.
(i) The Company agrees to register the issuance and resale of the stock portion of the Incentive Compensation in accordance with the provisions of Exhibit B.
(j) In the event that a registration statement is not filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission on or before December 3, 2005, the day that is 270 days after the date of the Registration Rights Agreement, pursuant to Section 2(a) of the Registration Rights Agreement, the Manager shall forfeit the Base Management Fee in respect of the period from and after that date until the initial registration statement is filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In addition, all payments of Incentive Compensation in respect of such period shall be deferred until such initial registration statement is filed.
(k) In addition to the Base Management Fee and Incentive Compensation, the Manager shall be granted (i) options to purchase 651,666 Common Shares, with an exercise price equal to $15.00 per share and (ii) 345,000 restricted Common Shares, in each case pursuant to the terms and conditions set forth in the Company's 2005 Stock Incentive Plan. Such awards shall be subject to upward adjustment on a pro rata basis if Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, as the initial purchaser/placement agent, elects to exercise its over-allotment option pursuant to Section 1(b) of the Purchase and Placement Agent Agreement. Subject to compliance with all applicable securities laws (including, without limitation, prohibitions on insider trading), the Manager shall have the right to allocate the awards granted to it pursuant to this Section 8(k) at its sole and absolute discretion to its officers, employees and other individuals who provide services to it at any time. To the extent that such awards (or the Common Shares relating thereto) are not eligible to be registered for sale pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form S-8 relating to the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan, at the request of the Manager the Company agrees to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission as soon as reasonably practicable a shelf registration statement providing for the sale of such awards (or the Common Shares relating thereto) and to use its commercially reasonably efforts to cause such registration statement to be declared effective as promptly as practicable following such filing.
SECTION 9. EXPENSES OF THE COMPANY. The Company shall pay all of its expenses and shall reimburse the Manager and its Affiliates for documented expenses of the Manager and its Affiliates incurred on its behalf (collectively, the "Expenses"). Expenses include all costs and expenses which are expressly designated elsewhere in this Agreement as the Company's, together with the following:
(a) expenses in connection with the issuance and transaction costs incident to the acquisition, disposition and financing of Investments;
(b) costs of legal, tax, accounting, consulting, auditing, administrative and other similar services rendered for the Company by providers retained by the Manager or, if provided by the employees of the Manager or its Affiliates, in amounts which are no greater than those which would be payable to outside professionals or consultants engaged to perform such services pursuant to agreements negotiated on an arm's-length basis;
(c) the compensation and expenses of the Company's directors and the cost of liability insurance to indemnify the Company's directors and officers;
(d) costs associated with the establishment and maintenance of any credit facilities and other indebtedness of the Company (including commitment fees, accounting fees, legal fees, closing and other costs) or any securities offerings of the Company;
(e) expenses connected with communications to holders of securities of the Company or its Subsidiaries and other bookkeeping and clerical work necessary in maintaining relations with holders of such securities and in complying with the continuous reporting and other requirements of governmental bodies or agencies, including, without limitation, all costs of preparing and filing required reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the costs
(including transfer agent and registrar costs) in connection with the listing and/or trading of the Company's securities on any exchange or inter-dealer quotation system, the fees to any such exchange or inter-dealer quotation system in connection with its listing, costs of complying with the rules, regulations or policies of such exchange or inter-dealer quotation system, costs of preparing, printing and mailing the Company's annual report to its stockholders and proxy materials with respect to any meeting of the stockholders of the Company;
(f) the allocable costs associated with any computer software or hardware, electronic equipment or purchased information technology services from third party vendors that is used for the Company;
(g) expenses incurred by managers, officers, employees and agents of the Manager and its Affiliates for travel on the Company's behalf and other out-of-pocket expenses incurred by managers, officers, employees and agents of the Manager and its Affiliates in connection with the purchase, financing, refinancing, sale or other disposition of an Investment or establishment and maintenance of any credit facilities and other indebtedness or any securities offerings of the Company;
(h) the allocable costs and expenses incurred with respect to market information systems and publications, research publications and materials, and settlement, clearing and custodial fees and expenses;
(i) compensation and expenses of the Company's custodian and transfer agent, if any;
(j) the costs of maintaining compliance with all federal, state and local rules and regulations or any other regulatory agency;
(k) all taxes and license fees;
(l) all insurance costs incurred in connection with the operation of the Company's business except for the costs attributable to the insurance that the Manager elects to carry for itself and its employees;
(m) costs and expenses incurred in contracting with third parties, including Affiliates of the Manager, for the servicing and special servicing of assets of the Company;
(n) all other costs and expenses relating to the Company's business and investment operations, including, without limitation, the costs and expenses of acquiring, owning, protecting, maintaining, developing and disposing of Investments, including appraisal, reporting, audit and legal fees;
(o) expenses relating to any office(s) or office facilities, including but not limited to disaster backup recovery sites and facilities, maintained for the Company or Investments separate from the office or offices of the Manager;
(p) expenses connected with the payments of interest, dividends or distributions in cash or any other form authorized or caused to be made by the Board of Directors to or on account of the holders of securities of the Company or its Subsidiaries, including, without limitation, in connection with any dividend reinvestment plan;
(q) any judgment or settlement of pending or threatened proceedings (whether civil, criminal or otherwise) against the Company or any Subsidiary, or against any trustee, director or officer of the Company or of any Subsidiary in
his or her capacity as such for which the Company or any Subsidiary is required to indemnify such trustee, director or officer by any court or governmental agency, or settlement of pending or threatened proceedings or by the charter and bylaws of the Company;
(r) the allocable portion of rent, telephone, utilities, office furniture, equipment, machinery and other office, internal and overhead expenses of the Manager and its Affiliates required for the Company's operations; and
(s) all other expenses actually incurred by the Manager or its Affiliates which are reasonably necessary for the performance by the Manager of its duties and functions under this Agreement.
Without regard to the amount of compensation received under this Agreement by the Manager, the Manager shall bear the expense of the wages and salaries of the Manager's officers and employees.
The provisions of this Section 9 shall survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Agreement to the extent such expenses have previously been incurred or are incurred in connection with such expiration or termination.
SECTION 10. CALCULATIONS OF EXPENSES.
The Manager shall prepare a statement documenting the Expenses of the Company and the Expenses incurred by the Manager on behalf of the Company during each calendar month, and shall deliver such statement to the Company within 20 days after the end of each calendar month. Expenses incurred by the Manager on behalf of the Company shall be reimbursed by the Company to the Manager on the first business day of the month immediately following the date of delivery of such statement; provided, however, that such reimbursements may be offset by the Manager against amounts due to the Company. The provisions of this Section 10 shall survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Agreement.
SECTION 11. LIMITS OF MANAGER RESPONSIBILITY; INDEMNIFICATION.
(a) The Manager assumes no responsibility under this Agreement other than to render the services called for under this Agreement in good faith and shall not be responsible for any action of the Board of Directors in following or declining to follow any advice or recommendations of the Manager, including as set forth in Section 7(b) of this Agreement. The Manager, its members, managers, officers, employees and Affiliates (including Resource America) will not be liable to the Company or any Subsidiary, to the Board of Directors, or the Company's or any Subsidiary's stockholders or partners for any acts or omissions by the Manager, its members, managers, officers, employees or Affiliates (including Resource America), pursuant to or in accordance with this Agreement, except by reason of acts constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the Manager's duties under this Agreement. The Company shall, to the full extent lawful, reimburse, indemnify and hold the Manager, its members, managers, officers, employees and Affiliates (including Resource America) and each other Person, if any, controlling the Manager (each, an "Indemnified Party"), harmless of and from any and all expenses, losses, damages, liabilities, demands, charges and claims of any nature whatsoever (including attorneys' fees) in respect of or arising from any acts or omissions of such Indemnified Party made in good faith in the performance of the Manager's duties under this Agreement and not constituting such Indemnified Party's bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the Manager's duties under this Agreement.
(b) The Manager and Resource America, jointly and severally, shall, to the full extent lawful, reimburse, indemnify and hold the Company, its stockholders, directors, officers and employees and each other Person, if any, controlling the Company (each, a "Company Indemnified Party"), harmless of and from any and all expenses, losses, damages, liabilities, demands, charges and claims of any nature whatsoever (including attorneys' fees) in respect of or arising from the Manager's bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its duties under this Agreement or any claims by Manager's employees relating to the terms and conditions of their employment by Manager.
SECTION 12. NO JOINT VENTURE. Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to make the Company, the Manager and Resource America partners or joint venturers or impose any liability as such on either of them.
SECTION 13. TERM; TERMINATION.
(a) Until this Agreement is terminated in accordance with its
terms, this Agreement shall be in effect until March 31, 2008 (the "Initial
Term") and shall be automatically renewed for a one-year term each anniversary
date thereafter (a "Renewal Term") unless at least two-thirds of the Independent
Directors or the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding Common Shares
agree not to automatically renew because (i) there has been unsatisfactory
performance by the Manager that is materially detrimental to the Company or (ii)
the compensation payable to the Manager hereunder is unfair; provided, that the
Company shall not have the right to terminate this Agreement under clause (ii)
above if the Manager agrees to continue to provide the services under this
Agreement at a fee that at least two-thirds of the Independent Directors
determines to be fair pursuant to the procedure set forth below. If the Company
elects not to renew this Agreement at the expiration of the Initial Term or any
such one-year extension term as set forth above, the Company shall deliver to
the Manager prior written notice (the "Termination Notice") of the Company's
intention not to renew this Agreement based upon the terms set forth in this
Section 13(a) not less than 180 days prior to the expiration of the then
existing term. If the Company so elects not to renew this Agreement, the Company
shall designate the date (the "Effective Termination Date"), not less than 180
days from the date of the notice, on which the Manager shall cease to provide
services under this Agreement and this Agreement shall terminate on such date;
provided, however, that in the event that such Termination Notice is given in
connection with a determination that the compensation payable to the Manager is
unfair, the Manager shall have the right to renegotiate such compensation by
delivering to the Company, no fewer than forty-five (45) days prior to the
prospective Effective Termination Date, written notice (any such notice, a
"Notice of Proposal to Negotiate") of its intention to renegotiate its
compensation under this Agreement. Thereupon, the Company (represented by the
Independent Directors) and the Manager shall endeavor to negotiate in good faith
the revised compensation payable to the Manager under this Agreement. Provided
that the Manager and at least two-thirds of the Independent Directors agree to
the terms of the revised compensation to be payable to the Manager within 45
days following the receipt of the Notice of Proposal to Negotiate, the
Termination Notice shall be deemed of no force and effect and this Agreement
shall continue in full force and effect on the terms stated in this Agreement,
except that the compensation payable to the Manager hereunder shall be the
revised compensation then agreed upon by the parties to this Agreement. The
Company and the Manager agree to execute and deliver an amendment to this
Agreement setting forth such revised compensation promptly upon reaching an
agreement regarding same. In the event that the Company and the Manager are
unable to agree to the terms of the revised compensation to be payable to the
Manager during such 45 day period, this Agreement shall terminate, such
termination to be effective on the date which is the later of (A) ten (10) days
following the end of such 45 day period and (B) the Effective Termination Date
originally set forth in the Termination Notice.
(b) In the event that this Agreement is terminated in accordance with the provisions of Section 13(a) of this Agreement, the Company shall pay to the Manager, on the date on which such termination is effective, a termination fee (the "Termination Fee") equal to the amount of four times the sum of the average annual Base Management Fee and the average annual Incentive Compensation earned by the Manager during the two 12-month periods immediately preceding the date of such termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter prior to the date of termination. The obligation of the Company to pay the Termination Fee shall survive the termination of this Agreement.
(c) No later than 180 days prior to the expiration of the Initial Term or any Renewal Term, the Manager may deliver written notice to the Company informing it of the Manager's intention to decline to renew this Agreement, whereupon this Agreement shall not be renewed and extended and this Agreement shall terminate effective upon expiration of the then current term.
(d) If this Agreement is terminated pursuant to this Section 13,
such termination shall be without any further liability or obligation of either
party to the other, except as provided in Sections 6, 9, 10, 13(b) and 16 of
this Agreement. In addition, Sections 8(i) (including the provisions of Exhibit
B), 8(k) and 11 of this Agreement shall survive termination of this Agreement.
SECTION 14. ASSIGNMENT.
(a) Except as set forth in Section 14(b) of this Agreement, this Agreement shall terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, in whole or in part, by the Manager, unless such assignment is consented to in writing by the Company with the consent of a majority of the Independent Directors. Any such permitted assignment shall bind the assignee under this Agreement in the same manner as the Manager is bound, and the Manager shall be liable to the Company for all errors or omissions of the assignee under any such assignment. In addition, the assignee shall execute and deliver to the Company a counterpart of this Agreement naming such assignee as Manager. This Agreement shall not be assigned by the Company without the prior written consent of the Manager, except in the case of assignment by the Company to another REIT or other organization which is a successor (by merger, consolidation or purchase of assets) to the Company, in which case such successor organization shall be bound under this Agreement and by the terms of such assignment in the same manner as the Company is bound under this Agreement.
(b) Notwithstanding any provision of this Agreement, the Manager
may subcontract and assign any or all of its responsibilities under Sections
2(b), 2(c) and 2(d) of this Agreement to any of its Affiliates in accordance
with the terms of this Agreement applicable to any such subcontract or
assignment, and the Company hereby consents to any such assignment and
subcontracting. In addition, provided that the Manager provides prior written
notice to the Company for informational purposes only, nothing contained in this
Agreement shall preclude any pledge, hypothecation or other transfer of any
amounts payable to the Manager under this Agreement.
SECTION 15. TERMINATION FOR CAUSE.
(a) The Company may terminate this Agreement effective upon thirty
(30) days' prior written notice of termination from the Company to the Manager,
without payment of any Termination Fee, if (i) the Manager materially breaches
any provision of this Agreement and such breach shall continue for a period of
30 days after the Manager's receipt of written notice thereof specifying such
breach and requesting that the same be remedied in such 30 day period, (ii) the
Manager engages in any act of fraud, misappropriation of funds, or embezzlement
against the Company, (iii) there is an event of any gross negligence on the part
of the Manager in the performance of its duties under this Agreement, (iv) there
is a Change of Control of the Manager and a majority of the Independent
Directors determines, in their sole discretion, at any point during the 18
months following such Change of Control, that such Change of Control was
detrimental to the ability of the Manager to perform its duties hereunder in
substantially the manner conducted prior to such Change of Control, or (v) there
is entered an order for relief or similar decree or order with respect to the
Manager by a court having competent jurisdiction in an involuntary case under
the federal bankruptcy laws as now or hereafter constituted or under any
applicable federal or state bankruptcy, insolvency or other similar laws; or
(vi) the Manager (A) ceases, or admits in writing its inability to pay its debts
as they become due and payable, or makes a general assignment for the benefit
of, or enters into an composition or arrangement with, creditors; (B) applies
for, or consents (by admission of material allegations of a petition or
otherwise) to a sequestrator (or other similar official) of the Manager or of
any substantial part of its properties or assets, or authorizes such an
application or consent, or proceedings seeking such appointment are commenced
without such authorization, consent or application against the Manager and
continue undismissed for 60 days; (C) authorizes or files a voluntary petition
in bankruptcy, or applies for or consents (by admission of material allegations
of a petition or otherwise) to the application of any bankruptcy,
reorganization, arrangement, readjustment of debt, insolvency, dissolution,
liquidation or other similar law of any jurisdiction, or authorizes such
application or consent, or proceedings to such end are instituted against the
Manager without such authorization, application or consent and are approved as
properly instituted and remain undismissed for 60 days or result in adjudication
of bankruptcy or insolvency; or (D) permits or suffers all or any substantial
part of its properties or assets to be sequestered or attached by court order
and the order remains undismissed for 60 days.
(b) The Manager agrees that if any of the events specified above occur, it will give prompt written notice thereof to the Company's Board of Directors after the occurrence of such event.
(c) The Manager may terminate this Agreement effective upon sixty
(60) days' prior written notice of termination to the Company in the event that
the Company shall default in the performance or observance of any material term,
condition or covenant contained in this Agreement and such default shall
continue for a period of 30 days after written notice thereof specifying such
default and requesting that the same be remedied in such 30 day period.
(d) The Manager may terminate this Agreement, without the Company being required to pay the Termination Fee, in the event the Company becomes regulated as an "investment company" under the Investment Company Act, with such termination deemed to have occurred immediately prior to such event.
SECTION 16. ACTION UPON TERMINATION. From and after the effective date
of termination of this Agreement, pursuant to Sections 13, 14, or 15 of this
Agreement, the Manager shall not be entitled to compensation for further
services under this Agreement, but shall be paid all compensation accruing to
the date of termination and, if terminated pursuant to Section 13 or Section
15(c), the applicable Termination Fee. Upon such termination, the Manager shall
forthwith:
(i) after deducting any accrued compensation and reimbursement for its Expenses to which it is then entitled, pay over to the Company or a Subsidiary all money collected and held for the account of the Company or a Subsidiary pursuant to this Agreement;
(ii) deliver to the Board of Directors a full accounting, including a statement showing all payments collected by it and a statement of all money held by it, covering the period following the date of the last accounting furnished to the Board of Directors with respect to the Company or a Subsidiary; and
(iii) deliver to the Board of Directors all property and documents of the Company or any Subsidiary then in the custody of the Manager.
SECTION 17. RELEASE OF MONEY OR OTHER PROPERTY UPON WRITTEN REQUEST. The Manager agrees that any money or other property of the Company or Subsidiary held by the Manager under this Agreement shall be held by the Manager as custodian for the Company or Subsidiary, and the Manager's records shall be appropriately marked clearly to reflect the ownership of such money or other property by the Company or such Subsidiary. Upon the receipt by the Manager of a written request signed by a duly authorized officer of the Company requesting the Manager to release to the Company or any Subsidiary any money or other property then held by the Manager for the account of the Company or any Subsidiary under this Agreement, the Manager shall release such money or other property to the Company or any Subsidiary within a reasonable period of time, but in no event later than sixty (60) days following such request. The Manager shall not be liable to the Company, any Subsidiary, the Independent Directors, or the Company's or a Subsidiary's stockholders or partners for any acts performed or omissions to act by the Company or any Subsidiary in connection with the money or other property released to the Company or any Subsidiary in accordance with the second sentence of this Section 17. The Company and any Subsidiary shall indemnify the Manager and its members, managers, officers and employees against any and all expenses, losses, damages, liabilities, demands, charges and claims of any nature whatsoever, which arise in connection with the Manager's release of such money or other property to the Company or any Subsidiary in accordance with the terms of this Section 17. Indemnification pursuant to this provision shall be in addition to any right of the Manager to indemnification under Section 11 of this Agreement.
SECTION 18. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES.
(a) The Company hereby represents and warrants to the Manager as follows:
(i) The Company is duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of Maryland, has the corporate power to own its assets and to transact the business in which it is now engaged and is duly qualified as a foreign corporation and in good standing under the laws of each jurisdiction where its ownership or lease of property or the conduct of its business requires such qualification, except for failures to be so qualified, authorized or licensed that could not in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on the business operations, assets or financial condition of the Company.
(ii) The Company has the corporate power and authority to execute, deliver and perform this Agreement and all obligations required hereunder and has taken all necessary corporate action to authorize this Agreement on the terms and conditions hereof and the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and all obligations required hereunder. No consent of any other person including, without limitation, stockholders or creditors of the Company, and no license, permit, approval or authorization of, exemption by, notice or report to, or registration, filing or declaration with, any governmental authority is required by the Company in connection with this Agreement or the execution, delivery or performance of this Agreement and all obligations required hereunder. This Agreement has been, and each instrument or document required hereunder will be, executed and delivered by a duly authorized officer of the Company, and this Agreement constitutes, and each instrument or document required hereunder when executed and delivered hereunder will constitute, the valid and binding obligation of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms.
(iii) The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the documents or instruments required hereunder will not violate any provision of any existing law or regulation binding on the Company, or any order, judgment, award or decree of any court, arbitrator or governmental authority binding on the Company, or the charter or bylaws of, or any securities issued by, the Company or of any mortgage, indenture, lease, contract or other agreement, instrument or undertaking to which the Company is a party or by which the Company or any of its assets may be bound, the violation of which would have a material adverse effect on the business operations, assets or financial condition of the Company, and will not result in, or require, the creation or imposition of any lien on any of its property, assets or revenues pursuant to the provisions of any such mortgage, indenture, lease, contract or other agreement, instrument or undertaking.
(b) The Manager hereby represents and warrants to the Company as follows:
(i) The Manager is duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware, has the corporate power to own its assets and to transact the business in which it is now engaged and is duly qualified to do business and is in good standing under the laws of each jurisdiction where its ownership or lease of property or the conduct of its business requires such qualification, except for failures to be so qualified, authorized or licensed that could not in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on the business operations, assets or financial condition of the Manager and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole.
(ii) The Manager has the corporate power and authority to execute, deliver and perform this Agreement and all obligations required hereunder and has taken all necessary corporate action to authorize this Agreement on the terms and conditions hereof and the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and all obligations required hereunder. No consent of any other person including, without limitation, stockholders or creditors of the Manager, and no license, permit, approval or authorization of, exemption by, notice or report to, or registration, filing or declaration with, any governmental authority is required by the Manager in connection with this Agreement or the execution, delivery or performance of this Agreement and all obligations required hereunder. This Agreement has been, and each instrument or document required hereunder will be, executed and delivered by a duly authorized agent of the Manager, and this Agreement constitutes, and each instrument or document required hereunder when executed and delivered hereunder will constitute, the valid and binding obligation of the Manager enforceable against the Manager in accordance with its terms.
(iii) The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the documents or instruments required hereunder, will not violate any provision of any existing law or regulation binding on the Manager, or any order, judgment, award or decree of any court, arbitrator or governmental authority binding on the Manager, or the charter or bylaws of, or any securities issued by, the Manager or of any mortgage, indenture, lease, contract or other agreement, instrument or undertaking to which the Manager is a party or by which the Manager or any of its assets may be bound, the violation of which would have a material adverse effect on the business operations, assets or financial condition of the Manager and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, and will not result in, or require, the creation or imposition of any lien on any of its
property, assets or revenues pursuant to the provisions of any such mortgage, indenture, lease, contract or other agreement, instrument or undertaking.
(c) Resource America hereby represents and warrants to the Company as follows:
(i) Resource America is duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware, has the corporate power to own its assets and to transact the business in which it is now engaged and is duly qualified to do business and is in good standing under the laws of each jurisdiction where its ownership or lease of property or the conduct of its business requires such qualification, except for failures to be so qualified, authorized or licensed that could not in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on the business operations, assets or financial condition of Resource America and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole.
(ii) Resource America has the corporate power and authority to execute, deliver and perform this Agreement and all obligations required hereunder and has taken all necessary corporate action to authorize this Agreement on the terms and conditions hereof and the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and all obligations required hereunder. No consent of any other person including, without limitation, stockholders or creditors of Resource America, and no license, permit, approval or authorization of, exemption by, notice or report to, or registration, filing or declaration with, any governmental authority is required by Resource America in connection with this Agreement or the execution, delivery or performance of this Agreement and all obligations required hereunder. This Agreement has been, and each instrument or document required hereunder will be, executed and delivered by a duly authorized agent of Resource America, and this Agreement constitutes, and each instrument or document required hereunder when executed and delivered hereunder will constitute, the valid and binding obligation of Resource America enforceable against Resource America in accordance with its terms.
(iii) The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the documents or instruments required hereunder, will not violate any provision of any existing law or regulation binding on Resource America, or any order, judgment, award or decree of any court, arbitrator or governmental authority binding on Resource America, or the charter or bylaws of, or any securities issued by, Resource America or of any mortgage, indenture, lease, contract or other agreement, instrument or undertaking to which Resource America is a party or by which Resource America or any of its assets may be bound, the violation of which would have a material adverse effect on the business operations, assets or financial condition of Resource America and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, and will not result in, or require, the creation or imposition of any lien on any of its property, assets or revenues pursuant to the provisions of any such mortgage, indenture, lease, contract or other agreement, instrument or undertaking.
SECTION 19. NOTICES. Unless expressly provided otherwise in this
Agreement, all notices, requests, demands and other communications required or
permitted under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have
been duly given, made and received when delivered against receipt or upon actual
receipt of (i) personal delivery, (ii) delivery by reputable overnight courier,
(iii) delivery by facsimile transmission with telephonic confirmation or (iv)
delivery by registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, return receipt
requested, addressed as set forth below:
(a) If to the Company:
Resource Capital Corp.
712 Fifth Avenue, 22nd Floor
New York, NY 10019
Attention: Chief Executive Officer
(b) If to Resource America:
Resource America, Inc.
1845 Walnut Street, 10th Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Attention: Chief Legal Officer
(c) If to the Manager:
Resource Capital Manager, Inc. 712 Fifth Avenue, 22nd Floor New York, NY 10019
Attention: Chief Executive Officer
With a copy to:
Resource America, Inc.
1845 Walnut Street, 10th Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Attention: Chief Legal Officer
Either party may alter the address to which communications or copies are to be sent by giving notice of such change of address in conformity with the provisions of this Section 19 for the giving of notice.
SECTION 20. BINDING NATURE OF AGREEMENT; SUCCESSORS AND ASSIGNS. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective heirs, personal representatives, successors and permitted assigns as provided in this Agreement. Each of the Company, the Manager and Resource America agrees that the representations, warrantees, covenants and agreements of the Company contained herein are made on behalf of the Company and its wholly-owned Subsidiaries for the benefit of each of the Manager and Resource America, and the representations, warranties, covenants and agreements of each of the Manager and Resource America are for the benefit of the Company and its wholly-owned Subsidiaries.
SECTION 21. ENTIRE AGREEMENT. This Agreement contains the entire agreement and understanding among the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter of this Agreement, and supersedes all prior and contemporaneous agreements, understandings, inducements and conditions, express or implied, oral or written, of any nature whatsoever with respect to the subject matter of this Agreement. The express terms of this Agreement control and supersede any course of performance and/or usage of the trade inconsistent with any of the terms of this Agreement. This Agreement may not be modified or amended other than by an agreement in writing signed by the parties hereto.
SECTION 22. GOVERNING LAW. THIS AGREEMENT AND THE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES UNDER THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY, AND CONSTRUED AND INTERPRETED IN ACCORDANCE WITH, THE LAW OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
SECTION 23. NO WAIVER; CUMULATIVE REMEDIES. No failure to exercise and no delay in exercising, on the part of any party hereto, any right, remedy, power or privilege hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof; nor shall any single or partial exercise of any right, remedy, power or privilege hereunder preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of any other right, remedy, power or privilege. The rights, remedies, powers and privileges herein provided are cumulative and not exclusive of any rights, remedies, powers and privileges provided by law. No waiver of any provision hereto shall be effective unless it is in writing and is signed by the party asserted to have granted such waiver.
SECTION 24. Costs and Expenses. Each party hereto shall bear its own costs and expenses (including the fees and disbursements of counsel and accountants) incurred in connection with the negotiations and preparation of and the closing under this Agreement, and all matters incident thereto.
SECTION 25. HEADINGS. The headings of the sections of this Agreement have been inserted for convenience of reference only and shall not be deemed part of this Agreement.
SECTION 26. COUNTERPARTS. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original as against any party whose signature appears thereon, and all of which shall together constitute one and the same instrument. This Agreement shall become binding when one or more counterparts of this Agreement, individually or taken together, shall bear the signatures of all of the parties reflected hereon as the signatories.
SECTION 27. SEVERABILITY. Any provision of this Agreement that is prohibited or unenforceable in any jurisdiction shall, as to such jurisdiction, be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or unenforceability without invalidating the remaining provisions hereof, and any such prohibition or unenforceability in any jurisdiction shall not invalidate or render unenforceable such provision in any other jurisdiction
SECTION 28. GENDER. Words used herein regardless of the number and gender specifically used, shall be deemed and construed to include any other number, singular or plural, and any other gender, masculine, feminine or neuter, as the context requires.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the date first written above.
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP.
RESOURCE CAPITAL MANAGER, INC.
RESOURCE AMERICA, INC.
MANAGER'S CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY
REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENTS
1. Piggyback Rights. The Manager and any Permitted Transferee (as hereinafter defined) shall have the unlimited right to piggyback on to any registration statement of the Company (other than a registration statement on Form S-4 or Form S-8 or any successor form), subject to the following cutbacks only in underwritten offerings: (i) in the event of an underwritten initial public offering, the managing underwriters may exclude entirely the shares of the Manager and any Permitted Transferee, if the managing underwriters determine in good faith that marketing factors require a limitation on the number of shares to be included in such offering, and (ii) in the event of any other underwritten offering, the managing underwriters may exclude the shares of the Manager and any Permitted Transferee to the same extent and in the same proportion that shares of holders (other than the Company) are excluded, if the managing underwriters determine in good faith that marketing factors require a limitation on the number of shares to be included in such offering.
2. Demand Rights. The Manager and any Permitted Transferee shall also
have the right to require the Company to prepare, file and maintain at all times
such number of registration statements as are specified in the next sentence of
this Section 2 exclusively for the issuance and resale of the stock portion of
the Incentive Compensation (the "Incentive Shares"). The Manager and any
Permitted Transferee shall be entitled to (i) an unlimited number of
registrations on Form S-2, Form S-3 or any successor or replacement forms and
(ii) if the Management Agreement terminates and the Company is not then eligible
to use Form S-2, Form S-3 or any successor or replacement form, a single
registration on such other form as the Company is then eligible to use.
Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the demand rights described
herein may only be exercised upon request of the Manager and any Permitted
Transferee, in the case of clause (i), who hold in the aggregate at least twenty
percent (20%) of all outstanding Incentive Shares and, in the case of clause
(ii), who hold in the aggregate at least one-third of all outstanding Incentive
Shares.
3. Registration Procedures. The Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to effect or cause to be effected the registration of the Incentive Shares under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), to permit the resale of the Incentive Shares by the Manager or any Permitted Transferee.
4. Expenses. The Company shall bear all expenses of registration, including its professional fees and registration and filing fees with the SEC, state securities administrators and applicable stock exchanges, and printing, word processing and delivery and distribution fees with respect to any registration statement, prospectus (preliminary or final), or any amendments or supplements thereto, and reasonable fees and disbursements of one counsel to the Manager and any Permitted Transferees, provided, however, the Company shall not be liable for the underwriting discounts and commissions associated with the sale of the Incentive Shares.
5. Successors and Assigns; Permitted Transferees. The agreements in this Exhibit B shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the successors and assigns of each of the Company and the Manager. For purposes of this Exhibit B, the term Permitted Transferee shall mean each person or entity to whom the Manager transfers any Incentive Shares.
6. Indemnification and Contribution. (a) The Company agrees to
indemnify and hold harmless (i) the Manager and its Permitted Transferees and
(ii) each person, if any, who controls the Manager and its Permitted Transferees
within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and (iii) the respective officers, directors, partners, employees, representatives and agents of the Manager and its Permitted Transferees or any person who controls any of the foregoing (each person referred to in clause (i), (ii) or (iii) are referred to collectively as the "Indemnified Parties"), from and against any losses, claims, damages or liabilities, joint or several, or any actions in respect thereof (including, but not limited to, any losses, claims, damages, judgments, expenses, liabilities or actions relating to purchases and sales of the Incentive Shares) to which each Indemnified Party may become subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, damages, judgments, expenses, liabilities or actions arise out of or are based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in a registration statement or prospectus, including any document incorporated by reference therein, or in any amendment or supplement thereto or in any preliminary prospectus relating to a registration statement, or arise out of, or are based upon, the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, and shall reimburse, as incurred, the Indemnified Parties for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by them in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage, liability or action in respect thereof; provided, however, that (i) the Company shall not be liable in any such case to the extent that such loss, claim, damage or liability arises out of or is based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made in a registration statement or prospectus, or in any amendment or supplement thereto or in any preliminary prospectus relating to a registration statement, in reliance upon and in conformity with written information pertaining to the Manager or its Permitted Transferees or furnished to the Company by or on behalf of the Manager or its Permitted Transferees specifically for inclusion therein and (ii) with respect to any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made in any preliminary prospectus relating to a registration statement, the indemnity agreement contained in this subsection (a) shall not inure to the benefit of the Manager or any Permitted Transferee from whom the person asserting any such losses, claims, damages or liabilities purchased the Incentive Shares concerned, to the extent that a prospectus relating to such Incentive Shares was required to be delivered by the Manager or such Permitted Transferee, as the case may be, under the Securities Act in connection with such purchase and any such loss, claim, damage or liability of the Manager or such Permitted Transferee results from the fact that there was not sent or given to such person, at or prior to the written confirmation of the sale of such Incentive Shares to such person, a copy of the final prospectus if the Company had previously furnished copies thereof to the Manager or such Permitted Transferee; provided further, however, that this indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability which the Company may otherwise have to such Indemnified Party. The Company shall also indemnify underwriters, their officers and directors and each person who controls such underwriters within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act to the same extent as provided above with respect to the indemnification of the Manager or any Permitted Transferee if requested by the Manager or such Permitted Transferee.
(b) In connection with any registration statement in which the Manager or a Permitted Transferee is participating and as a condition to such participation, the Manager and such Permitted Transferee, severally and not jointly, will indemnify and hold harmless the Company, its officers, directors, partners, employees, representatives, agents and investment advisers and each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act (the "Company Indemnified Persons") from and against any losses, claims, damages or liabilities or any actions in respect thereof, to which the Company or any such controlling person may become subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, damages, liabilities or actions arise out of or are based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the registration statement or prospectus or in any amendment or supplement thereto or in any preliminary prospectus relating to the registration statement, or arise out of or are based upon the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the
statements therein not misleading, but in each case only to the extent that the untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission was made in reliance upon and in conformity with written information pertaining to the Manager or such Permitted Transferee or furnished to the Company by or on behalf of the Manager or such Permitted Transferee specifically for inclusion therein; and, subject to the limitation set forth immediately preceding this clause, shall reimburse, as incurred, the Company or any Company Indemnified Person for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by the Company or such Company Indemnified Person in connection with investigating or defending any loss, claim, damage, liability or action in respect thereof. This indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability which the Manager or such Permitted Transferee may otherwise have to the Company or any Company Indemnified Person.
(c) Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under this Section 6 of notice of the commencement of any action or proceeding (including a governmental investigation), such indemnified party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against the indemnifying party under this Section 6, notify the indemnifying party of the commencement thereof; but the failure to notify the indemnifying party shall not relieve it from any liability that it may have under subsection (a) or (b) above except to the extent that it has been materially prejudiced by such failure; and provided further that the failure to notify the indemnifying party shall not relieve it from any liability that it may have to an indemnified party otherwise than under subsection (a) or (b) above. In case any such action is brought against any indemnified party, and it notifies the indemnifying party of the commencement thereof, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate therein and, to the extent that it may wish, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense thereof, with counsel reasonably satisfactory to such indemnified party (who may be counsel to the indemnifying party unless, in the reasonable judgment of the indemnified party, a potential conflict exists), and after notice from the indemnifying party to such indemnified party of its election so to assume the defense thereof the indemnifying party will not be liable to such indemnified party under this Section 6 for any legal or other expenses, other than reasonable costs of investigation, subsequently incurred by such indemnified party in connection with the defense thereof. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of the indemnified party, effect any settlement of any pending or threatened action in respect of which any indemnified party is or could have been a party and indemnity could have been sought hereunder by such indemnified party unless such settlement (i) includes any unconditional release of such indemnified party from all liability on any claims that are the subject matter of such action, and (ii) does not include a statement as to or an admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of any indemnified party.
(d) If the indemnification provided for in this Section 6 is
unavailable or insufficient to hold harmless an indemnified party under
subsections (a) or (b) above, then each indemnifying party shall contribute to
the amount paid or payable by such indemnified party as a result of the losses,
claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) referred to in
subsection (a) or (b) above in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the
relative fault of the indemnifying party or parties on the one hand and the
indemnified party on the other in connection with the statements or omissions
that resulted in such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in
respect thereof) as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The
relative fault of the parties shall be determined by reference to, among other
things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the
omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information
supplied by the Company on the one hand or the Manager or such Permitted
Transferee or such other indemnified party, as the case may be, on the other,
and the parties' relative intent, knowledge, access to information and
opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The amount paid by
an indemnified party as a result of the losses, claims, damages or liabilities
referred to in the first sentence of this subsection (d) shall be deemed to
include any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified
party in connection with investigating or defending any action or claim which is
the subject of this subsection (d). Notwithstanding any other provision of this
Section 6(d), neither the Manager nor any Permitted Transferee shall be required
to contribute any amount in excess of the amount by which the net proceeds received by the Manager or such Permitted Transferee from the sale of the Incentive Shares pursuant to the registration statement exceeds the amount of damages which the Manager or such Permitted Transferees have otherwise been required to pay by reason of such untrue or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission. No person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this paragraph (d), each person, if any, who controls such indemnified party within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act shall have the same rights to contribution as such indemnified party and each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act shall have the same rights to contribution as the Company.
(e) The agreements contained in this Section 6 shall survive the sale of the Incentive Shares pursuant to a registration statement and shall remain in full force and effect, regardless of any termination or cancellation of the Management Agreement or any investigation made by or on behalf of any indemnified party.
REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT
THIS REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT (this "Agreement") is made and entered into as of March 8, 2005, between Resource Capital Corp., a Maryland corporation (the "Company") and Credit Suisse First Boston LLC (the "Initial Purchaser"), acting for the benefit of the Holders (as defined below).
THE PARTIES ENTER THIS AGREEMENT on the basis of the following facts, understandings and intentions:
A. The Company, the Initial Purchaser and Resource Capital Management, Inc. ("RCM") entered into that certain Purchase/Placement Agreement dated as of March 2, 2005 (the "Purchase Agreement") in connection with the offering and sale (the "Offering") of up to 16,866,667 shares of common stock, par value $15.00 per share, of the Company ("Common Stock").
B. In order to induce the investors who are purchasing the Common Stock in the Offering to purchase such Common Stock and the Initial Purchaser to enter into the Purchase Agreement, the Company has agreed to provide the registration rights provided for in this Agreement for the holders of Registrable Shares (as defined below).
C. The execution and delivery of this Agreement is a condition to the closing of the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the mutual covenants of the parties hereto, and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto hereby agree as follows:
1. Definitions. As used in this Agreement, the following terms shall have the following meanings:
Additional Shares: Shares or other securities issued in respect of the Shares by reason of or in connection with any stock dividend, stock distribution, stock split, or similar issuance.
Agreement: As defined in the Introductory Paragraph of this Agreement.
Affiliate: As to any specified Person, (i) any Person that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by, or is under common control with, the specified Person, (ii) any executive officer, director, trustee, managing member or general partner of the specified Person and (iii) any legal entity for which the specified Person acts as an executive officer, director, trustee, managing member or general partner. For purposes of this definition, "control" (including the correlative meanings of the terms "controlled by" and "under common control with"), as used with respect to any Person, shall mean the possession, directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of such Person, whether by contract, through the ownership of voting securities, partnership interests, membership interests or other equity interests or otherwise.
Business Day: With respect to any act to be performed hereunder, each Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday that is not a day on which banking institutions in New York, New York are authorized or obligated by applicable law, regulation or executive order to close.
Closing Time: March 8, 2005 or such other time or such other date as the Initial Purchaser and the Company may agree.
Commission: The Securities and Exchange Commission.
Common Stock: As defined in Recital A hereof.
Company: As defined in the Introductory Paragraph of this Agreement, and any successor thereto.
End of Suspension Notice: As defined in Section 5(b) hereof.
Exchange Act: The Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated by the Commission pursuant thereto.
Holder: Each Participant and its direct or indirect transferees, so long as such Participant or transferee owns any Registrable Shares.
Indemnified Party: As defined in Section 6(a) hereof.
IPO Registration Statement: As defined in Section 2 hereof.
Management Agreement: That certain agreement dated March 8, 2005 by and between the Company and RCM.
Mandatory Shelf Registration Statement: As defined in Section 2(a) hereof.
NASD: The National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc.
Offering: As defined in Recital A hereof.
Participants: The purchasers in the offering of (i) the Regulation D Shares from the Company (including those persons participating in the Company's directed share program) and (ii) Rule 144A Shares and Regulation S Shares from the Initial Purchaser.
Person: An individual, partnership, corporation, limited liability company, trust, unincorporated organization, government or agency or political subdivision thereof, or any other legal entity.
Prospectus: The prospectus included in any Registration Statement, including any preliminary prospectus, and all other amendments and supplements to any such prospectus, including post-effective amendments, and all material incorporated by reference or deemed to be incorporated by reference, if any, in such prospectus.
Purchase Agreement: As defined in Recital A of this Agreement, as amended from time to time.
RCM: Resource Capital Manager, Inc., a Delaware corporation.
Registrable Shares: Each of the Shares and any Additional Shares, upon original issuance thereof, and at all times subsequent thereto, including upon the transfer thereof by the original holder or any subsequent holder, until, in the case of any such Shares or Additional Shares, as applicable, the earliest to occur of:
(i) the second anniversary of the initial effective date of the Mandatory Shelf Registration Statement;
(ii) the date on which such Shares have been sold pursuant to a Registration Statement or distributed to the public pursuant to Rule 144;
(iii) the date on which, in the opinion of counsel to the Company, such Shares not held by Affiliates of the Company are saleable pursuant to subparagraph (k) of Rule 144; or
(iv) the date on which such Shares are sold to the Company or any of its subsidiaries.
Registration Expenses: Any and all expenses incident to the
performance of or compliance with this Agreement, including, without
limitation: (i) all Commission, securities exchange, NASD registration,
listing, inclusion and filing fees including, if applicable, the fees
and expenses of any "qualified independent underwriter" (and its
counsel) that is required to be retained by any holder of Registrable
Shares in accordance with the rules and regulations of the NASD, (ii)
all fees and expenses incurred in connection with compliance with
international, federal or state securities or blue sky laws (including,
without limitation, any registration, listing and filing fees and
reasonable fees and disbursements of counsel in connection with blue
sky qualification of any of the Registrable Shares and the preparation
of a blue sky memorandum and compliance with the rules of the NASD),
(iii) all expenses of any Persons in preparing or assisting in
preparing, word processing, duplicating, printing, delivering and
distributing any Registration Statement, any Prospectus, any amendments
or supplements thereto, any underwriting agreements, securities sales
agreements, certificates and any other documents relating to the
performance under and compliance with this Agreement, (iv) all fees and
expenses incurred in connection with the listing or inclusion of any of
the Registrable Shares on any securities exchange or the Nasdaq Stock
Market pursuant to Section 4(m) of this Agreement, (v) the fees and
disbursements of counsel for the Company and of the independent public
accountants of the Company (including, without limitation, the expenses
of any special audit and "cold comfort" letters required by or incident
to such performance), and reasonable fees and disbursements of one
counsel for the selling Holders to review the Mandatory Shelf
Registration Statement, any Subsequent Shelf Registration Statement,
and, if the Company notifies the Holders pursuant to Section 2(b)
hereof of its intent to file an IPO Registration Statement within one
year of the date of this Agreement, the IPO Registration Statement, and
(vi) any fees and disbursements customarily paid by issuers in issues
and sales of securities (including the fees and expenses of any experts
retained by the Company in connection with any Registration Statement),
provided, however, that Registration Expenses shall exclude brokers' or
underwriters' discounts and commissions and transfer taxes or transfer
fees, if any, relating to the sale or disposition of Registrable Shares
by a Holder and the fees and disbursements of any counsel to the
Holders other than as provided for in subparagraph (v) above.
Registration Statement: Any Shelf Registration Statement or the IPO Registration Statement (to the extent that it covers the resale of any Registrable Shares), including the Prospectus, amendments and supplements to such registration statement or Prospectus, including pre-and post-effective amendments, all exhibits thereto and all material incorporated by reference or deemed to be incorporated by reference, if any, in such registration statement.
Regulation D: Regulation D (Rules 501-508) promulgated by the Commission under the Securities Act, as such rules may be amended from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission as a replacement thereto having substantially the same effect as such regulation.
Regulation D Shares: Shares initially sold by the Company in accordance with the Purchase Agreement in accordance with Regulation D and pursuant to the Subscription Agreement (as defined in the Purchase Agreement).
Regulation S: Regulation S (Rules 901-905) promulgated by the Commission under the Securities Act, as such rules may be amended from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission as a replacement thereto having substantially the same effect as such regulation.
Regulation S Shares: Shares initially sold by the Company to the Initial Purchaser and resold by the Initial Purchaser to "non U.S. persons" in accordance with Regulation S in an "offshore transaction" in accordance with Regulation S.
Rule 144: Rule 144 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such rule may be amended from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission as a replacement thereto having substantially the same effect as such rule.
Rule 144A: Rule 144A promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such rule may be amended from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission as a replacement thereto having substantially the same effect as such rule.
Rule 144A Shares: Shares initially sold by the Company to the Initial Purchaser and resold by the Initial Purchaser to "qualified institutional buyers" (as such term is defined in Rule 144A).
Rule 158: Rule 158 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such rule may be amended from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission as a replacement thereto having substantially the same effect as such rule.
Rule 415: Rule 415 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such rule may be amended from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission as a replacement thereto having substantially the same effect as such rule.
Rule 424: Rule 424 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such rule may be amended from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission as a replacement thereto having substantially the same effect as such rule.
Rule 429: Rule 429 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such rule may be amended from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission as a replacement thereto having substantially the same effect as such rule.
Securities Act: The Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated by the Commission thereunder.
Shares: The Rule 144A Shares, the Regulation S Shares and the Regulation D Shares sold pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Purchase Agreement or the Subscription Agreement (as defined in the Purchase Agreement).
Shelf Registration Statement: The Mandatory Shelf Registration Statement or any Subsequent Shelf Registration Statement.
Subsequent Shelf Registration Statement: As defined in Section 2(d) hereof.
Suspension Event: As defined in Section 5(b) hereof.
Suspension Notice: As defined in Section 5(b) hereof.
Trigger Date: As defined in Section 2(a) hereof.
Underwritten Offering: A sale of securities of the Company to an underwriter or underwriters for reoffering to the public.
2. Registration Rights.
(a) Mandatory Shelf Registration. As set forth in Section 4 hereof, the Company agrees to file with the Commission as soon as reasonably practicable but in no event later than 270 days from the date hereof, a Shelf Registration Statement on Form S-11 or such other form under the Securities Act then available to the Company providing for the resale pursuant to Rule 415 from time to time by the Holders of any and all Registrable Shares (including for the avoidance of doubt any Additional Shares that are issued prior to the effectiveness of such Shelf Registration Statement) (such registration statement, including the Prospectus, amendments and supplements to such registration statement or Prospectus, including pre- and post-effective amendments, all exhibits thereto and all material incorporated by reference or deemed to be incorporated by reference, if any, in such registration statement, the "Mandatory Shelf Registration Statement"). The Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause such Shelf Registration Statement to be declared effective by the Commission as promptly as practicable following such filing, and for this purpose, the Company shall be entitled to consider the advice of the managing underwriter or underwriters of an initial public offering of the Common Stock which is then pending as to the effect that the effectiveness of the Shelf Registration Statement could reasonably be expected to have on the marketing of the initial public offering. Any Shelf Registration Statement shall provide for the resale from time to time, and pursuant to any method or combination of methods legally available (including, without limitation, an Underwritten Offering, a sale through brokers or agents, or a sale over the internet) by the Holders of any and all Registrable Shares.
In the event the Mandatory Shelf Registration Statement is not filed with the Commission within 270 days from the date hereof (the "Trigger Date"), RCM shall forfeit the base management fee it is entitled to receive pursuant to the Management Agreement for a period commencing from and after the Trigger Date until the Mandatory Shelf Registration Statement is filed and the Company shall defer all incentive fee payments to be paid to RCM pursuant to the Management Agreement from and after the Trigger Date until the Mandatory Shelf Registration Statement is filed.
(b) IPO Registration. If, prior to the Mandatory Shelf Registration Statement being declared effective by the Commission, the Company proposes to file a registration statement on Form S-11 or such other form under the Securities Act providing for the initial public offering of shares of Common
Stock (such registration statement, including the Prospectus, amendments and supplements to such registration statement or Prospectus, including pre- and post-effective amendments, all exhibits thereto and all material incorporated by reference or deemed to be incorporated by reference, if any, in such registration statement, the "IPO Registration Statement"), the Company will notify each Holder of the filing (including notifying each Holder of the identity of the managing underwriters of such initial public offering), within five (5) Business Days after such filing, and afford each Holder an opportunity to include in such IPO Registration Statement all or any part of the Registrable Shares then held by such Holder. Each Holder desiring to include in any such IPO Registration Statement all or part of the Registrable Shares held by such Holder shall, within twenty (20) days after delivery of the above-described notice by the Company, so notify the Company in writing, and in such notice shall inform the Company of the number of Registrable Shares such Holder wishes to include in such IPO Registration Statement. Any election by any Holder to include any Registrable Shares in such IPO Registration Statement will not affect the inclusion of such Registrable Shares in the Shelf Registration Statement until such Registrable Shares have been sold under the IPO Registration Statement; provided, however, that at such time, the Company shall have the right to remove from the Shelf Registration Statement the Registrable Shares sold pursuant to the IPO Registration Statement.
(i) Right to Terminate IPO Registration. At any time, the Company shall have the right to terminate or withdraw any IPO Registration Statement referred to in this Section 2(b) whether or not any Holder has elected to include Registrable Shares in such registration.
(ii) Underwriting. The Company shall notify the Holders of the identity of the managing underwriters for the Underwritten Offering proposed under the IPO Registration Statement. The right of any such Holder's Registrable Shares to be included in any IPO Registration Statement pursuant to this Section 2(b) shall be conditioned upon such Holder's participation in such Underwritten Offering and the inclusion of such Holder's Registrable Shares in the Underwritten Offering to the extent provided herein. All Holders proposing to distribute their Registrable Shares through such Underwritten Offering shall enter into an underwriting agreement in customary form with the managing underwriters selected by the Company for such underwriting and complete and execute any questionnaires, powers of attorney, indemnities, securities escrow agreements and other documents reasonably required under the terms of such underwriting, and furnish to the Company such information in writing as the Company may reasonably request for inclusion in the Registration Statement; provided, however, that no Holder shall be required to make any representations or warranties to or agreements with the Company or the underwriters other than representations, warranties or agreements as are customary and reasonably requested by the underwriters. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, if the managing underwriters determine in good faith that marketing factors require a limitation on the number of shares to be included, then the managing underwriters may exclude shares (including Registrable Shares) from the IPO Registration Statement and the Underwritten Offering and any Shares included in the IPO Registration Statement and the Underwritten Offering shall be allocated, first, to the Company, and second, to each of the Holders requesting inclusion of their Registrable Shares in such IPO Registration Statement on a pro rata basis based on the total number of Registrable Shares then held by each such Holder which is requesting inclusion. If any Holder disapproves of the terms of any Underwritten Offering, such Holder may elect to withdraw therefrom by written notice to the Company and the underwriter, delivered at least ten (10) Business Days prior to the effective date of the IPO Registration Statement, provided, that if, in the opinion of counsel, such withdrawal would necessitate a re-circulation of the Prospectus to investors, such Holder shall be required to deliver such written notice at least twenty (20) Business Days prior to the effective date of the IPO Registration Statement. Any Registrable Shares excluded or withdrawn from such Underwritten Offering shall be excluded and withdrawn from the IPO Registration Statement.
(iii) Hold-Back Agreement. By electing to include Registrable Shares in the IPO Registration Statement, if any, the Holder shall be deemed to have agreed not to effect any sale or distribution of securities of the Company of the same or similar class or classes of the securities included in the Registration Statement or any securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for such securities, including a sale pursuant to Rule 144 or Rule 144A, during such periods as reasonably requested (but in no event for a period longer than one-hundred eighty (180) days following the effective date of the IPO Registration Statement, provided each of the executive officers and directors of the Company and RCM that hold shares of Common Stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for shares of Common Stock are subject to the same restriction for the entire time period required of the Holders hereunder) by the representatives of the underwriters of the Underwritten Offering pursuant to the IPO Registration Statement.
(iv) Registrable Shares Not Sold Under IPO Registration Statement. If (w) the Company terminates or withdraws the IPO Registration Statement prior to its effectiveness or the distribution of all Registrable Shares, if any, registered thereunder, (x) the underwriters exercise their right pursuant to Section 2(b)(ii) of this Agreement to exclude any Registrable Shares from the IPO Registration Statement, (y) any Holder elects to withdraw or not to include any Registrable Shares in the IPO Registration Statement, or (z) any Registrable Shares are otherwise not registered under and distributed pursuant to the IPO Registration Statement, then the Company shall file a Shelf Registration Statement relating to any Registrable Shares not registered under and distributed pursuant to an IPO Registration Statement as soon as practicable, but in no event later than (a) in the case of the withdrawal or abandonment of the offering pursuant to the IPO Registration Statement, the date which is thirty (30) days after the earlier of the withdrawal or abandonment of the offering pursuant to the IPO Registration Statement or (b) the date ninety (90) days after the consummation of the offering pursuant to the IPO Registration Statement.
(c) Expenses. The Company shall pay all Registration Expenses in connection with the registration of the Registrable Shares pursuant to this Agreement. Each Holder participating in a registration pursuant to this Section 2 shall bear such Holder's proportionate share (based on the total number of Registrable Shares sold in such registration) of all discounts and commissions payable to underwriters or brokers and all transfer taxes and transfer fees in connection with a registration of Registrable Shares pursuant to this Agreement and any other expense of the Holders not specifically allocated to the Company pursuant to this Agreement relating to the sale or disposition of such Holder's Registrable Shares pursuant to any Registration Statement.
(d) Subsequent Shelf Registration for Additional Shares Issued after Effectiveness of the Mandatory Shelf Registration Statement. If any Additional Shares are issued or distributed to Holders after the effectiveness of the Mandatory Shelf Registration Statement, or such Additional Shares were otherwise not included in a prior Registration Statement, then the Company shall as soon as reasonably practicable file an additional shelf registration statement (including the Prospectus, amendments and supplements to such registration statement or Prospectus, including pre- and post-effective amendments, all exhibits thereto and all material incorporated by reference or deemed to be incorporated by reference, if any, in such registration statement, a "Subsequent Shelf Registration Statement") covering such Additional Shares on behalf of the Holders thereof in the same manner, and subject to the same provisions in this Agreement as the Mandatory Shelf Registration Statement, provided that the provisions of Section 2(a) or 2(b) hereof will not apply to any such Subsequent Shelf Registration Statement.
3. Rules 144 and 144A Reporting.
With a view to making available the benefits of certain rules and regulations of the Commission that may permit the sale of the Registrable Shares to the public without registration, the Company agrees to, so long as any Holder owns any Registrable Shares:
(a) at all times after the effective date of the first registration under the Securities Act filed by the Company for an offering of its securities to the general public, use its commercially reasonable efforts to make and keep public information available, as those terms are understood and defined in Rule 144(c);
(b) use its commercially reasonable efforts to file with the Commission in a timely manner all reports and other documents required to be filed by the Company under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act (at any time after it has become subject to such reporting requirements); and
(c) if the Company is not required to file reports and other documents under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, it will make available other information as required by, and so long as necessary to permit sales of Registrable Shares pursuant to, Rule 144A and in any event shall provide to each Holder a copy of:
(i) the Company's annual consolidated financial statements (including at least balance sheets, statements of profit and loss, statements of stockholders' equity and statements of cash flows) prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, accompanied by an audit report of the Company's independent accountants, no later than ninety (90) days after the end of each fiscal year of the Company, and
(ii) the Company's unaudited quarterly financial statements (including at least balance sheets, statements of profit and loss, statements of stockholders' equity and statements of cash flows) prepared in a manner consistent with the preparation of the Company's annual financial statements, no later than forty-five (45) days after the end of each fiscal quarter of the Company.
4. Registration Procedures.
In connection with the obligations of the Company with respect to any registration pursuant to this Agreement, the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to effect or cause to be effected the registration of the Registrable Shares under the Securities Act to permit the resale of such Registrable Shares by the Holder or Holders in accordance with the Holders' intended method or methods of resale and distribution (which methods shall be commercially reasonable), and the Company shall:
(a) prepare and file with the Commission, as specified in this Agreement, a Shelf Registration Statement, which Shelf Registration Statement shall comply in all material respects as to form with the requirements of the applicable form and include all financial statements required by the Commission to be filed therewith, and use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause such Shelf Registration Statement to become effective as promptly as practicable following such filing as specified in Section 4(a) and to remain effective, subject to Section 5 hereof, until the date on which no Holders hold Registrable Shares, provided, however, that if the Company has an effective Shelf Registration Statement on Form S-11 under the Securities Act and becomes eligible to use Form S-3 or such other short-form registration statement under the Securities Act, the Company may, upon 30 Business Days' prior written notice to all Holders of Registrable Shares, register any Registrable Shares registered but not yet distributed under the effective Shelf Registration Statement on such a short-form Shelf Registration Statement and, once the short-form Shelf Registration Statement is declared effective, de-register such shares under the previous Registration Statement or transfer filing fees from the previous Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 429;
(b) subject to Section 4(i) hereof, (i) prepare and file with the Commission such amendments and post-effective amendments to the Shelf Registration Statement as may be necessary to keep the Shelf Registration Statement effective for the period described in Section 4(a) hereof, (ii) cause each Prospectus contained therein to be supplemented by any required Prospectus supplement, and as so supplemented to be filed pursuant to Rule 424, and (iii) comply with the provisions of the Securities Act with respect to the disposition of all securities covered by the Shelf Registration Statement during the applicable period in accordance with the method or methods of distribution set forth in the "Plan of Distribution" section of the Prospectus;
(c) furnish to the Holders, without charge, as many copies of each Prospectus, including each preliminary Prospectus, and any amendment or supplement thereto and such other documents as such Holder may reasonably request, in order to facilitate the public sale or other disposition of the Registrable Shares; the Company consents, subject to Section 5, to the lawful use of such Prospectus, including each preliminary Prospectus, by the Holders, if any, in connection with the offering and sale of the Registrable Shares covered by any such Prospectus;
(d) use its commercially reasonable efforts to register or qualify, or obtain exemption from registration or qualification for, all Registrable Shares by the time the applicable Registration Statement is declared effective by the Commission under all applicable state securities or "blue sky" laws of such domestic United States jurisdictions as the Initial Purchaser or any Holder covered by a Registration Statement shall reasonably request in writing, keep each such registration or qualification or exemption effective during the period such Registration Statement is required to be kept effective pursuant to Section 4(a) and do any and all other acts and things that may be reasonably necessary or advisable to enable such Holder to consummate the disposition in each such jurisdiction of such Registrable Shares covered by the Registration Statement; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required to take any action to comply with this Section 4(d) if it would require the Company or any of its subsidiaries to (i) qualify generally to do business in any jurisdiction or to register as a broker or dealer in such jurisdiction where it would not otherwise be required to qualify but for this Section 4(d) and except as may be required by the Securities Act, (ii) subject itself to taxation in any such jurisdiction, or (iii) submit to the general service of process in any such jurisdiction;
(e) use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause all Registrable Shares covered by such Registration Statement to be registered and approved by such other domestic governmental agencies or authorities, if any, as may be necessary to enable the Holders thereof to consummate the disposition of such Registrable Shares; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required to take any action to comply with this Section 4(e) if it would require the Company or any of its subsidiaries to (i) qualify generally to do business in any jurisdiction or to register as a broker or dealer in such jurisdiction where it would not otherwise be required to qualify but for this Section 4(e) and except as may be required by the Securities Act, (ii) subject itself to taxation in any such jurisdiction, or (iii) submit to the general service of process in any such jurisdiction;
(f) notify the Initial Purchaser and each Holder with Registrable Shares covered by a Registration Statement promptly and, if requested by the Initial Purchaser or any such Holder, confirm such advice in writing at the address determined in accordance with Section 9(b), (i) when such Registration Statement has become effective and when any post-effective amendments thereto become effective or upon the filing of a supplement to any prospectus, (ii) of the issuance by the Commission or any state securities authority of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of such Registration Statement or the
initiation of any proceedings for that purpose, (iii) of any request by the Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority for amendments or supplements to such Registration Statement or related Prospectus or for additional information, and (iv) of the happening of any event during the period such Registration Statement is effective as a result of which such Registration Statement or the related Prospectus or any document incorporated by reference therein contains any untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading or, in the case of the Prospectus, contains any untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading (which information shall be accompanied by an instruction to suspend the use of the Registration Statement and the Prospectus until the requisite changes have been made);
(g) during the period of time referred to in Section 4(a) above, use its commercially reasonable efforts to avoid the issuance of, or if issued, to obtain the withdrawal of, any order enjoining or suspending the use or effectiveness of the Shelf Registration Statement or suspending the qualification (or exemption from qualification) of any of the Registrable Shares for sale in any jurisdiction, as promptly as practicable;
(h) upon request, furnish to each requesting Holder with Registrable Shares covered by a Registration Statement, without charge, at least one (1) conformed copy of such Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment or supplement thereto (without documents incorporated therein by reference or exhibits thereto, unless requested);
(i) except as provided in Section 5, upon the occurrence of any event contemplated by Section 4(f)(iv) hereof, use its commercially reasonable efforts to promptly prepare a supplement or post-effective amendment to the Shelf Registration Statement or the related Prospectus or any document incorporated therein by reference or file any other required document so that, as thereafter delivered to the purchasers of the Registrable Shares, such Prospectus will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, and, upon request, promptly furnish to each requesting Holder a reasonable number of copies each such supplement or post-effective amendment;
(j) if requested by the representative of the underwriters, if any, or any Holders of Registrable Shares being sold in connection with an Underwritten Offering, (i) as promptly as practicable incorporate in a Prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment such material information as the representative of the underwriters, if any, or such Holders indicate in writing relates to them and (ii) use its commercially reasonable efforts to make all required filings of such Prospectus supplement or such post-effective amendment as soon as practicable after the Company has received written notification of the matters to be incorporated in such Prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment;
(k) enter into customary agreements (including in the case of an Underwritten Offering, an underwriting agreement in customary form and reasonably satisfactory to the Company) and take all other reasonable action in connection therewith in order to expedite or facilitate the distribution of the Registrable Shares included in such Registration Statement and, in the case of an Underwritten Offering, make representations and warranties to the Holders of Registrable Shares covered by such Registration Statement and to the underwriters in such form and scope as are customarily made by issuers to selling stockholders and underwriters in underwritten offerings, respectively, and confirm the same to the extent customary if and when requested;
(l) in connection with an Underwritten Offering, use its commercially reasonable efforts to make available for inspection by one representative appointed by the Holders of a majority of the Registrable Shares and the representative of any underwriters participating in any disposition pursuant to a Registration Statement and one law firm retained by each representative of such Holders or underwriters, respectively, during normal business hours and upon reasonable notice, all financial and other records, pertinent corporate documents and properties of the Company and cause the respective officers, directors and employees of the Company to supply all information reasonably requested by any such representative of the Holders, the representative of the underwriters or counsel thereto in connection with a Shelf Registration Statement; provided, however, that such records, documents or information that the Company determines, in good faith, to be confidential and notifies such representative of the Holders, representative of the underwriters or counsel thereto are confidential shall not be disclosed by the representative of the Holders, representative of the underwriters or counsel thereto unless (i) the disclosure of such records, documents or information is necessary to avoid or correct a material misstatement or omission in a Registration Statement or Prospectus, (ii) the release of such records, documents or information is ordered pursuant to a subpoena or other order from a court of competent jurisdiction, or (iii) such records, documents or information have been generally made available to the public by the Company; provided, further, that to the extent practicable, the foregoing inspection and information gathering shall be coordinated on behalf of the Holders and the other parties entitled thereto by one law firm designated by and on behalf of the Holders and the other parties, which counsel the Company reasonably determines to be acceptable;
(m) use its commercially reasonable efforts (including, without limitation, seeking to cure in the Company's listing or inclusion application any deficiencies cited by the exchange or market) to list or include all Registrable Shares on the New York Stock Exchange or the Nasdaq Stock Market;
(n) use its commercially reasonable efforts to prepare and file in a timely manner all documents and reports required by the Exchange Act and, to the extent the Company's obligation to file such reports pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act expires prior to the expiration of the effectiveness period of the Registration Statement as required by Section 4(a) hereof, the Company shall register the Registrable Shares under the Exchange Act and shall maintain such registration through the effectiveness period required by Section 4(a) hereof;
(o) provide a CUSIP number for all Registrable Shares, not later than the effective date of the Registration Statement;
(p) (i) otherwise use its commercially reasonable efforts to comply
with all applicable rules and regulations of the Commission, (ii) make generally
available to its stockholders, as soon as reasonably practicable, earnings
statements covering at least twelve (12) months that satisfy the provisions of
Section 11(a) of the Securities Act and Rule 158 (or any similar rule
promulgated under the Securities Act ) thereunder, no later than ninety (90)
days after the end of each fiscal year of the Company and (iii) delay the
effectiveness of any Registration Statement to which any Holder of Registrable
Shares covered by such Registration Statement shall have, based upon the written
opinion of counsel, objected on the grounds that such Registration Statement
does not comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities
Act, such Holder having been furnished with a copy thereof at least two (2)
Business Days prior to the effectiveness thereof, provided that the Company may
request effectiveness of such Registration Statement following such time as the
Company shall have used its commercially reasonable efforts to resolve any such
issue with the objecting Holder and shall have advised the Holder in writing of
its reasonable belief that such filing complies with the requirements of the
Securities Act;
(q) provide and cause to be maintained a registrar and transfer agent for all Registrable Shares covered by any Registration Statement from and after a date not later than the effective date of such Registration Statement;
(r) in connection with any sale or transfer of the Registrable Shares (whether or not pursuant to a Registration Statement) that will result in the security being delivered no longer being Registrable Shares, cooperate with the Holders and the representative of the underwriters, if any, to facilitate the timely preparation and delivery of certificates representing the Registrable Shares to be sold, which certificates shall not bear any transfer restrictive legends (other than as required by the Company's charter) and to enable such Registrable Shares to be in such denominations and registered in such names as the representative of the underwriters, if any, or the Holders may reasonably request at least three (3) Business Days prior to any sale of the Registrable Shares;
(s) upon effectiveness of the first registration statement filed by the Company, the Company will take such actions and make such filings as are necessary to effect the registration of the Common Stock under the Exchange Act simultaneously with or as soon as practicable following the effectiveness of the Registration Statement;
(t) in the case of an Underwritten Offering, use its commercially reasonable efforts to furnish or cause to be furnished to the underwriters a signed counterpart, addressed to the underwriters, of: (i) an opinion of counsel for the Company, dated the date of each closing under the underwriting agreement, in customary form and reasonably acceptable to counsel for the Company; and (ii) a "comfort" letter, dated the effective date of such Registration Statement and the date of each closing under the underwriting agreement, reasonably acceptable to and signed by the independent public accountants who have certified the Company's financial statements included in such Registration Statement, covering substantially the same matters with respect to such Registration Statement (and the Prospectus included therein) and with respect to events subsequent to the date of such financial statements, as are customarily covered in accountants' letters delivered to underwriters in Underwritten Offerings of securities and such other financial matters as such Holder and the underwriters may reasonably request and customarily obtained by underwriters in Underwritten Offerings;
(u) a reasonable time prior to the filing of any Shelf Registration Statement, any Prospectus, any amendment to a Shelf Registration Statement or amendment or supplement to a Prospectus or any document which is to be incorporated by reference into a Shelf Registration Statement or a Prospectus after initial filing of a Shelf Registration Statement, provide copies of such document to the Initial Purchaser on behalf of such Holders; and make representatives of the Company as shall be reasonably requested by the Holders of Registrable Shares, or the Initial Purchasers on behalf of such Holders, available for discussion of such document; and
(v) in the case of an Underwritten Offering, use its commercially reasonable efforts to cooperate and assist in any filings required to be made with the NASD and in the performance of any due diligence investigation by any underwriter and its counsel (including any "qualified independent underwriter," if applicable) that is required to be retained in accordance with the rules and regulations of the NASD).
The Company may require the Holders to furnish to the Company such information regarding the proposed distribution by such Holder as the Company may from time to time reasonably request in writing or as shall be required to effect the registration of the Registrable Shares and no Holder shall be entitled to be named as a selling stockholder in any Registration Statement and no Holder shall be entitled to use the Prospectus forming a part thereof if such Holder does not provide such information to the Company. Any Holder that sells Registrable Shares pursuant to a Registration Statement or as a selling stockholder pursuant to an Underwritten Offering shall be required to be named as a selling stockholder in the related prospectus and to deliver a prospectus to purchasers. Each Holder further agrees to furnish promptly to the Company in writing all information required from time to time to make the information previously furnished by such Holder not misleading.
Each Holder agrees that, upon receipt of any notice from the Company of the happening of any event of the kind described in Section 4(f)(ii), 4(f)(iii) or 4(f)(iv) hereof, such Holder will immediately discontinue disposition of Registrable Shares pursuant to a Registration Statement until such Holder's receipt of copies of the supplemented or amended Prospectus. If so directed by the Company, such Holder will deliver to the Company (at the reasonable expense of the Company) all copies in its possession, other than permanent file copies then in such Holder's possession, of the Prospectus covering such Registrable Shares current at the time of receipt of such notice.
5. Black-Out Period.
(a) Subject to the provisions of this Section 5, the Company shall have
the right, but not the obligation, from time to time to suspend the use of the
Registration Statement following the effectiveness of a Registration Statement
(and the filings with any international, federal or state securities
commissions), if a Suspension Event (as defined below) occurs. If the Company
elects to suspend the effectiveness and/or use of a Registration Statement
following the occurrence of a Suspension Event, the Company, by written notice
to the Initial Purchaser and by written notice, email transmission or such other
means that the Company reasonably believes to be a reliable means of
communication (a "Suspension Notice"), shall notify the Holders, that the
effectiveness of the Registration Statement has been suspended and shall direct
the Holders to suspend sales of the Registrable Shares pursuant to the
Registration Statement until the Suspension Event has ended. A Suspension Event
shall be deemed to have occurred if: (i) the representative of the underwriters
of an Underwritten Offering of common stock of the Company has advised the
Company that the offer or sale of Registrable Shares pursuant to the
Registration Statement would have a material adverse effect on the Company's
Underwritten Offering; (ii) the Board of Directors of the Company in good faith
has determined that the offer or sale of any Registrable Shares would materially
impede, delay or interfere with any proposed financing, offer or sale of
securities, acquisition, corporate reorganization or other significant
transaction involving the Company; or (iii) the Board of Directors of the
Company has determined in good faith, that it is required by law, or that it is
in the best interests of the Company, to supplement the Registration Statement
or file a post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement in order to
ensure that the Prospectus included in the Registration Statement (1) contains
the financial information required under Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;
(2) discloses any fundamental change in the information included in the
Prospectus; or (3) discloses any material information with respect to the plan
of distribution not disclosed in the Registration Statement or any material
change to such information. Upon the occurrence of any Suspension Event, the
Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Registration
Statement to become effective or to promptly amend or supplement the
Registration Statement or to take such action as is necessary to make resumed
use of the Registration Statement compatible with the Company's best interests,
as applicable, so as to permit the Holders to resume sales of the Registrable
Shares as soon as practicable. In no event shall the Company be permitted to
suspend the use of a Registration Statement in any twelve (12) month period for
more than forty-five (45) consecutive days or for more than an aggregate of
ninety (90) days, except as a result of a refusal by the Commission to declare
any post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement effective after the
Company has used all commercially reasonable efforts to cause such
post-effective amendment to be declared effective, in which case the Company
shall terminate the suspension of the use of the Registration Statement
immediately following the effective date of the post-effective amendment.
(b) If the Company gives a Suspension Notice to the Holders to suspend sales of the Registrable Shares following a Suspension Event, the Holders shall not effect any sales of the Registrable Shares pursuant to such Registration Statement (or such filings) at any time after it has received a Suspension Notice from the Company and prior to receipt of an End of Suspension Notice (as defined below). If so directed by the Company, each Holder will deliver to the Company (at the expense of the Company) all copies other than permanent file copies then in such Holder's possession of the Prospectus covering the Registrable Shares at the time of receipt of the Suspension Notice. The Holders may recommence effecting sales of the Registrable Shares pursuant to the Registration Statement (or such filings) upon delivery by the Company of notice that the Suspension Event or its potential effects are no longer continuing (an "End of Suspension Notice"), which End of Suspension Notice shall be given by the Company to the Holders and the Initial Purchaser in the same manner as the Suspension Notice promptly following the conclusion of any Suspension Event and its effect.
6. Indemnification and Contribution.
(a) The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless (i) each Initial
Purchaser and each Holder (ii) each person, if any, who controls each Initial
Purchaser and each Holder within the meaning of the Securities Act or the
Exchange Act and (iii) the respective officers, directors, partners, employees,
representatives and agents of each Initial Purchaser and each Holder or any
person who controls any of the foregoing (each person referred to in clause (i),
(ii) or (iii) are referred to collectively as the "Indemnified Parties"), from
and against any losses, claims, damages or liabilities, joint or several, or any
actions in respect thereof (including, but not limited to, any losses, claims,
damages, judgments, expenses, liabilities or actions relating to purchases and
sales of the Securities) to which each Indemnified Party may become subject
under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or otherwise, insofar as such losses,
claims, damages, judgments, expenses, liabilities or actions arise out of or are
based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact
contained in the Registration Statement or Prospectus including any document
incorporated by reference therein, or in any amendment or supplement thereto or
in any preliminary Prospectus relating to the Registration Statement, or arise
out of, or are based upon, the omission or alleged omission to state therein a
material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements
therein not misleading, and shall reimburse, as incurred, the Indemnified
Parties for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by them in
connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage,
liability or action in respect thereof; provided, however, that (i) the Company
shall not be liable in any such case to the extent that such loss, claim, damage
or liability arises out of or is based upon any untrue statement or alleged
untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made in the Registration
Statement or Prospectus or in any amendment or supplement thereto or in any
preliminary Prospectus relating to the Registration Statement in reliance upon
and in conformity with written information pertaining to a Holder or furnished
to the Company by or on behalf of a Holder or any participating underwriter
specifically for inclusion therein and (ii) with respect to any untrue statement
or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made in any preliminary
prospectus relating to the Registration Statement, the indemnity agreement
contained in this subsection (a) shall not inure to the benefit of any Holder
from whom the person asserting any such losses, claims, damages or liabilities
purchased the Shares concerned, to the extent that a prospectus relating to such
Shares was required to be delivered by such Holder under the Securities Act in
connection with such purchase and any such loss, claim, damage or liability or
such Holder results from the fact that there was not sent or given to such
person, at or prior to the written confirmation of the sale of such Shares to
such person, a copy of the final prospectus if the Company had previously
furnished copies thereof to such Holder; provided, further, however, that this
indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability which the Company may
otherwise have to such Indemnified Party. The Company shall also indemnify
underwriters, their officers and directors and each person who controls such
underwriters within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act to the
same extent as provided above with respect to the indemnification of the Holders
of the Shares if requested by such Holders.
(b) In connection with any Registration Statement in which a Holder is participating and as a condition to such participation, each Holder, severally and not jointly, will indemnify and hold harmless the Company, its officers, directors, partners, employees, representatives, agents and investment advisers and each person, if any, who controls any of the foregoing within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act (the "Company Indemnified Persons") from and against any losses, claims, damages or liabilities or any actions in respect thereof, to which the Company or any such controlling person may become subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, damages, liabilities or actions arise out of or are based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement or Prospectus or in any amendment or supplement thereto or in any preliminary Prospectus relating to the Registration Statement, or arise out of or are based upon the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, but in each case only to the extent that the untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission was made in reliance upon and in conformity with written information pertaining to a Holder or furnished to the Company by or on behalf of a Holder or any participating underwriter specifically for inclusion therein; and, subject to the limitation set forth immediately preceding this clause, shall reimburse, as incurred, the Company or any Company Indemnified Person for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by the Company or such Company Indemnified Person in connection with investigating or defending any loss, claim, damage, liability or action in respect thereof. This indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability which such Holder may otherwise have to the Company or any Company Indemnified Person.
(c) Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under this Section 6 of notice of the commencement of any action or proceeding (including a governmental investigation), such indemnified party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against the indemnifying party under this Section 6, notify the indemnifying party of the commencement thereof; but the failure to notify the indemnifying party shall not relieve it from any liability that it may have under subsection (a) or (b) above except to the extent that it has been materially prejudiced by such failure; and provided, further that the failure to notify the indemnifying party shall not relieve it from any liability that it may have to an indemnified party otherwise than under subsection (a) or (b) above. In case any such action is brought against any indemnified party, and it notifies the indemnifying party of the commencement thereof, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate therein and, to the extent that it may wish, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense thereof, with counsel reasonably satisfactory to such indemnified party (who may be counsel to the indemnifying party unless, in the reasonable judgment of the indemnified party, a potential conflict exists), and after notice from the indemnifying party to such indemnified party of its election so to assume the defense thereof the indemnifying party will not be liable to such indemnified party under this Section 6 for any legal or other expenses, other than reasonable costs of investigation, subsequently incurred by such indemnified party in connection with the defense thereof. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of the indemnified party, effect any settlement of any pending or threatened action in respect of which any indemnified party is or could have been a party and indemnity could have been sought hereunder by such indemnified party unless such settlement (i) includes any unconditional release of such indemnified party from all liability on any claims that are the subject matter of such action, and (ii) does not include a statement as to or an admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of any indemnified party.
(d) If the indemnification provided for in this Section 6 is unavailable or insufficient to hold harmless an indemnified party under subsections (a) or (b) above, then each indemnifying party shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by such indemnified party as a result of the losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) referred to in subsection (a) or (b) above in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative fault of the indemnifying party or parties on the one hand and the indemnified party on the other in connection with the statements or omissions that resulted in such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative fault of the parties shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company on the one hand or such Holder or such other indemnified party, as the case may be, on the other, and the parties' relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The amount paid by an indemnified party as a result of the losses, claims, damages or liabilities referred to in the first sentence of this subsection (d) shall be deemed to include any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in connection with investigating or defending any action or claim which is the subject of this subsection (d). Notwithstanding any other provision of this Section 6(d), the Holders shall not be required to contribute any amount in excess of the amount by which the net proceeds received by such Holders from the sale of the Shares pursuant to the Registration Statement exceeds the amount of damages which such Holders have otherwise been required to pay by reason of such untrue or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission. No person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this paragraph (d), each person, if any, who controls such indemnified party within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act shall have the same rights to contribution as such indemnified party and each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act shall have the same rights to contribution as the Company.
(e) The agreements contained in this Section 6 shall survive the sale of the Shares pursuant to the Registration Statement and shall remain in full force and effect, regardless of any termination or cancellation of this Agreement or any investigation made by or on behalf of any indemnified party.
7. Market Stand-off Agreement.
Each Holder hereby agrees that it shall not, to the extent requested by the Company or an underwriter of securities of the Company, directly or indirectly sell, offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell (including without limitation any short sale), grant any option, right or warrant for the sale of or otherwise transfer or dispose of any Registrable Shares or other shares of Common Stock or any securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for shares of Common Stock then owned by such Holder (other than to donees, partners or other transferees of the Holder who agree to be similarly bound) for a period of up to (i) 180 days following the effective date of the IPO Registration Statement of the Company filed under the Securities Act or (ii) 60 days following the date of an Underwritten Offering by the Company pursuant to a shelf registration statement of the Company filed under the Securities Act; provided, however, that:
(a) with respect to the 180-day restriction that follows the effective date of the IPO Registration Statement and the 60-day period that follows the date of an Underwritten Offering pursuant to a Shelf Registration Statement, such agreement shall not be applicable to Registrable Shares sold pursuant to such IPO Registration Statement or Shelf Registration Statement, as the case may be;
(b) all executive officers and directors of the Company and RCM then holding shares of Common Stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for shares of Common Stock shall enter into similar agreements for not less than the entire time period required of the Holders hereunder; and
(c) the Holders shall be allowed any concession or proportionate release allowed to any executive officer or director that entered into similar agreements.
In order to enforce the foregoing covenant, the Company shall have the
right to place restrictive legends on the certificates representing the
securities subject to this Section 7 and to impose stop transfer instructions
with respect to the Registrable Shares and such other securities of each Holder
(and the securities of every other Person subject to the foregoing restriction)
until the end of such period.
8. Termination of the Company's Obligations.
The Company shall have no further obligations pursuant to this Agreement at such time as no Registrable Shares are outstanding, provided, however, that the Company's obligations under Sections 3, 6 and 9(a) through and including 9(k) of this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect following such time.
9. Miscellaneous.
(a) Amendments and Waivers. The provisions of this Agreement, including the provisions of this sentence, may not be amended, modified or supplemented, and waivers or consents to or departures from the provisions hereof may not be given, without the written consent of the Company and Holders beneficially owning not less than fifty percent (50%) of the then outstanding Registrable Shares. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a waiver or consent to or departure from the provisions hereof with respect to a matter that relates exclusively to the rights of a Holder whose securities are being sold pursuant to a Registration Statement and that does not directly or indirectly affect, impair, limit or compromise the rights of other Holders may be given by such Holder; provided that the provisions of this sentence may not be amended, modified or supplemented except in accordance with the provisions of the immediately preceding sentence.
(b) Notices. All notices and other communications, provided for or permitted hereunder shall be made in writing by delivered by facsimile (with receipt confirmed), overnight courier or registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, or by telegram:
(i) if to a Holder, at the most current address given by the transfer agent and registrar of the Shares to the Company; and
(ii) if to the Company, at the offices of the Company at 712 Fifth Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, New York 10019.
(c) Successors and Assigns; Third Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the successors and assigns of each of the parties hereto and shall inure to the benefit of each Holder. The Company agrees that the Holders shall be third party beneficiaries to the agreements made hereunder by the Initial Purchaser and the Company, and each Holder shall have the right to enforce such agreements directly to the extent it deems such enforcement necessary or advisable to protect its rights hereunder; provided, however, that no Holder shall have the right to enforce such agreements unless and until such Holder fulfills all of its obligations hereunder.
(d) Stock Legend. In addition to any other legend that may appear on the stock certificates evidencing the Registrable Shares, for so long as any Shares remain Registrable Shares each stock certificate evidencing such Registrable Shares shall contain a legend to the following effect: "THE SHARES EVIDENCED BY THIS CERTIFICATE ARE SUBJECT TO AND ENTITLED TO THE BENEFITS OF A CERTAIN REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT, DATED MARCH 8, 2005."
(e) Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and by the parties hereto in separate counterparts, each of which when so executed shall be deemed to be an original and all of which taken together shall constitute one and the same agreement.
(F) GOVERNING LAW. THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY, AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH, THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK WITHOUT REGARD TO CONFLICTS OF LAW PRINCIPLES THAT WOULD REQUIRE THE APPLICATION OF THE LAW OF ANY OTHER STATE.
(g) Severability. If any term, provision, covenant or restriction of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable, the remainder of the terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions set forth herein shall remain in full force and effect and shall in no way be affected, impaired or invalidated, and the parties hereto shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to find and employ an alternative means to achieve the same or substantially the same result as that contemplated by such term, provision, covenant or restriction. It is hereby stipulated and declared to be the intention of the parties hereto that they would have executed the remaining terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions without including any of such that may be hereafter declared invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable.
(h) Entire Agreement. This Agreement, together with the Purchase Agreement, is intended by the parties hereto as a final expression of their agreement, and is intended to be a complete and exclusive statement of the agreement and understanding of the parties hereto in respect of the subject matter contained herein and therein.
(i) Registrable Shares Held by the Company or its Affiliates. Whenever the consent or approval of Holders of a specified percentage of Registrable Shares is required hereunder, Registrable Shares held by the Company or its Affiliates shall not be counted in determining whether such consent or approval was given by the Holders of such required percentage.
(j) Survival. This Agreement is intended to survive the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement. The indemnification and contribution obligations under Section 6 of this Agreement shall survive the termination of the Company's obligations under Section 2 of this Agreement.
(k) Headings. The headings in this Agreement are for convenience of
reference only and shall not limit or otherwise affect the provisions of this
Agreement. All references made in this Agreement to "Section" refer to such
Section of this Agreement, unless expressly stated otherwise.
[Remainder of this Page Intentionally Left Blank]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement as of the date first above written.
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP.
Title:
CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON LLC,
FOR ITSELF AND ON BEHALF OF THE HOLDERS
BY: CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON LLC
Title:
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP.
2005 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS ----------------- Section Page ------- ---- ARTICLE I DEFINITIONS......................................................1 1.01. Administrator...................................1 1.02. Affiliate.......................................1 1.03. Agreement.......................................1 1.04. Board...........................................1 1.05. Change in Control...............................1 1.06. Code............................................2 1.07. Committee.......................................2 1.08. Common Stock....................................2 1.09. Company.........................................2 1.10. Continuing Director.............................2 1.11. Control Change Date.............................2 1.12. Corresponding SAR...............................2 1.13. Exchange Act....................................2 1.14. Fair Market Value...............................2 1.15. Initial Offering................................3 1.16. Manager.........................................3 1.17. Non-employee Director...........................3 1.18. Option..........................................3 1.19. Participant.....................................3 1.20. Performance Shares..............................3 1.21. Person..........................................4 -i- |
1.22. Plan............................................4 1.23. Qualified Affiliate.............................4 1.24. Resource America................................4 1.25. SAR.............................................4 1.26. Securities Act..................................4 1.27. Stock Award.....................................4 ARTICLE II PURPOSES........................................................5 ARTICLE III ADMINISTRATION.................................................5 ARTICLE IV ELIGIBILITY.....................................................6 ARTICLE V COMMON STOCK SUBJECT TO PLAN.....................................6 5.01. Common Stock Issued.............................6 5.02. Aggregate Limit.................................6 5.03. Reallocation of Shares..........................6 5.04. Status of Original Issue Shares.................7 ARTICLE VI OPTIONS.........................................................7 6.01. Award...........................................7 6.02. Option Price....................................7 6.03. Maximum Option Period...........................7 6.04. Nontransferability..............................8 6.05. Employee Status.................................8 6.06. Exercise........................................8 6.07. Payment.........................................8 6.08. Change in Control...............................9 6.09. Stockholder Rights..............................9 6.10. Disposition of Shares...........................9 -ii- |
ARTICLE VII SARS ..........................................................9 7.01. Award...........................................9 7.02. Maximum SAR Period..............................9 7.03. Nontransferability..............................9 7.04. Exercise.......................................10 7.05. Change in Control..............................10 7.06. Employee Status................................10 7.07. Settlement.....................................10 7.08. Stockholder Rights.............................10 ARTICLE VIII STOCK AWARDS.................................................11 8.01. Award..........................................11 8.02. Vesting........................................11 8.03. Performance Objectives.........................11 8.04. Employee Status................................11 8.05. Change in Control..............................12 8.06. Stockholder Rights.............................12 ARTICLE IX PERFORMANCE SHARE AWARDS.......................................12 9.01. Award..........................................12 9.02. Earning the Award..............................12 9.03. Payment........................................13 9.04. Stockholder Rights.............................13 9.05. Nontransferability.............................13 9.06. Employee Status................................13 9.07. Change in Control..............................13 -iii- |
ARTICLE X LIMITATION ON BENEFITS..........................................13 ARTICLE XI ADJUSTMENT UPON CHANGE IN COMMON STOCK.........................15 ARTICLE XII COMPLIANCE WITH LAW AND APPROVAL OF REGULATORY BODIES.........16 ARTICLE XIII GENERAL PROVISIONS...........................................16 13.01. Effect on Employment and Service...............16 13.02. Unfunded Plan..................................16 13.03. Rules of Construction..........................16 ARTICLE XIV AMENDMENT.....................................................17 ARTICLE XV DURATION OF PLAN...............................................17 ARTICLE XVI EFFECTIVE DATE OF PLAN........................................17 |
Administrator means the Committee and any delegate of the Committee that is appointed in accordance with Article III.
Affiliate means a person that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by, or is under common control with, the Person specified.
Agreement means a written agreement (including any amendment or supplement thereto) between the Company and a Participant specifying the terms and conditions of a Stock Award, an award of Performance Shares or an Option or SAR granted to such Participant.
Board means the Board of Directors of the Company.
Change in Control means the occurrence of any of the following:
(a) the Manager, or a direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Resource America, ceases to be the investment manager of the Company;
(b) the sale, lease or transfer, in one or a series of related transactions, of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, taken as a whole, to any Person other than any one or more Qualified Affiliates;
(c) the acquisition by any Person or group (within the meaning of
Section 13(d)(3) or Section 14(d)(2) of the Exchange Act, or any successor
provision), including any group acting for the purpose of acquiring, holding or
disposing of securities (within the meaning of Rule 13d-5(b)(1) under the
Exchange Act), in a single transaction or in a related series of transactions,
by way of merger, consolidation or other business combination or purchase of
beneficial ownership (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act,
or any successor provision) of 50% or more of the total voting power of the
voting capital interests of the Company, other than an acquisition by one or
more Qualified Affiliates; or
(d) Continuing Directors cease to be a majority of the Board.
Code means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and any amendments thereto.
Committee means the Compensation Committee of the Board. During any period in which the Board does not have a Compensation Committee, "Committee" shall mean the Board.
Common Stock means the shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share of the Company.
Company means Resource Capital Corp., a Maryland corporation.
Continuing Director means any member of the Board, while a member of the Board and (i) who was a member of the Board on the closing date of the Initial Offering or (ii) whose nomination for or election to the Board was recommended or approved by a majority of the Continuing Directors who were then members of the Board.
Control Change Date means the date on which a Change in Control occurs. If a Change in Control occurs on account of a series of transactions, the "Control Change Date" is the date of the last of such transactions.
Corresponding SAR means an SAR that is granted in relation to a particular Option and that can be exercised only upon the surrender to the Company, unexercised, of that portion of the Option to which the SAR relates.
Exchange Act means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
Fair Market Value means, if the Common Stock is not publicly traded, that value as determined by the Committee using any reasonable method in good faith. If the Common Stock is publicly traded, the fair market value of a share of Common Stock shall be (x) the closing price on the date such grant is made or on the next business day, if such date is not a business day, of a share of Common Stock reported on the New York Stock Exchange (or any other exchange on which the Common Stock is listed or, if applicable, the Nasdaq National Market), or (y) if the Common Stock is not principally traded on such exchange or market, the mean between the last reported "bid" and "asked" prices of Common Stock on the relevant date, as reported on Nasdaq or, if not so reported, as reported by the National Daily Quotation Bureau, Inc. or as reported in a customary financial reporting service, as applicable, and as the Committee determines. In no event shall the Fair Market Value of any share of Common Stock be less than its par value.
Initial Offering means the private offering of the Common Stock pursuant to the Purchase/Placement Agreement, dated March 2, 2005, among the Company, Credit Suisse First Boston LLC and Resource America.
Manager means Resource Capital Manager, Inc., a Delaware corporation.
Non-employee Director means a non-employee director of the Company as defined by Rule 16b-3 under the Exchange Act.
Option means a stock option that entitles the holder to purchase from the Company a stated number of shares of Common Stock at the price set forth in an Agreement.
Participant means an employee of the Company or an Affiliate of the Company, a member of the Board, or a Person that provides services to the Company or an Affiliate of the Company (including the Manager) and is selected by the Administrator to receive an award of Performance Shares, a Stock Award, an Option, an SAR or a combination thereof.
Performance Shares means an award stated with reference to a specified number of shares of Common Stock, that in accordance with the terms of an Agreement entitles the holder to receive a cash payment or shares of Common Stock or a combination thereof.
Person means any individual, corporation, partnership, joint venture, limited liability company, estate, trust, or unincorporated association, and any fiduciary acting in such capacity on behalf of any of the foregoing.
Plan means this Resource Capital Corp. 2005 Stock Incentive Plan.
Qualified Affiliate means (i) any Person that is part of a controlled group or under common control with the Company or Resource America; (ii) any employee benefit plan (or related trust) sponsored or maintained by the Company or by any entity controlled by the Company; or (iii) any Person controlled by any executive officer (as defined by Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) of the Company. For purposes of this definition, "controlled by" shall mean possessing, directly or indirectly, the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise.
Resource America means Resource America, Inc., a Delaware corporation.
SAR means a stock appreciation right that entitles the holder to receive, with respect to each share of Common Stock encompassed by the exercise of such SAR, the amount determined by the Administrator and specified in an Agreement. In the absence of such a determination, the holder shall be entitled to receive, with respect to each share of Common Stock encompassed by the exercise of such SAR, the excess of the Fair Market Value on the date of exercise over the Fair Market Value on the date of grant. References to "SARs" include both Corresponding SARs and SARs granted independently of Options, unless the context requires otherwise.
Securities Act means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
Stock Award means shares of Common Stock awarded to a Participant under Article VIII.
The Plan is intended to assist the Company and its Affiliates in recruiting and retaining individuals and other service providers with ability and initiative by enabling such persons or entities to participate in the future success of the Company and its Affiliates and to associate their interests with those of the Company and its stockholders. The Plan is intended to permit the grant of both Options qualifying under Section 422 of the Code ("incentive stock options") and Options not so qualifying, and the grant of SARs, Stock Awards, and Performance Shares in accordance with the Plan and procedures that may be established by the Administrator. No Option that is intended to be an incentive stock option shall be invalid for failure to qualify as an incentive stock option. The proceeds received by the Company from the sale of shares of Common Stock pursuant to this Plan shall be used for general corporate purposes.
The Plan shall be administered by the Administrator. The Administrator shall have authority to grant Options, SARs, Stock Awards, and Performance Shares upon such terms (not inconsistent with the provisions of this Plan) as the Administrator may consider appropriate, provided that the grant does not produce taxable income to the Participant under Section 409A of the Code. Such terms may include conditions (in addition to those contained in this Plan), on the exercisability of all or any part of an Option or SAR or on the transferability or forfeitability of a Stock Award or an award of Performance Shares. Notwithstanding any such conditions, the Administrator may, in its discretion, (i) accelerate the time at which any Option or SAR may be exercised, or the time at which a Stock Award may become transferable or nonforfeitable or the time at which an award of Performance Shares may be settled, provided that any such acceleration is permitted under Section 409A(a)(3) of the Code, or (ii) suspend the forfeiture of any award made under this Plan. In addition, the Administrator shall have complete authority to interpret all provisions of this Plan; to prescribe the form of Agreements; to adopt, amend, and rescind rules and regulations pertaining to the administration of the Plan; and to make all other determinations necessary or advisable for the administration of this Plan. The express grant in the Plan of any specific power to the Administrator shall not be construed as limiting any power or authority of the Administrator. Any decision made, or action taken, by the Administrator in connection with the administration of this Plan shall be final and conclusive. Neither the Administrator nor any member of the Committee shall be liable for any act done in good faith with respect to this Plan or any Agreement, Option, SAR, Stock Award or award of Performance Shares. All expenses of administering this Plan shall be borne by the Company.
The Committee, in its discretion, may delegate to one or more officers of the Company all or part of the Committee's authority and duties with respect to grants and awards to individuals who are not subject to the reporting and other provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. The Committee may revoke or amend the terms of a delegation at any time but such action shall not invalidate any prior actions of the Committee's delegate or delegates that were consistent with the terms of the Plan and the Committee's prior delegation.
Any employee of the Company or an Affiliate of the Company, any member of the Board and any Person (including the Manager) that provides services to the Company or an Affiliate of the Company is eligible to participate in this Plan if the Administrator, in its sole discretion, determines that such Person has contributed significantly or can be expected to contribute significantly to the profits or growth of the Company or an Affiliate of the Company.
Upon the award of Common Stock pursuant to a Stock Award or in settlement of an award of Performance Shares and upon the exercise of any Option or SAR, the Company may issue all or part of such Common Stock from its authorized but unissued Common Stock or may acquire all or part of such Common Stock in the open market or from any Affiliate of the Company, the Manager, Resource America or any other Person.
The maximum aggregate number of shares of Common Stock with respect to which Options, SARS, Stock Awards and Performance Shares may be granted is 1,466,666 shares, which amount shall, if the initial purchaser of the Common Stock in the Initial Offering exercises its over-allotment option, be increased to an amount equal to 10% of the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock on a fully-diluted basis after exercise of the over-allotment option. No more than 1,466,666 shares of Common Stock may be issued upon exercise of incentive stock options and no more than 250,000 shares of Common Stock may be issued to any individual. The maximum aggregate number of shares of Common Stock with respect to which awards may be granted under this Plan shall be subject to adjustment as provided in Article XI.
If an Option is terminated, in whole or in part, for any reason other than its exercise or the exercise of a Corresponding SAR that is settled with shares of Common Stock, the number of shares allocated to the Option or portion thereof that is terminated may be reallocated to other Options, SARs, Stock Awards, and Performance Shares to be granted under this Plan. If an SAR is terminated, in whole or in part, for any reason other than its exercise that is settled with shares of Common Stock or the exercise of a related Option, the number of shares of Common Stock allocated to the SAR or portion thereof that is terminated may be reallocated to other Options, SARs, Stock Awards, and Performance Shares to be granted under this Plan. If a Stock Award is forfeited, in whole or in part, for any reason, the number of shares of Common Stock allocated to the Stock Award or portion thereof that is forfeited may be reallocated to other Options, SARs, Stock Awards, and Performance Shares to be granted under this Plan. If an award of Performance Shares is terminated, in whole or in part, for any reason other than its settlement with shares of Common Stock, the number of shares allocated to the Performance Share award or portion thereof that is terminated may be reallocated to other Options, SARs, Stock Awards, and Performance Shares to be granted under this Plan.
The Company intends, but shall not be obligated, to register for sale under the Securities Act the shares of Common Stock acquirable pursuant to awards under this Plan, and to keep such registration effective throughout the period any awards are in effect. In the absence of such effective registration or an available exemption from registration under the Securities Act, delivery of shares of Common Stock acquirable pursuant to awards shall be delayed until registration of such shares of Common Stock is effective or an exemption from registration under the Securities Act is available. In the event exemption from registration under the Securities Act is available, a Participant (or a Participant's estate or personal representative in the event of the Participant's death or incapacity), if requested by the Company to do so, will execute and deliver to the Company in writing an agreement containing such provisions as the Company may require to assure compliance with applicable securities laws. No sale or disposition of shares of Common Stock acquired pursuant to an award by a Participant shall be made in the absence of an effective registration statement under the Securities Act with respect to such shares unless an opinion of counsel satisfactory to the Company that such sale or disposition will not constitute a violation of the Securities Act or any other applicable securities laws is first obtained.
In accordance with the provisions of Article IV, the Administrator will designate each Person to whom an Option is to be granted and will specify the number of shares of Common Stock covered by such awards.
The price per share for shares of Common Stock purchased on the exercise of an Option shall be determined by the Administrator on the date of grant, but shall not be less than the Fair Market Value on the date of grant. Except for adjustments in accordance with Article XI, the price per share of an outstanding Option may not be reduced (by amendment, substitution or otherwise) without the approval of the Company's stockholders.
The maximum period in which an Option may be exercised shall be determined by the Administrator on the date of grant, except that no Option shall be exercisable after the expiration of ten years from the date such Option was granted. The terms of any Option may provide that it is exercisable for a period less than such maximum period.
Each Option granted under this Plan shall be nontransferable except by will or by the laws of descent and distribution and, during the lifetime of the Participant to whom the Option is granted, may be exercised only by the Participant. No right or interest of a Participant in any Option shall be liable for, or subject to, any lien, obligation, or liability of such Participant. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Options granted to the Manager on or about the closing date of the Initial Offering and on or about the closing date in connection with any exercise of the over-allotment option by the initial purchaser shall be transferable by the Manager, subject to compliance with applicable securities laws, but such Options shall be nontransferable by the transferees as provided herein.
For purposes of determining the applicability of Section 422 of the Code (relating to incentive stock options), or in the event that the terms of any Option provide that it may be exercised only during employment or continued service or within a specified period of time after termination of employment or continued service, the Administrator may decide to what extent leaves of absence for governmental or military service, illness, temporary disability, or other reasons shall not be deemed interruptions of continuous employment or service.
Subject to the provisions of this Plan and the applicable Agreement, an Option may be exercised in whole at any time or in part from time to time at such times and in compliance with such requirements as the Administrator shall determine; provided, however, that incentive stock options (granted under the Plan and all plans of the Company and its Affiliates) may not be first exercisable in a calendar year for shares of Common Stock having a Fair Market Value (determined as of the date an Option is granted) exceeding $100,000. An Option granted under this Plan may be exercised with respect to any number of whole shares less than the full number for which the Option could be exercised. A partial exercise of an Option shall not affect the right to exercise the Option from time to time in accordance with this Plan and the applicable Agreement with respect to the remaining shares subject to the Option. The exercise of an Option shall result in the termination of any Corresponding SAR to the extent of the number of shares with respect to which the Option is exercised.
Subject to rules established by the Administrator and unless otherwise provided in an Agreement, payment of all or part of the Option price may be made in cash, a cash equivalent acceptable to the Administrator, with shares of Common Stock or a combination thereof. If shares of Common Stock are used to pay all or part of the Option price, the sum of the cash and cash equivalent and the Fair Market Value (determined as of the day preceding the date of exercise) of the shares surrendered must not be less than the Option price of the shares for which the Option is being exercised.
Section 6.06 to the contrary notwithstanding, each outstanding Option shall be fully exercisable (in whole or in part at the discretion of the holder) on and after a Control Change Date.
No Participant shall have any rights as a stockholder with respect to shares subject to his Option until the date of exercise of such Option.
A Participant shall notify the Company of any sale or other disposition of shares acquired pursuant to an Option that was an incentive stock option if such sale or disposition occurs (i) within two years of the grant of an Option or (ii) within one year of the issuance of shares to the Participant. Such notice shall be in writing and directed to the Secretary of the Company.
In accordance with the provisions of Article IV, the Administrator will designate each Person to whom SARs are to be granted and will specify the number of shares of Common Stock covered by such awards. No Participant may be granted Corresponding SARs (under all incentive stock option plans of the Company and its Affiliates) that are related to incentive stock options which are first exercisable in any calendar year for shares of Common Stock having an aggregate Fair Market Value (determined as of the date the related Option is granted) that exceeds $100,000.
The term of each SAR shall be determined by the Administrator on the date of grant, except that no SAR shall have a term of more than ten years or, in the case of a Corresponding SAR, the term of the related Option. The terms of any SAR may provide that it has a term that is less than such maximum period.
Each SAR granted under this Plan shall be nontransferable except by will or by the laws of descent and distribution and, during the lifetime of the Participant to whom the SAR is granted may be exercised only by the Participant.. No right or interest of a Participant in any SAR shall be liable for, or subject to, any lien, obligation, or liability of such Participant.
Subject to the provisions of this Plan and the applicable Agreement, an SAR may be exercised in whole at any time or in part from time to time at such times and in compliance with such requirements as the Administrator shall determine; provided, however, that no exercise shall be permitted if the possibility of such exercise would cause the grant of the SAR to produce taxable income to the Participant under Section 409A of the Code, and no acceleration of the time at which an SAR may be exercised shall be permitted except as permitted under Section 409A(a)(3) of the Code; and provided, further, that a Corresponding SAR that is related to an incentive stock option may be exercised only to the extent that the related Option is exercisable and only when the Fair Market Value exceeds the option price of the related Option. An SAR granted under this Plan may be exercised with respect to any number of whole shares less than the full number for which the SAR could be exercised. A partial exercise of an SAR shall not affect the right to exercise the SAR from time to time in accordance with this Plan and the applicable Agreement with respect to the remaining shares subject to the SAR. The exercise of a Corresponding SAR shall result in the termination of the related Option to the extent of the number of shares with respect to which the SAR is exercised.
Section 7.04 to the contrary notwithstanding, each outstanding SAR shall be fully exercisable (in whole or in part at the discretion of the holder) on and after a Control Change Date.
If the terms of any SAR provide that it may be exercised only during employment or continued service or within a specified period of time after termination of employment or continued service, the Administrator may decide to what extent leaves of absence for governmental or military service, illness, temporary disability or other reasons shall not be deemed interruptions of continuous employment or service.
At the Administrator's discretion, the amount payable as a result of the exercise of an SAR may be settled in cash, shares of Common Stock, or a combination thereof. No fractional share will be deliverable upon the exercise of an SAR but a cash payment will be made in lieu thereof.
No Participant shall, as a result of receiving an SAR, have any rights as a stockholder of the Company or any Affiliate until the date that the SAR is exercised and then only to the extent that the SAR is settled by the issuance of Common Stock.
In accordance with the provisions of Article IV, the Administrator will designate each Person to whom a Stock Award is to be made and will specify the number of shares covered by such awards. Notwithstanding the foregoing, each Non-employee Director who is a member of the Board as of the closing of the Initial Offering shall be granted Stock Awards as of that date in an amount equal to $15,000 divided by the Fair Market Value of a share of Common Stock as of that date. Each Non-employee Director who is first appointed to the Board on or after the closing of the Initial Offering shall be granted Stock Awards as of the date of first appointment in an amount equal to $15,000 divided by the Fair Market Value of a share of Common Stock as of that date. Thereafter, on each anniversary of the date on which a Non-employee Director is first granted Stock Awards during the term of the Plan, the Non-employee Director shall be granted Stock Awards as of that date in an amount equal to $15,000 divided by the Fair Market Value of a share of Common Stock as of that date.
The Administrator, on the date of the award, may prescribe that a Participant's rights in a Stock Award shall be forfeitable or otherwise restricted for a period of time or subject to such conditions as may be set forth in the Agreement. Each Stock Award granted to a Non-employee Director shall vest on the first anniversary of the grant.
In accordance with Section 8.02, the Administrator may prescribe that Stock Awards will become vested or transferable or both based on objectives stated with respect to the Company's, an Affiliate's, or a business unit's return on equity, total earnings, earnings per share, earnings growth, return on capital, funds from operations, Fair Market Value, Common Stock price appreciation, funds from operations per share, peer stockholder returns, or such other measures as may be selected by the Administrator. If the Administrator, on the date of award, prescribes that a Stock Award shall become nonforfeitable and transferable only upon the attainment of performance objectives, the shares subject to such Stock Award shall become nonforfeitable and transferable only to the extent that the Administrator certifies that such objectives have been achieved.
In the event that the terms of any Stock Award provide that shares may become transferable and nonforfeitable thereunder only after completion of a specified period of employment, the Administrator may decide in each case to what extent leaves of absence for governmental or military service, illness, temporary disability, or other reasons shall not be deemed interruptions of continuous employment.
Sections 8.02, 8.03 and 8.04 to the contrary notwithstanding, each outstanding Stock Award shall be transferable and nonforfeitable on and after a Control Change Date.
Prior to their forfeiture (in accordance with the applicable Agreement and while the shares of Common Stock granted pursuant to the Stock Award may be forfeited or are nontransferable), a Participant will have all rights of a stockholder with respect to a Stock Award, including the right to receive dividends and vote the shares; provided, however, that during such period (i) a Participant may not sell, transfer, pledge, exchange, hypothecate, or otherwise dispose of shares granted pursuant to a Stock Award, (ii) the Company shall retain custody of the certificates evidencing shares granted pursuant to a Stock Award, and (iii) the Participant will deliver to the Company a stock power, endorsed in blank, with respect to each Stock Award. The limitations set forth in the preceding sentence shall not apply after the shares granted under the Stock Award are no longer forfeitable. Notwithstanding the foregoing, shares granted to the Manager pursuant to Stock Awards on or about the closing date of the Initial Offering and on or about the closing date in connection with any exercise of the over-allotment option by the initial purchaser shall be transferable by the Manager, subject to compliance with applicable securities laws, but such shares shall be nontransferable by the transferees as provided herein.
In accordance with the provisions of Article IV, the Administrator will designate each Person to whom an award of Performance Shares is to be made and will specify the number of shares covered by such awards.
The Administrator, on the date of the grant of an award, shall prescribe that the Performance Shares, or portion thereof, will be earned, and the Participant will be entitled to receive payment pursuant to the award of Performance Shares, only upon the satisfaction of performance objectives and such other criteria as may be prescribed by the Administrator during a performance measurement period prescribed by the Administrator. The performance objectives may be stated with respect to the Company's, an Affiliate's, or a business unit's return on equity, total earnings, earnings per share, earnings growth, return on capital, funds from operations, Fair Market Value, Common Stock price appreciation, funds from operations per share, peer stockholder returns, or such other measures as may be selected by the Administrator. No payments will be made with respect to Performance Shares unless, and then only to the extent that, the Administrator certifies that such objectives have been achieved.
In the discretion of the Administrator, the amount payable when an award of Performance Shares is earned may be settled in cash, by the issuance of shares of Common Stock, or a combination thereof. A fractional share of Common Stock shall not be deliverable when an award of Performance Shares is earned, but a cash payment will be made in lieu thereof.
No Participant shall, as a result of receiving an award of Performance Shares, have any rights as a stockholder until and to the extent that the award of Performance Shares is earned and settled in shares of Common Stock.
Except as otherwise provided in the applicable Agreement, Performance Shares granted under this Plan shall be nontransferable except by will or by the laws of descent and distribution. No right or interest of a Participant in any Performance Shares shall be liable for, or subject to, any lien, obligation, or liability of such Participant.
In the event that the terms of any Performance Share award provide that no payment will be made unless the Participant completes a stated period of employment or continued service, the Administrator may decide to what extent leaves of absence for government or military service, illness, temporary disability, or other reasons shall not be deemed interruptions of continuous employment or service.
Section 9.02 to the contrary notwithstanding, on and after a Control Change Date, each outstanding Performance Share award shall be earned as of a Control Change Date. To the extent the Agreement provides that the Performance Share award will be settled with shares of Common Stock, such shares shall be nonforfeitable and transferable as of the Control Change Date.
The benefits that a Participant may be entitled to receive under this Plan and other benefits that a Participant is entitled to receive under other plans, agreements and arrangements (which, together with the benefits provided under this Plan, are referred to as "PAYMENTS"), may constitute Parachute Payments that are subject to Code Sections 280G and 4999. As provided in this Article, the Parachute Payments will be reduced if, and only to the extent that, a reduction will allow a Participant to receive a greater Net After Tax Amount than a Participant would receive absent a reduction.
The Accounting Firm will first determine the amount of any Parachute Payments that are payable to a Participant. The Accounting Firm also will determine the Net After Tax Amount attributable to the Participant's total Parachute Payments.
The Accounting Firm will next determine the largest amount of Payments that may be made to the Participant without subjecting the Participant to tax under Code Section 4999 (the "CAPPED PAYMENTS"). Thereafter, the Accounting Firm will determine the Net After Tax Amount attributable to the Capped Payments.
The Participant will receive the total Parachute Payments or the Capped Payments, whichever provides the Participant with the higher Net After Tax Amount. If the Participant will receive the Capped Payments, the total Parachute Payments will be adjusted by first reducing the amount of any noncash benefits under this Plan or any other plan, agreement or arrangement (with the source of the reduction to be directed by the Participant) and then by reducing the amount of any cash benefits under this Plan or any other plan, agreement or arrangement (with the source of the reduction to be directed by the Participant). The Accounting Firm will notify the Participant and the Company if it determines that the Parachute Payments must be reduced to the Capped Payments and will send the Participant and the Company a copy of its detailed calculations supporting that determination.
As a result of the uncertainty in the application of Code Sections 280G and 4999 at the time that the Accounting Firm makes its determinations under this Article it is possible that amounts will have been paid or distributed to the Participant that should not have been paid or distributed under this Article ("OVERPAYMENTS"), or that additional amounts should be paid or distributed to the Participant under this Article ("UNDERPAYMENTS"). If the Accounting Firm determines, based on either the assertion of a deficiency by the Internal Revenue Service against the Company or the Participant, which assertion the Accounting Firm believes has a high probability of success or controlling precedent or substantial authority, that an Overpayment has been made, the Participant must repay the Overpayment to the Company, without interest; provided, however, that no loan will be deemed to have been made and no amount will be payable by the Participant to the Company unless, and then only to the extent that, the deemed loan and payment would either reduce the amount on which the Participant is subject to tax under Code Section 4999 or generate a refund of tax imposed under Code Section 4999. If the Accounting Firm determines, based upon controlling precedent or substantial authority, that an Underpayment has occurred, the Accounting Firm will notify the Participant and the Company of that determination and the amount of that Underpayment will be paid to the Participant promptly by the Company.
For purposes of this Article, the term "ACCOUNTING FIRM" means the independent accounting firm engaged by the Company immediately before the Control Change Date and the term "NET AFTER TAX AMOUNT" means the amount of any Parachute Payments or Capped Payments, as applicable, net of taxes imposed under Code Sections 1, 3101(b) and 4999 and any state or local income taxes applicable to the Participant on the date of payment. The determination of the Net After Tax Amount shall be made using the highest combined effective rate imposed by the foregoing taxes on income of the same character as the Parachute Payments or Capped Payments, as applicable, in effect on the date of payment. For purposes of this Article, the term "PARACHUTE PAYMENT" means a payment that is described in Code Section 280G(b)(2), determined in accordance with Code Section 280G and the regulations promulgated or proposed thereunder.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this Article, the limitations and provisions of this Article shall not apply to any Participant who, pursuant to an agreement with the Company or the terms of another plan maintained by the Company, is entitled to indemnification for any liability that the Participant may incur under Code Section 4999.
The maximum number of shares as to which Options, SARs, Stock Awards, and Performance Shares may be granted; the terms of outstanding Options, SARs, Stock Awards, and Performance Shares; and the per individual limitations on the number of shares of Common Stock for which Options, SARs, Stock Awards, and Performance Shares may be granted shall be adjusted as the Board shall determine to be equitably required in the event that (i) the Company (a) effects one or more stock dividends, stock split-ups, subdivisions or consolidations of shares or (b) engages in a transaction to which Section 424 of the Code applies or (ii) there occurs any other event which, in the judgment of the Board necessitates such action. Any determination made under this Article by the Board shall be final and conclusive.
The issuance by the Company of stock of any class, or securities convertible into stock of any class, for cash or property, or for labor or services, either upon direct sale or upon the exercise of rights or warrants to subscribe therefor, or upon conversion of stock or obligations of the Company convertible into such stock or other securities, shall not affect, and no adjustment by reason thereof shall be made with respect to, the maximum number of shares as to which Options, SARs, Stock Awards, and Performance Shares may be granted; the per individual limitations on the number of shares for which Options, SARs, Stock Awards, and Performance Shares may be granted; or the terms of outstanding Options, SARs, Stock Awards, or Performance Shares.
The Committee may make Stock Awards and may grant Options, SARs and Performance Shares in substitution for performance shares, phantom shares, stock awards, stock options, stock appreciation rights, or similar awards held by an individual who becomes an employee of the Company or an Affiliate in connection with a transaction described in the first paragraph of this Article. Notwithstanding any provision of the Plan (other than the limitation of Section 5.02), the terms of such substituted Options, SARs, Stock Awards, or Performance Shares shall be as the Committee, in its discretion, determines is appropriate.
No Option or SAR shall be exercisable, no shares of Common Stock shall be issued, no certificates for shares of Common Stock shall be delivered, and no payment shall be made under this Plan except in compliance with all applicable federal and state laws and regulations (including, without limitation, withholding tax requirements), any listing agreement to which the Company is a party, and the rules of all domestic stock exchanges on which the Company's shares may be listed. The Company shall have the right to rely on an opinion of its counsel as to such compliance. Any stock certificate issued to evidence shares of Common Stock when a Stock Award is granted, a Performance Share is settled or for which an Option or SAR is exercised may bear such legends and statements as the Administrator may deem advisable to assure compliance with federal and state laws and regulations. No Option or SAR shall be exercisable, no Stock Award or Performance Share shall be granted, no shares of Common Stock shall be issued, no certificate for shares of Common Stock shall be delivered, and no payment shall be made under this Plan until the Company has obtained such consent or approval as the Administrator may deem advisable from regulatory bodies having jurisdiction over such matters.
Neither the adoption of this Plan, its operation, nor any documents describing or referring to this Plan (or any part thereof), shall confer upon any individual or entity any right to continue in the employ or service of the Company or an Affiliate or in any way affect any right and power of the Company or an Affiliate to terminate the employment or service of any individual or entity at any time with or without assigning a reason therefor.
This Plan, insofar as it provides for grants, shall be unfunded, and the Company shall not be required to segregate any assets that may at any time be represented by grants under this Plan. Any liability of the Company to any person with respect to any grant under this Plan shall be based solely upon any contractual obligations that may be created pursuant to this Plan. No such obligation of the Company shall be deemed to be secured by any pledge of, or other encumbrance on, any property of the Company.
Headings are given to the articles and sections of this Plan solely as a convenience to facilitate reference. The reference to any statute, regulation, or other provision of law shall be construed to refer to any amendment to or successor of such provision of law.
The Board may amend or terminate this Plan from time to time; provided, however, that no amendment may become effective until stockholder approval is obtained if that approval is required under applicable law or the rules and regulations of any exchange on which the Common Stock is listed or inter-dealer quotation system on which it is traded. No amendment shall, without a Participant's consent, adversely affect any rights of such Participant under any Stock Award, Performance Share award, Option or SAR outstanding at the time such amendment is made.
No Option, SAR, Stock Award, or Performance Share Award may be granted under this Plan after March 3, 2015. Options, SARs, Stock Awards, and Performance Share awards granted before that date shall remain valid in accordance with their terms.
Options, SARs, Stock Awards and Performance Shares may be granted under this Plan upon its adoption by the Board; provided that, this Plan shall not be effective unless this Plan is approved by the unanimous consent of the Company's stockholders or by a majority of the votes cast by the Company's stockholders, voting either in person or by proxy, at a duly held stockholders' meeting at which a quorum is present, before March 3, 2006.
STOCK AWARD AGREEMENT
THIS AGREEMENT, dated the ______ day of __________, 200_ (the "Date of Grant"), between Resource Capital Corp., a Maryland corporation (the "Company") and _________________________, is made pursuant and subject to the provisions of the Company's 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (the "Plan"), a copy of which has been made available to ______________________________. All terms used herein that are defined in the Plan have the same meaning given them in the Plan.
1. AWARD. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan and subject further to the terms and conditions herein set forth, the Company hereby grants _____________________ a Stock Award covering ______ shares of Common Stock.
2. VESTING. The shares of Common Stock subject to this Stock Award shall vest as follows:
(a) Subject to __________________ continued service to the Company and its Affiliates, one-third of the shares of Common Stock subject to this Stock Award shall vest on each of the first, second and third anniversaries of the Date of Grant. If the vesting schedule described in the preceding sentence results in the vesting of a fractional share of Common Stock, such fractional share shall not be deemed vested pursuant to the vesting schedule but shall vest when such fractional share and other fractional shares that would have become vested aggregate whole shares of Common Stock.
(b) If ________________ service to the Company and its Affiliates is terminated for Cause, the shares of Common Stock subject to this Stock Award shall be forfeited to the extent they have not previously vested.
(c) In accordance with the Plan, shares of Common Stock subject to this Stock Award that have not previously vested shall become immediately vested on the Control Change Date.
(d) Shares of Common Stock subject to this Stock Award that do not vest in accordance with this paragraph shall be forfeited.
3. CUSTODY OF CERTIFICATES. The Company shall retain custody of the
certificates evidencing the shares of Common Stock subject to this Stock Award
until the shares have become vested under paragraph 2. The Company shall deliver
the certificates evidencing the shares of Common Stock subject to this Stock
Award promptly after the shares have become vested in accordance with paragraph
2. With respect to any shares of Common Stock subject to this Stock Award that
are forfeited in accordance with paragraph 2, _______________________ hereby
appoints the Secretary of the Company as its attorney to transfer any such
forfeited shares on the books of the Company with full power of substitution in
the premises. The Secretary of the Company shall use the authority granted under
the preceding sentence to cancel any shares of Common Stock that are forfeited
under paragraph 2.
4. SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS. Subject to the provisions of the Plan and this Agreement, the holder thereof shall have all the rights of a shareholder of the Company with respect to the shares of Common Stock subject to this Stock Award, including the right to vote such shares and receive dividends thereon, from the Date of Grant.
5. TRANSFERABILITY. The shares of Common Stock subject to this Stock Award may not be assigned, alienated, pledged, attached, sold or otherwise transferred or encumbered before they vest in accordance with paragraph 2.
6. CHANGE IN CAPITAL STRUCTURE. The terms of this Agreement, including the number of shares of Common Stock subject to this Stock Award shall be adjusted as the Board determines is equitably required in the event the Company effects one or more stock dividends, stock splits, subdivisions or consolidations of shares or other similar changes in capitalization.
7. CONFLICTS. In the event of any conflict between the provisions of the Plan as in effect on the Date of Grant and the provisions of this Agreement, the provisions of the Plan shall govern. All references herein to the Plan mean the Plan as in effect on the date hereof.
8. BOUND BY PLAN. ____________________ hereby acknowledges that a copy of the Plan has been made available to it and agrees to be bound by all the terms and provisions thereof.
9. BINDING EFFECT. Subject to the limitations stated above and in the Plan, this Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the successors of _____________________.
10. GOVERNING LAW. This Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of Maryland.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have caused this Agreement to be signed by a duly authorized officer.
Resource Capital Corp.
By: By: ----------------------------- -------------------------- Name: Michael S. Yecies Name Title: Chief Legal Officer and Title: Secretary |
STOCK OPTION AGREEMENT
THIS AGREEMENT, dated the ________day of ________, 200__ (the "Date of Grant"), between Resource Capital Corp., a Maryland corporation (the "Company") and __________________, is made pursuant and subject to the provisions of the Company's 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (the "Plan"), a copy of which has been made available to __________________. All terms used herein that are defined in the Plan have the same meaning given them in the Plan.
1. GRANT OF OPTION. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan and subject further to the terms and conditions herein set forth, the Company hereby grants _____________ the right and Option to purchase from the Company all or any part of an aggregate of ___________ shares of Common Stock at the option price of $________. This Option is not intended to be an "incentive stock option" under Section 422 of the Code. Such Option will be exercisable as hereinafter provided.
2. TERMS AND CONDITIONS. This Option is subject to the following terms and conditions:
(a) EXPIRATION DATE. This Option shall expire at 11:59 p.m. on the day preceding the tenth anniversary of the Date of Grant.
(b) VESTING. This Option shall be exercisable as follows:
(i) Subject to _______________ continued service to the Company and its Affiliates, this Option shall become exercisable with respect to one-third of the shares of Common Stock subject to this Option on each of the first, second and third anniversaries of the Date of Grant. If the vesting schedule described in the preceding sentence results in the right to exercise this Option as to of a fractional share of Common Stock, such fractional share shall not be deemed vested pursuant to the vesting schedule but shall vest when such fractional share and other fractional shares that would have become vested aggregate whole shares of Common Stock.
(ii) If _________________ service to the Company and its Affiliates is terminated for Cause, the right to exercise this Option shall terminate to the extent this Option has not previously become exercisable.
(iii) In accordance with the Plan, this Option shall be immediately exercisable, in whole or in part, on a Control Change Date with respect to the shares of Common Stock subject to this option on the Control Change Date.
(c) METHOD OF EXERCISE AND PAYMENT FOR SHARES. This Option shall be exercised by written notice delivered to the attention of the Company's Secretary at the Company's principal executive office. The exercise date shall be (i) in the case of notice by mail, the date of postmark, or (ii) if delivered in person, the date of delivery. Such notice shall be accompanied by payment of the option price in full, in cash or cash equivalent acceptable to the Committee, or by the surrender of shares of Common Stock with an aggregate Fair Market Value
(determined as of the preceding business day) which, together with any cash or cash equivalent paid by ____________, is not less than the option price of the number of shares of Common Stock for which the Option is being exercised. Once this Option has become exercisable it shall continue to be exercisable until the Expiration Date. A partial exercise of this Option shall not affect _______________ right to exercise this Option with respect to the remaining shares, subject to the conditions of the Plan and this Agreement.
(d) TRANSFERABILITY. This Option may not be assigned, alienated, pledged, attached, sold or otherwise transferred or encumbered.
3. CHANGE IN CAPITAL STRUCTURE. The terms of this Option shall be adjusted as the Board determines is equitably required in the event the Company effects one or more stock dividends, stock split-ups, subdivisions or consolidations of shares or other similar changes in capitalization.
4. GOVERNING LAW. This Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of Maryland.
5. CONFLICTS. In the event of any conflict between the provisions of the Plan as in effect on the date hereof and the provisions of this Agreement, the provisions of the Plan shall govern. All references herein to the Plan shall mean the Plan as in effect on the date hereof.
6. BOUND BY PLAN. ___________________ hereby acknowledges that a copy of the Plan has been made available to the _______________and agrees to be bound by all the terms and provisions thereof.
7. BINDING EFFECT. Subject to the limitations stated above and in the Plan, this Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the successors of _______________ and its transferees and the successors of the Company.
[SIGNATURES APPEAR ON FOLLOWING PAGE]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have caused this Agreement to be signed by a duly authorized officer.
Resource Capital Corp. By: By: ------------------------------ ---------------------------- Name: Michael S. Yecies Name |
Title: Chief Legal Officer and Secretary Title:
Exhibit 21.1
Subsidiaries of the Registrant
RCC Real Estate, Inc., a Delaware corporation RCC Commercial, Inc., a Delaware corporation Resource TRS, Inc., a Delaware corporation Apidos CDO I, Ltd., a Cayman Islands company
Exhibit 23.3
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We have issued our report dated June 13, 2005 accompanying the financial statements of Resource Capital Corp. and subsidiaries contained in the Registration Statement and Prospectus. We consent to the use of the aforementioned report in the Registration Statement and Prospectus, and to the use of our name as it appears under the caption "Experts."
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP New York, New York July 11, 2005 |