As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 29, 2005
Registration No. 333-126517
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
AMENDMENT NO. 1
TO
FORM S-11
FOR REGISTRATION UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
OF SECURITIES OF CERTAIN REAL ESTATE COMPANIES
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its governing instruments)
712 Fifth Avenue
10th Floor
New York, NY 10019
(212) 974-1708
(Address, including zip
code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrants principal
executive offices)
Jonathan Z. Cohen
Chief Executive Officer
712 Fifth Avenue
10th Floor
New York, New York 10019
(212) 974-1708
(212) 245-6372 (Facsimile)
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)
Copies to:
J. Baur Whittlesey, Esq.
Lisa A. Ernst, Esq. Ledgewood 1521 Locust Street Philadelphia, PA 19102 (215) 731-9450 (215) 735-2513 (Facsimile) |
Larry P. Medvinsky, Esq.
Clifford Chance US LLP 31 West 52nd Street New York, NY 10019 (212) 878-8000 (212) 878-8375 (Facsimile) |
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.
If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ___________
If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ___________
If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ___________
If delivery of the prospectus is expected to be made pursuant to Rule 434, check the following box. ___________
The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such dates as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities, nor is it a solicitation of an offer to buy these securities, in any state in which the offer or sale is not permitted.
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED AUGUST 29, 2005
PROSPECTUS
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___________ Shares
Common Stock
This is our initial public offering. We are offering a total of _________ shares of our common stock in this offering. The selling stockholders described in this prospectus are offering an additional ________ shares of common stock. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of common stock by the selling stockholders.
We are externally managed and advised by Resource Capital Manager, Inc., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Resource America, Inc. (NASDAQ: REXI). We intend to qualify and will elect to be taxed as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, for federal income tax purposes for our taxable year ending December 31, 2005 and subsequent tax years.
We currently expect the initial public offering price of our common stock to be between $_____ and $_____ per share. Before this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. We intend to apply to have our common stock listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol RSO.
To assist us in qualifying as a REIT, ownership of our common stock by any person is generally limited to 9.8% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive. In addition, our charter contains other restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our common stock. For additional information on these restrictions, see Description of Capital Stock Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer.
Investing in our common stock involves risks. See Risk Factors beginning on page 21 of this prospectus for a discussion of these risk factors. These risk factors include:
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We have a limited operating history and limited experience operating as a REIT.
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We depend upon Resource Capital Manager and Resource America and their key personnel because we do not have our own employees.
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Resource Capital Manager is entitled to receive a base management fee which is tied to the amount of our equity and not to the performance of our investment portfolio, which could reduce its incentive to seek profitable opportunities for our portfolio.
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There are potential conflicts of interest in our relationship with Resource Capital Manager, Resource America and their affiliates, including that our management agreement was negotiated between related parties and its terms may not be as favorable to us as if they were
negotiated with a third party; Resource Capital Manager may engage in investment activities that may compete with ours; and incentive fees payable to Resource Capital Manager may encourage it to make riskier investments.
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We may change our investment strategy without stockholder consent, which could result in investments that are different, and possibly more risky, than those described in this prospectus.
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Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT and maintaining our exclusion from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, we intend to invest in mezzanine obligations, B notes, subordinated tranches of commercial mortgage-backed securities,
syndicated bank loans, other asset-backed securities, equipment leases, trust preferred securities and private equity investments, all of which are subject to a greater risk of loss than senior obligations and whose value may be sensitive to fluctuations in interest rates.
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We leverage our investments and are not limited in the amount of leverage we may use. Our use of leverage may have the effect of increasing losses when economic conditions are unfavorable, and may reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
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The yields on our investments may be sensitive to changes in prevailing interest rates and changes in prepayment rates. Moreover, we may not be able to execute our match-funding strategy successfully. As a consequence, an increase in our borrowing costs relative to the
interest we receive may result in reduced earnings and reduced cash available for distributions to our stockholders.
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If we fail to qualify as a REIT and statutory relief provisions are not available, we will be subject to income tax at regular corporate rates, which could reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders and reduce the value of our common stock.
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Loss of our exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940 would require significant changes in our operations and could reduce the market price of our common stock and our ability to make distributions.
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Our charter and bylaws, and the Internal Revenue Code provisions regarding REIT qualification, contain provisions that may inhibit potential acquisition bids that you and other stockholders may consider favorable.
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Per share | Total | ||||||
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Public offering price
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$ | $ | |||||
Underwriting discounts and commissions
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$ | $ | |||||
Proceeds to us, before expenses
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$ | $ | |||||
Proceeds to selling stockholders, before expenses
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$ | $ |
We have granted the underwriters an option to purchase up to an additional __________ shares of our common stock at the initial public offering price, less underwriting discounts and commissions, within 30 days after the date of this prospectus solely to cover over- allotments, if any.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
Delivery of the shares of our common stock is expected to be made in book-entry form on or about _______, 2005.
The date of this prospectus is ___________, 2005
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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F-1 |
No dealer, salesperson or other individual has been authorized to give any information or make any representations not contained in this prospectus in connection with the offering made by this prospectus. If given or made, such information or representations must not be relied upon as having been authorized by us or any of the underwriters. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, any of our securities in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or solicitation is not authorized or in which the person making such offer or solicitation is not qualified to do so, or to any person to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation. Neither the delivery of this prospectus nor any sale made hereunder shall, under any circumstances, create an implication that there has not been any change in the facts set forth in this prospectus or in the affairs of our company since the date hereof.
Dealer Prospectus Delivery Requirement
Until , 2005 (25 days after the date of this prospectus), all dealers effecting transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to a dealers obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as an underwriter and with respect to unsold allotments or subscriptions.
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SUMMARY
This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. You should read the entire prospectus, including the information set forth in Risk Factors, for a more complete understanding of this offering. Except where the context suggests otherwise, the terms we, us and our refer to Resource Capital Corp. and its subsidiaries, Manager refers to Resource Capital Manager, Inc., our external manager and Resource America refers to Resource America, Inc. and its affiliated companies, including the Manager. Unless indicated otherwise, the information in this prospectus assumes (i) the common stock to be sold in this offering is to be sold at $ ________ per share, which is the mid-point of the price range set forth on the front cover of this prospectus and (ii) no exercise by the underwriters, for whom Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. are acting as representatives, of their option to purchase up to an additional ________ shares of our common stock solely to cover over-allotments, if any.
Our Company
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We are a specialty finance company that intends to qualify and will elect to be taxed as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, for federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ending December 31, 2005. Our objective is to provide attractive risk- adjusted total returns over time to our stockholders through both stable quarterly distributions and capital appreciation. Riskadjusted returns are returns earned on assets normalized for the amount of risk associated with the assets. We intend to invest in a combination of real estate-related assets and, to a lesser extent, higher-yielding commercial finance assets. We intend to finance a substantial portion of our portfolio investments through borrowing strategies seeking to match the maturities and repricing dates of our financings with the maturities and repricing dates of those investments, and to mitigate interest rate risks through derivative instruments.
Our investments will target the following asset classes:
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We use multiple strategies to finance our investment portfolio. In our non-agency RMBS, CMBS, other ABS, syndicated bank loans, equipment lease and trust preferred asset classes, we intend to use warehouse facilities as a short-term financing source before the execution of collateralized debt obligations, which we refer to as CDOs, or other term financing secured by these assets. We finance our agency RMBS portfolio with short-term repurchase arrangements. We seek to mitigate the risk created by any mismatch between the maturities and repricing dates of our agency RMBS and the maturities and repricing dates of the repurchase agreements we use to finance them through derivative instruments, principally floating to fixed interest rate swap agreements.
Our investment portfolio as of June 30, 2005 reflects our initial investment of the $214.8 million net proceeds from our March 2005 private offering. We intend to diversify our portfolio over our targeted asset classes during the next 12 months as follows: between 20% and 25% in commercial real estate-related assets, between 35% and 40% in agency RMBS, between 15% and 20% in non-agency RMBS, and between 20% and 25% in commercial finance assets, subject to the availability of appropriate investment opportunities and changes in market conditions. Because the amount of leverage we intend to use will vary by asset class, our asset allocation may not reflect the relative amounts of equity capital we have invested in the respective classes.
We have not adopted policies that require us to establish or maintain any specific asset allocations. As a result, we cannot predict the percentage of our assets that we will invest in each asset class or whether we will invest in other asset classes or investments. Investing in multiple asset classes does not reduce or eliminate many of the risks associated with our investment portfolio such as geographic concentration risk and credit risk. We may change our investment strategies and policies, and the percentage of assets that may be invested in each asset class, without a vote of our stockholders.
Because we will elect and intend to qualify to be taxed as a REIT and to operate our business so as to be excluded from regulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, we are required to invest a substantial majority of our assets in qualifying real estate assets, such as agency RMBS, B notes with unilateral foreclosure rights on the underlying mortgages, mortgage loans and other liens on and interests in real estate. Therefore, the percentage of our assets we may invest in other mortgage-backed securities, or MBS, other B notes, mezzanine debt, other ABS, syndicated bank loans, equipment leases, trust preferred securities, private equity and other types of investments is limited, unless those investments comply with federal income tax requirements for REIT qualification and requirements for exclusion from Investment Company Act regulation.
Our income is generated primarily from the net interest spread, or the difference between the interest income we earn on our investment portfolio and the cost of financing our investment portfolio, which includes the interest expense, fees, and related expenses that we pay on our borrowings and the cost of the interest rate hedges that we use to manage our interest rate risk.
On March 8, 2005, we raised gross proceeds of $230 million through a private placement of 15,333,334 shares of common stock to accredited investors as defined by Regulation D under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and qualified institutional buyers as defined by Rule 144A under the Securities Act and through offers and sales that occurred outside of the U.S. within the meaning of Regulation S of the Securities Act. Credit Suisse First Boston LLC acted as the initial purchaser/placement agent in connection with the offering.
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Our Investment Portfolio
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As of June 30, 2005, our investment portfolio consisted of the following (unaudited, dollars in thousands):
Estimated fair
value |
Percent of our
total investments |
Weighted
average coupon |
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Commercial real estate-related assets
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CMBS
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$ | 28,561 | 1.98 | % | 5.56 | % | ||||
B notes
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25,200 | 1.75 | % | 6.12 | % | |||||
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Total commercial real estate-related assets
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53,761 | 3.73 | % | 5.82 | % | |||||
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Residential real estate-related assets
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Agency RMBS
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936,476 | 64.98 | % | 4.48 | % | |||||
Non-agency RMBS
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273,673 | 18.99 | % | 4.79 | % | |||||
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Total residential real estate-related assets
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1,210,149 | 83.97 | % | 4.55 | % | |||||
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Commercial finance assets
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Syndicated bank loans
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154,552 | 10.72 | % | 5.80 | % | |||||
Other ABS
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22,711 | 1.58 | % | 5.13 | % | |||||
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Total commercial finance assets
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177,263 | 12.30 | % | 5.72 | % | |||||
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Total
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$ | 1,441,173 | 100.00 | % | 4.74 | % | ||||
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Our strategy in each of our asset classes is as follows:
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Commercial real estate-related assets
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CMBS.
We invest
in CMBS, which are securities that are secured by or evidence interests
in a pool of mortgage loans secured by commercial properties. These
securities may be senior or subordinate and may be either investment
grade or non-investment grade. We expect that the majority of our
CMBS investments will be rated by at least one nationally recognized
rating agency, although we may invest in related securities that are
below investment grade. We expect that most of the CMBS in which we
invest will be rated
between Aaa and Baa3 by Moodys Investor Services, Inc., or Moodys,
and between AAA and BBB- by Standard and Poors Rating Service, or Standard
and Poors, although certain of our investments have been rated only by
Moodys, and we may invest in related securities that are below investment
grade.
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As of June 30, 2005, we had invested $28.0 million in CMBS. This portfolio had a weighted-average rating factor, or WARF, of 346, or a weighted average rating between Baa1 and Baa2 by Moodys and between BBB+ and BBB by Standard and Poors. WARF is the
quantitative equivalent of Moodys traditional rating categories and is used by Moodys in its credit enhancement calculations for securitization transactions. Our strategy for this class targets a maximum WARF of 610. As of June 30, 2005, the CMBS we had purchased were
consistent with our strategic target for this asset class.
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Subordinate interests in whole loans (B notes).
We invest in subordinated interests, referred to as B notes, purchased from third parties. B notes are loans secured by a first mortgage and subordinated to a senior interest, referred to as an A note. The subordination of
a B note is generally evidenced by a co-lender or participation agreement between the holders of the related A note and the B note. B note lenders have the same obligations, collateral and borrower as the A note lenders, but are typically subordinated in recovering
upon default. B notes share certain credit characteristics with second mortgages in that both are subject to greater credit risk with respect to the underlying mortgage collateral than the corresponding first mortgage or A note. We do not expect to obtain ratings on
these investments until we aggregate and finance them through a CDO transaction. We expect our B note investments to have loan to value, or LTV, ratios of between 60% and 80%.
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As of June 30, 2005, we held one B note investment with an amortized cost of $25.2 million. The loan had an original LTV ratio of 72.3%. This investment is consistent with our strategic target for this asset class.
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Mezzanine financing.
We anticipate acquiring or making mezzanine loans that are senior to the borrowers equity in, and subordinate to a first mortgage loan on, a property. These loans are secured by pledges of ownership interests, in whole or in part, in entities
that directly own the real property. In addition, we may require other collateral to secure mezzanine loans, including letters of credit, personal guarantees of the principals of the borrower, or collateral unrelated to the property. We may structure our mezzanine loans
so that we receive a stated fixed or variable interest rate on the loan as well as a percentage of gross revenues and a percentage of the increase in the fair market value of the property securing the loan, payable upon maturity, refinancing or sale of the property. We
do not expect to obtain ratings on these investments until we aggregate and finance them through a CDO transaction. We expect our mezzanine investments to have LTV ratios of between 70% and 85%. As of June 30, 2005, we had not invested in any mezzanine
obligations.
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Residential real estate-related investments
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Agency RMBS.
We invest in adjustable rate and hybrid adjustable rate agency RMBS, which are securities representing interests in mortgage loans secured by residential real property, on which payments of both principal and interest are generally made monthly, net
of any fees paid to the issuer, servicer or guarantor of the securities. RMBS differ from traditional fixed income securities with respect to the possibility that principal on the RMBS may be prepaid at any time due to prepayments on the underlying mortgage loans.
In agency RMBS, the mortgage loans in the pools are guaranteed as to principal and interest by federally chartered entities such as Government National Mortgage Association, known as Ginnie Mae, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, known as
Freddie Mac, and the Federal National Mortgage Association, known as Fannie Mae. In general, our agency RMBS will have an implied AAA rating and will consist of mortgage pools in which we have the entire interest.
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Non-agency RMBS
. We also invest in non-agency RMBS. The principal difference between agency RMBS and non-agency RMBS is that the mortgages underlying the non-agency RMBS do not conform to agency guidelines as a result of documentation
deficiencies, have a high LTV or credit quality issues. In contrast to agency RMBS, non-agency RMBS typically have structural characteristics that mitigate their prepayment and extension risk. We
intend for our investments in non-agency RMBS to be primarily adjustable rate securities. We expect that our non-agency RMBS will include loan pools with home equity loans that are secured by subordinate liens, as well as loan pools that are secured by first and
second lien residential mortgage loans secured by the related mortgage properties. The underlying residential borrowers can be characterized as sub-prime borrowers with lower FICO scores, generally below 625, mid-prime borrowers with mid-range
scores, generally between 626 and 675 or prime borrowers with the highest FICO scores, generally above 675. We expect that most of the non-agency RMBS in which we invest will be rated between AAA and Ba2 by Moodys and between AAA and BB by
Standard and Poors, although some of our investments may be rated only by Moodys.
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Our investment strategy within our RMBS portfolio includes an analysis of factors including credit, relative value, supply and demand, costs of hedging, forward London Inter-Bank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, interest rate volatility and the overall shape of the U.S. treasury and
interest rate swap yield curves.
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As of June 30, 2005, we held $933.5 million of agency RMBS and $274.2 million of non-agency RMBS with a weighted average original FICO score of 641. Our agency RMBS had an implied AAA rating. Our non-agency RMBS portfolio had a WARF of 300, or a weighted
average rating between Baa1 and Baa2 by Moodys and between BBB+ and BBB by Standard and Poors, and an
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original LTV ratio of 80.6%. As of June 30, 2005, the RMBS we had purchased were consistent with our strategic target for this asset class.
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Commercial finance assets
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Syndicated bank loans
. We invest in senior secured loans that have a first priority pledge of specified collateral and are senior to other obligations of the borrower. We also intend to acquire subordinated loans which provide a significantly higher yield than first lien
loans, in exchange for higher risk in the form of a subordinated claim on collateral. We may also invest in corporate bonds which pay holders a specified amount, known as the coupon, periodically until maturity of the bonds, when the face value is due. We expect
that most of the syndicated loans in which we invest will be rated between Ba3 and B1 by Moodys and between BB- and CCC+ by Standard and Poors.
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As of June 30, 2005, we had invested $154.6 million in syndicated bank loans. This portfolio had a WARF of 2,140 or a weighted average rating between Ba3 and B1 by Moodys and between BB- and CCC+ by Standard & Poors. As of June 30, 2005, the syndicated loans we
had invested in were consistent with our strategic target for this asset class.
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Other ABS
. We invest in other ABS, principally securitizations or CDOs backed by small business loans and trust preferred securities of financial institutions such as banks, savings and thrift institutions, insurance companies, holding companies for these
institutions and REITs. We expect that most of the other ABS in which we invest will be rated between Aaa and Ba2 by Moodys and between AAA and BB by Standard and Poors.
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As of June 30, 2005 we
had invested in $22.7 million of other ABS. This portfolio had a WARF
of 396 or a weighted average rating between Baa2 and Baa3 by Moodys
and between BBB and BBB- by Standard & Poors. As of June 30,
2005, the other ABS we had purchased were consistent with our strategic
target for this asset class.
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Trust preferred securities
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We intend to invest in trust preferred securities, with an emphasis
on securities of small- to middle-market financial institutions, including
banks, savings and thrift institutions, insurance companies, holding
companies for these institutions and REITs. Our focus will be to invest
in trust preferred securities issued by financial institutions that
have favorable characteristics with respect to market demographics,
cash
flow stability and franchise value. As of June 30, 2005 we had not
invested in trust preferred securities.
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Equipment leases
. We intend to invest in small- and middle-ticket equipment leases. We expect that we will focus on lease equipment and other assets that are essential for businesses to conduct their operations so that end users will be highly motivated to make
required monthly payments. We expect the average maturity of our equipment financings to be between five and seven years and static pool write-offs to be less than 50 basis points. As of June 30, 2005 we had not invested in equipment leases.
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Private equity
. We may make direct, non-controlling purchases of private equity and purchases of interests in private equity funds. We expect that any such investments will consist of securities issued by financial institutions, particularly banks and savings and
thrift institutions. As of June 30, 2005 we had not made any private equity investments.
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The table below summarizes our borrowings as of June 30, 2005 (amounts in thousands):
Repurchase
agreements |
Warehouse
facilities |
Total | ||||||||
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Outstanding borrowings
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$ | 850,991 | $ | 472,848 | $ | 1,323,839 | ||||
Weighted-average borrowing rate
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3.29% | 3.38% | 3.32% | |||||||
Weighted-average remaining maturity
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24 days | 30 days |
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Business Strengths
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Experienced senior management team. Our senior management team, led by Edward E. Cohen and Jonathan Z. Cohen, has significant experience in real estate investment, commercial lending, financing, securitization, capital markets, transaction structuring and risk management. We believe that the broad experience of our executive officers will enable us to generate investment opportunities across all of our targeted asset classes and effectively manage and finance our portfolio. Before its experience in managing us, the Manager had not managed a REIT.
Deep experience in targeted asset classes . Through the Manager and Resource America, we have access to a team of 48 investment professionals that has broad experience originating, investing in, managing and financing commercial and residential real estate-related assets and commercial finance assets.
Established strategic relationships. Resource America and the Manager have developed strong relationships over the years with a large and diverse group of financial intermediaries, ranging from financial sponsors and major investment banks to specialty dealers and brokerage firms that it will use to source our investments.
Established asset management platform. We benefit from access to Resource Americas mature administrative infrastructure, which includes proactive credit analysis and risk management procedures, technology, operations, transaction processing, accounting, legal and compliance and internal audit functions.
Disciplined credit culture and credit perspective. Resource Americas disciplined credit culture serves as the backbone for all of its financial services-related businesses. We benefit from Resource Americas highly specialized, proprietary credit analysis techniques, such as its proprietary credit and collateral stratifications, stress assessments and its PROTECT procedures for early detection of troubled and deteriorating securities. Through their diverse and ongoing credit experience, the Manager, Resource America and our executive officers have the ability to bring perspectives from multiple asset sectors together in their analysis of investment opportunities.
Significant experience in asset-liability management . Since 2002, Resource America has sponsored 11 CDOs with approximately $3.6 billion in assets on a cost basis, including two of our CDOS, Ischus CDO II and Apidos CDO I, which financed over $539.0 million of our assets. In addition, the Managers and Resource Americas professionals have significant experience in using hedging instruments to manage the interest rate risk associated with the asset classes we invest in, and manage $739 million notional amount of interest rate swaps for us as of June 30, 2005.
An investment in our common stock involves various risks. You should consider carefully the risks discussed below and under Risk Factors before purchasing our common stock.
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We were recently formed, and have a limited operating history and limited experience operating as a REIT. As a result, investors will not be able to evaluate whether we will be able to execute our investment strategies or operate profitably.
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Our ability to achieve attractive returns depends on our ability both to generate sufficient cash flow to pay attractive distributions and to achieve capital appreciation, and we cannot assure you that we will do either.
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We depend upon the Manager, Resource America and their key personnel because we do not have our own personnel. We may not find suitable replacements if they terminate our management agreement with them or if key personnel are no longer available to us.
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There are potential conflicts of interest in our relationship with the Manager, which could result in decisions that are not in the best interests of our stockholders. Our management agreement was negotiated between related parties and its terms, including fees payable, may
not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third party. In addition, affiliates of the Manager may sponsor or manage other investment vehicles in the future with an investment focus similar to ours,
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which could result in us competing for access to the benefits that our relationship with the Manager provides to us.
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The Manager is entitled to receive a base management fee which is tied to the amount of our equity and not to the performance of our investment portfolio, which could reduce its incentive to seek profitable opportunities for our portfolio.
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The Manager also is entitled to incentive compensation based on our financial performance, which may lead it to place emphasis on the short-term maximization of net income. This could result in increased risk to the value of our investment portfolio.
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We may not terminate our management agreement without cause until after March 31, 2008. Upon termination without cause after this initial term, or upon a failure to renew the management agreement, we must pay the Manager a substantial termination fee. These and
other provisions in our management agreement make termination without cause or non-renewal difficult and costly.
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As of June 30, 2005, approximately 65% of our investment portfolio consisted of adjustable-rate agency RMBS. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in achieving a more diversified portfolio that generates comparable or better returns. Even if we are
successful in achieving a more diversified portfolio, it is likely that up to 40% of our fully leveraged assets will be adjustable-rate agency RMBS.
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We may change our investment strategy without stockholder consent, which could result in investments that are different, and possibly more risky, than those described in this prospectus.
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Failure to procure adequate capital and funding may decrease our profitability and our ability to pay distributions, reducing the market price of our common stock.
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Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT and our exclusion from registration under the Investment Company Act, we intend to invest in mezzanine obligations, B notes, subordinated tranches of CMBS, syndicated bank loans, other ABS, equipment leases, trust
preferred securities and private equity investments, all of which are subject to a greater risk of loss than senior obligations and whose value may be sensitive to fluctuations in interest rates.
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We leverage our investments and are not limited in the amount of leverage we may use. Our use of leverage may have the effect of increasing losses when economic conditions are unfavorable, and may reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
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The yields on our investments may be sensitive to changes in prevailing interest rates and changes in prepayment rates. Moreover, we may not be able to execute our match-funding strategy successfully. As a consequence, an increase in our borrowing costs relative to the
interest we receive may result in reduced earnings and reduced cash available for distributions to our stockholders.
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Fluctuations in interest rates may reduce the market value of our investments and may result in poorer overall investment performance than if we had not engaged in any hedging transactions.
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Interest rate hedging can be expensive, particularly during periods of rising and volatile interest rates. Hedging costs typically may include structuring and legal fees and fees payable to hedge counterparties to execute the hedge transaction.
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Our hedging transactions may not insulate us from interest rate risk.
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While we use hedging to mitigate some of our interest rate risk, we do not hedge all of our exposure to changes in interest rates and prepayment rates. There are practical limitations to our ability to insulate our portfolio from all of the negative consequences associated
with changes in short-term interest rates while still seeking to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns on our portfolio.
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The assets in which we intend to invest are subject to the credit risk of the underlying collateral. In the event of default, the amount we may be able to realize from the underlying collateral or additional credit support may be insufficient for us to fully recover our
investment.
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We have purchased and will
in the future likely purchase investments, including RMBS, ABS and
syndicated loans, from or issued by affiliates of underwriters in this
offering or underwritten by underwriters in this offering. As of June
30, 2005, an aggregate of approximately $602 million in carrying value,
or 41.8%, of our portfolio had been issued by affiliates of the underwriters
in this offering or underwritten by underwriters in this offering,
including Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co.,
Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. In addition,
Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, directly and indirectly, has entered into repurchase
agreements with us under which $757 million was outstanding at June 30, 2005
and has entered into interest
rate swaps with us between April 15, 2005 and May 23, 2005 in an aggregate amount
of $739 million. We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering to repay
our indebtedness under these repurchase agreements. Credit Suisse First Boston
LLC also acted as the exclusive structurer and placement agent for us in connection
with the Ischus CDO II and Apidos CDO I transactions and received customary fees
of approximately $4.0 million in the Ischus CDO II transaction and approximately
$3.6 million in the Apidos CDO I
transaction, excluding expense reimbursements. Citigroup Global Markets Inc,
one of our underwriters, has agreed to act as the exclusive structurer and placement
agent for us in connection with the Apidos CDO III transaction and we expect
that it will receive a customary fee of approximately $4.4 million, excluding
expense reimbursements. These circumstances create a potential conflict of interest
because these underwriters have interests in the successful completion of this
offering beyond the underwriting discounts and
commissions they will receive.
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Our charter and bylaws, and the Internal Revenue Code provisions regarding REIT qualification, contain provisions that may inhibit potential acquisition bids that you and other stockholders may consider favorable.
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If we fail to qualify as a REIT and statutory relief provisions are not available, we will be subject to income tax at regular corporate rates, which could reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders and reduce the value of our common stock.
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The REIT qualification rules impose limitations on the types of investments and activities which we may undertake, including limitations on our use of hedging transactions and derivatives, and these limitations may, in some cases, preclude us from pursuing the most
economically beneficial investment alternatives.
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Dividends paid by REITs generally do not qualify for the reduced tax rates for individuals applicable to qualified dividend income currently in effect for taxable years beginning before December 31, 2008.
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There may not be an active market for our common stock, which may cause our common stock to trade at a discount and make it difficult to sell your common stock. The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile following this offering.
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If our CDO issuers that are taxable REIT subsidiaries are subject to federal income tax at the entity level, it would greatly reduce the amounts those entities would have available to distribute to us and to pay their creditors.
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Loss of our exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act would require significant changes in our operations and could reduce the market price of our common stock and our ability to make distributions.
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Business Strategy
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Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted total returns to our investors through both stable quarterly distributions and capital appreciation. We expect our agency RMBS to provide us with a stable foundation where our credit risk will be limited and we can manage our interest rate exposure. We expect our other investments to provide enhanced returns and limited interest rate risk. The core components and values of our business strategy are:
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Disciplined credit underwriting and active risk management. Resource America and its senior management have extensive experience in underwriting the credit risk associated with our targeted asset classes, and conduct detailed due diligence on all credit-sensitive investments, including the use of proprietary credit stratifications and collateral stresses. Resource America actively monitors our investments for early detection of troubled and deteriorating securities and attempts to mitigate the severity of any losses on defaults of our assets.
Investment in higher-yielding assets . We intend for a portion of our portfolio to be comprised of assets such as mezzanine loans, B notes, RMBS and CMBS rated below AAA, and syndicated bank loans, which generally have higher yields than more senior obligations or agency RMBS. A critical component of our success will be our ability to manage the credit risk we assume when we make such investments.
Diversification of investments . We intend to invest in a diversified portfolio of residential real estate-related assets, commercial real estate-related assets and commercial finance assets, which we believe will allow us to continually allocate our capital to the most attractive sectors, enhancing the returns we will be able to achieve while reducing the overall risk of our portfolio through the non-correlated nature of these various asset classes.
Use of leverage . We use leverage to increase the potential returns to our stockholders, and seek to achieve leverage consistent with our analysis of the risk profile of the investments we finance and the borrowing sources available to us. Leverage can enhance returns but also magnifies losses.
Active management of interest rate risk and liquidity risk. We expect to finance a substantial portion of our portfolio investments on a long-term basis through borrowing strategies, such as CDOs, that seek to match the maturity and repricing dates of our investments with the maturities and repricing dates of our financing. We also use derivative instruments such as interest rate swaps to hedge the borrowings we use to finance our assets on a short-term basis.
External Manager
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We are externally managed and advised by the Manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Resource America (NASDAQ: REXI), with whom it shares personnel. The Manager was formed in January 2005. It does not currently provide management or advisory services to other entities or clients, although our management agreement does not restrict it from doing so, except that it may not advise any new REIT that invests primarily in MBS in the United States. Resource America is a proprietary asset management company in the structured finance, real estate, and equipment leasing sectors, with approximately $5.7 billion of assets under management in these sectors at June 30, 2005, of which $2.8 billion were CDO assets. We do not control the assets or personnel of Resource America. Under our management agreement with the Manager and Resource America, the Manager is responsible for providing us with all management and support personnel and services necessary for our day-to-day operations. We do not expect to have any employees of our own, and will be entirely dependent upon the Manager and Resource America for personnel and administrative infrastructure. To provide its services, the Manager draws upon the expertise and experience of Resource America which, as of June 30, 2005, had 146 employees involved in asset management, including 48 asset management professionals and 98 asset management support personnel. Resource America conducts its activities through the following subsidiaries:
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Ischus Capital Management, LLC invests in, finances, structures and manages RMBS, CMBS and other ABS. As of June 30, 2005, Ischus had a team of five asset management professionals and two asset management support personnel managing over $2.1 billion in par
value of MBS and other ABS, including one CDO with $400 million in assets on a cost basis and $321 million of assets that have been accumulated on our behalf for Ischus CDO II, which closed July 27, 2005.
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Resource Real Estate, Inc. originates, finances and manages investments in real estate and real estate loans. As of June 30, 2005, Resource Real Estate had a team of 13 asset management professionals and five asset management support personnel managing over $507
million of commercial and multi-family real estate assets, including over $285 million in original principal amount of real estate loans.
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Apidos Capital Management
LLC invests in, finances and manages syndicated bank loans. As of June
30, 2005, Apidos had a team of eight asset management professionals
and one asset management support employee who managed over $189 million
in par value of syndicated bank loans, $155 million of which have been
accumulated on our behalf for Apidos CDO I, which closed August 4,
2005.
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Trapeza Capital Management, LLC, a joint venture between Resource America and an unaffiliated third party, originates, structures, finances and manages trust preferred securities of banks and other financial institutions. As of June 30, 2005, Trapeza managed or co-
managed over $2.6 billion par value of trust preferred securities of which $2.4 billion were held by seven CDOs. Resource America had three asset management professionals and two asset management support personnel dedicated to Trapezas operations as of June 30,
2005.
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LEAF Financial Corporation originates, manages and services small- and middle-ticket equipment lease assets. LEAF Financial had 14 asset management professionals and 65 asset management support personnel at June 30, 2005 managing over $290 million in book
value of equipment lease assets.
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Senior management and other personnel allocate their time between us and Resource America based on the relative amount of assets managed on our behalf and on behalf of Resource America. As of June 30, 2005, 59% of Ischus assets, 5% of Resource Real Estates assets and 82% of Apidos assets were managed on our behalf. Trapeza Capital Management and LEAF Financial did not manage any assets on our behalf as of June 30, 2005.
Conflicts of Interest in Our Relationship with the Manager and Resource America
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We are entirely dependent upon the Manager for our day-to-day management and do not have any independent officers. Our chairman, two of our other directors, our executive officers and the members of our investment committee also serve as officers and/or directors of the Manager or Resource America. As a result, conflicts of interest may arise between the Manager and Resource America, on the one hand, and us, on the other. These conflicts include the following:
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Our management agreement was negotiated between related parties and its terms, including fees payable and the termination provisions, may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated at arms length with an unaffiliated third party.
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The Manager and Resource America are permitted to invest in, and to manage entities that invest in, asset classes that are the same as or similar to our targeted asset classes, except that they may not raise capital for, sponsor or advise any new publicly-traded REIT that
invests primarily in domestic MBS in the United States. In addition, our officers, other than our chief financial officer to be hired, and the employees of Resource America who provide services to us are not required to work full time on our affairs and anticipate devoting
significant time to the affairs of Resource America. As a result, there may be significant conflicts between us, on the one hand, and the Manager and Resource America on the other, regarding allocation of the Managers and Resource Americas resources to the
management of our investment portfolio.
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Our management agreement does not prohibit us from entering into any investment opportunity in which the Manager or Resource America has an interest and we anticipate that we will invest in the equity portions of CDOs structured for us by the Manager. A conflict of
interest may arise between us and the Manager and Resource America with respect to the terms upon which we would make such an investment. In the event that any such investment opportunity is made available to us, the transaction will require the approval of a
majority of our independent directors.
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We have not adopted a policy that expressly prohibits our directors, officers, security holders or affiliates from having a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in any investment to be acquired or disposed of by us or any of our subsidiaries or in any transaction to which we or
any of our subsidiaries is a party or has an interest. Nor do we have a policy that expressly prohibits any such persons from engaging for their own account in business activities of the types conducted by us. However, our code of business conduct and ethics contains a
conflicts of interest policy that prohibits
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our directors, officers and employees, as well as employees of Resource America who provide services to us, from engaging in any transaction that involves an actual or apparent conflict
of interest with us.
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The compensation we pay to the Manager consists of both a base management fee that is not tied to our performance and an incentive management fee that is based entirely on our performance. The risk of the base management fee component is that it may not provide
sufficient incentive to the Manager to seek to achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns for us. The risk of the incentive fee component is that it may cause the Manager to place undue emphasis on the maximization of short-term net income at the expense of other criteria,
such as preservation of capital, in order to achieve a higher incentive fee. Investments with higher yield potential are generally riskier or more speculative. This could result in increased risk to the value of our investment portfolio.
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The Manager will receive at least 25% of its incentive fee in the form of shares of our common stock, and, at the Managers option, it may receive up to 100% of its incentive fee in the form of shares of our common stock. The Manager has the right in its discretion to
allocate these shares to its officers, employees and other individuals who provide services to it. Any such shares received would have the benefit of registration rights.
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Termination of the management agreement without cause is difficult and costly.
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The Manager does not assume any responsibility beyond the duties specified in the management agreement and will not be responsible for any action of our board of directors in following or declining to follow its advice or recommendations. The Manager, Resource
America, their directors, officers, managers, employees and affiliates will not be liable to us, our directors or our stockholders for, and we have agreed to indemnify them for all claims and damages arising from, acts or omissions performed in good faith in accordance with
and pursuant to the management agreement, except by reason of acts constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of their duties under the management agreement. As a result, we could experience poor performance or losses for which
the Manager would not be liable. The Manager, Resource America and their affiliates have agreed to indemnify us, our directors and officers with respect to all claims and damages arising from acts of the Manager, Resource America or their affiliates constituting bad
faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence or reckless disregard of their duties under the management agreement or any claims by employees of the Manager, Resource America or their affiliates relating to the terms and conditions of their employment. The Manager and
Resource America carry directors and officers insurance.
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Resolution of Potential Conflicts of Interest in Allocation of Investment Opportunities
The Manager and Resource America must offer us the right to consider all investments they identify that are within the parameters of our investment strategies and policies. For all potential investments other than in equipment leases, if the Manager and Resource America identify an investment that is appropriate both for us and for one or more other investment programs managed by them, but the amount available is less than the amount sought by all of their investment programs, they will allocate the investment among us and such other investment programs in proportion to the relative amounts of the investment sought by each. If the portion of the investment allocable to a particular investment program would be too small for it to be appropriate for that investment program, either because of economic or market inefficiency, regulatory constraints, such as REIT qualification or exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act, or otherwise, that portion will be reallocated among the other investment programs. Investment programs that do not receive an allocation will have preference in future investments where investment programs are seeking more of the investment than is available so that, on an overall basis, each investment program is treated equitably.
To equitably allocate investments that the Manager or Resource America has acquired at varying prices, they will allocate the investment so that each investment program will pay approximately the same average price.
With respect to equipment leases, if an investment is appropriate for more than one investment program, including us, the Manager and Resource America will allocate the investment based on the following factors:
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which investment program has been seeking investments for the longest period of time;
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whether the investment program has the cash required for the investment;
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whether the amount of debt to be incurred with respect to the investment is acceptable for the investment program;
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the effect the investment will have on the investment programs cash flow;
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whether the investment would further diversify, or unduly concentrate, the investment programs investments in a particular lessee, class or type of equipment, location or industry; and
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whether the term of the investment is within the term of the investment program.
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The Manager and Resource America may make exceptions to these general policies when other circumstances make application of the policies inequitable or uneconomic.
The Manager has also instituted policies designed to mitigate potential conflicts of interest between it and us, including:
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We will not be permitted to invest in any investment fund or CDO structured, co-structured or managed by the Manager or Resource America other than those structured, co-structured or managed on our behalf. The Manager and Resource America will not receive
duplicate management fees from any such investment fund or CDO to the extent we invest in it.
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We will not be permitted to purchase investments from, or sell investments to, the Manager or Resource America, except that we may purchase investments originated by those entities within 60 days before our investment.
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Any transaction between entities managed by the Manager or Resource America and us must be approved by a majority of our independent directors.
Our Financing Strategy
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We use leverage to finance our portfolio with the objective of increasing potential returns to our stockholders. While we have identified our leverage targets for each of our targeted asset classes, our investment policies require no minimum or maximum leverage. We intend to use match funding to mitigate interest rate risk and liquidity risk. Match funding is the financing of our investments on a basis where the maturity and repricing dates of the investments approximates the maturity and repricing dates of the borrowings used to finance the investments. We intend to accumulate investments, other than agency RMBS, in warehouse facilities and, upon our acquisition of the assets in those facilities, match fund them on a long-term basis with CDOs. While we may use other forms of term financing, such as long-term match funded financing provided through bank financing and asset-backed financing programs, we do not expect that they will be a material part of our financing structure. For any period during which our investment portfolio and related borrowings are not match funded, we may be exposed to the risk that our investment portfolio will reprice more slowly than the borrowings that we use to finance a significant portion of our investment portfolio. Increases in interest rates under these circumstances may significantly reduce the net interest income that we earn on our investment portfolio.
We finance our agency RMBS through repurchase agreements and use derivatives such as interest rate swaps as a means of mitigating our interest rate risk on forecasted interest expense associated with the repurchase agreements. At June 30, 2005, we had outstanding $851 million of repurchase agreements with a weighted average current borrowing rate of 3.29%. We also had borrowings under warehouse facilities for Ischus CDO II and Apidos CDO I. In July 2005, the Ischus CDO II facility terminated and approximately $320.6 million of non-agency MBS and other ABS were transferred to Ischus CDO II. In August 2005, the Apidos CDO I facility terminated and approximately $218.4 million of syndicated loans were transferred to Apidos CDO I. We purchased 100% of the outstanding preference shares of Ischus CDO II for $27.0 million and of Apidos CDO I for $28.5 million.
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Management Agreement
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Our management agreement with the Manager and Resource America provides for the day-to-day management of our operations and requires the Manager to manage our business affairs in conformity with the policies and the investment guidelines that are approved and monitored by our board of directors. The Managers role as manager is under the supervision and direction of our board of directors.
The initial term of the management agreement expires on March 31, 2008 and will be automatically renewed for a one-year term on each anniversary date after that. Our board of directors will review the Managers performance annually. After the initial term, we may terminate the management agreement annually upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our independent directors, or by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock, based upon unsatisfactory performance that is materially detrimental to us or a determination by our independent directors that the management fees payable to the Manager are not fair, subject to the Managers right to prevent such a compensation termination by accepting a mutually acceptable reduction of management fees. We must provide 180 days prior notice of any such termination and pay the Manager a termination fee. We may also terminate the management agreement for cause with 30 days prior written notice from our board of directors without payment of a termination fee. The management agreement defines cause as:
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The Managers continued material breach of any provision of the management agreement after 30 days prior written notice thereof;
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The Managers fraud, misappropriation of funds or embezzlement against us;
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The Managers gross negligence in the performance of its duties;
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the bankruptcy or insolvency of the Manager, or the filing of a voluntary bankruptcy petition by the Manager;
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the dissolution of the Manager; and
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a change of control of the Manager if a majority of our independent directors determines, at any point during the 18 months following the change of control, that the change of control was detrimental to the ability of the Manager to perform its duties in substantially the
same manner conducted before the change of control.
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Cause does not include unsatisfactory performance that is materially detrimental to our business.
Under the management agreement, the Manager is entitled to receive a base management fee, incentive compensation, reimbursement of specified expenses and, as described above, a termination fee. The following table summarizes these fees:
Fee
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Summary description | |||
Base management fee
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Payable monthly in arrears in an amount equal to 1/12 of our equity, as defined in the management agreement, times 1.5%. | |||
Incentive fee
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Payable quarterly in an amount equal to the product of: | |||
| 25% of the dollar amount by which | |||
| our net income, determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, before non-cash equity compensation expense and incentive compensation but after the base management fee, for the quarter per common share, based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the quarter, |
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| exceeds an amount equal to | |||
| the weighted average of $15.00, the price per share of the common shares in our March 2005 private offering, and the prices per common share in any subsequent offerings by us, including this offering, in each case at the time of issuance, multiplied by | |||
| the greater of | |||
2.00% or | ||||
0.50% plus one-fourth of the average 10-year Treasury Rate for such quarter; | ||||
| multiplied by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the quarter. | |||
The calculation of incentive compensation will be adjusted to exclude one-time events pursuant to changes in GAAP as well as non-cash charges after discussion between the Manager and our independent directors and approval by a majority of our independent directors in the case of non-cash charges. | ||||
The Manager will receive at least 25% of its incentive fee in the form of shares of our common stock, and, at the Managers option, it may receive up to 100% of its incentive fee in the form of shares of our common stock. The Manager has the right in its discretion to allocate these shares to its officers, employees and other individuals who provide services to it, but the Manager has agreed not to make any allocations before the first anniversary of the date of grant. | ||||
Expense reimbursement
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We are responsible for all of our operating expenses except those that the Manager has specifically agreed to assume. The Manager is responsible for all costs incident to the performance of its duties under the management agreement, including compensation of employees of the Manager and Resource America and other related expenses, except that because employees of Resource America will perform some legal, accounting, due diligence and other services that outside professionals or outside consultants otherwise would perform, we reimburse the Manager and Resource America for the documented cost of performing such tasks. The reimbursement amount may be no greater than the amount which we would be required to pay outside professionals or consultants on an arms-length basis. |
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Termination fee
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Payable upon termination without cause or non-renewal of the management agreement in an amount equal to four times the sum of the average annual base management fee and the average annual incentive compensation earned by the Manager during the two 12-month periods immediately preceding the date of termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter before the date of termination. |
From March 8, 2005, the date we commenced operations, through June 30, 2005, the Manager had earned base management fees of approximately $1.0 million and received expense reimbursements of $325,000. We did not accrue or pay any incentive fees through June 30, 2005.
Distribution Policy
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To maintain our qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, we intend to make regular quarterly distributions to our stockholders of at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, which is determined as of the close of our taxable year. Further, to avoid any REIT level corporate income tax and excise tax, we intend to make regular quarterly distributions of all or substantially all of our net taxable income. In July 2005, our board of directors declared a quarterly distribution of $0.20 per share of common stock, which was paid on July 29, 2005 to stockholders of record as of July 22, 2005.
As a REIT, we must distribute annually to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains. REIT taxable income does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP. To the extent that we satisfy the 90% distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed income. We may generate less cash flow than REIT taxable income in a particular year. In that event, we may be required to use cash reserves, incur debt, or liquidate non-cash assets at rates or times that we regard as unfavorable in order to satisfy the distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax in that year.
Up to 20% of the value of a REITs assets may consist of investments in the securities of one or more TRSs. A TRS such as Resource TRS may retain its net income, and its earnings are subject to the 90% distribution requirement for REIT qualification only to the extent that the TRS actually distributes its earnings to the REIT. The net income of a TRS, such as Resource TRS, is subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates, whether such income is retained or distributed to the REIT.
We anticipate that our distributions generally will be taxable as ordinary income to our stockholders. To the extent that we decide to make distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for federal income tax purposes, such distributions would generally be considered a return of capital for federal income tax purposes. We will furnish annually to each of our stockholders a statement setting forth distributions paid during the preceding year and their characterization as ordinary income, return of capital, qualified dividend income or capital gain. Income as computed for purposes of these tax rules will not necessarily correspond to our income as determined for financial reporting purposes.
Exclusion from Regulation under the Investment Company Act
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We intend to operate our business so as to be excluded from regulation under the Investment Company Act. Because we conduct our business through wholly-owned subsidiaries, we must ensure not only that we qualify for an exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act, but also that each of our subsidiaries so qualifies.
We believe that RCC Real Estate, Inc., the subsidiary that as of June 30, 2005 held all of our assets other than our syndicated bank loans, is excluded from Investment Company Act regulation under Sections 3(c)(5)(C) and 3(c)(6), provisions designed for companies that do not issue redeemable securities and are primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and
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interests in real estate. To qualify for this exclusion, at least 55% of RCC Real Estates assets must consist of mortgage loans and other assets that are considered the functional equivalent of mortgage loans for purposes of the Investment Company Act, which we refer to as qualifying real estate assets. Moreover, an additional 25% of RCC Real Estates assets must consist of qualifying real estate assets and other real estate-related assets. RCC Real Estate does not intend to issue redeemable securities.
We consider agency whole pool certificates to be qualifying real estate assets. An agency whole pool certificate is a certificate issued or guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae that represents the entire beneficial interest in the underlying pool of mortgage loans. By contrast, an agency certificate that represents less than the entire beneficial interest in the underlying mortgage loans is not considered to be a qualifying real estate asset for purposes of the 55% test, but constitutes a real estate-related asset for purposes of the 25% test.
We generally do not expect that investments in non-agency RMBS, CMBS and B notes will constitute qualifying real estate assets for the 55% test, unless we determine that those investments are the functional equivalent of owning mortgage loans, which will depend, among other things, on whether we have unilateral foreclosure rights with respect to the underlying real estate collateral. Instead, these investments generally will be classified as real estate-related assets for purposes of the 25% test. We generally consider mezzanine loans to be real estate-related assets for purposes of the 25% test, although we may treat some or all of these assets as qualifying real estate assets for purposes of the 55% test if the SEC or its staff express the view that mezzanine loans do so qualify. We do not expect that investments in CDOs, other ABS, syndicated bank loans, equipment leases, trust preferred securities and private equity will constitute qualifying real estate assets. Moreover, to the extent that these investments are not backed by mortgage loans or other interests in real estate, they will not constitute real estate-related assets. Instead, they will constitute miscellaneous assets, which can constitute no more than 20% of RCC Real Estates assets.
We do not expect that our other subsidiaries, RCC Commercial, Inc. and Resource TRS, will qualify for this exclusion. However, we do expect them to qualify for another exclusion under Section 3(c)(7). Accordingly, as required by that exclusion, we will not allow either entity to make, or propose to make, a public offering of its securities, and we will require that each owner of securities issued by those entities be a qualified purchaser so that those entities are not investment companies subject to regulation under the Investment Company Act. If we form other subsidiaries, we must ensure that they qualify for an exemption or exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act.
Moreover, we must ensure that Resource Capital Corp. itself qualifies for an exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act. We will do so by monitoring the value of our interests in our subsidiaries. At all times, we must ensure that no more than 40% of our assets, on an unconsolidated basis, excluding government securities and cash, are investment securities as defined in the Investment Company Act. Our interest in RCC Real Estate does not constitute an investment security for these purposes, but our interests in RCC Commercial and Resource TRS do constitute investment securities. Accordingly, we must monitor the value of our interest in these two subsidiaries to ensure that the value of our interests in them never exceeds 40% of the value of our total assets. We will monitor the value of our interest in Resource TRS for tax purposes as well; the applicable tax rules require us to ensure that the total value of the stock and other securities of Resource TRS and any other TRS held directly or indirectly by us does not exceed 20% of the value of our total assets. These requirements may limit our flexibility in acquiring assets in the future.
We have not received, nor have we sought, a no-action letter from the SEC regarding how our investment strategy fits within the exclusions from regulation under the Investment Company Act that we and our subsidiaries are using. To the extent that the SEC provides more specific or different guidance regarding the treatment of assets as qualifying real estate assets or real estate-related assets, we may have to adjust our investment strategy accordingly. Any additional guidance from the SEC could provide additional flexibility to us or it could further inhibit our ability to pursue the investment strategy we have chosen.
Qualification as a REIT
We intend to qualify and will elect to be taxed as a REIT commencing with our taxable year ending December 31, 2005. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet various tax law requirements, including, among
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others, requirements relating to the nature of our assets, the sources of our income, the timing and amount of distributions that we make and the composition of our stockholders. As a REIT, we generally are not subject to federal income tax on our net taxable income that we distribute to our stockholders on a current basis. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and are not eligible for specified relief provisions, we will be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates, and we may be precluded from qualifying as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we lost our qualification. Further, even to the extent that we qualify as a REIT, we will be subject to tax at normal corporate rates on net income or capital gains not distributed to our stockholders, and we may be subject to other taxes, including payroll taxes, and state and local income, franchise, property, sales and other taxes. Moreover, our domestic TRSs, including Resource TRS, are subject to federal income taxation and to various other taxes. Any dividends received from us, with limited exceptions, will not be eligible for taxation at the preferred rates applicable to qualified dividend income currently in effect for taxable years beginning before December 31, 2008 that apply to dividends received by individuals, trusts and estates from taxable corporations.
Selling Stockholders
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Persons who purchased shares of our common stock in connection with the private offering we completed in March 2005 and their transferees have the right to sell their common stock in this offering. This offering includes _________ shares of common stock to be sold by selling stockholders. With respect to _________ shares of common stock issued in our March 2005 private placement that are not included in this offering, we have agreed to file a registration statement with the SEC for the resale of such shares no later than December 3, 2005 and to use our best efforts to cause the registration statement to become effective. However, investors who include any of their shares in this offering are subject to lock up periods with respect to their remaining shares.
Our Formation and Structure
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We were organized on January 31, 2005 as a Maryland corporation and completed a private offering of our common stock in March 2005 in which we sold 15,333,334 shares of our common stock, resulting in net proceeds to us of $214.8 million. Credit Suisse First Boston LLC acted as our exclusive initial purchaser and placement agent in this offering. Resource America, the corporate parent of the Manager, and entities affiliated with it purchased 1,000,000 shares of our common stock in the offering, representing 6.1% of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis as of June 30, 2005. 900,000 of the shares purchased by Resource America, or 5.5% of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis, is held by Resource Capital Investor, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Resource America. The remaining 100,000 shares purchased by Resource America, or 0.6% of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis, are held by the Manager. Directors, officers and other persons related to us, the Manager and Resource America and their affiliated entities purchased 278,000 shares, or 1.7% of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis, in that offering. In addition, at the completion of the offering, we granted to the Manager 345,000 shares of restricted stock and options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $15.00 per share, of which 279,000 shares of restricted stock were allocated to persons who are directors, officers and employees of the Manager or of Resource America providing services through the Manager, representing 1.7% of our common stock as of June 30, 2005 on a fully diluted basis.
After giving effect to the allocated shares, the Manager holds options and shares representing 5.0% of our common stock as of June 30, 2005 on a fully-diluted basis. Following completion of this offering, Resource America, the Manager and their affiliates, including our officers and directors, will collectively own _________ shares of our common stock, representing approximately _________% of shares outstanding, and the Manager will have options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock, representing approximately an additional _________% of our common stock, in each case on a fully-diluted basis. Our principal office is located at 712 Fifth Avenue, 10th Floor, New York, New York 10019.
Our investment activities are managed by the Manager and, through it, by Resource America, which we consider to be our promoters, and are supervised by our investment committee and board of directors. Edward E. Cohen, the Chairman of Resource America and the Manager, and Jonathan Z. Cohen, the Chief Executive Officer and President of Resource America and the Manager, hold the same positions with us.
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The following illustrates the structure and ownership of our company after this offering, on a fully-diluted basis, and the management relationship between Resource America, the Manager and us:
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(1) |
Includes options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock and 66,000 shares of restricted stock granted at the completion of our March 2005 private offering and unallocated.
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(2) |
We formed RCC Real Estate to hold our commercial real estate-related assets and our residential real estate-related assets and RCC Commercial to hold our commercial finance assets. We formed Resource TRS to hold assets or conduct activities that we, as a REIT cannot hold, or
in which we cannot engage, directly.
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The Offering
Common stock offered by us
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__________ shares. | ||
Common stock offered by selling stockholders
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__________ shares. | ||
Common stock to be outstanding after this offering
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__________ shares. (1) | ||
Use of proceeds
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We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering to repay outstanding indebtedness under repurchase agreements. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of common stock by the selling stockholders. | ||
Reserved New York Stock Exchange symbol
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We intend to apply to have our common stock listed under the symbol RSO. | ||
Ownership and transfer restrictions
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In order to assist in complying with requirements that limit the concentration of ownership of a REIT imposed by the Internal Revenue Code, our charter generally prohibits any stockholder from beneficially or constructively owning more than 9.8% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of any class or series of the outstanding shares of our capital stock. Our board may, in its sole discretion, waive the 9.8% ownership limit with respect to a particular stockholder if it is presented with evidence satisfactory to it that such ownership will not then or in the future jeopardize our qualification as a REIT. One such waiver has been granted to Omega Advisors, Inc. in its capacity as the manager of funds and investment accounts which purchased common stock in the March 2005 private offering. None of such funds or accounts individually owns more than 9.8% of our outstanding common stock and, collectively, they own 13.2% of our outstanding common stock. Omegas ownership limit has been set at 15% of our outstanding capital stock in the aggregate, provided that no one fund or account can own more than 9.8%. Our board may reduce each of these ownership limits in its discretion; however, any such reduction will not be effective as to shares then owned by Omegas funds and accounts which are in excess of the reduced limit. | ||
Our charter also prohibits any person from beneficially or constructively owning capital stock such that we would be deemed to be closely held under the Internal Revenue Code, would have our capital stock being beneficially owned by fewer than 100 persons, or would otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT. | |||
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(1) |
Based upon the number of shares of our common stock outstanding on ___________, 2005. Includes 345,000 shares of restricted stock granted to the Manager and 4,000 shares of restricted stock granted to our independent directors in connection with our March 2005 private
offering. Does not include options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock granted to the Manager in connection with our March 2005 private offering. Also does not include 532,668 shares of our common stock available for future grant under our stock incentive plan.
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Summary Consolidated Financial Information
The following table presents summary historical consolidated financial information as of June 30, 2005 and for the period March 8, 2005 (date operations commenced) through June 30, 2005. We derived this information from our consolidated financial statements, which have been audited by Grant Thornton LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, whose report is included elsewhere in this prospectus. The results of operations for the period ended June 30, 2005 may not necessarily be indicative of the results of operations for the period commencing March 8, 2005 and ending December 31, 2005. Since the information presented below is only a summary and does not provide all of the information contained in our historical consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, you should read it together with Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our historical consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Period from March 8,
2005
(date operations commenced) to June 30, 2005 |
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(in thousands, except
share and
per share data) |
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Consolidated Income Statement Data:
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Revenues:
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||||
Net interest income:
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||||
Interest income
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$ | 13,093 | ||
Interest expense
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8,140 | |||
|
|
|||
Net interest income
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4,953 | |||
Other Loss:
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|
|
||
Net realized loss on investments
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(14 | ) | ||
Expenses:
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||||
Management fee expense-related party
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1,016 | |||
Equity compensation expense-related party
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1,036 | |||
Professional services
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122 | |||
Insurance expense
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150 | |||
General and administrative
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383 | |||
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|
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Total expenses
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2,707 | |||
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|
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Net income
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$ | 2,232 | ||
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|
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Net income per share basic
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$ | 0.15 | ||
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|
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Net income per share diluted
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$ | 0.14 | ||
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|
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Weighted average number of shares outstanding basic
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15,333,334 | |||
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|
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Weighted average number of shares outstanding diluted
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15,402,401 | |||
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|
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As of June 30, 2005 | ||||
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|
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(in thousands) | ||||
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
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||||
Cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash of $15,000)
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$ | 100,506 | ||
Available-for-sale, pledged as collateral, at fair value
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1,202,343 | |||
Available-for-sale, at fair value
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59,078 | |||
Loans, net of allowances
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179,752 | |||
Total assets
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1,556,524 | |||
Repurchase agreements, including accrued interest of $503
|
850,991 | |||
Warehouse agreements
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472,848 | |||
Total liabilities
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1,335,102 | |||
Total stockholders equity
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221,422 |
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RISK FACTORS
Investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, together with the other information contained in this prospectus, before investing in our common stock. If any of the risks discussed in this prospectus occurs, our business, prospects, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations, and our ability to pay distributions, could be materially harmed. This could cause the value of our common stock to decline and you could lose all or a part of your investment.
Risks Related to Our Business
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We have a limited operating history. We may not be able to operate our business successfully or generate sufficient revenue to make distributions to our stockholders.
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We are a recently-organized REIT that has only a limited operating history. We are subject to all of the business risks and uncertainties associated with any new business, including the risk that we will not be able to execute our investment strategy or achieve our investment objectives and that the value of your investment could decline substantially. Our ability to achieve attractive returns for our stockholders depends on our ability both to generate sufficient cash flow to pay attractive distributions and to achieve capital appreciation, and we cannot assure you that we will do either.
We depend on the Manager and Resource America and may not find suitable replacements if the management agreement terminates.
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We have no employees. Our officers, portfolio managers, administrative personnel and support personnel are employees of Resource America. We have no separate facilities and completely rely on the Manager and, because the Manager has no direct employees, Resource America, which have significant discretion as to the implementation of our operating policies and investment strategies. If our management agreement terminates, we may be unable to find a suitable replacement for them. Moreover, we believe that our success depends to a significant extent upon the experience of the Managers and Resource Americas executive officers and senior portfolio managers, and in particular Edward E. Cohen, Jonathan Z. Cohen, Steven J. Kessler, Jeffrey D. Blomstrom, Thomas C. Elliott, Christopher D. Allen, Gretchen Bergstresser, David Bloom, Crit DeMent, Alan F. Feldman and Andrew P. Shook, whose continued service is not guaranteed. The departure of any of the executive officers or senior portfolio managers could harm our investment performance.
Termination of our management agreement is an event of default under the repurchase agreements financing our agency RMBS.
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Under our repurchase agreement with Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, one of our underwriters, which has financed our purchase of agency RMBS and had an aggregate amount of outstanding indebtedness of approximately $757 million as of June 30, 2005, it will be an event of default if the Manager ceases to be our manager. Such an event of default would cause a termination event, which would give Credit Suisse First Boston LLC the option to terminate all repurchase transactions existing with us and make any amount due by us to Credit Suisse First Boston LLC payable immediately. If the Manager terminates the management agreement and Credit Suisse First Boston LLC terminates the repurchase agreement with us, we may be unable to find another counterparty for our repurchase agreements and, as a result, may be required to sell a substantial portion or all of our agency RMBS. As a result, we may be unable to execute our business plan and may suffer losses, impairing or eliminating our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Moreover, a sale of all or a substantial portion of our agency RMBS might result in a loss of our exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act.
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The Manager and Resource America have only limited prior experience managing a REIT and we cannot assure you that their past experience will be sufficient to successfully manage our business.
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The federal income tax laws impose numerous constraints on the operations of REITs. The executive officers of the Manager and Resource America have only limited prior experience managing assets under these constraints, which may hinder the Managers ability to achieve our investment objectives.
We must pay the Manager the base management fee regardless of the performance of our portfolio.
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The Manager is entitled to receive a monthly base management fee equal to 1/12 of our equity, as defined in the management agreement, times 1.5%, regardless of the performance of our portfolio. The Managers entitlement to substantial non-performance based compensation might reduce its incentive to devote its time and effort to seeking profitable opportunities for our portfolio. This in turn could hurt our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
The incentive fee we pay the Manager may induce it to make riskier investments.
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In addition to its base management fee, the Manager will receive incentive compensation, payable quarterly, equal to 25% of the amount by which our net income, as defined in the management agreement, exceeds the weighted average prices for our common stock in all of our offerings multiplied by the greater of 2.00% or 0.50% plus one-fourth of the average 10-year treasury rate for such quarter, multiplied by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the quarter. In evaluating investments and other management strategies, the opportunity to earn incentive compensation based on net income may lead the Manager to place undue emphasis on the maximization of net income at the expense of other criteria, such as preservation of capital, in order to achieve higher incentive compensation. Investments with higher yields generally have higher risk of loss than investments with lower yields.
The Manager manages our portfolio pursuant to very broad investment guidelines and our board does not approve each investment decision, which may result in our making riskier investments.
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The Manager is authorized to follow very broad investment guidelines. While our directors periodically review our investment guidelines and our investment portfolio, they do not review all of our proposed investments. In addition, in conducting periodic reviews, the directors may rely primarily on information provided to them by the Manager. Furthermore, the Manager may use complex strategies, and transactions entered into by the Manager may be difficult or impossible to unwind by the time they are reviewed by the directors. The Manager has great latitude within the broad investment guidelines in determining the types of investments it makes for us. Poor investment decisions could impair our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We may change our investment strategy without stockholder consent, which may result in riskier investments than those currently targeted.
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We have not adopted a policy as to the amounts to be invested in each of our intended investments, including securities rated below investment grade. Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT and our exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act, we may change our investment strategy, including the percentage of assets that may be invested in each class, or in the case of securities, in a single issuer, at any time without the consent of our stockholders, which could result in our making investments that are different from, and possibly riskier than, the investments described in this prospectus. A change in our investment strategy may increase our exposure to interest rate and real estate market fluctuations, all of which may reduce the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to make distributions to you. Furthermore, a change in our asset allocation could result in our making investments in asset categories different from those described in this prospectus.
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Our management agreement was not negotiated at arms-length and, as a result, may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated with a third party.
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Our officers and two of our directors, Edward E. Cohen and Jonathan Z. Cohen, are officers or directors of the Manager, and Resource America. As a consequence, our management agreement was not the result of arms-length negotiations and its terms, including fees payable, may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third party.
Termination of the management agreement by us without cause is difficult and could be costly.
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Termination of our management agreement without cause is difficult and costly. We may terminate the management agreement without cause only annually following its initial term upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our independent directors or by a vote of the holders of at least a majority of our outstanding common stock, based upon unsatisfactory performance by the Manager that is materially detrimental to us or a determination that the management fee payable to the Manager is not fair. Moreover, with respect to a determination that the management fee is not fair, the Manager may prevent termination by accepting a mutually acceptable reduction of management fees. We must give not less than 180 days prior notice of any termination. Upon any termination without cause, the Manager will be paid a termination fee equal to four times the sum of the average annual base management fee and the average annual incentive compensation earned by it during the two 12-month periods immediately preceding the date of termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter before the date of termination.
The Manager and Resource America may engage in activities that compete with us.
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Our management agreement does not prohibit the Manager or Resource America from investing in or managing entities that invest in asset classes that are the same as or similar to our targeted asset classes, except that they may not raise funds for, sponsor or advise any new publicly-traded REIT that invests primarily in domestic MBS in the United States. The Managers policies regarding resolution of conflicts of interest may be varied by it if economic, market, regulatory or other conditions make their application economically inefficient or otherwise impractical. Moreover, our officers and the officers, directors and employees of Resource America who provide services to us are not required to work full time on our affairs, and anticipate devoting significant time to the affairs of Resource America. As a result, there may be significant conflicts between us, on the one hand, and the Manager and Resource America on the other, regarding allocation of the Managers and Resource Americas resources to the management of our investment portfolio.
Our Managers liability is limited under the management agreement, and we have agreed to indemnify our Manager against certain liabilities.
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Our Manager will not assume any responsibility under the management agreement other than to render the services called for under it, and will not be responsible for any action of our board of directors in following or declining to follow its advice or recommendations. Resource America, the Manager, their directors, managers, officers, employees and affiliates will not be liable to us, any subsidiary of ours, our directors, our stockholders or any subsidiarys stockholders for acts performed in accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement, except by reason of acts constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of their duties under the management agreement. We have agreed to indemnify the parties for all damages and claims arising from acts not constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of duties, performed in good faith in accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement.
Our investment portfolio is heavily concentrated in agency RMBS and we cannot assure you that we will be successful in achieving a more diversified portfolio.
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As of June 30, 2005, approximately 65% of our investment portfolio consisted of agency RMBS. One of our key strategic objectives is to seek to achieve an attractive risk-adjusted return utilizing a diversified investment strategy. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in diversifying our investment portfolio,
23
and even if we are successful in diversifying our investment portfolio it is likely that up to 40% of our fully leveraged assets will be agency RMBS. If we are unable to achieve a more diversified portfolio, we will be particularly exposed to the investment risks that relate to investments in agency RMBS and we may suffer losses if investments in agency RMBS decline in value.
We leverage our portfolio, which may reduce the return on our investments and cash available for distribution.
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We currently leverage our portfolio through repurchase agreements and warehouse facilities, and expect in the future to leverage through securitizations, including CDOs, bank credit facilities and other forms of borrowing. We are not limited in the amount of leverage we may use. The amount of leverage we use will vary depending on the availability of credit facilities, our ability to structure and market securitizations, the asset classes we leverage and the cash flows from the assets being financed. Our use of leverage subjects us to risks associated with debt financing, including the risk that
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the cash provided by our operating activities will not be sufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest,
|
|
the cost of financing will increase relative to the income from the assets financed, reducing the income we have available to pay distributions, and
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|
our investments may have maturities that differ from the maturities of the related financing and, consequently, the risk that the terms of any refinancing we obtain will not be as favorable as the terms of existing financing. If we are unable to secure refinancing on
acceptable terms, we may be forced to dispose of some of our assets upon disadvantageous terms or to obtain financing at unfavorable terms, either of which may result in losses to us or reduce the cash flow available to meet our debt service obligations or to pay
distributions.
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Financing that we obtain, and particularly securitization financing such as CDOs, may require us to maintain a specified ratio of the amount of the financing to the value of the assets financed. A decrease in the value of these assets may lead to margin calls or calls for the pledge of additional assets which we will have to satisfy. We may not have sufficient funds or unpledged assets to satisfy any such calls.
Growth in our business operations may strain the infrastructure of the Manager and Resource America, which could increase our costs, reduce our profitability and reduce our cash available for distribution and our stock price. Failure to grow may harm our ability to achieve our
investment objectives.
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Our ability to achieve our investment objectives depends on our ability to grow, which will depend on the ability of the Manager to identify and invest in securities that meet our investment criteria and to obtain financing on acceptable terms. Our ability to grow also depends upon the ability of the Manager and Resource America to successfully hire, train, supervise and manage any personnel needed to discharge their duties to us under our management agreement. Our business operations may strain Resources management infrastructure, which could increase our costs, reduce our profitability and reduce either or both of the distributions we can pay or the price at which our common stock trades.
We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities, which may result in higher prices, lower yields and a narrower net interest spread for our investments, and may inhibit the growth or delay the diversification of our portfolio.
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A number of entities compete with us to make the types of investments that we seek to make. We will compete with other REITs, public and private investment funds, commercial and investment banks, commercial finance companies and other debt-oriented investors. Many of our competitors are substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do. Other REITs have recently raised, or are expected to raise, significant amounts of capital, and may have investment objectives substantially similar to ours. Some of our competitors may have a lower cost of funds and access to funding sources that are not available to us. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments
24
or establish more relationships than us. As a result of this competition, we may not be able to take advantage of attractive investment opportunities from time to time or be able to identify and make investments that are consistent with our investment objectives. Competition for desirable investments may result in higher prices, lower yields and a narrower net interest spread, and may delay the investment of our capital as contemplated by this prospectus. If competition has these effects, our earnings and ability to pay distributions could be reduced.
Failure to procure adequate capital and funding may decrease our profitability and our ability to make distributions, reducing the market price of our common stock.
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We depend upon the availability of adequate funding and capital for our operations. As a REIT, we must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gain, to our stockholders and are therefore not able to retain significant amounts of our earnings for new investments. Moreover, although Resource TRS, our TRS, may retain earnings as new capital, we are subject to REIT qualification requirements which limit the relative value of TRS stock and securities to the other assets owned by a REIT. Consequently, we will depend upon the availability of financing and additional capital to execute our investment strategy. If sufficient financing or capital is not available to us on acceptable terms, we may not be able to achieve anticipated levels of profitability either due to the lack of funding or an increase in funding costs and our ability to make distributions and the price of our common stock may decline.
We intend to finance some of our investments through CDOs in which we will retain the equity. CDO equity receives distributions from the CDO only if the CDO generates enough income to first pay the holders of its debt securities and its expenses.
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We intend to finance our non-agency RMBS, CMBS and commercial finance assets through CDOs, such as Ischus CDO II and Apidos CDO I, in which we will retain the equity interest. A CDO is a special purpose vehicle that purchases collateral that is expected to generate a stream of interest or other income. The CDO issues various classes of securities that participate in that income stream, typically one or more classes of debt instruments and a class of equity securities. The equity is usually entitled to all of the income generated by the CDO after the CDO pays all of the interest due on the debt securities and other expenses. However, there will be little or no income available to the CDO equity if there are excessive defaults by the issuers of the underlying collateral. In that event, the value of our investment in the CDOs equity could decrease substantially. In addition, the equity securities of CDOs are generally illiquid, and because they represent a leveraged investment in the CDOs assets, the value of the equity securities will generally have greater fluctuations than the value of the underlying collateral.
The use of CDO financings with over-collateralization requirements may reduce our cash flow.
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We expect that the terms of CDOs we may use to finance our portfolio will generally require the principal amount of the assets forming the collateral pool to exceed the principal balance of the CDOs, commonly referred to as over-collateralization. Typically, in a CDO if the delinquencies or losses exceed specified levels, which are generally established based on the analysis by the rating agencies or a financial guaranty insurer of the characteristics of the assets collateralizing the bonds, the amount of over-collateralization required increases or may be prevented from decreasing from what would otherwise be permitted if losses or delinquencies did not exceed those levels. Other tests, based on delinquency levels or other criteria, may restrict our ability to receive net income from assets collateralizing the obligations. Before structuring any CDO issuances, we will not know the actual terms of the delinquency tests, over-collateralization terms, cash flow release mechanisms or other significant terms. If our assets fail to perform as anticipated, we may be unable to comply with these terms, which would reduce or eliminate our cash flow from our CDO financings and, as a result, our net income and ability to make distributions.
25
Declines in the market values of our investments may reduce periodic reported results, credit availability and our ability to make distributions.
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We classify a substantial portion of our assets for accounting purposes as available-for-sale. As a result, changes in the market values of those assets are directly charged or credited to stockholders equity. A decline in these values will reduce the book value of our assets. Moreover, if the decline in value of an available-for-sale asset is other than temporary, such decline will reduce earnings.
A decline in the market value of our assets may also adversely affect us in instances where we have borrowed money based on the market value of those assets. If the market value of those assets declines, the lender may require us to post additional collateral to support the loan. If we were unable to post the additional collateral, we could have to sell the assets under adverse market conditions. As a result, a reduction in credit availability may reduce our earnings and, in turn, cash available to make distributions.
Loss of our exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act would require significant changes in our operations and could reduce the market price of our common stock and our ability to make distributions.
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In order to be excluded from regulation under the Investment Company Act, we must comply with the requirements of one or more of the exclusions from the definition of investment company. Because we conduct our business through wholly-owned subsidiaries, we must ensure not only that we qualify for an exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act, but also that each of our subsidiaries so qualifies. If we fail to qualify for an exclusion, we could be required to restructure our activities or register as an investment company. Either alternative would require significant changes in our operations and could reduce the market price of our common stock. For example, if the market value of our investments in assets other than real estate or real estate-related assets were to increase beyond the levels permitted under the Investment Company Act exclusion, we might have to sell those assets in order to maintain our exclusion. The sale could occur under adverse market conditions. If we were required to register as an investment company, our use of leverage to fund our investment strategies would be significantly limited, which would limit our profitability and ability to make distributions, and we would become subject to substantial regulation concerning management, operations, transactions with affiliated persons, portfolio composition, including restrictions with respect to diversification and industry concentration, and other matters.
Rapid changes in the values of our RMBS, CMBS or other real-estate related investments may make it more difficult for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT or exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act.
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If the market value or income potential of our RMBS, CMBS or other real estate-related investments declines as a result of increased interest rates, prepayment rates or other factors, we may need to increase our real estate-related investments and income and/or liquidate our non-qualifying assets in order to maintain our REIT qualification or exclusion from the Investment Company Act. If the decline in real estate asset values and/or income occurs quickly, this may be especially difficult to accomplish. This difficulty may be exacerbated by the illiquid nature of many of our non-real estate assets. We may have to make investment decisions that we otherwise would not make absent REIT qualification and Investment Company Act considerations.
We are highly dependent on information systems. Systems failures could significantly disrupt our business.
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Our business is highly dependent on communications and information systems. Any failure or interruption of our systems could cause delays or other problems in our securities trading activities which could harm our operating results, cause the market price of our common stock to decline and reduce our ability to make distributions.
26
If we issue senior securities, their terms may restrict our ability to make cash distributions, require us to obtain approval to sell our assets or otherwise restrict our operations in ways which could make it difficult to execute our investment strategy and achieve our investment
objectives.
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If we issue senior securities, they will likely be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility. Holders of senior securities may be granted the right to hold a perfected security interest in certain of our assets, to accelerate payments due under the indenture, to restrict distributions, and to require approval to sell assets. These covenants could make it more difficult to execute our investment strategy and achieve our investment objectives. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our common stock. We, and indirectly our stockholders, will bear the cost of issuing and servicing such securities.
Terrorist attacks and other acts of violence or war may affect the market for our common stock, the industry in which we conduct our operations and our profitability.
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Terrorist attacks may harm our results of operations and your investment. We cannot assure you that there will not be further terrorist attacks against the United States or U.S. businesses. These attacks or armed conflicts may directly impact the property underlying our ABS securities or the securities markets in general. Losses resulting from these types of events are uninsurable.
More generally, any of these events could cause consumer confidence and spending to decrease or result in increased volatility in the United States and worldwide financial markets and economy. Adverse economic conditions could harm the value of the property underlying our ABS or the securities markets in general which could harm our operating results and revenues and may result in the volatility of the value of our securities.
Risks Related to Our Investments
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Increases in interest rates and other factors could reduce the value of our investments, result in reduced earnings or losses and reduce our ability to pay distributions.
A significant risk associated with our investment in RMBS, CMBS and other debt instruments is the risk that either or both of long-term and short-term interest rates increase significantly. If long-term rates increase, the market value of our assets would decline. Even if the mortgages underlying the RMBS we own are guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae, those guarantees do not protect against declines in market value of the related RMBS caused by interest rate changes. At the same time, because of the short-term nature of the financing we expect to use to acquire our investments and to hold RMBS, an increase in short-term interest rates would increase our interest expense, reducing our net interest spread. This could result in reduced profitability and distributions.
We remain subject to losses on our mortgage portfolio despite our strategy of investing in highly-rated RMBS.
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At June 30, 2005, approximately 99% of our assets are invested in RMBS that are either agency-backed or are rated investment grade by at least one rating agency. As we implement our targeted asset allocation, we expect that this percentage will decline. While highly- rated RMBS are generally subject to a lower risk of default than lower credit quality RMBS and may benefit from third-party credit enhancements such as insurance or corporate guarantees, there is no assurance that the RMBS will not be subject to credit losses. Furthermore, ratings are subject to change over time as a result of a number of factors, including greater than expected delinquencies, defaults or credit losses, or a deterioration in the financial strength of corporate guarantors, any of which may reduce the market value of such securities. Furthermore, ratings do not take into account the reasonableness of the issue price, interest rate risk, prepayment risk, extension risk or other risks associated with the RMBS. As a result, while we attempt to mitigate our exposure to credit risk in our real estate-related portfolio on a relative basis by focusing on highly-rated RMBS, we cannot completely eliminate credit risk and remain subject to other risks to our investment portfolio that could cause us to suffer losses, which may harm the market price of our common stock.
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Investing in mezzanine debt and mezzanine or other subordinated tranches of CMBS, syndicated bank loans and other ABS involves greater risks of loss than senior secured debt investments.
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Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we will invest in mezzanine debt and expect to invest in mezzanine or other subordinated tranches of CMBS, syndicated bank loans and other ABS. These types of investments carry a higher degree of risk of loss than senior secured debt investments such as our RMBS investments because, in the event of default and foreclosure, holders of senior liens will be paid in full before mezzanine investors and, depending on the value of the underlying collateral, there may not be sufficient assets to pay all or any part of amounts owed to mezzanine investors. Moreover, our mezzanine and other subordinate debt investments may have higher loan to value ratios than conventional senior lien financing, resulting in less equity in the collateral and increasing the risk of loss of principal. If a borrower defaults or declares bankruptcy, we may be subject to agreements restricting or eliminating our rights as a creditor, including rights to call a default, foreclose on collateral, accelerate maturity or control decisions made in bankruptcy proceedings. In addition, the prices of lower credit quality securities are generally less sensitive to interest rate changes than more highly rated investments, but more sensitive to economic downturns or individual issuer developments. An economic downturn, for example, could cause a decline in the price of lower credit quality securities because the ability of obligors of instruments underlying the securities to make principal and interest payments may be impaired. In such event, existing credit support relating to the securities structure may not be sufficient to protect us against loss of our principal.
The B notes in which we invest may be subject to additional risks relating to the privately negotiated structure and terms of the transaction, which may result in losses to us.
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A B note is a mortgage loan typically secured by a first mortgage on a single large commercial property or group of related properties and subordinated to a senior note secured by the same first mortgage on the same collateral. As a result, if a borrower defaults, there may not be sufficient funds remaining for B note owners after payment to the senior note owners. B notes reflect similar credit risks to comparably rated CMBS. However, since each transaction is privately negotiated, B notes can vary in their structural characteristics and risks. For example, the rights of holders of B notes to control the process following a borrower default may be limited in certain investments. We cannot predict the terms of each B note investment we will make. Further, B notes typically are secured by a single property, and so reflect the increased risks associated with a single property compared to a pool of properties. B notes also are less liquid than CMBS, thus we may be unable to dispose of underperforming or non-performing investments. The higher risks associated with our subordinate position in our B note investments could subject us to increased risk of losses.
Our assets likely will include trust preferred securities of financial institutions, or CDOs collateralized by these securities, which may have greater risks of loss than senior secured loans.
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Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we expect that we will invest in the trust preferred securities of financial institutions or CDOs collateralized by these securities. Investing in these securities will involve a higher degree of risk than investing in senior secured loans, including the following:
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Trust preferred securities, which are issued by a special purpose trust, typically are collateralized by a junior subordinated debenture of the financial institution and that institutions guarantee, and thus are subordinate and junior in right of payment to most of the financial
institutions other debt.
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Trust preferred securities often will permit the financial institution to defer interest payments on its junior subordinated debenture, deferring dividend payments by the trust on the trust preferred securities, for specified periods.
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If trust preferred securities are collateralized by junior subordinated debentures issued by the financial institutions holding company, dividend payments may be affected by regulatory limitations on the amount of dividends, other distributions or loans a financial
institution can make to its holding company, which typically are the holding companys principal sources of funds for meeting its obligations, including its obligations under the junior subordinated debentures.
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As a result, a holder of trust preferred securities may be limited in its ability both to enforce its payment rights and to recover its investment upon default. Moreover, any deferral of dividends on the trust preferred securities in which we may invest will reduce the funds available to us to make distributions which, in turn, could reduce the market price of our common stock.
We may invest in small- and middle-ticket equipment leases which may have greater risks of default than senior secured loans.
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Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we expect that we will invest in small- and middle-ticket equipment leases and anticipate that many of the lessees will be small- to mid-size businesses. As a result, we may be subject to higher risks of lease default than if our lessees were larger businesses. While we will seek to repossess and re-lease or sell the equipment subject to a defaulted lease, we may not be able to do so on advantageous terms. If a lessee files for protection under the bankruptcy laws, we may experience difficulties and delays in recovering the equipment. Moreover, the equipment may be returned in poor condition and we may be unable to enforce important lease provisions against an insolvent lessee, including the contract provisions that require the lessee to return the equipment in good condition. In some cases, a lessees deteriorating financial condition may make trying to recover what the lessee owes impractical. The costs of recovering equipment upon a lessees default, enforcing the lessees obligations under the lease, and transporting, storing, repairing and finding a new lessee or purchaser for the equipment may be high. Higher than expected lease defaults will result in a loss of anticipated revenues. These losses may impair our ability to make distributions and reduce the market price of our common stock.
Preferred equity investments involve a greater risk of loss than traditional debt financing.
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Preferred equity investments are subordinate to debt financing and are not secured. Should the issuer default on our investment, we would only be able to proceed against the entity that issued the preferred equity in accordance with the terms of the preferred security, and not any property owned by the entity. Furthermore, in the event of bankruptcy or foreclosure, we would only be able to recoup our investment after any lenders to the entity are paid. As a result, we may not recover some or all of our investment, which could result in losses.
Some of our portfolio investments will be recorded at fair value as estimated by our management and reviewed by our board of directors and, as a result, there will be uncertainty as to the value of these investments.
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Some of our portfolio investments will be in the form of securities that are not publicly traded, including the securities of our TRS. The fair value of securities and other investments that are not publicly traded may not be readily determinable. We will value these investments quarterly at fair value as determined under policies approved by our board of directors. Because such valuations are inherently uncertain, may fluctuate over short periods of time and may be based on estimates, our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have been used if a ready market for these securities existed. The value of our common stock would likely decrease if our determinations regarding the fair value of these investments were materially higher than the values that we ultimately realize upon their disposal.
Some of our investments may be illiquid, which may result in our realizing less than their recorded value should we need to sell such investments quickly.
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We have made investments, and expect to make additional investments, in securities that are not publicly traded. A portion of these securities may be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or will otherwise be less liquid than publicly traded securities. If we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio quickly, we may realize significantly less than the value at which we have previously recorded our investments. In addition, we may face other restrictions on our ability to liquidate an investment in a business entity to the extent that we, the Manager or Resource America has or could be attributed with material non-public information regarding such business entity.
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We may enter into warehouse agreements in connection with our planned investment in the equity securities of CDOs and if the investment in the CDO is not consummated, the warehoused collateral will be sold and we must bear any loss resulting from the purchase price of the collateral
exceeding the sale price.
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In connection with our investment in CDOs that the Manager structures for us, we expect to enter into warehouse agreements with investment banks or other financial institutions, pursuant to which the institutions will initially finance the purchase of the collateral that will be transferred to the CDOs. The Manager will select the collateral. If the CDO transaction is not consummated, the institution would liquidate the warehoused collateral and we would have to pay any amount by which the original purchase price of the collateral exceeds its sale price, subject to negotiated caps, if any, on our exposure. In addition, regardless of whether the CDO transaction is consummated, if any of the warehoused collateral is sold before the consummation, we will have to bear any resulting loss on the sale. The amount at risk in connection with the warehouse agreements supporting our investments in CDOs, generally is the amount that we have agreed to invest in the equity securities of the CDO.
We may not be able to acquire eligible securities for a CDO issuance, or may not be able to issue CDO securities on attractive terms, which may require us to seek more costly financing for our investments or to liquidate assets.
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We intend to use CDOs to provide long-term financing for a significant portion of the assets we acquire. During the period that we are acquiring these assets, however, we intend to finance our purchases through warehouse facilities until we accumulate a sufficient quantity to permit a CDO issuance. The warehouse facility is typically with a bank or other financial institution that will be the lead manager of the CDO issuance. We direct the warehouse provider to purchase the securities and contribute cash and other collateral which the warehouse provider holds in escrow as security for our commitment to purchase equity in the CDO and to cover our share of losses should securities need to be liquidated. As a result, during the accumulation period, we are subject to the risk that we will not be able to acquire a sufficient amount of eligible assets to maximize the efficiency of a CDO issuance. In addition, conditions in the capital markets may make the issuance of CDOs less attractive to us when we do have a sufficient pool of collateral. If we are unable to issue a CDO to finance these assets, we may have to seek other forms of potentially less attractive financing or otherwise to liquidate the assets at a price that could result in a loss of all or a portion of the cash and other collateral backing our purchase commitment.
We may have to repurchase assets that we have sold in connection with CDOs and other securitizations.
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If any of the assets that we originate or acquire and sell or securitize does not comply with representations and warranties that we make about their characteristics, the borrowers and the underlying assets, we may have to purchase these assets from the CDO or securitization vehicle, or replace them with substitute loans or securities. In addition, in the case of loans or securities that we have sold instead of retained, we may have to indemnify purchasers for losses or expenses incurred as a result of a breach of a representation or warranty. Any significant repurchases or indemnification payments could materially reduce our liquidity, earnings and ability to make distributions.
An increase in our borrowing costs relative to the interest we receive on our assets may impair our profitability, and thus our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
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As our repurchase agreements and other short-term borrowings mature, we will be required either to enter into new borrowings or to sell certain of our investments at times when we might otherwise not choose to do so. At June 30, 2005, our repurchase agreements had a weighted average maturity of 24 days and our warehouse facilities had a weighted average maturity of 30 days. An increase in short-term interest rates at the time that we seek to enter into new borrowings would reduce the spread between the income on our assets and the cost of our borrowings. This would adversely affect our returns on our assets that are subject to prepayment risk, including our MBS, which might reduce earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
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Termination events contained in our repurchase agreements increase the possibility that we will be unable to maintain adequate capital and funding and may reduce cash available for distribution.
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As of June 30, 2005 we had outstanding $851 million of repurchase agreements, representing 64% of our total debt. The occurrence of an event of default under our repurchase agreements may cause transactions to be terminated early. Events of default include failure to complete an agreed upon repurchase transaction, failure to comply with margin and margin repayment requirements, the commencement by us of a bankruptcy, insolvency or similar proceeding or filing of a petition against us under bankruptcy, insolvency or similar laws, or admission of an inability to, or intention not to, perform a partys obligation under the agreement. In addition, our repurchase agreement with Credit Suisse First Boston LLC includes provisions that establish termination events if:
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we incur a net asset value decline of 20% on a monthly basis, 30% on a quarterly basis, 40% on an annual basis, or 50% or more from the highest net asset value since the inception of the repurchase agreement;
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we fail to maintain a minimum net asset value of $100 million;
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the Manager ceases to be our manager;
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we fail to qualify as a REIT; or
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we fail to deliver specified documents including financial statements or financial information due annually, quarterly or monthly, or an estimate of net asset values.
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The occurrence of an event of default or termination event would give our counterparty the option to terminate all repurchase transactions existing with us and make any amount due by us to the counterparty payable immediately. If we are required to terminate outstanding repurchase transactions and are unable to negotiate more favorable funding terms, our financing costs will increase. This may reduce the amount of capital available for investing and/or may impair our ability to make distributions. In addition, we may have to sell assets at a time when we might not otherwise choose to do so.
A prolonged economic slowdown, recession or decline in real estate values could impair our investments and harm our operating results.
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Many of our investments may be susceptible to economic slowdowns or recessions, which could lead to financial losses on our investments and a decrease in revenues, net income and assets. Unfavorable economic conditions also could increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us. These events could prevent us from increasing investments and reduce or eliminate our earnings and ability to make distributions.
We may be exposed to environmental liabilities with respect to properties to which we take title.
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In the course of our business, we may take title to real estate through foreclosure on collateral underlying real estate securities. If we do take title to any property, we could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to it. In such a circumstance, we may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation, and clean-up costs they incur as a result of environmental contamination, or may have to investigate or clean up hazardous or toxic substances, or chemical releases at a property. The costs associated with investigation or remediation activities could be substantial and could reduce our income and ability to make distributions.
We will lose money on our repurchase transactions if the counterparty to the transaction defaults on its obligation to resell the underlying security back to us at the end of the transaction term, or if the value of the underlying security has declined as of the end of the term or if we default on
our obligations under the repurchase agreement.
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When we engage in a repurchase transaction, we generally sell securities to the transaction counterparty and receive cash from the counterparty. The counterparty must resell the securities back to us at the end of the term of the transaction, which is typically 30-90 days. Because the cash we receive from the counterparty
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when we initially sell the securities to the counterparty is less than the market value of those securities, typically about 97% of that value, if the counterparty defaults on its obligation to resell the securities back to us we will incur a loss on the transaction. We will also incur a loss if the value of the underlying securities has declined as of the end of the transaction term, as we will have to repurchase the securities for their initial value but would receive securities worth less than that amount. Any losses we incur on our repurchase transactions could reduce our earnings, and thus our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
If we default on one of our obligations under a repurchase transaction, the counterparty can terminate the transaction and cease entering into any other repurchase transactions with us. In that case, we would likely need to establish a replacement repurchase facility with another repurchase dealer in order to continue to leverage our portfolio and carry out our investment strategy. There is no assurance we would be able to establish a suitable replacement facility.
Our hedging transactions may not completely insulate us from interest rate risk and may result in poorer overall investment performance than if we had not engaged in any hedging transactions.
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Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we may pursue various hedging strategies to seek to reduce our exposure to losses from adverse changes in interest rates. Our interest rate hedging activity will vary in scope depending upon market conditions relating to, among other factors, the level and volatility of interest rates and the type of assets we hold. There are practical limitations on our ability to insulate our portfolio from all of the negative consequences associated with changes in short-term interest rates, including:
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Available interest rate hedges may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk against which we seek protection.
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The duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the related liability.
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Interest rate hedging can be expensive, particularly during periods of rising and volatile interest rates. Hedging costs may include structuring and legal fees and fees payable to hedge counterparties to execute the hedge transaction.
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Losses on a hedge position may reduce the cash available to make distributions to stockholders, and may exceed the amounts invested in the hedge position.
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The amount of income that a REIT may earn from hedging transactions, other than through a TRS, is limited by federal tax provisions governing REITs.
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The credit quality of the party owing money on the hedge may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction.
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The party owing money in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation to pay.
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We have adopted written policies and procedures governing our hedging activities. Under these policies and procedures, our board of directors is responsible for approving the types of hedging instruments we may use, absolute limits on the notional amount and term of a hedging instrument and parameters for the credit-worthiness of hedge counterparties. The senior managers responsible for each of our targeted asset classes are responsible for executing transactions using the services of independent interest rate risk management consultants, documenting the transactions, monitoring the valuation and effectiveness of the hedges, and providing reports concerning our hedging activities and the valuation and effectiveness of our hedges, to the audit committee of our board of directors no less often than quarterly. Our guidelines also require us to engage one or more experienced third party advisors to provide us with assistance in the identification of interest rate risks, the analysis, selection and timing of risk protection strategies, the administration and negotiation of hedge documentation, settlement or disposition of hedges, compliance with hedge accounting requirements and measurement of hedge effectiveness and valuation.
Hedging against a decline in the values of our portfolio positions does not eliminate the possibility of fluctuations in the values of the positions or prevent losses if the values of the positions decline. Hedging transactions may also limit the opportunity for gain if the values of the portfolio positions should increase.
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Moreover, we may not be able to hedge against an interest rate fluctuation that is generally anticipated by the market.
The success of our hedging transactions will depend on the Managers ability to correctly predict movements of interest rates. Therefore, unanticipated changes in interest rates may result in poorer overall investment performance than if we had not engaged in any such hedging transactions. In addition, the degree of correlation between price movements of the instruments used in a hedging strategy and price movements in the portfolio positions being hedged may vary. Moreover, for a variety of reasons, we may not seek to establish a perfect correlation between such hedging instruments and the portfolio holdings being hedged. Any such imperfect correlation may prevent us from achieving the intended hedge and expose us to risk of loss.
Hedging instruments often are not traded on regulated exchanges, guaranteed by an exchange or its clearing house, or regulated by any U.S. or foreign governmental authorities and involve risks of default by the hedging counterparty and illiquidity.
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Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we expect to use puts and calls on securities or indices of securities, interest rate swaps, caps and collars, including options and forward contracts, and interest rate lock agreements, principally Treasury lock agreements, to seek to hedge against mismatches between the cash flows from our assets and the interest payments on our liabilities. Hedging instruments often are not traded on regulated exchanges, guaranteed by an exchange or its clearing house, or regulated by any U.S. or foreign governmental authorities. Consequently, there are no requirements with respect to record keeping, financial responsibility or segregation of customer funds and positions. Furthermore, the enforceability of agreements underlying derivative transactions may depend on compliance with applicable statutory and commodity and other regulatory requirements and, depending on the identity of the counterparty, applicable international requirements. The business failure of a counterparty with whom we enter into a hedging transaction will most likely result in a default. Default by a party with whom we entered into a hedging transaction may result in the loss of unrealized profits and force us to cover our resale commitments, if any, at the then current market price. Although generally we will seek to reserve the right to terminate our hedging positions, we may not always be able to dispose of or close out a hedging position without the consent of the hedging counterparty, and we may not be able to enter into an offsetting contract in order to cover our risk. A liquid secondary market may not exist for hedging instruments purchased or sold, and we may have to maintain a position until exercise or expiration, which could result in losses.
We may enter into hedging instruments that could expose us to unexpected losses in the future.
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Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, part of our investment strategy involves entering into puts and calls on securities or indices of securities and interest rate swaps, caps and collars, including options and forward contracts, and interest rate lock agreements, principally Treasury lock agreements. These hedging instruments require us to fund cash payments in the future under certain circumstances, for example, upon the early termination of the instrument caused by an event of default or other early termination event, or the decision by a counterparty to request margin securities it is contractually owed under the terms of the instrument. The amount due would be equal to the unrealized loss of the open positions with the counterparty and could also include other fees and charges. These losses will be reflected in our financial results of operations, and our ability to fund these obligations will depend on the liquidity of our assets and access to capital at the time, and the need to fund these obligations could adversely impact our financial condition.
Increased levels of prepayments on our MBS might decrease our net interest income or result in a net loss.
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Pools of mortgage loans underlie the MBS that we acquire. We generally will receive payments from the payments that are made on these underlying mortgage loans. When we acquire MBS, we anticipate that the underlying mortgages will prepay at a projected rate generating an expected yield. When borrowers prepay their mortgage loans faster than expected, this results in corresponding prepayments on the mortgage-related securities and may reduce the expected yield. Prepayment rates generally increase when interest rates fall and decrease when interest rates rise, but changes in prepayment rates are difficult to predict. Prepayment rates also may be affected by other factors, including conditions in the housing and financial markets, general
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economic conditions and the relative interest rates on adjustable-rate and fixed-rate mortgage loans. No strategy can completely insulate us from prepayment or other such risks. As a result, in periods of declining rates, owners of MBS may have more money to reinvest than anticipated and be required to invest it at the lower prevailing market rates. Conversely, in periods of rising rates, owners of MBS may have less money to invest than anticipated at the higher prevailing rates. This volatility in prepayment rates also may affect our ability to maintain targeted amounts of leverage on our MBS portfolio and may result in reduced earnings or losses for us and reduce or eliminate the cash available for distribution.
The obligations underlying our RMBS, CMBS and B notes will be subject to delinquency, foreclosure and loss, which could result in losses to us.
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The RMBS, CMBS and B notes in which we invest will be secured by underlying mortgage loan obligations. Accordingly, our investments in our portfolio will be subject to all of the risks of the underlying obligations.
Residential mortgage loans are secured by single-family residential property and are subject to risks of delinquency and foreclosure, and risks of loss. The ability of a borrower to repay these loans is dependent upon the borrowers income or assets. A number of factors, including a national, regional or local economic downturn, acts of God, terrorism, social unrest and civil disturbances, may impair borrowers abilities to repay their loans. Economic problems specific to a borrower, such as loss of a job or medical problems, may also impair a borrowers ability to repay his or her loan.
Commercial mortgage loans are secured by multifamily or commercial property and are subject to risks of delinquency and foreclosure, and risks of loss, that are greater than similar risks associated with loans made on the security of single-family residential property. The ability of a borrower to repay a loan secured by an income-producing property typically depends primarily upon the successful operation of the property rather than upon the existence of independent income or assets of the borrower. If the net operating income of the property is reduced, the borrowers ability to repay the loan may be impaired. Net operating income of an income producing property can be affected by, among other things:
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tenant mix, success of tenant businesses and property management decisions,
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property location and condition,
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competition from comparable types of properties,
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changes in laws that increase operating expense or limit rents that may be charged,
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any need to address environmental contamination at the property,
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the occurrence of any uninsured casualty at the property,
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changes in national, regional or local economic conditions and/or specific industry segments,
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declines in regional or local real estate values,
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declines in regional or local rental or occupancy rates,
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increases in interest rates, real estate tax rates and other operating expenses,
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changes in governmental rules, regulations and fiscal policies, including environmental legislation, and
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acts of God, terrorism, social unrest and civil disturbances.
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In the event of any default under a mortgage loan held directly by us, we will bear a risk of loss of principal to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the collateral and the principal and accrued interest of the mortgage loan, which would reduce our cash flow from operations. Foreclosure of a mortgage loan can be an expensive and lengthy process which could reduce our return on the foreclosed mortgage loan. In the event of the bankruptcy of a mortgage loan borrower, the mortgage loan will be deemed to be secured only to the extent of the value of the underlying collateral at the time of bankruptcy as determined by the bankruptcy court, and the lien securing the mortgage loan will be subject to the avoidance powers of the bankruptcy trustee or debtor-in-possession to the extent the lien is unenforceable under state law.
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Our assets will include, in the future, syndicated bank loans, other ABS and, possibly, private equity investments, which will carry higher risks of loss than our real estate-related portfolio.
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Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we expect to invest in syndicated bank loans and other ABS as our portfolio develops. Our syndicated bank loan investments or our other ABS investments, which we expect will be principally backed by small business and bank syndicated loans, may not be secured by mortgages or other liens on assets or may involve higher loan-to-value ratios than our RMBS or CMBS. Our syndicated bank loan investments, and our ABS backed by loans, may involve one or more loans that have an interest-only payment schedule or a schedule that does not fully amortize principal over the term of the loan, which will make repayment of the loan depend upon the borrowers liquidity or ability to refinance the loan at maturity. Numerous factors affect a borrowers ability to repay or refinance loans at maturity, including national and local economic conditions, a downturn in a borrowers industry, loss of one or more principal customers and conditions in the credit markets. A deterioration in a companys financial condition or prospects may be accompanied by a deterioration in the collateral for the syndicated bank loan or any ABS backed by such companys loans.
In addition, private equity investments may also have a greater risk of loss than senior secured or other financing since such investments are subordinate to debt of the issuer, are not secured by property underlying the investment and may be illiquid, depending upon the existence of a market for the issuers securities, the length of time we have held the investment and any rights we may have to require registration under the Securities Act.
Our due diligence may not reveal all of an entitys liabilities and other weaknesses in its business.
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Before investing in the securities of any issuer, we will assess the strength and skills of the issuers management, the value of any collateral securing debt securities, the ability of the issuer and the collateral to service the debt and other factors that we believe are material to the performance of the investment. In making the assessment and otherwise conducting customary due diligence, we will rely on the resources available to us and, in some cases, an investigation by third parties. This process is particularly important and subjective with respect to newly-organized entities because there may be little or no information publicly available about the entities or, with respect to debt securities, any underlying collateral. Our due diligence processes, however, may not uncover all facts that may be relevant to an investment decision.
Risks Related to this Offering
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A trading market may not develop for our common stock or, if it does, you may not be able to sell your shares at or above the initial offering price.
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Before this offering, there was no market for our common stock. Although we intend to apply to list our common stock for trading on the New York Stock Exchange, we do not know whether our application will be approved or, if approved, the extent to which investor interest will lead to the development of a trading market or how liquid that market might be. The initial public offering price for our common stock will be determined by negotiation between us and the underwriters. You may not be able to sell your shares at or above the initial offering price. The market price of our common stock may also be subject to significant fluctuations in response to our future operating results, analyst reports about us, additions to or departures of key management personnel, actual or projected interest rate changes and other factors, including conditions affecting securities markets generally. In recent years, the markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performances and prospects of individual companies.
Future offerings of debt securities, which would rank senior to our common stock upon our liquidation, and future offerings of equity securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders and may be senior to our common stock for the purposes of dividend and liquidating
distributions, may reduce the market price of our common stock.
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In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by making offerings of debt or additional offerings of equity securities. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and shares of preferred stock, if
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any, and lenders with respect to other borrowings will receive a distribution of our available assets before we can make any distributions to the holders of our common stock. Additional equity offerings may dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our common stock, or both. Our preferred stock, if issued, could have a preference on liquidating distributions or dividend payments that could limit our ability to make distributions to the holders of our common stock. Issuance of substantial amounts of our common stock, including shares of our common stock issued pursuant to our incentive plan, or the perception that these issuances could occur, could depress the price of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings.
Future sales of shares of our common stock may depress the price of our shares.
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We cannot predict the effect, if any, that future sales of our common stock or the availability of shares for future sales will have on the market price of our common stock. We have agreed to file a registration statement with respect to the resale of 15,333,334 shares of common stock issued in our March 2005 private offering no later than December 3, 2005. We have also agreed to register 345,000 shares of restricted stock and 651,666 shares of common stock underlying options issued to the Manager upon completion of our March 2005 private offering and any shares of common stock issued to the Manager as incentive compensation under our management agreement. We also granted an aggregate of 4,000 shares of stock to our independent directors upon the completion of the March 2005 private offering and may issue up to an additional 532,668 shares of common stock under our incentive plan.
We also may issue additional common stock in connection with the acquisition of investments and we may grant additional demand or piggyback registration rights in connection with such issuances.
Sales of substantial amounts of common stock or the perception that such sales could occur could reduce the price that our common stock might otherwise obtain.
You should not rely on lock-up agreements in connection with the private placement or this offering to limit the amount of common stock sold into the market.
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We will agree with the underwriters not to offer to sell, contract to sell, or otherwise dispose of, loan, pledge or grant any rights with respect to any shares of our common stock, any options or warrants to purchase any shares of our common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable for any of our common stock for a period of 180 days following the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions. Our directors and officers, members of our investment committee, the Manager and Resource America will agree, with limited exceptions, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, and the selling stockholders will agree, with limited exceptions, for a period of 60 days after the date of this prospectus, that they will not, without the prior written consent of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, offer to sell, sell or otherwise dispose of any shares of our common stock other than the shares of common stock sold by the selling stockholders in this offering.
In addition, holders of common stock issued in our March 2005 private placement have agreed not to sell their shares for a period of 60 days following the date of this prospectus.
Credit Suisse First Boston LLC may, at any time, release all or a portion of the securities subject to these lockup provisions. There are no present agreements between the underwriters and us or any of our executive officers, directors or stockholders releasing them or us from these lockup agreements. However, we cannot predict the circumstances or timing under which Credit Suisse First Boston LLC may waive these restrictions. If the restrictions under the lockup agreements with members of our senior management, directors, members of our investment committee, the Manager, Resource America are waived or terminated, or upon expiration of a lockup period, approximately __________ shares will be available for sale into the market at that time, subject only to applicable securities rules and regulations. These sales or a perception that these sales may occur could reduce the market price for our common stock.
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Your interest in us may be diluted if we issue additional shares.
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Existing stockholders and potential investors in this offering do not have preemptive rights to any common stock issued by us in the future. Therefore, investors purchasing shares in this offering may experience dilution of their equity investment if we sell additional common stock in the future, sell securities that are convertible into common stock or issue shares of common stock, including shares issued as incentive compensation under our management agreement, or options exercisable for shares of common stock.
An increase in market interest rates may reduce the market price of our common stock.
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One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our common stock is our distribution rate as a percentage of our share price relative to market interest rates. If the market price of our common stock is based primarily on the earnings and return that we derive from our investments and income with respect to our investments and our related distributions to stockholders, and not from the market value of the investments themselves, then interest rate fluctuations and capital market conditions will likely affect the market price of our common stock. For example, if market rates rise without an increase in our distribution rate, the market price of our common stock could decrease as potential investors may require a higher distribution yield on our common stock or seek other securities paying higher distributions or interest. In addition, rising interest rates would result in increased interest expense on our variable rate debt, decreasing cash flow and our ability to service our indebtedness and pay distributions.
Investors in this offering will suffer immediate and substantial dilution.
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The initial public offering price of our common stock is substantially higher than what our net tangible book value per share will be immediately after this offering. Purchasers of our common stock in this offering will incur immediate dilution of approximately $____ in net tangible book value per share of our common stock, based on the mid-point of the expected price range for the shares to be sold in this offering.
We have relationships with some of our underwriters or their affiliates who may receive benefits in connection with this offering.
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Some of our underwriters have interests in the successful completion of this offering beyond the underwriting discounts and commissions they will receive. The following circumstances may create conflicts between us and our investors, on the one hand, and those underwriters and their affiliates, on the other:
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We have purchased and will
in the future likely purchase investments, including RMBS, ABS and
syndicated loans, from or issued by affiliates of underwriters in this
offering or underwritten by underwriters in this offering. As of June
30, 2005, an aggregate of approximately $602 million in carrying value,
or 41.8%, of our portfolio, had been issued by affiliates of the underwriters
in this offering or underwritten by underwriters in this offering,
including Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co.,
Inc.,
Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities Inc.
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Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, one of our underwriters, has entered into repurchase agreements with us under which $757 million was outstanding at June 30, 2005. These repurchase agreements mature at various dates between July 22, 2005 and August 1, 2005. We
intend to use the net proceeds of this offering to repay our indebtedness under these repurchase agreements.
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Credit Suisse First Boston International, an affiliate of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, entered into three interest rate swaps with us between April 15, 2005 and May 23, 2005 in an aggregate amount of $739 million. These swaps mature between April 15, 2006 and May
23, 2006.
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Credit Suisse First Boston LLC acted as the exclusive structurer and placement agent for us in connection with the Ischus CDO II transaction and received a fee of approximately $4.0 million and reimbursement of $12,000 of expenses in connection with the transaction.
Credit Suisse First Boston LLC also acted as the exclusive structurer and placement agent for us in connection with the Apidos CDO I transaction and received a fee of approximately $3.6 million and reimbursement of approximately $88,000 of expenses in connection
with the transaction.
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Citigroup Global Markets Inc. is acting as the exclusive structurer and placement agent for us in connection with the Apidos CDO III transaction and we expect that it will receive a customary fee of approximately $4.4 million and a reimbursement of $100,000 of expenses
in connection with the transaction.
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In light of these circumstances, although not required under the Conduct Rules of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., or the NASD, this offering is being made using a qualified independent underwriter, as defined by the NASD. _____________ has assumed the responsibilities of acting as a qualified independent underwriter. In such role, ____________ has performed a due diligence investigation of us and participated in the preparation of this prospectus and the registration statement. The initial public offering price of the shares of our common stock will be no higher than the price recommended by ____________.
Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure
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Our charter and bylaws contain provisions that may inhibit potential acquisition bids that you and other stockholders may consider favorable, and the market price of our common stock may be lower as a result.
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Our charter and bylaws contain provisions that may have an anti-takeover effect and inhibit a change in our board of directors. These provisions include the following:
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There are ownership limits and restrictions on transferability and ownership in our charter.
For purposes of assisting us in maintaining our REIT qualification under the Internal Revenue Code, our charter generally prohibits any person from beneficially or constructively
owning more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of any class or series of our outstanding capital stock. This restriction may:
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discourage a tender offer or other transactions or a change in the composition of our board of directors or control that might involve a premium price for our shares or otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders; or
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result in shares issued or transferred in violation of such restrictions being automatically transferred to a trust for a charitable beneficiary, resulting in the forfeiture of those shares.
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Our charter permits our board of directors to issue stock with terms that may discourage a third party from acquiring us.
Our board of directors may amend our charter without stockholder approval to increase the total number of authorized shares of stock or the number
of shares of any class or series and issue common or preferred stock having preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to distributions, qualifications, or terms or conditions of redemption as determined by our board. Thus, our board
could authorize the issuance of stock with terms and conditions that could have the effect of discouraging a takeover or other transaction in which holders of some or a majority of our shares might receive a premium for their shares over the then-prevailing market price.
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Our charter and bylaws contain other possible anti-takeover provisions.
Our charter and bylaws contain other provisions that may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of us or the removal of existing directors and, as a result, could prevent our
stockholders from being paid a premium for their common stock over the then-prevailing market price.
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Maryland takeover statutes may prevent a change in control of us, and the market price of our common stock may be lower as a result.
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Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act. Maryland law provides that control shares of a corporation acquired in a control share acquisition will have no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the votes eligible to be cast on the matter under the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act. The act defines control shares as voting shares of stock that, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned by the acquiror or in respect of which the acquiror is able to exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquiror to exercise voting power in
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electing directors within one of the following ranges of voting power: one-tenth or more but less than one-third, one-third or more but less than a majority, or a majority or more of all voting power. A control share acquisition means the acquisition of control shares, subject to specific exceptions.
If voting rights or control shares acquired in a control share acquisition are not approved at a stockholders meeting or if the acquiring person does not deliver an acquiring person statement as required by the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act then, subject to specific conditions and limitations, the issuer may redeem any or all of the control shares for fair value. If voting rights of such control shares are approved at a stockholders meeting and the acquiror becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to vote, all other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. Our bylaws contain a provision exempting acquisitions of our shares from the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act. However, our board of directors may amend our bylaws in the future to repeal this exemption.
Business combinations. Under Maryland law, business combinations between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transferor issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested stockholder is defined as:
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any person who beneficially owns ten percent or more of the voting power of the corporations shares; or
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an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period before the date in question, was the beneficial owner of ten percent or more of the voting power of the then outstanding voting stock of the corporation.
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A person is not an interested stockholder under the statute if the board of directors approved in advance the transaction by which such person otherwise would have become an interested stockholder. However, in approving a transaction, the board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board.
After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between the Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:
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80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of voting stock of the corporation; and
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two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting stock of the corporation other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested
stockholder.
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These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if the corporations common stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares.
The statute permits exemptions from its provisions, including business combinations that are exempted by the board of directors before the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder.
Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to take action against our directors and officers are limited, which could limit your recourse in the event of actions not in your best interests.
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Our charter limits the liability of our directors and officers to us and our stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting from:
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actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services; or
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a final judgment based upon a finding of active and deliberate dishonesty by the director or officer that was material to the cause of action adjudicated.
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In addition, our charter authorizes us to indemnify our present and former directors and officers for actions taken by them in those capacities to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law. Our bylaws require us to indemnify each present or former director or officer, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of his or her service to us. In addition, we may be obligated to fund the defense costs incurred by our directors and officers.
Our right to take action against the Manager is limited.
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The obligation of the Manager under the management agreement is to render its services in good faith. It will not be responsible for any action taken by our board of directors or investment committee in following or declining to follow its advice and recommendations. Furthermore, as discussed above under Risks Related to Our Business, it will be difficult and costly for us to terminate the management agreement without cause. In addition, we will indemnify the Manager, Resource America and their officers and affiliates for any actions taken by them in good faith.
We have not established a minimum distribution payment level and we cannot assure you of our ability to make distributions in the future.
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We expect to make quarterly distributions to our stockholders in amounts such that we distribute all or substantially all of our taxable income in each year, subject to certain adjustments. We have not established a minimum distribution payment level, and our ability to make distributions may be impaired by the risk factors described in this prospectus. All distributions will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our earnings, our financial condition, maintenance of our REIT qualification and other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. We may not be able to make distributions in the future. In addition, some of our distributions may include a return of capital. To the extent that we decide to make distributions in excess of our current and accumulated taxable earnings and profits, such distributions would generally be considered a return of capital for federal income tax purposes. A return of capital is not taxable, but it has the effect of reducing the holders tax basis in its investment.
Tax Risks
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Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities.
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To qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy various tests regarding the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our common stock. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our investment performance.
We may realize excess inclusion income that would increase our tax liability and that of our stockholders.
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If we realize excess inclusion income and allocate it to stockholders, this income cannot be offset by net operating losses of the stockholders. If the stockholder is a tax-exempt entity, then this income would be fully taxable as unrelated business taxable income under Section 512 of the Internal Revenue Code. If the stockholder is a foreign person, it would be subject to federal income tax withholding on this income without reduction or exemption pursuant to any otherwise applicable income tax treaty.
Excess inclusion income could result if we hold a residual interest in a real estate mortgage investment conduit, or REMIC. Excess inclusion income also could be generated if we issue debt obligations, such as certain CDOs, with two or more maturities and the terms of the payments on these obligations bore a relationship to the payments that we received on our mortgage related securities securing those debt obligations, i.e., if we were to own an interest in a taxable mortgage pool. However, the Department of Treasury has not issued regulations regarding the allocation of excess inclusion income to stockholders of a REIT that owns an interest in a taxable mortgage pool. While we do not expect to acquire significant amounts of residual interests in REMICs, we will own residual interests in taxable mortgage pools, which means that we will likely generate significant amounts of excess inclusion income.
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If we realize excess inclusion income, we may be taxable at the highest corporate income tax rate on a portion of such income that is allocable to the percentage of our stock held by disqualified organizations, which are generally cooperatives, governmental entities and tax-exempt organizations that are exempt from unrelated business taxable income. Although the law on the matter is unclear, we may also be taxable at the highest corporate income tax rate on a portion of excess inclusion income arising from a taxable mortgage pool that is allocable to the percentage of our stock held by disqualified organizations. We expect that disqualified organizations will own our stock. Because this tax would be imposed on us, all of our investors, including investors that are not disqualified organizations, would bear a portion of the tax cost associated with the classification of us or a portion of our assets as a taxable mortgage pool.
Failure to qualify as a REIT would subject us to federal income tax, which would reduce the cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
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We operate in a manner that is intended to cause us to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ending on December 31, 2005. However, the federal income tax laws governing REITs are extremely complex, and interpretations of the federal income tax laws governing qualification as a REIT are limited. Qualifying as a REIT requires us to meet various tests regarding the nature of our assets and our income, the ownership of our outstanding stock, and the amount of our distributions on an ongoing basis.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any calendar year and we do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we will be subject to federal income tax, including any applicable alternative minimum tax on our taxable income, at regular corporate rates. Distributions to stockholders would not be deductible in computing our taxable income. Corporate tax liability would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders. Under some circumstances, we might need to borrow money or sell assets in order to pay that tax. Furthermore, if we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT and we do not qualify for the statutory relief provisions, we no longer would be required to distribute substantially all of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and not including net capital gains, to our stockholders. Unless our failure to qualify as a REIT were excused under federal tax laws, we could not re-elect to qualify as a REIT until the fifth calendar year following the year in which we failed to qualify.
Failure to make required distributions would subject us to tax, which would reduce the cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
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In order to qualify as a REIT, in each calendar year we must distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gain. To the extent that we satisfy the 90% distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed income. In addition, we will incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which our distributions in any calendar year are less than the sum of:
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85% of our ordinary income for that year;
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95% of our capital gain net income for that year; and
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100% our undistributed taxable income from prior years.
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We intend to make distributions to our stockholders in a manner intended to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement and to distribute all or substantially all of our net taxable income to avoid both corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax. However, there is no requirement that a TRS distribute its after-tax net income to its parent REIT or their stockholders and Resource TRS, our TRS, may determine not to make any distributions to us.
Our taxable income may substantially exceed our net income as determined based on GAAP because, for example, realized capital losses will be deducted in determining our GAAP net income but may not be deductible in computing our taxable income. In addition, we may invest in assets that generate taxable income in excess of economic income or in advance of the corresponding cash flow from the assets, referred to as phantom income. Although some types of phantom income are excluded to the extent they exceed 5%
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of our REIT taxable income in determining the 90% distribution requirement, we will incur corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax with respect to any phantom income items if we do not distribute those items on an annual basis. As a result, we may generate less cash flow than taxable income in a particular year. In that event, we may be required to use cash reserves, incur debt, or liquidate non-cash assets at rates or times that we regard as unfavorable in order to satisfy the distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax in that year.
If we make distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, they will be treated as a return of capital, which will reduce the adjusted basis of your stock. To the extent such distributions exceed your adjusted basis, you may recognize a capital gain.
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Unless you are a tax-exempt entity, distributions that we make to you generally will be subject to tax as ordinary income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits as determined for federal income tax purposes. If the amount we distribute to you exceeds your allocable share of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, the excess will be treated as a return of capital to the extent of your adjusted basis in your stock, which will reduce your basis in your stock but will not be subject to tax. To the extent the amount we distribute to you exceeds both your allocable share of our current and accumulated earnings and profits and your adjusted basis, this excess amount will be treated as a gain from the sale or exchange of a capital asset.
Our ownership of and relationship with our TRS will be limited and a failure to comply with the limits would jeopardize our REIT qualification and may result in the application of a 100% excise tax.
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A REIT may own up to 100% of the securities of one or more TRSs. A TRS may earn specified types of income or hold specified assets that would not be qualifying income or assets if earned or held directly by the parent REIT. Both the subsidiary and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a TRS. A corporation of which a TRS directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated as a TRS. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REITs assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRSs. A TRS will pay federal, state and local income tax at regular corporate rates on any income that it earns, whether or not it distributes that income to us. In addition, the TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to its parent REIT to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. The rules also impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arms-length basis.
Our TRS will pay federal, state and local income tax on its taxable income, and its after-tax net income is available for distribution to us but is not required to be distributed to us. Income that is not distributed to us by our TRS will not be subject to the REIT 90% distribution requirement and therefore will not be available for distributions to our stockholders. We will monitor the compliance of our investments in TRSs with the rules relating to value of assets and transactions not on an arms-length basis. We cannot assure you, however, that we will be able to comply with such rules.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively.
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The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code substantially limit our ability to hedge mortgage-backed securities and related borrowings. Under these provisions, our annual gross income from qualifying and non-qualifying hedges of our borrowings, together with any other income not generated from qualifying real estate assets, cannot exceed 25% of our gross income. In addition, our aggregate gross income from non-qualifying hedges, fees and certain other non-qualifying sources cannot exceed 5% of our annual gross income determined without regard to income from qualifying hedges. As a result, we might have to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through Resource TRS. This could increase the cost of our hedging activities or expose us to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates than we would otherwise want to bear.
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The tax on prohibited transactions will limit our ability to engage in transactions, including certain methods of securitizing mortgage loans, that would be treated as sales for federal income tax purposes.
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A REITs net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, but including mortgage loans, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. We might be subject to this tax if we were able to sell or securitize loans in a manner that was treated as a sale of the loans for federal income tax purposes. Therefore, in order to avoid the prohibited transactions tax, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of loans and may limit the structures we utilize for our securitization transactions even though such sales or structures might otherwise be beneficial to us.
Tax law changes could depress the market price of our common stock.
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The federal income tax laws governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time. We cannot predict when or if any new federal income tax law or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing federal income tax law or administrative interpretation, will become effective and any such law or interpretation may take effect retroactively. Tax law changes could depress our stock price or restrict our operations.
Dividends paid by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates provided for under current law.
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Dividends paid by REITs are generally not eligible for the reduced 15% maximum tax rate for dividends paid to individuals under recently enacted tax legislation. The more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate dividends could cause stockholders who are individuals to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stock of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends to which more favorable rates apply, which could reduce the value of the stocks of REITs.
The tax treatment for purposes of the gross income requirements for REITs of income inclusions from our foreign TRSs or other corporations that are not REITs or qualified REIT subsidiaries is unclear.
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We may be required to include in our income, even without the receipt of actual distributions, earnings from our foreign TRSs or other corporations that are not REITs or qualified REIT subsidiaries, including from our contemplated equity investments in CDOs. We intend to treat these income inclusions as qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test applicable to REITs but not for purposes of the REIT 75% gross income test. Because there is no clear precedent with respect to the qualification of such income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests, we cannot assure you that the IRS will not assert a contrary position. In the event that such income was determined not to qualify for the 95% gross income test, we could fail to qualify as a REIT. Even if such income does not cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT because of relief provisions, we could be subject to a penalty tax with respect to such income to the extent it, together with any other non-qualifying income, exceeds 5% of our gross income.
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Some of the statements under Summary, Risk Factors, Distribution Policy, Business and elsewhere in this prospectus constitute forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements relate to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends and similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. In some cases, you can identify forward looking statements by terms such as anticipate, believe, could, estimate, expect, intend, may, plan, potential, project, should, will and would or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology.
The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. These beliefs, assumptions and expectations can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to us or are within our control. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations may vary materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements we make in this offering memorandum are subject to various risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to vary from our forward-looking statements, including:
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the factors described in this offering memorandum, including those set forth under the sections captioned Risk Factors and Business;
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our future operating results;
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our business prospects;
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general volatility of the securities markets in which we invest and the market price of our common stock;
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changes in our business strategy;
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availability, terms and deployment of capital;
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availability of qualified personnel;
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changes in our industry, interest rates, the debt securities markets or the general economy;
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increased rates of default and/or decreased recovery rates on our investments;
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increased prepayments of the mortgage and other loans underlying our mortgage-backed or other asset-backed securities;
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changes in governmental regulations, tax rates and similar matters;
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availability of investment opportunities in real estate-related and commercial finance assets;
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the degree and nature of our competition;
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the adequacy of our cash reserves and working capital; and
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the timing of cash flows, if any, from our investments.
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USE OF PROCEEDS
We estimate that the net proceeds from our sale of ____shares of common stock in this offering will be approximately $____ million and approximately $____ million if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, assuming an initial offering price of $____ per share, the midpoint of the expected range of offering prices set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the shares of our common stock by the selling stockholders. We intend to use all of the net proceeds of this offering to repay a portion of the outstanding indebtedness under our repurchase agreements which, as of July 31, 2005, were as follows:
Repurchase agreement counterparties
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Amount
outstanding |
Borrowing
rate |
Original maturity | |||||||
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Credit Suisse First Boston LLC
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$ | 974,553,000 | 3.43 | % | August 1 August 24, 2005 |
Amounts repaid may be reborrowed from time to time, subject to compliance with borrowing conditions. Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, a managing underwriter in this offering, will receive a portion of the net proceeds received by us from this offering through the repayment of indebtedness under these repurchase agreements. We used the proceeds of the repurchase agreements set forth above to finance the acquisition of our agency RMBS portfolio. These repurchase agreements typically expire every 30 days; however, we expect that they will be extended for consecutive 30-day periods.
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INSTITUTIONAL TRADING OF OUR COMMON STOCK
There is no public trading market for our common stock. Shares of our common stock issued to qualified institutional buyers in connection with our March 2005 private offering are eligible for trading in the PORTAL (SM) Market, or PORTAL, a subsidiary of the NASDAQ Stock Market, Inc., which permits secondary sales of eligible unregistered securities to qualified institutional buyers in accordance with Rule 144A under the Securities Act. To our knowledge, there has been only one trade of our common stock on PORTAL, which was executed on June 10, 2005 at a price of $15.00 per share. This information regarding PORTAL prices may not be complete since we have access only to information regarding trades reported by our underwriters and not trades reported by other broker-dealers. Moreover, broker-dealers are not required to report all trades to PORTAL.
As of June 30, 2005, we had 15,682,334 shares of our common stock outstanding which were held by 22 holders of record on behalf of approximately 265 beneficial owners.
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DISTRIBUTION POLICY
We will elect and intend to qualify to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended on December 31, 2005. Federal income tax law requires that a REIT distribute with respect to each year at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gain. REIT taxable income does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP. To the extent that we satisfy the 90% distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed income. We may generate less cash flow than REIT taxable income in a particular year. In that event, we may be required to use cash reserves, incur debt, or liquidate non-cash assets at rates or times that we regard as unfavorable in order to satisfy the distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax in that year.
Up to 20% of the value of a REITs assets may consist of investments in the securities of one or more TRSs. A domestic TRS, such as Resource TRS, may retain its net income, and its earnings are subject to the 90% distribution requirement only to the extent the TRS actually distributes its earnings to the REIT. However, if a REIT invests in a foreign TRS, such as some of the CDOs in which we intend to invest, the REIT must include in its income the earnings of the foreign TRS on an annual basis for federal income tax purposes, regardless of whether the foreign TRS actually distributes its earnings. The net income of a domestic TRS, such as Resource TRS, is subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates, regardless of whether such income is retained or distributed to us. For more information, please see Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Qualification as a REITTaxation of Our Company.
To maintain our qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, we intend to make regular quarterly distributions to our stockholders of at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and not including net capital gain), which is determined as of the close of our taxable year. Further, to avoid any REIT level corporate income tax and excise tax, we intend to make regular quarterly distributions of all or substantially all of our net taxable income. Any future distributions we make will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our earnings and financial condition, maintenance of REIT qualification, applicable provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law, or MGCL, and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant. In July 2005, our board of directors declared a quarterly distribution of $0.20 per share of common stock, which was paid on July 29, 2005 to stockholders of record as of July 22, 2005.
We anticipate that our distributions generally will be taxable as ordinary income to our stockholders, although a portion of the distributions may be designated by us as qualified dividend income or capital gain or may constitute a return of capital. To the extent that we decide to make distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for federal income tax purposes, such distributions would generally be considered a return of capital for federal income tax purposes. We will furnish annually to each of our stockholders a statement setting forth distributions paid during the preceding year and their characterization as ordinary income, return of capital, qualified dividend income or capital gain. Income as computed for purposes of the foregoing tax rules will not necessarily correspond to our income as determined for financial reporting purposes.
47
CAPITALIZATION
The following table sets forth our capitalization as of June 30, 2005 on an actual basis and on an as adjusted basis giving effect to the sale of common stock by us in this offering at an assumed price of $____ per share, the mid-point of the expected range of offering prices set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, net of estimated offering expenses and underwriting discounts and commissions, and the application of net proceeds described in Use of Proceeds.
You should read this table together with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in this prospectus.
As of June 30, 2005
|
|||||||
Actual (1) | As adjusted (2) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Debt:
|
|||||||
Repurchase agreements, including accrued interest of $503
|
$ | 850,991 | $ | ||||
Warehouse agreements
|
472,848 | ||||||
Stockholders equity:
|
|||||||
Preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share; 100,000,000 shares authorized; no shares outstanding, actual and as adjusted
|
| ||||||
Common stock, par value $0.001; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 15,682,334 shares issued and outstanding (including 349,000 restricted shares), actual; ____ shares issued and outstanding, as adjusted
|
16 | ||||||
Additional paid-in capital | 220,136 | ||||||
Deferred equity compensation | (4,357 | ) | |||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 3,395 | ||||||
Retained earnings | 2,232 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
||||
Total stockholders equity
|
221,422 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
||||
Total capitalization
|
$ | 1,545,261 | $ | ||||
|
|
|
|
||||
|
(1) |
Includes 345,000 shares
of restricted stock granted to the Manager upon completion of our March
2005 private offering. Does not include options to purchase 651,666
shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $15.00 that we granted
to the Manager at the same time. These shares and options will vest
or become exercisable in three equal annual installments beginning
on the first anniversary of the date of grant. The Manager has the
right in its discretion to allocate these shares and options to its
officers, employees and other individuals who provide
services to it and has so allocated 279,000 shares. Includes an aggregate of
4,000 shares of stock granted to our independent directors upon completion
of the March 2005 private offering under our stock incentive plan,
which shares vest on the first anniversary of the date of grant. Also
does not include 532,668 shares of our common stock available for future
grant under our stock incentive plan. See Management2005
Stock Incentive Plan.
|
(2) |
Assumes we will sell____ shares in this offering at an initial public offering price of $____ per share, which is the mid-point of the range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, for net proceeds of approximately $____ million after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts
and commissions of approximately $____ million and estimated offering expenses of approximately $____ million, in each case payable by us.
|
48
DILUTION
Purchasers of our common stock offered in this prospectus will experience immediate and substantial dilution of the net tangible book value of their common stock from the initial public offering price. The net tangible book value of our common stock as of June 30, 2005 was $221.4 million, or approximately $14.12 per share. Net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our stockholders equity, less intangible assets, divided by 15,682,334 shares of common stock outstanding on June 30, 2005, including issued but unvested restricted stock.
Net tangible book value dilution per share to new investors represents the difference between the amount per share paid by purchasers of shares of common stock in this offering and the as adjusted net tangible book value per share of common stock immediately after completion of this offering. After giving effect to the sale by us of ______ shares of common stock in this offering and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses and the application of the estimated net proceeds therefrom, our as adjusted net tangible book value as of June 30, 2005 would have been $_____ million or $_____ per share. This amount represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $____ per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in as adjusted net tangible book value of $____ per share to new investors who purchase our common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price per share of $____. The following table shows this immediate per share dilution:
Assumed initial public offering price per share
|
$ | |||
Net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2005
|
$ | |||
Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to this offering
|
$ | |||
As adjusted net tangible book value per share on June 30, 2005 after giving effect to this offering
|
$ | |||
Dilution in as adjusted net tangible book value per share to new investors
|
$ |
The following table summarizes, as of June 30, 2005, the differences between the average price per share paid by our existing stockholders and by new investors purchasing shares of common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $_____ per share, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us in this offering:
Shares purchased
|
Total consideration
|
Average price | ||||||||||||||
Number | Percent | Amount | Percent | per share | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Existing stockholders
|
15,682,334 | (1) | $ | 230,000,010 | $ | 14.67 | ||||||||||
New stockholders
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Totals
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
(1) |
Includes 345,000 shares of restricted stock granted to the Manager upon completion of our March 2005 private offering for which no consideration was paid. Includes an aggregate of 4,000 shares of stock granted to our independent directors on the same date under our stock
incentive plan, for which no consideration was paid. Does not include 651,666 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding options.
|
If the underwriters fully exercise their over-allotment option, the number of shares of common stock held by existing holders will be reduced to ____% of the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding after this offering, and the number of shares of common stock held by new investors will be increased to ________ or _______%, of the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding after this offering.
49
SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The following table presents selected historical consolidated financial information as of June 30, 2005 and for the period March 8, 2005 (date operations commenced) through June 30, 2005. We derived this information from our consolidated financial statements, which have been audited by Grant Thornton LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, whose report is included elsewhere in this prospectus. The results of operations for the period ended June 30, 2005 may not necessarily be indicative of the results of operations for the period commencing March 8, 2005 and ending December 31, 2005. Since the information presented below is only a summary and does not provide all of the information contained in our historical consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, you should read it together with Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Period from
March 8, 2005 (date operations commenced) to June 30, 2005 |
||||
|
|
|||
(in thousands, except
share and per share data) |
||||
Consolidated Income Statement Data:
|
||||
Revenues:
|
||||
Net interest income:
|
||||
Interest income
|
$ | 13,093 | ||
Interest expense
|
8,140 | |||
|
|
|||
Net interest income
|
4,953 | |||
|
|
|||
Other loss:
|
||||
Net realized loss on investments
|
(14 | ) | ||
Expenses:
|
||||
Management fee expense-related party
|
1,016 | |||
Equity compensation expense-related party
|
1,036 | |||
Professional services
|
122 | |||
Insurance expense
|
150 | |||
General and administrative
|
383 | |||
|
|
|||
Total expenses
|
2,707 | |||
|
|
|||
Net income
|
$ | 2,232 | ||
|
|
|||
Net income per share basic
|
$ | 0.15 | ||
|
|
|||
Net income per share diluted
|
$ | 0.14 | ||
|
|
|||
Weighted average number of shares outstanding basic
|
15,333,334 | |||
|
|
|||
Weighted average number of shares outstanding diluted
|
15,402,401 | |||
|
|
|||
As of June 30, 2005 | ||||
|
|
|||
(in thousands) | ||||
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
|
||||
Cash
and cash equivalents (including restricted cash of $15,000)
|
$ | 100,506 | ||
Available-for-sale, pledged as collateral, at fair value
|
1,202,343 | |||
Available-for-sale, at fair value
|
59,078 | |||
Loans, net of allowances
|
179,752 | |||
Total assets
|
1,556,524 | |||
Repurchase agreements, including accrued interest of $503
|
850,991 | |||
Warehouse agreements
|
472,848 | |||
Total liabilities
|
1,335,102 | |||
Total stockholders equity
|
221,422 |
50
MANAGEMENTS DISCUSSION OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion provides information to assist in understanding our financial condition and results of operations. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those expressed in or implied by those forward looking statements. Please see Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors for a discussion of certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions associated with those statements.
Overview
|
We are a specialty finance company that intends to qualify and will elect to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ending December 31, 2005. Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted total returns over time to our stockholders through both stable quarterly distributions and capital appreciation. We intend to invest in a combination of real estate-related assets and, to a lesser extent, higher-yielding commercial finance assets. We intend to finance a substantial portion of our portfolio investments through borrowing strategies seeking to match the maturities and repricing dates of our financings with the maturities and repricing dates of those investments and to mitigate interest rate risks through derivative instruments.
Our income is generated primarily from the spread between the revenues we receive from our assets and the cost to finance the purchase of those assets and hedge interest rate risks. We generate revenues from the interest we earn on our agency and non-agency RMBS, CMBS, mezzanine debt, B notes, other ABS and syndicated bank loans, dividend payments on trust preferred securities and private equity investments, if any, and lease payments on equipment leases. We use a substantial amount of leverage to enhance our returns and we finance each of our different asset classes with different degrees of leverage. The cost of borrowings to finance our investments comprises a significant part of our expenses. Our net income will depend on our ability to control these expenses relative to our revenue. In our non- agency RMBS, CMBS, other ABS, commercial real estate loans, syndicated bank loans, equipment lease and trust preferred asset classes we intend to use warehouse facilities as a short-term financing source and CDOs and other term financing. We expect that our other term financing will consist of long-term match funded financing provided through long-term bank financing and asset-backed financing programs. In our agency RMBS portfolio, we finance the acquisition of our investments with short-term repurchase arrangements. We seek to mitigate the risk created by any mismatch between the maturities and repricing dates of our agency RMBS and the maturities and repricing dates of the repurchase agreements we use to finance them through derivative instruments, principally floating to fixed interest rate swap agreements.
On March 8, 2005, we raised net proceeds of $214.8 million through a private placement of 15,333,334 shares of common stock. We are externally managed by the Manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Resource America, a publicly traded specialized asset management company that uses industry specific expertise to generate and administer investment opportunities for its own account and for institutional and sophisticated individual investors in financial fund management (primarily RMBS, CMBS and ABS), real estate and equipment finance. As of June 30, 2005, Resource America managed approximately $5.7 billion of assets, including approximately $2.8 billion par value of assets in CDOs.
As we develop our investment portfolio, we expect that our ability to achieve our objectives, as well as to operate profitably, will be affected by a variety of economic and industry factors. These factors include:
|
our ability to maintain a positive spread between our MBS and the borrowings we use to fund the purchase of our MBS, which may be adversely affected by a rising interest rate environment such as existed in the period from commencement of our operations to June 30,
2005;
|
|
the difference between actual prepayment speeds on mortgages underlying our MBS and the prepayment speeds that we projected when we acquired the MBS; typically, prepayment speeds increase in periods of declining interest rates and decrease in periods of rising
interest rates such as existed in the period from commencement of our operations to June 30, 2005.
|
51
|
our ability to obtain funding and our borrowing capacity, which affects our ability to acquire assets;
|
|
our intended use of leverage;
|
|
our borrowing costs, which affect our cost of acquiring and holding our assets;
|
|
our ability to obtain suitable hedging for our interest rate risks and the extent and cost of that hedging;
|
|
the market value of our investments;
|
|
our need to comply with REIT and Investment Company Act requirements, which will affect the nature and composition of our investment portfolio and the amount of revenues we derive from it;
|
|
competition, which may result in higher prices, lower yields and a narrower interest spread for our investments; and
|
|
other market developments.
|
We discuss these factors, and other risks pertaining to our operations, in Risk Factors Risks Related to Our Business and Risks Related to Our Investments.
Results of Operations
|
We made our first investment on March 14, 2005 and we believe that we will fully deploy and leverage, consistent with our financing strategy, the capital raised in our March 2005 private placement by the end of the fourth quarter of 2005, subject to market conditions. As of June 30, 2005, we had approximately $100.5 million of equity capital that we had not deployed and leveraged.
Our initial portfolio investments have been agency RMBS, non-agency RMBS, other ABS, syndicated bank loans and commercial real estate loans. Our agency RMBS portfolio is financed through short-term repurchase agreements and our non-agency RMBS, other ABS, syndicated bank loans and commercial real estate loans are financed through warehouse facilities, CDOs and other secured borrowings. We closed our initial two CDO financings subsequent to June 30, 2005 and have entered into arrangements with respect to a third CDO financing. See Recent Developments. In general, to the extent that we do not hedge the interest rate exposure within our agency RMBS portfolio, rising interest rates (particularly short-term rates) such as those that existed in the period from March 8, 2005 to June 30, 2005, will decrease our net interest income from levels that might otherwise be expected, as the cost of our repurchase agreements will rise faster than the yield on our agency RMBS. In addition, our agency RMBS are subject to interest rate caps while the short-term repurchase agreements we use to finance them are not. As a result, if interest rates rise to the point where increases in our interest income are limited by these caps, our net interest income could be reduced or, possibly, we could incur losses. While we have engaged in interest rate swaps that seek to hedge a substantial portion of the risks associated with increasing interest rates, these swaps generally cover a period of one year from the dates they were entered into, currently ranging from April through May 2006. We intend to extend our hedges on a quarterly basis to maintain hedging coverage of between nine months to a year. However, in a rising interest rate environment, the cost of our hedging, and the levels of the interest rates at which we are hedged, will likely increase, increasing our costs and reducing our net income.
The yield on our RMBS may be affected by a difference between the actual prepayment rates of the underlying mortgages and those that we projected when we acquired the RMBS. See Risk Factors Risks Related to Our Investments Increased levels of prepayments on our MBS might decrease our net interest income or result in a net loss. In periods of declining interest rates, prepayments will likely increase. If we are unable to reinvest the proceeds of such repayments at comparable yields, our net interest income may suffer. In a rising interest rate environment, prepayment rates on our assets will likely slow, causing their expected lives to increase. This may cause our net interest income to decrease as our borrowing and hedging costs may rise while our interest income on these assets will remain constant.
As we seek to diversify our investment portfolio from our initial investment position in agency RMBS, we will seek to execute our match funding strategy for non-agency RMBS, commercial real estate-related assets and commercial finance assets. However, we may not be able to execute this strategy fully, or at all. We expect that, for any period in which we do not match fund these assets, they will reprice more slowly
52
than their related funding. In a rising interest rate environment, such as existed in the period from March 8, 2005 to June 30, 2005, our net interest income could be reduced from levels that might otherwise be expected, or we could incur losses.
For the Period from March 8, 2005 to June 30, 2005
|
Summary
|
Our net income was $2.2 million, or $0.14 per weighted-average common share-diluted. Our investment portfolio increased to $1.4 billion for the period from March 8, 2005 to June 30, 2005 as we began to deploy the proceeds from our private placement and diversify our portfolio of investments.
Net Interest Income
|
Net interest income for the period totaled $5.0 million. Investment income totaled $13.1 million and was comprised of $7.9 million of interest income on our agency RMBS portfolio, $2.6 million of interest income on our non-agency RMBS and other ABS portfolio, $1.5 million of interest income on our loan portfolio and $1.1 million of income from our temporary investment of offering proceeds in over-night repurchase agreements. Our interest income was offset by $8.1 million of interest expense on our repurchase agreements and warehouse borrowings.
Other Gains and Losses
|
Net realized loss on investments for the period from March 8, 2005 to June 30, 2005 was $14,000 and was related to the loss on the sale of bank loans offset by a gain on the sale of non-agency RMBS.
Non-Investment Expenses
|
Non-investment expenses for the period totaled $2.7 million. Management fees for the period totaled $1.0 million, all of which was related to the base management fees due to the Manager pursuant to our management agreement. Equity compensation expense-related party totaled $1.0 million and consisted of amortization related to the grant of restricted common stock to the Manager and our independent directors and the grant of options to purchase common stock to the Manager as of March 8, 2005. Professional services totaled $122,000 and consisted of audit, tax and legal costs. Insurance expense of $150,000 was the amortization related to our purchase of directors and officers insurance. General and administrative expenses totaled $383,000 and included $325,000 of expense reimbursements due to the Manager.
Income Taxes
|
We do not pay federal income tax on income we distribute to our stockholders, subject to our compliance with REIT qualification requirements. However, Resource TRS, our TRS, is subject to corporate-level income taxes. As of June 30, 2005, we did not conduct any of our operations through Resource TRS.
Financial Condition
|
Summary
|
All of our assets at June 30, 2005 were acquired with the $214.8 million of net proceeds from our March 2005 private placement and our use of leverage.
Investment Portfolio
|
The table below summarizes the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our investment portfolio as of June 30, 2005, classified by interest rate type. The table below includes both (i) the amortized cost of our investment portfolio and the related dollar price, which is computed by dividing amortized cost by par amount, and (ii) the estimated fair value of our investment portfolio and the related dollar price, which is computed by dividing the estimated fair value by par amount (in thousands, except percentages):
53
Amortized cost |
Dollar
price |
Estimated fair
value |
Dollar
price |
Estimated fair
value less amortized cost |
Dollar
price |
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
Floating rate
|
|||||||||||||||||||
Agency RMBS
|
$ | | 0.00% | $ | | 0.00% | $ | | 0.00% | ||||||||||
Non-agency RMBS
|
265,561 | 99.25% | 265,083 | 99.07% | (478 | ) | 0.18% | ||||||||||||
CMBS
|
486 | 100.00% | 488 | 100.41% | 2 | 0.41% | |||||||||||||
Other ABS
|
19,426 | 99.88% | 19,450 | 100.00% | 24 | 0.12% | |||||||||||||
B notes
|
25,200 | 100.00% | 25,200 | 100.00% | | 0.00% | |||||||||||||
Syndicated bank loans
|
151,833 | 100.03% | 151,833 | 100.03% | | 0.00% | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
Total floating rate
|
$ | 462,506 | 99.57% | $ | 462,054 | 99.47% | $ | (452 | ) | 0.10% | |||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
Hybrid rate
|
|||||||||||||||||||
Agency RMBS
|
$ 933,509 | 100.02% | $ | 936,476 | 100.34% | $ | 2,967 | 0.32% | |||||||||||
Non-agency RMBS
|
| 0.00% | | 0.00% | | 0.00% | |||||||||||||
CMBS
|
| 0.00% | | 0.00% | | 0.00% | |||||||||||||
Other ABS
|
| 0.00% | | 0.00% | | 0.00% | |||||||||||||
B notes
|
| 0.00% | | 0.00% | | 0.00% | |||||||||||||
Syndicated bank loans
|
| 0.00% | | 0.00% | | 0.00% | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
Total hybrid rate
|
$ 933,509 | 100.02% | $ | 936,476 | 100.34% | $ | 2,967 | 0.32% | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
Fixed rate
|
|||||||||||||||||||
Agency RMBS
|
$ | | 0.00% | $ | | 0.00% | $ | | 0.00% | ||||||||||
Non-agency RMBS
|
8,653 | 96.14% | 8,590 | 95.44% | (63 | ) | 0.70% | ||||||||||||
CMBS
|
27,499 | 98.59% | 28,073 | 100.65% | 574 | 2.06% | |||||||||||||
Other ABS
|
3,313 | 99.94% | 3,261 | 98.37% | (52 | ) | 1.57% | ||||||||||||
B notes
|
| 0.00% | | 0.00% | | 0.00% | |||||||||||||
Syndicated bank loans
|
2,719 | 98.87% | 2,719 | 98.87% | | 0.00% | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
Total fixed rate
|
$ 42,184 | 98.20% | $ | 42,643 | 99.27% | $ | 459 | 1.07% | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
Grand total
|
$ 1,438,199 | 99.82% | $ | 1,441,173 | 100.03% | $ | 2,974 | 0.21% | |||||||||||
|
|
|
Credit Review
|
We actively monitor the quality of the investments underlying our portfolio by utilizing specialized, proprietary risk management systems and performing detailed credit analysis. When applicable, we monitor the credit rating of our investment portfolio through the use of both Moodys and Standard & Poors ratings and Moodys WARF. WARF is the quantitative equivalent of Moodys traditional rating categories and is used by Moodys in its credit enhancement calculations for securitization transactions. We use WARF because the credit enhancement levels of our CDOs are computed using WARF and we have included the WARF in the tables below. By monitoring both Moodys and Standard & Poors ratings and Moodys WARF we can monitor trends and changes in the credit ratings of our investment portfolio. For RMBS we monitor the credit quality of the underlying borrowers by monitoring trends and changes in the underlying borrowers FICO scores. Borrowers with lower FICO scores default more frequently than borrowers with higher FICO scores. For residential RMBS we also monitor trends and changes in LTV ratios. Increases in LTV ratios are likely to result in higher realized credit losses when borrowers default.
For commercial real estate mortgage loans we monitor trends and changes in elements which impact the borrowers ability to continue making payments in accordance with the terms of the obligations or to repay the obligation with proceeds raised through a refinancing. These elements include debt-service-coverage ratios, or DSCR, original LTV ratios, property valuations and overall real estate market conditions.
We performed an allowance for loans losses analysis as of June 30, 2005 and have made the determination that no allowance for loan losses was required for either our securities available-for-sale portfolio or our loan portfolio. As of June 30, 2005, all of our investments are current with respect to the
54
scheduled payments of principal and interest and we did not own any real estate properties that we had acquired through foreclosure actions.
Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities
|
We invest in adjustable rate and hybrid adjustable rate agency RMBS and non-agency RMBS and to a lesser extent, fixed rate non-agency RMBS, which are securities representing interests in mortgage loans secured by residential real property in which payments of both principal and interest are generally made monthly, net of any fees paid to the issuer, servicer or guarantor of the securities. In agency RMBS, the mortgage loans in the pools are guaranteed as to principal and interest by federally chartered entities such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae. In general, our agency RMBS will carry implied AAA ratings and will consist of mortgage pools in which we have the entire interest.
Adjustable rate RMBS have interest rates that reset periodically (typically monthly, semi-annually or annually) over their term. Because the interest rates on ARMs fluctuate based on market conditions, ARMs tend to have interest rates that do not deviate from current market rates by a large amount. This in turn can mean that ARMs have less price sensitivity to interest rates.
Hybrid ARMs have interest rates that have an initial fixed period (typically two, three, five, seven or ten years) and reset at regular intervals after that in a manner similar to traditional ARMs. Before the first interest rate reset date, hybrid ARMs have a price sensitivity to interest rates similar to that of a fixed-rate mortgage with a maturity equal to the period before the first reset date. After the first interest rate reset date occurs, the price sensitivity of a hybrid ARM resembles that of a non-hybrid ARM.
At June 30, 2005, the mortgages underlying our hybrid adjustable rate agency RMBS had fixed interest rates for a weighted average of approximately 55 months, after which time the rates reset and become adjustable. The average length of time until maturity of those mortgages was 30 years. These mortgages are also subject to interest rate caps that limit both the amount that the applicable interest rate can increase during any year, known as an annual cap, and the amount that it can rise through maturity of the mortgage, known as a lifetime cap. After the interest rate reset date, interest rates on our hybrid adjustable rate agency RMBS float based on spreads over various LIBOR indices. The weighted average lifetime cap for our portfolio is an increase of 6%; the weighted average maximum annual increase is 2%.
The following table summarizes our hybrid adjustable rate agency RMBS portfolio as of June 30, 2005 (dollars in thousands):
Weighted average
|
|||||||||||||
Security description
|
Amortized cost | Estimated fair value | Coupon |
Months to
reset (1) |
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
3-1 hybrid adjustable rate RMBS
|
$ | 477,146 | $ | 478,178 | 4.17% | 30.6 | |||||||
5-1 hybrid adjustable rate RMBS
|
16,948 | 16,944 | 4.41% | 54.3 | |||||||||
7-1 hybrid adjustable rate RMBS
|
439,415 | 441,354 | 4.81% | 80.7 | |||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||
Total
|
$ | 933,509 | $ | 936,476 | 4.48% | 54.7 | |||||||
|
|
|
(1) |
Represents number of months before conversion to floating rate.
|
At June 30, 2005, we held $936.5 million of agency RMBS and $273.7 million of non-agency RMBS, at fair value, which is based on market prices provided by dealers, net of unrealized gains of $3.1 million and $559,000, respectively, and unrealized losses of $152,000 and $1.1 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2005, our RMBS portfolio had a weighted-average amortized cost of 99.8%. Our agency RMBS were purchased at a premium of $191,000, but were valued in excess of par at June 30, 2005 because the weighted-average coupon of 4.48% and the corresponding interest rates of loans underlying our agency RMBS are above prevailing market rates. Our non-agency RMBS were purchased at a discount to their par value and continue to be valued below par in the aggregate at June 30, 2005, because the weighted-average coupon of 4.79% and the corresponding interest rate of loans underlying our non-agency RMBS are below prevailing market rates. In the current increasing interest rate environment, we expect that the fair value of our RMBS will continue
55
to decrease, thereby increasing our net unrealized losses. At June 30, 2005, none of the securities whose fair market value was below amortized cost had been downgraded by a credit rating agency and 22.5% were guaranteed by either Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae. We intend and have the ability to hold these securities until maturity to allow for the anticipated recovery in fair value of the securities held as they reach maturity.
The following table summarizes our RMBS classified as available-for-sale as of June 30, 2005, which are carried at fair value (in thousands, except percentages):
Agency RMBS | Non-agency RMBS | Total RMBS | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
RMBS, gross
|
$ | 933,318 | $ | 276,575 | $ | 1,209,893 | ||||
Unamortized discount
|
(1,110 | ) | (2,542 | ) | (3,652 | ) | ||||
Unamortized premium
|
1,301 | 181 | 1,482 | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
Amortized cost
|
933,509 | 274,214 | 1,207,723 | |||||||
Gross unrealized gains
|
3,119 | 559 | 3,678 | |||||||
Gross unrealized losses
|
(152 | ) | (1,100 | ) | (1,252 | ) | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
Estimated fair value
|
$ | 936,476 | $ | 273,673 | $ | 1,210,149 | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
Percent of total
|
77.4 | % | 22.6 | % | 100.0 | % | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
The table below describes the terms of our RMBS portfolio as of June 30, 2005 (unaudited, dollars in thousands). Dollar price is computed by dividing amortized cost by par amount.
Amortized cost | Dollar price | ||||||
|
|
|
|
||||
Moodys ratings category:
|
|||||||
Aaa
|
$ | 933,509 | 100.02% | ||||
A1 through A3
|
36,200 | 100.35% | |||||
Baa1 through Baa3
|
219,885 | 99.84% | |||||
Ba1 through Ba3
|
18,129 | 89.46% | |||||
|
|||||||
Total
|
$ | 1,207,723 | 99.82% | ||||
|
|||||||
S&P ratings category:
|
|||||||
AAA
|
$ | 933,509 | 100.02% | ||||
AA+ through AA-
|
2,000 | 100.00% | |||||
A+ through A-
|
41,854 | 99.47% | |||||
BBB+ through BBB-
|
204,132 | 99.00% | |||||
BB+ through BB-
|
1,190 | 94.12% | |||||
No rating provided
|
25,038 | 100.00% | |||||
|
|||||||
Total
|
$ | 1,207,723 | 99.82% | ||||
|
|||||||
Weighted average rating factor
|
69 | ||||||
Weighted average original FICO
(1)
|
641 | ||||||
Weighted average original LTV
(1)
|
80.61 | % | |||||
|
(1) |
Weighted average only reflects our non-agency portfolio.
|
The stated contractual final maturity of the mortgage loans underlying our portfolio ranges up to 30 years; however, the expected maturities are subject to change based on the prepayments of the underlying mortgage loans.
The actual maturities of RMBS are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. Actual maturities of our RMBS are affected by the contractual lives of the underlying mortgages, periodic scheduled payments of principal and prepayments of principal. See Risk FactorsRisk Related to Our InvestmentsIncreased levels of prepayments on our MBS might decrease our net interest income or result in a net loss.
The constant prepayment rate to balloon, or CPB, on our RMBS for the period from March 8, 2005 through June 30, 2005 was 15%. CPB attempts to predict the percentage of principal that will repay over the
56
next 12 months based on historical principal paydowns. As interest rates rise, the rate of refinancing typically declines, which we believe may result in lower rates of prepayments and, as a result, a lower portfolio CPB.
The following table summarizes our RMBS as of June 30, 2005 according to estimated weighted-average life classifications (in thousands, except average coupon):
Weighted average life
|
Fair value | Amortized cost | Average coupon | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Less than one year
|
$ | 29,005 | $ | 29,151 | 3.23% | |||||
Greater than one year and less than five years
|
1,146,624 | 1,143,923 | 4.57% | |||||||
Greater than five years
|
34,520 | 34,649 | 4.76% | |||||||
|
|
|||||||||
Total
|
$ | 1,210,149 | $ | 1,207,723 | 4.55% | |||||
|
|
The estimated weighted-average lives of our RMBS as of June 30, 2005 in the table above are based upon data provided through subscription-based financial information services, assuming constant principal prepayment factors to the balloon or reset date for each security. The prepayment model considers current yield, forward yield, steepness of the yield curve, current mortgage rates, mortgage rate of the outstanding loan, loan age, margin and volatility. The actual weighted-average lives of the RMBS in our investment portfolio could be longer or shorter than the estimates in the table above depending on the actual prepayment factors experienced over the lives of the applicable securities and are sensitive to changes in both prepayment factors and interest rates.
Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities
|
We invest in CMBS, which are securities that are secured by or evidence interests in a pool of mortgage loans secured by commercial properties.
The yields on CMBS depend on the timely payment of interest and principal due on the underlying mortgages loans and defaults by the borrowers on such loans may ultimately result in deficiencies and defaults on the CMBS. In the event of a default, the trustee for the benefit of the holders of CMBS has recourse only to the underlying pool of mortgage loans and, if a loan is in default, to the mortgaged property securing such mortgage loan. After the trustee has exercised all of the rights of a lender under a defaulted mortgage loan and the related mortgaged property has been liquidated, no further remedy will be available. However, holders of relatively senior classes of CMBS will be protected to a certain degree by the structural features of the securitization transaction within which such CMBS were issued, such as the subordination of the relatively more junior classes of the CMBS.
At June 30, 2005, we held $28.6 million of CMBS at fair value, which is based on market prices provided by dealers, net of unrealized gains of $616,000 and unrealized losses of $40,000. In the aggregate, we purchased the CMBS at a discount. As of June 30, 2005, the remaining discount to be accreted into income over the remaining lives of the securities was $394,000. These securities are classified as available-for-sale and as a result are carried at their fair market value.
The table below describes the terms of our CMBS as of June 30, 2005 (unaudited, dollars in thousands). Dollar price is computed by dividing amortized cost by par amount.
Amortized cost | Dollar price | ||||||
|
|
|
|
||||
Moodys ratings category:
|
|||||||
Ba1 through Ba3
|
$ | 27,985 | 98.61 | % | |||
|
|||||||
Total
|
$ | 27,985 | 98.61 | % | |||
|
|||||||
S&P ratings category:
|
|||||||
BBB+ through BBB-
|
$ | 12,248 | 98.94 | % | |||
No rating provided
|
15,737 | 98.36 | % | ||||
|
|||||||
Total
|
$ | 27,985 | 98.61 | % | |||
|
|||||||
Weighted average rating factor
|
346 |
57
Other Asset-Backed Securities
|
We invest in other ABS, principally CDOs backed by small business loans and trust preferred securities of financial institutions such as banks, savings and thrift institutions, insurance companies, holding companies for these institutions and REITs.
At June 30, 2005, we held $22.7 million of other ABS at fair value, which is based on market prices provided by dealers net of unrealized gains of $25,000 and unrealized losses of $53,000. In the aggregate, we purchased the other ABS at a discount. As of June 30, 2005, the remaining discount to be accreted into income over the remaining lives of securities was $26,000. These securities are classified as available-for-sale and as a result are carried at their fair market value.
The table below describes the terms of our other ABS as of June 30, 2005 (unaudited, dollars in thousands). Dollar price is computed by dividing amortized cost by par amount.
Amortized cost | Dollar price | ||||||
|
|
|
|
||||
Moodys ratings category:
|
|||||||
Baa1 through Baa3
|
$ | 22,739 | 99.89 | % | |||
|
|||||||
Total
|
$ | 22,739 | 99.89 | % | |||
|
|||||||
S&P ratings category:
|
|||||||
BBB+ through BBB-
|
$ | 19,089 | 99.87 | % | |||
No rating provided
|
3,650 | 100.00 | % | ||||
|
|||||||
Total
|
$ | 22,739 | 99.89 | % | |||
|
|||||||
Weighted average rating factor
|
396 |
Commercial Loans
|
We purchase subordinate interests referred to as B notes and mezzanine loans from third parties. B notes are loans secured by a first mortgage and subordinated to a senior interest, referred to as an A note. The subordination of a B note is generally evidenced by a co- lender or participation agreement between the holders of the A note and the B note. In some instances, the B note lender may require a security interest in the stock or partnership interests of the borrower as part of the transaction. B note lenders have the same obligations, collateral and borrower as the A note lender, but typically are subordinated in recovery upon a default. B notes share certain credit characteristics with second mortgages in that both are subject to greater credit risk with respect to the underlying mortgage collateral than the corresponding first mortgage or A note. The B note investments will have terms of three years to five years, and are generally structured with an original term of up to three years, with one year extensions that bring the loan to a maximum term of five years. We expect to hold our B note investments to their maturity.
Mezzanine loans are loans that are senior to the borrowers equity in, and subordinate to a first mortgage loan on, a property. These loans are secured by pledges of ownership interests, in whole or in part, in entities that directly own the real property. In addition, we may require other collateral to secure mezzanine loans, including letters of credit, personal guarantees of the principals of the borrower, or collateral unrelated to the property. We may structure our mezzanine loans so that we receive a stated fixed or variable interest rate on the loan as well as a percentage of gross revenues and a percentage of the increase in the fair market value of the property securing the loan, payable upon maturity, refinancing or sale of the property. Our mezzanine loans may also have prepayment lockouts, penalties, minimum profit hurdles and other mechanisms to protect and enhance returns in the event of premature repayment. We expect the stated maturity of our mezzanine financings to range from three to five years. Mezzanine loans may have maturities that match the maturity of the related mortgage loan but may have shorter or longer terms. We expect to hold these investments to maturity.
At June 30, 2005, we held one B note for $25.2 million. The loan bears interest at a floating rate of LIBOR plus 290 bps and matures April 2008. In accordance with our loan accounting, the loan is carried on our books at the original purchase price plus or minus unamortized premiums or discounts.
58
On at least a quarterly basis, we evaluate our loan positions on an individual basis and determine whether an impairment has occurred. When a loan is impaired, the allowance for loan losses is increased by the amount of the excess of the amortized cost basis of the loan over its fair value. As of June 30, 2005, we did not record an allowance for credit losses for our commercial real estate loan portfolio.
Syndicated Bank Loans
|
We acquire senior and subordinated, secured and unsecured loans or syndicated bank loans made by banks or other financing entities. Syndicated bank loans may also include revolving credit facilities, under which the lender is obligated to advance funds to the borrower under the credit facility as requested by the borrower from time to time. We expect that some amount of these loans will be secured by real estate mortgages or liens on other assets. Certain of these loans may have an interest-only payment schedule, with the principal amount remaining outstanding and at risk until the maturity of the loan.
At June 30, 2005, we held $154.6 million of syndicated bank loans. All of our syndicated loan investments are financed and held on our Apidos CDO I warehouse facility. Upon review of the transaction, we determined that Apidos CDO I is a variable interest entity, or VIE under Financial Interpretation No., or FIN, 46R and we were the primary beneficiary of the VIE. As a result, we consolidated Apidos I as of June 30, 2005, even though we do not own any of its equity. We accrued interest income based on the contractual terms of the loans and recognized interest expense in accordance with the terms of the warehouse agreement in our consolidated statements of operations.
The table below describes the terms of our syndicated bank loan investments as of June 30, 2005 (unaudited, dollars in thousands). Dollar price is computed by dividing amortized cost by par amount.
Amortized cost | Dollar price | ||||||
|
|
|
|
||||
Moodys ratings category:
|
|||||||
Ba1 through Ba3
|
$ | 60,997 | 99.97 | % | |||
B1 through B3
|
93,555 | 100.04 | % | ||||
|
|||||||
Total
|
$ | 154,552 | 100.01 | % | |||
|
|||||||
S&P ratings category:
|
|||||||
BBB+ through BBB-
|
$ | 8,734 | 99.81 | % | |||
BB+ through BB-
|
42,982 | 99.99 | % | ||||
B+ through B-
|
101,340 | 100.03 | % | ||||
CCC+ through CCC-
|
1,496 | 100.00 | % | ||||
|
|||||||
Total
|
$ | 154,552 | 100.01 | % | |||
|
|||||||
Weighted average rating factor
|
2,140 |
Interest Receivable
|
At June 30, 2005, we had interest receivable of $9.0 million, which consisted of $8.3 million of interest on our securities and loans, $606,000 of purchased interest that had been accrued when our securities and loans were purchased and $81,000 of interest earned on escrow accounts.
Other Assets
|
Other assets at June 30, 2005 of $615,000, consisted primarily of $332,000 of prepaid directors and officers liability insurance, $209,000 of prepaid costs, principally professional fees, associated with the preparation and filing with the SEC of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and $74,000 of prepaid costs associated with the structuring of our hedging transactions.
Hedging Instruments
|
Hedging involves risk and typically involves costs, including transaction costs. The costs of hedging can increase as the length of time covered by the hedges increases and during periods of rising and volatile interest rates. We may increase our hedging activity and, thus, increase our hedging costs during periods
59
when interest rates are volatile and rising. We generally intend to hedge as much of our interest rate risk as the Manager determines is in the best interest of our stockholders, after considering the cost of such hedging transactions and our need to maintain our qualification as a REIT. Our policies do not contain specific requirements as to the percentages or-amounts of interest rate risk that we must hedge. We cannot assure you that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. In addition, no hedging activity can completely insulate us from the risks associated with changes in interest rates and prepayment rates. See Risk Factors Risks Related to Our Investments Our hedging transactions may not completely insulate us from interest rate risk and may result in poorer overall investment performance than if we had not engaged in any hedging transactions.
As of June 30, 2005, we had entered into hedges with a notional amount of $739.0 million. Interest rate hedges entered into during the period from March 8, 2005 to June 30, 2005 and our expected future interest rate hedging will typically consist of interest rate swaps as a means of mitigating our interest rate risk on forecasted interest expense associated with repurchase agreements for a specified future time period. An interest rate swap is a contractual agreement entered into between two counterparties under which each agrees to make periodic payment to the other for an agreed period of time based upon a notional amount of principal. The principal amount is notional because there is no need to exchange actual amounts of principal in a single currency transaction: there is no foreign exchange component to be taken account of. However, a notional amount of principal is required in order to compute the actual cash amounts that will be periodically exchanged.
Under the most common form of interest rate swaps, a series of payments calculated by applying a fixed rate of interest to a notional principal amount is exchanged for a stream of payments similarly calculated but using a floating rate of interest. This is a fixed-for- floating interest rate swap. Our hedges at June 30, 2005 were fixed-for-floating interest rate swap agreements whereby we swapped the floating rate of interest on the liabilities we hedged for a fixed rate of interest, the maturity of these hedges range from April to May 2006. At June 30, 2005, the unrealized gain on our interest rate swap agreements $421,000. We intend to continue to seek such hedges for our floating rate debt in the future.
Liabilities
|
We have entered into repurchase agreements to finance our agency RMBS. These agreements are secured by our agency RMBS and bear interest rates that have historically moved in close relationship to LIBOR. At June 30, 2005, we had established eight borrowing arrangements with various financial institutions, including Credit Suisse First Boston LLC and J.P. Morgan Securities Inc., two of our underwriters. As of June 30, 2005, we had utilized two of these arrangements including one with Credit Suisse First Boston LLC. None of the counterparties to these agreements are affiliates of the Manager or us.
At June 30, 2005, we had outstanding $851.0 million of repurchase agreements with a weighted-average current borrowing rate of 3.29%, all of which matured in less than 30 days. We seek to renew our repurchase agreements as they mature under the then-applicable borrowing terms of the counterparties to our repurchase agreements. Through August 31, 2005, we have encountered no difficulties in effecting renewals of our repurchase agreements. At June 30, 2005, the repurchase agreements were secured by agency RMBS with an estimated fair value of $936.5 million and had a weighted-average maturity of 24 days. The net amount at risk, defined as the sum of the fair value of securities sold plus accrued interest income minus the sum of repurchase agreement liabilities plus accrued interest, with all counterparties was $26.4 million at June 30, 2005.
We have also begun to execute our strategy of providing term financing through CDOs. During the period from March 8, 2005 to June 30, 2005, we formed Apidos CDO I and began borrowing on a warehouse facility provided by Credit Suisse First Boston LLC to purchase syndicated loans to include in Apidos CDO I. At June 30, 2005, $154.6 million was outstanding under the facility. The facility bears interest at a rate of LIBOR plus .25%, which was 3.49% at June 30, 2005. Following the end of the quarter, Apidos CDO I acquired the assets held in the warehouse facility and we acquired all of its equity interest. See Recent Developments.
60
Also during the period from March 8, 2005 to June 30, 2005, we formed Ischus CDO II and began borrowing on a warehouse facility provided by Credit Suisses First Boston LLC to purchase MBS and other ABS. At June 30, 2005, $318.2 million was outstanding under the facility. The facility bears interest at a rate of LIBOR plus between .33% and .52% based upon amounts outstanding under the facility. The weighted average rate was 3.64% at June 30, 2005. Following the end of the quarter, Ischus CDO II acquired the assets held in the warehouse facility and we acquired all of its equity interest. See Recent Developments.
At June 30, 2005, we had a liability for unsettled and unfunded securities of $6.8 million.
Stockholders Equity
|
Stockholders equity at June 30, 2005 was $221.4 million and included $3.0 million of net unrealized gains on mortgage-backed and our asset-backed securities as well as $421,000 of unrealized gains on cash flow hedges, shown as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.
As a result of our available-for-sale accounting treatment, unrealized fluctuations in market values of assets do not impact our income determined in accordance with GAAP, or our taxable income, but rather are reflected on our balance sheet by changing the carrying value of the asset and stockholders equity under Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss). By accounting for our assets in this manner, we hope to provide useful information to stockholders and creditors and to preserve flexibility to sell assets in the future without having to change accounting methods.
REIT Taxable Income and Investment Company Act Matters
|
At June 30, 2005, we believe that we qualified as a REIT under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. The Internal Revenue Code requires that, as of the close of each quarter, at least 75% of our total assets must be real estate assets as defined in the Internal Revenue Code. The Internal Revenue Code also requires that, for each taxable year, at least 75% of our gross income come from real estate sources and 95% of our gross income come from real estate sources and certain other sources itemized in the Internal Revenue Code, such as dividends and interest. As of June 30, 2005, we believe that we were in compliance with such requirements. We also believe that we met all of the REIT requirements regarding ownership of our common stock as of June 30, 2005.
We are subject to federal income taxation at corporate rates on our net taxable income; however, we are allowed a deduction for the distributions we make to our stockholders, thereby subjecting the net income we distribute to taxation at the stockholders level only. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet various tax law requirements, including, among others, requirements relating to the nature of our assets, the sources of our income, the timing and amount of distributions that we make and the composition of our stockholders. As a REIT, we generally are not subject to federal income tax on our net taxable income that we distribute to our stockholders on a current basis. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and are not eligible for specified relief provisions, we will be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates, and we may be precluded from qualifying as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we lost our qualification. Further, even to the extent that we qualify as a REIT, we will be subject to tax at normal corporate rates on net income or capital gains not distributed to our stockholders, and we may be subject to other taxes, including payroll taxes, and state and local income, franchise, property, sales and other taxes. Moreover, a domestic TRS, such as Resource TRS, is subject to federal income taxation and to various other taxes. Since we, as a REIT, expect to make distributions based on taxable earnings, we expect that our distributions may at times be more or less than our reported earnings. REIT taxable income is not a presentation made in accordance with GAAP, and does not purport to be an alternative to net income (loss) determined in accordance with GAAP as a measure of operating performance or to cash flows from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP as a measure of liquidity. We believe that a presentation of REIT taxable income provides useful information to investors regarding our financial condition and results of operations as this measurement is used to determine the amount of dividends that we are required to declare to our stockholders in order to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. We use REIT taxable income for this purpose. Because not all companies use identical calculations, this presentation of
61
REIT taxable income may not be comparable to other similarly-titled measures of other companies. The following table reconciles our REIT taxable income to our net loss as reported.
Period from March 8, 2005
(date operations commenced) through June 30, 2005 |
||||
|
|
|||
Net income
|
$ | 2,232 | ||
Additions:
|
||||
Share-based compensation to related parties
|
1,036 | |||
|
||||
REIT taxable income
|
$ | 3,268 | ||
|
We intend to operate our business so that we are not regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act because the regulatory requirements imposed upon registered investment companies would make it difficult to implement our investment strategies. Among other restrictions, the Investment Company Act imposes restrictions on a companys use of leverage. In order to qualify for exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act, at all times no more than 40% of our assets, on an unconsolidated basis, excluding government securities and cash, may be investment securities as defined in the Investment Company Act. For these purposes, the equity securities of a majority-owned subsidiary which is not itself an investment company would not constitute investment securities. As of June 30, 2005, we had three subsidiaries, RCC Real Estate, RCC Commercial and Resource TRS. The equity interests of RCC Commercial and Resource TRS will constitute investment securities and must be monitored to ensure that their fair value does not exceed the 40% test. As of June 30, 2005, we had invested approximately $30.0 million of our equity in RCC Commercial where we held $154.6 million of commercial loans. At June 30, 2005, we had made no investment in Resource TRS and it held no assets. We intend to operate RCC Real Estate, which as of June 30, 2005 held a significant portion of our investments, so that it qualifies for the exclusion from regulation under Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act. If it qualifies for the exclusion, the equity interests we hold in it will not be deemed to be investment securities and, as a result, we will meet the 40% test. Section 3(c)(5)(C) excludes from regulation as an investment company those companies that do not issue redeemable securities and that are primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate. In order to maintain this exclusion, at least 55% of RCC Real Estates assets must be qualifying real estate assets such as whole mortgage loans, whole pool MBS, MBS and B notes with respect to which we have unilateral foreclosure rights on the underlying mortgages. Other MBS may or may not constitute qualifying real estate assets, depending on their characteristics, including whether the securities are subject to risk of loss and the rights that RCC Real Estate has with respect to the underlying loans. To qualify for Section 3(c)(5)(C) exclusion from regulation, not only must RCC Real Estate maintain 55% of its assets in qualifying real estate assets, but it must also maintain at least an additional 25% of its assets in real estate-related assets, such as MBS that do not constitute qualifying real estate assets for the 55% test, or additional qualifying real estate assets. At June 30, 2005, RCC Real Estate met both the 55% and 25% tests.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
|
Through June 30, 2005, our principal sources of funds were the net proceeds from our March 2005 private placement, repurchase agreements totaling $851.0 million including accrued interest of $503,000, with a weighted average current borrowing rate of 3.29%, and warehouse agreements totaling $472.8 million, with a weighted average current borrowing rate of 3.38%. We expect to continue to borrow funds in the form of repurchase agreements to finance our agency RMBS portfolio and through warehouse agreements to finance our non- agency RMBS, CMBS, ABS, commercial real estate loans any syndicated bank loans prior to the execution of CDOs and other term financing vehicles.
We held cash and cash equivalents of $100.5 million at June 30, 2005. We also held $59.1 million of available-for-sale securities that had not been pledged as collateral under our repurchase agreements.
We anticipate that, upon repayment of each borrowing under a repurchase agreement, we will immediately use the collateral released by the repayment as collateral for borrowing under a new repurchase agreement. We also anticipate that our borrowings under our warehouse credit facilities will be refinanced
62
through the issuance of CDOs. Our leverage ratio may vary as a result of the various funding strategies we expect to utilize in the future. As of June 30, 2005, our leverage ratio was 6.0 times, which is lower than our target of eight to 12 times. We expect to have fully invested the net proceeds from our March 2005 private placement by December 31, 2005. We also expect to increase our leverage by approximately $450.0 million during the same period of time.
We have entered into master repurchase agreements with Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, Barclays Capital Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities Inc., Countrywide Securities Corporation, Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated, Goldman Sachs & Co. and UBS Securities LLC. Each such agreement is a standard form providing as follows:
|
The parties may from time to time enter into repurchase transactions. The agreement for a repurchase transaction may be oral or in writing. None of the master repurchase agreements specifies a maximum amount for repurchase transactions with us.
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Each repurchase transaction will be entered into by agreement between the parties specifying the terms of the transaction, including identification of the assets subject to the transaction, sale price, repurchase price, rate, term and margin maintenance requirements.
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We must cover margin deficits by depositing cash or additional securities reasonably acceptable to our counterparty with it, but have the option to obtain payment from our counterparty of the amount by which the market value of the securities subject to a transaction
exceeds the applicable margin amount for the transaction, either in cash or by delivery of securities.
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We are entitled to receive all income paid on or with respect to the securities subject to a transaction, provided that the counterparty may apply income received to reduce our repurchase price.
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It is an event of default under the agreement if:
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we fail to
transfer or our counterparty fails to purchase securities after we
reach an agreement with respect to a particular transaction;
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either party
fails to comply with the margin and margin repayment requirements;
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| the counterparty fails to pay to us or credit us with income from the securities subject to a transaction; |
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either party
commences a proceeding or has a proceeding commenced against it, under
any bankruptcy, insolvency or similar laws; or
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either party
shall admit its inability to, or intention not to, perform any of its
obligations under the master repurchase agreement.
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Upon an event of default, the non-defaulting party may accelerate the repurchase date for the transaction and all income paid upon the securities will belong to the non-defaulting party. If we are the defaulting party, our counterparty may sell the securities or give us credit
for the value of the securities on the date of default, and we would remain liable for any deficit. If our counterparty is the defaulting party, we may purchase replacement securities, or elect to be deemed to have purchased replacement securities, with our counterparty being
liable for the cost of the replacement securities or the amount by which the deemed repurchase price exceeds the stated repurchase price. We may also, by tender of the repurchase price, be deemed to have the securities automatically transferred to us. The defaulting party
will also be liable to the non-defaulting party for all costs, expenses and damages, including the costs of entering into or terminating hedge transactions, of the non-defaulting party, plus interest at the rate specified in the repurchase agreement.
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The master repurchase agreement may be terminated by either party without cause upon written notice, but will remain in effect as to any transactions then outstanding.
Our repurchase agreement with Credit Suisse First Boston LLC also provides that it will terminate if:
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our net asset value declines 20% on a monthly basis, 30% on a quarterly basis, 40% on an annual basis, or 50% or more from the highest net asset value since the inception of the repurchase agreement;
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we fail to maintain a minimum net asset value of $100 million;
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the Manager ceases to be our manager;
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we fail to qualify as a REIT; or
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we fail to deliver specified documents, including financial statements or financial information due annually, quarterly or monthly, or an estimate of net asset values.
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Our liquidity needs consist principally of funds to make investments, make distributions to our stockholders and pay our operating expenses, including our management fees. Our ability to meet our liquidity needs will be subject to our ability to generate cash from operations and, with respect to our investments, our ability to obtain additional debt financing and equity capital. We may increase our capital resources through offerings of equity securities (possibly including common stock and one or more classes of preferred stock), CDOs or other forms of term financing. Such financing will depend on market conditions. If we are unable to renew, replace or expand our sources of financing on substantially similar terms, we may be unable to implement our investment strategies successfully and may be required to liquidate portfolio investments. If required, a sale of portfolio investments could be at prices lower than the carrying value of such assets, which would result in losses and reduced income.
In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT and to avoid corporate-level income tax on the income we distribute to our stockholders, we intend to make regular quarterly distributions of all or substantially all of our net taxable income to holders of our common stock. This requirement can impact our liquidity and capital resources.
As of June 30, 2005, we had not declared any dividends.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
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The table below summarized our contractual obligations as of June 30, 2005. The table below excludes contractual commitments related to our derivatives, which we discuss in Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk, and the management agreement that we have with our Manager, which we discuss in ManagementManagement Agreement, because those contracts do not have fixed and determinable payments.
Contractual commitments
(dollars in thousands) Payments due by period |
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Total | Less than 1 year | 1 3 years | 3 5 years | More than 5 years | ||||||||||||
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Repurchase agreements
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$ | 850,991 | $ | 850,991 | | | | |||||||||
Warehouse agreements
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472,848 | 472,848 | | | | |||||||||||
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Total
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$ | 1,323,839 | $ | 1,323,839 | | | | |||||||||
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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
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As of June 30, 2005, we did not maintain any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities or variable interest entities, established for the purpose of facilitating off- balance sheet arrangements or contractually narrow or limited purposes. Further, as of June 30, 2005, we had not guaranteed any obligations of unconsolidated entities or entered into any commitment or intent to provide additional funding to any such entities.
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Recent Developments
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As of July 31, 2005, we had outstanding repurchase obligations under our repurchase agreement with Credit Suisse First Boston LLC totaling $974.6 million with a weighted-average current borrowing rate of 3.43%. In addition, we have entered into four one-year interest rate swap agreements whereby we swap the floating rate of interest on the liability we are hedging for a fixed rate of interest. The aggregate notional amount of these hedges is $789.0 million and the average fixed rate we pay is 3.79%.
In addition, Ischus CDO II entered into one interest rate swap agreement with AIG Financial Products, Corp., whereby it swappped a floating rate of interest in the liability it was hedging for a fixed rate of interest, and one interest rate cap agreement, whereby it reduced its exposure to variability in future cash outflows attributable to changes in LIBOR. The notional amount of the interest rate swap agreement and interest rate cap agreement is $13.2 million and $15.0 million, respectively. The interest rate swap agreement terminates June 2014. The interest rate cap agreement terminates November 2016.
In June 2005, we entered into an agreement with Citigroup Global Markets Inc., pursuant to which we and Apidos Capital Management, LLC or Apidos, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Resource America, engaged Citigroup Global Markets Inc., one of our underwriters, with respect to a $400.0 million CDO transaction, collateralized by syndicated bank loans. Under the engagement agreement, Citigroup Global Markets Inc. agreed to serve as the exclusive structurer and placement agent with respect to the structuring of several classes of notes to be issued by Apidos CDO III, a Cayman Islands limited liability company, and the marketing and placement of the notes. We have agreed to purchase 100% of the equity interests in Apidos CDO III for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $30.5 million.
In connection with the engagement agreement, we also entered into a warehouse agreement with Citigroup Financial Products, Inc., an affiliate of Citigroup Global Markets Inc., pursuant to which it agreed to provide up to $200.0 million of financing for the acquisition of syndicated bank loans to be sold to Apidos CDO III, subject to an increase in the total amount of bank loans to be financed by Citigroup Financial Products, Inc. upon mutual agreement of the parties. Apidos will serve as the collateral manager for the loans and will have the right to select the loans. Before the closing of the Apidos CDO III transaction, we are entitled to the accrued interest in these bank loans in excess of the financing rate charged by Citigroup Financial Products, Inc. If the Apidos CDO III transaction is not consummated, Citigroup Financial Products, Inc. would liquidate the portfolio of bank loans and we would be required to reimburse Citigroup Financial Products, Inc. for any collateral losses up to $20 million. Upon any liquidation of the portfolio, we have the option of purchasing the entire portfolio at the original purchase prices of such bank loans.
In July 2005, the Ischus CDO II warehouse facility terminated and approximately $320.6 million of non-agency mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities were transferred to Ischus CDO II, in which we purchased a $27.0 million equity interest representing 100% of the outstanding preference shares.
In July 2005, our board of directors declared a quarterly distribution of $0.20 per share of common stock, which was paid on July 29, 2005 to stockholders of record as of July 22, 2005.
In August 2005, the Apidos CDO I warehouse facility terminated and approximately $218.4 million of syndicated loan assets were transferred Apidos CDO I, in which we purchased a $28.5 million equity interest representing 100% of the outstanding preferred shares.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
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Our consolidated financial statements are prepared by management in accordance with GAAP. Note 3 to our financial statements, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, includes a detailed description of our significant accounting policies. Our significant accounting policies are fundamental to understanding our financial condition and results of operations because some of these policies require that we make significant estimates and assumptions that may affect the value of our assets or liabilities and our financial results. We believe that certain of our policies are critical because they require us to make difficult, subjective and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. The critical policies summarized below relate to classifications of investment securities, revenue recognition, accounting for derivative financial instruments
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and hedging activities, and stock-based compensation. We have reviewed these accounting policies with our board of directors and believe that all of the decisions and assessments upon which our financial statements are based were reasonable at the time made based upon information available to us at the time. We rely on the Managers experience and analysis of historical and current market data in order to arrive at what we believe to be reasonable estimates.
Classifications of Investment Securities
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Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, or SFAS, No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities, requires us to classify our investment portfolio as either trading investments, available-for-sale investments or held-to-maturity investments. Although we generally plan to hold most of our investments to maturity, we may, from time to time, sell any of our investments due to changes in market conditions or in accordance with our investment strategy. Accordingly, SFAS No. 115 requires us to classify all of our investment securities as available-for-sale. We report all investments classified as available-for-sale at fair value, based on market prices provided by dealers, with unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders equity. As of June 30, 2005, we had aggregate unrealized losses on our available-for-sale securities of $1.3 million, which if not recovered, may result in the recognition of future losses.
We evaluate our available-for-sale investments for other-than-temporary impairment charges on available-for-sale securities under SFAS 115 in accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force, or EITF, 03-01, The Meaning of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment and its Application to Certain Investments. SFAS 115 and EITF 03-01 requires an investor to determine when an investment is considered impaired (i.e., decline in fair value below its amortized cost), evaluate whether the impairment is other than temporary (i.e., the investment value will not be recovered over its remaining life), and, if the impairment is other than temporary, recognize an impairment loss equal to the difference between the investments cost and its fair value. The guidance also includes accounting considerations subsequent to the recognition of other-than-temporary impairment and requires certain disclosures about unrealized losses that have not been recognized as other-than-temporary impairments. EITF 03-01 also includes disclosure requirements for investments in an unrealized loss position for which other-than-temporary impairments have not been recognized.
Investment securities transactions are recorded on the trade date. Purchases of newly issued securities are recorded when all significant uncertainties regarding the characteristics of the securities are removed, generally shortly before settlement date. Realized gains and losses on investment securities are determined on the specific identification method.
Repurchase Agreements
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We finance the acquisition of our agency RMBS solely through the use of repurchase agreements. Although structured as a sale and purchase obligation, a repurchase agreement operates as a financing under which we pledge our securities as collateral to secure a loan which is equal in value to a specified percentage of the estimated fair value of the pledged collateral, while we retain beneficial ownership of the pledged collateral. We carry these repurchase agreements at their contractual amounts, as specified in the respective agreements. We recognize interest expense on all borrowings on an accrual basis.
Interest Income Recognition
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We accrue interest income on our mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities using the effective yield method based on the actual coupon rate and the outstanding principal amount of the underlying mortgages. We amortize or accrete into interest income premiums and discounts over the lives of the securities also using the effective yield method (or a method that approximates effective yield), adjusted for the effects of estimated prepayments based on SFAS No. 91, Accounting for Nonrefundable Fees and Costs Associated with Originating or Acquiring Loans and Initial Direct Costs of Leases. For investment purchased at par, the effective yield is the contractual interest rate on the investment. If the investment is purchased at a discount or at a premium, the effective yield is computed based on the contractual interest rate increased for the accretion of a purchase discount or decreased for the amortization of a purchase premium.
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The effective yield method requires that we make estimates of future prepayment rates for our investments that can be contractually prepaid before their contractual maturity date so that the purchase discount can be accreted, or the purchase premium can be amortized, over the estimated remaining life of the investment. The prepayment estimates that we use directly impact the estimated remaining lives or our investments. We review and adjust our prepayment estimates as of each quarter end or more frequently if we become aware of any material information that would lead us to believe that an adjustment is necessary. If our estimate of prepayments is incorrect, we may have to adjust the amortization or accretion of premiums and discounts, which would have an impact on future income.
We use both our experience and judgment and third-party prepayment projections when developing our estimates of future prepayment rates. Prepayment rates for residential mortgage loans and their related RMBS are very difficult to predict accurately because the underlying borrowers have the option to prepay their mortgages at any time before the contractual maturity date of their mortgages, generally without incurring any prepayment penalties. Prepayment models attempt to predict borrower behavior under different interest rate scenarios and the related projected prepayment rates. The experience of the Managers managers indicates that prepayment models are less accurate during periods when there are material interest rate changes and material changes in the shape of the interest rate yield curves.
If we experience material differences between our projected prepayment rates and the actual prepayment rates that we realize, the remaining estimated lives of our investments may change and result in greater earnings volatility and/or lower net income than originally estimated. We may mitigate this risk by minimizing the amount of purchase premium and purchase discount on our investment portfolio and by purchasing investments where the underlying borrowers have no or fewer prepayment options. As of June 30, 2005, the aggregate amount of unamortized purchase premium on our RMBS portfolio totaled approximately $1.5 million and the aggregate amount of unamortized purchase discount totaled approximately $3.7 million. Net purchase discount and purchase premium accretion totaled approximately $118,000 for the period from March 8, 2005 to June 30, 2005.
Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities
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Our policies permit us to enter into derivative contracts, including interest rate swaps and interest rate forwards, as a means of mitigating our interest rate risk on forecasted interest expense associated with the benchmark rate on forecasted rollover/reissuance of repurchase agreements or the interest rate repricing of repurchase agreements, or hedged items, for a specified future time period.
As of June 30, 2005, we had engaged in three interest rate swaps with a notional value of $739.0 million and a fair value of $421.0 million to seek to mitigate our interest rate risk for specified future time periods, as defined in the terms of the swap contracts. The contracts we have entered into have been designated as cash flow hedges and are evaluated at inception and on an ongoing basis in order to determine whether they qualify for hedge accounting under SFAS No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, as amended and interpreted. The hedge instrument must be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in the hedged item attributable to the risk being hedged in order to qualify for hedge accounting. In order to determine whether the hedge instrument is highly effective, we use regression methodology to assess the effectiveness of our hedging strategies. Specifically, at the inception of each new hedge and on an ongoing basis, we assess effectiveness using regression analysis to evaluate the correlation between the rates consistent with the hedge instrument and the underlying hedged items. A hedge instrument is highly effective if changes in the fair value of the derivative provide an offset to at least 80% and not more than 125% of the changes in fair value or cash flows of the hedged item attributable to the risk being hedged. The futures and interest rate swap contracts are carried on the balance sheet at fair value. Any ineffectiveness which arises during the hedging relationship must be recognized in interest expense during the period in which it arises. Before the end of the specified hedge time period, the effective portion of all contract gain and losses (whether realized or unrealized) is recorded in other comprehensive income or loss. Realized gains and losses on futures contracts are reclassified into earnings as an adjustment to interest expense during the specified hedge time period. Realized gains and losses on interest rate swap contracts are reclassified into earnings as an adjustment to interest expense during the period after the swap repricing date through the remaining maturity of the swap. For REIT taxable income purposes, realized gains and losses on
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futures and interest rate swap contracts are reclassified into earnings immediately when positions are closed or have expired.
We are not required to account for futures and interest rate swap contracts using hedge accounting as described above. If we decided not to designate the futures and interest rate swap contracts as hedges and to monitor their effectiveness as hedges, or if we entered into other types of financial instruments that did not meet the criteria to be designated as hedges, changes in the fair values of these instruments would be recorded in the statement of operations, potentially resulting in increased volatility in our earnings.
Income Taxes
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We expect to operate in a manner that will allow us to qualify and be taxed as a REIT and to comply with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code with respect thereto. A REIT is generally not subject to federal income tax on that portion of its net taxable income which is distributed to its stockholders, provided that at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gains, is distributed and certain other requirements are met. If we were to fail to meet these requirements and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would be subject to federal income tax. We have a wholly-owned subsidiary, Resource TRS, which has elected to be treated as a TRS. A TRS, is subject to corporate-level income taxes. As of June 30, 2005, our TRS did not have any taxable income.
Loans
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Our investments in corporate leveraged loans and commercial real estate loans are held for investment and, therefore, we record them on our balance sheet initially at their purchase price and subsequently account for them based on their outstanding principal plus or minus unamortized premiums or discounts. In certain instances when the credit fundamentals underlying a particular loan have changed in such a manner that our expected return on investment may decrease, we may sell a loan held for investment. Since the determination has been made that we will no longer hold the loan for investment, we will account for the loan at the lower of amortized cost or market value.
Stock Based Compensation
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Pursuant to our 2005 Stock Incentive Plan, we granted 345,000 shares of restricted stock and options to purchase 651,666 shares of common stock to the Manager. Holders of the restricted shares have all of the rights of a stockholder, including the right to vote and receive dividends. We account for the restricted stock and stock options granted in accordance with the consensus in Issue 1 of EITF 96-18, Accounting for Equity Instruments That Are Issued to Other Than Employees for Acquiring, or in Conjunction with Selling, Goods or Services, and SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation. In accordance with EITF 96-18, we recorded the stock and options in stockholders equity at fair value through an increase to additional paid-in-capital and an off-setting entry to deferred equity compensation (a contra-equity account). We will amortize the deferred compensation over a three year graded vesting period with the amortization expense reflected as equity compensation expense. The unvested stock and options are adjusted quarterly to reflect changes in fair value as performance under the agreement is completed. We reflect change in fair value in stockholders equity in the equity compensation expense recognized in that quarter and in future quarters until the stock and options are fully vested.
We also issued 4,000 shares of stock to our directors on March 8, 2005. The stock awards vest in full one year after the date of the grant. We account for this issuance using the fair value based methodology prescribed by SFAS No. 123. Pursuant to SFAS No. 123, we measured the fair value of the award on the grant date and recorded this value in stockholders equity through an increase to additional paid-in capital and an offsetting entry to deferred equity compensation. This amount is not remeasured under the fair value-based method. The deferred compensation is amortized and included in equity compensation expense.
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Incentive Compensation
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Our management agreement with the Manager also provides for incentive compensation if our financial performance exceeds certain benchmarks. See ManagementManagement Agreement Incentive Compensation, for a description of this compensation. Under the management agreement, the incentive compensation will be paid 75% in cash and 25% in restricted stock. The cash portion of the incentive fee is accrued and expensed during the period for which it is calculated and earned. In accordance with SFAS No. 123 and EITF 96-18, the restricted stock portion of the incentive fee is also accrued and expensed during the period for which it is calculated and earned. Shares granted in connection with the incentive fee will vest immediately. No incentive fee was incurred during the period from March 8, 2005 to June 30, 2005.
Variable Interest Entities
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In December 2003, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued FIN 46R. FIN 46R addresses the application of Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51, Consolidated Financial Statements, to a VIE and requires that the assets, liabilities and results of operations of a VIE be consolidated into the financial statements of the enterprise that has a controlling financial interest in it. The interpretation provides a framework for determining whether an entity should be evaluated for consolidation based on voting interests or significant financial support provided to the entity which we refer to as variable interests. We considers all counterparties to a transaction to determine whether a counterparty is a VIE and, if so, whether our involvement with the entity results in a variable interest in the entity. If we determine to have a variable interest in the entity, an analysis is performed to determine whether we are the primary beneficiary. As of June 30, 2005, we consolidated one VIE due to our interest in the Apidos CDO I transaction.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
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In December 2004, the FASB issued SFAS No. 123-R, which is a revision of SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation. SFAS No. 123-R supersedes Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees, and amends SFAS No. 95, Statement of Cash Flows. Generally, the approach to accounting in Statement 123-R requires all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the issuers financial statements based on their fair value. We do not expect that the adoption of SFAS No. 123-R will have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operation or liquidity.
In May 2005, the FASB issued SFAS No. 154, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections, which replaces Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 20, Accounting Changes and SFAS No. 3, Reporting Accounting Changes in Interim Financial Statements An Amendment of APB Opinion No. 28. SFAS 154 provides guidance on the accounting for, and reporting of, accounting changes and error corrections. It established retrospective application, or the latest practicable date, as the required method for reporting a change in accounting principle and the reporting of a correction of an error. SFAS 154 is effective for accounting changes and corrections of errors made in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2005.
Inflation
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Virtually all of our assets and liabilities are interest rate sensitive in nature. As a result, interest rates and other factors influence our performance far more so than does inflation. Changes in interest rates do not necessarily correlate with inflation rates or changes in inflation rates. Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and our distributions are determined by our board of directors based primarily by our net income as calculated for tax purposes; in each case, our activities and balance sheet are measured with reference to historical cost and/or fair market value without considering inflation.
Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk
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As of June 30, 2005, the primary component of our market risk is interest rate risk, as described below. While we do not seek to avoid risk completely, we do seek to assume risk that can be quantified from
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historical experience, to actively manage that risk, to earn sufficient compensation to justify assuming that risk and to maintain capital levels consistent with the risk we undertake or to which we are exposed.
Interest Rate Risk
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We are subject to interest rate risk in conjunction with our investments in fixed rate, adjustable rate and hybrid adjustable rate agency RMBS and our related debt obligations, which, as of June 30, 2005, were generally repurchase agreements of limited duration that are periodically refinanced at current market rates, and our derivative contracts.
Effect on Net Interest Income
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We invest in hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS. Hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS have interest rates that are fixed for the first few years of the loan (typically three, five, seven or 10 years) and thereafter their interest rates reset periodically on the same basis as adjustable-rate agency RMBS. We compute the projected weighted-average life of our hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS based on the markets assumptions regarding the rate at which the borrowers will prepay the underlying mortgages. When we acquire a hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS with borrowings, we may, but are not required to, enter into an interest rate swap agreement or other hedging instrument that effectively fixes our borrowing costs for a period close to the anticipated average life of the fixed-rate portion of the related agency RMBS. This strategy is designed to protect us from rising interest rates because the borrowing costs are fixed for the duration of the fixed-rate portion of the related RMBS. However, if prepayment rates decrease in a rising interest rate environment, the life of the fixed-rate portion of the related RMBS could extend beyond the term of the swap agreement or other hedging instrument. This situation could negatively impact us as borrowing costs would no longer be fixed after the end of the hedging instrument while the income earned on the hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS would remain fixed. This results in a narrowing of the net interest spread between the related assets and borrowings and may even result in losses. This situation may also cause the market value of our hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS to decline with little or no offsetting gain from the related hedging transactions. In certain situations, we may be forced to sell assets and incur losses to maintain adequate liquidity.
Hybrid Adjustable-Rate Agency RMBS Interest Rate Cap Risk
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We also invest in hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS which are based on mortgages that are typically subject to periodic and lifetime interest rate caps and floors, which limit the amount by which an adjustable-rate or hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBSs interest yield may change during any given period. However, our borrowing costs pursuant to our repurchase agreements will not be subject to similar restrictions. Therefore, in a period of increasing interest rates, interest rate costs on our borrowings could increase without limitation by caps, while the interest-rate yields on our adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS would effectively be limited by caps. This problem will be magnified to the extent we acquire adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS that are not based on mortgages which are fully-indexed. In addition, the underlying mortgages may be subject to periodic payment caps that result in some portion of the interest being deferred and added to the principal outstanding. This could result in our receipt of less cash income on our adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS than we need in order to pay the interest cost on our related borrowings. These factors could lower our net interest income or cause a net loss during periods of rising interest rates, which would negatively impact our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
Interest Rate Mismatch Risk
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We intend to fund a substantial portion of our acquisitions of hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS with borrowings that have interest rates based on indices and repricing terms similar to, but of shorter maturities than, the interest rate indices and repricing terms of the RMBS. Thus, we anticipate that in most cases the interest rate indices and repricing terms of our mortgage assets and our funding sources will not be identical, thereby creating an interest rate mismatch between assets and liabilities. Therefore, our cost of funds would likely rise or fall more quickly than would our earnings rate on assets. During periods of changing interest
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rates, such interest rate mismatches could negatively impact our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
Our analysis of risks is based on managements experience, estimates, models and assumptions. These analyses rely on models which utilize estimates of fair value and interest rate sensitivity. Actual economic conditions or implementation of investment decisions by the Manager may produce results that differ significantly from our expectations.
Prepayment Risk
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Prepayments are the full or partial repayment of principal prior to the original term to maturity of a mortgage loan and typically occur due to refinancing of the mortgage loan. Prepayment rates for existing RMBS generally increase when prevailing interest rates fall below the market rate existing when the underlying mortgages were originated. In addition, prepayment rates on adjustable-rate and hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS generally increase when the difference between long-term and short-term interest rates declines or becomes negative. Prepayments of RMBS could harm our results of operations in several ways. Some adjustable-rate mortgages underlying our adjustable-rate agency RMBS may bear initial teaser interest rates that are lower than their fully-indexed rates, which refers to the applicable index rates plus a margin. In the event that such an adjustable-rate mortgage is prepaid prior to or soon after the time of adjustment to a fully-indexed rate, the holder of the related mortgage-backed security would have held such security while it was less profitable and lost the opportunity to receive interest at the fully-indexed rate over the expected life of the adjustable-rate mortgage-backed security. Although we currently do not own any adjustable-rate agency RMBS with teaser rates, we may obtain some in the future which would expose us to this prepayment risk. Additionally, we currently own RMBS that were purchased at a premium. The prepayment of such RMBS at a rate faster than anticipated would result in a write-off of any remaining capitalized premium amount and a consequent reduction of our net interest income by such amount. Finally, in the event that we are unable to acquire new RMBS to replace the prepaid RMBS, our financial condition, cash flow and results of operations could be negatively impacted.
Effect on Fair Value
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Another component of interest rate risk is the effect changes in interest rates will have on the market value of our assets. We face the risk that the market value of our assets will increase or decrease at different rates than that of our liabilities, including our hedging instruments.
We primarily assess our interest rate risk by estimating the duration of our assets and the duration of our liabilities. Duration essentially measures the market price volatility of financial instruments as interest rates change. We generally calculate duration using various financial models and empirical data. Different models and methodologies can produce different duration numbers for the same securities.
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The following sensitivity analysis table shows, at June 30, 2005, the estimated impact on the fair value of our interest rate-sensitive investments and repurchase agreement liabilities of changes in interest rates, assuming rates instantaneously fall 100 basis points and rise 100 basis points (in thousands, except percentages):
Interest rates
fall 100 basis points |
Unchanged |
Interest rates
rise 100 basis points |
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Hybrid adjustable-rate agency RMBS and other ABS
(1)
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Fair value
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$ | 994,609 | $ | 973,684 | $ | 954,005 | ||||
Change in fair value
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$ | 20,925 | $ | | $ | (19,679 | ) | |||
Change as a percent of fair value
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2.15 | % | | 2.02 | % | |||||
Repurchase and warehouse agreements
(2)
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Fair value
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$ | 1,323,839 | $ | 1,323,839 | $ | 1,323,839 | ||||
Change in fair value
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$ | | $ | | $ | | ||||
Change as a percent of fair value
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| | | |||||||
Hedging instruments
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Fair value
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$ | (4,520 | ) | $ | 421 | $ | 6,291 | |||
Change in fair value
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$ | (4,941 | ) | $ | | $ | 5,870 | |||
Change as a percent of fair value
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n/m | | n/m | |||||||
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(1) |
The fair value of the repurchase agreements and warehouse agreements would not change materially due to the short-term nature of these instruments.
|
(2) |
Includes the fair value of other available-for-sale investments that are sensitive to interest rate changes.
|
For purposes of the table above, we have excluded our floating rate investments and floating rate liabilities. It is important to note that the impact of changing interest rates on fair value can change significantly when interest rates change beyond 100 basis points from current levels. Therefore, the volatility in the fair value of our assets could increase significantly when interest rates change beyond 100 basis points from current levels. In addition, other factors impact the fair value of our interest rate-sensitive investments and hedging instruments, such as the shape of the yield curve, market expectations as to future interest rate changes and other market conditions. Accordingly, in the event of changes in actual interest rates, the change in the fair value of our assets would likely differ from that shown above and such difference might be material and adverse to our stockholders.
Risk Management
|
To the extent consistent with maintaining our status as a REIT, we seek to manage our interest rate risk exposure to protect our portfolio of RBMS and related debt against the effects of major interest rate changes. We generally seek to manage our interest rate risk by:
|
monitoring and adjusting, if necessary, the reset index and interest rate related to our mortgage-backed securities and our borrowings;
|
|
attempting to structure our borrowing agreements for our RMBS to have a range of different maturities, terms, amortizations and interest rate adjustment periods; and
|
using derivatives, financial futures, swaps, options, caps, floors and forward sales, to adjust the interest rate sensitivity of our RMBS and our borrowing.
72
BUSINESS
Our Company
|
We are a specialty finance company that intends to qualify and will elect to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ending December 31, 2005. Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted total returns over time to our stockholders through both stable quarterly distributions and capital appreciation. Risk-adjusted returns are returns earned on assets not realized for the amount of risk associated with the assets. We intend to invest in a combination of real estate-related assets and, to a lesser extent, higher-yielding commercial finance assets. We intend to finance a substantial portion of our portfolio investments through borrowing strategies seeking to match the maturities and repricing dates of our financings with the maturities and repricing dates of those investments, and to mitigate interest rate risks through derivative instruments.
Our investments will target the following asset classes:
Asset class
|
Principal investments | |||
Commercial real estate-related assets
|
|
CMBS
|
||
| B notes | |||
| Mezzanine debt related to commercial real estate that is senior to the borrowers equity position but subordinated to other third-party financing | |||
Residential real estate-related assets
|
| Agency RMBS | ||
| Non-agency RMBS | |||
Commercial finance assets
|
|
Syndicated bank loans
|
||
| Other ABS, backed principally by small business and syndicated bank loans and, to a lesser extent, by consumer receivables | |||
| Equipment leases, principally small- and middle-ticket commercial direct financing leases | |||
| Trust preferred securities of financial institutions | |||
| Private equity investments, principally issued by financial institutions |
We use multiple strategies to finance our investment portfolio. In our non-agency RMBS, CMBS, other ABS, syndicated bank loans, equipment lease and trust preferred asset classes, we intend to use warehouse facilities as a short-term financing source before the execution of CDOs or other term financing secured by these assets. We finance our agency RMBS portfolio with short-term repurchase arrangements. We seek to mitigate the risk created by any mismatch between the maturities and repricing dates of our agency RMBS and the maturities and repricing dates of the repurchase agreements we use to finance them through derivative instruments, principally floating to fixed interest rate swap agreements.
We have not adopted policies that require us to establish or maintain any specific asset allocations. As a result, we cannot predict the percentage of our assets that we will invest in each asset class or whether we will invest in other asset classes or investments. Investing in multiple asset classes does not, however, reduce or eliminate many of the risks associated with our investment portfolio such as geographic concentration risk and credit risk. We may change our investment strategies and policies, and the percentage of assets that may be invested in each asset class, without a vote of our stockholders.
Our investment portfolio as of June 30, 2005 reflects our initial investment of the $214.8 million net proceeds of our March 2005 private offering. We intend to diversify our portfolio over our targeted asset classes during the next 12 months as follows: between 20% and 25% in commercial real estaterelated assets, between 35% and 40% in agency RMBS, between 15% and 20% in non-agency RMBS, and between 20% and 25% in commercial finance assets, subject to the availability of appropriate investment opportunities and changes in market conditions. Because the amount of leverage we intend to use will vary by asset class,
73
our asset allocation may not reflect the relative amounts of equity capital we have invested in the respective classes.
Because we will elect and intend to qualify to be taxed as a REIT and to operate our business so as to be excluded from regulation under the Investment Company Act, we are required to invest a substantial majority of our assets in qualifying real estate assets, such as agency RMBS, B notes with unilateral foreclosure rights on the underlying mortgages, mortgage loans and other liens on and interests in real estate. Therefore, the percentage of our assets we may invest in other MBS, other B notes, mezzanine debt, other ABS, syndicated bank loans, equipment leases, trust preferred securities, private equity and other types of investments is limited, unless those investments comply with federal income tax requirements for REIT qualification and requirements for exclusion from Investment Company Act regulation.
Our income is generated primarily from the net interest spread, or the difference between the interest income we earn on our investment portfolio and the cost of financing our investment portfolio, which includes the interest expense, fees, and related expenses that we pay on our borrowings and the cost of the interest rate hedges that we use to manage our interest rate risk.
On March 8, 2005, we raised gross proceeds of $230 million through a private placement of 15,333,334 shares of common stock to accredited investors as defined under Regulation D under the Securities Act and qualified institutional buyers as defined by Rule 144A under the Securities Act and through offers and sales that occurred outside of the U.S. within the meaning of Regulation S of the Securities Act. Credit Suisse First Boston LLC acted the initial purchaser/placement agent in connection with the offering.
Our Investment Portfolio
|
As of June 30, 2005, our investment portfolio consisted of the following (unaudited):
Estimated fair
value |
Percent of our
total investments |
Weighted
average coupon |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||
Commercial real estate-related assets
|
||||||||||
CMBS
|
$ | 28,561 | 1.98 | % | 5.56 | % | ||||
B notes
|
25,200 | 1.75 | % | 6.12 | % | |||||
|
|
|||||||||
Total commercial real estate-related assets
|
53,761 | 3.73 | % | 5.82 | % | |||||
|
|
|||||||||
Residential real estate-related assets
|
||||||||||
Agency RMBS
|
936,476 | 64.98 | % | 4.48 | % | |||||
Non-agency RMBS
|
273,673 | 18.99 | % | 4.79 | % | |||||
|
|
|||||||||
Total residential real estate-related assets
|
1,210,149 | 83.97 | % | 4.55 | % | |||||
|
|
|||||||||
Commercial finance assets
|
||||||||||
Syndicated bank loans
|
154,552 | 10.72 | % | 5.80 | % | |||||
Other ABS
|
22,711 | 1.58 | % | 5.13 | % | |||||
|
|
|||||||||
Total commercial finance assets
|
177,263 | 12.30 | % | 5.72 | % | |||||
|
|
|||||||||
Total
|
$ | 1,441,173 | 100.00 | % | 4.74 | % | ||||
|
|
74
The table below summarizes our borrowing as of June 30, 2005 (amounts in thousands):
Repurchase
agreements |
Warehouse
facilities |
Total | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
Outstanding borrowings
|
$ | 850,991 | $ | 472,848 | $ | 1,323,839 | ||||
Weighted-average borrowing rate
|
3.29 | % | 3.38 | % | 3.32 | % | ||||
Weighted-average remaining maturity
|
24 days | 30 days |
Business Strengths
|
Experienced senior management team. Our senior management team, led by Edward E. Cohen and Jonathan Z. Cohen, has significant experience in real estate investment, commercial lending, financing, securitization, capital markets, transaction structuring and risk management. Individually and through their involvement with Resource America, they also have significant experience in sponsoring and managing public companies in the real estate, financial services and energy sectors, including the sponsorship of a REIT, RAIT Investment Trust (NYSE: RAS), for which Jonathan Z. Cohen serves as Vice Chairman and a member of the investment committee. We believe that the broad experience of our executive officers will enable us to generate investment opportunities across all of our targeted asset classes and effectively manage and finance our portfolio. Before its experience in managing us, the Manager had not managed a REIT.
Deep experience in targeted asset classes . Through the Manager and Resource America, we have access to a team of 48 investment professionals that has broad experience originating, investing in, managing and financing commercial and residential real estate-related assets and commercial finance assets. We believe that their deep experience in these areas will enable us to achieve our portfolio objectives.
Established strategic relationships. We recognize that investing in our targeted asset classes is highly competitive, and that we compete with many other investors for profitable investment opportunities. Accordingly, we believe the ability to identify, or source, such opportunities is very important to our success. Resource America and the Manager have developed strong relationships over the years with a large and diverse group of financial intermediaries, ranging from financial sponsors and major investment banks to specialty dealers and brokerage firms that it will use to source our investments, including Banc Investment Group, LLC, Barclays Capital Inc., Bear Stearns International Limited, Citibank N.A., Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, FIG Partners, LLC, Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc. Howe Barnes Investments, Inc., Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc., Lehman Brothers Inc., Morgan Keegan & Co., Inc., Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated, RBS Greenwich Capital, Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated and UBS Securities LLC. In addition, Trapeza will directly originate trust preferred securities through its relationships with regional broker-dealers that service smaller financial services companies and LEAF Financial will directly originate equipment leases on our behalf through the relationships it has developed with direct sales organizations. We have not executed any sourcing agreements.
Established asset management platform. We benefit from access to Resource Americas mature administrative infrastructure, which includes proactive credit analysis and risk management procedures, technology, operations, transaction processing, accounting, legal and compliance and internal audit functions.
Disciplined credit culture and credit perspective. Resource Americas disciplined credit culture serves as the backbone for all of its financial services-related businesses. We benefit from Resource Americas highly specialized, proprietary credit analysis techniques, such as its proprietary credit and collateral stratifications, stress assessments and its PROTECT procedures for early detection of troubled and deteriorating securities. The Manager, Resource America and our executive officers have extensive experience operating companies in the financial services, real estate and energy sectors and lending to companies in a large group of industries. Through their diverse and ongoing credit experience, they have the ability to bring perspectives from multiple asset sectors together in their analysis of investment opportunities.
Significant experience in asset-liability management . Since 2002, Resource America has sponsored 11 CDOs with approximately $3.6 billion in assets on a cost basis, including two of our CDOs, Ischus CDO II and Apidos CDO I, which financed over $539 million of our assets. In addition, Resource Americas professionals have significant experience in using hedging instruments to manage the interest rate risk
75
associated with the asset classes we invest in, and manage $739 million notional amount of interest rate swaps for us as of June 30, 2005.
Business Strategy
|
Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted total returns to our investors through both stable quarterly distributions and capital appreciation. We intend to achieve this objective by constructing a diversified investment portfolio, using our disciplined approach to credit analysis to identify appropriate opportunities in our targeted asset classes. The Manager intends to apply its credit-based investment strategies to selecting investments in the following general asset classes: commercial real estate-related investments, residential real estate- related investments and commercial finance assets. We expect our agency RMBS to provide us with a stable foundation where our credit risk will be limited and we can manage our interest rate exposure. We expect our other investments to provide enhanced returns and limited interest rate risk. The core components and values of our business strategy are described in more detail below.
Disciplined credit underwriting and active risk management. The backbone of Resource Americas investment process is credit analysis. Resource America and its senior management have extensive experience in underwriting the credit risk associated with our targeted asset classes, and conduct detailed due diligence on all credit-sensitive investments, including the use of proprietary credit stratifications and collateral stresses. After making an investment, Resource America engages in active monitoring of its investments through several highly specialized, proprietary risk management systems, including its PROTECT procedures for early detection of troubled and deteriorating securities. If a default occurs, our senior management teams strong asset management skills will be utilized to mitigate the severity of any losses, and we will seek to optimize the recovery from assets in the event that we foreclose upon them.
Investment in higher-yielding assets . We intend for a portion of our portfolio to be comprised of assets such as mezzanine loans, B notes, RMBS and CMBS rated below AAA, and syndicated bank loans, which generally have higher yields than more senior obligations or agency RMBS. A critical component of our success will be our ability to manage the credit risk we assume when we make such investments.
Diversification of investments . We intend to complement our investments in residential real estate-related assets with commercial real estate-related assets such as mezzanine loans, B notes and CMBS, and commercial finance assets such as syndicated bank loans, equipment leases and trust preferred investments. We believe that this strategy of diversifying our portfolio assets will allow us to continually allocate our capital to the most attractive sectors, enhancing the returns we will be able to achieve, while reducing the overall risk of our portfolio through the non-correlated nature of these various asset classes. The percentage of assets that we may invest in certain of our targeted asset classes is subject to the federal income tax requirements for REIT qualification and the requirements for exclusion from Investment Company Act regulation.
Use of leverage . We use leverage to increase the potential returns to our stockholders, and seek to achieve leverage consistent with our analysis of the risk profile of the investments we finance and the borrowing sources available to us. Our income is generated primarily from the net spread between the interest income we earn on our investment portfolio and the cost of our borrowings and hedging activities. Leverage can enhance returns but also magnifies losses.
Active management of interest rate risk and liquidity risk. We expect to finance a substantial portion of our portfolio investments on a long-term basis through borrowing strategies that seek to match the maturity and repricing dates of our investments with the maturities and repricing dates of our financing. These strategies allow us to mitigate our interest rate risk and liquidity risk, resulting in more stable and predictable cash flows and will include the use of CDOs structured for us by the Manager. We will retain the equity portion of the CDO and can retain one or more series of the subordinated obligations issued by the CDO. We also use derivative instruments such as interest rate swaps to hedge the borrowings we use to finance our assets on a short-term basis. We intend to maintain borrowing arrangements with multiple counterparties in order to manage the liquidity risk associated with our short-term financing.
76
Investment Strategy
|
We seek to implement our business strategies in each of our targeted asset classes as described in this section. We have not adopted policies that require us to establish or maintain any specific asset allocations. As a result, we cannot predict the percentage of our assets that we will invest in each asset class or whether we will invest in other asset classes or investments. We may change our investment strategies, policies and guidelines and the percentage of our assets that may be invested in each asset class or, in the case of securities, in a single issuer, without a vote of our stockholders.
Commercial Real Estate-Related Investments |
CMBS . We invest in CMBS, which are securities that are secured by or evidence interests in a pool of mortgage loans secured by commercial properties. These securities may be senior or subordinate and may be either investment grade or non-investment grade. We expect that the majority of our CMBS investments will be rated by at least one nationally recognized rating agency.
The yields on CMBS depend on the timely payment of interest and principal due on the underlying mortgages loans and defaults by the borrowers on such loans may ultimately result in deficiencies and defaults on the CMBS. In the event of a default, the trustee for the benefit of the holders of CMBS has recourse only to the underlying pool of mortgage loans and, if a loan is in default, to the mortgaged property securing such mortgage loan. After the trustee has exercised all of the rights of a lender under a defaulted mortgage loan and the related mortgaged property has been liquidated, no further remedy will be available. However, holders of relatively senior classes of CMBS will be protected to a certain degree by the structural features of the securitization transaction within which such CMBS were issued, such as the subordination of the relatively more junior classes of the CMBS.
As of June 30, 2005, 1.98% of our portfolio consisted of CMBS. The table below describes the terms of our CMBS (unaudited, dollars in thousands). Dollar price is computed by dividing amortized cost by par amount.
Amortized cost | Dollar price | ||||||
|
|
|
|
||||
Moodys ratings category:
|
|||||||
Baa1 through Baa3
|
$ | 27,985 | 98.61 | % | |||
|
|||||||
Total
|
$ | 27,985 | 98.61 | % | |||
|
|||||||
S&P ratings category:
|
|||||||
BBB+ through BBB-
|
$ | 12,248 | 98.94 | % | |||
No rating provided
|
$ | 15,737 | 98.36 | % | |||
|
|||||||
Total
|
$ | 27,985 | 98.61 | % | |||
|
|||||||
Weighted average rating factor
|
346 |
As of June 30, 2005, our investments in CMBS were leveraged 32 times principally as a result of using warehouse facilities to accumulate these assets. In general, after financing our CMBS through CDOs or other term financing, we expect our leverage for this asset class to be in the range of 10 to 15 times.
Subordinate interests in whole loans (B notes). We invest in subordinate interests, referred to as B notes, from third parties. B notes are loans secured by a first mortgage and subordinated to a senior interest, referred to as an A note. The subordination of a B note is generally evidenced by a co-lender or participation agreement between the holders of the A note and the B note. In some instances, the B note lender may require a security interest in the stock or partnership interests of the borrower as part of the transaction. B note lenders have the same obligations, collateral and borrower as the A note lender, but typically are subordinated in recovery upon a default. B notes share certain credit characteristics with second mortgages in that both are subject to greater credit risk with respect to the underlying mortgage collateral than the corresponding first mortgage or A note. Our B note investments are expected to have LTVs of between 60% and 80%. Typical B note investments will have terms of three years to five years, and are
77
generally structured with an original term of up to three years, with one year extensions that bring the loan to a maximum term of five years. We expect to hold our B note investments to their maturity.
In addition to the interest payable on the B note, we may earn fees charged to the borrower under the note or additional income by receiving principal payments in excess of the discounted price (below par value) we paid to acquire the note. Our ownership of a B note with controlling class rights may, in the event the financing fails to perform according to its terms, cause us to elect to pursue our remedies as owner of the B note, which may include foreclosure on, or modification of, the note. In some cases the owner of the A note may be able to foreclose or modify the note against our wishes as owner of the B note. As a result, our economic and business interests may diverge from the interests of the owner of the A note.
As of June 30, 2005, we held one B note with an amortized cost of $25.2 million. The loan bears interest at a floating rate of LIBOR plus 290 bps and matures April 2008. We currently expect to leverage our investments in B notes in the range of two to six times.
Mezzanine financing. We anticipate acquiring or making mezzanine loans that are senior to the borrowers equity in, and subordinate to a first mortgage loan on, a property. These loans are secured by pledges of ownership interests, in whole or in part, in entities that directly own the real property. In addition, we may require other collateral to secure mezzanine loans, including letters of credit, personal guarantees of the principals of the borrower, or collateral unrelated to the property. We may structure our mezzanine loans so that we receive a stated fixed or variable interest rate on the loan as well as a percentage of gross revenues and a percentage of the increase in the fair market value of the property securing the loan, payable upon maturity, refinancing or sale of the property. Our mezzanine loans may also have prepayment lockouts, penalties, minimum profit hurdles and other mechanisms to protect and enhance returns in the event of premature repayment. Our mezzanine investments are expected to have LTVs between 70% and 85%. We expect the stated maturity of our mezzanine financings to range from three to five years. Mezzanine loans may have maturities that match the maturity of the related mortgage loan but may have shorter or longer terms. We expect to hold these investments to maturity.
As of June 30, 2005, we had not invested in any mezzanine obligations. We currently expect to leverage our investments in mezzanine obligations in the range of two to four times.
Residential Real Estate-Related Investments
|
We invest in adjustable rate and hybrid adjustable rate agency RMBS, which are securities representing interests in mortgage loans secured by residential real property in which payments of both principal and interest are generally made monthly, net of any fees paid to the issuer, servicer or guarantor of the securities. In agency RMBS, the mortgage loans in the pools are guaranteed as to principal and interest by federally chartered entities such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae. In general, our agency RMBS will be AAA-rated and will consist of mortgage pools in which we have the entire interest.
Adjustable rate RMBS have interest rates that reset periodically (typically monthly, semi-annually or annually) over their term. Because the interest rates on ARMs fluctuate based on market conditions, ARMS tend to have interest rates that do not deviate from current market rates by a large amount. This in turn can mean that ARMs have less price sensitivity to interest rates.
Hybrid ARMs have interest rates that have an initial fixed period (typically two, three, five, seven or ten years) and reset at regular intervals after that in a manner similar to traditional ARMs. Before the first interest rate reset date, hybrid ARMs have a price sensitivity to interest rates similar to that of a fixed-rate mortgage with a maturity equal to the period before the first reset date. After the first interest rate reset date occurs, the price sensitivity of a hybrid ARM resembles that of a non-hybrid ARM. However, because many hybrid ARMs are structured with a relatively short initial fixed interest rate period, even during that fixed rate period, the price sensitivity of hybrid ARMs may be low.
The investment characteristics of pass-through RMBS differ from those of traditional fixed-income securities. The major differences include the payment of interest and principal on the RMBS, as described above, and the possibility that principal may be prepaid on the RMBS at any time due to prepayments on the underlying mortgage loans. These differences can result in significantly greater price and yield volatility than
78
is the case with traditional fixed-income securities. On the other hand, the guarantees on agency RMBS by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and, in the case of Ginnie Mae, the U.S. government, provide reasonable assurance that the investor will be ultimately repaid the principal face amount of the security.
Mortgage prepayments are affected by factors including the level of interest rates, general economic conditions, the location and age of the mortgage, and other social and demographic conditions. Generally, prepayments on pass-through RMBS increase during periods of falling mortgage interest rates and decrease during periods of stable or rising mortgage interest rates. Reinvestment of prepayments may occur at higher or lower interest rates than the original investment, thus affecting the yield on our portfolio.
As of June 30, 2005, 65.0% of our investment portfolio consisted of agency RMBS. As of June 30, 2005, the leverage we used for our investments in agency RMBS was 10 times. In general, we expect our leverage for this asset class to be in the range of eight to 12 times.
We also will invest in non-agency RMBS. The principal difference between agency RMBS and non-agency RMBS is that the mortgages underlying the non-agency RMBS do not conform to agency guidelines as a result of documentation deficiencies, having a high ratio of the amount of the loans to the value of the properties financed or credit quality issues. We expect that our non-agency RMBS will include loan pools with home equity loans (loans that are secured by subordinate liens), residential B/C loans (loans where the borrowers FICO score, a measure used to rate the financial strength of the borrower, is low, generally below 625), Alt-A loans (where the borrowers FICO score is between 675 and 725) and high LTV loans (loans where the LTV is 95% or greater).
As of June 30, 2005, 19.0% of our investment portfolio consisted of non-agency RMBS. The table below describes the terms of our non-agency RMBS (unaudited, dollars in thousands). Dollar price is compared by dividing amortized cost by par amount.
Amortized cost | Dollar price | ||||||
|
|
|
|
||||
Moodys ratings category:
|
|||||||
A1 through A3
|
$ | 36,200 | 100.35 | % | |||
Baa1 through Baa3
|
219,885 | 99.84 | % | ||||
Ba1 through Ba3
|
18,129 | 89.46 | % | ||||
|
|||||||
Total
|
$ | 274,214 | 99.15 | % | |||
|
|||||||
S&P ratings category:
|
|||||||
AA+ through AA-
|
$ | 2,000 | 100.00 | % | |||
A+ through A-
|
41,854 | 99.47 | % | ||||
BBB+ through BBB-
|
204,132 | 99.00 | % | ||||
BB+ through BB-
|
1,190 | 94.12 | % | ||||
No rating provided
|
25,038 | 100.00 | % | ||||
|
|||||||
Total
|
$ | 274,214 | 99.15 | % | |||
|
|||||||
Weighted average rating factor
|
300 | ||||||
Weighted average original FICO
|
641 | ||||||
Weighted average original LTV
|
80.61 | % |
As of June 30, 2005, our investments in non-agency RMBS were leveraged 32 times, principally as a result of using warehouse facilities to accumulate these assets. In general, after financing our non-agency RMBS through CDOs or other term financing, we expect our leverage for this asset class to be in the range of 10 to 15 times.
79
Commercial Finance Investments
|
Syndicated bank loans . We invest in senior and subordinated, secured and unsecured loans made by banks or other financing entities. Syndicated bank loans may also include revolving credit facilities, under which the lender is obligated to advance funds to the borrower under the credit facility as requested by the borrower from time to time. We expect that some amount of these loans will be secured by real estate mortgages or liens on other assets. Certain of these loans may have an interest-only payment schedule, with the principal amount remaining outstanding and at risk until the maturity of the loan. These loans may include restrictive financial and operating covenants. We also intend to invest, to a lesser extent, in bonds which pay holders a coupon periodically until maturity of the bonds, when the face value is due.
As of June 30, 2005, 10.7% of our investment portfolio consisted of syndicated bank loans. The table below describes the terms of our syndicated bank loan investments (unaudited, dollars in thousands). Dollar price is computed by dividing amortized cost by par amount.
Amortized cost | Dollar price | ||||||
|
|
|
|
||||
Moodys ratings category:
|
|||||||
Ba1 through Ba3
|
$ | 60,997 | 99.97 | % | |||
B1 through B3
|
93,555 | 100.04 | % | ||||
|
|||||||
Total
|
$ | 154,552 | 100.01 | % | |||
|
|||||||
S&P ratings category:
|
|||||||
BBB+ through BBB-
|
$ | 8,734 | 99.81 | % | |||
BB+ through BB-
|
42,982 | 99.99 | % | ||||
B+ through B-
|
101,340 | 100.03 | % | ||||
CCC+ through CCC-
|
1,496 | 100.00 | % | ||||
|
|||||||
Total
|
$ | 154,552 | 100.01 | % | |||
|
|||||||
Weighted average rating factor
|
2,140 |
As of June 30, 2005, our investments in syndicated bank loans were leveraged 31 times, principally as a result of using warehouse facilities to accumulate these assets. In general, after financing our syndicated bank loans through CDOs or other term financing, we expect our leverage for this asset class to be in the range of five to 12 times.
Other asset-backed securities . We invest in other ABS, principally CDOs backed by small business loans and trust preferred securities of financial institutions such as banks, savings and thrift institutions, insurance companies, holding companies for these institutions and REITs. As with CDOs collateralized by RMBS and CMBS, discussed above, we may invest in either the equity or debt tranches of the CDOs. Although we currently have no plans to do so, we may also invest in consumer ABS, such as ABS backed by credit card receivables and automobile loans. As with CDOs collateralized by RMBS and CMBS, to avoid actual or potential conflicts of interest we will not invest in any CDO structured, co-structured or managed by the Manager or Resource America other than those structured, co-structured or managed on our behalf.
80
As of June 30, 2005, 1.6% of our investment portfolio consisted of other ABS. The table below describes the terms of our other ABS (unaudited, dollars in thousands). Dollar price is computed by dividing amortized cost by par amount.
Amortized cost | Dollar price | ||||||
|
|
|
|
||||
Moodys ratings category:
|
|||||||
Baa1 through Baa3
|
$ | 22,739 | 99.89 | % | |||
|
|||||||
Total
|
$ | 22,739 | 99.89 | % | |||
|
|||||||
S&P ratings category:
|
|||||||
BBB+ through BBB-
|
$ | 19,089 | 99.87 | % | |||
No rating provided
|
3,650 | 100.00 | % | ||||
|
|||||||
Total
|
$ | 22,739 | 99.89 | % | |||
|
|||||||
Weighted average rating factor
|
396 |
As of June 30, 2005, our investments in other ABS were leveraged 32 times, principally as a result of using warehouse facilities to accumulate these assets. In general, after financing our other ABS through CDOs or other term financing, we expect our leverage for this asset class to be in the range of 10 to 15 times.
Equipment leases. We intend to invest in small- and middle-ticket equipment leases. These leases will be direct financing leases, which are leases in which the rent over the term of the lease returns invested capital plus an appropriate premium without consideration of the residual, that is, the value of selling or re-leasing the equipment at the end of the lease term. We expect that we will focus on lease equipment and other assets that are essential for businesses to conduct their operations so that end users will be highly motivated to make required monthly payments. We anticipate that we will focus on equipment in the following areas:
|
general office equipment, such as office machinery, furniture and telephone and computer systems;
|
|
medical and dental practices and equipment for diagnostic and treatment use;
|
|
energy and climate control systems;
|
|
industrial equipment, including manufacturing, material handling and electronic diagnostic systems; and
|
|
agricultural equipment and facilities.
|
As of June 30, 2005, we had not invested in any equipment leases. We currently expect to leverage our investment in equipment leases in the range of three to nine times.
Trust preferred securities . We intend to invest in trust preferred securities, with an emphasis on securities of small- to middle-market financial institutions, including banks, savings and thrift institutions, insurance companies, holding companies for these institutions and REITS. Trust preferred securities are issued by a special purpose trust that holds a subordinated debenture or other debt obligation issued by a company to the trust. The company holds the equity interest in the trust, with the preferred securities of the trust being sold to investors. The trust invests the proceeds of the preferred securities in the sponsoring company through the purchase of the debenture issued by the company. Issuers of trust preferred securities are generally affiliated with financial institutions because, under current regulatory and tax structures, unlike the proceeds from debt securities the proceeds from trust preferred securities may be treated as primary regulatory capital by the financial institution, while it may deduct the interest it pays on the debt obligation held by the trust from its income for federal income tax purposes. Our focus will be to invest in trust preferred securities issued by financial institutions that have favorable characteristics with respect to market demographics, cash flow stability and franchise value.
As of June 30, 2005, we had not invested in trust preferred securities. We currently expect to leverage our investment in trust preferred securities in the range of six to 12 times.
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Collateralized Debt Obligations
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We intend to invest in the debt tranches of CDOs collateralized by CMBS, non-agency RMBS, other ABS and bank loans. To avoid any actual or perceived conflicts of interest with the Manager and Resource America, we will not invest in any CDO structured or co- structured by them other than those structured or co-structured on our behalf.
In general, CDOs are issued by special purpose vehicles that hold a portfolio of debt obligation securities. The CDO vehicle issues tranches of debt securities of different seniority, and equity to fund the purchase of the portfolio. The debt tranches are typically rated based on portfolio quality, diversification and structural subordination. The equity securities issued by the CDO vehicle are the first loss piece of the vehicles capital structure, but they are also generally entitled to all residential amounts available for payment after the vehicles obligations to the debt holders have been satisfied.
As of June 30, 2005, we had invested in $19 million in CDO transactions, which are included in other asset-backed securities. We currently expect to leverage our investments in CDOs in the range of 10 to 15 times.
Private Equity Investments
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To a lesser extent, subject to limitations imposed by REIT qualification standards and requirements for exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act, we also may invest from time to time in equity securities, which may or may not be related to real estate. We do not have a policy regarding the amount in these investments we may hold, but do not expect that they will exceed 2% of our total assets. These investments may include direct purchases of private equity as well as purchases of interests in private equity funds. While we do not have a policy or limitation with respect to the types of securities we may acquire, or the activities of the person in which we may invest, we expect that any such investments will consist primarily of private equity securities issued by financial institutions, particularly banks and savings and thrift institutions. We will follow a value-oriented investment approach and focus on the anticipated future cash flows generated by the underlying business, discounted by an appropriate rate to reflect both the risk of achieving those cash flows and the alternative uses for the capital to be invested. We will also consider other factors such as the strength of management, the liquidity of the investment, the underlying value of the assets owned by the issuer, and prices of similar or comparable securities.
We currently expect to leverage our private equity investments in the range of one to three times.
The Manager
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We are externally managed and advised by the Manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Resource America, with whom it shares personnel. Under our management agreement, the Manager is responsible for providing us with all of the management and support personnel and services necessary for our operation. For a description of the duties of the Manager, see Management Management Agreement Duties.
The officers and directors of the Manager as of June 30, 2005 are as follows:
Name
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Position | |||
Edward E. Cohen
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Chairman of the Board | |||
Jonathan Z. Cohen
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Chief Executive Officer, President and Director | |||
Steven J. Kessler
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Chief Financial Officer and Director | |||
Thomas C. Elliott
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Senior Vice President Finance | |||
Michael S. Yecies
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Chief Legal Officer and Secretary |
For biographical information on Messrs. Cohen, Cohen, Kessler, Elliott and Yecies, please see Management Directors and Executive Officers and Other Significant Personnel.
Resource America is a publicly-traded specialized asset management company that uses industry-specific expertise to generate and administer investment opportunities for its own account and for institutional and
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sophisticated individual investors in structured finance (primarily RMBS, CMBS and other ABS), real estate, equipment leasing and financial services. As of June 30, 2005, Resource America managed approximately $5.7 billion of assets in these sectors, including approximately $2.8 billion par value in CDOs. We do not control the assets or personnel of Resource America.
To provide its services, the Manager draws upon the expertise and experience of Resource America which, as of June 30, 2005, had 146 asset management employees, including 48 asset management professionals and 98 asset management support personnel. Resource America conducts its asset management activities through the following subsidiaries:
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Ischus Capital Management, LLC invests in, finances, structures and manages RMBS, CMBS and other ABS. As of June 30, 2005, Ischus had a team of five asset management professionals and two asset management support personnel managing over $2.1 billion in par
value of MBS and ABS, including one CDO with $400 million in assets on a cost basis and $321 million of assets that have been accumulated on our behalf for Ischus CDO II, which closed on July 27, 2005.
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Resource Real Estate, Inc. originates, finances and manages investments in real estate and real estate loans. As of June 30, 2005, Resource Real Estate had a team of 13 asset management professionals and five asset management support personnel managing over $507
million of commercial and multi-family real estate assets, including over $285 million in original principal amount of real estate loans.
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Apidos Capital Management
LLC invests in, finances and manages syndicated bank loans. As of June
30, 2005, Apidos had a team of eight asset management professionals
and one asset management support employee who managed over $189 million
in par value of syndicated bank loans, $155 million of which have been
accumulated on our behalf for Apidos CDO I, which closed on August
4, 2005.
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Trapeza Capital Management, LLC, a joint venture between Resource America and an unaffiliated third party, originates, structures, finances and manages trust preferred securities of banks and other financial institutions. As of June 30, 2005, Trapeza managed or co-
managed over $2.6 billion par value of trust preferred securities of which $2.4 billion were held by seven CDOs. Resource America had three asset management professionals and two asset management support personnel dedicated to Trapezas operations as of June 30,
2005.
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LEAF Financial Corporation originates, manages and services small- and middle-ticket equipment lease assets. LEAF Financial had 14 asset management professionals and 65 asset management support personnel at June 30, 2005 managing over $290 million in book
value of equipment lease assets.
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Senior management and other personnel allocate their time between us and Resource America based on, the relative amount, assets managed on our behalf and on behalf of Resource America. As of June 30, 2005, 59% of Ischus assets, 5% of Resource Real Estates assets and 82% of Apidos assets were managed on our behalf. Trapeza Capital Management and LEAF Financial did not manage any assets on our behalf as of June 30, 2005.
Asset Management and Administrative Resources of the Manager and Resource America
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Under our management agreement, we will have access to the management infrastructure that Resource America has built as a Sarbanes Oxley compliant public company.
Resource America has a total of 146 employees who carry out its management operations, and will provide us with the following functions:
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A nine-person accounting and finance department reporting to Resource America CFO Steven Kessler provides accounting and internal audit functions. This group also manages, with respect to the CDOs managed by Resource America, investor reporting, the monitoring
of cash flows, and interactions with trustees.
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A three-person technology department which is responsible for managing the technology infrastructure of each of Resource Americas asset management divisions and its business continuity and disaster recovery functionality.
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A three-person legal department led by Resource America Chief Legal Officer Michael Yecies, which is responsible for legal and regulatory compliance functions, as well as the monitoring of traders and other employees for compliance with Resource Americas internal
policies and procedures.
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LEAF Financial has a total of 79 employees, including a field sales force and telephone sales force dedicated to originating leasing assets, as well as a servicing department that manages collection through strong telephone and mail efforts. LEAF has a complete
technology platform that enables automated application, credit scoring based on Dun & Bradstreet data, customer relationship management, asset tracking, collection management, and document generation.
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Investment Process
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General. Our investment process is managed broadly by our investment committee and, under its guidance, more specifically by the Manager and, through it, the asset management divisions of Resource America. See The Manager and Management Investment Committee. The members of our investment committee are Messrs. J. Cohen, E. Cohen, Allen, Blomstrom, Bloom, Feldman, Shook and DeMent and Ms. Bergstresser. For biographical information regarding members of our investment committee please see Directors and Executive Officers and Other Significant Personnel. Our investment committee does not review investments for any other entities. Our investment committee meets at least weekly to establish and review allocation of capital to specific investment strategies and to establish and review guidelines for the specific investment strategies to which capital is allocated. The investment decision process for each strategy consists of various types of diligence and quantitative analyses, depending upon the asset class. However, in general, the Manager follows the decision-making process shown below:
Investment Guidelines. We have established and comply with investment policies and procedures and investment guidelines that are reviewed and approved by our investment committee and board of directors. The investment committee meets as frequently as necessary in order for us to achieve our investment objectives. We review our investment portfolio and related compliance with our investment policies and procedures and investment guidelines at each regularly scheduled board of directors meeting.
Our board of directors and investment committee have adopted the following guidelines, among others, for our investments and borrowings:
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no investment shall be made that would cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes;
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no investment shall be made that would cause us to be regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act; and
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with the exception of real estate, no industry shall represent greater than 20% of the securities in our portfolio.
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These investment guidelines may be changed by a majority of our board of directors without the approval of our stockholders.
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As a result of our investment strategies and targeted asset classes, we acquire our investments primarily for income. We do not have a policy that requires us to focus our investments in one or more particular geographic areas.
Investment Sourcing. The Manager originates portfolio investments, other than equipment leases and trust preferred securities, through a variety of financial industry sources including investment banks, brokerage firms, commercial banks and loan originators including Banc Investment Group, LLC, Barclays Capital Inc, Bear Stearns International Limited, Citibank N.A., Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, FIG Partners, LLC, Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc., Howe Barnes Investments, Inc., Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc., Lehman Brothers Inc., Morgan Keegan & Co., Inc., Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated, RBS Greenwich Capital, Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated, and UBS Securities LLC. The Manager bases its origination capability on relationships its investment professionals have developed with these sources over their professional careers, as well as upon its, Resource Americas and our current presence in the marketplace as sponsor, originator, holder or acquiror of assets in our asset classes.
LEAF Financial will be responsible for sourcing of our equipment lease investments. LEAF Financials strategy for lease originations involves marketing to direct sales organizations which offer LEAF Financials leases as part of their equipment marketing package. By developing and maintaining these programs, LEAF Financial is able to use the sales forces of these organizations, and those of their distributors, dealers and resellers, to market its leasing products and services to the highly dispersed population of small- to middle-sized businesses.
Our ability to source trust preferred investment opportunities comes from Resource Americas relationships with the regional broker-dealer community that services smaller financial services companies. We also expect to source investments directly through our own relationships in the commercial banking sector.
Credit and Risk Management Analysis. The backbone of the Managers and Resource Americas investment process is credit analysis. The Manager and Resource America focus their attention on credit and risk assessment from the earliest stage of its investment selection process. The Manager and Resource America also will screen and monitor all potential investments to determine their impact on maintaining our REIT qualification and our exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act. Risks related to portfolio management, including the management of risks related to credit losses, interest rate volatility, liquidity and counterparty credit, are generally managed on a portfolio-by-portfolio basis by each of Resource Americas asset management divisions, although there is often interaction and cooperation between divisions in this process.
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The factors the Manager considers in its credit analysis process are shown below:
The Manager and Resource America use several proprietary risk management systems, including proprietary quantitative analytics, proprietary internal rating methodologies and investment committee processes, in determining investment and sale decisions. The Manager and Resource America conduct continuous ongoing surveillance of our portfolio and interacts with their affiliates on identifying and monitoring credit trends. In addition to these features, the investment managers will use a broad array of software and technology to manage risk. Key features of the risk management system include:
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PROTECT: Principal Recovery and Collateral Tracking
. PROTECT is a proprietary surveillance and risk management process developed by Resource America for the early identification of troubled and deteriorating securities in the RMBS, CMBS and ABS sectors.
Under the principal recovery portion of the process, PROTECT examines not only net loss rates, but also the composition of net loss rates, such as gross loss rates and recovery rates, in order to detect negative pool trends and/or accounting irregularities for securities held
in the portfolio. PROTECTs collateral tracking methodology includes:
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the monitoring of individual bond payments, prepayments, delinquencies, losses, subordination, excess spread and overcollateralization build-up;
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portfolio impact stress-testing for changes in prepayment speeds, loss rates, and interest rate scenarios;
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analysis of servicers and loan originators financial condition;
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analysis of sector performance and vintage comparison;
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frequent marking to market of the portfolio; and
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analysis of ratings events or downgrades.
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Proprietary Credit Stratifications
. Resource America has developed a set of proprietary credit stratifications to identify and measure the risks associated with potential non-agency RMBS, CMBS and other ABS investments. Data points for these stratifications include
credit scores, LTV ratios, debt-to-income ratios, interest only loans, documentation type, mortgage insurance (where applicable), floating-rate/fixed-rate composition, credit enhancement and geographic dispersion. Stratifications are designed to focus on loans that are
outside normal parameters, or outliers, as well as means and medians, in order to measure the dispersion of collateral.
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Proprietary Collateral Stresses
. The Manager and Resource America run proprietary collateral stresses to analyze the amount of structural protection associated with non-agency RMBS, CMBS and other ABS investments. Default assumptions are combined in the stress
runs with
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varying prepayment speeds on various collateral subgroups,
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interest rate shocks,
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varying recovery rates on defaulted loans, and
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servicer advancement and timeliness
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to determine how much cumulative loss the investment can withstand and still pay the contractual coupon and/or principal invested.
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Technology and Software.
Resource America has built an extensive technology platform. This platform is critical to portfolio monitoring and credit analysis. The Manager and Resource America use the following software and technology in monitoring portfolios:
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Product
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Function |
Agency
RMBS |
Non-
agency RMBS |
CMBS/B
notes/ mezzanine loans |
Syndicated
bank loans |
ABS/
CDO |
Trust
preferred securities |
Equipment
leases |
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Derivative Solutions
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Risk mgt/portfolio analytics | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||||
Intex
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Cash flows/static data/security analytics | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||||
Bloomberg
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Market data/collateral data/ security analytics | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||||||
Trepp
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CMBS | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Moodys
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Credit/surveillance | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||||
Standard & Poors
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Credit/surveillance | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fitch
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Credit/surveillance | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||||||
CoStar
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Market data/collateral
data/surveillance |
X | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Claritas
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Market data | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Smith Travel Research
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Market data/collateral data/surveillance | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||
REIS
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Market data/collateral data/surveillance | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Wall Street Office
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Risk management/portfolio analytics | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Dun & Bradstreet
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Credit/credit scoring | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||
SNL Datasource
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Financial institution regulatory and market data | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||
KMV Risk Calc
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Credit | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Lease Tracking
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App entry/credit/documentation | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||
INFOLease
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Asset tracking/invoicing, collections/lease accounting/ sales tax | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||
CRM
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Tracks all activity/usage levels for leasing vendors | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Proprietary
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Risk mgt/portfolio analytics | X | X | X | X | X |
Our Financing Strategy
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Overview. We use leverage in order to increase potential returns to our stockholders and for financing our portfolio. We do not expect to speculate on changes in interest rates. However, our use of leverage may also have the effect of increasing losses when economic conditions are unfavorable. While we have identified our leverage targets for each of our targeted asset classes, our investment policies require no minimum or maximum leverage and our investment committee will have the discretion, without the need for further approval by our board of directors, to increase the amount of leverage we incur above our targeted range for individual asset classes. As of June 30, 2005, our leverage ratio was 6.0 times. We typically accumulate investments in our warehouse facilities and, upon our acquisition of the assets in those facilities, refinance them with repurchase agreements, for agency RMBS, and CDOs for our other asset classes. We are not limited to CDOs for our refinancing needs, and may use other forms of term financing if we believe that market conditions make it appropriate. While we may use other forms of term financing, such as long-term match funded financing provided through bank financing and asset-backed financing programs, we do not expect that they will be a material part of our financing structure.
Warehouse facilities. We rely on warehouse credit facilities for the capital we need to accumulate our investments, other than agency RMBS. These facilities are typically lines of credit from financial institutions
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that we can draw from to fund our investments. Warehouse lines are typically collateralized loans made to investors who invest in securities and loans that in turn pledge the resulting securities and loans to the lender. Third party custodians, usually large banks, typically hold the securities and loans funded with the warehouse facility borrowings, including the securities, loans, notes, mortgages and other important loan documentation, for the benefit of the lender who is deemed to own the securities and loans and, if there is a default under the warehouse line, for the benefit of the warehouse lender.
The pool of assets in a warehouse facility typically must meet specified requirements, including term, average life, investment rating, agency rating and sector diversity requirements. There are also specified requirements relating to portfolio performance, including required minimum portfolio yield and limitations on delinquencies and charge-offs. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in either the need to post additional collateral or cancellation of the financing facility.
As of June 30, 2005, we had two warehouse facilities with an aggregate total draw of $473 million and with $277 million of current availability. We have entered into agreements for two CDO financings in the aggregate amount of $750 million to provide term financing for the assets accumulated in these warehouse facilities. Ischus CDO II, Ltd. closed July 27, 2005. Apidos CDO I, Ltd. closed August 4, 2005. We are currently negotiating two new warehouse facilities.
Repurchase agreements. We finance our agency RMBS through the use of repurchase agreements. These agreements allow us to borrow against RMBS we own. We will sell our RMBS to a counterparty and agree to repurchase the same RMBS from the counterparty at a price equal to the original sales price plus an interest factor. We account for these agreements as debt, secured by the underlying assets. During the term of a repurchase agreement, we earn the principal and interest on the related RMBS and pay interest to the counterparty.
Our repurchase agreement counterparties are commercial and investment banks with whom we have agreements in place that cover the terms of our transactions. All our repurchase agreement counterparties have been formally approved by our investment committee and are monitored for changes in their financial condition.
As of June 30, 2005, we were party to repurchase agreements with eight counterparties. As of June 30, 2005 we had $851 million outstanding with two of these counterparties, Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, one of the underwriters of this offering, and UBS Securities LLC. For a description of the terms of our repurchase agreements, see Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Recent Developments. We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering to repay indebtedness under our repurchase agreements. See Use of Proceeds.
Term financing CDOs. We expect to finance our non-agency RMBS, CMBS, B notes, mezzanine loans and commercial finance assets through term match funding strategies and, in particular, through the use of CDOs. We describe the general structure of a CDO in Investment Strategy Collateralized Debt Obligations.
Unlike typical securitization structures, the underlying assets in a CDO pool may be sold, subject to certain limitations, without a corresponding pay-down of the CDO provided the proceeds are reinvested in qualifying assets. As a result, CDOs enable the sponsor to actively manage the pool of assets. We believe CDO financing structures may be an appropriate financing vehicle for our targeted asset classes other than agency RMBS because they will enable us to lock in our cost of funds on a long-term basis and minimize the risk that we will have to refinance our liabilities before our investments mature or reprice, while giving us the flexibility to manage credit risk and, subject to certain limitations, to take advantage of profit opportunities.
As of June 30, 2005, we have entered into agreements for two CDO financings in the aggregate amount of $750 million. For a description of the terms of these CDOs, see Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Recent Developments.
Hedging and interest rate risk management strategy. Repurchase agreements generally have maturities of 30 to 90 days while the weighted average life of the RMBS we will own generally will be longer. The difference in maturities, in addition to reset dates and reference indices, creates potential interest rate risk.
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We may from time to time use derivative financial instruments to hedge all or a portion of the interest rate risk associated with our borrowings. Under the federal income tax laws applicable to REITs, we generally will be able to enter into certain transactions to hedge indebtedness that we may incur, or plan to incur, to acquire or carry real estate assets, provided that our total gross income from such hedges and other non-qualifying sources must not exceed 25% of our total gross income.
We intend to engage in a variety of interest rate management techniques that seek to mitigate changes in interest rates or potentially other influences on the values of our assets. Because of the tax rules applicable to REITs, we may be required to implement some of these techniques through a TRS that is fully subject to corporate income taxation. Our interest rate management techniques may include:
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puts and calls on securities or indices of securities;
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interest rate swaps, including options and forward contracts;
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interest rate caps, including options and forward contracts;
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interest rate collars, including options and forward contracts; and
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interest rate lock agreements, principally Treasury Lock agreements.
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These techniques may also be used in an attempt to protect us against declines in the market value of our assets that result from general trends in debt markets.
We may from time to time enter into interest rate swap agreements to offset the potential adverse effects of rising interest rates under short-term repurchase agreements. Interest rate swap agreements have historically been structured such that the party seeking the hedge protection receives payments based on a variable interest rate and makes payments based on a fixed interest rate. The variable interest rate on which payments are received is calculated based on various reset mechanisms for LIBOR. The repurchase agreements generally have maturities of 30 to 90 days and carry interest rates that correspond to LIBOR rates for those same periods. The swap agreements will effectively fix our borrowing cost and will not be held for speculative or trading purposes.
As of June 30, 2005, we had hedged the repurchase agreements we have financing our agency RMBS portfolio by entering into three one-year interest rate swaps with Credit Suisse First Boston International, an affiliate of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, one of our underwriters. The total value of such swaps was $739 million and the weighted average fixed rate we pay is 3.76%.
Interest rate management techniques do not eliminate interest rate risk but, rather, seek to mitigate it. For example, if both long-term and short-term interest rates were to increase significantly, it could be expected that:
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the weighted average life of our MBS would be extended because prepayments of the underlying mortgage loans would decrease; and
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the market value of any fixed rate MBS would decline as long-term interest rates increased.
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Competition
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Our net income depends, in large part, on our ability to acquire assets at favorable spreads over our borrowing costs. In acquiring real estate-related assets, we compete with other mortgage REITs, specialty finance companies, savings and loan associations, banks, mortgage bankers, insurance companies, mutual funds, institutional investors, investment banking firms, other lenders, governmental bodies and other entities. In addition, there are numerous MBS and other mortgage REITs with similar asset acquisition objectives, and others may be organized in the future. The effect of the existence of additional REITs may be to increase competition for the available supply of mortgage assets suitable for purchase. Many of our competitors are significantly larger than us, have access to greater capital and other resources and may have other advantages over us. In addition to existing companies, other companies may be organized for similar purposes, including companies organized as REITs focused on purchasing mortgage assets. A proliferation of such companies may increase the competition for equity capital and thereby adversely affect the market price of our common
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stock. Moreover, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments and establish more relationships than us. For additional information concerning the competitive risks we face, see Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our BusinessWe operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities, which may result in higher prices, lower yields and a narrower net interest spread for our investments, and may inhibit the growth or delay the diversification of our portfolio.
Our Formation and Structure
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We were organized on January 31, 2005 as a Maryland corporation and completed a private offering of our common stock in March 2005 in which we sold 15,333,334 shares of our common stock, resulting in net proceeds to us of $214.8 million. Credit Suisse First Boston LLC acted as our exclusive initial and purchaser placement agent in this offering. Resource America, the corporate parent of the Manager, and entities affiliated with it purchased 1,000,000 shares of our common stock in the offering, representing 6.1% of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis as of June 30, 2005. 900,000 of the shares purchased by Resource America, or 5.5% of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis, are held by Resource Capital Investor, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Resource America. The remaining 100,000 shares purchased by Resource America, or 0.6% of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis, are held by the Manager. Directors, officers and other persons related to us, the Manager and Resource America and their affiliated entities purchased 278,000 shares, or 1.7% of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis, in that offering. In addition, at the completion of the offering, we granted to the Manager 345,000 shares of restricted stock and options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $15.00 per share, of which 279,000 shares of restricted stock were allocated to persons who are directors, officers and employees of the Manager or of Resource America providing services through the Manager, representing 1.7% of our common stock as of June 30, 2005 on a fully diluted basis.
After giving effect to the allocated shares, the Manager holds options and shares representing 5.0% of our common stock as of June 30, 2005 on a fully-diluted basis. Following completion of this offering, Resource America, the Manager and their affiliates, including our officers and directors, will collectively own ____ shares of our common stock, representing approximately ____% of shares outstanding, and the Manager will have options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock, representing approximately an additional ____% of our common stock, in each case on a fully-diluted basis. Our principal office is located at 712 Fifth Avenue, 10th Floor, New York, New York 10019.
Our investment activities are managed by the Manager and, through it, by Resource America, which we consider to be our promoters, and are supervised by our investment committee and board of directors. Edward E. Cohen, the Chairman of Resource America and the Manager, and Jonathan Z. Cohen, the Chief Executive Officer and President of Resource America and the Manager, hold the same positions with us.
Exclusion from Regulation under the Investment Company Act
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We intend to operate our business so as to be excluded from regulation under the Investment Company Act. Because we conduct our business through wholly-owned subsidiaries, we must ensure not only that we qualify for an exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act, but also that each of our subsidiaries so qualifies.
We believe that RCC Real Estate, Inc., the subsidiary that as of June 30, 2005 held all of our assets other than our syndicated bank loans, is excluded from Investment Company Act regulation under Sections 3(c)(5)(C) and 3(c)(6), provisions designed for companies that do not issue redeemable securities and are primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate. To qualify for this exclusion, at least 55% of RCC Real Estates assets must consist of mortgage loans and other assets that are considered the functional equivalent of mortgage loans for purposes of the Investment Company Act, which we refer to as qualifying real estate assets. Moreover, an additional 25% of RCC Real Estates assets must consist of qualifying real estate assets and other real estate-related assets. RCC Real Estate does not intend to issue redeemable securities.
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We consider agency whole pool certificates to be qualifying real estate assets. An agency whole pool certificate is a certificate issued or guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae that represents the entire beneficial interest in the underlying pool of mortgage loans. By contrast, an agency certificate that represents less than the entire beneficial interest in the underlying mortgage loans is not considered to be a qualifying real estate asset for purposes of the 55% test, but constitutes a real estate-related asset for purposes of the 25% test.
We generally do not expect that investments in non-agency RMBS, CMBS and B notes will constitute qualifying real estate assets for the 55% test, unless we determine that those investments are the functional equivalent of owning mortgage loans, which will depend, among other things, on whether we have unilateral foreclosure rights with respect to the underlying real estate collateral. Instead, these investments generally will be classified as real estate-related assets for purposes of the 25% test. We generally consider mezzanine loans to be real estate-related assets for purposes of the 25% test, although we may treat some or all of these assets as qualifying real estate assets for purposes of the 55% test if the SEC or its staff express the view that mezzanine loans do so qualify. We do not expect that investments in CDOs, other ABS, syndicated bank loans, equipment leases, trust preferred securities and private equity will constitute qualifying real estate assets. Moreover, to the extent that these investments are not backed by mortgage loans or other interests in real estate, they will not constitute real estate-related assets. Instead, they will constitute miscellaneous assets, which can constitute no more than 20% of RCC Real Estates assets.
We do not expect that our other subsidiaries, RCC Commercial and Resource TRS, will qualify for this exclusion. However, we do expect them to qualify for another exclusion under Section 3(c)(7). Accordingly, as required by that exclusion, we will not allow either entity to make, or propose to make, a public offering of its securities, and we will require that each owner of securities issued by those entities be a qualified purchaser so that those entities are not investment companies subject to regulation under the Investment Company Act. If we form other subsidiaries, we must ensure that they qualify for an exemption or exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act.
Moreover, we must ensure that Resource Capital Corp. itself qualifies for an exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act. We will do so by monitoring the value of our interests in our subsidiaries. At all times, we must ensure that no more than 40% of our assets, on an unconsolidated basis, excluding government securities and cash, are investment securities as defined in the Investment Company Act. Our interest in RCC Real Estate does not constitute an investment security for these purposes, but our interests in RCC Commercial and Resource TRS do constitute investment securities. Accordingly, we must monitor the value of our interest in these two subsidiaries to ensure that the value of our interests in them never exceeds 40% of the value of our total assets. We will monitor the value of our interest in Resource TRS for tax purposes as well; the applicable tax rules require us to ensure that the total value of the stock and other securities of Resource TRS and any other TRS held directly or indirectly by us does not exceed 20% of the value of our total assets. These requirements may limit our flexibility in acquiring assets in the future.
We have not received, nor have we sought, a no-action letter from the SEC regarding how our investment strategy fits within the exclusions from regulation under the Investment Company Act that we and our subsidiaries are using. To the extent that the SEC provides more specific or different guidance regarding the treatment of assets as qualifying real estate assets or real estate-related assets, we may have to adjust our investment strategy accordingly. Any additional guidance from the SEC could provide additional flexibility to us or it could further inhibit our ability to pursue the investment strategy we have chosen.
Policies with Respect to Certain Other Activities
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If our board of directors determines that additional funding is required, we may raise such funds through additional offerings of equity or debt securities or the retention of cash flow (subject to provisions in the Internal Revenue Code concerning distribution requirements and the taxability of undistributed REIT taxable income) or a combination of these methods. In the event that our board of directors determines to raise additional equity capital, it has the authority, without stockholder approval, to issue additional common stock
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or preferred stock in any manner and on such terms and for such consideration as it deems appropriate, at any time.
We have not in the past but may in the future offer equity or debt securities in exchange for property and to repurchase or otherwise reacquire our shares and may engage in such activities in the future. As described above under Our Financing Strategy, we intend to borrow money in the ordinary course of business.
We have not in the past but may in the future, subject to gross income and asset tests necessary for REIT qualification, invest in securities of other REITs, other entities engaged in real estate activities or securities of other issuers. We may make such investments for the purpose of exercising control over such entities.
We engage in the purchase and sale of investments. We have not in the past but may in the future make loans to third parties in the ordinary course of business for investment purposes. We will not underwrite the securities of other issuers.
We intend to furnish our stockholders with annual reports containing consolidated financial statements audited by our independent certified public accountants and with quarterly reports containing unaudited consolidated financial statements for each of the first three quarters of each fiscal year.
Our board of directors may change any of these policies without prior notice to you or a vote of our stockholders.
Legal Proceedings
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We and the Manager are not subject to any material legal proceedings as of the date of this prospectus.
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MANAGEMENT
Directors and Executive Officers
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The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers. All of our executive officers are employees of Resource America. Neither we nor the Manager expect that we will have employees except that, before we complete this offering, Resource America will hire a chief financial officer who will be exclusively dedicated to our operations. Our board of directors has determined that Messrs. Beach, Hart, Levin and Neff are independent consistent with the rules of the New York Stock Exchange.
Name
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Age | Title | |||||
Edward E. Cohen
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66 | Chairman and Director | |||||
Jonathan Z. Cohen
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34 | Chief Executive Officer, President and Director | |||||
Walter T. Beach
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38 | Director | |||||
William B. Hart
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61 | Director | |||||
Murray S. Levin
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62 | Director | |||||
P. Sherrill Neff
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53 | Director | |||||
Steven J. Kessler
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62 | Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer | |||||
Jeffrey D. Blomstrom
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36 | Senior Vice President CDO Structuring | |||||
Thomas C. Elliott
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32 | Senior Vice President Assets and Liabilities Management |
Edward E. Cohen has been our Chairman since March 2005. Mr. Cohen is Chairman of Resource America, a position he has held since 1990. He was Resource Americas Chief Executive Officer from 1988 to 2004 and its President from 2000 to 2003. He is Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President of Atlas America, Inc., a publicly traded (NASDAQ: ATLS) energy company, a position he has held since 2000, and Chairman of the Managing Board of Atlas Pipeline Partners GP, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Atlas America that is the general partner of Atlas Pipeline Partners, L.P., a publicly-traded (NYSE: APL) natural gas pipeline company. He is also a director of TRM Corporation, a publicly traded (NASDAQ: TRMM) consumer services company, and Chairman of Brandywine Construction & Management, Inc., a privately-held real estate management company. From 1981 to 1999 he was Chairman of the Executive Committee of JeffBanks, Inc., a bank holding company acquired by Hudson United Bancorporation. From 1969 to 1989 he was Chairman of the Executive Committee of State National Bank of Maryland (now a part of Wachovia Bank). Mr. Cohen is the father of Jonathan Z. Cohen.
Jonathan Z. Cohen has been our Chief Executive Officer and President and a director since March 2005. Mr. Cohen has been President since 2003, Chief Executive Officer since 2004 and a Director since 2002 of Resource America. He was Executive Vice President of Resource America from 2001 to 2003, and a Senior Vice President from 1999 to 2001. He has been Vice Chairman of the Managing Board of Atlas Pipeline Partners GP since its formation in 1999 and Vice Chairman of Atlas America since 2000. He has been the Vice Chairman of RAIT Investment Trust, a publicly traded (NYSE: RAS) REIT, since 2003, and Secretary, trustee and member of RAITs investment committee since its formation in 1997. Since 2003 he has been the general partner of Castine Partners, L.P., a financial services hedge fund. Mr. Cohen is a son of Edward E. Cohen.
Walter T. Beach has been a director since March 2005. Mr. Beach has been Managing Director of Beach Investment Counsel, Inc., an investment management firm, since 1997. From 1993 to 1997, Mr. Beach was a Senior Analyst and Director of Research at Widmann, Siff and Co., Inc., an investment management firm where, beginning in 1994, he was responsible for the firms investment decisions for its principal equity product. Before that he was an associate and financial analyst at Essex Financial Group, a consulting and merchant banking firm, and an analyst at Industry Analysis Group, an industry and economic consulting firm. Mr. Beach has served as a director of The Bancorp, Inc., a Delaware bank holding company, and its subsidiary bank, The Bancorp Bank, since 1999.
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William B. Hart has been a director since March 2005. Mr. Hart was Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the National Trust for Historic Preservation from 1999 to 2004. He was also a director of Anthem, Inc. (now Wellpoint, Inc.), a publicly-held health insurance company, from 2000 to 2004. Mr. Hart was Director of SIS Bancorp (now Banknorth Massachusetts, a division of Banknorth, N.A.) from 1995 to 2000. From 1988 to 1999, Mr. Hart served in various positions with Blue Cross/Blue Shield of New Hampshire, ending as Chairman of the Audit Committee and Chairman of the Board of Directors from 1996 to 1999. He also served as President of the Foundation for the National Capital Region, Washington, DC, from 1993 to 1996 and President of The Dunfey Group, a private investment firm, from 1986 to 1998. From 1986 to 1994 he was also director of First NH Banks where he was Chairman of the Audit Committee from 1992 to 1994.
Murray S. Levin has been a director since March 2005. Mr. Levin is a senior litigation partner at Pepper Hamilton LLP, a law firm with which he has been associated since 1970. Mr. Levin served as the first American president of the Association Internationale des Jeunes Avocats (Young Lawyers International Association), headquartered in Western Europe. He is a past president of the American Chapter and a member of the board of directors of the Union Internationale des Avocats (International Association of Lawyers), a Paris-based organization that is the worlds oldest international lawyers association. Mr. Levin was a member of the managing board of Atlas Pipeline Partners GP from 2001 to March 2005.
P. Sherrill Neff has been a director since March 2005. Mr. Neff is a founder of Quaker BioVentures, Inc., a life sciences venture fund, and has been Managing Partner since 2002. He was a director of Resource America from 1998 to March 2005. From 1994 to 2002 he was President and Chief Financial Officer, and from 1994 to 2003, a director of Neose Technologies, Inc., a publicly-traded life sciences company. Mr. Neff was also a director of The Bancorp from its formation in 1999 until 2002.
Steven J. Kessler has been our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since March 2005. Mr. Kessler has been Executive Vice President since 2005, Chief Financial Officer since 1997 and Senior Vice President from 1997 to 2005 of Resource America. He was Vice President Finance and Acquisitions at Kravco Company, a national shopping center developer and operator, from 1994 to 1997. He has been a Trustee of GMH Communities Trust, a publicly traded specialty housing REIT, since 2004. From 1983 to 1993 he worked for Strouse Greenberg & Co., a regional full service real estate company, ending as Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer. Before that, he was a partner at Touche Ross & Co. (now Deloitte & Touche LLP), independent public accountants.
Jeffrey D. Blomstrom has been our Senior Vice President CDO structuring since March 2005. Mr. Blomstrom has been President and Managing Director of RFFM since 2003. Mr. Blomstrom also currently serves as the head of collateral origination and as a member of the credit committee for Trapeza Capital Management. From 2001 to 2003 Mr. Blomstrom was a Managing Director at Cohen Brothers and Company, a Philadelphia-based investment bank specializing in the financial services sector. From 2000 to 2001 he was Senior Vice President of iATMglobal.net, Inc., an ATM software development company. Mr. Blomstrom was, from 1999 to 2000, an associate at Covington & Burling, a law firm, where he focused on mergers and acquisitions and corporate governance.
Thomas C. Elliott has been our Senior Vice President Assets and Liabilities Management since June 2005 and, before that, served as Vice President Finance from March 2005. Mr. Elliott has been Senior Vice President since 2005 and was Vice President Finance from 2001 to 2005 at Resource America. He has also been Chief Financial Officer of RFFM since 2004. From 1997 to 2001 Mr. Elliott was a Vice President at Fidelity Leasing, Inc. where he managed all capital market functions, including the negotiation of all securitizations and credit and banking facilities in the U.S. and Canada. Mr. Elliott also oversaw the financial controls and budgeting departments.
Other Significant Personnel
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Christopher D. Allen, 35, has been our Senior Vice President Commercial Lending since March 2005. Mr. Allen has been a Managing Director of Resource Financial Fund Management, or RFFM, since 2003. At RFFM, Mr. Allen is in charge of identifying, implementing and overseeing new CDO products. He is a member of the investment committee of Ischus and is also a member of the investment committee of Apidos where he serves as the Chief Operating Officer and Director of Product Management. Before joining
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RFFM, from 2002 to 2003 he was a Vice President at Trenwith Securities, the investment banking arm of BDO Seidman, LLP, where he was in charge of corporate finance, mergers and acquisitions and restructuring transactions. From 1994 to 1997 he was an Associate with Citicorp Venture Capital working on leveraged buyout and recapitalization transactions.
Gretchen L. Bergstresser, 42, has been our Senior Vice President Syndicated Loans since March 2005. Ms. Bergstresser has been the President and Senior Portfolio Manager of Apidos since 2005. Before joining Apidos, from 2003 to 2005 she was the Managing Director and Portfolio Manager of MJX Asset Management, a greater than $1.5 billion boutique asset management firm managing leveraged loans across five structured vehicles. From 1996 to 2003 Ms. Bergstresser was CDO Portfolio Manager and Head Par Loan Trader at Eaton Vance Management, an investment management company. From 1995 to 1996 she was a Vice President in the Diversified Finance Division of Bank of Boston. From 1991 to 1995 she was a Vice President at ING (U.S.), Capital Markets, an investment banking firm.
David E. Bloom, 40, has been our Senior Vice President Real Estate Investments since March 2005. Mr. Bloom has been Senior Vice President of Resource America since 2001. He has also been President of Resource Real Estate since 2004 and President of Resource Capital Partners since 2002. From 2001 to 2002 he was President of Resource Properties. Before that he was Senior Vice President at Colony Capital, LLC, an international real estate opportunity fund, from 1999 to 2001. From 1998 to 1999 he was Director at Sonnenblick-Goldman Company, a real estate investment bank. From 1995 to 1998 he was an attorney at the law firm of Willkie Farr & Gallagher, LLP.
Crit DeMent, 52, has been our Senior Vice President Equipment Leasing since March 2005. Mr. DeMent has been Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of LEAF Financial Corporation since 2001. Mr. DeMent was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of its subsidiary, LEAF Asset Management, Inc., from 2002 until 2004. From 2000 to 2001 he was President of the Small Ticket Group, an equipment leasing division of European American Bank. Before that, he was President and Chief Operating Officer of Fidelity Leasing, Inc. and its successor, the Technology Finance Group of CitiCapital Vendor Finance from 1996 to 2000. From 1987 to 1996 he was Vice President of Marketing for Tokai Financial Services, an equipment leasing firm.
Alan F. Feldman, 42, has been our Senior Vice President Real Estate Investments since March 2005. Mr. Feldman has been Senior Vice President of Resource America and President of Resource Properties since 2002. He has also been Chief Executive Officer of Resource Real Estate since 2004. From 1998 to 2002, Mr. Feldman was Vice President at Lazard Freres & Co., an investment banking firm, specializing in real estate mergers and acquisitions, asset and portfolio sales and recapitalization. From 1992 through 1998, Mr. Feldman was Executive Vice President of PREIT-RUBIN, Inc. the management subsidiary of Pennsylvania Real Estate Investment Trust, a publicly-traded REIT, and its predecessor, The Rubin Organization. Before that, from 1990 to 1992 he was a Director at Strouse, Greenberg & Co., a regional full service real estate company.
Andrew P. Shook, 36, has been our Senior Vice President RMBS and CMBS since March 2005. Mr. Shook has been the President, Chief Investment Officer and Senior Portfolio Manager of Ischus since 2004. In 2001 Mr. Shook founded and ran HSBC Bank USAs structured finance credit arbitrage book until 2004. Before that, Mr. Shook worked domestically and in London for Bank of America from 1996 to 2001. From 1994 to 1996 he was a Senior Securities Analyst at Hyperion Capital Management, a commercial and residential mortgage related fixed income investment advisor.
Michael S. Yecies, 37, has been our Chief Legal Officer and Secretary since March 2005. Mr. Yecies has been Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary of Resource America since 1998. From 1994 to 1998 he was an attorney at the law firm of Duane Morris LLP.
Investment Committee
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The role of our investment committee is to review and approve our investment policies, and review and approve our investment portfolio holdings and related compliance with our investment policies. The investment committee will meet at least weekly. The members of our investment committee are Messrs.
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J. Cohen, E. Cohen, Allen, Blomstrom, Bloom, Feldman, Shook and DeMent and Ms. Bergstresser. For biographical information regarding members of our investment committee please see Directors and Executive Officers and Other Significant Personnel.
Board Committees
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Our board of directors has three standing committees, consisting solely of independent directors: the audit committee, the compensation committee, and the nominating and corporate governance committee. We set forth below the committees on which directors serve, the chairman of each committee and a description of the functions of each committee.
Audit Committee. Our audit committee consists of Mr. Neff, chairman, and Messrs. Beach and Hart. Our board of directors has determined that all the members of the audit committee satisfy the independence requirements of the New York Stock Exchange and the SEC, and that Messrs. Beach and Neff are audit committee financial experts.
Our audit committee operates pursuant to a written charter adopted by our board of directors. Among other things, the audit committee charter calls upon the audit committee to oversee:
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our accounting and financial reporting processes;
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the integrity and audits of our consolidated financial statements;
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our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements;
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the qualifications and independence of our independent auditors; and
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the performance of our independent auditors and any internal auditors.
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The audit committee is also responsible for engaging independent public accountants, reviewing with the independent public accountants the plans and results of the audit engagement, approving professional services provided by the independent public accountants, reviewing the adequacy of our internal accounting controls and considering the range of audit and non-audit fees.
Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Beach, chairman, and Messrs. Levin and Neff. Our board of directors has determined that all members of the compensation committee qualify as independent directors under the New York Stock Exchange independence standards. The principal functions of the compensation committee are to:
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review the compensation payable to our officers and directors;
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review the compensation and fees payable to the Manager under our management agreement; and
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administer the issuance of any stock issued to our employees or the employees of the Manager or Resource America who perform services for us.
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Nominating and Corporate Governance. Our nominating and governance committee consists of Mr. Levin, as chairman, and Messrs. Beach and Hart. The committee is responsible for seeking, considering and recommending to our full board of directors qualified candidates for election as directors and recommending a slate of nominees for election as directors at the annual meeting of stockholders. It also periodically prepares and submits to our board for adoption the committees selection criteria for director nominees. It reviews and makes recommendations on matters involving the general operation of our board and our corporate governance, and annually recommends to our board nominees for each committee of the board.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. Our board of directors has established a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our officers, directors and employees and to the Managers or Resource Americas officers, directors and employees when such individuals are acting for or on our behalf. Among other matters, our code of business conduct and ethics is designed to deter wrongdoing and to promote:
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honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships;
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full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in our SEC reports and other public communications;
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compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations;
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prompt internal reporting of violations of the code to appropriate persons identified in the code; and
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accountability for adherence to the code.
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Any waiver of the code of business conduct and ethics for our executive officers or directors may be made only by our board of directors or our audit committee and will be promptly disclosed as required by law or stock exchange regulations.
Director Compensation
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Any member of our board of directors who is also an employee of the Manager or Resource America does not receive additional compensation for serving on our board of directors. Each other director receives an annual retainer of $35,000. In addition, we grant each director who is not an employee of the Manager or Resource America stock awards under our stock incentive plan equal to $15,000 divided by the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant for each year of service on our board. The stock awards will vest one year after the date of grant. We also reimburse our directors for their travel expenses incurred in connection with their attendance at board and committee meetings.
Executive Compensation
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We have not paid, and we do not intend to pay, any annual cash compensation to our executive officers for their services as executive officers. Our executive officers will be compensated by the Manager from the income it receives under our management agreement.
2005 Stock Incentive Plan
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We have established the 2005 stock incentive plan for the purpose of attracting and retaining our executive officers, directors and other persons and entities that provide services to us, including portfolio managers and other employees of the Manager and Resource America. The stock incentive plan authorizes the issuance of options to purchase common stock and the grant of stock awards, performance shares and stock appreciation rights. Up to 1,184,334 shares of common stock are available for issuance under the stock incentive plan. Administration of the stock incentive plan will be carried out by the compensation committee of our board of directors. The compensation committee or our board of directors may delegate its authority under the stock incentive plan to one or more officers but it may not delegate its authority with respect to awards to individuals subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. As used in this summary, the term administrator means the compensation committee or the board of directors and its delegate.
The stock incentive plan provides for the grant of both options intended to qualify as incentive stock options under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code and options that are not intended to so qualify. The principal difference between incentive stock options and other options is that a participant generally will not recognize ordinary income at the time an incentive stock option is granted or exercised, but rather at the time the participant disposes of the shares acquired under the incentive stock option. In contrast, the exercise of an option that is not an incentive stock option generally is a taxable event that requires the participant to recognize ordinary income equal to the difference between the shares fair market value and the option price. The employer will not be entitled to a federal income tax deduction with respect to incentive stock options except in the case of certain dispositions of shares acquired under the options. The employer may claim a federal income tax deduction on account of the exercise of an option that is not an incentive stock option equal to the amount of ordinary income recognized by the participant.
Except for stock awards made to our independent directors, the administrator will select the participants who are granted options and, consistent with the terms of the stock incentive plan, will prescribe the terms of each option. The option price cannot be less than the shares fair market value on the date the option is granted. Except for adjustments on account of stock dividends, stock splits and similar events described
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above, the option price of an outstanding option cannot be reduced without the approval of our stockholders. The option price may be paid in cash or, with the administrators consent, by surrendering shares of common stock, or a combination of cash and common stock. Options may be exercised in accordance with requirements set by the administrator. The maximum period in which an option may be exercised will be fixed by the administrator but cannot exceed ten years. Options generally will be nontransferable except in the event of the participants death but the administrator may allow the transfer of options to members of the participants immediate family, a family trust or a family partnership. No participant may be granted incentive stock options that are first exercisable in a calendar year for common stock having a total fair market value, determined as of the option grant, exceeding $100,000.
The administrator also will select the participants who are granted stock awards and, consistent with the terms of the stock incentive plan, will establish the terms of each stock award. A stock award may be subject to vesting requirements or transfer restrictions or both as determined by the administrator. Those conditions may include, for example, a requirement that the participant complete a specified period of service or that certain objectives be achieved. The objectives may be based on performance goals that are stated with reference to funds from operations or funds from operations per share, return on equity, total earnings, earnings per share, earnings growth, return on capital, fair market value of the common stock, appreciation in value of the common stock, peer stockholder returns or other financial or operational measures that the administrator may designate. Before vesting of the award, the participant will have all the rights of a stockholder, including the right to receive distributions and vote the shares, but we will retain custody of the certificates evidencing the shares granted under the award and the participant will not be able to sell, transfer or pledge the shares. Each of our non-employee directors will be granted stock awards for stock equal to $15,000 divided by the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant for each year of service on our board. The stock awards will vest one year after the date of grant.
The stock incentive plan also authorizes the grant of performance shares, which are the right to receive a future payment, based on the value of the common stock, if certain conditions are met. The administrator will select the participants who are granted performance share awards and will establish the terms of each award. To the extent that a performance award is earned, it may be settled in cash, by the issuance of common stock or a combination of cash and common stock.
The administrator also will select the participants who receive stock appreciation rights under the stock incentive plan. A stock appreciation right entitles the participant to receive a payment of up to the amount by which the fair market value of a share of common stock on the date of exercise exceeds the fair market value of a share of common stock on the date the stock appreciation right was granted. A stock appreciation right will be exercisable at such times and subject to such conditions as may be established by the administrator. The amount payable upon the exercise of a stock appreciation right may be settled in cash, by the issuance of common stock or a combination of cash and common stock.
The stock incentive plan provides that outstanding awards will be exercisable, vested or earned upon a change in control, as defined in the plan. The stock incentive plan also provides that the benefits or amounts payable under awards will be reduced to avoid the parachute payment excise tax unless the participant will receive greater after-tax benefits by receiving all of his awards and paying the excise tax. The preceding limitation will not apply, however, if the award agreement or other agreement provides that we will indemnify the participant from any excise tax liability.
No awards may be granted under the stock incentive plan after March 2015. Our board of directors may amend or terminate the stock incentive plan at any time, but an amendment will not become effective without the approval of our stockholders if it increases the number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the plan, other than changes to reflect certain corporate transactions and changes in capitalization as described above. No amendment or termination of the stock incentive plan will affect a participants rights under outstanding awards without the participants consent.
Upon completion of our March 2005 private offering, we granted to the Manager 345,000 shares of restricted stock and options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $15.00 per share, the price in the March 2005 private offering. These shares and options will vest or become exercisable in three equal annual installments beginning on March 8, 2006. The Manager allocated 279,000
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shares, and may allocate the options, to its officers, employees and other individuals who provide services to it. We also granted our non-employee directors an aggregate of 4,000 shares of stock on the terms discussed above.
Indemnification and Limitation on Liability; Insurance
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Maryland law permits a Maryland corporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the liability of its directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting from:
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actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services; or
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active and deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment as being material to the cause of action.
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Our charter contains such a provision limiting directors and officers liability to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law.
Our charter also authorizes us, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, to obligate us to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any individual who, while a director or officer of our company and at the request of our company, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise as a director, officer, partner or trustee, from and against any claim or liability to which that individual may become subject or which that individual may incur by reason of his or her or her service in any such capacity and to pay or reimburse his or her reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding.
Our bylaws obligate us, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any individual who, while a director or officer of our company and at the request of our company, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise as a director, officer, partner or trustee and who is made, or threatened to be made, a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity from and against any claim or liability to which that individual may become subject or which that individual may incur by reason of his or her service in any such capacity and to pay or reimburse his or her reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding. Our charter and bylaws also permit us to indemnify and advance expenses to any individual who served a predecessor of our company in any of the capacities described above and any employee or agent of our company or a predecessor of our company.
Maryland law requires a corporation (unless its charter provides otherwise, which our charter does not) to indemnify a director or officer who has been successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the defense of any proceeding to which he is made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of his or her service in such capacity, or in the defense of any issue, claim or matter in such a proceeding. Maryland law permits a corporation to indemnify its present and former directors and officers, among others, against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses actually incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they may be made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of their service in those or other capacities unless it is established that:
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the act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and was committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty, or
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the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services, or
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in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful.
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A court may order indemnification if it determines that the director or officer is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnification, even though the director or officer did not meet the prescribed standard of conduct or was adjudged liable on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received.
However, under Maryland law, a Maryland corporation may not indemnify for an adverse judgment in a suit by or in the right of the corporation or for a judgment of liability on the basis that personal benefit was
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improperly received, unless in either case a court orders indemnification and then only for expenses. In addition, Maryland law permits a corporation to advance reasonable expenses to a director or officer upon the corporations receipt of:
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a written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the corporation, and
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a written undertaking by him or her or on his or her behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the corporation if it is ultimately determined that the standard of conduct was not met.
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In addition to the provisions in our charter and bylaws, we have indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. The indemnification agreements require us to indemnify our directors and executive officers to the fullest extent permitted by law and to advance all related expenses, subject to reimbursement if it is subsequently determined that indemnification is not permitted. Under these agreements, we must also indemnify and advance all expenses incurred by directors and executive officers seeking to enforce their rights under the indemnification agreements. Although the form of indemnification agreement offers substantially the same scope of coverage afforded by our charter and bylaws and Maryland law, it provides greater assurance to directors and executive officers that indemnification will be available because, as a contract, it cannot be modified unilaterally in the future by the board of directors or the stockholders to eliminate the rights it provides.
We have obtained a policy of insurance under which our directors and officers will be insured, subject to the limits of the policy, against certain losses arising from claims made against them by reason of any acts or omissions in their respective capacities as directors or officers, including certain liabilities under the Securities Act. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers and controlling persons, or, we have been advised that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.
Management Agreement
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Duties. Our management agreement with the Manager and Resource America requires the Manager to manage our business affairs in conformity with the policies and the investment guidelines established by our board of directors. See Business Investment Process Investment Guidelines. The Managers role as manager is under the supervision and direction of our board of directors. The Manager is responsible for (i) the selection, purchase and sale of our portfolio investments, (ii) our financing activities, and (iii) providing us with investment advisory services. The agreement requires the Manager to provide us with all services necessary or appropriate for us to conduct our business, including the following:
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serving as our consultant with respect to the periodic review of the investment criteria and parameters for our investments, borrowings and operations for the approval of our board of directors;
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investigating, analyzing and selecting possible investment opportunities;
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with respect to any prospective investment by us and any sale, exchange or other disposition of any investment by us, conducting negotiations on our behalf with sellers and purchasers and their respective agents, representatives and investment bankers;
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engaging and supervising, on our behalf and at our expense, independent contractors who provide investment banking, mortgage brokerage, securities brokerage and other financial services and such other services as may be required relating to our investments;
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coordinating and managing operations of any joint venture or co-investment interests held by us and conducting all matters with any joint venture or co-investment partners;
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providing executive and administrative personnel, office space and office services required in rendering services to us;
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administering our day-to-day operations and performing and supervising the performance of such other administrative functions necessary to our management as may be agreed upon by the Manager and our
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board of directors, including the collection of revenues and the payment of our debts and obligations and maintenance of appropriate computer services to perform such administrative
functions;
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communicating on our behalf with the holders of any of our equity or debt securities as required to satisfy the reporting and other requirements of any governmental bodies or agencies or trading markets and to maintain effective relations with such holders;
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counseling us in connection with policy decisions to be made by our board of directors;
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evaluating and recommending to our board of directors hedging strategies and engaging in hedging activities on our behalf, consistent with such strategies, as so modified from time to time, and consistent with our qualification as a REIT;
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counseling us regarding the maintenance of our qualification as a REIT and monitoring compliance with the various REIT qualification tests and other rules set out in the Internal Revenue Code and Treasury regulations thereunder;
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counseling us regarding the maintenance of our exclusion from the Investment Company Act and monitoring compliance with the requirements for maintaining an exclusion from the Investment Company Act;
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assisting us in developing criteria for asset purchase commitments that are specifically tailored to our investment objectives and making available to us its knowledge and experience with respect to mortgage loans, real estate, real estate-related securities, other real estate-
related assets and non-real estate related assets;
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furnishing reports and statistical and economic research to us regarding our activities and services performed for us by the Manager;
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monitoring the operating performance of our investments and providing periodic reports with respect thereto to our board of directors, including comparative information with respect to such operating performance and budgeted or projected operating results;
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investing or reinvesting any money or securities of ours (including investing in short-term investments pending investment in other investments, payment of fees, costs and expenses, or payments of dividends or distributions to our stockholders and partners), and advising
us as to our capital structure and capital raising;
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causing us to retain qualified accountants and legal counsel, as applicable, to assist in developing appropriate accounting procedures, compliance procedures and testing systems with respect to financial reporting obligations and compliance with the provisions of the
Internal Revenue Code applicable to REITs and taxable REIT subsidiaries, and to conduct quarterly compliance reviews with respect thereto;
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causing us to qualify to do business in all applicable jurisdictions and to obtain and maintain all appropriate licenses;
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assisting us in complying with all regulatory requirements applicable to us in respect of our business activities, including preparing or causing to be prepared all financial statements required under applicable regulations and contractual undertakings and all reports and
documents, if any, required under the Exchange Act;
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taking all necessary actions to enable us to make required tax filings and reports, including soliciting stockholders for required information to the extent provided by the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and Treasury regulations applicable to REITs;
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handling and resolving all claims, disputes or controversies (including all litigation, arbitration, settlement or other proceedings or negotiations) in which we may be involved or to which we may be subject arising out of our day-to-day operations, subject to such
limitations or parameters as may be imposed from time to time by our board of directors;
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using commercially reasonable efforts to cause expenses incurred by or on behalf of us to be commercially reasonable or commercially customary and within any budgeted parameters or expense guidelines set by our board of directors from time to time;
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advising us with respect to obtaining appropriate warehouse or other financing for our assets;
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advising us with respect to and structuring long-term financing vehicles for our portfolio of assets, and offering and selling securities publicly or privately in connection with any structured transaction;
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performing such other services as may be required from time to time for management and other activities relating to our assets as our board of directors shall reasonably request or the Manager shall deem appropriate under the particular circumstances; and
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using commercially reasonable efforts to cause us to comply with all applicable laws.
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The Manager does not assume any responsibility beyond the duties specified in the management agreement and will not be responsible for any action of our board of directors in following or declining to follow its advice or recommendations. The Manager, Resource America, their directors, officers, managers, employees and affiliates will not be liable to us, any subsidiary of ours, our directors, our stockholders or any subsidiarys stockholders or partners for acts or omissions performed in accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement, except by reason of acts constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of their duties under the management agreement. We have agreed to indemnify the Manager, Resource America and their affiliates with respect to all expenses, losses, damages, liabilities, demands, charges and claims arising from acts of the Manager, Resource America or their affiliates not constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of duties, performed in good faith in accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement. The Manager, Resource America and their affiliates have agreed to indemnify us, our directors and officers with respect to all expenses, losses, damages, liabilities, demands, charges and claims arising from acts of the Manager, Resource America or their affiliates constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its duties under the management agreement or any claims by employees of the Manager, Resource America or their affiliates relating to the terms and conditions of their employment. The Manager and Resource America carry errors and omissions and other customary insurance.
The management agreement requires the Manager to provide us with our management team, including a chief executive officer, president and chief financial officer, along with support personnel necessary to provide the management services it is required to provide under the management agreement. Before completion of this offering, Resource America will hire a chief financial officer who will be exclusively dedicated to our operations.
Initial Term; Termination. The initial term of the management agreement expires on March 31, 2008 and will be automatically renewed for a one year term on each anniversary date thereafter. Our board of directors will review the Managers performance annually. After the initial term, the management agreement may be terminated annually upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our independent directors, or by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock, based upon unsatisfactory performance that is materially detrimental to us or a determination by our independent directors that the management fees payable to the Manager are not fair, subject to the Managers right to prevent such a compensation termination by accepting a mutually acceptable reduction of management fees. Our board of directors must provide 180 days prior notice of any such termination. The Manager will be paid a termination fee equal to four times the sum of the average annual base management fee and the average annual incentive compensation earned by the Manager during the two 12-month periods immediately preceding the date of termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter before the date of termination.
We may also terminate the management agreement for cause with 30 days prior written notice from our board of directors. No termination fee is payable with respect to a termination for cause. The management agreement defines cause as:
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The Managers continued material breach of any provision of the management agreement following a period of 30 days after written notice thereof;
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the Managers fraud, misappropriation of funds, or embezzlement against us;
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the Managers gross negligence in the performance of its duties under the management agreement;
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the bankruptcy or insolvency of the Manager, or the filing of a voluntary bankruptcy petition by the Manager;
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the dissolution of the Manager; and
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a change of control (as defined in the management agreement) of the Manager if a majority of our independent directors determines, at any point during the 18 months following the change of control, that the change of control was detrimental to the ability of the Manager
to perform its duties in substantially the same manner conducted before the change of control.
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Cause does not include unsatisfactory performance that is materially detrimental to our business.
The management agreement will terminate at the Managers option, without payment of the termination fee, in the event we become regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, with such termination deemed to occur immediately before such event.
Base Management Fee. We pay the Manager a monthly base management fee of 1/12 of our equity times 1.50%. For these purposes, equity means, for any month, the sum of the net proceeds from any issuance of our common stock, after deducting any underwriting discounts and commissions and other expenses and costs relating to the issuance, plus our retained earnings at the end of such month (without taking into account any non-cash equity compensation expense incurred in current or prior periods), which amount will be reduced by any amount that we pay for repurchases of our common stock. The calculation of the base management fee will be adjusted to exclude one-time events pursuant to changes in GAAP, as well as non-cash charges after discussion between the Manager and our independent directors and approval by a majority of our independent directors in the case of non-cash charges.
The Manager will calculate the base management fee within 15 business days after the end of each month and must deliver its calculation to us promptly. We must pay the base management fee within 20 business days after the end of each month.
Reimbursement of Expenses . Because employees of Resource America will perform certain legal, accounting, due diligence and other services that outside professionals or outside consultants otherwise would perform, we reimburse the Manager and Resource America for the documented cost of performing such tasks. The reimbursement amount may be no greater than the amount which we would be required to pay outside professionals or consultants on an arms-length basis. We must reimburse the Managers and Resource Americas expenses by the 15th business day of each month for the prior months expenses.
We are responsible for all of our operating expenses except those that the Manager has specifically agreed to assume under the management agreement. The Manager is responsible for all costs incident to the performance of its duties under the management agreement, including compensation of employees of the Manager and Resource America (except as referred to in the previous paragraph) and other related expenses. The expenses required to be paid by us include, but are not limited to:
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issuance and transaction costs incident to the acquisition, disposition and financing of our investments;
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legal, tax, accounting, consulting, auditing and administrative fees and expenses;
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the compensation and expenses of our directors and the cost of liability insurance to indemnify our directors and officers;
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the costs associated with the establishment and maintenance of any credit facilities and other indebtedness of ours (including commitment fees, accounting fees, legal fees and closing costs);
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the costs incurred to third parties, including affiliates of the Manager and Resource America, for servicing and special servicing of our assets, which will include servicing fees, in the amount of 1% of
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the book value of assets under management, to LEAF Financial for servicing our equipment lease investments;
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expenses associated with other securities offerings of ours;
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expenses relating to making distributions;
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expenses connected with communications to holders of our securities and in complying with the reporting and other requirements of the SEC and other governmental bodies;
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transfer agent and exchange listing fees;
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the costs of printing and mailing proxies and reports to our stockholders;
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the allocable costs associated with any computer software or hardware, electronic equipment, or purchased information technology services from third party vendors used for us;
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the costs incurred by employees of the Manager and Resource America for travel on our behalf;
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the allocable costs incurred with respect to market information systems and publications, research publications and materials;
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settlement, clearing, and custodial fees and expenses;
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the costs of maintaining compliance with all federal, state and local rules and regulations or any other regulatory agency, all taxes and license fees and all insurance costs incurred on our behalf; and
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expenses relating to any office or office facilities, including disaster backup recovery sites and facilities maintained for us or separate from the offices of the Manager.
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In addition, we are responsible for our pro rata portion of rent, telephone, utilities, office furniture, equipment, machinery and other office, internal and overhead expenses of the Manager and its affiliates required for our operations.
Incentive Compensation . In addition to the base management fee, the Manager will receive quarterly incentive compensation in an amount equal to the product of:
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25% of the dollar amount by which
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our net income (determined in accordance with GAAP) before non-cash equity compensation expense and incentive compensation (but after the base management fee) for the quarter per common share (based on the weighted average number of common shares
outstanding for the quarter)
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exceeds an amount equal to
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the weighted average of
$15.00, the price per share of the common shares in our March 2005
offering, and the prices per common share in any subsequent offerings
by us, in each case at the time of issuance thereof, multiplied by
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the greater of
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2.00% or
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0.50% plus one-fourth of
the Ten Year Treasury Rate for such quarter;
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multiplied by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the quarter;
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provided, that the foregoing calculation of incentive compensation shall be adjusted to exclude one-time events pursuant to changes in GAAP, as well as non-cash charges after discussion between the Manager and our independent directors and approval by a majority of our independent directors in the case of non-cash charges. The management agreement defines the Ten Year Treasury Rate to be the average of weekly average yields to maturity for U.S. Treasury securities, adjusted to a constant maturity of 10 years, during a fiscal quarter.
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The following is an example of how we would calculate the incentive compensation under hypothetical performance assumptions. For purposes of this calculation, we have assumed that:
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GAAP net income before non-cash equity compensation expense, or adjusted GAAP net income, is $7,000,000;
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15,682,334 shares of common stock are outstanding, with the weighted average common shares outstanding being 15,682,334;
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the U.S. 10-year treasury rate is 4.125%; and
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the weighted average offering price per share is $15.00.
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Under these assumptions, the incentive compensation would be calculated as follows:
Adjusted GAAP net income per share ($7,000,000 ÷ 15,682,334)
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$ | .4464 | |||
Weighted average offering price per share ($15.00) multiplied by the greater of (i) 2.00% or (ii) .50% plus one-fourth of the ten-year U.S. Treasury rate (1.03%)
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$ | .3000 | |||
Excess of adjusted GAAP net income per share over amount in the second bullet point, above
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$ | .1464 | |||
Weighted average number of shares outstanding multiplied by the amount in the third bullet point, above (15,682,334 x .1464)
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$ | 2,295,894 | |||
Incentive compensation equals 25% of the amount calculated in the fourth bullet point, above
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$ | 573,974 |
We structured the Managers incentive compensation to provide it with an incentive to achieve net income for us above the thresholds noted above so that our stockholders receive a minimum return before the Manager receives additional compensation. While the structure of the incentive compensation rewards the Manager for achieving net income in excess of the base amount, it also has the effect of reducing the amount of income above the base amount that would be available absent the incentive compensation, and involves risks which we discuss in Risk Factors Risks Related to Our Business The incentive fee we pay the Manager may induce it to make riskier investments.
The Manager will compute the quarterly incentive compensation within 30 days after the end of each fiscal quarter. We must pay the quarterly incentive compensation within five business days following the delivery to us of the Managers written computation of the incentive fee for such quarter. The management agreement provides that 25% of the Managers incentive compensation will be paid in shares of our common stock provided that the Manager may not own more than 9.8% of our common stock) and the balance in cash. The Manager may, in its sole discretion, elect to receive a greater percentage of its incentive compensation in the form of our common stock. Under our management agreement, the Manager may not elect to receive shares of our common stock as payment of its incentive compensation except in accordance with all applicable securities exchange rules and securities laws.
The number of shares the Manager receives will be based on the fair market value of these shares. Shares of our common stock delivered as payment of the incentive fee will be immediately vested or exercisable; however, the Manager has agreed not to sell the shares before one year after the date they are paid. This transfer restriction will lapse if the management agreement is terminated. The Manager may allocate these shares to its officers, employees and other individuals who provide services to it; however, the Manager has agreed not to make any such allocations before the first anniversary of the date of grant of such shares.
We have agreed to register the resale of these shares by the Manager. We have also granted the Manager the right to include these shares in any registration statements we might file in connection with any future public offerings, subject only to the right of the underwriters of those offerings to reduce the total number of secondary shares included in those offerings (with such reductions to be proportionately allocated among selling stockholders participating in those offerings).
Restricted Stock and Option Grant. Upon completion of our March 2005 private offering and execution of the management agreement, we granted the Manager 345,000 shares of restricted stock and options to
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purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock under our 2005 stock incentive plan. We describe these grants in 2005 Stock Incentive Plan.
Conflicts of Interest
in Our Relationship with the Manager and Resource America
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We are entirely dependent upon the Manager for our day-to-day management and do not have any independent officers. Our chairman, two of our other directors, our executive officers and the members of our investment committee also serve as officers and/or directors of the Manager or Resource America. As a result, conflicts of interest may arise between the Manager and Resource America, on the one hand, and us, on the other. These conflicts include the following:
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Our management agreement was negotiated between related parties and its terms, including fees payable and the termination provisions, may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated at arms length with an unaffiliated third party.
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The Manager and Resource America are permitted to invest in, and to manage entities that invest in, asset classes that are the same as or similar to our targeted asset classes, except that they may not raise capital for, sponsor or advise any new publicly-traded REIT that
invests primarily in domestic MBS in the United States. In addition, our officers, other than our chief financial officer to be hired, and the employees of Resource America who provide services to us are not required to work full time on our affairs and anticipate devoting
significant time to the affairs of Resource America. As a result, there may be significant conflicts between us, on the one hand, and the Manager and Resource America on the other, regarding allocation of the Managers and Resource Americas resources to the
management of our investment portfolio.
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Our agreements with the Manager and Resource America do not prohibit us from entering into any investment opportunity in which the Manager or Resource America have an interest and we anticipate that we will invest in the equity portions of CDOs structured for us by
the Manager. A conflict of interest may arise between us and the Manager and Resource America with respect to the terms upon which we would make such an investment. In the event that any such investment opportunity is made available to us, the transaction will
require the approval of a majority of our independent directors.
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We have not adopted a policy that expressly prohibits our directors, officers, security holders or affiliates from having a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in any investment to be acquired or disposed of by us or any of our subsidiaries or in any transaction to which we or
any of our subsidiaries is a party or has an interest. Nor do we have a policy that expressly prohibits any such persons from engaging for their own account in business activities of the types conducted by us. However, our code of business conduct and ethics contains a
conflicts of interest policy that prohibits our directors, officers and employees, as well as employees of the Manager and Resource America who provide services to us, from engaging in any transaction that involves an actual or apparent conflict of interest with us.
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The compensation we pay to the Manager consists of both a base management fee that is not tied to our performance and an incentive management fee that is based entirely on our performance. The risk of the base management fee component is that it may not provide
sufficient incentive to the Manager to seek to achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns for us. The risk of the incentive fee component is that it may cause the Manager to place undue emphasis on the maximization of short-term net income at the expense of other criteria,
such as preservation of capital, in order to achieve a higher incentive fee. Investments with higher yield potential are generally riskier or more speculative. This could result in increased risk to the value of our investment portfolio.
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The Manager will receive at least 25% of its incentive fee in the form of shares of our common stock, and, at the Managers option, it may receive up to 100% of its incentive fee in the form of shares of our common stock. The Manager has the right in its discretion to
allocate these shares to its officers, employees and other individuals who provide services to it. Any such shares received would have the benefit of registration rights.
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As described in Management AgreementInitial Term; Termination, termination of the management agreement without cause is difficult and costly.
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The Manager does not assume any responsibility beyond the duties specified in the management agreement and will not be responsible for any action of our board of directors in following or declining to follow its advice or recommendations. The Manager, Resource
America, their directors, officers, managers, employees and affiliates will not be liable to us, our directors or our stockholders for, and we have agreed to indemnify them for all claims and damages arising from, acts or omissions performed in good faith in accordance with
and pursuant to the management agreement, except by reason of acts constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of their duties under the management agreement. As a result, we could experience poor performance or losses for which
the Manager would not be liable. The Manager, Resource America and their affiliates have agreed to indemnify us, our directors and officers with respect to all claims and damages arising from acts of the Manager, Resource America or their affiliates constituting bad
faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence or reckless disregard of their duties under the management agreement or any claims by employees of the Manager, Resource America or their affiliates relating to the terms and conditions of their employment. The Manager and
Resource America carry directors and officers insurance.
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Resolution of Potential Conflicts of Interest in Allocation of Investment Opportunities
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The Manager and Resource America must offer us the right to consider all investments they identify that are within the parameters of our investment strategies and policies. For all potential investments other than in equipment leases, if the Manager and Resource America identify an investment that is appropriate both for us and for one or more other investment programs managed by them, but the amount available is less than the amount sought by all of their investment programs, they will allocate the investment among us and such other investment programs in proportion to the relative amounts of the investment sought by each. If the portion of the investment allocable to a particular investment program would be too small for it to be appropriate for that investment program, either because of economic or market inefficiency, regulatory constraints (such as REIT qualification or exclusion from regulation under the Investment Company Act) or otherwise, that portion will be reallocated among the other investment programs. Investment programs that do not receive an allocation will have preference in future investments where investment programs are seeking more of the investment than is available so that, on an overall basis, each investment program is treated equitably.
To equitably allocate investments that the Manager or Resource America has acquired at varying prices, the Manager and Resource America will allocate the investment so that each investment program will pay approximately the same average price.
With respect to equipment leases, if an investment is appropriate for more than one investment program, including us, the Manager and Resource America will allocate the investment based on the following factors:
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which investment program has been seeking investments for the longest period of time;
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whether the investment program has the cash required for the investment;
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whether the amount of debt to be incurred with respect to the investment is acceptable for the investment program;
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the effect the investment will have on the investment programs cash flow;
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whether the investment would further diversify, or unduly concentrate, the investment programs investments in a particular lessee, class or type of equipment, location or industry; and
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whether the term of the investment is within the term of the investment program.
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The Manager and Resource America may make exceptions to these general policies when other circumstances make application of the policies inequitable or uneconomic.
The Manager has also instituted policies designed to mitigate potential conflicts of interest between it and us, including:
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We will not be permitted to invest in any investment fund or CDO structured, co-structured or managed by the Manager or Resource America other than those structured, co-structured or managed on our behalf. The Manager and Resource America will not receive
duplicate management fees from any such investment fund or CDO to the extent we invest in it.
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We will not be permitted to purchase investments from, or sell investments to, the Manager or Resource America, except that we may purchase investments originated by those entities within 60 days before our investment.
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Any transaction between entities managed by the Manager or Resource America and us must be approved by a majority of our independent directors.
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PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS
The following table sets forth the number and percentage of shares of our common stock beneficially owned as of June 30, 2005 by each of our directors and executive officers, all of our directors and executive officers as a group and other persons who beneficially own 5% or more of our outstanding common stock. This information is reported in accordance with the beneficial ownership rules of the SEC under which a person is deemed to be the beneficial owner of a security if that person has or shares voting power or investment power with respect to such security or has the right to acquire such ownership within 60 days. Shares issuable pursuant to options are deemed to be outstanding for purposes of computing the percentage of the person or group holding such options but are not deemed to be outstanding for purposes of computing the percentage of any other person.
Before offering
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After offering
(1)
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||||||||||||
Name and address
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Shares owned | Percentage | Shares owned | Percentage | |||||||||
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|||||
Executive officers and directors:
(2)
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|||||||||||||
Edward E. Cohen
(3)
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203,333 | 1.3 | % | ||||||||||
Jonathan Z. Cohen
(3)
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166,667 | 1.1 | % | ||||||||||
Walter T. Beach
(4)(5)
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144,333 | * | |||||||||||
William B. Hart
(5)
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11,000 | * | |||||||||||
Murray S. Levin
(5)
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5,000 | * | |||||||||||
P. Sherrill Neff
(5)
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1,000 | * | |||||||||||
Steven J. Kessler
(3)
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12,500 | * | |||||||||||
Jeffrey D. Blomstrom
(3)
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11,000 | * | |||||||||||
Thomas C. Elliott
(3)
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21,500 | * | |||||||||||
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||||||
All executive officers and directors as a group (9 persons)
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576,333 | 3.7 | % | ||||||||||
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Owners of 5% or more of outstanding shares:
(6)
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Resource America, Inc.
(7)
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1,066,000 | 6.8 | % | ||||||||||
Elliott & Associates
(8)
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1,334,000 | 8.5 | % | ||||||||||
JD Capital Management LLC
(9)
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800,000 | 5.1 | % | ||||||||||
Omega Advisors, Inc.
(10)
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2,066,667 | 13.2 | % | ||||||||||
Rockbay Capital Management
(11)
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1,000,000 | 6.4 | % | ||||||||||
Kal Zeff
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1,000,000 | 6.4 | % | ||||||||||
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* |
Less than 1%.
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(1) |
Assumes issuance of ____
shares offered hereby. Does not reflect ____ shares of common stock
reserved for issuance upon exercise of the underwriters over-allotment
option, 651,666 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options
granted to the Manager upon completion of our March 2005 private offering
or 532,660 shares of common stock available for future grant under
our stock incentive plan.
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(2) |
The address for all of our executive officers and directors is c/o Resource Capital Corp., 712 Fifth Avenue, 10th Floor, New York, New York 10019.
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(3) |
Includes shares originally
issued to the Manager as part of the 345,000 shares of restricted stock
we granted to it in connection with our March 2005 private offering,
and transferred by it, without consideration, as follows: E. Cohen 70,000; J. Cohen 100,000; S. Kessler
7,500; J. Blomstrom 10,000; and T. Elliott 20,000. Each such
person has the right to receive distributions on and vote, but not to transfer,
such shares. One-third of the grant amount vests in the recipient each year,
commencing March 8, 2006.
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(4) |
Also includes 143,333 shares purchased by Beach Investment Counsel, Inc., an investment management firm for which Mr. Beach acts as managing director and possesses investment and/or voting power over the 143,333 shares. The address for Beach Investment Counsel, Inc. is
Three Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 410, Radnor, Pennsylvania 19087.
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(5) |
Includes 1,000 restricted shares issued to each non-employee director in connection with our March 2005 private offering. Each non-employee director has the right to receive distributions on and vote, but not to transfer, such shares. All such shares vest in the recipient on March
8, 2006.
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(6) |
The addresses for our 5%
or more holders are as follows: Resource Capital Investors and the
Manager: 712 Fifth Avenue, 10th Floor, New York, New York 10019; Elliott & Associates:
712 Fifth Avenue, 36th Floor, New York, New York 10019; JD Capital
Management LLC: Two Greenwich Plaza, 2nd Floor, Greenwich, Connecticut
06830; Omega Advisors, Inc.: 88 Pine Street, New York, New York 10005;
Rockbay Capital Management: 600 Fifth Avenue, 24th Floor, New York,
New York 10020; and Kal Zeff: 950 South Cherry Street, Suite 1100,
Denver, Colorado 80246.
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(7) |
Includes 66,000 shares of restricted stock granted to the Manager in connection with our March 2005 private placement, 100,000 shares purchased by the Manager and 900,000 shares purchased by Resource Capital Investor, Inc. The Manager and Resource Capital Investor are
wholly-owned subsidiaries of Resource America. The address for Resource America is 1845 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103.
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(8) |
Paul Singer has voting and/or investment power over these shares.
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(9) |
Eric Madoff has voting and/or investment power over these shares.
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(10)
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Leon G. Cooperman has voting and/or investment power over these shares.
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(11)
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Atul Khanna has voting and/or investment power over these shares.
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CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
We have entered into a management agreement under which the Manager receives substantial fees. We describe the management agreement and the fees payable under its provisions in Management Management Agreement. From March 8, 2005, the date we commenced operations, through June 30, 2005, the Manager had earned base management fees of approximately $1.0 million and received expense reimbursements of $325,000. We did not accrue or pay any incentive fees through June 30, 2005.
Employees of Resource America act as our officers and employees. Two of our directors, Edward E. Cohen and Jonathan Z. Cohen, are also directors of Resource America, and our chief executive officer, Jonathan Cohen, is also the chief executive officer of Resource America. We reimburse the Manager and Resource America for expenses, including compensation expenses for employees of Resource America who perform legal, accounting, due diligence and other services that outside professionals or consultants would otherwise perform. See Management Directors and Executive Officers, Management Agreement and Conflicts of Interest in our Relationship with the Manager and Resource America.
Resource America and entities affiliated with it purchased 1,000,000 shares (or 6.1% on a fully-diluted basis) of our common stock in our March 2005 private offering and our officers and directors of us, the Manager and Resource America collectively purchased 357,166 additional shares (or 2.2% on a fully-diluted basis) of common stock in that offering. The Manager also has agreed to receive at least 25% of its incentive fee under our management agreement in shares of our common stock, subject to certain limitations in our management agreement, and not to transfer those shares before one year after the date they are paid. In addition, upon completion of our March 2005 private offering, we granted to the Manager 345,000 shares of restricted stock and options to purchase 651,666 shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $15.00 per share, representing in the aggregate approximately 6.1% of the outstanding shares of our common stock as of the date of this prospectus on a fully-diluted basis. See Management 2005 Stock Incentive Plan.
The Manager subsequently allocated 279,000 shares of the 345,000 shares of restricted stock to persons who are directors, officers and employees of the Manager or of Resource America providing management services through the Manager. The table set forth below identifies these persons:
Name
|
Number of
shares |
|||
Jonathan Z. Cohen
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100,000 | |||
Edward E. Cohen
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70,000 | |||
Andrew P. Shook
|
20,000 | |||
Thomas C. Elliott
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20,000 | |||
Christopher D. Allen
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12,500 | |||
Gretchen L. Bergstresser
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10,000 | |||
Jeffrey D. Blomstrom
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10,000 | |||
Crit DeMent
|
10,000 | |||
Steven J. Kessler
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7,500 | |||
David E. Bloom
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5,000 | |||
Alan F. Feldman
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5,000 | |||
Andrew Lorimer
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3,330 | |||
Michael S. Yecies
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2,000 | |||
Darshan Patel
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2,000 | |||
Jasper Brice
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1,000 | |||
Susan Aldsworth
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335 | |||
John Sullivan
|
335 | |||
|
|
|||
Total
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279,000 | |||
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LEAF Financial will originate and manage our equipment lease investments. LEAF Financial will originate leases on our behalf, which we will then purchase from LEAF Financial at a price equal to their
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book value plus a reimbursable origination cost not to exceed 1% to compensate LEAF Financial for its origination costs. In addition, we will pay LEAF Financial an annual servicing fee, equal to 1% of the book value of managed assets, for servicing our equipment lease investments.
In July 2005, the Ischus CDO II warehouse facility terminated and $321 million of non-agency mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities were transferred into Ischus CDO II in which we purchased a $27.0 million equity interest representing 100% of the outstanding preference shares.
In August 2005, the Apidos CDO I warehouse facility terminated and $218 million of syndicated loan assets were transferred into Apidos CDO I in which we purchased a $28.5 million equity interest representing 100% of the outstanding preference shares.
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SELLING STOCKHOLDERS
The following table sets forth information as of ____, 2005, with respect to the selling stockholders and the common stock that they propose to offer pursuant to this prospectus. The common stock being offered by the selling stockholders was sold to them in our March 2005 private offering.
If the lead underwriters advise us that the number of shares that the selling stockholders want to include in this offering exceeds the number which can be sold, this offering will include all of the common stock we propose to sell and the balance will be allocated among the selling stockholders pro rata in accordance with the relative number of shares for which registration has been requested. In accordance with notices that we received from the selling stockholders, we expect to include ____ shares of their common stock in this offering.
Any selling stockholder that is identified as a broker-dealer will be deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act, unless such selling stockholder obtained the stock as compensation for services. In addition, any affiliate of a broker-dealer will be deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act, unless such selling stockholder purchased in the ordinary course of business and, at the time of its purchase of the stock to be resold, did not have any agreements or understandings, directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute the stock. As a result, any profits on the sale of the common stock by selling stockholders who are deemed to be underwriters and any discounts, commissions or concessions received by any such broker- dealers who are deemed to be underwriters will be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act. Selling stockholders who are deemed to be underwriters will be subject to prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act and to certain statutory liabilities, including those under Sections 11, 12 and 17 of the Securities Act and Rule 10b-6 under the Exchange Act.
No selling stockholder has been identified as a broker-dealer or as an affiliate of a broker-dealer.
Selling stockholders
|
Shares of
common stock beneficially owned before resale |
Shares of
common stock offered by this prospectus |
Shares of
common stock beneficially owned after resale |
Percentage of
class beneficially owned after resale (1) |
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|
|
|
|
|||||
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* |
Holdings represent less than 1% of all shares outstanding.
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(1) |
Assumes that each selling stockholder sells all of the common stock it is offering for sale under this prospectus and neither acquires nor disposes of any other shares, or right to purchase other shares, after the date as of which we obtained information regarding its holdings.
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No selling stockholder has, or has had since our inception, any position, office or other material relationship with us or any of our predecessors or affiliates. The selling stockholders may have sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of all or a portion of their securities since the date on which they provided the information regarding their securities, in transactions exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act.
The selling stockholders will each agree, with limited exceptions, for a period of 60 days after the date of this prospectus that, without the prior written consent of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, they will not, directly or indirectly, offer to sell, sell or otherwise dispose of any shares of our common stock or any securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, shares or our common stock or our other capital stock, other than the shares of common stock sold by them in this offering.
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DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
The following is a summary description of our capital stock. Copies of our charter and bylaws are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. See Where You Can Find More Information.
General
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Our charter provides that we may issue up to 500,000,000 shares of common stock and 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock, both having par value $0.001 per share. As of June 30, 2005, we had 15,682,334 shares of common stock outstanding. Under Maryland law, our stockholders are not personally liable for our debts and obligations solely as a result of their status as stockholders.
Common Stock
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All shares of our common stock have equal rights as to earnings, assets, distributions and voting and, when they are issued, will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. Distributions may be paid to the holders of our common stock if, as and when authorized by our board of directors and declared by us out of funds legally available therefor. Shares of our common stock have no preemptive, appraisal, preferential exchange, conversion or redemption rights and are freely transferable, except where their transfer is restricted by federal and state securities laws, by contract or by the restrictions in our charter. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, each share of our common stock would be entitled to share ratably in all of our assets that are legally available for distribution after payment of or adequate provision for all of our known debts and other liabilities and subject to any preferential rights of holders of our preferred stock, if any preferred stock is outstanding at such time. Subject to our charter restrictions on the transfer and ownership of our stock and except as may be specified otherwise in the terms of any class or series of our common stock, each share of our common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, including the election of directors. Except as provided with respect to any other class or series of stock, the holders of our common stock will possess exclusive voting power. There is no cumulative voting in the election of directors, which means that holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of common stock can elect all of our directors and holders of less than a majority of such shares will be unable to elect any director.
Power to Reclassify Unissued Shares of Our Capital Stock
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Our charter authorizes our board of directors to classify and reclassify any unissued shares of stock into other classes or series of stock, including preferred stock. Before issuance of shares of each class or series, the board of directors is required by Maryland law and by our charter to set, subject to our charter restrictions on the transfer and ownership of our stock, the terms, preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption for each class or series. Thus, the board of directors could authorize the issuance of shares of common stock or preferred stock with terms and conditions which could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interests. No shares of our preferred stock are presently outstanding and we have no present plans to issue any preferred stock.
Power to Issue Additional Shares of Common Stock and Preferred Stock
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We believe that the power of our board of directors to amend the charter without stockholder approval to increase the total number of authorized shares of our stock or any class or series of our stock, to issue additional authorized but unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to classify or reclassify unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and thereafter to cause us to issue such classified or reclassified shares of stock will provide us with increased flexibility in structuring possible future financings and acquisitions and in meeting other needs which might arise. The additional classes or series, as well as our common stock, will be available for issuance without further action by our stockholders, unless stockholder action is required by applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange or automated quotation system on
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which our securities may be listed or traded. Although our board of directors has no intention at the present time of doing so, it could authorize us to issue a class or series that could, depending upon the terms of such class or series, delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control of us that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interests.
Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer
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In order to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, our shares of capital stock must be beneficially owned by 100 or more persons during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. Also, no more than 50% of the value of our outstanding shares of capital stock may be owned, directly or constructively, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include certain entities) at any time during the second half of any calendar year.
Our charter, subject to certain exceptions, contains restrictions on the number of shares of our capital stock that a person may own and may prohibit certain entities from owning our shares. Our charter provides that (subject to certain exceptions described below) no person may own, or be deemed to own by virtue of the attribution provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, more than 9.8% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of any class or series of our capital stock. Our board may, in its sole discretion, waive the 9.8% ownership limit with respect to a particular stockholder if it is presented with evidence satisfactory to it that such ownership will not then or in the future jeopardize our qualification as a REIT. Our board has waived the ownership limit for Omega Advisors, Inc. in its capacity as the manager of funds and accounts which purchased common stock in the March 2005 private offering. Our board has set Omegas ownership limit at 15% of our outstanding capital stock in the aggregate, provided that no one of such funds or accounts can own more than 9.8% of our outstanding capital stock. Our board may reduce each of these ownership limits at its discretion; however, any such reduction will not be effective as to shares then owned by Omegas funds and accounts which are in excess of the reduced limit. As of June 30, 2005, none of such funds or accounts individually owns more than 9.8% of our outstanding common stock although, collectively, they own 13.2%. Each such fund or account would be deemed to be a separate holder for Internal Revenue Code purposes.
Our charter also prohibits any person from:
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beneficially or constructively owning shares of our capital stock that would result in our being closely held under Section 856(h) of the Internal Revenue Code or otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT, and
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|
transferring shares of our capital stock if such transfer would result in our capital stock being owned by fewer than 100 persons.
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Any person who acquires or attempts or intends to acquire beneficial or constructive ownership of shares of our capital stock that will or may violate any of the foregoing restrictions on transferability and ownership, or who is the intended transferee of shares of our stock which are transferred to the trust (as described below), will be required to give notice immediately to us and provide us with such other information as we may request in order to determine the effect of such transfer on our qualification as a REIT. The foregoing restrictions on transferability and ownership will not apply if our board of directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests to attempt to qualify, or to continue to qualify, as a REIT.
Our board of directors, in its sole discretion, may exempt a person from the foregoing restrictions. The person seeking an exemption must provide to our board of directors such representations, covenants and undertakings as our board of directors may deem appropriate in order to conclude that granting the exemption will not cause us to lose our qualification as a REIT. Our board of directors may also require a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service or an opinion of counsel in order to determine or ensure our qualification as a REIT.
Our charter provides that, until all classes of our equity securities are publicly-traded for purposes of resolutions issued by the U.S. Department of Labor regarding assets of benefit plans, which we refer to as the DOL Plan Asset Regulations, equity participation in any class of our capital stock by benefit plan investors is limited to less than 25% in the aggregate, disregarding for such purposes any stock held by persons or their
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affiliates who have discretionary authority or control over our assets or who provide investment advice for a fee with respect to our assets (such as the Manager and its affiliates), so that such participation in that class of our stock by benefit plan investors will not be deemed to be significant. Following this offering, we will have only one outstanding class of capital stock, which we expect will be deemed to be publicly traded under DOL Plan Asset Regulations.
Any attempted transfer of our stock which, if effective, would result in a violation of the foregoing restrictions will cause the number of shares causing the violation (rounded to the nearest whole share) to be automatically transferred to a trust for the exclusive benefit of one or more charitable beneficiaries, and the proposed transferee will not acquire any rights in such shares. The automatic transfer will be deemed to be effective as of the close of business on the business day (as defined in our charter) before the date of the transfer. If, for any reason, the transfer to the trust does not occur, our charter provides that the purported transfer in violation of the restrictions will be void ab initio . Shares of our stock held in the trust will be issued and outstanding shares. The proposed transferee will not benefit economically from ownership of any shares of stock held in the trust, will have no rights to distributions and no rights to vote or other rights attributable to the shares of stock held in the trust. The trustee of the trust will have all voting rights and rights to distributions with respect to shares held in the trust. These rights will be exercised for the exclusive benefit of the charitable beneficiary. Any distribution paid before our discovery that shares of stock have been transferred to the trust will be paid by the recipient to the trustee upon demand. Any distribution authorized but unpaid will be paid when due to the trustee. Any distribution paid to the trustee will be held in trust for the charitable beneficiary. Subject to Maryland law, the trustee will have the authority to rescind as void any vote cast by the proposed transferee before our discovery that the shares have been transferred to the trust and to recast the vote in accordance with the desires of the trustee acting for the benefit of the charitable beneficiary. However, if we have already taken irreversible corporate action, then the trustee will not have the authority to rescind and recast the vote.
Within 20 days of receiving notice from us that shares of our stock have been transferred to the trust, the trustee will sell the shares to a person designated by the trustee, whose ownership of the shares will not violate the above ownership limitations. Upon such sale, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the shares sold will terminate and the trustee will distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the proposed transferee and to the charitable beneficiary as follows. The proposed transferee will receive the lesser of:
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the price paid by the proposed transferee for the shares or, if the proposed transferee did not give value for the shares in connection with the event causing the shares to be held in the trust (e.g., a gift, devise or other similar transaction), the market price (as defined in our
charter) of the shares on the day of the event causing the shares to be held in the trust, and
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the price received by the trustee from the sale or other disposition of the shares. Any net sale proceeds in excess of the amount payable to the proposed transferee will be paid immediately to the charitable beneficiary. If, before our discovery that shares of our stock have
been transferred to the trust, the shares are sold by the proposed transferee, then the shares shall be deemed to have been sold on behalf of the trust and, to the extent that the proposed transferee received an amount for the shares that exceeds the amount the proposed
transferee was entitled to receive, the excess must be paid to the trustee upon demand.
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In addition, shares of our stock held in the trust will be deemed to have been offered for sale to us, or our designee, at a price per share equal to the lesser of:
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the price per share in the transaction that resulted in the transfer to the trust (or, in the case of a devise or gift, the market price at the time of the devise or gift), and
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the market price on the date we, or our designee, accept the offer.
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We will have the right to accept the offer until the trustee has sold the shares. Upon a sale to us, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the shares sold will terminate and the trustee will distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the proposed transferee.
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All certificates representing shares of our capital stock will bear a legend referring to the restrictions described above.
Every owner of more than 5% (or such lower percentage as required by the Internal Revenue Code or the regulations promulgated thereunder) of all classes or series of our stock, including shares of common stock, within 30 days after the end of each taxable year, will be required to give written notice to us stating the name and address of such owner, the number of shares of each class and series of shares of our stock which the owner beneficially owns and a description of the manner in which the shares are held. Each owner must provide us such additional information as we may request in order to determine the effect, if any, of the beneficial ownership on our qualification as a REIT and to ensure compliance with the ownership limitations. In addition, each such owner must, upon demand, provide to us such information as we may request, in good faith, in order to determine our qualification as a REIT and to comply with the requirements of any taxing authority or governmental authority or to determine such compliance.
These ownership limitations could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for the common stock or might otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
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The transfer agent and registrar for our shares of common stock is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company.
Registration Rights
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The holders of common stock issued in our March 2005 private offering and their tranferees, which we refer to as the initial investors, are entitled to the benefits of a registration rights agreement. Pursuant to this agreement, we will, at our expense:
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file a registration statement with the SEC no later than December 3, 2005 for the resale of their shares,
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use our commercially reasonable efforts to cause the registration statement to become effective under the Securities Act as soon as practicable after the filing, and
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maintain the registration statements effectiveness under the Securities Act until the first to occur of:
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such time as all of the shares of common stock covered by the registration statement have been sold pursuant to the registration statement or pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act,
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such time as, in the opinion of counsel, all of the common stock not held by our affiliates, and covered by the registration statement, are eligible for sale pursuant to Rule 144(k) (or any successor or analogous rule), and
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the second anniversary of the effective date of the registration statement.
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We also agreed to use our commercially reasonable efforts to list our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange or the NASDAQ Stock Market.
The initial investors have the right to participate in this offering in order to resell their shares, subject to compliance with the registration rights agreement, full cutback rights on the part of the underwriters and other conditions and limitations that may be imposed by the underwriters. Initial investors who include any of their shares in this offering will not be able to sell any remaining shares not included in this offering for a period of at least 180 days and, in the case of any subsequent underwritten offering in which an initial investors shares are included, any remaining shares not included in that offering may not be sold for a period of at least 60 days, in each case as determined between us and the underwriters.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, we may suspend the use, from time to time, of the prospectus that is part of the registration statement (and therefore suspend sales under the registration statement) for certain periods, referred to as blackout periods, if
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the lead underwriter in any underwritten public offering by us of our common stock advises us that an offer or sale of shares covered by the registration statement would have a material adverse effect on our offering;
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our board of directors determines in good faith that the sale of shares covered by the registration statement would materially impede, delay or interfere with any proposed financing, offer or sale of securities, acquisition, corporate reorganization or other significant
transaction involving our company; or
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our board of directors determines in good faith that it is in our best interests or it is required by law that we supplement the registration statement or file a post-effective amendment to the registration statement in order to ensure that the prospectus included in the
registration statement contains the financial information required under Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act, discloses any fundamental change in the information included in the prospectus or discloses any material information with respect to the plan of distribution that
was not disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to that information,
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and we provide notice of the suspension. The cumulative blackout periods in any 12 month period commencing on the closing of the offering may not exceed an aggregate of 90 days and furthermore may not exceed 45 consecutive days, except as a result of a refusal by the SEC to declare any post-effective amendment to the registration statement as effective after we have used all commercially reasonable efforts to cause the post-effective amendment to be declared effective, in which case we must terminate the blackout period immediately following the effective date of the post-effective amendment.
Our management agreement provides that in the event that the resale registration statement is not filed with the SEC on or before December 3, 2005, the Manager will forfeit its base management fee in respect of the period from and after that date until the registration statement is actually filed. In addition, all incentive fee payments in respect of such period will be deferred until such registration statement is filed.
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SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE
Before this offering, there has been no market for our common stock. Therefore, future sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect market prices prevailing from time to time.
Upon completion of this offering, we will have __________ shares of common stock outstanding assuming no exercise of outstanding options and excluding shares that may be issued to the Manager in partial payment of its incentive management fee. The common stock sold in this offering will be freely transferable without restriction or registration under the Securities Act, except for any shares purchased by one of our existing affiliates, as that term is defined by the Securities Act, which shares will be subject to the resale limitations of Rule 144 adopted under the Securities Act. As defined in Rule 144, an affiliate of an issuer is a person that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the issuer. The shares of common stock issued in connection with our private placement and not sold in this offering and all shares of our common stock held by our affiliates, including our officers and directors, are restricted securities as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. Restricted securities may be sold in the public market only if registered under the securities laws or if they qualify for an exemption from registration under Rule 144, as described below. As a result of the contractual restrictions described below and the provisions of Rules 144 and 701, additional shares will be available for sale in the public market as follows:
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No restricted shares will be eligible for immediate sale on the date of this prospectus;
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____ restricted shares will be eligible for sale upon expiration of lock-up agreements 180 days after the date of this prospectus subject to Rule 144; and
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____ restricted shares will be eligible for sale approximately one year after the date of this prospectus, subject to Rule 144 and, with respect to shares held by the Manager or our independent directors as stock awards, subject to vesting periods.
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Rule 144
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In general, under Rule 144, a person (or persons whose shares are aggregated) who owns shares that were purchased from us or any affiliate at least one year previously, is entitled to sell within any three-month period a number of shares that does not exceed the greater of 1% of our then-outstanding shares of common stock (____ shares immediately after this offering) or the average weekly trading volume of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange during the four calendar weeks preceding the date on which notice of the sale is filed with the SEC. Sales under Rule 144 are also subject to manner of sale provisions, notice requirements and the availability of current public information about us. Any person (or persons whose shares are aggregated) who is not deemed to have been one of our affiliates at any time during the three months preceding a sale, and who owns shares within the definition of restricted securities under Rule 144 that were purchased from us or any affiliate at least two years previously, would be entitled to sell such shares under Rule 144(k) without regard to the volume limitations, manner of sale provisions, public information requirements or notice requirements.
Rule 710
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Subject to limitations on the aggregate offering price of a transaction and other conditions, Rule 710 may be relied upon with respect to the resale of securities originally purchased from us by our directors, officers, consultants or advisers before we become subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, pursuant to written compensatory benefit plans or written contracts relating to the compensation of such persons. In addition, the SEC has indicated that Rule 701 will apply to typical stock options granted by an issuer before it becomes subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, along with the shares acquired upon exercise of such options, including exercises after the date of this prospectus. Securities issued in reliance on Rule 701 are restricted securities and, subject to the contractual restrictions described above, beginning 90 days after the date of this prospectus, may be sold by persons other than affiliates subject only
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to the manner of sale provisions of Rule 144 and by affiliates under Rule 144 without compliance with its minimum holding period requirements.
The holders of 15,333,334 shares of common stock, or their transferees, are entitled to various rights with respect to the registration of such shares under the Securities Act. Registration of such shares under the Securities Act would result in such shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act (except for shares purchased by affiliates) immediately upon the effectiveness of such registration. See Description of Capital Stock Registration Rights.
Lock-Up Agreements
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We have agreed not to offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for common stock, or enter into any swap or similar agreement that transfers, in whole or in part, the economic risk of ownership of the common stock, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, without the prior written consent of Credit Suisse First Boston, LLC, subject to limited exceptions.
All of our officers and directors, members of our investment committee, the Manager, Resource America and their directors and officers, who own our common stock have agreed not to offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for common stock, or enter into any swap or similar agreement that transfers, in whole or in part, the economic risk of ownership of the common stock, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, without the prior written consent of Credit Suisse First Boston. However, these contractual restrictions may be released before expiration of the lock-up period.
In addition, holders of common stock issued in our March 2005 private offering have agreed not to sell their shares for a period of up to 60 days following the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.
As of June 30, 2005, options to purchase a total of 651,666 shares of common stock pursuant to our 2005 Stock Incentive Plan were outstanding and will vest in three equal installments beginning on the first anniversary of the completion of our March 2005 private offering. All of the shares subject to options are subject to lock-up agreements. An additional 532,668 shares of common stock were available for future grants under the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan.
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CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF THE MARYLAND GENERAL CORPORATION LAW AND OUR CHARTER AND BYLAWS
The following summarizes material provisions of Maryland law and our charter and bylaws. Copies of our charter and bylaws are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. See Where You Can Find More Information.
The MGCL and our charter and bylaws contain provisions that could make it more difficult for a potential acquiror to acquire us by means of a tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise. We expect that these provisions may discourage certain coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids and may encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to negotiate first with our board of directors. We believe that the benefits of these provisions outweigh the potential disadvantages of discouraging any such acquisition proposals because, among other things, the negotiation of such proposals may improve their terms.
Number of Directors; Vacancies; Removal
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Our charter provides that the number of directors will be set only by the board of directors in accordance with our bylaws. Our bylaws provide that a majority of our entire board of directors may at any time increase or decrease the number of directors. However, unless our bylaws are amended, the number of directors may never be less than five nor more than 15. Our bylaws currently provide that any vacancy may be filled by a majority of the remaining directors, except a vacancy resulting from an increase in the number of directors must be filled by a majority of the entire board of directors. Any individual elected to fill such vacancy will serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders, and until a successor is duly elected and qualifies. However, our charter provides that, at such time as we have at least three independent directors and a class of our common or preferred stock is registered under the Exchange Act, we elect to be subject to the provision of Subtitle 8 of Title 3 of the MGCL regarding the filling of vacancies on the board of directors. Accordingly, at such time, except as may be provided by the board of directors in setting the terms of any class or series of stock, any and all vacancies on the board of directors may be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors in office, even if the remaining directors do not constitute a quorum, and any director elected to fill a vacancy will serve for the remainder of the full term of the class in which the vacancy occurred and until a successor is duly elected and qualifies.
Our charter provides that a director may be removed only for cause, as defined in our charter, and then only by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast in the election of directors.
Action by Stockholders
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Under the MGCL, stockholder action can be taken only at an annual or special meeting of stockholders or by unanimous written consent in lieu of a meeting (unless the charter provides for a lesser percentage, which our charter does not). These provisions, combined with the requirements of our bylaws regarding the calling of a stockholder-requested special meeting of stockholders discussed below, may have the effect of delaying consideration of a stockholder proposal until the next annual meeting.
Advance Notice Provisions for Stockholder Nominations and Stockholder Proposals
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Our bylaws provide that with respect to an annual meeting of stockholders, nominations of individuals for election to the board of directors and the proposal of business to be considered by stockholders may be made only
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pursuant to our notice of the meeting,
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by the board of directors or
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by a stockholder who was a stockholder of record both at the time of giving of notice by such stockholder as provided for in our bylaws and at the time of the annual meeting and who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who has complied with the advance notice
procedures of the bylaws.
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With respect to special meetings of stockholders, only the business specified in our notice of the meeting may be brought before the meeting. Nominations of individuals for election to the board of directors at a special meeting may be made only
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pursuant to our notice of the meeting,
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by the board of directors or
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provided that the board of directors has determined that directors will be elected at the meeting, by a stockholder who was a stockholder of record both at the time of giving of notice by such stockholder as provided for in our bylaws and at the time of the annual meeting
and who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who has complied with the advance notice provisions of the bylaws.
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The purpose of requiring stockholders to give us advance notice of nominations and other business is to afford our board of directors a meaningful opportunity to consider the qualifications of the proposed nominees and the advisability of any other proposed business and, to the extent deemed necessary or desirable by our board of directors, to inform stockholders and make recommendations about such qualifications or business, as well as to provide a more orderly procedure for conducting meetings of stockholders. Although our bylaws do not give our board of directors any power to disapprove stockholder nominations for the election of directors or proposals recommending certain action, they may have the effect of precluding a contest for the election of directors or the consideration of stockholder proposals if proper procedures are not followed and of discouraging or deterring a third party from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect its own slate of directors or to approve its own proposal without regard to whether consideration of such nominees or proposals might be harmful or beneficial to us and our stockholders.
Calling of Special Meetings of Stockholders
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Our bylaws provide that special meetings of stockholders may be called by our board of directors and certain of our officers. Additionally, our bylaws provide that, subject to the satisfaction of certain procedural and informational requirements by the stockholders requesting the meeting, a special meeting of stockholders shall be called by the secretary of the corporation upon the written request of stockholders entitled to cast not less than a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at such meeting.
Approval of Extraordinary Corporate Action; Amendment of Charter and Bylaws
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Under Maryland law, a Maryland corporation generally cannot dissolve, amend its charter, merge, sell all or substantially all of its assets, engage in a share exchange or engage in similar transactions outside the ordinary course of business, unless approved by the affirmative vote of stockholders entitled to cast at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. However, a Maryland corporation may provide in its charter for approval of these matters by a lesser percentage, but not less than a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Our charter generally provides for approval of charter amendments and extraordinary transactions, which have been first declared advisable by our board of directors, by the stockholders entitled to cast at least a majority of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
Our bylaws provide that the board of directors will have the exclusive power to adopt, alter or repeal any provision of our bylaws and to make new bylaws.
No Appraisal Rights
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As permitted by the MGCL, our charter provides that stockholders will not be entitled to exercise appraisal rights.
Control Share Acquisitions
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The Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act provides that control shares of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share acquisition have no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Shares owned by the acquiror, by officers or by directors who are employees of the corporation are excluded from shares entitled to vote on the matter.
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Control shares are voting shares of stock which, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned by the acquiror or in respect of which the acquiror is able to exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquiror to exercise voting power in electing directors within one of the following ranges of voting power:
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one-tenth or more but less than one-third;
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one-third or more but less than a majority; or
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a majority or more of all voting power.
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Control shares do not include shares the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained stockholder approval. A control share acquisition means the acquisition of control shares, but does not include the acquisition of shares (i) under the laws of descent and distribution, (ii) under the satisfaction of a pledge or other security interest created in good faith and not for the purpose of circumventing this subtitle, or (iii) under a merger, consolidation, or share exchange effected under Subtitle 1 of the Control Share Acquisition Act if the corporation is a party to the merger, consolidation, or share exchange.
A person who has made or proposes to make a control share acquisition may compel the board of directors of the corporation to call a special meeting of stockholders to be held within 50 days of demand to consider the voting rights of the shares. The right to compel the calling of a special meeting is subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, including an undertaking to pay the expenses of the meeting. If no request for a meeting is made, the corporation may itself present the question at any stockholders meeting.
If voting rights are not approved at the meeting or if the acquiring person does not deliver an acquiring person statement as required by the statute, then the corporation may repurchase for fair value any or all of the control shares, except those for which voting rights have previously been approved. The right of the corporation to repurchase control shares is subject to certain conditions and limitations. Fair value is determined, without regard to the absence of voting rights for the control shares, as of the date of the last control share acquisition by the acquiror or of any meeting of stockholders at which the voting rights of the shares are considered and not approved. If voting rights for control shares are approved at a stockholders meeting and the acquiror becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to vote, all other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares as determined for purposes of appraisal rights may not be less than the highest price per share paid by the acquiror in the control share acquisition.
The Control Share Acquisition Act does not apply to shares acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange if the corporation is a party to the transaction or to acquisitions approved or exempted by the charter or bylaws of the corporation.
Our bylaws contain a provision exempting from the Control Share Acquisition Act any and all acquisitions by any person of our shares of stock. There can be no assurance that such provision will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future. However, we will amend our bylaws to be subject to the Control Share Acquisition Act only if the board of directors determines that it would be in our best interests.
Business Combinations
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Under Maryland law, business combinations between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested stockholder is defined as:
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any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of the corporations shares; or
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an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period before the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding voting stock of the corporation.
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A person is not an interested stockholder under the statute if the board of directors approved in advance the transaction by which he or she otherwise would have become an interested stockholder. However, in approving a transaction, the board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board.
After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between the corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:
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80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of voting stock of the corporation; and
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two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting stock of the corporation other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested
stockholder.
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These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if the corporations common stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares.
The statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including business combinations that are exempted by the board of directors before the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder.
Subtitle 8
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Subtitle 8 of Title 3 of the MGCL permits a Maryland corporation with a class of equity securities registered under the Exchange Act and at least three independent directors to elect to be subject, by provision in its charter or bylaws or a resolution of its board of directors and notwithstanding any contrary provision in the charter or bylaws, to any or all of five provisions:
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a classified board;
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a two-thirds stockholder vote requirement for removing a director;
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a requirement that the number of directors be fixed only by vote of the directors;
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a requirement that a vacancy on the board be filled only by the remaining directors and for the remainder of the full term of the class of directors in which the vacancy occurred; and
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a majority requirement for the calling of a special meeting of stockholders.
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Through provisions in our charter and bylaws unrelated to Subtitle 8, we already (a) require a two-thirds stockholder vote for the removal of any director from the board, as well as require such removal be for cause (as defined in our charter), (b) unless called by our chairman of the board, our president, our chief executive officer or the board, require the request of holders of a majority of outstanding shares to call a special meeting and (c) vest in the board of exclusive power to fix the number of directorships. Our charter also provides that at such time as Subtitle 8 becomes applicable to us, our board will have the exclusive power to fill vacancies on the board, by a vote of the remaining directors, and such vacancies will be filled until the end of the term of the class of directors in which the vacancy occurred.
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FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF OUR QUALIFICATION AS A REIT
This section summarizes the material federal income tax considerations that you, as a stockholder, may consider relevant. Ledgewood has acted as our counsel, has reviewed this summary, and is of the opinion that the discussion contained herein fairly summarizes the federal income tax consequences that are likely to be material to a holder of our shares of common stock. Because this section is a summary, it does not address all aspects of taxation that may be relevant to particular stockholders in light of their personal investment or tax circumstances, or to certain types of stockholders that are subject to special treatment under the federal income tax laws, such as insurance companies, tax-exempt organizations (except to the extent discussed in Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders below), financial institutions or broker-dealers, and non-U.S. individuals and foreign corporations (except to the extent discussed in Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders below).
The statements in this section are based on the current federal income tax laws. We cannot assure you that new laws, interpretations of law, court decisions, any of which may take effect retroactively, will not cause any statement in this section to be inaccurate.
We urge you to consult your own tax advisor regarding the specific tax consequences to you of the purchase, ownership and sale of our common stock and of our election to be taxed as a REIT.
Taxation of Our Company
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We will elect to be taxed as a REIT under the federal income tax laws effective for our initial taxable year ending on December 31, 2005. We believe that, commencing with such taxable year, we will be organized and will operate in such a manner so as to qualify for taxation as a REIT under the federal income tax laws, and we intend to continue to operate in such a manner, but no assurances can be given that we will operate in a manner so as to qualify or remain qualified as a REIT. This section discusses the laws governing the federal income tax treatment of a REIT and its stockholders. These laws are highly technical and complex.
In connection with this offering, Ledgewood is rendering an opinion that, commencing with our taxable year ending on December 31, 2005, we have been organized and operated in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the federal income tax laws, and our current and proposed method of operation will enable us to continue to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the federal income tax laws. Ledgewoods opinion is based upon customary assumptions, is conditioned upon certain representations made by us as to factual matters, including representations regarding the nature of our assets and the conduct of our business, and isnt binding upon the Internal Revenue Service, which we refer to in this discussion as the IRS, or any court. In addition, Ledgewoods opinion is based on existing federal income tax law governing qualification as a REIT, which is subject to change either prospectively or retroactively. Moreover, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depends upon our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual annual operating results, certain qualification tests set forth in the federal tax laws. Those qualification tests involve the percentage of income that we earn from specified sources, the percentage of our assets that falls within specified categories, the diversity of our stock ownership, and the percentage of our earnings that we distribute. Ledgewood will not review our compliance with those tests on a continuing basis. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that our actual results of operations for any particular taxable year will satisfy such requirements. For a discussion of the federal income tax consequences of our failure to qualify as a REIT, see Failure to Qualify.
If we qualify as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on our net taxable income that we distribute to our stockholders, but taxable income generated by Resource TRS, our TRS, will be subject to regular corporate income tax. However, our stockholders will generally be taxed on dividends that they receive at ordinary income rates unless such dividends are designated by us as capital gain dividends, return of capital or qualified dividend income. This differs from non-REIT C corporations, which generally are subject to federal corporate income taxes but whose individual and certain non-corporate trust and estate stockholders are generally taxed on dividends they receive at the 15% rate on qualified dividend income, and whose corporate stockholders generally receive the benefits of a dividends received deduction
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that substantially reduces the effective rate that they pay on such dividends. In general, income earned by a REIT and distributed to its stockholders will be subject to less federal income taxation than if such income were earned by a non-REIT C corporation, subjected to corporate income tax, and then distributed and taxed to stockholders.
While we generally are not subject to corporate income taxes on income that we distribute currently to stockholders, we will be subject to federal tax in the following circumstances:
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We will pay federal income tax on taxable income, including net capital gain, that we do not distribute to stockholders during, or within a specified time period after, the calendar year in which the income is earned.
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We may be subject to the alternative minimum tax on any items of tax preference that we do not distribute or allocate to stockholders.
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We will pay income tax at the highest corporate rate on:
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net income from the sale or other disposition of property acquired through foreclosure, or foreclosure property, that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, and
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other non-qualifying income from foreclosure property.
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We will pay a 100% tax on net income earned on sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business.
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If we fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, as described below under Requirements for QualificationGross Income Tests, and nonetheless continue to qualify as a REIT because we
meet other requirements, we will pay a 100% tax on the amount by which we fail the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test, multiplied, in either case, by a fraction intended to reflect our profitability.
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In the event of a more than de minimis failure of the asset tests, as described below under Requirements for QualificationAsset Tests, as long as the failure was due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect and we dispose of the assets or otherwise comply with
such asset tests within six months after the last day of the quarter, we will pay a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or 35% of the net income from the nonqualifying assets during the period in which we failed to satisfy such asset tests.
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If we fail to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification, other than the gross income tests and the asset tests, and the violation is due to reasonable cause, we may retain our qualification as a REIT but will be required to pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such
failure.
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If we fail to distribute during a calendar year at least the sum of:
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85% of our REIT ordinary income for the year,
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95% of our REIT capital gain net income for the year, and
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any undistributed taxable income from earlier periods,
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we will pay a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of the required distribution over the amount we actually distributed, plus any retained amounts on which income tax has been paid at the corporate level.
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We may elect to retain and pay income tax on our net long-term capital gain. In that case, a U.S. stockholder would be taxed on its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term capital gain (to the extent that we make a timely designation of such gain to the
stockholder) and would receive a credit or refund for its proportionate share of the tax we paid.
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We will be subject to a 100% excise tax on transactions between us and a TRS that are not conducted on an arms-length basis.
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If we acquire any asset from a C corporation, or a corporation that generally is subject to full corporate-level tax, in a merger or other transaction in which we acquire a basis in the asset that is determined by reference either to the C corporations basis in the asset or to
another asset, we will pay tax at the highest regular corporate rate applicable if we recognize gain on the sale or disposition of the asset during the 10-year period after we acquire the asset. The amount of gain on which we will pay tax is the lesser of:
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the amount of gain that we recognize at the time of the sale or disposition, and
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the amount of gain that we would have recognized if we had sold the asset at the time we acquired it, assuming that the C corporation will not elect in lieu of this treatment to an immediate tax when the asset is acquired.
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If we own a residual interest in a real estate mortgage investment conduit, or REMIC, we will be taxable at the highest corporate rate on the portion of any excess inclusion income that we derive from the REMIC residual interests equal to the percentage of our stock that is
held by disqualified organizations. Although the law is unclear, similar rules may apply if we own an equity interest in a taxable mortgage pool. To the extent that we own a REMIC residual interest or a taxable mortgage pool through a TRS, we will not be subject to
this tax. For a discussion of excess inclusion income, see Requirements for QualificationTaxable Mortgage Pools. A disqualified organization includes:
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the United States;
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any state or political subdivision of the United States;
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any foreign government;
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any international organization;
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any agency or instrumentality of any of the foregoing;
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any other tax-exempt organization, other than a farmers cooperative described in section 521 of the Internal Revenue Code, that is exempt both from income taxation and from taxation under the unrelated business taxable income provisions of the Internal Revenue
Code; and
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any rural electrical or telephone cooperative.
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We do not currently intend to hold REMIC residual interests but it is likely that we directly or through a qualified REIT subsidiary of ours will own residual interests in taxable mortgage pools.
In addition, notwithstanding our qualification as a REIT, we may also have to pay certain state and local income taxes, because not all states and localities treat REITs in the same manner that they are treated for federal income tax purposes. Moreover, as further described below, any domestic TRS in which we own an interest, including Resource TRS, will be subject to federal corporate income tax on its taxable income.
Requirements for Qualification
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A REIT is a corporation, trust, or association that meets each of the following requirements:
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It is managed by one or more trustees or directors.
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Its beneficial ownership is evidenced by transferable shares, or by transferable certificates of beneficial interest.
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It would be taxable as a domestic corporation, but for the REIT provisions of the federal income tax laws.
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It is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company subject to special provisions of the federal income tax laws.
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At least 100 persons are beneficial owners of its shares or ownership certificates.
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Not more than 50% in value of its outstanding shares or ownership certificates is owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals, which the federal income tax laws define to include certain entities, during the last half of any taxable year.
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It elects to be a REIT, or has made such an election for a previous taxable year, and satisfies all relevant filing and other administrative requirements established by the IRS that must be met to elect and maintain REIT status.
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It meets certain other qualification tests, described below, regarding the nature of its income and assets.
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We must meet the first four requirements during our entire taxable year and must meet the fifth requirement during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a taxable year of less than 12 months. The fifth and sixth requirements will apply to us beginning with our 2006 taxable year. If we comply with all the requirements for ascertaining the ownership of our outstanding stock in a taxable year and have no reason to know that we violated the sixth requirement, we will be deemed to have satisfied the sixth requirement for that taxable year. For purposes of determining share ownership under the sixth requirement, an individual generally includes a supplemental unemployment compensation benefits plan, a private foundation, or a portion of a trust permanently set aside or used exclusively for charitable purposes. An individual, however, generally does not include a trust that is a qualified employee pension or profit sharing trust under the federal income tax laws, and beneficiaries of such a trust will be treated as holding our stock in proportion to their actuarial interests in the trust for purposes of the sixth requirement.
We believe that we have issued sufficient common stock with sufficient diversity of ownership to satisfy the fifth and sixth requirements. In addition, our charter restricts the ownership and transfer of our stock so that we should continue to satisfy these requirements. The provisions of our charter restricting the ownership and transfer of our common stock are described in Description of Capital StockRestrictions on Ownership and Transfer.
If we comply with regulatory rules pursuant to which we are required to send annual letters to our stockholders requesting information regarding the actual ownership of our stock, and we do not know, or exercising reasonable diligence would not have known, whether we failed to meet the sixth requirement, we will be treated as having met the requirement.
In addition, we must satisfy all relevant filing and other administrative requirements established by the IRS that must be met to elect and maintain our REIT qualification, use a calendar year for federal income tax purposes, and comply with the record keeping requirements of the Internal Revenue Code and regulations promulgated thereunder which we have satisfied or intend to satisfy.
Qualified REIT Subsidiaries. A corporation that is a qualified REIT subsidiary is not treated as a corporation separate from its parent REIT. All assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction and credit of a qualified REIT subsidiary are treated as assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction and credit of the REIT. A qualified REIT subsidiary is a corporation, other than a TRS, all of the capital stock of which is owned by the REIT. Thus, in applying the requirements described herein, any qualified REIT subsidiary that we own will be ignored, and all assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit of such subsidiary will be treated as our assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction and credit.
Other Disregarded Entities and Partnerships. An unincorporated domestic entity, such as a partnership or limited liability company, that has a single owner, generally is not treated as an entity separate from its parent for federal income tax purposes. An unincorporated domestic entity with two or more owners generally is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. In the case of a REIT that is a partner in a partnership that has other partners, the REIT is treated as owning its proportionate share of the assets of the partnership and as earning its allocable share of the gross income of the partnership for purposes of the applicable REIT qualification tests. For purposes of the 10% value test (described in Asset Tests), our proportionate share is based on our proportionate interest in the equity interests and certain debt securities issued by the partnership. For all of the other asset and income tests, our proportionate share is based on our proportionate interest in the capital interests in the partnership. Our proportionate share of the assets,
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liabilities and items of income of any partnership, joint venture, or limited liability company that is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes in which we acquire an interest, directly or indirectly, will be treated as our assets and gross income for purposes of applying the various REIT qualification requirements.
Taxable REIT Subsidiaries. A REIT is permitted to own up to 100% of the stock of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRSs. A TRS is generally a fully taxable corporation that may earn income that would not be qualifying income if earned directly by the parent REIT. The subsidiary and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a TRS. A corporation of which a TRS directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated as a TRS. However, an entity will not qualify as a TRS if it directly or indirectly operates or manages a lodging or health care facility or, generally, provides to another person, under a franchise, license or otherwise, rights to any brand name under which any lodging facility or health care facility is operated. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REITs assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRSs.
We have jointly elected with Resource TRS to treat Resource TRS as a TRS of ours. As a TRS, Resource TRS will be subject to federal income tax, and state and local income tax where applicable, on its taxable income. To the extent that Resource TRS is required to pay taxes, it will have less cash available for distribution to us. If Resource TRS pays dividends to us, then the dividends we pay to our stockholders who are taxed as individuals, up to the amount of dividends we receive from Resource TRS, will generally be eligible to be taxed at the reduced 15% rate applicable to qualified dividend income. See Taxation of Taxable U.S. Stockholders. The decision as to whether Resource TRS will distribute its after-tax income to us will be made on a periodic basis, subject to our compliance with the 20% asset test.
We anticipate that we will likely make a TRS election with respect to certain entities that issue equity interests to us pursuant to CDO securitizations. The Internal Revenue Code and the Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder provide a specific exemption from U.S. federal income tax to non-U.S. corporations that restrict their activities in the United States to trading in stock and securities (or any activity closely related thereto) for their own account, whether such trading (or such other activity) is conducted by the corporation or its employees through a resident broker, commission agent, custodian or other agent. Certain U.S. stockholders of such a non-U.S. corporation are currently required to include in their income their proportionate share of the earnings of such a corporation, whether or not such earnings are distributed. We expect that certain of the CDO vehicles in which we may invest and with which we will jointly make a TRS election will be organized as Cayman Islands companies and will either rely on such exemption or otherwise operate in a manner so that they will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on their net income. Therefore, despite such contemplated CDO entities anticipated status as a TRS, such entities would generally not be subject to corporate income tax on their earnings. However, we will likely be required to include in our income, on a current basis, the earnings of such a TRS. This could affect our ability to comply with the REIT income tests and distribution requirements. See Gross Income Tests and Distribution Requirements.
The TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to its parent REIT to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. Further, the rules impose a 100% excise tax on transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT or the REITs tenants that are not conducted on an arms-length basis.
Taxable Mortgage Pools. An entity, or a portion of an entity, may be classified as a taxable mortgage pool under the Internal Revenue Code if:
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substantially all of its assets consist of debt obligations or interests in debt obligations;
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more than 50% of those debt obligations are real estate mortgage loans or interests in real estate mortgage loans as of specified testing dates;
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the entity has issued debt obligations that have two or more maturities; and
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the payments required to be made by the entity on its debt obligations bear a relationship to the payments to be received by the entity on the debt obligations that it holds as assets.
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Under U.S. Treasury regulations, if less than 80% of the assets of an entity (or a portion of an entity) consists of debt obligations, these debt obligations are considered not to comprise substantially all of its assets, and therefore the entity would not be treated as a taxable mortgage pool.
We likely will make investments or enter into financing and securitization transactions that give rise to us being considered to own an interest in one or more taxable mortgage pools. Where an entity, or a portion of an entity, is classified as a taxable mortgage pool, it is generally treated as a taxable corporation for federal income tax purposes. However, special rules apply to a REIT, a portion of a REIT, or a qualified REIT subsidiary that is a taxable mortgage pool. The portion of the REITs assets, held directly or through a qualified REIT subsidiary that qualifies as a taxable mortgage pool is treated as a qualified REIT subsidiary that is not subject to corporate income tax, and the taxable mortgage pool classification does not affect the tax status of the REIT. Rather, the consequences of the taxable mortgage pool classification would generally, except as described below, be limited to the tax liability on the REIT and the REITs stockholders. The Treasury Department has yet to issue regulations governing the tax treatment of the stockholders of a REIT that owns an interest in a taxable mortgage pool.
A portion of our income from a taxable mortgage pool arrangement, which might be non-cash accrued income, or phantom taxable income, could be treated as excess inclusion income and allocated to our stockholders. Excess inclusion income is an amount, with respect to any calendar quarter, equal to the excess, if any, of (i) income allocable to the holder of a REMIC residual interest or taxable mortgage pool interest over (ii) the sum of an amount for each day in the calendar quarter equal to its ratable portion of the product of (a) the adjusted issue price of the interest at the beginning of the quarter multiplied by (b) 120% of the long-term federal rate (determined on the basis of compounding at the close of each calendar quarter and properly adjusted for the length of such quarter). This non-cash or phantom income would be subject to the distribution requirements that apply to us and could therefore adversely affect our liquidity. See Distribution Requirements.
Our excess inclusion income would be allocated among our stockholders. A stockholders share of excess inclusion income (i) would not be allowed to be offset by any net operating losses otherwise available to the stockholder, (ii) would be subject to tax as unrelated business taxable income in the hands of most types of stockholders that are otherwise generally exempt from federal income tax, (iii) would result in the application of U.S. federal income tax withholding at the maximum rate (30%), without reduction for any otherwise applicable income tax treaty, to the extent allocable to most types of foreign stockholders and (iv) would be taxable (at the highest corporate tax rates) to us, rather than our stockholders, to the extent allocable to our stock held by disqualified organizations (generally, tax- exempt entities are not subject to unrelated business income tax, including governmental organizations). See Taxation of Taxable U.S. Stockholders, Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders, and Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders. The manner in which excess inclusion income would be allocated among shares of different classes of our stock or how such income is to be reported to stockholders is not clear under current law. Tax-exempt investors, foreign investors, and taxpayers with net operating losses should carefully consider the tax consequences describe above and are urged to consult their tax advisors in connection with their decision to invest in our common stock.
If we own less than 100% of the ownership interests in a subsidiary that is a taxable mortgage pool, the foregoing rules would not apply. Rather, the subsidiary would be treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, and would potentially be subject to corporate income tax. In addition, this characterization would alter our REIT income and asset test calculations and could adversely affect our compliance with those requirements. We currently do not have, and currently do not intend to form, any subsidiary in which we own some, but less than all, of the ownership interests that are or will become taxable mortgage pools, and we intend to monitor the structure of any taxable mortgage pools in which we have an interest to ensure that they will not adversely affect our qualification as a REIT.
Gross Income Tests
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We must satisfy two gross income tests annually to maintain our qualification as a REIT. First, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year must consist of defined types of income that we derive,
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directly or indirectly, from investments relating to real property or mortgage loans on real property or qualified temporary investment income. Qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test generally includes:
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rents from real property;
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interest on debt secured by a mortgage on real property, or on interests in real property;
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dividends or other distributions on, and gain from the sale of, shares in other REITs;
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gain from the sale of real estate assets;
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income derived from a REMIC in proportion to the real estate assets held by the REMIC, unless at least 95% of the REMICs assets are real estate assets, in which case all of the income derived from the REMIC; and
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income derived from the temporary investment of new capital that is attributable to the issuance of our stock or a public offering of our debt with a maturity date of at least five years and that we receive during the one-year period beginning on the date on which we
received such new capital.
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Second, in general, at least 95% of our gross income for each taxable year must consist of income that is qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, other types of interest and dividends, gain from the sale or disposition of stock or securities or any combination of these. Gross income from our sale of property that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business is excluded from both the numerator and the denominator in both income tests. In addition, income and gain from hedging transactions, as defined in Hedging Transactions, that we enter into in the normal course of our business to hedge indebtedness incurred or to be incurred to acquire or carry real estate assets and that are clearly and timely identified as such will be excluded from both the numerator and the denominator for purposes of the 95% gross income test (but will be included in the denominator for purposes of the 75% gross income test). We will monitor the amount of our non-qualifying income and we will manage our investment portfolio to comply at all times with the gross income tests. The following paragraphs discuss the specific application of the gross income tests to us.
Interest. The term interest, as defined for purposes of both gross income tests, generally excludes any amount that is based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. However, interest generally includes the following:
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an amount that is based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales; and
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an amount that is based on the income or profits of a debtor, as long as the debtor derives substantially all of its income from the real property securing the debt from leasing substantially all of its interest in the property, and only to the extent that the amounts received by
the debtor would be qualifying, rents from real property if received directly by a REIT.
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If a loan contains a provision that entitles a REIT to a percentage of the borrowers gain upon the sale of the real property securing the loan or a percentage of the appreciation in the propertys value as of a specific date, income attributable to that loan provision will be treated as gain from the sale of the property securing the loan, which generally is qualifying income for purposes of both gross income tests.
Interest on debt secured by a mortgage on real property or on interests in real property, including, for this purpose, discount points, prepayment penalties, loan assumption fees, and late payment charges that are not compensation for services, generally is qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. However, if the highest principal amount of a loan outstanding during a taxable year exceeds the fair market value of the real property securing the loan as of the date the REIT agreed to originate or acquire the loan, a portion of the interest income from such loan will not be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, but will be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test. The portion of the interest income that will not be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test will be equal to the portion of the principal amount of the loan that is not secured by real property that is, the amount by which the loan exceeds the value of the real estate that is security for the loan.
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The interest, original issue discount, and market discount income that we receive from our mortgage-related assets generally, including B notes, will be qualifying income for purposes of both gross income tests. We expect that some of our loans, which we have called mezzanine loans, will not be secured by a direct interest in real property. Instead, such loans will be secured by ownership interests in a non-corporate entity owning real property. In Revenue Procedure 2003-65, the Internal Revenue Service established a safe harbor under which interest from loans secured by a first priority security interest in ownership interests in a partnership or limited liability company owning real property will be treated as qualifying income for both the 75% and 95% gross income tests, and the loans will be treated as qualifying assets for the purposes of the 75% asset test, provided several requirements are satisfied. Some of our mezzanine loans, however, may not qualify for that safe harbor. Although the Revenue Procedure provides a safe harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive law. In situations where a loan is secured by interests in non-corporate entities but not all of the requirements of the safe harbor are met, the interest income from the loan will be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test, but potentially will not be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. In addition, some of our loans will not be secured by mortgages on real property or interests in real property. Our interest income from those loans will be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test, but not the 75% gross income test. Further, as discussed above, if the fair market value of the real estate securing any of our loans is less than the principal amount of the loan, a portion of the income from that loan will be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test but not the 75% gross income test.
Equipment Lease Income. Any income we receive as lease payments from equipment leases in which we may invest will be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test only if the lease is considered a financing lease and not a true lease for federal income tax purposes. Although the classification of a lease as a financing lease or a true lease is sometimes a difficult one, where the fixed rents during the base term of the lease are sufficient for the lessor to recover its entire investment in the equipment plus a market interest rate of return, and the lessor is not entitled to any substantial residual value of its equipment, the lease will be characterized as a financing lease. It is expected that all of our equipment leases will be structured in that manner and thus the interest component of the payments received will qualify for the 95% gross income test. In no event will income from equipment leases qualify for the 75% gross income test.
Fee Income. We may receive various fees in connection with our operations. The fees will be qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests if they are received in consideration for entering into an agreement to make a loan secured by real property and the fees are not determined by income and profits. Other fees are not qualifying income for purposes of either gross income test. Any fees earned by Resource TRS, our TRS, will not be included for purposes of the gross income tests.
Dividends. Our share of any dividends received from any corporation (including any TRS, but excluding any REIT) in which we own an equity interest will qualify for purposes of the 95% gross income test but not for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Our share of any dividends received from any other REIT in which we own an equity interest will be qualifying income for purposes of both gross income tests.
We intend to treat certain income inclusions received with respect to our contemplated equity investments in CDOs as qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test but not the 75% gross income test. Because there is no clear precedent with respect to the qualification of such income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests, we cannot assure you that the IRS will not assert a contrary position. In the event that such income was determined not to qualify for the 95% gross income test, we could be subject to a penalty tax with respect to such income to the extent it exceeds 5% of our gross income or fail to qualify as a REIT. See Failure to Satisfy the Gross Income Tests and Failure to Qualify.
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Rents from Real Property. We currently do not intend to acquire any real property with the proceeds of this offering, but we may acquire real property or an interest therein in the future. To the extent that we acquire real property or an interest therein, rents we receive will qualify as rents from real property in satisfying the gross income requirements for a REIT described above only if the following conditions are met:
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First, the amount of rent must not be based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. However, an amount received or accrued generally will not be excluded from rents from real property solely by reason of being based on fixed percentages of receipts or
sales.
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Second, rents we receive from a related party tenant will not qualify as rents from real property in satisfying the gross income tests unless the tenant is a TRS, at least 90% of the property is leased to unrelated tenants and the rent paid by the TRS is substantially
comparable to the rent paid by the unrelated tenants for comparable space. A tenant is a related party tenant if the REIT, or an actual or constructive owner of 10% or more of the REIT, actually or constructively owns 10% or more of the tenant.
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Third, if rent attributable to personal property, leased in connection with a lease of real property, is greater than 15% of the total rent received under the lease, then the portion of rent attributable to the personal property will not qualify as rents from real property.
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Fourth, we generally must not operate or manage our real property or furnish or render services to our tenants, other than through an independent contractor who is adequately compensated and from whom we do not derive revenue. However, we may provide services
directly to tenants if the services are usually or customarily rendered in connection with the rental of space for occupancy only and are not considered to be provided for the tenants convenience. In addition, we may provide a minimal amount of non-customary
services to the tenants of a property, other than through an independent contractor, as long as our income from the services does not exceed 1% of our income from the related property. Furthermore, we may own up to 100% of the stock of a TRS, which may provide
customary and non-customary services to tenants without tainting its rental income from the related properties.
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Hedging Transactions. From time to time, we may enter into hedging transactions with respect to one or more of our assets or liabilities. Income and gain from hedging transactions will be excluded from gross income for purposes of the 95% gross income test (but will be treated as non qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test). A hedging transaction includes any transaction entered into in the normal course of our trade or business primarily to manage the risk of interest rate, price changes, or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made, or ordinary obligations incurred or to be incurred, to acquire or carry real estate assets. We will be required to clearly identify any such hedging transaction before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into. To the extent that we hedge for other purposes, or to the extent that a portion of our mortgage loans is not secured by real estate assets (as described below under Asset Tests) or in other situations, the income from those transactions will likely be treated as nonqualifying income for purposes of the gross income tests. We intend to structure any hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize our qualification as a REIT.
Prohibited Transactions. A REIT will incur a 100% tax on the net income derived from any sale or other disposition of property, other than foreclosure property, that the REIT holds primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. We believe that none of our assets will be held primarily for sale to customers and that a sale of any of our assets will not be in the ordinary course of our business. Whether a REIT holds an asset primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business depends, however, on the facts and circumstances in effect from time to time, including those related to a particular asset. Nevertheless, we will attempt to comply with the terms of safe-harbor provisions in the federal income tax laws prescribing when a sale of real property will not be characterized as a prohibited transaction. We cannot assure you however, that we can comply with the safe-harbor provisions or that we will avoid owning property that may be characterized as property that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. To the extent necessary to avoid the prohibited transactions tax, we will conduct sales of our assets through a TRS.
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Foreclosure Property. We will be subject to tax at the maximum corporate rate on any income from foreclosure property, other than income that otherwise would be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, less expenses directly connected with the production of that income. However, gross income from foreclosure property will qualify under the 75% and 95% gross income tests. Foreclosure property is any real property, including interests in real property, and any personal property incident to such real property:
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that is acquired by a REIT as the result of the REIT having bid on such property at foreclosure, or having otherwise reduced such property to ownership or possession by agreement or process of law, after there was default or default was imminent on a lease of such
property or on indebtedness that such property secured;
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for which the related loan or lease was acquired by the REIT at a time when the default was not imminent or anticipated; and
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for which the REIT makes a proper election to treat the property as foreclosure property.
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However, a REIT will not be considered to have foreclosed on a property where the REIT takes control of the property as a mortgagee-in-possession and cannot receive any profit or sustain any loss except as a creditor of the mortgagor. Property generally ceases to be foreclosure property at the end of the third taxable year following the taxable year in which the REIT acquired the property, or longer if an extension is granted by the Secretary of the Treasury. This grace period terminates and foreclosure property ceases to be foreclosure property on the first day:
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on which a lease is entered into for the property that, by its terms, will give rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test, or any amount is received or accrued, directly or indirectly, pursuant to a lease entered into on or after such day that
will give rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test;
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on which any construction takes place on the property, other than completion of a building or any other improvement, where more than 10% of the construction was completed before default became imminent; or
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which is more than 90 days after the day on which the REIT acquired the property and the property is used in a trade or business which is conducted by the REIT, other than through an independent contractor from whom the REIT itself does not derive or receive any
income.
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Failure to Satisfy Gross Income Tests. If we fail to satisfy one or both of the gross income tests for any taxable year, we nevertheless may qualify as a REIT for that year if we qualify for relief under certain provisions of the federal income tax laws. Those relief provisions generally will be available if:
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our failure to meet such tests is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect; and
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following such failure for any taxable year, a schedule of the sources of our income is filed in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury.
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We cannot predict, however, whether in all circumstances we would qualify for the relief provisions. In addition, as discussed above in Taxation of Our Company, even if the relief provisions apply, we would incur a 100% tax on the gross income attributable to the amount by which we fail the 75% or 95% gross income test, multiplied, in either case, by a fraction intended to reflect our profitability.
Asset Tests
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To qualify as a REIT, we also must satisfy the following asset tests at the end of each quarter of each taxable year. First, at least 75% of the value of our total assets must consist of:
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cash or cash items, including certain receivables;
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government securities;
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interests in real property, including leaseholds and options to acquire real property and leaseholds;
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interests in mortgage loans secured by real property;
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stock in other REITs;
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investments in stock or debt instruments during the one-year period following our receipt of new capital that we raise through equity offerings or public offerings of debt with at least a five-year term; and
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regular or residual interests in a REMIC.
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However, if less than 95% of the assets of a REMIC consists of assets that are qualifying real estate-related assets under the federal income tax laws, determined as if we held such assets, we will be treated as holding directly our proportionate share of the assets of such REMIC.
Second, of our investments not included in the 75% asset class, the value of our interest in any one issuers securities may not exceed 5% of the value of our total assets.
Third, we may not own more than 10% of the voting power or value of any one issuers outstanding securities.
Fourth, no more than 20% of the value of our total assets may consist of the securities of one or more TRSs.
Fifth, no more than 25% of the value of our total assets may consist of the securities of TRSs and other non-TRS taxable subsidiaries and other assets that are not qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test.
For purposes of the second and third asset tests, the term securities does not include stock in another REIT, equity or debt securities of a qualified REIT subsidiary or TRS, mortgage loans that constitute real estate assets, or equity interests in a partnership.
For purposes of the 10% value test, the term securities does not include:
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Straight debt securities, which is defined as a written unconditional promise to pay on demand or on a specified date a sum certain in money if (i) the debt is not convertible, directly or indirectly, into stock, and (ii) the interest rate and interest payment dates are not
contingent on profits, the borrowers discretion, or similar factors. Straight debt securities do not include any securities issued by a partnership or a corporation in which we or any controlled TRS (i.e., a TRS in which we own directly or indirectly more than 50% of the
voting power or value of the stock) hold non-straight debt securities that have an aggregate value of more than 1% of the issuers outstanding securities. However, straight debt securities include debt subject to the following contingencies:
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a contingency relating to the time of payment of interest or principal, as long as either (i) there is no change to the effective yield of the debt obligation, other than a change to the annual yield that does not exceed the greater of 0.25% or 5% of the annual yield, or
(ii) neither the aggregate issue price nor the aggregate face amount of the issuers debt obligations held by us exceeds $1 million and no more than 12 months of unaccrued interest on the debt obligations can be required to be prepaid; and
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a contingency relating to the time or amount of payment upon a default or prepayment of a debt obligation, as long as the contingency is consistent with customary commercial practice.
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Any loan to an individual or an estate.
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Any section 467 rental agreement, other than an agreement with a related party tenant.
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Any obligation to pay rents from real property.
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Certain securities issued by governmental entities.
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Any security issued by a REIT.
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Any debt instrument issued by an entity treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes to the extent of our interest as a partner in the partnership.
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Any debt instrument issued by an entity treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes not described above if at least 75% of the partnerships gross income, excluding income from prohibited transaction, is qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross
income test described above in Requirements for QualificationGross Income Tests.
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It is possible that we may hold real estate mezzanine loans that are secured by equity interests in a non-corporate entity that directly or indirectly owns real property. In Revenue Procedure 2003-65, the IRS provided a safe harbor pursuant to which a mezzanine loan to such a non-corporate entity, if it meets each of the requirements contained in the Revenue Procedure, will be treated by the IRS as a real estate asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests, and interest derived from it will be treated as qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% gross income test described above. Although the Revenue Procedure provides a safe harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. Moreover, any real estate mezzanine loans that we acquire may not meet all of the requirements for reliance on this safe harbor.
We believe that most of the residential mortgage loans (including the B notes) and mortgage-backed securities that we expect to hold will be qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test. For purposes of these rules, however, if the outstanding principal balance of a mortgage loan exceeds the fair market value of the real property securing the loan, a portion of such loan likely will not be a qualifying real estate asset under the federal income tax laws. Although the law on the matter is not entirely clear, it appears that the non-qualifying portion of that mortgage loan will be equal to the portion of the loan amount that exceeds the value of the associated real property that is security for that loan. Our debt securities issued by other REITs or corporations that are not secured by mortgages on real property will not be qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test. We believe that any stock that we will acquire in other REITs will be qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test. However, if a REIT in which we own stock fails to qualify as a REIT in any year, the stock in such REIT will not be a qualifying asset for purposes of the 75% asset test. Instead, we would be subject to the second, third, fourth, and fifth assets tests described above with respect to our investment in such a disqualified REIT. We will also be subject to those assets tests with respect to our investments in any non-REIT C corporations for which we do not make a TRS election. We anticipate that value of our investment in Resource TRS, our TRS, will be less than 20% of the value of our total assets.
We will monitor the status of our assets for purposes of the various asset tests and will seek to manage our portfolio to comply at all times with such tests. There can be no assurances, however, that we will be successful in this effort. In this regard, to determine our compliance with these requirements, we will need to estimate the value of the real estate securing our mortgage loans at various times. In addition, we will have to value our investment in our other assets to ensure compliance with the asset tests. Although we will seek to be prudent in making these estimates, there can be no assurances that the IRS might not disagree with these determinations and assert that a different value is applicable, in which case we might not satisfy the 75% and the other asset tests and would fail to qualify as a REIT. If we fail to satisfy the asset tests at the end of a calendar quarter, we will not lose our REIT qualification if:
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we satisfied the asset tests at the end of the preceding calendar quarter; and
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the discrepancy between the value of our assets and the asset test requirements arose from changes in the market values of our assets and was not wholly or partly caused by the acquisition of one or more non-qualifying assets
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If we did not satisfy the condition described in the second item, above, we still could avoid disqualification by eliminating any discrepancy within 30 days after the close of the calendar quarter in which it arose.
In the event that we violate the second or third asset tests described above at the end of any calendar quarter, we will not lose our REIT qualification if the failure is de minimis (up to the lesser of 1% of our assets or $10 million) and we dispose of assets or otherwise comply with the asset tests within six months after the last day of the quarter. In the event of a more than de minimis failure of any of the asset tests, as long as the failure was due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect, we will not lose our REIT qualification if we dispose of assets or otherwise comply with the asset tests within six months after the last day of the quarter and pay a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or 35% of the net income from the nonqualifying assets during the period in which we failed to satisfy the asset tests.
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To avoid an inadvertent violation of the second, third or fourth asset tests described above, we may form a trust, the sole beneficiary of which will be Resource TRS, our TRS. Upon an uncured violation of the second, third or fourth asset tests described above, the asset or assets causing the violation would be deemed automatically to have been transferred to the trust before the occurrence of the violation. Once a deemed transfer occurs, we would have no further ownership interest in the assets transferred, and all income subsequently accruing with respect to the transferred assets would be reported on Resource TRSs tax returns and would be subject to federal, state and local income tax. Similar trusts are currently under review by the IRS and there can be no assurance that the IRS would respect the deemed transfer of assets to the trust.
We currently believe that the mortgage-related assets, securities and other assets that we expect to hold will satisfy the foregoing asset test requirements. However, no independent appraisals will be obtained to support our conclusions as to the value of our assets and securities, or in many cases, the real estate collateral for the mortgage loans that we hold. Moreover, the values of some assets, such as the securities of our TRSs, may not be susceptible to a precise determination. As a result, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not contend that our ownership of securities and other assets violates one or more of the asset tests applicable to REITs.
Distribution Requirements
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Each taxable year, we must distribute dividends, other than capital gain dividends and deemed distributions of retained capital gain, to our stockholders in an aggregate amount at least equal to:
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the sum of
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90% of our REIT taxable income, computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and our net capital gain, and
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90% of our after-tax net income, if any, from foreclosure property, minus
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the sum of certain items of non-cash income.
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We must make such distributions in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following taxable year if either (i) we declare the distribution before we timely file our federal income tax return for the year and pay the distribution on or before the first regular dividend payment date after such declaration or (ii) we declare the distribution in October, November or December of the taxable year, payable to stockholders of record on a specified day in any such month, and we actually make the distribution before the end of January of the following year. The distributions under clause (i) are taxable to the stockholders in the year in which paid, and the distributions in clause (ii) are treated as paid on December 31 of the prior taxable year. In both instances, these distributions relate to our prior taxable year for purposes of the 90% distribution requirement.
We will pay federal income tax on taxable income, including net capital gain, that we do not distribute to stockholders. Furthermore, if we fail to distribute during a calendar year, or by the end of January following the calendar year in the case of distributions with declaration and record dates falling in the last three months of the calendar year, at least the sum of:
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85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year,
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95% of our REIT capital gain income for such year, and
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any undistributed taxable income from prior periods,
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we will incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the amounts we actually distribute. We may elect to retain and pay income tax on the net long-term capital gain we receive in a taxable year. See Taxation of Taxable U.S. Stockholders. If we so elect, we will be treated as having distributed any such retained amount for purposes of the 4% nondeductible excise tax described above. We intend to make timely distributions sufficient to satisfy the annual distribution requirements and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax.
It is possible that, from time to time, we may experience timing differences between the actual receipt of income and actual payment of deductible expenses and the inclusion of that income and deduction of such
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expenses in arriving at our REIT taxable income. Possible examples of those timing differences include the following:
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Because we may deduct capital losses only to the extent of our capital gains, we may have taxable income that exceeds our economic income.
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We will recognize taxable income in advance of the related cash flow if any of our MBS are deemed to have original issue discount. We generally must accrue original issue discount based on a constant yield method that takes into account projected prepayments but that
defers taking into account credit losses until they are actually incurred.
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We may recognize taxable market discount income when we receive the proceeds from the disposition of, or principal payments on, loans that have a stated redemption price at maturity that is greater than our tax basis in those loans, although such proceeds often will be
used to make non-deductible principal payments on related borrowings.
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We may recognize phantom taxable income from any residual interests in REMICs or retained ownership interests in mortgage loans subject to collateralized mortgage obligation debt.
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Although several types of non-cash income are excluded in determining the annual distribution requirement, we will incur corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax with respect to those non-cash income items if we do not distribute those items on a current basis. As a result of the foregoing, we may have less cash than is necessary to distribute all of our taxable income and thereby avoid corporate income tax and the excise tax imposed on certain undistributed income. In such a situation, we may need to borrow funds or issue additional common or preferred stock.
Under certain circumstances, we may be able to correct a failure to meet the distribution requirement for a year by paying deficiency dividends to our stockholders in a later year. We may include such deficiency dividends in our deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year. Although we may be able to avoid income tax on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends, we will be required to pay interest to the IRS based upon the amount of any deduction we take for deficiency dividends.
Recordkeeping Requirements
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We must maintain certain records in order to qualify as a REIT. In addition, to avoid a monetary penalty, we must request on an annual basis information from our stockholders designed to disclose the actual ownership of our outstanding stock. We intend to comply with these requirements.
Failure to Qualify
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If we fail to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification, other than the gross income tests and the asset tests, we could avoid disqualification if our failure is due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect and we pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure. In addition, there are relief provisions for a failure of the gross income tests and asset tests, as described in Gross Income Tests and Asset Tests.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and no relief provision applies, we would be subject to federal income tax and any applicable alternative minimum tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. In calculating our taxable income in a year in which we fail to qualify as a REIT, we would not be able to deduct amounts paid out to stockholders. In fact, we would not be required to distribute any amounts to stockholders in that year. In such event, to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, all distributions to stockholders would be taxable as ordinary income. Subject to certain limitations of the federal income tax laws, corporate stockholders might be eligible for the dividends received deduction, and individual and certain non-corporate trust and estate stockholders may be eligible for the reduced federal income tax rate of 15% on such dividends. Unless we qualified for relief under specific statutory provisions, we also would be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we ceased to qualify as a REIT. We cannot predict whether in all circumstances we would qualify for such statutory relief.
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Taxable REIT Subsidiaries
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As described above, we may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs. A TRS, other than certain foreign TRSs, is a fully taxable corporation that may earn income that would not be qualifying income if earned directly by us. A corporation will not qualify as a TRS if it directly or indirectly operates or manages any hotels or health care facilities or provides rights to any brand name under which any hotel or health care facility is operated. We and our corporate subsidiary must elect for the subsidiary to be treated as a TRS. A corporation of which a TRS directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated as a TRS. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of our assets may consist of securities of one or more TRSs, and no more than 25% of the value of our assets may consist of the securities of TRSs and other non-TRS taxable subsidiaries and other assets that are not qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test. The TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to us to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. Further, the rules impose a 100% excise tax on transactions between a TRS and us or our tenants that are not conducted on an arms-length basis. We will make an election to treat Resource TRS as a TRS. We believe that all transactions between us and Resource TRS and any other TRS that we form or acquire will be conducted on an arms-length basis.
Taxation of Taxable U.S. Stockholders
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The term U.S. stockholder means a holder of our common stock that, for United States federal income tax purposes, is:
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a citizen or resident of the United States;
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a corporation (including an entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized under the laws of the United States, any of its States, or the District of Columbia;
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an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or
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any trust if (i) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of such trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (ii) it has a valid election in place to be treated as a U.S. person.
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If a partnership, entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes holds our common stock, the federal income tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner in a partnership holding our common stock, you should consult your tax advisor regarding the consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our common stock by the partnership.
As long as we qualify as a REIT, a taxable U.S. stockholder must generally take into account as ordinary income distributions made out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits that we do not designate as capital gain dividends or retained long-term capital gain. A U.S. stockholder will not qualify for the dividends received deduction generally available to corporations. In addition, dividends paid to a U.S. stockholder generally will not qualify for the 15% tax rate for qualified dividend income. The Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 reduced the maximum tax rate for qualified dividend income received by noncorporate taxpayers to 15% for tax years 2003 through 2008. Without future congressional action, the maximum tax rate for such taxpayers on qualified dividend income will move to 35% in 2009 and 39.6% in 2011. Qualified dividend income generally includes dividends paid to individuals, trusts and estates by domestic C corporations and certain qualified foreign corporations. Because we are not generally subject to federal income tax on the portion of our REIT taxable income distributed to our stockholders (see Taxation of Our Company above), our dividends generally will not be eligible for the 15% rate on qualified dividend income. As a result, our ordinary REIT dividends will continue to be taxed at the higher tax rate applicable to ordinary income. Currently, the highest marginal individual income tax rate on ordinary income is 35%. However, the 15% tax rate for qualified dividend income will apply to our ordinary REIT dividends attributable to dividends received by us from non-REIT corporations, such as our domestic TRSs (but generally not from our TRSs organized as Cayman organizations), and to the extent attributable to income upon which we have paid corporate income tax (e.g., to the extent that we distribute less than 100%
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of our taxable income). In general, to qualify for the reduced tax rate on qualified dividend income, a stockholder must hold our common stock for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date that is 60 days before the date on which our common stock became ex-dividend.
A U.S. stockholder generally will recognize distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends as long-term capital gain without regard to the period for which the U.S. stockholder has held our common stock. A corporate U.S. stockholder, however, may be required to treat up to 20% of certain capital gain dividends as ordinary income.
A U.S. stockholder will not incur tax on a distribution in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits if the distribution does not exceed the adjusted basis of the U.S. stockholders common stock. Instead, the distribution will reduce the adjusted basis of such common stock. A U.S. stockholder will recognize a distribution in excess of both our current and accumulated earnings and profits and the U.S. stockholders adjusted basis in his or her common stock as long-term capital gain, or short-term capital gain if the shares of common stock have been held for one year or less, assuming the shares of common stock are a capital asset in the hands of the U.S. stockholder. In addition, if we declare a distribution in October, November, or December of any year that is payable to a U.S. stockholder of record on a specified date in any such month, such distribution will be treated as both paid by us and received by the U.S. stockholder on December 31 of such year, provided that we actually pay the distribution during January of the following calendar year.
Stockholders may not include in their individual income tax returns any of our net operating losses or capital losses. Instead, these losses are generally carried over by us for potential offset against our future income. Taxable distributions from us and gain from the disposition of our common stock will not be treated as passive activity income and, therefore, stockholders generally will not be able to apply any passive activity losses, such as losses from certain types of limited partnerships in which the stockholder is a limited partner, against such income. In addition, taxable distributions from us and gain from the disposition of our common stock generally will be treated as investment income for purposes of the investment interest limitations. We will notify stockholders after the close of our taxable year as to the portions of the distributions attributable to that year that constitute ordinary income, return of capital and capital gain.
We may recognize taxable income in excess of our economic income, known as phantom income, in the first years that we hold certain investments, and experience an offsetting excess of economic income over our taxable income in later years. As a result, stockholders at times may be required to pay federal income tax on distributions that economically represent a return of capital rather than a dividend. These distributions would be offset in later years by distributions representing economic income that would be treated as returns of capital for federal income tax purposes. Taking into account the time value of money, this acceleration of federal income tax liabilities may reduce a stockholders after-tax return on his or her investment to an amount less than the after-tax return on an investment with an identical before-tax rate of return that did not generate phantom income. For example, if an investor with a 30% tax rate purchases a taxable bond with an annual interest rate of 10% on its face value, the investors before-tax return on the investment would be 10% and the investors after-tax return would be 7%. However, if the same investor purchased our common stock at a time when the before-tax rate of return was 10%, the investors after-tax rate of return on such stock might be somewhat less than 7% as a result of our phantom income. In general, as the ratio of our phantom income to our total income increases, the after-tax rate of return received by a taxable stockholder will decrease. We will consider the potential effects of phantom income on our taxable stockholders in managing our investments.
Any excess inclusion income (See Requirements for Qualification Taxable Mortgage Pools for a definition of excess inclusion income) that we recognize generally will be allocated among our stockholders to the extent that it exceeds our undistributed REIT taxable income in a particular year. A stockholders share of excess inclusion income would not be allowed to be offset by any net operating losses or other deductions otherwise available to the stockholder.
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Taxation of U.S. Stockholders on the Disposition of Common Stock
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In general, a U.S. stockholder who is not a dealer in securities must treat any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of our common stock as long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. stockholder has held the common stock for more than one year and otherwise as short-term capital gain or loss. In general, a U.S. stockholder will realize gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the sum of the fair market value of any property and the amount of cash received in such disposition and the U.S. stockholders adjusted tax basis will equal the U.S. stockholders acquisition cost, increased by the excess of net capital gains deemed distributed to the U.S. stockholder (discussed above) less tax deemed paid on it and reduced by any returns of capital. However, a U.S. stockholder must treat any loss upon a sale or exchange of common stock held by such stockholder for six months or less as a long-term capital loss to the extent of capital gain dividends and any other actual or deemed distributions from us that such U.S. stockholder treats as long-term capital gain. All or a portion of any loss that a U.S. stockholder realizes upon a taxable disposition of our common stock may be disallowed if the U.S. stockholder purchases other common stock within 30 days before or after the disposition.
Capital Gains and Losses
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A taxpayer generally must hold a capital asset for more than one year for gain or loss derived from its sale or exchange to be treated as long-term capital gain or loss. The highest marginal individual income tax rate currently is 35% (which rate will apply for the period from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2010). The maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain applicable to individuals, trusts and estates is 15% for sales and exchanges of assets held for more than one year occurring through December 31, 2008. The maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain from the sale or exchange of section 1250 property, or depreciable real property, is 25% to the extent that such gain would have been treated as ordinary income if the property were section 1245 property. With respect to distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends and any retained capital gain that we are deemed to distribute, we generally may designate whether such a distribution is taxable to our individual, trust and estate stockholders at a 15% or 25% rate. Thus, the tax rate differential between capital gain and ordinary income for those taxpayers may be significant. In addition, the characterization of income as capital gain or ordinary income may affect the deductibility of capital losses. A non-corporate taxpayer may deduct capital losses not offset by capital gains against its ordinary income only up to a maximum annual amount of $3,000. A non-corporate taxpayer may carry forward unused capital losses indefinitely. A corporate taxpayer must pay tax on its net capital gain at ordinary corporate rates. A corporate taxpayer may deduct capital losses only to the extent of capital gains, with unused losses being carried back three years and forward five years.
Information Reporting Requirements and Backup Withholding
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We will report to our stockholders and to the IRS the amount of distributions we pay during each calendar year, and the amount of tax we withhold, if any. Under the backup withholding rules, a stockholder may be subject to backup withholding at a current rate of 28% with respect to distributions unless the holder:
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is a corporation or comes within certain other exempt categories and, when required, demonstrates this fact; or
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provides a taxpayer identification number, certifies as to no loss of exemption from backup withholding, and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules.
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A stockholder who does not provide us with its correct taxpayer identification number also may be subject to penalties imposed by the IRS. Any amount paid as backup withholding will be creditable against the stockholders income tax liability. In addition, we may be required to withhold a portion of capital gain distributions to any stockholders who fail to certify their non-foreign status to us. For a discussion of the backup withholding rules as applied to non-U.S. stockholders. See Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders.
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Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders
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Tax-exempt entities, including qualified employee pension and profit sharing trusts and individual retirement accounts, generally are exempt from federal income taxation. However, they are subject to taxation on their unrelated business taxable income, or UBTI. While many investments in real estate generate UBTI, the IRS has issued a ruling that dividend distributions from a REIT to an exempt employee pension trust do not constitute UBTI so long as the exempt employee pension trust does not otherwise use the shares of the REIT in an unrelated trade or business of the pension trust. Based on that ruling, amounts that we distribute to tax-exempt stockholders generally should not constitute UBTI. However, if a tax-exempt stockholder were to finance its acquisition of common stock with debt, a portion of the income that it receives from us would constitute UBTI pursuant to the debt-financed property rules. Moreover, social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations, supplemental unemployment benefit trusts and qualified group legal services plans that are exempt from taxation under special provisions of the federal income tax laws are subject to different UBTI rules, which generally will require them to characterize distributions that they receive from us as UBTI. Furthermore, a tax-exempt stockholders share of any excess inclusion income that we recognize would be subject to tax as UBTI. Finally, in certain circumstances, a qualified employee pension or profit sharing trust that owns more than 10% of our stock must treat a percentage of the dividends that it receives from us as UBTI. Such percentage is equal to the gross income we derive from an unrelated trade or business, determined as if we were a pension trust, divided by our total gross income for the year in which we pay the dividends. That rule applies to a pension trust holding more than 10% of our stock only if:
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the percentage of our dividends that the tax-exempt trust must treat as UBTI is at least 5%;
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we qualify as a REIT by reason of the modification of the rule requiring that no more than 50% of our stock be owned by five or fewer individuals that allows the beneficiaries of the pension trust to be treated as holding our stock in proportion to their actuarial interests in
the pension trust; and
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either:
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one pension trust owns more than 25% of the value of our stock; or
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a group of pension trusts individually holding more than 10% of the value of our stock collectively owns more than 50% of the value of our stock.
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Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders
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The rules governing U.S. federal income taxation of nonresident alien individuals, foreign corporations, foreign partnerships, and other foreign stockholders are complex. This section is only a summary of such rules. We urge non-U.S. stockholders to consult their own tax advisors to determine the impact of federal, state, and local income tax laws on ownership of our common stock, including any reporting requirements.
A non-U.S. stockholder that receives a distribution that is not attributable to gain from our sale or exchange of United States real property interests, as defined below, and that we do not designate as a capital gain dividend or retained capital gain will recognize ordinary income to the extent that we pay the distribution out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. A withholding tax equal to 30% of the gross amount of the distribution ordinarily will apply unless an applicable tax treaty reduces or eliminates the tax. However, if a distribution is treated as effectively connected with the non-U.S. stockholders conduct of a U.S. trade or business, the non-U.S. stockholder generally will be subject to federal income tax on the distribution at graduated rates, in the same manner as U.S. stockholders are taxed on distributions and also may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax in the case of a corporate non-U.S. stockholder. We plan to withhold U.S. income tax at the rate of 30% on the gross amount of any distribution paid to a non-U.S. stockholder unless either:
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a lower treaty rate applies and the non-U.S. stockholder files an IRS Form W-8BEN evidencing eligibility for that reduced rate with us, or
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the non-U.S. stockholder files an IRS Form W-8ECI with us claiming that the distribution is effectively connected income.
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However, reduced treaty rates are not available to the extent that the income allocated to the non-U.S. stockholder is excess inclusion income. Our excess inclusion income generally will be allocated among our stockholders to the extent that it exceeds our undistributed REIT taxable income in a particular year.
A non-U.S. stockholder will not incur tax on a distribution in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits if the excess portion of the distribution does not exceed the adjusted basis of its common stock. Instead, the excess portion of the distribution will reduce the adjusted basis of that common stock. A non-U.S. stockholder will be subject to tax on a distribution that exceeds both our current and accumulated earnings and profits and the adjusted basis of the common stock if the non-U.S. stockholder otherwise would be subject to tax on gain from the sale or disposition of its common stock, as described below. Because we generally cannot determine at the time we make a distribution whether the distribution will exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits, we normally will withhold tax on the entire amount of any distribution at the same rate as we would withhold on a dividend. However, a non-U.S. stockholder may obtain a refund from the IRS of amounts that we withhold if we later determine that a distribution in fact exceeded our current and accumulated earnings and profits.
For any year in which we qualify as a REIT, a non-U.S. stockholder will incur tax on distributions that are attributable to gain from our sale or exchange of United States real property interests under special provisions of the federal income tax laws known as FIRPTA. The term United States real property interests includes interests in real property and shares in corporations at least 50% of whose assets consist of interests in real property. The term United States real property interests does not generally include mortgage loans or MBS. As a result, we do not anticipate that we will generate material amounts of gain that would be subject to FIRPTA. Under the FIRPTA rules, a non-U.S. stockholder is taxed on distributions attributable to gain from sales of United States real property interests as if the gain were effectively connected with a U.S. business of the non-U.S. stockholder. A non-U.S. stockholder thus would be taxed on such a distribution at the normal capital gain rates applicable to U.S. stockholders, subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of a non-resident alien individual. A non-U.S. corporate stockholder not entitled to treaty relief or exemption also may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax on such a distribution. We must withhold 35% of any such distribution that we could designate as a capital gain dividend. A non-U.S. stockholder, may receive a credit against our tax liability for the amount we withhold. However, if our common stock becomes regularly traded on an established securities market in the future, capital gain distributions that are attributable to our sale of real property will be treated as ordinary dividends rather than as gain from the sale of a United States real property interest, as long as the non-U.S. stockholder does not own more than 5% of that class of our stock during the taxable year. As a result, non-U.S. stockholders generally would be subject to withholding tax on such capital gain distributions in the same manner as they are subject to withholding tax on ordinary dividends.
In the unlikely event that at least 50% of the assets we hold were determined to be United States real property interests, gains from the sale of our common stock by a non-U.S. stockholder could be subject to a FIRPTA tax. However, even if that event were to occur, a non-U.S. stockholder generally would not incur tax under FIRPTA on gain from the sale of our common stock if we were a domestically-controlled REIT. A domestically-controlled REIT is a REIT in which, at all times during a specified testing period, less than 50% in value of its shares are held directly or indirectly by non-U.S. stockholders. We cannot assure you that this test will be met.
If our common stock becomes regularly traded on an established securities market in the future, an additional exception to the tax under FIRPTA will become available, even if we do not qualify as a domestically-controlled REIT at the time the non-U.S. stockholder sells our common stock. The gain from such a sale by such a non-U.S. stockholder will not be subject to tax under FIRPTA if:
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our common stock is considered regularly traded under applicable Treasury regulations on an established securities market, such as the New York Stock Exchange; and
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the non-U.S. stockholder owned, actually or constructively, 5% or less of our common stock at all times during a specified testing period.
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If the gain on the sale of the common stock were taxed under FIRPTA, a non-U.S. stockholder would be taxed on that gain in the same manner as U.S. stockholders, subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien individuals. Furthermore, a non-U.S. stockholder generally will incur tax on gain not subject to FIRPTA if:
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the gain is effectively connected with the non-U.S. stockholders U.S. trade or business, in which case the non-U.S. stockholder will be subject to the same treatment as U.S. stockholders with respect to such gain, or
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the non-U.S. stockholder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the U.S. for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a tax home in the United States, in which case the non-U.S. stockholder will incur a 30% tax on his or her capital gains.
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Sunset of Reduced Tax Rate Provisions
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Several of the tax considerations described herein are subject to a sunset provision. The sunset provisions generally provide that for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2008, certain provisions that are currently in the Internal Revenue Code will revert back to a prior version of those provisions. These provisions include provisions related to the reduced maximum income tax rate for long-term capital gains of 15% (rather than 20%) for taxpayers taxed at individual rates, the application of the 15% tax rate to qualified dividend income, and certain other tax rate provisions described herein. The impact of this reversion is not discussed herein. Consequently, prospective stockholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the effect of sunset provisions on an investment in our common stock.
State and Local Taxes
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We and/or our stockholders may be subject to taxation by various states and localities, including those in which we or a stockholder transacts business, owns property or resides. The state and local tax treatment may differ from the federal income tax treatment described above. Consequently, stockholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the effect of state and local tax laws upon an investment in our common stock.
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UNDERWRITING
Under the terms and subject to the conditions contained in an underwriting agreement dated ____, 2005, we and the selling stockholders have agreed to sell to the underwriters named below, for whom Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. are acting as representatives, the following respective numbers of shares of common stock:
Underwriter
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Number
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Credit Suisse First Boston LLC
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Friedman,
Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc.
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Citigroup Global Markets Inc.
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J.P. Morgan Securities Inc.
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Total
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The underwriting agreement provides that the underwriters are obligated to purchase all the shares of common stock in the offering if any are purchased, other than those shares covered by the over-allotment option described below. The underwriting agreement also provides that if an underwriter defaults the purchase commitments of non-defaulting underwriters may be increased or the offering may be terminated.
We have granted to the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to ____ additional shares from us at the initial public offering price less the underwriting discounts and commissions. The option may be exercised only to cover any over-allotments of common stock.
The underwriters propose to offer the shares of common stock initially at the public offering price on the cover page of this prospectus and to selling group members at that price less a selling concession of $____ per share. The underwriters and selling group members may allow a discount of $____ per share on sales to other broker/dealers. After the initial public offering the underwriters may change the public offering price and concession and discount to broker/dealers.
The following table summarizes the compensation and estimated expenses we and the selling stockholders will pay:
Per Share
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Total
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Without
Over-Allotment |
With
Over-Allotment |
Without
Over-Allotment |
With
Over-Allotment |
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Underwriting discounts and commissions paid by us
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$ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Expenses payable by us
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$ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Underwriting discounts and commissions paid by selling stockholders
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$ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Expenses payable by the selling stockholders
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$ | $ | $ | $ |
The underwriters have informed us that they do not expect sales to accounts over which the underwriters have discretionary authority to exceed 5% of the shares of common stock being offered. The underwriters will not confirm sales to any accounts over which they exercise discretionary authority without first receiving a written consent from those accounts.
Under Rule 2720 of the rules and regulations of the NASD, when an NASD member with a conflict of interest participates as an underwriter in a public offering, the initial public offering price may be no higher than that recommended by a qualified independent underwriter, as defined by the NASD. Although this rule does not apply to REITs and therefore to this offering, we have retained ____________ to act as a qualified independent underwriter. In such role, ____________ has performed a due diligence investigation of us and participated in the preparation of this prospectus and the registration statement. The initial public offering price of the shares of our common stock will be no higher than the price recommended by ____________. We have agreed to indemnify ____________ against liabilities incurred in connection with acting as a qualified independent underwriter, including liabilities under the Securities Act.
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We intend to use more than _____% of the net proceeds from the sale of our common stock to repay approximately $____ million of repurchase agreements owed by us to ____, one of our underwriters.
We have agreed that we will not offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, or file with the SEC a registration statement under the Securities Act relating to, any shares of our common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares of our common stock, or publicly disclose the intention to make any offer, sale, pledge, disposition or filing, without the prior written consent of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, except issuances pursuant to the exercise of employee stock options outstanding on the date hereof. However, in the event that either (1) during the last 17 days of the lock-up period, we release earnings results or material news or a material event relating to us occurs or (2) before the expiration of the lock-up period, we announce that we will release earnings results during the 16-day period beginning on the last day of the lock-up period, then in either case the expiration of the lock-up will be extended until the expiration of the 18-day period beginning on the date of the release of the earnings results or the occurrence of the material news or event, as applicable, unless Credit Suisse First Boston LLC waives, in writing, such an extension.
Our officers, directors, members of our investment committee, Resource America, the Manager and the selling stockholders have agreed that they will not offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of our common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares of our common stock, enter into a transaction that would have the same effect, or enter into any swap, hedge or other arrangement that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of our common stock, whether any of these transactions are to be settled by delivery of our common stock or other securities, in cash or otherwise, or publicly disclose the intention to make any offer, sale, pledge or disposition, or to enter into any transaction, swap, hedge or other arrangement, without, in each case, the prior written consent of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus (or with respect to our selling stockholders, 60 days after the date of this prospectus). However, in the event that either (1) during the last 17 days of the lock-up period, we release earnings results or material news or a material event relating to us occurs or (2) before the expiration of the lock-up period, we announce that we will release earnings results during the 16- day period beginning on the last day of the lock-up period, then in either case the expiration of the lock-up will be extended until the expiration of the 18-day period beginning on the date of the release of the earnings results or the occurrence of the material news or event, as applicable, unless Credit Suisse First Boston LLC waives, in writing, such an extension.
The underwriters have reserved for sale at the initial public offering price up to ____ shares of the common stock for employees, directors and other persons associated with us who have expressed an interest in purchasing common stock in the offering. The number of shares available for sale to the general public in the offering will be reduced to the extent these persons purchase the reserved shares. Any reserved shares not so purchased will be offered by the underwriters to the general public on the same terms as the other shares.
We have been advised by the underwriters that:
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they have not offered or sold, and, before the expiration of the period of six months from the closing date for the issue of our common stock, will not offer or sell any of our common stock to persons in the United Kingdom, except to those persons whose ordinary
activities involve them in acquiring, holding, managing or disposing of investments (as principal or agent) for the purpose of their businesses or otherwise in circumstances which have not resulted and will not result in an offer to the public in the United Kingdom
within the meaning of the Public Offers of Securities Regulations 1995; they have complied and will comply with all applicable provisions of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 or FSMA, with respect to anything done by them in relation to our common
stock in, from or otherwise involving the United Kingdom; they have only communicated or caused to be communicated and will only communicate or cause to be communicated any invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the meaning of
Section 21 of the FSMA) received by them in connection with the issue or sale of our common stock in circumstances in which Section 21(1) of the FSMA does not apply to us;
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they will not offer or sell any of our common stock directly or indirectly in Japan or to, or for the benefit of any Japanese person or to others, for re-offering or re-sale directly or indirectly in Japan or to any Japanese person, except in each case pursuant to an
exemption from the registration requirements of, and otherwise in compliance with, the Securities and Exchange Law of Japan and any other applicable laws and regulations of Japan. For purposes of this paragraph, Japanese person means any person resident in
Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan;
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they and each of their affiliates have not (i) offered or sold and will not offer or sell in Hong Kong, by means of any document, our common stock other than (a) to professional investors as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571) of Hong Kong
and any rules made under that Ordinance or (b) in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a prospectus as defined in the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32) of Hong Kong or which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of
that Ordinance or (ii) issued or had in their possession for the purposes of issue, and will not issue or have in their possession for the purposes of issue, whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere, any advertisement, invitation or document relating to our common stock,
which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public of Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to our common stock which are or are intended to be disposed
of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to professional investors as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance and any rules made under that Ordinance. The contents of this document have not been reviewed by any regulatory authority in Hong
Kong. You are advised to exercise caution in relation to the offer. If you are in any doubt about any of the contents of this document, you should obtain independent professional advice;
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this prospectus or any other offering material relating to our common stock has not been and will not be registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore, and our common stock will be offered in Singapore pursuant to exemptions under Section
274 and Section 275 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore (the Securities and Futures Act). Accordingly, our common stock may not be offered or sold, or be the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, nor may this prospectus
or any other offering material relating to our common stock be circulated or distributed, whether directly or indirectly, to the public or any member of the public in Singapore other than (a) to an institutional investor or other person specified in Section 274 of the
Securities and Futures Act, (b) to a sophisticated investor, and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275 of the Securities and Futures Act or (c) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the
Securities and Futures Act;
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they are aware of the fact that no German sales prospectus (Verkaufsprospekt) within the meaning of the Securities Sales Prospectus Act (Wertpapier-Verkaufsprospektgesetz, the Act) of the Federal Republic of Germany has been or will be published with
respect to our common stock. In particular, each underwriter has represented that it has not engaged and has agreed that it will not engage in a public offering (öffentliches Angebot) within the meaning of the Act with respect to any of our common stock otherwise
than in accordance with the Act and all other applicable legal and regulatory requirements;
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shares of our common stock are being issued and sold outside the Republic of France and that, in connection with their initial distribution, they have not offered or sold and will not offer or sell, directly or indirectly, any of our common stock to the public in the
Republic of France, and that they have not distributed and will not distribute or cause to be distributed to the public in the Republic of France this prospectus or any other offering material relating to our common stock, and that such offers, sales and distributions
have been and will be made in the Republic of France only to qualified investors (investisseurs qualifiés) in accordance with Article L.411-2 of the Monetary and Financial Code and decrét no. 98-880 dated 1st October, 1998; and
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shares of our common stock may not be offered, sold, transferred or delivered in or from the Netherlands as part of their initial distribution or at any time thereafter, directly or indirectly, other than to individuals or legal entities situated in The Netherlands who or
which trade or invest in securities in the conduct of a business or profession (which includes banks, securities intermediaries (including dealers and brokers), insurance companies, pension funds, collective investment institutions, central governments, large
international and supranational organizations, other institutional investors and other parties, including treasury departments of commercial enterprises, which as an ancillary activity regularly invest in securities; hereinafter, Professional Investors), provided that
in the offer, prospectus and in any other documents or advertisements in which a forthcoming offering of our common stock is publicly announced (whether electronically or otherwise) in The Netherlands it is stated that such offer is and will be exclusively made to
such Professional Investors. Individual or legal entities who are not Professional Investors may not participate in the offering of our common stock, and this prospectus or any other offering material relating to our common stock may not be considered an offer or
the prospect of an offer to sell or exchange our common stock.
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We and the selling stockholders have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against liabilities under the Securities Act or contribute to payments that the underwriters may be required to make in that respect.
We intend to apply to have our common stock listed for trading on The New York Stock Exchange under the symbol RSO.
Before this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. Consequently, the initial public offering price for the shares was determined by negotiations among us, the selling stockholders and the representatives. Among the factors considered in determining the initial public offering price were our record of operations, our management, our estimated net income, our estimated cash available for distribution to our common stockholders, our anticipated dividend yield, our growth prospects, the current market valuations, financial performance and dividend yields of publicly traded companies considered by us and the underwriters to be comparable to us, and the current state of the commercial real estate industry and the economy as a whole. We cannot assure you, however, that the prices at which the shares will sell in the public market after this offering will not be lower than the initial public offering price or that an active trading market in our common stock will develop and continue after this offering.
In connection with the offering the underwriters may engage in stabilizing transactions, over-allotment transactions, syndicate covering transactions, penalty bids and passive market making in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act.
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Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase the underlying security so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum.
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Over-allotment involves sales by the underwriters of shares in excess of the number of shares the underwriters are obligated to purchase, which creates a syndicate short position. The short position may be either a covered short position or a naked short position. In a
covered short position, the number of shares over-allotted by the underwriters is not greater than the number of shares that they may purchase in the over-allotment option. In a naked short position, the number of shares involved is greater than the number of shares in the
over-allotment option. The underwriters may close out any covered short position by either exercising their over-allotment option and/or purchasing shares in the open market.
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Syndicate covering transactions involve purchases of the common stock in the open market after the distribution has been completed in order to cover syndicate short positions. In determining the source of shares to close out the short position, the underwriters will
consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which they may purchase shares through the over-allotment option. If the underwriters sell more shares than could be covered by the over-allotment
option, a naked short position, the position can only be closed out by buying shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the
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149
underwriters are concerned that there could be downward pressure on the price of the shares in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in the
offering.
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Penalty bids permit the representatives to reclaim a selling concession from a syndicate member when the common stock originally sold by the syndicate member is purchased in a stabilizing or syndicate covering transaction to cover syndicate short positions.
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In passive market making, market makers in the common stock who are underwriters or prospective underwriters may, subject to limitations, make bids for or purchases of our common stock until the time, if any, at which a stabilizing bid is made.
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These stabilizing transactions, syndicate covering transactions and penalty bids may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of our common stock or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the common stock. As a result the price of our common stock may be higher than the price that might otherwise exist in the open market. These transactions may be effected on The New York Stock Exchange and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.
The underwriters may, from time to time, engage in transactions with, and perform services for, us in the ordinary course of their business.
We have purchased and will in the future likely purchase investments, including RMBS, ABS and syndicated loans, from or issued by affiliates of underwriters in this offering or underwritten by underwriters in this offering. As of June 30, 2005, an aggregate of approximately $602 million in carrying value, or 41.8%, of our portfolio, had been issued by affiliates of the underwriters in this offering or underwritten by underwriters in this offering, including Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities Inc.
Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, one of our underwriters, has entered into repurchase agreements with us under which $757 million was outstanding at June 30, 2005. These repurchase agreements mature at various dates between July 22, 2005 and August 1, 2005. We expect these repurchase agreements to be extended for 30 day periods.
Credit Suisse First Boston International, an affiliate of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, entered into three interest rate swaps with us between April 15, 2005 and May 23, 2005 in an aggregate amount of $739 million. These swaps mature between April 15, 2006 and May 23, 2006.
Credit Suisse First Boston LLC acted as the exclusive structurer and placement agent for us in connection with the Ischus CDO II transaction and received a fee of $4.0 million and reimbursement of $12,000 of expenses in connection with the transaction. Credit Suisse First Boston LLC also acted as the exclusive structurer and placement agent for us in connection with the Apidos CDO I transaction and received a fee of $3.6 million and reimbursement of $88,000 of expenses in connection with the transaction.
J.P. Morgan Securities Inc., one of our underwriters, has entered into a master repurchase agreement with us under which nothing was outstanding at June 30, 2005. We expect that repurchase agreements under the master repurchase agreement will mature in 30 days, but will be extended for 30 day periods.
Citigroup Financial Products, Inc., an affiliate of one of our underwriters, has entered into a warehouse agreement with us pursuant to which it agreed to provide up to $200 million of financing for the acquisition of syndicated bank loans to be sold to Apidos CDO III. Citigroup Global Markets Inc., one of our underwriters, has also agreed to act as the exclusive structurer and placement agent for us in connection with the Apidos CDO III transaction. We expect that it will receive a fee of approximately $4.4 million and reimbursement of approximately $100,000 of expenses in connection with the transaction.
A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on the web sites maintained by one or more of the underwriters, or selling group members, if any, participating in this offering and one or more of the underwriters participating in this offering may distribute prospectuses electronically. The representatives may agree to allocate a number of shares to underwriters and selling group members for sale to their online brokerage account holders. Internet distributions will be allocated by the underwriters and selling group members that will make internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations.
150
NOTICE TO CANADIAN RESIDENTS
Resale Restrictions
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The distribution of the common stock in Canada is being made only on a private placement basis exempt from the requirement that we and the selling stockholders prepare and file a prospectus with the securities regulatory authorities in each province where trades of the common stock are made. Any resale of the common stock in Canada must be made under applicable securities laws which will vary depending on the relevant jurisdiction, and which may require resales to be made under available statutory exemptions or under a discretionary exemption granted by the applicable Canadian securities regulatory authority. Purchasers are advised to seek legal advice before any resale of the common stock.
Representations of Purchasers
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By purchasing the common stock in Canada and accepting a purchase confirmation a purchaser is representing to us, the selling stockholders and the dealer from whom the purchase confirmation is received that:
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the purchaser is entitled under applicable provincial securities laws to purchase the common stock without the benefit of a prospectus qualified under those securities laws,
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where required by law, that the purchaser is purchasing as principal and not as agent, and
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the purchaser has reviewed the text above under Resale Restrictions.
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Rights of Action Ontario Purchasers Only
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Under Ontario securities legislation, a purchaser who purchases a security offered by this prospectus during the period of distribution will have a statutory right of action for damages, or while still the owner of the common stock, for rescission against us and the selling stockholders in the event that this prospectus contains a misrepresentation without regard to whether the purchaser relied on the representation. The right of action for damages is exercisable not later than the earlier of 180 days from the date the purchaser first had knowledge of the facts giving rise to the cause of action and three years from the date on which payment is made for the common stock. The right of action for rescission is exercisable not later than 180 days from the date on which payment is made for the common stock. If a purchaser elects to exercise the right of action for rescission, the purchaser will have no right of action for damages against us or the selling stockholders. In no case will the amount recoverable in any action exceed the price at which the common stock were offered to the purchaser and if the purchaser is shown to have purchased the securities with knowledge of the misrepresentation, we and the selling stockholders will have no liability. In the case of an action for damages, we and the selling stockholders will not be liable for all or any portion of the damages that are proven to not represent the depreciation in value of the common stock as a result of the misrepresentation relied upon. These rights are in addition to, and without derogation from, any other rights or remedies available at law to an Ontario purchaser. The foregoing is a summary of the rights available to an Ontario purchaser. Ontario purchasers should refer to the complete text of the relevant statutory provisions.
Enforcement of Legal Rights
All of our directors and officers as well as the experts named herein and the selling stockholders may be located outside of Canada and, as a result, it may not be possible for Canadian purchasers to effect service of process within Canada upon us or those persons. All or a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of those persons may be located outside of Canada and, as a result, it may not be possible to satisfy a judgment against us or those persons in Canada or to enforce a judgment obtained in Canadian courts against us or those persons outside of Canada.
Taxation and Eligibility for Investment
Canadian purchasers of the common stock should consult their own legal and tax advisors with respect to the tax consequences of an investment in the common stock in their particular circumstances and about the eligibility of the common stock for investment by the purchaser under relevant Canadian legislation.
151
LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters in connection with this offering will be passed on for us by Ledgewood. DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP will pass upon the validity of the shares of common stock sold in this offering and certain other matters under Maryland law. Certain legal matters in connection with this offering will be passed upon for the underwriters by Clifford Chance US LLP.
EXPERTS
Our consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2005 and for the period March 8, 2005 (date operations commenced) through June 30, 2005 included in this prospectus have been audited by Grant Thornton LLP, independent registered public accountants as indicated in their reports with respect thereto, and are included herein in reliance upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-11, including exhibits and schedules filed with the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, under the Securities Act with respect to the shares of common stock to be sold in this offering. This prospectus does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement and exhibits and schedules to the registration statement. For further information with respect to our company and the shares of common stock to be sold in this offering, reference is made to the registration statement, including the exhibits and schedules to the registration statement which may be examined without charge at the public reference room of the SEC, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Information about the operation of the public reference room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0300. Copies of all or a portion of the registration statement may be obtained from the public reference room of the SEC upon payment of prescribed fees. Our SEC filings, including our registration statement, are also available to you on the SECs website at www.sec.gov.
As a result of this offering, we will become subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and will file periodic reports, proxy statements and make available to our stockholders annual reports containing audited financial information for each year and quarterly reports for the first three quarters of each fiscal year containing unaudited interim financial information.
152
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Consolidated Audited Financial Statements
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
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F-2 | |||
Consolidated Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2005
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F-3 | |||
Consolidated
Statement of Operations for the period from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations
Commenced) to June 30, 2005
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F-4 | |||
Consolidated
Statement of Changes in Stockholders Equity for the period from March
8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to June 30, 2005
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F-5 | |||
Consolidated
Statement of Cash Flows for the period from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations
Commenced) to June 30, 2005
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F-6 | |||
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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F-7 |
F-1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
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Board of Directors
Resource Capital Corp.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Resource Capital Corp. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of June 30, 2005, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders equity, and cash flows for the period from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to June 30, 2005. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Companys management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of internal control over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Companys internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Resource Capital Corp. and subsidiaries as of June 30, 2005, and the results of their operations, and their cash flows for the period from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to June 30, 2005 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
/s/ Grant Thornton LLP
New York, New York
August 25, 2005
F-2
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
F-3
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-4
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS EQUITY
Period from March 8, 2005 (Date Operations Commenced) to June 30, 2005
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Common stock | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shares | Amount |
Additional
Paid-In Capital |
Deferred
Equity Compensation |
Accumulated
Other Comprehensive Income |
Retained
Earnings |
Comprehensive
Income |
Total
Stockholders Equity |
||||||||||||||||||
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Common stock issued
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15,333,334 | $ | 15 | $ | 215,310 | $ | $ | $ | $ | 215,325 | |||||||||||||||
Offering costs
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(566 | ) | (566 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Stock based compensation
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349,000 | 1 | 5,392 | (5,393 | ) | | |||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of stock based compensation
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1,036 | 1,036 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income
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$ | 2,232 | $ | 2,232 | 2,232 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Available-for-sale securities, fair value adjustment
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2,974 | 2,974 | 2,974 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Designated derivatives, fair value adjustment
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421 | 421 | 421 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Balance, June 30, 2005
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15,682,334 | $ | 16 | $ | 220,136 | $ | (4,357 | ) | $ | 3,395 | $ | 2,232 | $ | 5,627 | $ | 221,422 | |||||||||
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See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
F-5
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
Period from March 8, 2005 (Commencement of Operations) to June 30, 2005
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
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Net income
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$ | 2,232 | ||
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:
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Amortization of premium (discount) on available-for-sale securities
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(118 | ) | ||
Amortization of stock based compensation
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1,036 | |||
Net realized loss on investments
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14 | |||
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
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Increase in interest receivable, net of purchased interest
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(8,349 | ) | ||
Increase in principal paydown receivable
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(4,854 | ) | ||
Increase in management fee payable
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540 | |||
Increase in offering costs payable
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209 | |||
Increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities
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349 | |||
Increase in accrued interest expense
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3,900 | |||
Increase in other assets
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(615 | ) | ||
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Net cash used in operating activities
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(5,656 | ) | ||
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CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
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Purchase of securities available-for-sale
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(1,286,013 | ) | ||
Principal payments on securities available-for-sale
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28,467 | |||
Proceeds from sale of securities available-for-sale
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5,483 | |||
Purchase of loans
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(212,335 | ) | ||
Principal payments on loans
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2,507 | |||
Proceeds from sale of loans
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29,958 | |||
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Net cash used in investing activities
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(1,431,933 | ) | ||
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CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
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Net proceeds from issuance of common stock (net of offering costs of $566)
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214,759 | |||
Proceeds from borrowings:
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Repurchase agreements
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2,525,697 | |||
Warehouse agreements
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472,848 | |||
Payments on borrowings under repurchase agreements
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(1,675,209 | ) | ||
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Net cash provided by financing activities
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1,538,095 | |||
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NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AND BALANCE
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$ | 100,506 | ||
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NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
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Unsettled security purchases Due to broker
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$ | 6,750 | ||
Issuance of restricted stock
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$ | 5,393 | ||
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE:
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Interest expense paid in cash
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$ | 865 |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
F-6
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2005
NOTE 1 ORGANIZATION
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Resource Capital Corp. and subsidiaries (the Company) was incorporated in Maryland on January 31, 2005 and commenced its operations on March 8, 2005 upon receipt of the net proceeds from a private placement of shares of its common stock. The Companys principal business activity is to purchase and manage a diversified portfolio of real estate-related assets and commercial finance assets. The Companys investment activities are managed by Resource Capital Manager, Inc. (the Manager) pursuant to a management agreement (the Management Agreement) (see Note 8).
The Company intends to elect to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (REIT) for federal income tax purposes effective for our initial taxable year ending December 31, 2005 and to comply with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code) with respect thereto. See Note 3 for further discussion on income taxes.
The Company has three wholly-owned subsidiaries: RCC Real Estate, Inc., RCC Commercial, Inc. and Resource TRS, Inc. RCC Real Estate holds all of the Companys real estate investments including, commercial and residential real estate-related securities and real estate loans. RCC Commercial holds all of the Companys syndicated loan investments. As of June 30, 2005, there was no activity in Resource TRS, Inc. As of June 30, 2005, the Company has identified a consolidated variable interest entity (VIE), Apidos CDO I, Ltd. (Apidos CDO I), which is discussed in more detail below. The Company also intends to make an election to treat Apidos CDO I as a taxable REIT subsidiary (TRS).
NOTE 2 BASIS OF PRESENTATION
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The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly- owned subsidiaries and entities which are VIEs in which the Company is the primary beneficiary under Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Interpretation No. 46R, Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities (FIN 46R). All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
NOTE 3 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Use of Estimates
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The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates affecting the accompanying consolidated financial statements include the fair values of the Companys investments and derivatives and the estimated life used to calculate amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts, respectively, on investments.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
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Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less (temporary cash investments) at the time of purchase and $15.0 million of restricted cash held in escrow in conjunction with two collateralized debt obligations (CDO) transactions (see Note 14).
Securities Available for Sale
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Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities (SFAS No. 115), requires the Company to classify its investment portfolio
F-7
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2005
(Continued)
NOTE 3 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
as either trading investments, available-for-sale investments or held-to-maturity investments. Although the Company generally plans to hold most of its investments to maturity, it may, from time to time, sell any of its investments due to changes in market conditions or in accordance with its investment strategy. Accordingly, SFAS No. 115 requires the Company to classify all of its investment securities as available-for-sale. All investments classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value, based on market prices provided by dealers, with unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders equity.
The Company evaluates its available-for-sale investments for other-than-temporary impairment charges on available-for-sale securities under SFAS No. 115, in accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) 03-1, The Meaning of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment and its Application to Certain Investments. SFAS 115 and EITF 03-01 requires an investor to determine when an investment is considered impaired (i.e., a decline in fair value below its amortized cost), evaluate whether that impairment is other than temporary (i.e., the investment value will not be recovered over its remaining life), and, if the impairment is other than temporary, recognize an impairment loss equal to the difference between the investments cost and its fair value. The guidance also includes accounting considerations subsequent to the recognition of an other-than-temporary impairment and requires certain disclosures about unrealized losses that have not been recognized as other-than-temporary impairments.
Investment securities transactions are recorded on the trade date. Purchases of newly issued securities are recorded when all significant uncertainties regarding the characteristics of the securities are removed, generally shortly before settlement date. Realized gains and losses on investment securities are determined on the specific identification method.
Interest Income Recognition
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Interest income on the Companys mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities is accrued using the effective yield method based on the actual coupon rate and the outstanding principal amount of the underlying mortgages or other secured assets. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted into interest income over the lives of the securities also using the effective yield method (or a method that approximates effective yield), adjusted for the effects of estimated prepayments based on SFAS No. 91, Accounting for Nonrefundable Fees and Costs Associated with Originating or Acquiring Loans and Initial Direct Costs of Leases. For investment purchased at par, the effective yield is the contractual interest rate on the investment. If the investment is purchased at a discount or at a premium, the effective yield is computed based on the contractual interest rate increased for the accretion of a purchase discount or decreased for the amortization of a purchase premium. The effective yield method requires the Company to make estimates of future prepayment rates for its investments that can be contractually prepaid before their contractual maturity date so that the purchase discount can be accreted, or the purchase premium can be amortized, over the estimated remaining life of the investment. The prepayment estimates that the Company uses directly impact the estimated remaining lives of its investments. Actual prepayment estimates are reviewed as of each quarter end or more frequently if the Company becomes aware of any material information that would lead it to believe that an adjustment is necessary. If prepayment estimates are incorrect, the amortization or accretion of premiums and discounts may have to be adjusted, which would have an impact on future income.
F-8
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2005
(Continued)
NOTE 3 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
Loans
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The Company purchases participations in corporate leveraged loans and commercial real estate loans in the secondary market and through syndications of newly originated loans. Loans are held for investment; therefore, the Company initially records them at their purchase prices, and subsequently accounts for them based on their outstanding principal plus or minus unamortized premiums or discounts. In certain instances, where the credit fundamentals underlying a particular loan have changed in such a manner that the Companys expected return on investment may decrease, the Company may sell a loan held for investment due to adverse changes in credit fundamentals. Once the determination has been made by the Company that it no longer will hold the loan for investment, the Company will account for the loan at the lower of amortized cost or market value.
Loan Interest Income Recognition
|
Interest income on loans includes interest at stated rates adjusted for amortization or accretion of premiums and discounts. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted into income using the effective yield method. When the Company purchases a loan or pool of loans at a discount, it considers the provisions of AICPA Statement of Position (SOP) 03-3 Accounting for Certain Loans or Debt Securities Acquired in a Transfer to evaluate whether all or a portion of the discount represents accretable yield. If a loan with a premium or discount is prepaid, the Company immediately recognizes the unamortized portion as a decrease or increase to interest income.
Allowance and Provision for Loan Losses
|
To estimate the allowance for loan losses, the Company first identifies impaired loans. Loans are generally evaluated for impairment individually, but loans purchased on a pooled basis with relatively smaller balances and substantially similar characteristics may be evaluated collectively for impairment. The Company considers a loan to be impaired when, based on current information and events, management believes it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. When a loan is impaired, the allowance for loan losses is increased by the amount of the excess of the amortized cost basis of the loan over its fair value. Fair value may be determined based on market price, if available; the fair value of the collateral less estimated disposition costs; or the present value of estimated cash flows. Increases in the allowance for loan losses are recognized in the statements of operations as a provision for loan losses. A charge-off or write-down of a loan is recorded, and the allowance for loan losses is reduced, when the loan or a portion thereof is considered uncollectible and of such little value that further pursuit of collection is not warranted.
An impaired loan may be left on accrual status during the period the Company is pursuing repayment of the loan; however, the loan is placed on non-accrual status at such time as: (1) management believes that scheduled debt service payments will not be met within the coming 12 months; (2) the loan becomes 90 days delinquent; (3) management determines the borrower is incapable of, or has ceased efforts toward, curing the cause of the impairment; or (4) the net realizable value of the loans underlying collateral approximates the Companys carrying value of such loan. While on non-accrual status, interest income is recognized only upon actual receipt.
As of June 30, 2005, the Company had not recorded an allowance for loan losses. At June 30, 2005, all of the Companys loans are current with respect to the scheduled payments of principal and interest. In reviewing the portfolio of loans and the observable secondary market prices, the Company did not identify any loans that exhibit characteristics indicating that impairment has occurred.
F-9
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2005
(Continued)
NOTE 3 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
Credit and Market Risk
|
The Companys investments as of June 30, 2005, consist of mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities and participations in corporate leveraged loans and commercial real estate loans. The mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities are securities that pass through collections of principal and interest from either underlying mortgages or other secured assets. Therefore, these securities may bear some exposure to credit loss. The Company mitigates some of this risk by holding a significant portion of its assets in securities that are issued by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC) and the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA). The payment of principal and interest on these securities is guaranteed by the respective issuing agencies. In addition, the Companys leveraged loans and commercial real estate loans may bear exposure to credit loss.
The Company bears certain other risks typical in investing in a portfolio of mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities. Principal risks potentially affecting the Companys consolidated financial position, consolidated results of operations and consolidated cash flows include the risks that: (a) interest rate changes can negatively affect the market value of the Companys mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities, (b) interest rate changes can influence decisions made by borrowers on the mortgages underlying the securities to prepay those mortgages, which can negatively affect both cash flows from, and the market value of, the securities, and (c) adverse changes in the market value of the Companys mortgage-backed securities and/or the inability of the Company to renew short-term borrowings can result in the need to sell securities at inopportune times and incur realized losses.
Borrowings
|
The Company finances the acquisition of its investments, including securities available-for-sale and loans, primarily through the use of secured borrowings in the form of repurchase agreements, warehouse agreements, CDOs and other secured borrowings. The Company recognizes interest expense on all borrowings on an accrual basis.
Due to Broker
|
Amount due to broker generally represents amounts due for securities that have not yet settled. These amounts are recorded as liabilities.
Comprehensive Income
|
Comprehensive income for the Company includes net income and the change in net unrealized gains/(losses) on available-for-sale securities and derivative instruments used to hedge exposure to interest rate fluctuations and protect against the declines in the market-value of assets that result from general trends in debt markets.
Income Taxes
|
The Company expects to operate in a manner that will allow it to qualify and be taxed as a REIT and to comply with the provisions of the Code with respect thereto. A REIT is generally not subject to federal income tax on that portion of its REIT taxable income (Taxable Income) which is distributed to its stockholders, provided, that at least 90% of Taxable Income is distributed and certain other requirements are met. If the Company fails to meet these requirements and does not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, it would be subject to federal income tax. The Company has a wholly owned subsidiary, Resource
F-10
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2005
(Continued)
NOTE 3 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
TRS, Inc., which it will elect to be treated as a TRS. The Company also intends to make an election to treat Apidos CDO I as a TRS. A TRS is subject to corporate-level income taxes. As of June 30, 2005, the Companys TRS did not have any taxable income.
Stock Based Compensation
|
Pursuant to its 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (see Note 13), the Company granted 345,000 shares of restricted stock and options to purchase 651,666 shares of common stock to its Manager. Holders of the restricted shares granted have all of the rights of a stockholder of the Company including the right to vote such shares and receive dividends. The Company accounts for the restricted stock and stock options granted in accordance with EITF 96-18, Accounting for Equity Instruments that are issued to other than Employees for Acquiring, or in Conjunction with Selling, Goods or Services, (EITF 96-18) and SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation, (SFAS No. 123). In accordance with EITF 96-18, the stock and options are recorded in stockholders equity at fair value through an increase to additional paid-in-capital and an off-setting entry to deferred equity compensation (a contra-equity account). The deferred compensation is amortized over a three year graded vesting period with the amortization expense reflected as equity compensation expense. The unvested stock and options are adjusted quarterly to reflect changes in fair value as performance under the agreement is completed. Any change in fair value is reflected in the equity compensation expense recognized in that quarter and in future quarters until the stock and options are fully vested.
The Company also issued 4,000 shares of restricted stock to its directors on March 8, 2005. The stock awards vest in full one year after the date of the grant. The Company accounts for this issuance using the fair value based methodology prescribed by SFAS No. 123. Pursuant to SFAS No. 123, the fair value of the award is measured on the grant date and recorded in stockholders equity through an increase to additional paid-in capital and an offsetting entry to deferred equity compensation (a contra-equity account). This amount is not remeasured under the fair value based method. The deferred compensation is amortized and included in equity compensation expense.
Incentive Compensation
|
The Management Agreement also provides for incentive compensation if the Companys financial performance exceeds certain benchmarks. See Note 8 for further discussion on the specific terms of the computation and payment of the incentive fee.
The incentive fee will be paid up to 75% in cash and at least 25% in restricted stock. The cash portion of the incentive fee is accrued and expensed during the period for which it is calculated and earned. In accordance with SFAS No. 123 and EITF 96-18, the restricted stock portion of the incentive fee is also accrued and expensed during the period for which it is calculated and earned. Shares granted in connection with the incentive fee will vest immediately. No incentive fee was incurred for the period
Net Income Per Share
|
In accordance with the provisions of SFAS No. 128, Earnings per Share, the Company calculates basic income per share by dividing net income for the period by weighted-average shares of its common stock, including vested restricted stock outstanding for that period. Diluted income per share takes into account the effect of dilutive instruments, such as stock options and unvested restricted stock, but uses the average share price for the period in determining the number of incremental shares that are to be added to the weighted- average number of shares outstanding (see Note 7).
F-11
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2005
(Continued)
NOTE 3 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
Derivative Instruments
|
The Companys policies permit it to enter into derivative contracts, including interest rate swaps and interest rate forwards, as a means of mitigating its interest rate risk on forecasted interest expense associated with the benchmark rate on forecasted rollover/reissuance of repurchase agreements or the interest rate repricing of repurchase agreements, or hedged items, for a specified future time period.
The Company designates its derivative instruments as cash flow hedges and evaluates them at inception and on an ongoing basis in order to determine whether they qualify for hedge accounting. The hedge instrument must be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in the hedged item attributable to the risk being hedged in order to qualify for hedge accounting. Regression methodology is used to assess the effectiveness of its hedging strategies. Specifically, at the inception of each new hedge and on an ongoing basis, the Company assesses effectiveness using regression analysis to evaluate the correlation between the rates consistent with the hedge instrument and the underlying hedged items. A hedge instrument is highly effective if changes in the fair value of the derivative provide an offset to at least 80% and not more than 120% of the changes in fair value or cash flows of the hedged item attributable to the risk being hedged. In accordance with SFAS No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, as amended and interpreted, the Company recognizes all derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet and measures those instruments at their fair values. Any ineffectiveness which arises during the hedging relationship is recognized in interest expense during the period in which it arises. Before the end of the specified hedge time period, the effective portion of all contract gain and losses (whether realized or unrealized) is recorded in other comprehensive income or loss. Realized gains and losses on futures contracts are reclassified into earnings as an adjustment to interest expense during the specified hedge time period. Realized gains and losses on interest rate swap contracts are reclassified into earnings as an adjustment to interest expense during the period after the swap repricing date through the remaining maturity of the swap. For REIT taxable income purposes, realized gains and losses on futures and interest rate swap contracts are reclassified into earnings immediately when positions are closed or have expired.
If the Company determines not to designate the futures and interest rate swap contracts as hedges and to monitor their effectiveness as hedges, or if the Company enters into other types of financial instruments that do not meet the criteria for designation as hedges, changes in the fair values of these instruments will be recorded in the statement of operations, potentially resulting in increased volatility in the Companys earnings.
Variable Interest Entities
|
In December 2003, the FASB issued FIN 46R. FIN 46R addresses the application of Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51, Consolidated Financial Statements, to a VIE and requires that the assets, liabilities and results of operations of a VIE be consolidated into the financial statements of the enterprise that has a controlling financial interest in it. The interpretation provides a framework for determining whether an entity should be evaluated for consolidation based on voting interests or significant financial support provided to the entity (variable interests). The Company considers all counterparties to the transaction to determine whether a counterparty is a VIE and, if so, whether the Companys involvement with the entity results in a variable interest in the entity. If the Company is determined to have a variable interest in the entity, an analysis is performed to determine whether the Company is the primary beneficiary.
F-12
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2005
(Continued)
NOTE 3 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
|
In December 2004, the FASB issued SFAS No. 123-R, which is a revision of SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation. SFAS No. 123-R supersedes Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees, and amends SFAS No. 95, Statement of Cash Flows. Generally, the approach to accounting in Statement 123-R requires all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the issuers financial statements based on their fair value. The Company is evaluating the impact of this pronouncement.
In May 2005, the FASB issued SFAS No. 154, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections, (SFAS 154) which replaces Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 20, Accounting Changes and SFAS No. 3, Reporting Accounting Changes in Interim Financial Statements-An Amendment of APB Opinion No. 28. SFAS 154 provides guidance on the accounting for, and reporting of, accounting changes and error corrections. It established retrospective application, or the latest practicable date, as the required method for reporting a change in accounting principle and the reporting of a correction of an error. SFAS 154 is effective for accounting changes and corrections of errors made in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2005.
NOTE 4 SECURITIES AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
The following table summarizes the Companys mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities classified as available-for-sale as of June 30, 2005, which are carried at fair value (in thousands):
Amortized
Cost |
Unrealized
Gain |
Unrealized
Loss |
Estimated
Fair Value |
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
Agency residential mortgage-backed
|
$ | 933,509 | $ | 3,119 | $ | (152 | ) | $ | 936,476 | ||||
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed
|
274,214 | 559 | (1,100 | ) | 273,673 | ||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed
|
27,985 | 616 | (40 | ) | 28,561 | ||||||||
Asset-backed
|
22,739 | 25 | (53 | ) | 22,711 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
Total fair value
|
$ | 1,258,447 | $ | 4,319 | $ | (1,345 | ) | $ | 1,261,421 | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The actual maturities of mortgage-backed securities are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. Actual maturities of the Companys mortgage-backed securities are affected by the contractual lives of the underlying mortgages, periodic scheduled payments of principal, and prepayments of principal, which are presented on a separate line on the consolidated balance sheet.
The following table summarizes the estimated maturities of the mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities as of June 30, 2005 according to their estimated weighted-average life classifications (in thousands, except percentages):
Weighted Average Life
|
Fair Value | Amortized Cost |
Average
Coupon |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
Less than one year
|
$ | 29,005 | $ | 29,151 | 3.23% | |||||
Greater than one year and less than five years
|
1,150,761 | 1,148,059 | 4.57% | |||||||
Greater than five years
|
81,655 | 81,237 | 5.15% | |||||||
|
|
|||||||||
Total
|
$ | 1,261,421 | $ | 1,258,447 | 4.58% | |||||
|
|
The estimated weighted-average lives of the Companys mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities as of June 30, 2005 in the table above are based upon data provided through subscription-based financial information services, assuming constant principal prepayment factors to the balloon or reset date for
F-13
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2005
(Continued)
NOTE 4 SECURITIES AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE (Continued)
each security. The prepayment model considers current yield, forward yield, steepness of the yield curve, current mortgage rates, mortgage rate of the outstanding loan, loan age, margin and volatility. The actual weighted-average lives of the agency residential mortgage-backed securities in the Companys investment portfolio could be longer or shorter than the estimates in the table above depending on the actual prepayment factors experienced over the lives of the applicable securities and are sensitive to changes in both prepayment factors and interest rates.
The following table shows the Companys investments fair value and gross unrealized losses, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at June 30, 2005 (in thousands):
Less than 12 Months
|
Total
|
||||||||||||
Fair Value |
Gross
Unrealized Losses |
Fair Value |
Gross
Unrealized Losses |
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
Agency residential mortgage-backed
|
$ | 936,476 | $ | (152 | ) | $ | 936,476 | $ | (152 | ) | |||
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed
|
273,673 | (1,100 | ) | 273,673 | (1,100 | ) | |||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed
|
28,561 | (40 | ) | 28,561 | (40 | ) | |||||||
Asset-backed
|
22,711 | (53 | ) | 22,711 | (53 | ) | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
Total temporarily impaired securities
|
$ | 1,261,421 | $ | (1,345 | ) | $ | 1,261,421 | $ | (1,345 | ) | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The temporary impairment of the available-for-sale securities results from the fair value of the securities falling below the amortized cost basis and is solely attributed to changes in interest rates. As of June 30, 2005, none of the securities held by the Company had been downgraded by a credit rating agency since their purchase. Management intends and has the ability to hold the securities until the fair value of the securities held is recovered, which may be maturity if necessary. As such, management does not believe any of the securities held are other-than-temporarily impaired at June 30, 2005.
NOTE 5 LOANS
The following is a summary of the Companys loans at June 30, 2005 (in thousands).
Loan Description
|
Principal |
Unamortized
Premium/ (Discount) |
Net
Amortized Cost |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Syndicated loans
|
$ | 154,537 | $ | 15 | $ | 154,552 | ||||
B notes
|
25,200 | | 25,200 | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
Total
|
$ | 179,737 | $ | 15 | $ | 179,752 | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
At June 30, 2005, the Companys syndicated loan portfolio consisted of $151.8 million floating rate loans, which bear interest between LIBOR plus 100 bps and 700 bps, with maturity dates ranging from April 2006 to April 2013 and $2.7 million fixed rate loans, which bear interest from 8.29% to 8.91%, with maturity dates ranges from May 2013 to June 2019.
At June 30, 2005, the Companys commercial real estate loan portfolio consisted of one floating rate loan, which bears interest at LIBOR plus 290 bps which matures April 2008.
As of June 30, 2005, the Company had not recorded an allowance for loan losses. At June 30, 2005, all of the Companys loans are current with respect to the scheduled payments at principal and interest. In reviewing the portfolio of loans and the observable secondary market prices, the Company did not identify any loans with characteristics indicating that impairment had occurred.
F-14
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2005
(Continued)
NOTE 6 BORROWINGS
The Company finances the acquisition of its investments, including securities available-for-sale and loans, primarily through the use of secured borrowings in the form of repurchase agreements, warehouse facilities, CDOs and other secured borrowings. The Company recognizes interest expense on all borrowings on an accrual basis.
Certain information with respect to the Companys borrowings as of June 30, 2005 is summarized in the following table (dollars in thousands):
Repurchase
Agreements |
Warehouse
Facilities |
Total | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
Outstanding borrowings
|
$ | 850,991 | $ | 472,848 | $ | 1,323,839 | ||||
Weighted-average borrowing rate
|
3.29 | % | 3.38 | % | 3.32 | % | ||||
Weighted-average remaining maturity
|
24 days | 30 days | ||||||||
Fair value of the collateral
|
$ | 877,398 | $ | 479,497 | $ | 1,356,895 |
At June 30, 2005, the Company had repurchase agreements with the following counterparties (dollars in thousands):
Amount at
Risk (1) |
Weighted-Average
Maturity of Repo Agreement in Days |
Weighted-
Average Interest Rate at June 30, 2005 |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
Credit Suisse First Boston LLC
|
$ | 23,362 | 24 | 3.29% | ||||||
UBS Securities LLC
|
$ | 3,044 | 25 | 3.27% | ||||||
|
(1) |
Equal to the fair value of securities or loans sold, plus accrued interest income, minus the sum of repurchase agreement liabilities plus accrued interest expense.
|
During the period ended June 30, 2005, the Company formed Apidos CDO I and began borrowing on a warehouse facility provided by a major financial institution to purchase syndicated loans to include in Apidos CDO I. At June 30, 2005, Apidos CDO I had borrowed $154.6 million. The facility was originally $125.0 million and can be increased upon mutual agreement of the parties. The facility bears interest at a rate of LIBOR plus .25%, which was 3.49% at June 30, 2005. Ischus CDO II also has an agreement with a major financial institution for a $400.0 million warehouse facility to purchase mortgage-backed and other assetbacked securities. The facility bears interest at a rate of LIBOR plus between .33% and .52% based on amounts outstanding under the facility. At June 30, 2005, the Company had borrowed $318.2 million.
NOTE 7 CAPITAL STOCK AND EARNINGS PER SHARE
The Company had 500,000,000 shares of common stock par value $0.001 per share authorized and 15,682,334 shares (including 349,000 restricted shares) outstanding as of June 30, 2005. The Company had 100,000,000 shares of par value $0.001 preferred stock authorized and none issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2005.
On March 8, 2005, the Company completed a private placement of 15,333,334 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value at an offering price of $15.00 per share, including the sale of 666,667 shares of common stock pursuant to the over-allotment option of the initial purchasers/placement agents. The Company received proceeds from these transactions in the amount of $214.8 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions, placement agent fees and other offering costs.
F-15
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2005
(Continued)
NOTE 7 CAPITAL STOCK AND EARNINGS PER SHARE (Continued)
On March 8, 2005, the Company granted 345,000 shares of restricted common stock, par value $0.001 and options to purchase 651,666 common shares at an exercise price of $15.00 per share, to the Manager (see Note 13). The restrictions with respect to the restricted common stock lapse and full rights of ownership vest for one-third of the shares and options on the first anniversary of the grant date, for one-third of the shares on the second anniversary and for the last one-third of the shares on the third anniversary. Vesting is predicated on the continuing involvement of the Manager in providing services to the Company. In addition, the Company granted 4,000 shares of restricted common stock to the Companys directors as part of their annual compensation. These shares vest in full on the first anniversary of the date of the grant.
The fair value of the shares of restricted stock, including shares issued to the directors, was $5,235,000 as of June 30, 2005, of which $1.0 million was expensed for the period from March 8, 2005 to June 30, 2005. The fair value of the total option grant as of June 30, 2005 was $158,300, of which $30,200 was expensed for the period from March 8, 2005 to June 30, 2005. The fair value of each option grant at June 30, 2005 is $0.243. The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions as of June 30, 2005: dividend yield of 12.00 percent; expected volatility of 20.11%, risk-free interest rate of 4.603%; and expected life of 10 years.
The following table presents a reconciliation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the period from March 8, 2005 to ended June 30, 2005 (in thousands except share and per share amounts):
Basic | Diluted | ||||||
|
|
|
|
||||
Net income
|
$ | 2,232 | $ | 2,232 | |||
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding
|
15,333,334 | 15,333,334 | |||||
Weighted average effect of dilutive securities
|
| 69,067 | |||||
Adjusted weighted average of common shares outstanding
|
15,333,334 | 15,402,401 | |||||
Net income per share
|
$ | 0.15 | $ | 0.14 |
NOTE 8 THE MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT
On March 8, 2005, the Company entered into a Management Agreement pursuant to which the Manager will provide certain services, including investment management and certain administrative services. The Manager received fees and is reimbursed for its expenses as follows:
|
a monthly base management fee equal to 1/12th of the amount of the Companys equity multiplied by 1.50%. Under the Management Agreement, equity is equal to the net proceeds from any issuance of shares of common stock less other offering related costs
plus or minus the Companys retained earnings (excluding non-cash equity compensation incurred in current or prior periods) less any amounts the Company paid for common stock repurchases. The calculation may be adjusted for one-time events due to changes
in GAAP as well as other non-cash charges, upon approval of the independent directors of the Company;
|
|
incentive compensation based on the products of (i) 25% of the dollar amount by which, (A) the Companys net income (determined in accordance with GAAP) per common share (before non-cash equity compensation expense and incentive compensation) for a
quarter (based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding) exceeds, (B) an amount equal to (1) the weighted average share price of shares of common stock in the offerings of the Company, multiplied by, (2) the greater of (A) 2.00% or (B) 0.50% plus
one-fourth of the Ten Year Treasury rate as defined in the Management Agreement for such quarter, multiplied by, (ii) the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the quarter. The calculation may be adjusted for one-
|
F-16
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2005
(Continued)
NOTE 8 THE MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT (Continued)
time events due to changes in GAAP as well as other non-cash charges upon approval of the independent directors of the Company; and
|
|
out-of-pocket expenses
and certain other costs incurred by the Manager that relates directly
to the Company and its operations.
|
Incentive compensation will be paid quarterly. Seventy-five percent (75%) of the incentive compensation will be paid in cash and twenty-five percent (25%) will be paid in the form of a restricted stock award. The Manager may elect to receive more than 25% of its incentive compensation in the form of shares of common stock. The Managers ownership percentage in the Company, direct and indirect, cannot exceed 9.8%. All shares are fully vested upon issuance, provided, that the Manager may not sell such shares for one year after the incentive compensation becomes due and payable. Shares payable as incentive compensation are valued as follows:
|
if such shares are traded on a securities exchange, at the average of the closing prices of the shares on such exchange over the thirty day period ending three days prior to the issuance of such shares;
|
|
if such shares are actively traded over-the-counter, at the average of the closing bid or sales price as applicable over the thirty day period ending three days prior to the issuance of such shares; and
|
|
if there is no active market for such shares, the value shall be the fair market value thereof, as reasonably determined in good faith by the board of directors of the Company.
|
The initial term of the Management Agreement ends June 30, 2008. The Management Agreement automatically renews for a one year term at the end of the initial term and each renewal term. With a two-thirds vote of the independent directors, the independent directors may elect to terminate the Management Agreement because of the following:
|
unsatisfactory performance; and/or
|
|
unfair compensation payable to the Manager and fair compensation cannot be agreed upon between two-thirds of the independent directors and the Manager;
|
In the event that the Agreement is terminated based on the provisions disclosed above, the Company must pay the Manager a termination fee equal to four times the sum of the average annual base management fee and the average annual incentive during the two 12- month periods immediately preceding the date of such termination. The Company is also entitled to terminate the Management Agreement for cause (as defined therein) without payment of any termination fee.
The base management fee for the period from March 8, 2005 to June 30, 2005 was approximately $1.0 million. No incentive fee was earned by the Manager as of June 30, 2005.
NOTE 9 RELATED-PARTY TRANSACTIONS
At June 30, 2005, the Company was indebted to the Manager for base management fees of approximately $540,000 and reimbursement of expenses of approximately $205,000. These amounts are included in management fee payable and accounts payable and accrued liabilities, respectively.
The corporate parent of the Manager owns a 6.4% ownership interest in the Company consisting of 1,000,000 shares purchased in the private placement. Certain officers of the Manager and its affiliates
F-17
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2005
(Continued)
NOTE 9 RELATED-PARTY TRANSACTIONS (Continued)
purchased 232,167 shares of the Companys common stock in the Companys private placement for $3.5 million, constituting 1.5% of the outstanding shares of the Companys common stock as of June 30, 2005. All such shares were purchased at the same price as those shares purchased by other third party investors.
NOTE 10 FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
SFAS No. 107, Disclosure About Fair Value of Financial Instruments, requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate value. The fair value of available-for-sale securities and derivatives is equal to their respective carrying value presented in the consolidated balance sheet. The fair value of loans held for investment were $179.8 million as of June 30, 2005. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, interest receivable, repurchase agreements (including accrued interest), due to broker, warehouse agreements liability, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximates carrying value as of June 30, 2005 due to the short-term nature of these instruments.
NOTE 11 INTEREST RATE RISK
The primary market risk to the Company is interest rate risk. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors beyond the Companys control. Changes in the general level of interest rates can affect net interest income, which is the difference between the interest income earned on interest-earning assets and the interest expense incurred in connection with the interest-bearing liabilities, by affecting the spread between the interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Changes in the level of interest rates also can affect the value of the Companys interest-earning assets and the Companys ability to realize gains from the sale of these assets. A decline in the value of the Companys interest-earning assets pledged as collateral for borrowings under repurchase agreements could result in the counterparties demanding additional collateral pledges or liquidation of some of the exiting collateral to reduce borrowing levels.
The Company seeks to manage the extent to which net income changes as a function of changes in interest rates by matching adjustable-rate assets with variable-rate borrowings. During periods of changing interest rates, such interest rate mismatches could negatively impact the Companys consolidated financial condition, consolidated results of operations and consolidated cash flows. In addition, the Company mitigates the potential impact on net income of periodic and lifetime coupon adjustment restrictions in its investment portfolio by entering into interest rate hedging agreements such as interest rate caps and interest rate swaps.
Changes in interest rates may also have an effect on the rate of mortgage principal payments and, as a result, prepayments on mortgage-backed securities of the type in the Companys investment portfolio. The Company will seek to mitigate the effect of change in the mortgage principal repayment rate by balancing assets purchased at a premium with assets purchased at a discount. To date, the aggregate discount exceeds the aggregate premium on the Companys mortgage-backed securities.
NOTE 12 DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
The Company uses derivative financial instruments to hedge all or a portion of the interest rate risk associated with its borrowings. The principal objective of such arrangements is to minimize the risks and/or costs associated with the Companys operating and financial structure as well as to hedge specific anticipated transactions. The counterparties to these contractual arrangements are major financial institutions with which the Company and its affiliates may also have other financial relationships. In the event of nonperformance by the counterparties, the Company is potentially exposed to credit loss. However, because of their high credit ratings, the Company does not anticipate that any of the counterparties will fail to meet their obligations. On
F-18
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2005
(Continued)
NOTE 12 DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS (Continued)
the date the Company enters into a derivative contract, the derivative is designated as: (1) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge) or (2) a contract not qualifying for hedge accounting (free standing derivative).
At June 30, 2005, the Company has entered into three interest rate swap contracts whereby the Company will pay an average fixed rate of 3.76% and receive a variable rate equal to one-month LIBOR. The aggregate notional amount of these contracts is $739.0 million.
The interest rate swap agreements (hedge instruments) were entered into to hedge the Companys exposure to variable cash flows from forecasted variable rate financing transactions, and pursuant to SFAS No. 133 the hedge instruments were designated as cash flow hedges. The hedge instruments were evaluated at inception and the Company concluded that each hedge instrument is expected to be highly effective pursuant to the rules of SFAS No. 133, as amended and interpreted. As such, the Company accounted for the hedge instruments using hedge accounting and they are recorded at their fair market value each accounting period, and any changes in fair market value are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income. The hedge instruments will be evaluated on an ongoing basis to determine whether they continue to qualify for hedge accounting. Each hedge instrument must be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in the hedged item attributable to the risk being hedged in order to qualify for hedge accounting. Should there be any ineffectiveness in the future, the amount of the ineffectiveness will be recorded in the Companys consolidated statements of operations.
The fair value of the Companys interest rate swaps were $421,000, as of June 30, 2005. As of June 30, 2005, the Company had an aggregate unrealized gain of $421,000 on the interest rate swap agreements, which is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income.
NOTE 13 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN
Upon formation of the Company, the 2005 stock incentive plan (the Plan) was adopted for the purpose of attracting and retaining executive officers, employees, directors and other persons and entities that provide services to the Company. The stock incentive plan authorizes the issuance of options to purchase common stock and the grant of stock awards, performance shares and stock appreciation rights.
Up to 1,533,334 shares of common stock are available for issuance under the stock incentive plan. The share authorization, the incentive stock option limit and the terms of outstanding awards will be adjusted as the board of directors determines is appropriate in the event of a stock dividend, stock split, reclassification of shares or similar events. Upon completion of the March 2005 private placement, the Company granted the Manager 345,000 shares of restricted stock and options to purchase 651,666 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $15.00 per share under the Plan, none of which are exercisable as of June 30, 2005. The Companys directors were also granted 4,000 shares of restricted stock as part of their annual compensation.
NOTE 14 SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
On July 11, 2005, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-11 with the Securities and Exchange Commission to register an initial public offering of common shares.
On July 13, 2005, the Company entered into an agreement with a major investment bank whereby such bank agreed to provide up to $200.0 million of financing for the acquisition of syndicated bank loans to be sold to Apidos CDO III, a CDO transaction in which the Company would acquire 100% of the preference shares subject to an increase in the total amount of bank loans to be financed by the investment bank upon
F-19
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JUNE 30, 2005
(Continued)
NOTE 14 SUBSEQUENT EVENTS (Continued)
mutual agreement of the parties. If the Apidos CDO III transaction is not consummated, the investment bank would liquidate the portfolio of bank loans and the Company would be required to reimburse the investment bank for any collateral loss, except that the Company would not be liable for any collateral loss in excess of the purchase price of the equity investments for Apidos CDO III. We have agreed to purchase 100% of the equity interests in Apidos CDO III for an aggregate purchase price of $30.5 million.
On July 19, 2005, the board of directors declared a quarterly distribution of $0.20 per share of common stock, which was paid on July 29, 2005 to stockholders of record as of July 22, 2005. The Company distributed dividends of $3.1 million from working capital; this represented an excess of $905,000 over net income as determined in accordance with GAAP.
On July 27, 2005, the Ischus CDO II warehouse facility terminated and $320.6 million of non-agency mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities were transferred into a collateralized debt obligation structure, in which the Company purchased a $27.0 million equity interest representing 100% of the outstanding preference shares.
On August 4, 2005, the Apidos CDO I warehouse facility terminated and $218.4 million of syndicated loan assets were transferred into a collateralized debt obligation structure in which the Company purchased a $28.5 million equity interest representing 100% of the outstanding preference shares.
F-20
PART II. INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
Item 30. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Contained in this prospectus included as part of this registration statement, under the caption “Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risks” in the section “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and by this reference included herein.
Item 31. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.
The following table sets forth the costs and expenses of the sale and distribution of the securities being registered, all of which are being borne by the Registrant.
Item 32. Sales to Special Parties.
See the response to Item 33 below.
Item 33. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities.
On January 31, 2005, in connection with the incorporation of Resource Capital Corp. (the “Company”), the Company issued 1,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share (the “Common Stock”) to Resource America, Inc. (“RAI”) for $1,000. Such issuance was exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), pursuant to Section 4(2) thereof. These shares of Common Stock were redeemed upon completion of the Company's March 2005 private offering.
On March 8, 2005, the Company sold 8,754,962 shares of its Common Stock to Credit Suisse First Boston LLC (the “Initial Purchaser”). The Company issued these shares of Common Stock to the Initial Purchaser in reliance on the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act provided by Section 4(2) of the Securities Act. The Initial Purchaser paid the Company a purchase price of $13.95 per share, for total proceeds to the Company of $122,131,719.90. The Initial Purchaser resold all of these shares of Common Stock to (i) qualified institutional buyers (as defined in Rule 144A under the Securities Act) in reliance on the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act provided by Rule 144A under the Securities Act and (ii) investors outside the United States in reliance on the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act provided by Regulation S under the Securities Act. The offering price per share of Common Stock to qualified institutional buyers under Rule 144A and non-United States persons under Regulation S was $15.00 per share for gross proceeds of $131,324,430 and the Initial Purchaser’s discount and commission was $9,192,710.10.
II-1
On March 8, 2005, the Company sold 6,578,372 shares of its Common Stock in a concurrent private placement to 207 “accredited investors” (as defined in Rule 501 under the Securities Act) in reliance on the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act provided by Rule 506 of Regulation D under the Securities Act, with the Initial Purchaser acting as placement agent. The Initial Purchaser received a placement fee of $1.05 per share with respect to 5,221,206 of these shares of Common Stock. No placement fee was paid with respect to 1,357,166 of these shares. The total proceeds to the Company from the private placement of these shares was $93,193,313.70 and total placement fees paid to the placement agents was $5,482,266.30.
On March 8, 2005, the Company granted a total of 345,000 restricted shares of Common Stock to Resource Capital Manager, Inc., as manager of the Company, pursuant to the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan of the Company (the “Incentive Plan”). Additionally, on March 8, 2005 the Company granted, in the aggregate, 4,000 restricted shares of Common Stock to the Company’s non-employee directors pursuant to the Incentive Plan. Such grants were exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act pursuant to Section 4(2) thereof. For a more detailed description of the Incentive Plan, see “Management2005 Stock Incentive Plan” in the prospectus which is a part of this registration statement.
On March 8, 2005, the Company granted options to acquire 651,666 shares of Common Stock to Resource Capital Manager, Inc., as manager of the Company, pursuant to the Incentive Plan. Such grant was exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act pursuant to Section 4(2) thereof.
Item 34. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.
Maryland law permits a Maryland corporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the liability of its directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages except for liability resulting from (a) actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or (b) active or deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment as being material to the cause of action. Our charter contains a provision which limits the liability of our directors and officers to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law.
Our charter also authorizes our company, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, to obligate our company to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any individual who, while a director or officer of our company and at the request of our company, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise as a director, officer, partner or trustee, from and against any claim or liability to which that individual may become subject or which that individual may incur by reason of his or her or her service in any such capacity and to pay or reimburse his or her reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding.
Our bylaws obligate us, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any individual who, while a director or officer of our company and at the request of our company, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise as a director, officer, partner or trustee and who is made, or threatened to be made, a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity from and against any claim or liability to which that individual may become subject or which that individual may incur by reason of his or her service in any such capacity and to pay or reimburse his or her reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding. Our charter and bylaws also permit our company to indemnify and advance expenses to any individual who served a predecessor of our company in any of the capacities described above and any employee or agent of our company or a predecessor of our company.
II-2
Maryland law requires a corporation (unless its charter provides otherwise, which our charter does not) to indemnify a director or officer who has been successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of his or her service in such capacity, or in the defense of an issue, claim or matter in any such proceeding. Maryland law permits a corporation to indemnify its present and former directors and officers, among others, against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses actually incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they may be made, or are threatened to be made, a party by reason of their service in those or other capacities unless it is established that:
| the act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and (i) was committed in bad faith or (ii) was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty; or | |
| the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services; or | |
| in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. |
A court may order indemnification if it determines that the director or officer is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnification, even though the director or officer did not meet the prescribed standard of conduct or was adjudged liable on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received. However, under Maryland law, a Maryland corporation may not indemnify for an adverse judgment in a suit by or in the right of the corporation or for a judgment of liability on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received, unless in either case a court orders indemnification and then only for expenses. In addition, Maryland law permits a corporation to advance reasonable expenses to a director or officer upon the corporation's receipt of:
| a written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the corporation and | |
| a written undertaking by him or her or on his or her behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the corporation if it is ultimately determined that the standard of conduct was not met. |
Item 35. Treatment of Proceeds from Stock Being Registered.
None of the proceeds will be credited to an account other than the appropriate capital share account.
II-3
Item 36. Financial Statements and Exhibits.
(a) Financial Statements. See page F-1 for an index of the financial statements included in the registration statement.
(b) Exhibits. The following exhibits are filed as part of this registration statement on Form S-11:
Exhibit | Description of Document | |
1.1 | Form of Underwriting Agreement among Resource Capital Corp. and the underwriters named therein. | |
3.1 (1) | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Resource Capital Corp. | |
3.2 (1) | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Resource Capital Corp. | |
4.1 | Form of Certificate for Common Stock for Resource Capital Corp. | |
5.1 (2) | Opinion of DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP as to legality of the securities being issued | |
8.1 (2) | Opinion of Ledgewood as to certain U.S. federal income tax matters | |
10.1 (1) | Registration Rights Agreement among Resource Capital Corp. and Credit Suisse First Boston LLC for the benefit of certain holders of the common stock of Resource Capital Corp., dated as of March 8, 2005 | |
10.2 (1) | Management Agreement between Resource Capital Corp., Resource Capital Manager, Inc. and Resource America, Inc. dated as of March 8, 2005 | |
10.3 (1) | 2005 Stock Incentive Plan | |
10.4 (1) | Form of Stock Award Agreement | |
10.5 (1) | Form of Stock Option Agreement | |
21.1 (1) | List of Subsidiaries of Resource Capital Corp. | |
23.1 (2) | Consent of DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1) | |
23.2 (2) | Consent of Ledgewood (included in Exhibit 8.1) | |
23.3 | Consent of Grant Thornton LLP | |
24.1 (1) | Power of Attorney (included on signature page) |
______________
(1) Previously filed as an exhibit
to this registration statement on July 11, 2005.
(2) To be filed by amendment.
II-4
Item 37. Undertakings.
(a) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the underwriters at the closing specified in the underwriting agreements certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriters to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.
(b) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, may be permitted to directors, officers or controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
(c) The undersigned Registrant hereby further undertakes that:
(1) For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.
(2) For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
II-5
SIGNATURES AND POWERS OF ATTORNEY
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the undersigned Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-11 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of New York, State of New York on August 29, 2005.
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP. | |
By: /s/ Steven J. Kessler | |
Name: Steven J. Kessler | |
Title: Chief Financial Officer
and
Chief Accounting Officer |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on August 29, 2005.
/s/ Steven Kessler | |
Steven J. Kessler, Chief Financial
Officer and
Chief Accounting Officer and as Attorney-in-Fact for: |
|
Jonathan
Z. Cohen (Chief Executive Officer and
Director |
|
Edward E. Cohen (Chairman and Director) | |
Walter T. Beach (Director) | |
William B. Hart (Director) | |
Murray S. Levin (Director) | |
P. Sherrill Neff (Director) |
[ ] SHARES
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP.
COMMON STOCK
[ ], 2005
Credit Suisse First Boston LLC
Friedman Billings Ramsey &Co., Inc.
Citigroup Global Markets Inc.
J.P. Morgan Securities Inc.,
As Representatives of the Several Underwriters,
c/o Credit Suisse First Boston LLC,
Eleven Madison Avenue,
New York, N.Y. 10010-3629
Dear Sirs:
1. Introductory. Resource Capital Corp., a Maryland corporation ("COMPANY") proposes to issue and sell [ ] shares of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share ("SECURITIES") and the stockholders listed in SCHEDULE A hereto ("SELLING STOCKHOLDERS") propose severally to sell an aggregate of [ ] outstanding shares of the Securities (such [ ] shares of Securities being hereinafter referred to as the "FIRM SECURITIES") to Credit Suisse First Boston LLC ("CSFB"), Friedman Billings Ramsey & Co., Inc. ("FBR"), Citigroup Global Markets Inc. ("CITIGROUP"), J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. ("J.P. MORGAN") and each of the other underwriters named in SCHEDULE B hereto (collectively, the "UNDERWRITERS"), for whom CSFB, FBR, Citigroup and J.P. Morgan are acting as representatives, (in such capacity, the "REPRESENTATIVES"). The Company also proposes to sell to the Underwriters, at the option of the Underwriters, an aggregate of not more than [ ] additional shares of its Securities, as set forth below (such [ ] additional shares being hereinafter referred to as the "OPTIONAL SECURITIES"). The Firm Securities and the Optional Securities are herein collectively called the "OFFERED SECURITIES." As part of the offering contemplated by this Agreement, CSFB (the "DESIGNATED UNDERWRITER") has agreed to reserve out of the Firm Securities purchased by it under this Agreement, up to [ ] shares, for sale to the Company's directors, officers, employees and other parties associated with the Company (collectively, "PARTICIPANTS"), as set forth in the Prospectus (as defined herein) under the heading "Underwriting" (the "DIRECTED SHARE PROGRAM"). The Firm Securities to be sold by the Designated Underwriter pursuant to the Directed Share Program (the "DIRECTED SHARES") will be sold by the Designated Underwriter pursuant to this Agreement at the public offering price. Any Directed Shares not subscribed for by the end of the business day on which this Agreement is executed will be offered to the public by the Underwriters as set forth in the Prospectus. The Company, Resource Capital Manager, Inc. (the "MANAGER"), Resource America, Inc. ("RESOURCE AMERICA") and the Selling Stockholders hereby agree with the Underwriters as follows:
2. Representations and Warranties of the Company, the Manager and the Selling Stockholders.
(a) The Company represent and warrant to, and agree with, the several Underwriters that:
(i) A registration statement (No. 333-126517) relating to
the Offered Securities, including a form of prospectus, has
been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
("COMMISSION") and either (A) has been declared effective under
the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "ACT") and is not
proposed to be amended or (B) is proposed to be amended by
amendment or post-effective amendment. If such registration
statement (the "INITIAL REGISTRATION STATEMENT") has been
declared effective, either (A) an additional registration
statement (the "ADDITIONAL REGISTRATION STATEMENT") relating to
the Offered Securities may have been filed with the Commission
pursuant to Rule 462(b) ("RULE 462(B)") under the Act and, if
so filed, has become effective upon filing pursuant to such
Rule and the Offered Securities all have been duly registered
under the Act pursuant to the initial registration statement
and, if applicable, the additional registration statement or
(B) such an additional registration statement is proposed to be
filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(b) and will
become effective upon filing pursuant to such Rule and upon
such filing the Offered Securities will all have been duly
registered under the Act pursuant to the initial registration
statement and such additional registration statement. If the
Company does not propose to amend the initial registration
statement or if an additional registration statement has been
filed and the Company does not propose to amend it, and if any
post-effective amendment to either such registration statement
has been filed with the Commission prior to the execution and
delivery of this Agreement, the most recent amendment (if any)
to each such registration statement has been declared effective
by the Commission or has become effective upon filing pursuant
to Rule 462(c) ("RULE 462(C)") under the Act or, in the case of
the additional registration statement, Rule 462(b). For
purposes of this Agreement, "EFFECTIVE TIME" with respect to
the initial registration statement or, if filed prior to the
execution and delivery of this Agreement, the additional
registration statement means (A) if the Company has advised the
Representatives that it does not propose to amend such
registration statement, the date and time as of which such
registration statement, or the most recent post-effective
amendment thereto (if any) filed prior to the execution and
delivery of this Agreement, was declared effective by the
Commission or has become effective upon filing pursuant to Rule
462(c), or (B) if the Company has advised the Representatives
that it proposes to file an amendment or post-effective
amendment to such registration statement, the date and time as
of which such registration statement, as amended by such
amendment or post-effective amendment, as the case may be, is
declared effective by the Commission. If an additional
registration statement has not been filed prior to the
execution and delivery of this Agreement but the Company has
advised the Representatives that it proposes to file one,
"EFFECTIVE TIME" with respect to such additional registration
statement means the date and time as of which such registration
statement is filed and becomes effective pursuant to Rule
462(b). "EFFECTIVE DATE" with respect to the initial
registration statement or the additional registration statement
(if any) means the date of the Effective Time thereof. The
initial registration statement, as amended at its Effective
Time, including all information contained in the additional
registration statement (if any) and deemed to be a part of the
initial registration statement as of the Effective Time of the
additional registration statement pursuant to the General
Instructions of the Form on which it is filed and including all
information (if any) deemed to be a part of the initial
registration statement as of its Effective Time pursuant to
Rule 430A(b) ("RULE 430A(B)") under the Act, is hereinafter
referred to as the "INITIAL REGISTRATION STATEMENT." The
additional registration statement, as amended at its Effective
Time, including the contents of the Initial Registration
Statement incorporated by reference therein and including all
information (if any) deemed to be a part of the additional
registration statement as of its Effective Time pursuant to
Rule 430A(b), is hereinafter referred to as the "ADDITIONAL
REGISTRATION STATEMENT." The Initial Registration Statement and
the Additional Registration are hereinafter referred to
collectively as the "REGISTRATION STATEMENTS" and individually
as a "REGISTRATION STATEMENT." The form of prospectus relating
to the Offered Securities, as first filed with the Commission
pursuant to and in accordance with Rule 424(b) ("RULE 424(B)")
under the Act or (if no such filing is required) as included in
a Registration Statement, is hereinafter referred to as the
"PROSPECTUS." No document has been or will be prepared or
distributed in reliance on Rule 434 under the Act.
(ii) If the Effective Time of the Initial Registration Statement is prior to the execution and delivery of this Agreement: (A) on the Effective Date of the Initial Registration Statement, the Initial Registration Statement conformed in all respects to the requirements of the Act and the rules and regulations of the Commission ("RULES AND REGULATIONS") and did not include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein (with respect to the Prospectus only, in light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading, (B) on the Effective Date of the Additional Registration Statement (if any), each Registration Statement conformed or will conform, in all respects to the requirements of the Act and the Rules and Regulations and did not include, or will not include, any untrue statement of a material fact and did not omit, or will not omit, to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, and (C) on the date of this Agreement, the Initial Registration Statement and, if the Effective Time of the Additional Registration Statement is prior to the execution and delivery of this Agreement, the Additional Registration Statement each conforms, and at the time of filing of the Prospectus pursuant to Rule 424(b) or (if no such filing is required) at the Effective Date of the Additional Registration Statement in which the Prospectus is included, each Registration Statement and the Prospectus will conform, in all respects to the requirements of the Act and the Rules and Regulations, and neither of such documents includes, or will include, any untrue statement of a material fact or omits, or will omit, to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein (with respect to the Prospectus only, in light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading. If the Effective Time of the Initial Registration Statement is subsequent to the execution and delivery of this Agreement: on the Effective Date of the Initial Registration Statement, the Initial Registration Statement and the Prospectus will conform in all respects to the requirements of the Act and the Rules and Regulations, neither of such documents will include any untrue statement of a material fact or will omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, and no Additional Registration Statement has been or will be filed. The two preceding sentences do not apply to statements in or omissions from a Registration Statement or the Prospectus based upon written information furnished to the Company by any Underwriter through the Representatives specifically for use therein, it being understood and agreed that the only such information is that described as such in Section 7(c) hereof.
(iii) The Company is a corporation duly organized and validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of Maryland with full power and authority to own, lease or operate its assets and to conduct its business as described in the Prospectus and to execute and deliver this Agreement and to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby (including the issuance, sale and delivery of the Offered Securities) and thereby.
(iv) Each subsidiary of the Company (the "SUBSIDIARIES") has been duly incorporated or formed and is an existing corporation or limited liability company in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or formation, with power and authority (corporate and other) to own, lease or operate its assets and conduct its business as described in the Prospectus; all of the issued and outstanding capital stock or membership interests, as applicable, of each Subsidiary of the Company has been duly authorized and validly issued and is fully paid and nonassessable; and the capital stock or membership interests, as applicable, of each Subsidiary is owned entirely by the Company, directly or through subsidiaries, and is free from liens, encumbrances and defects. The Company does not own any capital stock of or other equity interest in any other corporation, limited liability company, partnership, joint venture, trust or other entity or association.
(v) The Company had, as of the date of the Prospectus, the duly authorized and outstanding capitalization, as set forth in the Prospectus under the caption "Capitalization;" all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company have been duly and validly authorized and issued and are fully paid and non-assessable and have been issued in compliance with all federal and state securities laws and, except as disclosed in the Prospectus, free of preemptive rights and other rights to subscribe for or purchase securities; except as disclosed in the Prospectus, there are no outstanding (i) securities or obligations of the Company or the Subsidiaries convertible into or exchangeable for any capital stock of the Company or the Subsidiaries, (ii) warrants, rights or options to subscribe for or purchase from the Company or the Subsidiaries any such capital stock or any such convertible or exchangeable securities or obligations or (iii) obligations of the Company or the Subsidiaries to issue or sell any shares of capital stock, partnership interests or membership interests, as applicable, any such convertible or exchangeable securities or obligation, or any such warrants, rights or options.
(vi) The Offered Securities have been duly authorized for
issuance and sale and, when issued by the Company and delivered
against payment therefor in accordance with the terms of this
Agreement, will be validly issued, fully paid and
non-assessable, free and clear of any pledge, lien,
encumbrance, security interest or other claim, and the
issuance, sale and delivery of the Offered Securities by the
Company is not subject to any preemptive right, co-sale right,
registration right, resale right, right of first refusal or
other similar rights arising by operation of law, under the
Company Charter Documents, as such term is defined in Section
2(xiv), (other than as set forth therein) or under any
agreement to which the Company is a party or otherwise, other
than as provided for in the Lock-Up Agreements (as defined
below).
(vii) Each of the Company and the Subsidiaries is duly qualified or licensed by, and is in good standing in, each jurisdiction in which it currently conducts its business or in which it owns or leases property or maintains an office and in which such qualification or licensing is necessary and in which the failure, individually or in the aggregate, to be so qualified or licensed could have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on the condition (financial or other), business, earnings, management, properties, results of operations (as described in the Prospectus), assets or prospects of the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole (a "MATERIAL ADVERSE EFFECT").
(viii) The Company has good and marketable title in fee simple to all real property and good title to all personal property owned by it, in each case free and clear of all liens, security interests, pledges, charges, encumbrances, mortgages and defects, except such as are disclosed in the Prospectus or such as would not reasonably be expected to materially and adversely affect the value of such property or interfere with the use made or proposed to be made of such property by the Company; any real property or personal property held under lease by the Company is held under a lease which is valid, binding and enforceable against the Company and, to the Company's knowledge, the other party thereto, except as may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally, and by general principles of equity, or as otherwise disclosed in the Prospectus or exceptions that are not, individually or in the aggregate, material to the Company and would not reasonably be expected to interfere with the use made or proposed to be made of such property by the Company.
(ix) Each of the Company and the Subsidiaries is in compliance with all applicable federal, state, local and foreign laws, rules, regulations, orders, decrees and judgments, including those relating to transactions with affiliates, except where the failure to so comply could not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.
(x) Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries has violated, received notice of or knows of any violation by the Company or the Subsidiaries with respect to any federal or state law relating to discrimination in the hiring, promotion or pay of employees performing services for the Company, nor any applicable federal or state wages and hours law, the violation of any of which could reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.
(xi) Neither the Company nor any officer or director purporting to act on behalf of the Company has at any time (a) made any contributions to any candidate for political office, or failed to disclose fully any such contributions, in violation of law, (b) made any payment to any state, federal or foreign governmental officer or official, or other person charged with similar public or quasi-public duties, other than payments required or allowed by applicable law, or (c) engaged in any transactions, maintained any Company bank account or used any corporate funds except for transactions, bank accounts and funds which have been and are reflected in the normally maintained books and records of the Company.
(xii) Except as otherwise disclosed in the Prospectus, there are no outstanding loans or advances or guarantees of indebtedness by the Company to or for the benefit of any of the officers, directors, affiliates or representatives of the Company or any of the members of the families of any of them.
(xiii) Except for the Underwriter's discount and any other compensation payable by the Company to the Underwriters in connection with the transactions contemplated herein or as otherwise disclosed in the Prospectus, the Company has not incurred any liability for any finder's fees or similar payments in connection with the transactions herein contemplated.
(xiv) Each of the Company and the Subsidiaries is not (a) in breach of, or in default under (nor has any event occurred which with notice, lapse of time, or both would constitute a breach of, or default under), its articles of incorporation, by-laws, certificate of formation, operating agreement or similar organizational documents, as applicable (collectively, the "COMPANY CHARTER Documents") or (b) in breach or default (nor has any event occurred which with notice, lapse of time or both would constitute a breach or default) in the performance or observance of any of its obligations, agreements, covenants or conditions contained in any license, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, bank loan or credit agreement or other agreement or instrument to which the Company or the Subsidiaries is a party or by which it or its assets may be bound or affected except, in the case of clause (b) only, for breaches or defaults that could not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect; the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement, the issuance, sale and delivery of the Offered Securities by the Company, the consummation by the Company of the transactions contemplated hereby and compliance by the parties thereto (other than the Underwriters) with the terms and provisions hereunder will not conflict with, or result in any breach of or constitute a default under (nor constitute any event which with notice, lapse of time, or both would constitute a breach of, or default under), (A) any provision of the Company Charter Documents, (B) any of the Company's and the Subsidiaries' and any of their respective affiliates' obligations under any provision of any license, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, bank loan or credit agreement or other agreement or instrument to which any such party is a party or by which it or its assets may be bound or affected, or (C) under any federal, state, local or foreign law, regulation or rule or any decree, judgment, permit or order applicable to the Company or the Subsidiaries except, in the case of clauses (B) and (C) only, for such conflicts, breaches or defaults that could not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.
(xv) This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and Resource America, assuming due authorization, execution and delivery of this Agreement by the Underwriters, is a legal, valid and binding agreement of the Company and Resource America, enforceable in accordance with its terms, except as may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally, and by general principles of equity, and except to the extent that the indemnification provisions hereof may be limited by federal or state securities laws and public policy considerations in respect thereof; the Registration Rights Agreement ("REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT"), dated March 8, 2005, among the Company on one hand, and CSFB for the benefit of the Holders, on the other hand, and the Management Agreement ("MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT"), dated March 8, 2005, by and among the Company, the Manager and Resource America, have been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and Resource America, as applicable, and, assuming due authorization, execution and delivery by such other parties, constitute legal, valid and binding agreements of the Company and Resource America, as applicable, enforceable against the Company and Resource America, as applicable, in accordance with their terms, except as may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally, and by general principles of equity, and except to the extent that the indemnification provisions thereof may be limited by federal or state securities laws and public policy considerations in respect thereof.
(xvi) The capital stock of the Company, including the Offered Securities, conforms in all material respects to the descriptions thereof contained in the Prospectus; the form of certificates used to evidence the Offered Securities complies in all material respects with all applicable statutory requirements and any requirements of the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE") and with any applicable requirements of the Company Charter Documents and has been duly authorized and approved by the directors of the Company.
(xvii) Except as disclosed in the Prospectus, there are no contracts, agreements or understandings between the Company and any person that would give rise to a valid claim against the Company or any Underwriter for a brokerage commission, finder's fee or other like payment in connection with this offering.
(xviii) Except for the Registration Rights Agreement and the Management Agreement, there are no contracts, agreements or understandings between the Company and any person granting such person the right to require the Company to file a registration statement under the Act with respect to any securities of the Company owned or to be owned by such person or to require the Company to include such securities in the securities registered pursuant to a registration statement or in any securities being registered pursuant to any other registration statement filed by the Company under the Act.
(xix) The Securities have been approved for listing subject to notice of issuance on the NYSE.
(xx) No approval, authorization, consent or order of or filing with any federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory commission, board, body, authority or agency is required for the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement, the consummation by the Company of the transactions contemplated hereby, or the issuance, sale and delivery of the Offered Securities as contemplated hereby, except such as have been obtained and made, or as may be required, under the Act, under the rules and regulations of the National Association of Securities Dealers (the "NASD"), and such as may be required under state or foreign securities laws.
(xxi) Each of the Company and the Subsidiaries has all necessary licenses, authorizations, consents and approvals and has made all necessary filings required under any federal, state, local or foreign law, regulation or rule, and has obtained all necessary licenses, authorizations, consents and approvals from other persons, required in order to conduct its business as it is being conducted at this time, and will obtain all necessary licenses, authorizations, consents and approvals and make all necessary filings required under any federal, state, local or foreign law, regulation or rule, and will obtain all necessary licenses, authorizations, consents and approvals from other persons, required in order to conduct its business as it is proposed to be conducted as described in the Prospectus except, in each case, where the failure to obtain any such license, authorization, consent or approval could not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect; each of the Company and the Subsidiaries is not in violation of, or in default under, any of its obligations under any such license, authorization, consent or approval of any federal, state, local or foreign law, regulation or rule or any decree, order or judgment applicable to the Company and the Subsidiaries except where such violation or default could not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.
(xxii) No labor dispute with the employees of the Company or any Subsidiary exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is imminent that might have a Material Adverse Effect.
(xxiii) The Company and the Subsidiaries own, possess or can acquire on reasonable terms, adequate trademarks, trade names and other rights to inventions, know-how, patents, copyrights, confidential information and other intellectual property (collectively, "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS") necessary to conduct the business now operated by them, or presently employed by them, and have not received any notice of infringement of or conflict with asserted rights of others with respect to any intellectual property rights that, if determined adversely to the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, would individually or in the aggregate have a Material Adverse Effect.
(xxiv) The Prospectus contains summaries, which are complete and accurate in all material respects, of all material contracts, agreements, instruments and other documents, if any, of the Company that would be required to be described in a prospectus included in a registration statement on Form S-11 under the Act, and the copies of all such contracts, agreements, instruments and other documents (including all amendments or waivers relating to any of the foregoing) that have been previously furnished to the Underwriters or its counsel are complete and genuine and include all material collateral and supplemental agreements thereto.
(xxv) There are no actions, suits, proceedings, inquiries or investigations pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened against the Company or the Subsidiaries, or any of their respective assets, and to the knowledge of the Company, its respective directors, officers or employees at law or in equity, or before or by any federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory commission, board, body, arbitration panel, authority or agency the adverse outcome of which could reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.
(xxvi) Since the date of the Prospectus, there has not been
(a) any event, circumstance or change that could reasonably be
expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material
Adverse Effect, (b) any transaction, other than in the ordinary
course of business, which is material to the Company
contemplated or entered into by or on behalf of the Company or
the Subsidiaries, (c) any liability or obligation, contingent
or otherwise, directly or indirectly incurred by the Company or
the Subsidiaries, other than liabilities and obligations
incurred in the ordinary course of business, (d) any dividend
or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made by the
Company on any class of its capital stock, (e) any purchase or
pledge by the Company or the Subsidiaries of any of the
Company's or the Subsidiaries' outstanding capital stock or (f)
any change in the capital stock, long-term debt (including
off-balance sheet activities or transactions) or, outside the
ordinary course of business, short-term debt of the Company or
the Subsidiaries.
(xxvii) The Company is not, and the sale of the Offered Securities as herein contemplated and the receipt of the net proceeds therefrom will not cause the Company to become, an "investment company" or an entity "controlled" by an "investment company" as such terms are defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.
(xxviii) Neither the Company nor any of its directors, officers, representatives or affiliates has taken, directly or indirectly, any action intended, or which might reasonably be expected, to cause or result in, or which has constituted, any unlawful stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Offered Securities; and the Company acknowledges that the Underwrites may engage in passive market making transactions in the Offered Securities on the NYSE in accordance with Regulation M under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "EXCHANGE ACT").
(xxix) Grant Thornton LLP is an independent registered public accounting firm with respect to the Company within the meaning of the Act and the applicable published rules and regulations thereunder, and the rules and regulations of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ("PCAOB") of the United States.
(xxx) The Company has not taken any action, nor have any other steps been taken or have any legal proceedings been commenced, nor to the knowledge of the Company, threatened, against the Company, for the winding up, liquidation or dissolution of the Company.
(xxxi) Each of the independent directors named in the Prospectus has not since the formation of the Company been employed by or affiliated, directly or indirectly with, the Company whether by ownership of, ownership interest in, employment by, any material business or professional relationship with, or serving as an officer or director of the Company or any of its affiliates named in the Prospectus and satisfies the independence standards established by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the NYSE.
(xxxii) The Company's investment guidelines and operating policies described in the Prospectus accurately reflect the current intentions of the Company and the Manager with respect to the operation of its business, and no material deviation from such guidelines or policies is contemplated.
(xxxiii) The Company has not authorized anyone to make any representations regarding the offer and sale of the Offered Securities, or regarding the Company in connection therewith, except as set forth in the Prospectus or any related marketing materials developed jointly and approved by the Company and the Underwriters; the Company has not received notice of any stop order or other similar order or decree preventing the use of the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, and no proceeding for that purpose has commenced or is pending or, to the Company's knowledge, is contemplated.
(xxxiv) The Company will make a timely election to be subject to tax as a real estate investment trust (a "REIT") pursuant to Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "CODE") for its taxable year ending December 31, 2005 and commencing with its initial taxable year ending December 31, 2005, the Company has been organized and operated in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code, and the Company's current and proposed method of operation will enable it to continue to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code; and all statements in the Prospectus regarding the Company's qualification and taxation as a REIT are true, complete and correct in all material respects.
(xxxv) The Company and each of the Subsidiaries have filed on a timely basis all federal, state, local and foreign income and franchise tax returns, if any such returns were required to be filed, through the date hereof, any such returns are correct and complete, and the Company has paid all taxes shown as due thereon; and no tax deficiency has been asserted against the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, nor does the Company or any of the Subsidiaries know of any tax deficiency which could reasonably be expected to be asserted against it; all tax liabilities, if any, are adequately provided for on the consolidated books of the Company.
(xxxvi) The description of the Company's organization and current and proposed method of operation set forth in the Initial Registration Statement and the Additional Registration Statement under the heading "Federal Income Tax Consequences of our Qualification as a REIT" is an accurate and fair summary of the matters referred to therein.
(xxxvii) The Company and the Subsidiaries, in the aggregate, carry, or are covered by, insurance (issued by insurers of recognized financial responsibility to the best knowledge of the Company and the Manager) against such losses and risks and in such amounts as are generally deemed adequate for the respective businesses in which they are engaged; neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries has been refused any insurance coverage sought or applied for; and neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries has any reason to believe that the Company or the Subsidiaries would not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business at a cost that would not, individually or in the aggregate have a Material Adverse Effect, except as described in or contemplated by the Prospectus. All such insurance is fully in force on the date hereof and will be fully in force at the First Closing Date and any Optional Closing Date.
(xxxviii) The Company and each of the Subsidiaries are in compliance in all material respects with all presently applicable provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, including the regulations and published interpretations thereunder ("ERISA"), and the employee benefits provisions of the Code with which compliance is intended; no "reportable event" (as defined in ERISA) has occurred with respect to any "pension plan" (as defined in ERISA) for which the Company or any of the Subsidiaries have or would reasonably be expected to have any liability; the Company and the Subsidiaries have not incurred and do not expect to incur liability under (x) Title IV of ERISA with respect to termination of, or withdrawal from, any "pension plan" or (y) Sections 412 or 4971 of the Code; and each "pension plan" for which the Company would have any liability that is intended to be qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code has received a determination letter from the Internal Revenue Service to the effect that it is so qualified in all material respects and nothing has occurred, whether by action or by failure to act, which would cause the plan to not be adversely affected by such determination.
(xxxix) Except as set forth in the Prospectus, (a) no person has the right, contractual or otherwise, to cause the Company to issue or sell to it any shares of common stock or shares of any other capital stock or other equity interests of the Company, (b) no person has any preemptive rights, co-sale rights, registration rights, resale rights, rights of first refusal or other similar rights arising by operation of law to purchase any shares of common stock or shares of any other capital stock or other equity interests of the Company or the Subsidiaries, and (c) no person has the right to act as an underwriter or as a financial advisor to the Company or the Subsidiaries in connection with the offer and sale of the Offered Securities or capital stock or other equity interests of the Subsidiaries; and, except as set forth in the Prospectus, no person has the right, contractual or otherwise, to cause the Company or the Subsidiaries to register under the Act any shares of common stock or shares of any other capital stock or other equity interests of the Company or the Subsidiaries.
(xl) Each of the Company and the Subsidiaries are in compliance, in all material respects, with applicable Environmental Laws (as defined below) and is in compliance, in all material respects, with the material terms of any required permits, licenses, authorizations and approvals required under, applicable Environmental Laws, except to the extent that failure to so comply or to hold such permits, authorizations or approvals would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; there are no past or present or, to the Company's knowledge, reasonably anticipated material future events, conditions, circumstances, activities, practices, actions, omissions or plans that could reasonably be expected to give rise to any material costs or liabilities to the Company or the Subsidiaries under, or to interfere with or prevent compliance by the Company or the Subsidiaries with, applicable Environmental Laws; except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, and except that no representation is made with respect to any property underlying loans originated or held by the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, other than properties on which the Company or any Subsidiary has foreclosed and currently holds as an asset ("FORECLOSURE PROPERTY"), neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries (a) is the subject of any investigation, (b) has received any notice or claim, (c) is a party to or affected by any pending or threatened action, suit or proceeding, (d) is bound by any judgment, decree or order or (e) has entered into any agreement, in each case relating to any alleged violation of any applicable Environmental Law or any actual or alleged release or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened release or cleanup at any location of any Hazardous Materials (as defined below) (as used herein, "ENVIRONMENTAL LAW" means any federal, state, local or foreign law, statute, ordinance, rule, regulation, order, decree, judgment, injunction, or other binding requirement, or common law, relating to health, safety or the protection, cleanup or restoration of the environment or natural resources, including those relating to the distribution, processing, generation, treatment, storage, disposal, transportation, other handling or release or threatened release of Hazardous Materials, and "HAZARDOUS MATERIALS" means any material (including, without limitation, pollutants, contaminants, hazardous or toxic substances or wastes) that is regulated by or may give rise to liability under any Environmental Law).
(xli) The assets of the Company and the Subsidiaries do not constitute "plan assets" of an ERISA regulated employee benefit plan.
(xlii) The financial statements included in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus present fairly the financial position of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries as of the dates shown and their results of operations and cash flows for the periods shown, and, except as otherwise disclosed in the Prospectus, such financial statements have been prepared in conformity with the generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") in the United States applied on a consistent basis; and the assumptions used in preparing the pro forma financial statements included in each Registration Statement and the Prospectus provide a reasonable basis for presenting the significant effects directly attributable to the transactions or events described therein, the related pro forma adjustments give appropriate effect to those assumptions, and the pro forma columns therein reflect the proper application of those adjustments to the corresponding historical financial statement amounts.
(xliii) Except as disclosed in the Prospectus, since the date of the latest audited financial statements included in the Prospectus there has been no material adverse change, nor any development or event involving a prospective material adverse change, in the condition (financial or other), business, properties or results of operations of the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, and, except as disclosed in or contemplated by the Prospectus, there has been no dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made by the Company on any class of its capital stock.
(xliv) As of the First Closing Date, the Company will be
subject to the reporting requirements of either Section 13 or
Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act, and thereafter will file
reports with the Commission on the Electronic Data Gathering,
Analysis, and Retrieval (EDGAR) system.
(xlv) To the Company's or any of the Subsidiaries' knowledge, except for Anthem Securities, Inc. and Chadwick Securities, Inc., there are no affiliations or associations between any member of the NASD and any of the Company's or any of the Subsidiaries' officers, directors or 5% or greater securityholders, except as set forth in the Prospectus.
(xlvi) The Company represents and warrants to the Underwriters that (i) the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any preliminary prospectus comply, and any further amendments or supplements thereto will comply, with any applicable laws or regulations of foreign jurisdictions in which the Prospectus or any preliminary prospectus, as amended or supplemented, if applicable, are distributed in connection with the Directed Share Program, and that (ii) no authorization, approval, consent, license, order, registration or qualification of or with any government, governmental instrumentality or court, other than such as have been obtained, is necessary under the securities law and regulations of foreign jurisdictions in which the Directed Shares are offered outside the United States.
(xlvii) The Company has not offered, or caused the Underwriters to offer, any Offered Securities to any person pursuant to the Directed Share Program with the specific intent to unlawfully influence (i) a customer or supplier of the Company to alter the customer's or supplier's level or type of business with the Company or (ii) a trade journalist or publication to write or publish favorable information about the Company or its products.
(xlviii) The Company solely determined, without any direct or indirect participation by the Underwriters, the persons who will purchase the Offered Securities (including the amounts to be purchased by such persons) sold in the offering by the Underwriters pursuant to the Directed Share Program.
(xlix) Each of the Company and the Subsidiaries (i) makes and keeps accurate books and records in all material respects and (ii) maintains internal accounting controls which provide reasonable assurance that (A) transactions are executed in accordance with management's authorization, (B) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of its and the Subsidiaries' financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain accountability for its and the Subsidiaries' assets, (C) access to its assets is permitted only in accordance with management's authorization, (D) the reported accountability for its and the Subsidiaries' assets is compared with existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences and (E) management is made aware of all material transactions concerning the Company and the Subsidiaries and their respective properties.
(l) Neither the Company nor the Subsidiaries, or, to the knowledge of the Company and the Manager, any director, officer, agent, employee or other person associated with or acting on behalf of the Company or the Subsidiaries has: used any corporate funds for any unlawful contribution, gift, entertainment or other unlawful expense relating to political activity; made any direct or indirect unlawful payment to any foreign or domestic government official or employee from corporate funds; violated or is in violation of any provision or the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder; or made any bribe, rebate, payoff, influence payment, kickback or other unlawful payment; and the Company, the Subsidiaries and, to the knowledge of the Company, its affiliates have conducted their businesses in compliance in all material respects with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 and have instituted and maintain policies and procedures designed to ensure, and which are reasonably expected to continue to ensure, continued compliance therewith.
(li) To the knowledge of the Company, neither it nor any of the Subsidiaries nor any of its properties or assets has any immunity from the jurisdiction of any court or from any legal process (whether through service or notice, attachment prior to judgment, attachment in aid of execution or otherwise) under the laws of New York.
(lii) There is and has been no failure on the part of the Company and any of the Company's directors or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply in all material respects with any provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations promulgated in connection therewith (the "SARBANES-OXLEY ACT"), including Section 402 related to loans and Sections 302 and 906 related to certifications.
(liii) Any industry, statistical and market-related data included in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus are based on or derived from sources that the Company believes to be reliable and accurate, and the Company has obtained the written consent to the use of such data from such sources to the extent required.
(liv) Any advertising, sales literature or other promotional material (including "prospectus wrappers", "broker kits," "road show slides" and "road show scripts" and "electronic road show presentations") authorized in writing by or prepared by the Company used in connection with the public offering of the Offered Securities (collectively, "sales material") does not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. Moreover, all sales material complied and will comply in all material respects with the applicable requirements of the Act and the rules and interpretations of the NASD.
(lv) Any certificate signed by any officer of the Company or any of the Subsidiaries delivered pursuant to this Agreement to the Representatives or to counsel for the Underwriters shall be deemed a representation and warranty by the Company to each Underwriter as to the matters covered thereby.
(b) The Manager represents and warrants to, and agrees with, the several Underwriters that:
(i) The Manager is a limited liability company duly organized and validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware with full power and authority to own, lease or operate its assets and to conduct its business as described in the Prospectus and to execute and deliver this Agreement and to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby.
(ii) The Manager is duly qualified or licensed by, and is in good standing in, each jurisdiction in which it currently conducts its business or in which it owns or leases property or maintains an office and in which such qualification or licensing is necessary and in which the failure, individually or in the aggregate, to be so qualified or licensed could have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.
(iii) The Manager is in compliance with all applicable federal, state, local and foreign laws, rules, regulations, orders, decrees and judgments, including those relating to transactions with affiliates, except where the failure to so comply could not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.
(iv) Neither the Manager nor any officer or director purporting to act on behalf of the Manager has at any time (a) made any contributions to any candidate for political office, or failed to disclose fully any such contributions, in violation of law, (b) made any payment to any state, federal or foreign governmental officer or official, or other person charged with similar public or quasi-public duties, other than payments required or allowed by applicable law, or (c) engaged in any transactions, maintained any Company bank account or used any corporate funds except for transactions, bank accounts and funds which have been and are reflected in the normally maintained books and records of the Manager.
(v) The Manager is not (a) in breach of, or in default under (nor has any event occurred which with notice, lapse of time, or both would constitute a breach of, or default under), its articles of incorporation or by-laws (collectively, the "MANAGER CHARTER DOCUMENTS") or (b) in breach or default (nor has any event occurred which with notice, lapse of time or both would constitute a breach or default) in the performance or observance of any of its obligations, agreements, covenants or conditions contained in any license, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, bank loan or credit agreement or other agreement or instrument to which the Manager is a party or by which it or its assets may be bound or affected except, in the case of clause (b) only, for breaches or defaults that could not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect; the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement, the consummation by the Manager of the transactions contemplated hereby and compliance by the parties thereto (other than the Underwriters) with the terms and provisions hereunder will not conflict with, or result in any breach of or constitute a default under (nor constitute any event which with notice, lapse of time, or both would constitute a breach of, or default under), (A) any provision of the Manager Charter Documents, (B) any of the Manager's and any of their respective affiliates' obligations under any provision of any license, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, bank loan or credit agreement or other agreement or instrument to which any such party is a party or by which it or its assets may be bound or affected, or (C) under any federal, state, local or foreign law, regulation or rule or any decree, judgment, permit or order applicable to the Manager except, in the case of clauses (B) and (C) only, for such conflicts, breaches or defaults that could not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.
(vi) No approval, authorization, consent or order of or filing with any federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory commission, board, body, authority or agency is required for the execution, delivery and performance by the Manager of this Agreement, the consummation by the Manager of the transactions contemplated hereby, or the issuance, sale and delivery of the Offered Securities as contemplated hereby, except such as have been obtained and made, or as may be required, under the Act, under the rules and regulations of the National Association of Securities Dealers (the "NASD"), and such as may be required under state or foreign securities laws.
(vii) The Manager has all necessary licenses, authorizations, consents and approvals and has made all necessary filings required under any federal, state, local or foreign law, regulation or rule, and has obtained all necessary licenses, authorizations, consents and approvals from other persons, required in order to conduct its business as it is being conducted at this time, and will obtain all necessary licenses, authorizations, consents and approvals and make all necessary filings required under any federal, state, local or foreign law, regulation or rule, and will obtain all necessary licenses, authorizations, consents and approvals from other persons, required in order to conduct its business as it is proposed to be conducted as described in the Prospectus except, in each case, where the failure to obtain any such license, authorization, consent or approval could not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect; the Manager is not in violation of, or in default under, any of its obligations under any such license, authorization, consent or approval of any federal, state, local or foreign law, regulation or rule or any decree, order or judgment applicable to the Manager except where such violation or default could not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.
(viii) No labor dispute with the employees of the Manager exists or, to the knowledge of the Manager, is imminent that might have a Material Adverse Effect.
(ix) There are no actions, suits, proceedings, inquiries or investigations pending or, to the knowledge of the Manager, threatened against the Manager or the Subsidiaries, or any of their respective assets, and to the knowledge of the Manager, its respective directors, officers or employees at law or in equity, or before or by any federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory commission, board, body, arbitration panel, authority or agency the adverse outcome of which could reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.
(x) Since the date of the Prospectus, there has not been any event, circumstance or change that could reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.
(xi) The Manager and its subsidiaries, in the aggregate, carry, or are covered by, insurance (issued by insurers of recognized financial responsibility to the best knowledge of the Manager) against such losses and risks and in such amounts as are generally deemed adequate for the respective businesses in which they are engaged; neither the Manager nor any of its subsidiaries has been refused any insurance coverage sought or applied for; and neither the Manager nor any of its subsidiaries has any reason to believe that the Manager or its subsidiaries would not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business at a cost that would not, individually or in the aggregate have a Material Adverse Effect, except as described in or contemplated by the Prospectus. All such insurance is fully in force on the date hereof and will be fully in force at the First Closing Date and any Optional Closing Date.
(xii) Neither the Manager, or, to the knowledge of the Manager, any director, officer, agent, employee or other person associated with or acting on behalf of the Manager has: used any corporate funds for any unlawful contribution, gift, entertainment or other unlawful expense relating to political activity; made any direct or indirect unlawful payment to any foreign or domestic government official or employee from corporate funds; violated or is in violation of any provision or the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder; or made any bribe, rebate, payoff, influence payment, kickback or other unlawful payment; and the Manager and, to the knowledge of the Manager, its affiliates have conducted their businesses in compliance in all material respects with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 and have instituted and maintain policies and procedures designed to ensure, and which are reasonably expected to continue to ensure, continued compliance therewith.
(xiii) This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Manager and, assuming due authorization, execution and delivery of this Agreement by the Underwriters, is a legal, valid and binding agreement of the Manager, enforceable in accordance with its terms, except as may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally, and by general principles of equity, and except to the extent that the indemnification provisions hereof may be limited by federal or state securities laws and public policy considerations in respect thereof; the Management Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Manager and, assuming due authorization, execution and delivery by such other parties, constitutes a legal, valid and binding agreement of the Manager enforceable against the Manager in accordance with its terms, except as may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally, and by general principles of equity, and except to the extent that the indemnification provisions thereof may be limited by federal or state securities laws and public policy considerations in respect thereof.
(c) Each Selling Stockholder severally represents and warrants to, and agrees with, the several Underwriters that:
(i) Such Selling Stockholder has and on the First Closing Date hereinafter mentioned will have valid and unencumbered title to the Firm Securities to be delivered by such Selling Stockholder on such Closing Date and full right, power and authority to enter into this Agreement and to sell, assign, transfer and deliver the Firm Securities to be delivered by such Selling Stockholder on the First Closing Date hereunder; and upon the delivery of and payment for the Firm Securities on the First Closing Date hereunder the several Underwriters will acquire valid and unencumbered title to the Firm Securities to be delivered by such Selling Stockholder on the First Closing Date.
(ii) If the Effective Time of the Initial Registration
Statement is prior to the execution and delivery of this
Agreement: (A) on the Effective Date of the Initial
Registration Statement, the Initial Registration Statement
conformed in all respects to the requirements of the Act and
the Rules and Regulations and did not include any untrue
statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact
required to be stated therein or necessary to make the
statements therein not misleading, (B) on the Effective Date of
the Additional Registration Statement (if any), each
Registration Statement conformed, or will conform, in all
respects to the requirements of the Act and the Rules and
Regulations did not include, or will not include, any untrue
statement of a material fact and did not omit, or will not
omit, to state any material fact required to be stated therein
or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, and
(C) on the date of this Agreement, the Initial Registration
Statement and, if the Effective Time of the Additional
Registration Statement is prior to the execution and delivery
of this Agreement, the Additional Registration Statement each
conforms, and at the time of filing of the Prospectus pursuant
to Rule 424(b) or (if no such filing is required) at the
Effective Date of the Additional Registration Statement in
which the Prospectus is included, each Registration Statement
and the Prospectus will conform, in all respects to the
requirements of the Act and the Rules and Regulations, and
neither of such documents includes, or will include, any untrue
statement of a material fact or omits, or will omit, to state
any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to
make the statements therein (with respect to the Prospectus
only, in light of the circumstances under which they were made)
not misleading. If the Effective Time of the Initial
Registration Statement is subsequent to the execution and
delivery of this Agreement: on the Effective Date of the
Initial Registration Statement, the Initial Registration
Statement and the Prospectus will conform in all respects to
the requirements of the Act and the Rules and Regulations,
neither of such documents will include any untrue statement of
a material fact or will omit to state any material fact
required to be stated therein or necessary to make the
statements therein (with respect to the Prospectus only, in
light of the circumstances under which they were made) not
misleading. The two preceding sentences apply only to the
extent that any statements in or omissions from a Registration
Statement or the Prospectus are based on written information
furnished to the Company by such Selling Stockholder
specifically for use therein.
(iii) Except as disclosed in the Prospectus, there are no contracts, agreements or understandings between such Selling Stockholder and any person that would give rise to a valid claim against such Selling Stockholder or any Underwriter for a brokerage commission, finder's fee or other like payment in connection with this offering.
(iv) This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by or on behalf of such Selling Stockholder.
(v) The Power of Attorney and Custody Agreement, in the form heretofore furnished to the Representatives (the "POWER OF ATTORNEY AND CUSTODY AGREEMENT"), has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by such Selling Stockholder and is the valid and binding agreement of such Selling Stockholder.
(vi) The execution and delivery of this Agreement and the Power of Attorney and Custody Agreement and the sale and delivery of the Firm Securities to be sold by such Selling Stockholder and the consummation of the transactions contemplated herein and compliance by such Selling Stockholder with its obligations hereunder do not and will not, whether with or without the giving of notice or passage of time or both, (a) conflict with or constitute a breach of, or default under, or result in the creation or imposition of any tax, lien, charge or encumbrance upon the Firm Securities to be sold by such Selling Stockholder or any property or assets of such Selling Stockholder pursuant to any contract, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan or credit agreement, note, license, lease or other agreement or instrument to which such Selling Stockholder is a party or by which such Selling Stockholder may be bound, or to which any of the property or assets of such Selling Stockholder is subject, nor (b) will such action result in any violation of the provisions of the charter or bylaws or other organizational instrument of such Selling Stockholder, if applicable, or any applicable treaty, law, statute, rule, regulation, judgment, order, writ or decree of any government, government instrumentality or court, domestic or foreign, having jurisdiction over such Selling Stockholder or any of its properties except, in the case of clause (a), for such conflicts, breaches or defaults that would not have, or reasonably be expected to have, a material adverse effect on the condition (financial or otherwise), business, earnings, properties, results of operations (as described in the Prospectus), assets or prospects of such Selling Stockholder and its subsidiaries taken as a whole ("SELLING STOCKHOLDER MATERIAL ADVERSE EFFECT").
(vii) Such Selling Stockholder has and at the Closing will have, valid title to the Firm Securities to be sold by such Selling Stockholder free and clear of all security interests, claims, liens, equities or other encumbrances and the legal right and power, and all authorization and approval required by law, to enter into this Agreement and the Power of Attorney and Custody Agreement and to sell, transfer and deliver the Firm Securities to be sold by such Selling Stockholder.
(viii) Such Selling Stockholder has not taken, and will not take, directly or indirectly, any action which is designed to or which has constituted or might reasonably be expected to cause or result in stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Firm Securities in violation of Regulation M of the Act.
(ix) To the knowledge of such Selling Stockholder, no filing with, or consent, approval, authorization, order, registration, qualification or decree of, any court or governmental authority or agency, domestic or foreign, is necessary or required for the performance by each Selling Stockholder of its obligations hereunder or in the Power of Attorney and Custody Agreement, or in connection with the sale and delivery of the Firm Securities hereunder or the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, except (a) such as may have previously been made or obtained or as may be required under the Act or the Rules and Regulations or state securities laws and (b) such as have been obtained under the laws and regulations of jurisdictions outside the United States in which the Firm Securities are offered or the absence of which would not have, or reasonably be expected to have, a Selling Stockholder Material Adverse Effect.
(x) Except as otherwise provided in the Registration Statement, neither such Selling Stockholder nor any of its affiliates directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, or is controlled by, or is under common control with, or is a person associated with (within the meaning of Article I(dd) of the By-laws of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc.), any member firm of the NASD.
3. Purchase, Sale and Delivery of Offered Securities. On the basis of the representations, warranties and agreements herein contained, but subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, the Company and each Selling Stockholder agree, severally and not jointly, to sell to each Underwriter, and each
Underwriter agrees, severally and not jointly, to purchase from the Company and each Selling Stockholder, at a purchase price of $[ ] per share, that number of Firm Securities (rounded up or down, as determined by the Representatives in their discretion, in order to avoid fractions) obtained by multiplying [ ] Firm Securities in the case of the Company and the number of Firm Securities set forth opposite the name of such Selling Stockholder in SCHEDULE A hereto, in the case of a Selling Stockholder, in each case by a fraction the numerator of which is the number of Firm Securities set forth opposite the name of such Underwriter in SCHEDULE B hereto and the denominator of which is the total number of Firm Securities. American Stock Transfer & Trust Company shall act as custodian (the "CUSTODIAN") of the Firm Securities to be sold by the Selling Stockholders pursuant to the Power of Attorney and Custody Agreement.
The Company and the Custodian will deliver the Firm Securities to the Representatives for the accounts of the Underwriters, against payment of the purchase price in Federal (same day) funds by wire transfer to an account at a bank acceptable to the Representatives at the office of Clifford Chance US LLP, 31 West 52nd Street, New York, NY 10019, at 10:00 A.M., New York time, on [ ], 2005, or at such other time not later than seven full business days thereafter as the Representatives and the Company determine, such time being herein referred to as the "FIRST CLOSING DATE." For purposes of Rule 15c6-1 under the Exchange Act, the First Closing Date (if later than the otherwise applicable settlement date) shall be the settlement date for payment of funds and delivery of securities for all the Offered Securities sold pursuant to the offering. The certificates for the Firm Securities so to be delivered will be in definitive form, in such denominations and registered in such names as the Representatives request and will be made available for checking and packaging at the above office of Clifford Chance US LLP at least 24 hours prior to the First Closing Date.
In addition, upon written notice from CSFB given to the Company from time to time not more than 30 days subsequent to the date of the Prospectus, the Underwriters may purchase all or less than all of the Optional Securities at the purchase price per Security to be paid for the Firm Securities. The Company agrees to sell to the Underwriters the number of Optional Securities specified in such notice and the Underwriters agree, severally and not jointly, to purchase such Optional Securities. Such Optional Securities shall be purchased from the Company for the account of each Underwriter in the same proportion as the number of Firm Securities set forth opposite such Underwriter's name bears to the total number of Firm Securities (subject to adjustment by the Representatives to eliminate fractions) and may be purchased by the Underwriters only for the purpose of covering over-allotments made in connection with the sale of the Firm Securities. No Optional Securities shall be sold or delivered unless the Firm Securities previously have been, or simultaneously are, sold and delivered. The right to purchase the Optional Securities or any portion thereof may be exercised from time to time and to the extent not previously exercised may be surrendered and terminated at any time upon notice by the Representatives to the Company.
Each time for the delivery of and payment for the Optional Securities, being herein referred to as an "OPTIONAL CLOSING DATE", which may be the First Closing Date (the First Closing Date and each Optional Closing Date, if any, being sometimes referred to as a "CLOSING DATE"), shall be determined by the Representatives but shall be not later than five full business days after written notice of election to purchase Optional Securities is given. The Company will deliver the Optional Securities being purchased on each Optional Closing Date to the Representatives for the accounts of the several Underwriters, against payment of the purchase price therefor in Federal (same day) funds by wire transfer to an account at a bank acceptable to the Representatives, at the above office of Clifford Chance US LLP. The certificates for the Optional Securities being purchased on each Optional Closing Date will be in definitive form, in such denominations and registered in such names as the Representatives requests upon reasonable notice prior to such Optional Closing Date and will be made available for checking and packaging at the above office of Clifford Chance US LLP at a reasonable time in advance of such Optional Closing Date.
4. Offering by Underwriters. It is understood that the several Underwriters propose to offer the Offered Securities for sale to the public as set forth in the Prospectus.
5. Certain Agreements of the Company, the Manager and the Selling Stockholders. The Company and the Manager, for so long as the Manager is the manager under the Management Agreement, hereby jointly and severally agree with the several Underwriters and, with respect to subsections (h) and (i), each Selling Stockholder agrees with the Underwriters that:
(a) If the Effective Time of the Initial Registration Statement is
prior to the execution and delivery of this Agreement, the Company will file the
Prospectus with the Commission pursuant to and in accordance with subparagraph
(1) (or, if applicable and if consented to by the Representatives, subparagraph
(4)) of Rule 424(b) not later than the earlier of (A) the second business day
following the execution and delivery of this Agreement or (B) the fifteenth
business day after the Effective Date of the Initial Registration Statement.
The Company will advise the Representatives promptly of any such filing pursuant to Rule 424(b). If the Effective Time of the Initial Registration Statement is prior to the execution and delivery of this Agreement and an Additional Registration Statement is necessary to register a portion of the Offered Securities under the Act but the Effective Time thereof has not occurred as of such execution and delivery, the Company will file the Additional Registration Statement or, if filed, will file a post-effective amendment thereto with the Commission pursuant to and in accordance with Rule 462(b) on or prior to 10:00 P.M., New York time, on the date of this Agreement or, if earlier, on or prior to the time the Prospectus is printed and distributed to any Underwriter, or will make such filing at such later date as shall have been consented to by the Representatives.
(b) The Company will advise the Representatives promptly of any proposal to amend or supplement the initial or any Additional Registration Statement as filed or the related prospectus or the Initial Registration Statement, the Additional Registration Statement (if any) or the Prospectus and will not effect such amendment or supplementation without the consent of the Representatives; and the Company will also advise the Representatives promptly of the effectiveness of each Registration Statement (if its Effective Time is subsequent to the execution and delivery of this Agreement) and of any amendment or supplementation of a Registration Statement or the Prospectus and of the institution by the Commission of any stop order proceedings in respect of a Registration Statement and will use its best efforts to prevent the issuance of any such stop order and to obtain as soon as possible its lifting, if issued.
(c) If, at any time when a prospectus relating to the Offered Securities is required to be delivered under the Act in connection with sales by any Underwriter or dealer, any event occurs as a result of which the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, or if it is necessary at any time to amend the Prospectus to comply with the Act, the Company will promptly notify the Representatives of such event and will promptly prepare and file with the Commission, at its own expense, an amendment or supplement which will correct such statement or omission or an amendment which will effect such compliance. Neither Representatives' consent to, nor the Underwriters' delivery of, any such amendment or supplement shall constitute a waiver of any of the conditions set forth in Section 6.
(d) As soon as practicable, but not later than the Availability Date (as defined below), the Company will make generally available to its securityholders an earnings statement covering a period of at least 12 months beginning after the Effective Date of the Initial Registration Statement (or, if later, the Effective Date of the Additional Registration Statement) which will satisfy the provisions of Section 11(a) of the Act. For the purpose of the preceding sentence, "AVAILABILITY DATE" means the 45th day after the end of the fourth fiscal quarter following the fiscal quarter that includes such Effective Date, except that, if such fourth fiscal quarter is the last quarter of the Company's fiscal year, "AVAILABILITY DATE" means the 90th day after the end of such fourth fiscal quarter.
(e) The Company will furnish to the Representatives copies of each Registration Statement (one of which will be signed and will include all exhibits), each related preliminary prospectus, and, so long as a prospectus relating to the Offered Securities is required to be delivered under the Act in connection with sales by any Underwriter or dealer, the Prospectus and all amendments and supplements to such documents, in each case in such quantities as the Representatives request. The Prospectus shall be so furnished on or prior to 3:00 P.M., New York time, on the business day following the later of the execution and delivery of this Agreement or the Effective Time of the Initial Registration Statement. All other such documents shall be so furnished as soon as available. The Company and the Selling Stockholders will pay the expenses of printing and distributing to the Underwriters all such documents.
(f) The Company will arrange for the qualification of the Offered Securities for sale under the laws of such jurisdictions as the Representatives designate and will continue such qualifications in effect so long as required for the distribution.
(g) For the period specified below (the "LOCK-UP PERIOD"), the Company will not offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, or file with the Commission a registration statement under the Act relating to, any additional shares of its Securities or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares of its Securities, or publicly disclose the intention to make any such offer, sale, pledge, disposition or filing, without the prior written consent of the Representatives. The initial Lock-Up Period will commence on the date hereof and will continue and include the date 180 days after the date hereof or such earlier date that the Representatives consent to in writing; provided, however, that if (1) during the last 17 days of the initial Lock-Up Period, the Company releases earnings results or material news or a material event relating to the Company occurs or (2) prior to the expiration of the initial Lock-Up period, the Company announces that it will release earnings results during the 16-day period beginning on the last day of the initial Lock-Up Period, then in each case the Lock-Up Period will be extended until the expiration of the 18-day period beginning on the date of release of the earnings results or the occurrence of the material news or material event, as applicable, unless the Representatives waive, in writing, such extension. The Company will provide the Representatives with notice of any announcement described in clause (2) of the preceding sentence that gives rise to an extension of the Lock-Up Period. The provisions of this subsection (g) shall not apply to (A) the Offered Securities to be sold hereunder, (B) the registration of shares of capital stock in accordance with the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement and (C) issuances of shares of restricted stock, stock options and other awards and the issuance of shares underlying such awards under the Resource Capital Corp. Stock Incentive Plan (the "INCENTIVE PLAN"), as each of (A) through (C) above is described in the Prospectus.
(h) The Company and each Selling Stockholder agree with the several Underwriters that the Company and such Selling Stockholder will pay all expenses incident to the performance of the obligations of the Company and such Selling Stockholder, as the case may be, under this Agreement, for any filing fees, taxes and other expenses (including fees and disbursements of its respective counsel) in connection with (i) the preparation of the preliminary prospectus and the Prospectus, and any amendments or supplements thereto, and the printing and furnishing of copies of each thereof to the Underwriters (including costs of mailing and shipment), (ii) the preparation, issuance, sale and delivery of the Offered Securities, including any stock or other transfer taxes or duties payable upon the sale of the Offered Securities to the Underwriters, (iii) the qualification of the Offered Securities for offering and sale under state laws and the determination of their eligibility for investment under state law as aforesaid (including any filing fees and the reasonable legal fees and filing fees and other disbursements of counsel for the Underwriters solely with respect to blue sky matters) and the printing and furnishing of copies of any blue sky surveys or legal investment surveys to the Underwriters and to dealers, (iv) for the filing fee incident to the review by the NASD of the Offered Securities, (v) the fees and expenses of any transfer agent or registrar for the Offered Securities, and (vi) for any travel expenses of the Company's officers and employees and any other expenses of the Company in connection with attending or hosting meetings with prospective purchasers of the Offered Securities, including the cost of any aircraft chartered in connection with attending or hosting such meetings.
(i) Each Selling Stockholder agrees during the Selling Stockholder Lock-Up Period (as defined below) not to offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any additional shares of the Securities of the Company or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares of Securities, enter into a transaction which would have the same effect, or enter into any swap, hedge or other arrangement that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the Securities, whether any such aforementioned transaction is to be settled by delivery of the Securities or such other securities, in cash or otherwise, or publicly disclose the intention to make any such offer, sale, pledge or disposition, or enter into any such transaction, swap, hedge or other arrangement, without, in each case, the prior written consent of the Representatives. The Selling Stockholder Lock-Up Period will commence on the date hereof and will continue and include the date 60 days after the date hereof or such earlier date that the Representatives consent to in writing; provided, however, that if (1) during the last 17 days of the initial Lock-Up Period, the Company releases earnings results or material news or a material event relating to the Company occurs or (2) prior to the expiration of the Selling Stockholder Lock-up Period, the company announces that it will release earnings results during the 16-day period beginning on the last day of the initial Lock-Up Period, then in each case the Lock-Up Period will be extended until the expiration of the 18 day period beginning on the date of release of the earnings results or the occurrence of the material news or material event, as applicable, unless the Representatives waive, in writing, such extension.
(j) In connection with the Directed Share Program, the Company will ensure that the Directed Shares will be restricted to the extent required by the NASD or the NASD rules from sale, transfer, assignment, pledge or hypothecation for a period of three months following the date of the effectiveness of the Registration Statement. The Designated Underwriter will notify the Company as to which Participants will need to be so restricted. The Company will direct the transfer agent to place stop transfer restrictions upon such securities for such period of time.
(k) The Company will pay all fees and disbursements of counsel incurred by the Underwriters in connection with the Directed Shares Program and stamp duties, similar taxes or duties or other taxes, if any, incurred by the underwriters in connection with the Directed Share Program. The company covenants with the Underwriters that the company will comply with all applicable securities and other applicable laws, rules and regulations in each foreign jurisdiction in which the Directed Shares are offered in connection with the Directed Share Program.
(l) The Company agrees to furnish to the Underwriters for a period of two (2) years from the First Closing Date (if such reports are not available to the public electronically on the SEC's website) (i) copies of all annual, quarterly and current reports of the Company (if such reports are not available to the public electronically on the SEC's website) and (ii) such other material reports and documents of the Company as the Underwriters may reasonably request; provided, however, that the Company shall have no obligation under clause (ii) for so long as the Company is subject to Sections 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act.
(m) The Company's board of directors shall be comprised of a majority of independent directors, as such term is defined under the rules and regulations of the NYSE and the SEC, at the First Closing Date.
(n) The Company, the Manager and Resource America agree to make all necessary filings required under any federal, state, local or foreign law, regulation or rule and obtain and maintain all necessary licenses, authorizations, consents and approvals from other persons, required in order to conduct its proposed business as described in the Prospectus, except when the failure to make a necessary filing or to maintain a license, authorization, consent or approval could not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to have a Material Adverse Effect.
(o) The Company will use its best efforts to meet the requirements to qualify, for its taxable year ending December 31, 2005 and thereafter, for taxation as a REIT under the Code.
(p) The Company will use its best efforts to effect the listing of the Offered Securities on the NYSE.
(q) To apply the net proceeds from the sale of the Offered Securities in the manner set forth under the caption "Use of Proceeds" in the Prospectus.
(r) To use its commercially reasonable efforts in cooperation with the Representatives to obtain permission for the Offered Securities to be eligible for clearance and settlement through DTC.
(s) The Company will use its best efforts to conduct its affairs in such a manner so as not to become required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.
(t) The Company will not take any action prohibited by Rules 101 or 102 of Regulation M under the Act in connection with the distribution of the Offered Securities contemplated hereby.
(u) The Company shall maintain a transfer agent and registrar for the Securities.
6. Conditions of the Obligations of the Underwriters. The obligations of the several Underwriters to purchase and pay for the Firm Securities on the First Closing Date and the Optional Securities to be purchased on each Optional Closing Date will be subject to the accuracy of the representations and warranties on the part of the Company and the Selling Stockholders herein, to the accuracy of the statements of Company officers made pursuant to the provisions hereof, to the performance by the Company and the Selling Stockholders of their obligations hereunder and to the following additional conditions precedent:
(a) The Representatives shall have received a letter (including an "agreed-upon procedures" letter), dated the date of delivery thereof (which, if the Effective Time of the Initial Registration Statement is prior to the execution and delivery of this Agreement, shall be on or prior to the date of this Agreement or, if the Effective Time of the Initial Registration Statement is subsequent to the execution and delivery of this Agreement, shall be prior to the filing of the amendment or post-effective amendment to the registration statement to be filed shortly prior to such Effective Time), of Grant Thornton LLP confirming that they are an independent registered public accounting firm within the meaning of the Act and the applicable published Rules and Regulations thereunder and the rules and regulations of the PCAOB and stating to the effect that:
(i) in their opinion the financial statements and schedules examined by them and included in the Registration Statements comply as to form in all material respects with the applicable accounting requirements of the Act and the related published Rules and Regulations;
(ii) they have performed the procedures specified by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants for a review of interim financial information as described in Statement of Auditing Standards No. 100, Interim Financial Information, on the unaudited financial statements included in the Registration Statements;
(iii) on the basis of the review referred to in clause (ii) above, a reading of the latest available interim financial statements of the Company, inquiries of officials of the Company who have responsibility for financial and accounting matters and other specified procedures, nothing came to their attention that caused them to believe that:
(A) the unaudited financial statements included in the Registration Statements do not comply as to form in all material respects with the applicable accounting requirements of the Act and the related published Rules and Regulations or any material modifications should be made to such unaudited financial statements for them to be in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles;
(B) the unaudited consolidated net revenue, net operating income, net income and net income per share amounts for the three-month periods ended included in the Prospectus do not agree with the amounts set forth in the unaudited consolidated financial statements for those same periods or were not determined on a basis substantially consistent with that of the corresponding amounts in the audited statements of income;
(C) at the date of the latest available balance sheet read by such accountants, or at a subsequent specified date not more than three business days prior to the date of this Agreement, there was any change in the capital stock or any increase in short-term indebtedness or long-term debt of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries or, at the date of the latest available balance sheet read by such accountants, there was any decrease in consolidated net current assets or net assets, as compared with amounts shown on the latest balance sheet included in the Prospectus; or
(D) for the period from the closing date of the latest income statement included in the Prospectus to the closing date of the latest available income statement read by such accountants there were any decreases, as compared with the corresponding period of the previous year and with the period of corresponding length ended the date of the latest income statement included in the Prospectus, in consolidated net sales or net operating income in the total or per share amounts of consolidated income before extraordinary items or net income;
except in all cases set forth in clauses (A) and (B) above for changes, increases or decreases which the Prospectus discloses have occurred or may occur or which are described in such letter; and
(iv) they have compared specified dollar amounts (or percentages derived from such dollar amounts) and other financial information contained in the Registration Statements (in each case to the extent that such dollar amounts, percentages and other financial information are derived from the general accounting records of the Company and its subsidiaries subject to the internal controls of the Company's accounting system or are derived directly from such records by analysis or computation) with the results obtained from inquiries, a reading of such general accounting records and other procedures specified in such letter and have found such dollar amounts, percentages and other financial information to be in agreement with such results, except as otherwise specified in such letter.
For purposes of this subsection, (i) if the Effective Time of the
Initial Registration Statements is subsequent to the execution and delivery of
this Agreement, "REGISTRATION STATEMENTS" shall mean the Initial Registration
Statement as proposed to be amended by the amendment or post-effective amendment
to be filed shortly prior to its Effective Time, (ii) if the Effective Time of
the Initial Registration Statements is prior to the execution and delivery of
this Agreement but the Effective Time of the Additional Registration Statement
is subsequent to such execution and delivery, "REGISTRATION STATEMENTS" shall
mean the Initial Registration Statement and the Additional Registration
Statement as proposed to be filed or as proposed to be amended by the
post-effective amendment to be filed shortly prior to its Effective Time, and
(iii) "PROSPECTUS" shall mean the prospectus included in the Registration
Statements.
(b) If the Effective Time of the Initial Registration Statement is not prior to the execution and delivery of this Agreement, such Effective Time shall have occurred not later than 10:00 P.M., New York time, on the date of this Agreement or such later date as shall have been consented to by the Representatives. If the Effective Time of the Additional Registration Statement (if any) is not prior to the execution and delivery of this Agreement, such Effective Time shall have occurred not later than 10:00 P.M., New York time, on the date of this Agreement or, if earlier, the time the Prospectus is printed and distributed to any Underwriter, or shall have occurred at such later date as shall have been consented to by the Representatives. If the Effective Time of the Initial Registration Statement is prior to the execution and delivery of this Agreement, the Prospectus shall have been filed with the Commission in accordance with the Rules and Regulations and Section 5(a) of this Agreement. Prior to such Closing Date, no stop order suspending the effectiveness of a Registration Statement shall have been issued and no proceedings for that purpose shall have been instituted or, to the knowledge of any Selling Stockholder, the Company or the Representatives, shall be contemplated by the Commission nor shall there be any suspension of the qualification of the Offered Securities for sale in any jurisdiction or institution or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose.
(c) Subsequent to the execution and delivery of this Agreement there shall not have occurred (i) any change, or any development or event involving a prospective change, in the condition (financial or other), business, earnings, properties, results of operations (as described in the Prospectus), assets or prospects of the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as one enterprise which, in the judgment of a majority in interest of the Underwriters including the Representatives, is material and adverse and makes it impractical or inadvisable to proceed with completion of the public offering or the sale of and payment for the Offered Securities; (ii) any downgrading in the rating of any debt securities or preferred stock of the Company by any "nationally recognized statistical rating organization" (as defined for purposes of Rule 436(g) under the Act), or any public announcement that any such organization has under surveillance or review its rating of any debt securities or preferred stock of the Company (other than an announcement with positive implications of a possible upgrading, and no implication of a possible downgrading, of such rating); (iii) any change in U.S. or international financial, political or economic conditions or currency exchange rates or exchange controls as would, in the judgment of a majority in interest of the Underwriters including the Representatives, be likely to prejudice materially the success of the proposed issue, sale or distribution of the Offered Securities, whether in the primary market or in respect of dealings in the secondary market; (iv) any material suspension or material limitation of trading in securities generally on the NYSE, or any
setting of minimum prices for trading on such exchange; (v) or any suspension of trading of any securities of the Company on any exchange or in the over-the-counter market; (vi) any banking moratorium declared by U.S. Federal or New York authorities; (vii) any major disruption of settlements of securities or clearance services in the United States or (viii) any attack on, outbreak or escalation of hostilities or act of terrorism involving the United States, any declaration of war by Congress or any other national or international calamity or emergency if, in the judgment of a majority in interest of the Underwriters including the Representatives, the effect of any such attack, outbreak, escalation, act, declaration, calamity or emergency makes it impractical or inadvisable to proceed with completion of the public offering or the sale of and payment for the Offered Securities.
(d) The Representatives shall have received an opinion, dated such Closing Date, of Ledgewood Law Firm, P.C., counsel for the Company, in the form reasonably satisfactory to the representatives as set forth on EXHIBIT A hereto. In rendering such opinion, Ledgewood Law Firm, P.C. may rely as to the incorporation of the Company and all other matters governed by Maryland law upon the opinion of DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP.
(e) The Representatives shall have received (i) an opinion, dated such Closing Date, of Ledgewood Law Firm, P.C., for the benefit of the Selling Stockholders who are natural persons in a form reasonably satisfactory to the Representatives as set forth on EXHIBIT B-1 hereto and (ii) an opinion, on or prior to the First Closing Date, of counsel to each Selling Stockholder that is not a natural person in a form reasonably satisfactory to the Representatives with respect to the matters set forth on EXHIBIT B-2 hereto.
(f) The Representatives shall have received an opinion, dated such Closing Date, of DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP, special Maryland counsel for the Company, in the form reasonably satisfactory to the Representatives as set forth on EXHIBIT C hereto.
(g) The Representatives shall have received a tax opinion, dated such Closing Date, of Ledgewood Law Firm, P.C., counsel for the Company, in the form reasonably satisfactory to the representatives as set forth on EXHIBIT D hereto.
(h) The Representatives shall have received from Clifford Chance US LLP, counsel for the Underwriters, such opinion or opinions, dated such Closing Date, with respect to the incorporation of the Company, the validity of the Offered Securities delivered on such Closing Date, the Registration Statements, the Prospectus and other related matters as the Representatives may require, and the Selling Stockholders and the Company shall have furnished to such counsel such documents as they request for the purpose of enabling them to pass upon such matters. In rendering such opinion, Clifford Chance US LLP may rely as to the incorporation of the Company and all other matters governed by Maryland law upon the opinion of Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP referred to above.
(i) The Representatives shall have received a certificate, dated such Closing Date, of the Chief Executive Officer or President and a principal financial or accounting officer of the Company in which such officers, to the best of their knowledge after reasonable investigation, shall state that: (i) the representations and warranties of the Company and the Manager in this Agreement are true and correct; (ii) the Company and the Manager have complied with all agreements and satisfied all conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied hereunder at or prior to such Closing Date; (iii) no stop order suspending the effectiveness of any Registration Statement has been issued and no proceedings for that purpose have been instituted or are contemplated by the Commission; (iv) the Additional Registration Statement (if any) satisfying the requirements of subparagraphs (1) and (3) of Rule 462(b) was filed pursuant to
Rule 462(b), including payment of the applicable filing fee in accordance with Rule 111(a) or (b) under the Act, prior to the time the Prospectus was printed and distributed to any Underwriter; and (v) subsequent to the respective dates of the most recent financial statements in the Prospectus, there has been no material adverse change, nor any development or event involving a prospective material adverse change, in the condition (financial or other), business, earnings, management, properties, results of operations (as described in the Prospectus), assets or prospects of the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole except as set forth in the Prospectus or as described in such certificate. In addition to the matters set forth in this subsection (h), the certificate shall also address certain matters, representations, warranties, covenants agreements and conditions addressed in this Agreement or as may be reasonably requested.
(j) The Representatives shall have received a letter (including an "agreed-upon procedures" letter), dated such Closing Date, of Grant Thornton LLP which meets the requirements of subsection (a) of this Section, except that the specified date referred to in such subsection will be a date not more than three days prior to such Closing Date for the purposes of this subsection.
(k) On or prior to the date of this Agreement, the Representatives shall have received lock-up letters in substantially the form attached hereto as EXHIBIT E from each of the executive officers and directors of the Company, members of the Company's investment committee, the Manager, and Resource America.
(l) The Custodian will deliver to CSFB a letter stating that they will deliver to each Selling Stockholder a United States Treasury Department Form 1099 (or other applicable form or statement specified by the United States Treasury Department regulations in lieu thereof) on or before January 31 of the year following the date of this Agreement.
(m) On each Closing Date, the Representatives shall have received a certificate of an attorney-in-fact designated in the Power of Attorney on behalf of such Selling Stockholder, dated as of the First Closing Date, to the effect that (i) the representations and warranties of such Selling Stockholder contained in Section 2(c) hereof are true and correct in all respects with the same force and effect as though expressly made at and as of each Closing Date and (ii) such Selling Stockholder has complied in all material respects with all agreements and all conditions on its part to be performed under this Agreement at or prior to each Closing Date.
(n) The NASD shall have confirmed that it has not raised any objection with respect to the fairness and reasonableness of the underwriting terms and arrangements.
(o) The Offered Securities shall have been approved for listing on the NYSE, subject only to official notice of issuance.
(p) The Company shall have furnished to the Representatives at the First Closing Date and each Optional Closing Date (if any) such further customary information, opinions, certificates, letters and documents as the Representatives may reasonably request.
The Selling Stockholders and the Company will furnish the Representatives with such conformed copies of such opinions, certificates, letters and documents as the Representatives reasonably request. The Representatives may in its sole discretion waive on behalf of the Underwriters compliance with any conditions to the obligations of the Underwriters hereunder, whether in respect of an Optional Closing Date or otherwise.
7. Indemnification and Contribution. (a) The Company, the Manager and Resource America, joint and severally, will indemnify and hold harmless each Underwriter, its partners, members, directors officers and its affiliates and each person, if any who controls such Underwriter within the meaning of Section 15 of the Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, against any losses, claims, damages or liabilities, joint or several, to which such Underwriter may become subject, under the Act or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon any breach of any of the representations and warranties of the Company or the Manager contained herein or any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of any material fact contained in any Registration Statement, the Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, or any related preliminary prospectus, or arise out of or are based upon the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, and will reimburse each Underwriter for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such Underwriter in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage, liability or action as such expenses are incurred; provided, however, that the Company, the
Manager and Resource America will not be liable in any such case to the extent that any such loss, claim, damage or liability arises out of or is based upon an untrue statement or alleged untrue statement in or omission or alleged omission from any of such documents in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by any Underwriter through the Representatives specifically for use therein, it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by any Underwriter consists of the information described as such in subsection (c) below; and provided, further that with respect to any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement in or omission or alleged omission from any preliminary prospectus the indemnity agreement contained in this subsection (a) shall not inure to the benefit of any Underwriter from whom the person asserting any such losses, claims, damages or liabilities purchased the Offered Securities concerned, to the extent that a prospectus relating to such Offered Securities was required to be delivered by such Underwriter under the Act in connection with such purchase and any such loss, claim, damage or liability such Underwriter results from the fact that there was not sent or given to such person, at or prior to the written confirmation of the sale of such Offered Securities to such person, a copy of the Prospectus if the Company had previously furnished copies thereof to such Underwriter.
The Company, the Manager and Resource America agree to indemnify and
hold harmless the Designated Underwriter and each person, if any, who controls
the Designated Underwriter within the meaning of either Section 15 of the Act or
Section 20 of the Exchange Act (the "DESIGNATED ENTITIES"), from and against any
and all losses, claims, damages and liabilities (including, without limitation,
any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with defending or
investigating any such action or claim) (i) caused by any untrue statement or
alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in any material prepared
by or with the consent of the Company for distribution to Participants in
connection with the Directed Share Program or caused by any omission or alleged
omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or
necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; (ii) caused by the
failure of any Participant to pay for and accept delivery of Directed Shares
that the Participant agreed to purchase; or (iii) related to, arising out of, or
in connection with the Directed Share Program, other than losses, claims,
damages or liabilities (or expenses relating thereto) that are finally
judicially determined to have resulted from the bad faith or gross negligence of
the Designated Entities.
(b) The Selling Stockholders, jointly and severally, will indemnify and hold harmless each Underwriter, its partners, members, directors officers and its affiliates and each person who controls such Underwriter within the meaning of Section 15 of the Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, against any losses, claims, damages or liabilities, joint or several, to which such Underwriter may become subject, under the Act or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of any material fact contained in any Registration Statement, the Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, or any related preliminary prospectus, or arise out of or are based upon the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, and will reimburse each Underwriter for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such Underwriter in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage, liability or action as
such expenses are incurred; but only insofar as any such loss, claim, damage or liability arise out of or is based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission of a material fact contained in and in conformity with information furnished in writing by such Selling Stockholder to the Company for use in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus; provided, however, that the Selling Stockholders will not be liable in any such case to the extent that any such loss, claim, damage or liability arises out of or is based upon an untrue statement or alleged untrue statement in or omission or alleged omission from any of such documents in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by an Underwriter through the Representatives specifically for use therein, it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by any Underwriter consists of the information described as such in subsection (c) below.
(c) Each Underwriter will severally and not jointly indemnify and hold harmless the Company, the Manager, Resource America and their directors and officers and each person, if any, who controls the Company, the Manager or Resource America within the meaning of Section 15 of the Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, and each Selling Stockholder against any losses, claims, damages or liabilities to which the Company, the Manager, Resource America or such Selling Stockholder may become subject, under the Act or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of any material fact contained in any Registration Statement, the Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, or any related preliminary prospectus, or arise out of or are based upon the omission or the alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, in each case to the extent, but only to the extent, that such untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission was made in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by such Underwriter through the Representatives specifically for use therein, and will reimburse any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by the Company, the Manager, Resource America and each Selling Stockholder in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage, liability or action as such expenses are incurred, it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by any Underwriter consists of the following information in the Prospectus furnished on behalf of each Underwriter: the information contained in the fourth, fifteenth and sixteenth paragraphs under the caption "Underwriting."
(d) Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under this
Section or Section 10 of notice of the commencement of any action, such
indemnified party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against an
indemnifying party under subsection (a), (b) or (c) above or Section 10, notify
the indemnifying party of the commencement thereof; but the failure to notify
the indemnifying party shall not relieve it from any liability that it may have
under subsection (a), (b) or (c) above or Section 10 except to the extent that
it has been materially prejudiced by such failure; and provided further that the
failure to notify the indemnifying party shall not relieve it from any liability
that it may have to an indemnified party otherwise than under subsection (a),
(b) or (c) above or Section 10. In case any such action is brought against any
indemnified party and it notifies an indemnifying party of the commencement
thereof, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate therein and, to
the extent that it may wish, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly
notified, to assume the defense thereof, with counsel satisfactory to such
indemnified party (who shall not, except with the consent of the indemnified
party, be counsel to the indemnifying party), and after notice from the
indemnifying party to such indemnified party of its election so to assume the
defense thereof, the indemnifying party will not be liable to such indemnified
party under this Section or Section 10, as the case may be, for any legal or
other expenses subsequently incurred by such indemnified party in connection
with the defense thereof other than reasonable costs of investigation.
Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, if indemnity may be sought pursuant to the last paragraph in Section 7(a) hereof in respect of such action or proceeding, then in addition to such separate firm for the indemnified parties, the indemnifying party shall be liable for the reasonable fees and expenses of not more than one separate firm (in addition to any local counsel) for the Designated Underwriter for the defense of any losses, claims, damages and liabilities arising out of the Directed Share Program, and all persons, if any, who control the Designated Underwriter within the meaning of either Section 15 of the Act of Section 20 of the Exchange Act. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of the indemnified party, effect any settlement of any pending or threatened action in respect of which any indemnified party is or could have been a party and indemnity could have been sought hereunder by such indemnified party unless such (i) settlement includes an unconditional release of such indemnified party from all liability on any claims that are the subject matter of such action and (ii) does not include a statement as to, or an admission of, fault, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of an indemnified party.
(e) If the indemnification provided for in this Section is unavailable or insufficient to hold harmless an indemnified party under subsection (a), (b) or (c) above, then each indemnifying party shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by such indemnified party as a result of the losses, claims, damages or liabilities referred to in subsection (a), (b) or (c) above (i) in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company and the Selling Stockholders on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other from the offering of the Securities or (ii) if the allocation provided by clause (i) above is not permitted by applicable law, in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in clause (i) above but also the relative fault of the Company and the Selling Stockholders on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other in connection with the statements or omissions which resulted in such losses, claims, damages or liabilities as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative benefits received by the Company and the Selling Stockholders on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total net proceeds from the offering (before deducting expenses) received by the Company and the Selling Stockholders bear to the total underwriting discounts and commissions received by the Underwriters. The relative fault shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company, the Selling Stockholders or the Underwriters and the parties' relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such untrue statement or omission. The amount paid by an indemnified party as a result of the losses, claims, damages or liabilities referred to in the first sentence of this subsection (e) shall be deemed to include any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in connection with investigating or defending any action or claim which is the subject of this subsection (e). Notwithstanding the provisions of this subsection (e), no Underwriter shall be required to contribute any amount in excess of the amount by which the total price at which the Securities underwritten by it and distributed to the public were offered to the public exceeds the amount of any damages which such Underwriter has otherwise been required to pay by reason of such untrue or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission. No person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. The Underwriters' obligations in this subsection (e) to contribute are several in proportion to their respective underwriting obligations and not joint.
(f) The obligations of the Company, the Manager, Resource America and the Selling Stockholders under this Section or Section 10 shall be in addition to any liability which the Company, the Manager, Resource America and the Selling Stockholders may otherwise have and shall extend, upon the same terms and conditions, to each person, if any, who controls any Underwriter or the QIU (as hereinafter defined) within the meaning of the Act; and the obligations of the Underwriters under this Section shall be in addition to any liability which the respective Underwriters may otherwise have and shall extend, upon the same terms and conditions, to each director of the Company, to each officer of the Company who has signed a Registration Statement and to each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of the Act or the Exchange Act. The liability under this Section 7 of each Selling Stockholder shall be limited to an amount equal to the aggregate gross proceeds to such Selling Stockholder from the sale of Securities sold by such Selling Stockholder hereunder.
8. Default of Underwriters. If any Underwriter or Underwriters default in their obligations to purchase Offered Securities hereunder on either the First or any Optional Closing Date and the aggregate number of shares of Offered Securities that such defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters agreed but failed to purchase does not exceed 10% of the total number of shares of Offered Securities that the Underwriters are obligated to purchase on such Closing Date, the Representatives may make arrangements satisfactory to the Company and the Selling Stockholders for the purchase of such Offered Securities by other persons, including any of the Underwriters, but if no such arrangements are made by such Closing Date, the non-defaulting Underwriters shall be obligated severally, in proportion to their respective commitments hereunder, to purchase the Offered Securities that such defaulting Underwriters agreed but failed to purchase on such Closing Date. If any Underwriter or Underwriters so default and the aggregate number of shares of Offered Securities with respect to which such default or defaults occur exceeds 10% of the total number of shares of Offered Securities that the Underwriters are obligated to purchase on such Closing Date and arrangements satisfactory to the Representatives, the Company and the Selling Stockholders for the purchase of such Offered Securities by other persons are not made within 36 hours after such default, this Agreement will terminate without liability on the part of any non-defaulting Underwriter, the Company or the Selling Stockholders, except as provided in Section 10 (provided that if such default occurs with respect to Optional Securities after the First Closing Date, this Agreement will not terminate as to the Firm Securities or any Optional Securities purchased prior to such termination). As used in this Agreement, the term "Underwriter" includes any person substituted for an Underwriter under this Section 8. Nothing herein will relieve a defaulting Underwriter from liability for its default.
9. [Qualified Independent Underwriter. The Company hereby confirms
that at its request [ ] has without compensation acted as "qualified independent
underwriter" (in such capacity, the "QIU") within the meaning of Rule 2710 of
the Conduct Rules of the NASD in connection with the offering of the Offered
Securities. The Company and the Selling Stockholders will severally and not
jointly indemnify and hold harmless the QIU against any losses, claims, damages
or liabilities, joint or several, to which the QIU may become subject, under the
Act or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or
actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon the QIU's acting (or
alleged failing to act) as such "qualified independent underwriter" and will
reimburse the QIU for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by the QIU
in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage,
liability or action as such expenses are incurred; and provided, however, that
each Selling Stockholder shall only be subject to liability under this Section 9
to the extent such liability arises out of or is based upon any untrue statement
or alleged untrue statement or upon an omission or alleged omission based upon
information provided by such Selling Stockholder or contained in a
representation or warranty given by such Selling Stockholder in this Agreement
or the Custody Agreement; and provided, further, that the liability under this
Section 9 of each Selling Stockholder shall be limited to an amount equal to the
aggregate gross proceeds to such Selling Stockholder from the sale of Securities
sold by such Selling Stockholder hereunder.]
10. Survival of Certain Representations and Obligations. The respective
indemnities, agreements, representations, warranties and other statements of the
Selling Stockholders, of the Company or its officers, of the Manager and of the
several Underwriters set forth in or made pursuant to this Agreement will remain
in full force and effect, regardless of any investigation, or statement as to
the results thereof, made by or on behalf of any Underwriter, any Selling
Stockholder, the Company, the Manager or any of their respective
representatives, officers or directors or any controlling person, and will
survive delivery of and payment for the Offered Securities. If this Agreement is
terminated pursuant to Section 8 or if for any reason the purchase of the
Offered Securities by the Underwriters is not consummated, the Company and the
Selling Stockholders shall remain responsible for the expenses to be paid or
reimbursed by them pursuant to Section 5(h) and the respective obligations of
the Company and the Selling Stockholders, and the Underwriters pursuant to
Section 7 and the obligations of the Company and the Selling Stockholders
pursuant to Section 9 shall remain in effect, and if any Offered Securities have
been purchased hereunder the representations and warranties in Section 2 and all
obligations under Section 5 shall also remain in effect. If the purchase of the
Offered Securities by the Underwriters is not consummated as a result of the
failure of any condition specified in Section 6 hereof, the Company and the
Selling Stockholders will, jointly and severally, reimburse the Underwriters for
all out-of-pocket expenses (including fees and disbursements of counsel)
reasonably incurred by them in connection with the offering of the Offered
Securities.
11. Notices. All communications hereunder will be in writing and, if
sent to the Underwriters, will be mailed, delivered or telegraphed and confirmed
to the Representatives, c/o Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, Eleven Madison
Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010-3629, Attention: Transactions Advisory Group, or,
if sent to the Company, will be mailed, delivered or telegraphed and confirmed
to it at 712 Fifth Avenue, 18th floor, New York, NY 10019, Attention: General
Counsel, or, if sent to the Selling Stockholders or any of them, will be mailed,
delivered or telegraphed and confirmed to Jonathan Z. Cohen at Steven J.
Kessler; provided, however, that any notice to an Underwriter pursuant to
Section 7 will be mailed, delivered or telegraphed and confirmed to such
Underwriter.
12. Successors. This Agreement will inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties hereto and their respective personal representatives and successors and the officers and directors and controlling persons referred to in Section 8, and no other person will have any right or obligation hereunder.
13. Representation. The Representatives will act for the several Underwriters in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and any action under this Agreement taken by the Representatives jointly or by CSFB will be binding upon all the Underwriters. Jonathan Z. Cohen/Steven J. Kessler will act for the Selling Stockholders in connection with such transactions, and any action under or in respect of this Agreement taken by Jonathan Z. Cohen/Steven J. Kessler will be binding upon all the Selling Stockholders.
14. Absence of Fiduciary Relationship. The Company and the Selling Stockholders acknowledge and agree that:
(a) the Representatives, on behalf of the Underwriters, have been retained solely to act as underwriters in connection with the sale of the Offered Securities and that no fiduciary, advisory or agency relationship between the Company, the Selling Stockholders and the Representatives have been created in respect of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, irrespective of whether the Representatives have advised or are advising the Company and the Selling Stockholders on other matters;
(b) the price of the Offered Securities set forth in this Agreement was established by the Company and the Selling Stockholders following discussions and arms-length negotiations with the Representatives (including the QIU), and the Company and the Selling Stockholders are capable of evaluating and understanding and understand and accept the terms, risks and conditions of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement;
(c) they have been advised that the Representatives and their affiliates are engaged in a broad range of transactions which may involve interests that differ from those of the Company and the Selling Stockholders and that the Representatives have no obligation to disclose such interests and transactions to the Company and the Selling Stockholders by virtue of any fiduciary, advisory or agency relationship; and
(d) they waive, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims they may have against the Representatives, on behalf of themselves and the other Underwriters, for breach of fiduciary duty or alleged breach of fiduciary duty and agree that the Representatives, on behalf of themselves and the other Underwriters, shall have no liability (whether direct or indirect) to the Company and the Selling Stockholders in respect of such a fiduciary duty claim or to any person asserting a fiduciary duty claim on behalf of or in right of the Company, including stockholders, employees or creditors of the Company, and the Selling Stockholders.
15. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, but all such counterparts shall together constitute one and the same Agreement.
16. APPLICABLE LAW. THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY, AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH, THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, WITHOUT REGARD TO PRINCIPLES OF CONFLICTS OF LAWS.
The Company hereby submits to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the Federal and state courts in the Borough of Manhattan in The City of New York in any suit or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby.
If the foregoing is in accordance with the Representatives' understanding of our agreement, kindly sign and return to the Company, the Manager and Resource America, one of the counterparts hereof, whereupon it will become a binding agreement among the Selling Stockholders, the Company and the several Underwriters in accordance with its terms.
Very truly yours,
RESOURCE CAPITAL CORP.
Title:
RESOURCE CAPITAL MANAGER, INC.
Title:
RESOURCE AMERICA, INC.
Title:
Jonathan Z. Cohen/Steven J. Kessler, as attorney-in-fact for the Selling Stockholders listed on Schedule A hereto
Title:
The foregoing Underwriting Agreement
is hereby confirmed and accepted as of
the date first above written.
CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON LLC
FRIEDMAN BILLINGS RAMSEY & CO., INC.
CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS INC.
J.P. MORGAN SECURITIES INC.,
Acting on behalf of themselves and as the
Representatives of the several
Underwriters.
By: CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON LLC
SCHEDULE A
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF FIRM OPTIONAL SECURITIES TO SECURITIES TO BE SELLING STOCKHOLDER BE SOLD SOLD ------------------- -------------- ----------- -------------- ----------- Total.................................. ============== =========== |
Sch. A-1
SCHEDULE B
NUMBER OF FIRM SECURITIES TO BE UNDERWRITER PURCHASED ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- Credit Suisse First Boston LLC.............................................. Friedman Billings Ramsey & Co., Inc. ....................................... Citigroup Global Markets Inc................................................ J.P. Morgan Securities Inc.................................................. ---------------- Total.............................................................. ================ |
Sch. B-1
[FORM OF OPINION OF LEDGEWOOD LAW FIRM, P.C.]
EXHIBIT A
1. The Company is duly qualified as a foreign corporation to transact business and is in good standing in each jurisdiction set forth on a schedule to this opinion letter.
2. Each subsidiary set forth on a schedule to this opinion letter (each a "Subsidiary") has been duly incorporated or formed and is validly existing as a corporation or limited liability company in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or formation, has corporate or other requisite power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business as described in the Prospectus and is duly qualified as a foreign corporation or limited liability company to transact business and is in good standing in each jurisdiction set forth opposite their respective names on a schedule to this opinion letter; all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of each Subsidiary has been duly authorized and validly issued, is fully paid and non-assessable and, to the best of such counsel's knowledge and information, is owned by the Company, directly or through subsidiaries, free and clear of any security interest, mortgage, pledge, lien, encumbrance, claim or equity and, to such counsel's knowledge, no options, warrants or other rights to purchase, agreements or other obligations to issue or other rights to convert any obligation into shares of capital stock or ownership interests in the Subsidiaries are outstanding.
3. The Manager has been duly formed and is validly existing and in good standing as a corporation under the laws of the State of Delaware and has full corporate power and authority to conduct its business as described in the Prospectus.
4. The Initial Registration Statement was declared effective under the Act as of the date and time specified in such opinion, the Additional Registration Statement (if any) was filed and became effective under the Act as of the date and time (if determinable) specified in such opinion, the Prospectus either was filed with the Commission pursuant to the subparagraph of Rule 424(b) specified in such opinion on the date specified therein or was included in the Initial Registration Statement or the Additional Registration Statement (as the case may be), and, to the best of the knowledge of such counsel, no stop order suspending the effectiveness of a Registration Statement or any part thereof has been issued and no proceedings for that purpose have been instituted or are pending or contemplated under the Act, and each Registration Statement and the Prospectus, and each amendment or supplement thereto, as of their respective effective or issue dates, complied as to form in all material respects with the requirements of the Act and the Rules and Regulations.
5. Each of this Agreement, the Registration Rights Agreement and the Management Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and the Manager, as applicable, and constitute valid and legally binding obligations of the Company and the Manager, as applicable, enforceable against the Company and the Manager, as applicable, in accordance with their terms.
Exh. A-1
6. The issue and sale of the Offered Securities by the Company and the
execution, delivery and performance by the Company and the Manager of this
Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated herein
(including the use of the proceeds from the sale of the Offered Securities as
described in the Prospectus under the caption "Use of Proceeds") and compliance
by the Company and the Manager with its obligations under this Agreement do not
and will not, whether with or without the giving of notice of lapse of time or
both (i) breach or result in a default under any indenture, mortgage, deed of
trust, loan agreement or other agreement or instrument identified on the annexed
schedule furnished to us by the Company and the Manager, (ii) violate any
federal or Pennsylvania or Delaware statute or any rule or regulation that has
been issued pursuant to any federal or Pennsylvania or Delaware statute or any
order known to us issued pursuant to any federal or Pennsylvania or Delaware
statute by any court or governmental agency or body having jurisdiction over the
Company and the Manager or any of its subsidiaries or any of their properties or
(iii) result in the creation or imposition of any lien, encumbrance, charge or
claim upon any property or assets of the Company and the Manager under any
indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement or other agreement or
instrument identified on the annexed schedule furnished to us by the Company and
the Manager.
7. No order, consent, permit, approval, authorization, registration or qualification of or filing with any federal or governmental agency or body or, to our knowledge, any federal or state court is required on the part of the Company and the Manager for the execution, delivery and performance by the Company and the Manager of their obligations under this Agreement and the Power of Attorney and Custody Agreement, as applicable, or the consummation by the Company and the Manager of the transactions contemplated thereby, including without limitation, the issuance, sale and delivery of Offered Securities by the Company, other than (a) any regulatory filings, consents or approvals made, required to be made, obtained or required to be obtained so that the Company, the Subsidiaries and the Manager will be duly licensed to conduct their business as described in the Prospectus and (b) those that have been obtained and made under the Act and those as may be required under state securities laws.
8. To the best of our knowledge, neither the Company, the Subsidiaries, nor the Manager is in breach or violation of or in default under (nor has any event occurred which with notice, lapse of time, or both would result in any breach of, or constitute a default under, or give the holder of any indebtedness (or a person acting on such holder's behalf) the right to require the repurchase, redemption or repayment of all or a part of such indebtedness under) (1) its respective charter or by-laws, (2) any provisions of any agreement attached on a schedule to this opinion letter, or (3) any federal, state, local or foreign law, regulation or rule or any decree, judgment or order applicable to the Company, the Subsidiaries or the Manager.
9. The statements under the captions "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Contractual Obligations and Commitments and - Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements," "Business - Our Financing Strategy and - Legal Proceedings," "Management - Management Agreement, - 2005 Stock Incentive Plan, - Conflicts of Interest in Our Relationship with Resource Capital and Resource America and - Resolution of Potential Conflicts of Interest in Allocation of Investment Opportunities" "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions" and "Description of Capital Stock - Registration Rights" in the Prospectus, insofar as such statements constitute summaries of certain terms and documents referred to therein, constitute fair summaries thereof in all material respects.
10. To the best of our knowledge, there are no contracts or agreements between the Company and any person granting such person the right to require the Company or the Subsidiaries to include any securities of the Company owned or to be owned by such person in the securities registered pursuant to a registration statement, except such rights as are provided under the Registration Rights Agreement and the Management Agreement.
11. The Company is not required, and upon the issuance and sale of the Offered Securities as herein contemplated and the application of the net proceeds therefrom as described in the Prospectus will not be required to, register as "investment company" or an "entity controlled" by an "investment company" under the 1940 Act.
Exh. A-2
12. To the best of our knowledge, there is not pending or, to the best of our knowledge, threatened any action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation, to which the Company, the Manager or any Subsidiary or any of their respective officers or directors is a party, or to which the property of the Company, the Manager or any Subsidiary thereof is subject, before or brought by any court or governmental agency or body, which would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, or which would reasonably be expected to materially and adversely affect the properties or assets thereof or the consummation of the transactions contemplated in this Agreement or the performance by the Company or the Manager of its obligations thereunder or the transactions contemplated by the Prospectus.
13. All descriptions in the Prospectus of contracts and other documents to which the Company, the Manager or any Subsidiary are a party are accurate in all material respects; to the best of our knowledge, there are no affiliate transactions, off-balance sheet transactions, franchises, contracts, licenses, leases, indentures, mortgages, loan agreements, notes, leases or other instruments that would be required to be described or referred to in the Prospectus that are not described or referred to in the Prospectus other than those described or referred to therein or incorporated by reference thereto, and the descriptions thereof or references thereto are correct in all material respects.
Such counsel shall state that such counsel has participated in conferences with officers and other representatives of the Company, representatives of the Underwriters and representatives of the independent certified public accountants of the Company, at which conferences the contents of the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and related matters were discussed and, although such counsel is not passing upon and does not assume any responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or fairness of the statements contained in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, such counsel shall advise you that no facts have come to its attention which lead such counsel to believe that (i) on the Effective Date and as of the date of this Agreement, the Registration Statement or any amendment thereto (except with respect to the financial statements and related notes and schedules and other financial data derived therefrom included therein or omitted therefrom, as to which such counsel need not express any belief), contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading or (ii) at the date of the Prospectus, at the date of any amended or supplemented Prospectus, as of the date of this Agreement or at the Closing Date, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto (except with respect to the financial statements and related notes and schedules and other financial data derived therefrom included therein or omitted therefrom, as to which such counsel need not express any belief), contained or contains any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted or omits to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.
Exh. A-3
[FORM OF OPINION OF INDIVIDUAL SELLING STOCKHOLDER]
EXHIBIT B-1
Assuming (a) the Underwriters do not have notice of any "adverse claim" (within the meaning of the NYUCC) with respect to the Selling Stockholder Shares and (b) payment is made for the Selling Stockholder Shares by the Underwriters in accordance with the Underwriting Agreement, then, upon indication by book entry that the Selling Stockholder Shares have been credited by the Securities Intermediary to a Securities Account of the Lead Underwriter at DTC, then the Lead Underwriter will acquire a "securities entitlement" (within the meaning of the NYUCC) in the Selling Stockholder Shares (the "Security Entitlement"), free from any "adverse claim" (within the meaning of the NYUCC) against such Security Entitlement, whether framed in conversion, replevin, constructive trust, equitable lien or other theory.
Exh. B-1-1
[FORM OF OPINION OF INSTITUTIONAL SELLING STOCKHOLDER]
EXHIBIT B-2
1. Each Selling Stockholder had valid and unencumbered title to the Firm Securities delivered by such Selling Stockholder on such Closing Date and had full right, power and authority to sell, assign, transfer and deliver the Firm Securities delivered by such Selling Stockholder on such Closing Date hereunder; and the several Underwriters have acquired valid and unencumbered title to the Firm Securities purchased by them from the Selling Stockholders on such Closing Date hereunder.
2. No consent, approval, authorization or order of, or filing with, any governmental agency or body or any court is required to be obtained or made by any Selling Stockholder for the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Power of Attorney and Custody Agreement or this Agreement in connection with the sale of the Firm Securities sold by the Selling Stockholders, except such as have been obtained and made under the Act and such as may be required under state securities laws.
3. The execution, delivery and performance of the Power of Attorney and Custody Agreement and this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions therein and herein contemplated will not result in a breach or violation of any of the terms and provisions of, or constitute a default under, any statute, any rule, regulation or order of any governmental agency or body or any court having jurisdiction over any Selling Stockholder or any of their properties or any agreement or instrument to which any Selling Stockholder is a party or by which any Selling Stockholder is bound or to which any of the properties of any Selling Stockholder is subject, or the charter or by-laws of any Selling Stockholder which is a corporation.
4. The Power of Attorney and Custody Agreement with respect to each Selling Stockholder have been duly authorized, executed and delivered by such Selling Stockholder and constitute valid and legally binding obligations of such Selling Stockholder enforceable in accordance with their terms, subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent transfer, reorganization, moratorium and similar laws of general applicability relating to or affecting creditors' rights and to general equity principles.
5. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by each Selling Stockholder.
Exh. B-2-1
[FORM OF OPINION OF DLA PIPER RUDNICK GRAY CARY US LLP]
EXHIBIT C
1. The Company is a corporation duly incorporated and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the State of Maryland and is in good standing with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation.
2. The Company has the corporate power to own, lease or operate its properties and to conduct its business substantially as described in the Prospectus under the caption "Business." The Company has the corporate power to execute and deliver this Agreement and to perform its obligations thereunder.
3. The Company has the number of authorized and issued and outstanding shares of stock as set forth in the Prospectus under the caption "Capitalization." The outstanding shares of stock of the Company (immediately prior to the issuance of the Offered Securities) have been duly authorized and are validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and are not subject to any statutory preemptive rights under the Maryland General Corporation Law (the "MGCL"), or the Company Charter Documents.
4. The sale and issuance of the Offered Securities have been duly authorized for issuance and sale to the Underwriters pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement and, when issued and delivered by the Company, in the manner provided for in the resolutions of the Board of Directors authorizing the sale and issuance of the Offered Securities and in the Underwriting Agreement and against payment of the purchase price set forth therein, the Offered Securities will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and will not be subject to any statutory preemptive rights arising under the MGCL or the Company Charter Documents.
5. The statements under the captions "Risk Factors - Risks Related to our Organization and Structure," "Management - Indemnification and Limitation of Liability; Insurance," "Description of Capital Stock" and "Certain Provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law and Our Charter and Bylaws" in the Prospectus, insofar as such statements constitute summaries of the Company Charter Documents or of Maryland law, constitute fair summaries thereof in all material respects.
6. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and, so far as is known to such counsel, delivered by the Company.
7. The form of certificate representing the Offered Securities complies in all material respects with the applicable requirements of the MGCL, the Company Charter Documents and no personal liability will attach to the holders of the Offered Securities for any debt or obligation of the Company solely as a result of their status as stockholders of the Company. The Offered Securities conform in all material respects to the description thereof contained in the Prospectus under the caption "Description of Capital Stock."
8. No consent, approval, authorization or order of, or qualification or filing with, any governmental agency or authority of the State of Maryland (other than as may be required under the securities laws of the State of Maryland, as to which no opinion is hereby expressed) is required to be obtained or made by the Company in connection with the transactions contemplated under this Agreement, except for such as have been obtained or waived, if any.
Exh. C-1
9. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement, and the
consummation of the transactions contemplated thereunder, do not and will not
result in any breach of (i) any provisions of the Company Charter Documents or
(ii) any Maryland law or regulation or, so far as is known to such counsel, any
order, judgment, writ or decree of any Maryland governmental authority (other
than any order, judgment, writ or decree in connection with the securities laws
of the State of Maryland, as to which no opinion is hereby expressed) applicable
to the Company.
Exh. C-2
[FORM OF TAX OPINION OF LEDGEWOOD LAW FIRM, P.C.]
EXHIBIT D
1. Commencing with the Company's taxable year ending December 31, 2005, the Company has been organized and operated in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT pursuant to sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), and the Company's current and proposed method of operation will enable it to continue to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code for its taxable year ending December 31, 2005 and thereafter.
2. The descriptions of the law and the legal conclusions contained in the Prospectus under the caption "Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Qualification As A REIT" are correct in all material respects and the discussions thereunder fairly summarize the federal income tax considerations that are likely to be material to a holder of the Common Stock.
Exh. D-1
[FORM OF LOCK-UP AGREEMENT]
EXHIBIT E
, 2005
Credit Suisse First Boston LLC
Friedman Billings Ramsey &Co., Inc.
Citigroup Global Markets Inc.
J.P. Morgan Securities Inc.,
c/o Credit Suisse First Boston LLC
Eleven Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10010-3629
Dear Sirs:
As an inducement to the Underwriters to execute the Underwriting Agreement, pursuant to which an offering will be made that is intended to result in the establishment of a public an orderly market for the common stock (the "SECURITIES") of Resource Capital Corp., and any successor (by merger or otherwise) thereto, (the "COMPANY"), the undersigned hereby agrees that during the period specified in the following paragraph (the "LOCK-UP PERIOD"), the undersigned will not offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of Securities or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares of Securities, enter into a transaction which would have the same effect, or enter into any swap, hedge or other arrangement that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the Securities, whether any such aforementioned transaction is to be settled by delivery of the Securities or such other securities, in cash or otherwise, or publicly disclose the intention to make any such offer, sale, pledge or disposition, or to enter into any such transaction, swap, hedge or other arrangement, without, in each case, the prior written consent of Credit Suisse First Boston LLC ("CSFB"). In addition, the undersigned agrees that, without the prior written consent of CSFB, it will not, during the Lock-Up Period, make any demand for or exercise any right with respect to, the registration of any Securities or any security convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for the Securities.
The initial Lock-Up Period will commence on the date of this Lock-Up Agreement and continue and include the date 180 days after the public offering date set forth on the final prospectus used to sell the Securities (the "PUBLIC OFFERING DATE") pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, to which you are or expect to become parties; provided, however, that if (1) during the last 17 days of the initial Lock-Up Period, the Company releases earnings results or material news or a material event relating to the Company occurs or (2) prior to the expiration of the initial Lock-Up Period, the Company announces that it will release earnings results during the 16-day period beginning on the last day of the initial Lock-Up Period, then in each case the Lock-Up Period will be extended until the expiration of the 18-day period beginning on the date of release of the earnings results or the occurrence of the material news or material event, as applicable, unless CSFB waives, in writing, such extension.
The undersigned hereby acknowledges and agrees that written notice of any extension of the Lock-Up Period pursuant to the previous paragraph will be delivered by CSFB to the Company (in accordance with Section 10 of the Underwriting Agreement) and that any such notice properly delivered will be deemed to have been given to, and received by, the undersigned. The undersigned further agrees that, prior to engaging in any transaction or taking any other action that is subject to the terms of this Lock-Up Agreement during the period from the date of this Lock-Up Agreement to an including the 34th day following the expiration of the initial Lock-Up Period, it will give notice thereof to the Company and will not consummate such transaction or take any such action unless it has received written confirmation from the Company that the Lock-Up Period (as may have been extended pursuant to the previous paragraph) has expired.
Exh. E-1
Any Securities received upon exercise of options granted to the undersigned will also be subject to this Agreement. Any Securities acquired by the undersigned in the open market will not be subject to this Agreement. A transfer of Securities to a family member or trust may be made, provided the transferee agrees to be bound in writing by the terms of this Agreement prior to such transfer and no filing by any party (donor, donee, transferor or transferee) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 shall be required or shall be voluntarily made in connection with such transfer (other than a filing on a Form 5 made after the expiration of the Lock-Up Period).
In furtherance of the foregoing, the Company and its transfer agent and registrar are hereby authorized to decline to make any transfer of shares of Securities if such transfer would constitute a violation or breach of this Agreement
This Agreement shall be binding on the undersigned and the successors, heirs, personal representatives and assigns of the undersigned. THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY, AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH, THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Very truly yours,
Exh. E-2
RCC
RESOURCE
CAPITAL CORP
CUSIP 76120W 3 02
INCORPORATED UNDER THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND
COMMON STOCK
transferable only on the books of the Corporation by the holder hereof in person or by Attorney upon surrender of this Certificate properly endorsed.
This Certificate is not valid until countersigned by the Transfer Agent and registered by the Registrar.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the said Corporation has caused this Certificate to be signed by the facsimile signatures of its duly authorized officers and its Corporate seal to be hereunto affixed.
NEW YORK, NY
TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR
AUTHORIZED SIGNATURE
DATED
/s/ Michael S. Yecies /s/ Steven J. Kessler SECRETARY CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER |
[SEAL]
The Corporation will furnish to any stockholder, on request and without charge, a full statement of the information required by Section 2-211(b) of the Corporations and Associations Article of the Annotated Code of Maryland with respect to the designations and any preferences, conversion and other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions, qualifications, and terms and conditions of redemption of the stock of each class which the Corporation has authority to issue and, if the Corporation is authorized to issue any preferred or special class in series, (i) the differences in the relative rights and preferences between the shares of each series to the extent set, and (ii) the authority of the Board of Directors to set such rights and preferences of subsequent series. All capitalized terms used herein and not otherwise defined shall have the meanings assigned to such terms in the charter of the Corporation (the "Charter"), as the same may be amended from time to time, a copy of which will be sent without charge to each stockholder who so requests. Such request must be made to the Secretary of the Corporation at its principal office.
The Charter contains restrictions on transfer and ownership of shares of Capital Stock, including the shares represented by this certificate. The Corporation will furnish a full statement about its restrictions on transferability and ownership, without charge, to each stockholder who so requests. Such request must be made to the Secretary of the Corporation at its principal office.
Keep this certificate in a safe place. If it is lost, stolen or destroyed, the Corporation will require a bond of indemnity as a condition to the issuance of a replacement certificate.
The following abbreviations, when used in the inscription on the face of this certificate, shall be construed as though they were written out in full according to applicable laws or regulations:
TEN COM - as tenants in common UNIF GIFT MIN ACT -..............Custodian............... TEN ENT - as tenants by the entireties (Cust) (Minor) JT TEN - as joint tenants with right of under Uniform Gifts to Minors survivorship and not as tenants Act................................. in common (State) |
Additional abbreviations may also be used though not in the above list.
For Value Received,____________________do hereby sell, assign and transfer unto
The signature(s) of the assignor(s) must be guaranteed hereon by a participant in either the Securities Transfer Agent's Medallion Program (STAMP), the Stock Exchange Medallion Program (SEMP), or the New York Stock Exchange Medallion Program (MSP).
Exhibit 23.3
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We have issued our report dated August 25, 2005 accompanying the financial statements of Resource Capital Corp. and subsidiaries contained in the Registration Statement (No. 333-126517) and Prospectus. We consent to the use of the aforementioned report in the Registration Statement and Prospectus, and to the use of our name as it appears under the caption "Experts"
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP New York, New York August 26, 2005 |