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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
     
þ   QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended December 31, 2007
Or
     
o   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _________ to _________
Commission file number 001-07731
EMERSON RADIO CORP.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
     
DELAWARE   22-3285224
 
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
  (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
     
9 Entin Road Parsippany, New Jersey   07054
 
(Address of principal executive offices)   (Zip code)
(973) 884-5800
 
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
 
(Former name, former address, and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
     Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  þ  Yes  o  No
     Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
             
o  Large accelerated filer    o  Accelerated filer    þ  Non-accelerated filer    o  Smaller reporting company 
    (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
     Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  o  Yes  þ  No
     Indicate the number of shares outstanding of common stock as of February 12, 2008: 27,129,832.
 
 

 


 

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EX-31.1: CERTIFICATION
       
EX-31.2: CERTIFICATION
       
EX-32: CERTIFICATIONS
       
  EX-3.1: BYLAWS OF EMERSON RADIO CORP., AS AMENDED
  EX-31.1: CERTIFICATION
  EX-31.2: CERTIFICATION
  EX-32: CERTIFICATIONS

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PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.
EMERSON RADIO CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except earnings per share data)
                                 
    Three Months Ended   Nine Months Ended
    December 31   December 31
    2007   2006   2007   2006
     
Net revenues
                               
Net revenues
  $ 75,543     $ 89,339     $ 185,969     $ 244,168  
Net revenues-related party
    246             370        
     
 
    75,789       89,339       186,339       244,168  
     
Costs and expenses:
                               
Cost of sales
    68,191       64,344       164,832       177,920  
Cost of sales-related party
    232             232        
Cost of sales-related party purchases
          12,148             33,090  
Other operating costs and expenses
    1,434       1,330       4,778       4,355  
Selling, general and administrative expenses (exclusive of non-cash compensation shown below)
    7,623       5,402       17,907       16,208  
Acquisition costs incurred
                      21  
Non-cash compensation, net of recoveries
    28       83       (159 )     138  
     
 
    77,508       83,307       187,590       231,732  
     
Operating income (loss)
    (1,719 )     6,032       (1,251 )     12,436  
Gain on sale of building
                854        
Gains on foreign exchange forward contracts
    515             515        
Interest (expense), net
    (76 )     (457 )     (72 )     (564 )
Interest income-related party
                163        
     
Income (loss) before income taxes
    (1,280 )     5,575       209       11,872  
Provision (benefit) for income taxes
    (2,394 )     1,880       1,937       3,792  
     
Net income (loss)
  $ 1,114     $ 3,695     $ (1,728 )   $ 8,080  
     
Net income (loss) per share:
                               
Basic
  $ .04     $ 0.14     $ (.06 )   $ 0.30  
Diluted
  $ .04     $ 0.14     $ (.06 )   $ 0.30  
Weighted average shares outstanding :
                               
Basic
    27,130       27,097       27,125       27,080  
Diluted
    27,136       27,117       27,125       27,121  
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the interim
consolidated financial statements.

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EMERSON RADIO CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands except share data)
                 
    December 31, 2007     March 31, 2007(A)  
    (Unaudited)          
ASSETS
               
Current assets:
               
Cash and cash equivalents
  $ 20,395     $ 1,851  
Restricted cash
          3,000  
Foreign exchange forward contracts
    279        
Accounts receivable (less allowances of $5,722 and $3,573, respectively)
    26,470       19,375  
Other receivables
    1,673       1,536  
Due from affiliates
    797       24,690  
Net inventory
    33,110       32,463  
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
    2,956       3,376  
Deferred tax assets
    5,071       5,737  
 
           
Total current assets
    90,751       92,028  
Property, plant and equipment, net
    1,474       2,492  
Trademarks and other intangible assets, net
    285       311  
Deferred tax assets
    5,787       4,067  
Other assets
    629       510  
 
           
Total assets
  $ 98,926     $ 99,408  
 
           
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
               
Current liabilities:
               
Short-term borrowings
  $     $ 3,111  
Current maturities of long-term borrowings
    73       146  
Accounts payable and other current liabilities
    25,321       20,044  
Accrued sales returns
    924       1,191  
Income taxes payable
    492       306  
Deferred tax liabilities
          47  
 
           
Total current liabilities
    26,810       24,845  
Long-term borrowings
    136       651  
Deferred tax liabilities
    50       25  
Shareholders’ equity:
               
Preferred shares — 10,000,000 shares authorized; 3,677 shares issued and outstanding; liquidation preference of $3,677
    3,310       3,310  
Common shares — $.01 par value, 75,000,000 shares authorized; 52,965,797 shares issued at December 31, 2007; 52,945,797 shares issued at March 31, 2007; 27,129,832 shares outstanding at December 31, 2007 and 27,109,832 shares outstanding at March 31, 2007, respectively
    529       529  
Capital in excess of par value
    117,263       117,371  
Accumulated other comprehensive losses
    (82 )     (82 )
Accumulated deficit
    (24,866 )     (23,017 )
Treasury stock, at cost, 25,835,965 shares
    (24,224 )     (24,224 )
 
           
Total shareholders’ equity
    71,930       73,887  
 
           
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
  $ 98,926     $ 99,408  
 
           
 
(A)   Reference is made to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2007 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in June 2007 and amended in July 2007.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the interim consolidated financial statements.

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EMERSON RADIO CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(In thousands)
                 
    Nine Months Ended  
    December 31  
    2007     2006  
Cash flows from operating activities:
               
Net income (loss)
  $ (1,728 )   $ 8,080  
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided (used) by operating activities:
               
Depreciation and amortization
    620       701  
Non cash compensation
    (159 )     138  
Deferred tax expenses
    (1,076 )     2,445  
Asset allowances, reserves and other
    2,510       2,253  
Gain on sale of building
    (854 )      
Write down of asset — molds
    120        
Gains on foreign exchange forward contracts not settled
    (279 )      
Changes in assets and liabilities:
               
Restricted cash
    3,000        
Accounts receivable
    (11,986 )     (4,325 )
Other receivables
    (137 )     (263 )
Due from affiliates
    23,893       (22,605 )
Inventories
    1,467       (7,861 )
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
    420       (1,219 )
Other assets
    (181 )     525  
Accounts payable and other current liabilities
    5,277       3,929  
Income taxes payable
    65       1,309  
 
           
Net cash provided(used) by operating activities
    20,972       (16,893 )
 
           
Cash flows from investing activities:
               
Proceeds from sale of building
    2,000        
Additions to property and equipment
    (741 )     (225 )
 
           
Net cash provided (used) by investing activities
    1,259       (225 )
 
           
Cash flows from financing activities:
               
Short-term borrowings
    (73 )     31,894  
Repayments of short-term borrowings
          (24,045 )
Net borrowings under foreign bank facilities
    (3,111 )     2,886  
Exercise of stock options
    51       94  
Long-term borrowings
    143,671       63,321  
Repayments of long-term borrowings
    (144,225 )     (63,487 )
 
           
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities
    (3,687 )     10,663  
 
           
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
    18,544       (6,455 )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
    1,851       17,517  
 
           
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
  $ 20,395     $ 11,062  
 
           
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:
The Company has entered into certain capital lease agreements. For the nine month periods ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, the Company entered into agreements related to approximately $39 and $264 of equipment, respectively, which are excluded from the statement of cash flows as the transactions were non-cash in nature.
Cash paid during the period for:
                 
Interest
  $ 410     $ 906  
Income taxes
  $ 5,200     $ 1,069  
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the interim consolidated financial statements.

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EMERSON RADIO CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
NOTE 1 — BACKGROUND AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
     The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Emerson Radio Corp. (“Emerson”, consolidated — the “Company”), which operates in the consumer electronics business. The consumer electronics business includes the design, sourcing, importing and marketing of a variety of consumer electronic products and the licensing of the “(EMERSON LOGO)” and H.H. Scott(R) trademarks for a variety of products domestically and internationally to certain licensees.
     The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements reflect all normal and recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary to present a fair statement of our consolidated financial position as of December 31, 2007 and the results of operations for the three and nine month periods ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The preparation of the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes; actual results could materially differ from those estimates. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and accordingly do not include all of the disclosures normally made in our annual consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2007 (“fiscal 2007”), included in our annual report on Form 10-K, as amended, for fiscal 2007.
     Due to the seasonal nature of Emerson’s business, the results of operations for the three and nine month periods ended December 31, 2007 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full year ending March 31, 2008 (“fiscal 2008”).
     Certain reclassifications were made to conform the prior year’s financial statements to the current presentation.
Stock— Based Compensation
The Company accounts for all share based payments in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (“FAS”) No. 123R, “Share-Based Payment” (“FAS 123R”). As a result, the Company has applied FAS 123R to new awards and to awards modified, repurchased, or cancelled. Compensation cost for the portion of awards for which the requisite service had not been rendered are being recognized as the requisite service is rendered (generally over the remaining option vesting period). The compensation cost for that portion of awards has been based on the grant-date fair value of those awards as calculated for pro forma disclosures under previously issued accounting standards. As a result of applying the provisions of FAS 123R, the Company has recorded compensation costs of $28,000 and $83,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively. For the nine month period ended December 31, 2007, the Company recorded a recovery of compensation costs of $159,000, and for the nine month period ended December 31, 2006, the Company recorded compensation costs of $138,000.
NOTE 2 — COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
     Comprehensive income for the three and nine month periods ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006 is as follows (in thousands):
                                 
    Three months ended   Nine months ended
    December 31   December 31
    2007   2006   2007   2006
    (Unaudited)                
Net income (loss)
  $ 1,114     $ 3,695     $ (1,728 )   $ 8,080  
Recognition of realized losses in net income
                      (2 )
Change in unrealized loss on securities, net
          (5 )           (10 )
         
Comprehensive income
  $ 1,114     $ 3,690     $ (1,728 )   $ 8,068  
         

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NOTE 3 — NET EARNINGS PER SHARE
     The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands, except per share amounts):
                                 
    Three months ended   Nine months ended
    December 31   December 31
    2007   2006   2007   2006
    (Unaudited)   (Unaudited)      
Numerator:
                               
Net income (loss) for basic and diluted earnings per share
  $ 1,114     $ 3,695     $ (1,728 )   $ 8,080  
         
Denominator:
                               
 
                               
Denominator for basic earnings per share — weighted average shares
    27,130       27,097       27,125       27,080  
Effect of dilutive securities on denominator:
                               
Options and warrants
    6       20             41  
         
Denominator for diluted earnings per share — weighted average shares and assumed conversions
    27,136       27,117       27,125       27,121  
         
Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share
  $ 0.04     $ 0.14     $ (0.06 )   $ 0.30  
         
NOTE 4— SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
     Outstanding capital stock at December 31, 2007 consisted of common stock and Series A convertible preferred stock. The Series A convertible preferred stock is non-voting, has no dividend preferences and has not been convertible since March 31, 2002; however, it retains a liquidation preference.
     At December 31, 2007, Emerson had approximately 312,000 options outstanding with exercise prices ranging from $1.00 to $3.23.
     In September 2003, the Company publicly announced the Emerson Radio Corp. common stock repurchase program. The program provides for share repurchase of up to 2,000,000 shares of Emerson’s outstanding common stock. As of December 31, 2007, the Company has repurchased 1,267,623 shares under this program. No shares have been repurchased under the program since June 14, 2005. Repurchases of the Company’s shares are subject to certain conditions under Emerson’s banking facility.
     On October 7, 2003, in connection with a consulting arrangement, the Company granted 50,000 warrants with an exercise price of $5.00 per share. These warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes option valuation model, which resulted in $90,500 being charged to earnings during fiscal 2004. As of December 31, 2007, these warrants had not been exercised.
     On August 1, 2004, in connection with a consulting agreement, the Company granted 50,000 warrants with immediate vesting and an exercise price of $3.00 per share with an expiration date of August 2009. These warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes valuation model, which resulted in $88,500 being charged to earnings during fiscal 2005. As of December 31, 2007, these warrants had not been exercised.
NOTE 5 — INVENTORY
     Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method. As of December 31, 2007 and March 31, 2007, inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):
                 
    December 31, 2007   March 31, 2007
    (Unaudited)        
Finished goods
  $ 35,372     $ 36,839  
Less inventory allowances
    (2,262 )     (4,376 )
     
Net inventory
  $ 33,110     $ 32,463  
     
NOTE 6 — INCOME TAXES
     The Company has tax net operating loss carry forwards included in net deferred tax assets that are available to offset future taxable income and can be carried forward for 15 to 20 years. Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that all of the net deferred tax assets will be realized through tax planning strategies available in future periods and through future profitable operating results. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable could be reduced or eliminated if certain tax planning strategies are not successfully executed or estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced. If management determines that the Company would not be able to realize all or part of the net deferred tax asset in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax asset would be charged to income in the period such determination was made.

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     During the current quarter, the Company resolved all of the outstanding disputes which its predecessor had relating to franchise taxes, interest and penalties due and owing to the State of California for the tax years through and including the date that such predecessor ceased doing business. As a consequence of the settlement, Emerson reversed and recognized in the current quarter, a reduction of its tax provision of $1,041,826 which was previously accrued for such liability.
     In June 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued FASB Interpretation (“FIN”) No. 48, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes — An Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109”. FIN 48 establishes a single model to address accounting for uncertain tax positions. FIN 48 clarifies the accounting for income taxes by prescribing a minimum recognition threshold which a tax position is required to attain before being recognized in the financial statements. FIN 48 also provides guidance on derecognition, measurement classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. Upon adoption of FIN 48, as of April 1, 2007, we recorded a net increase to accumulated deficit of $121,000, including approximately $68,000 related to accrued interest and penalties related to state income tax matters.
     As of April 1, 2007, the Company had $121,000 of unrecognized tax benefits related to state taxes. All of the unrecognized tax benefits could impact our effective tax rate if recognized.
     Estimated interest and penalties related to the underpayment of income taxes are classified as a component of income tax expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and totaled $16,000. Accrued interest and penalties were $80,000 as of December 31, 2007 and are recognized in the balance sheet.
     The effective tax rate for the respective three and nine months ended December 31, 2007 differs from the federal statutory rate primarily as a result of the settlement made in relation to the California franchise tax issue described in the second paragraph of this note. The effective tax rate for the respective three and nine months ended December 31, 2006 differs from the federal statutory rate primarily as a result of state income taxes.
     The Company is subject to examination and assessment by tax authorities in numerous jurisdictions. A summary of the Company’s open tax years is as follows as of December 31, 2007:
     
Jurisdiction   Open tax years
U.S. federal
  2003-2006
States with ongoing examinations
  2003-2006
States without ongoing examinations
  2003-2006
     Based on the outcome of tax examinations or due to the expiration of statutes of limitations, it is reasonably possible that the unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions taken in previously filed returns may be different from the liabilities that have been recorded for these unrecognized tax benefits. As a result, the Company may be subject to additional tax expense.
     In May 2007, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position (“FSP”) FIN 48-1 Definition of a Settlement in FASB Interpretation No. 48 (FSP FIN 48-1). FSP FIN 48-1 provides guidance on how to determine whether a tax position is effectively settled for the purpose of recognizing previously unrecognized tax benefits. FSP FIN 48-1 is effective retroactively to April 1, 2007. The implementation of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated balance sheets or statements of operations.
NOTE 7 — RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
     On December 5, 2005, The Grande Holdings Limited (“Grande”) purchased approximately 37% (10,000,000 shares) of the Company’s outstanding common stock from our former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Geoffrey P. Jurick. Since its initial purchase, Grande has increased its ownership of the Company’s common stock through open market and private purchases, including the purchase on September 21, 2007 from a former holder of more than five percent of Emerson’s common stock of 1,853,882 shares. Grande beneficially owned approximately 57.6% of the Company’s common stock on December 31, 2007.
     In October 2006, Emerson entered into an agreement with a consumer electronics distributor , APH (the “Licensee”), pursuant to which, among other things, Emerson agreed to grant the Licensee a license to distribute and sell LCD televisions (“LCD sets”) in North America under Emerson’s “H.H. Scott” brand name. The licensee has a distributor relationship with Grande, a related party to Emerson. In the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2006, the Licensee began selling 32” and 37” LCD sets to a major United States based retailer. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement with the licensee, Emerson was paid a royalty of $110,000 as a result of such sales through March 31, 2007. No sales of LCD televisions pursuant to this agreement occurred and no royalty was paid to Emerson under this agreement during the nine month period ended December 31, 2007.
     During the third quarter of fiscal 2007, Emerson provided unsecured financial assistance to Capetronic Display Limited

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(“Capetronic”), Nakamichi Corporation (“Nakamichi”), Akai Electric (China) Co. Ltd. (“Akai”), and Sansui Electric (China) Co. (“Sansui”), each of which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Grande, the manufacturer of the LCD sets, in the form of letters of credit and loans which aggregated approximately $22.0 million at December 31, 2006. In reviewing the documentation for certain of the letters of credit referred to above, Emerson determined that some of the parts for which letters of credit were opened were to be used for the manufacture of 27” and 42” television sets to be sold to the Licensee by Akai. Emerson had no direct or indirect interest in such sales, and Capetronic paid Emerson $57,000 as a fee for facilitating these transactions.
     As a result of the transactions described in the preceding paragraph, Emerson may have been deemed to be in breach of certain covenants contained in Emerson’s credit facility. The lender under the credit facility agreed to waive such breaches and Emerson and the lender negotiated an amendment to the credit facility. Emerson was required to pay $125,000 to the lender in connection with the amendment. Emerson charged this amount to Capetronic and $125,000 was paid to one of Emerson’s foreign subsidiaries on August 14, 2007 by Capetronic.
     On February 21, 2007, Capetronic, Nakamichi, Akai, and Sansui (collectively, the “Borrowers”), each of which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Grande, jointly and severally, issued a promissory note (the “Note”) in favor of the Company in the principal amount of $23,501,514. The principal amount of the Note represented the outstanding amount owed to the Company as of February 21, 2007, as a result of certain related party transactions entered into between the Company and the Borrowers described above, including interest that had accrued from the date of such related party transactions until the date of the Note. Simultaneously with the execution of the Note, Grande executed a guaranty (the “Guaranty”) in favor of the Company pursuant to which Grande guaranteed payment of all of the obligations of the Borrowers under the Note in accordance with the terms thereof.
     Interest on the unpaid principal balance of the Note accrued at a rate of 8.25% per annum, commencing on February 21, 2007, until all obligations under the Note were paid in full, subject to an automatic increase of 2% per annum in the event of default under the Note in accordance with the terms thereof. Payments of principal and interest under the Note were to be made in nine installments from April 1, 2007 through June 3, 2007 in such amounts and on such dates as set forth in the Note, with all amounts of interest due under the Note scheduled to be paid with the final installment.
     By June 3, 2007, all amounts due under the note were repaid.
     Since August 2006, Emerson has been providing to Sansui Sales PTE Ltd (“Sansui Sales”) and Akai Sales PTE Ltd (“Akai Sales”), both of which are subsidiaries of Grande, assistance with acquiring certain products for resale. Emerson issues purchase orders to third-party suppliers who manufacture these products, and Emerson issues sales invoices to Sansui Sales’ and Akai Sales’ at gross amounts for these products. Financing is provided by Sansui Sales’ and Akai Sales’ customers in the form of transfer letters of credit to the suppliers, and goods are shipped directly from the suppliers to Sansui Sales’ and Akai Sales’ customers. Emerson recorded income totaling $100,000 for providing this service in the nine months ended December 31, 2007. Sansui Sales and Akai Sales collectively owe Emerson $126,000 at December 31, 2007 as a result of these transactions.
     In addition to the product sourcing transactions described in the preceding paragraph, Emerson has also purchased products on behalf of Sansui Sales and Akai Sales from third-party suppliers and sold these goods to Sansui Sales and Akai Sales. These transactions are similar to the transactions described in the preceding paragraph; however, instead of utilizing transfer letters of credit provided by Sansui Sales’ and Akai Sales’ customers, Emerson utilizes its own cash to pay Sansui Sales’ and Akai Sales’ suppliers (See Item 4.B “Changes in Internnal Control Over Financial Reporting”). Emerson invoices Sansui Sales and Akai Sales an amount that is marked up between two and three percent from the cost of the product. In comparison to similar direct import sales which Emerson makes to third-party customers, the mark-up on these related party sales, despite the fact that Emerson does not incur a trademark royalty on these sales, cannot be considered to be at arms length. Emerson recorded sales to Akai and Sansui of $241,000 in the nine months ended December 31, 2007. Sansui Sales and Akai Sales collectively owe Emerson $44,000 at December 31, 2007 on these sales. In addition, Emerson has outstanding liabilities with suppliers of product invoiced to Sansui Sales and Akai Sales totaling $41,000 at December 31, 2007.
     Effective January 1, 2006, we entered into a lease for office space in Hong Kong with Grande and an agreement for services in connection with this office space rental from Grande, which was extended through December 31, 2008, and which will expire at that date unless terminated earlier by either party upon three months prior written notice of termination by either party. We incurred rent expense with Grande of approximately $105,000 and $45,000 for the three month periods ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively. Rent expense with Grande was $185,000 and $158,000 for the nine month periods ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively. The amount of expense incurred with Grande for all other services in connection with this office space rental was approximately $58,000 and $61,000 for the three month periods ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively. The amount of expense incurred with Grande for all other services in connection with this office space rental was approximately $172,000 and $182,000 for the nine month periods ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively.
     In May 2007 Emerson paid an initial $10,000 commission to Vigers Hong Kong Ltd (“Vigers”), a property agent and a subsidiary

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of Grande, related to the sale of a building owned by Emerson to an unaffiliated buyer. Also, Emerson received a deposit of approximately $300,000 from the buyer on this date. The sale was concluded on September 27, 2007. An additional $10,000 commission was paid to Vigers by Emerson on the closing date of the sale of the property. Emerson received the balance of the purchase price of approximately $1,700,000 on September 27, 2007, the closing date of the sale.
     In June 2007 Emerson paid a one-time sales commission in the amount of $14,000 to an Executive Director of Grande Holdings, who is also Emerson’s President-International Sales and also a Director of Emerson. The commission was 50% of the net margin on a sale by Emerson to an unaffiliated customer.
     In May 2007, Emerson entered into an agreement with Goldmen Electronic Co. Ltd. (“Goldmen”), pursuant to which we agreed to pay $1,682,220 in exchange for Goldmen’s manufacture and delivery to us of musical instruments in order for us to meet our delivery requirements of these instruments in the first week of September 2007. In July 2007, we learned that Goldmen had filed for bankruptcy and was unable to manufacture the musical instruments we had ordered. Promptly after we learned of Goldmen’s bankruptcy, Capetronic agreed to manufacture the musical instruments on substantially the same terms and conditions, including the price, as Goldmen had agreed to manufacture them. Accordingly, on July 12, 2007, we paid Tomei Shoji Limited, an affiliate of Grande, $125,000 to acquire from Goldmen and deliver to Capetronic the molds and equipment necessary for Capetronic to manufacture the musical instruments. In July, 2007, Emerson made two upfront payments to Capetronic totaling $546,000 (not the $1,682,220 previously mistakenly being reported as having been advanced). On July 20, 2007, Capetronic advised us that it was unable to manufacture the musical instruments for us because it did not have the requisite governmental licenses to do so. As of December 31, 2007, Capetronic physically possesses the musical instrument molds owned by Emerson and owes to Emerson $546,000 for the upfront advances made in anticipation of Capetronic’s manufacture of the instruments. As a result of the above, Emerson has written the cost of the molds down to $0 at December 31, 2007.
In June 2007, Emerson and Capetronic signed an agreement for Emerson to provide freight forwarding services to Capetronic, whereupon Emerson will pay the costs of importation of Capetronic’s inventory on Capetronic’s behalf. Under the agreement, Emerson is also to arrange for the inventory to be received at a port of entry, cleared through the United States Customs Service using Emerson’s regularly engaged broker, and transfer the inventory to a common carrier as arranged by Capetronic’s customer. If Capetronic’s customer has not made such arrangements with a common carrier, Emerson is to transfer the inventory to Emerson’s warehouse for storage or make other arrangements with a public warehouse. Following the transfer of Capetronic’s inventory, Emerson is required to provide Next Day delivery of all importation documents and bills of lading to Capetronic’s customer. Capetronic agrees to reimburse Emerson for all costs incurred by Emerson in connection with the activity just described within thirty days of demand by Emerson, after which interest will accrue. As compensation, Capetronic agrees to pay Emerson a service fee of 12% of the importation costs. Emerson billed Capetronic for the reimbursement of importation costs totaling $246,000 and a commission of $29,000. Capetronic paid Emerson $275,000 on November 14, 2007.
Between August and December 2007, Emerson paid invoices and incurred charges for goods and services relating to the Hong Kong Electronics Fair of $153,069.00. Portions of these charges totaling $87,353.18, have been allocated and invoiced to affiliates of Grande in proportion to their respective share of space occupied and services rendered during the Electronics Fair as follows; Nakamichi Corporation Ltd. $17,143.08, Akai Sales Pte Ltd $44,495.48 and Sansui Sales Pte Ltd $25,714.62. All of the respective amounts have been classified as Due from Affiliates.
NOTE 8 — BORROWINGS
Short-term Borrowings
     During the third quarter of fiscal 2008, Emerson elected to cancel it’s foreign bank facilities. As a result, the $3.0 million in certificates of deposit at these banks to assure the availability of the credit facilities was returned.
     At March 31, 2007, short-term borrowings consisted of amounts outstanding under foreign bank facilities held by the Company’s foreign subsidiaries. Availability under the foreign bank facilities totaled $17.5 million prior to their cancellation in December 2007.
                 
    December 31, 2007     March 31, 2007  
    (In thousands)  
    (Unaudited)          
Foreign bank loans
  $ 0     $ 3,111  
 
           
Short term borrowings
  $ 0     $ 3,111  
 
           
Long-term Borrowings
     As of December 31, 2007 and March 31, 2007, borrowings under long-term facilities consisted of the following:

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    December 31, 2007     March 31, 2007  
    (In thousands)  
    (Unaudited)          
Mortgage payable
  $     $ 567  
Capitalized lease obligations and other
    209       230  
 
           
 
    209       797  
Less current maturities
    (73 )     (146 )
 
           
Long term debt and notes payable
  $ 136     $ 651  
 
           
      Credit Facility — On December 23, 2005, Emerson entered into a $45.0 million Revolving Credit Agreement with Wachovia Bank. The loan agreement provides for a $45.0 million revolving line of credit for revolving loans subject to individual maximums which, in the aggregate, are not to exceed the lesser of $45.0 million or a “Borrowing Base” as defined in the loan agreement. The Borrowing Base amount is established by specified percentages of eligible accounts receivables and inventories and bears interest ranging from Prime (7.25% as of December 31, 2007) plus 0.00% to 0.50% or, at Emerson’s election, the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR” which was 5.02% as of December 31, 2007) plus 1.25% to 2.25% depending on excess availability. Pursuant to the Revolving Credit Agreement, Emerson is restricted from, among other things, paying certain cash dividends, and entering into certain transactions without the lender’s prior consent and is subject to certain leverage financial covenants. Amounts outstanding under the loan agreement are secured by substantially all of Emerson’s tangible assets.
     During the quarter ended September 30, 2006, Emerson amended its Revolving Credit Agreement with Wachovia Bank, National Association to finance its working capital requirements through October 31, 2006, primarily to ensure funding of the promotional item purchases totaling over $30.0 million. Under this amendment, Emerson’s line of credit was increased to $53 million from $45 million for this period, and its revolver commitments, letters of credit and inventory borrowing bases were increased. Emerson did not utilize the additional available funds during the amendment period, and this amendment expired at October 31, 2006.
     At December 31, 2007, there were no borrowings outstanding under the facility.
     As of December 31, 2007, the carrying value of this credit facility approximated fair value.
     As a result of the related party transactions entered into between Emerson and affiliates of Grande described in Note 7, Emerson may have been deemed to be in breach of certain covenants contained in Emerson’s credit facility, including a covenant restricting Emerson from lending money and from entering into related party transactions without the consent of its lender. The lender under the credit facility agreed to waive such breaches and Emerson and the lender negotiated an amendment to the credit facility. Under the amendment, (i) Emerson granted the lender a security interest in the $23 million Note and the Guaranty referred to in Note 7, (ii) a failure (following a 15 day cure period) by the borrowers to make payments to Emerson as required by the terms of the Note would be deemed a default under the credit facility, (iii) the number of field audits by the lender was increased from two to three each year and (iv) Emerson was required to pay $125,000 to the lender in connection with the amendment. All amounts due under the $23 million Note were repaid in full as of June 3, 2007. As of August 14, 2007 the amendment fee of $125,000 was repaid by Capetronic to Emerson.
NOTE 9 — LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
          There currently is pending against three directors of the Company (Messrs. Ho, Ma and Binney) a purported derivative action filed on the Company’s behalf by two of its shareholders. The complaint, which has not yet been answered by the defendants, alleges that the named defendants, each of whom also is an executive officer of Grande Holdings, the Company’s controlling shareholder, violated their fiduciary duties to Emerson in connection with a number of previously disclosed related party transactions with affiliates of Grande Holdings. The recovery in such lawsuit, if any, will inure to Emerson’s benefit.
NOTE 10 — FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
     The Company entered into foreign exchange forward contracts (between the U.S. and Hong Kong dollar), based on economic and market conditions and solely for the purpose of speculative trading, (See “Other Events and Circumstances Pertaining to Liquidity” and Item 4.b “Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” ). The contract terms are for fixed periods and at December 31, 2007, the Company’s foreign exchange forward contracts had expiration dates that ranged from one to six months, with notional amounts of $11 million.
     At each balance sheet date the Company accounts for its foreign exchange forward contracts as a current asset with corresponding realized or unrealized gains and losses included in the income statement. Realized gains of $281,308 and unrealized gains of

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$233,547 have been recorded as non-operating income at December 31, 2007. There were no foreign exchange forward contracts at December 31, 2006.
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations and Financial Condition
     The following discussion of our operations and financial condition should be read in conjunction with the Financial Statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
     In the following discussions, most percentages and dollar amounts have been rounded to aid presentation. Accordingly, all amounts are approximations.
Forward-Looking Information
     This report contains forward looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
     Forward-looking statements include statements with respect to Emerson’s beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, anticipations, assumptions, estimates, intentions, and future performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may be beyond Emerson’s control, and which may cause Emerson’s actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.
     All statements other than statements of historical fact are statements that could be forward-looking statements. You can identify these forward-looking statements through Emerson’s use of words such as “may,” “will,” “can,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “should,” “indicate,” “would,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “expect,” “seek,” “estimate,” “continue,” “plan,” “project,” “predict,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “potential,” and other similar words and expressions of the future. These forward-looking statements may not be realized due to a variety of factors, including, without limitation:
    the loss of any of our key customers or reduction in the purchase of our products by any such customers;
 
    Our inability to maintain effective internal controls or the failure by our personnel to comply with such internal controls;
 
    the failure to maintain our relationships with our licensees and distributors or the failure to obtain new licensees or distribution relationships on favorable terms;
 
    our inability to anticipate market trends, enhance existing products or achieve market acceptance of new products;
 
    our dependence on a limited number of suppliers for our components and raw materials;
 
    our dependence on third party manufacturers to manufacture and deliver our products;
 
    the seasonality of our business, as well as changes in consumer spending and economic conditions;
 
    the failure of third party sales representatives to adequately promote, market and sell our products;
 
    our inability to protect our intellectual property;
 
    the effects of competition;
 
    changes in foreign laws and regulations and changes in the political and economic conditions in the foreign countries in which we operate;
 
    conflicts of interest that exist based on our relationship with Grande;
 
    the outcome of the Audit Committee’s review of our related party transactions and internal controls;
 
    changes in accounting policies, rules and practices; and
 
    the other factors listed under “Risk Factors” in our Form 10-K, as amended, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2007 and

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      other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).
     All forward-looking statements are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary notice. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report or the date of the document incorporated by reference into this report. We have no obligation, and expressly disclaim any obligation, to update, revise or correct any of the forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. We have expressed our expectations, beliefs and projections in good faith and we believe they have a reasonable basis. However, we cannot assure you that our expectations, beliefs or projections will result or be achieved or accomplished.
Company Filings
     We make available through our internet website free of charge our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, amendments to such reports and other filings made by us with the SEC, as soon as practicable after we electronically file such reports and filings with the SEC. Our website address is www.emersonradio.com . The information contained in this website is not incorporated by reference in this report.
      Results of Operations
          We operate in one segment, the consumer electronics segment, as presented in the following Management’s Discussion and Analysis.
          The following table summarizes certain financial information for the three and nine month periods ended December 31, 2007 (fiscal 2008) and the three and nine month periods ended December 31, 2006 (fiscal 2007) (in thousands):
                                 
    Three Months Ended   Nine Months Ended
    December 31   December 31
    2007   2006   2007   2006
    (Unaudited)                
Net revenues
  $ 75,543     $ 89,339     $ 185,969     $ 244,168  
Net revenues — related party
    246             370        
     
 
    75,789       89,339       186,339       244,168  
     
Cost of sales
    68,191       64,344       164,832       177,920  
Cost of sales — related party
    232             232        
Cost of sales — related party purchases
          12,148             33,090  
Other operating costs
    1,434       1,330       4,778       4,355  
Selling, general and administrative costs
    7,623       5,402       17,907       16,208  
Acquisition costs incurred
                      21  
Non-cash compensation costs (recovered)
    28       83       (159 )     138  
         
Operating income (loss)
    (1,719 )     6,032       (1,251 )     12,436  
Gain on sale of building
                854        
Gains on foreign exchange forward contracts
    515             515        
Interest (expense), net
    (76 )     (457 )     (72 )     (564 )
Interest income — related party
                163        
     
Income (loss) before income taxes
    (1,280 )     5,575       209       11,872  
Provision (benefit) for income taxes
    (2,394 )     1,880       1,937       3,792  
         
Net income (loss)
  $ 1,114     $ 3,695     $ (1,728 )   $ 8,080  
         
Net Revenues — Net revenues for the third quarter of fiscal 2008 were $75.8 million as compared to $89.3 million for the third quarter of fiscal 2007, a decrease of $13.5 million or 15.1%. For the nine month period of fiscal 2008, net revenues were $186.3 million as compared to $244.2 million for the nine month period of fiscal 2007, a decrease of $57.9 million or 23.7%. Net revenues are comprised of Emerson(R) branded product sales, themed product sales and licensing revenues. Emerson(R) branded product sales are earned from the sale of products bearing the Emerson(R) or HH Scott(R) brand name; themed product sales represent products sold bearing a certain theme or character; and licensing revenues are derived from licensing the Emerson(R) and HH Scott(R) brand names to licensees for a fee. The decrease in net revenues was comprised of:
  i)   Emerson(R) branded products sales of $67.2 million in the third quarter of fiscal 2008 as compared to $60.3 million in the third quarter of fiscal 2007, an increase of $6.9 million, or 11.4%. Emerson(R) branded products sales were $169.4 million in the nine month period of fiscal 2008 as compared to $176.3 million in the nine month period of fiscal 2007, a decrease of $7.0 million, or 4.0%. The increase for the three month period primarily resulted from increased sales in our home appliance product category, specifically microwave ovens, refrigerators and wine coolers. The nine month decrease resulted primarily from decreased sales volumes in several audio product lines and the Ipod(R) compatible product category, partially offset by an increases in the home appliance and clock radio categories;

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  ii)   During the third quarter and nine months ended December 31, 2006 Emerson had promotional item sales to ESI International of $12.3 million and $33.1 million, respectively, associated with a major holiday promotion with one of our major customers. In addition to increasing net revenues, this promotional sale resulted in an increase in accounts payable and other current liabilities and accounts receivable of $20.6 million and $20.8 million, respectively, in the period ended September 30, 2006 as well as an increase in short term deposits of $28.8 million in the same period due to parts and inventory purchases related to this sale. In order to fund these purchases, short term borrowings through our revolving line of credit increased by $24.0 million for the period ended September 30, 2006. These short term borrowings were repaid in the three months ended December 31, 2006;
 
  iii)   Themed product sales of $6.8 million in the third quarter of fiscal 2008 compared to $15.0 million in the third quarter of fiscal 2007, a decrease of $8.2 million, or 54.6%. For the nine month period of fiscal 2008, themed product sales were $11.6 million as compared to $30.0 million for the nine month period of fiscal 2007, a decrease of $18.4 million or 61.3%. The decrease for the three and nine month periods was primarily a result of the discontinuance of Nickelodeon(R) themed products, partially offset by sales of Mattel(R) themed products which began in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2007, which were dampened in the current quarter by a $2.9 million sales return allowance the Company recorded for a product return made by one long time distribution partner. The Company is reserving for the complete return, as it works to place the returned inventory elsewhere within its customer base;
 
  iv)   Licensing revenues decreased approximately $122,000, or 7.0%, to $1.6 million in the third quarter of fiscal 2008 as compared to $1.7 million in the third quarter of fiscal 2007. For the nine month period of fiscal 2008, licensing revenues increased $259,000, or 5.4%, to $5.0 million as compared to $4.8 million in the nine months of fiscal 2007. The decrease in comparative quarters as compared to the increase in the comparative nine month periods are due primarily to the mix in the portfolio of licensees. Emerson’s current licensees as of December 31, 2007, particularly the newer licensees added during the nine month period have delivered more licensing revenue than the previous licensees whom they have in some cases replaced.
 
  v)   In the three and nine month periods ended December 31, 2007, Emerson charged fees of $8,000 and $100,000, respectively, to Sansui Sales PTE, Ltd (“Sansui Sales”) and Akai Sales PTE, Ltd (“Akai Sales”), both of which are related parties to Emerson, for assistance in procuring their product. In the nine month period of fiscal 2008, Emerson charged commissions of $29,000 to Capetronic Displays, Ltd, which is a related party to Emerson, for importation assistance. As of December 31, 2007, Capetronic has repaid this commission to Emerson. In the three and nine month periods ended December 31, 2007, Emerson sold to Sansui Sales and Akai Sales $238,000 and $241,000 of Sansui- and Akai-branded product which it sourced on their behalf from third-party suppliers. See Note 7 “Related Party Transactions”. No related party revenue was recorded in the third quarter and nine month period of fiscal 2007.
Cost of Sales — In absolute terms, cost of sales decreased $8.1 million, or 10.5%, to $68.4 million in the third quarter of fiscal 2008 as compared to $76.5 million in the third quarter of fiscal 2007. In absolute terms, cost of sales was $165.1 million in the nine month period of fiscal 2008 as compared to $211.0 million in the nine months of fiscal 2007. Cost of sales, as a percentage of net revenues, was 90.3% and 85.6% in the third quarters of fiscal 2008 and fiscal 2007, respectively, and 88.6% and 86.4% in the nine month periods of fiscal 2008 and fiscal 2007, respectively. Cost of sales as a percentage of sales revenues less license revenues increased to 92.2% in the third quarter of fiscal 2008 from 87.3% in the third quarter of fiscal 2007. Cost of sales as a percentage of sales revenues less license revenues increased to 91.0% in the nine month period of fiscal 2008 from 88.1% in the nine month period of fiscal 2007. As a percentage of net revenues for the third quarter and nine month period of fiscal 2008, cost of sales associated with sales to Akai Sales PTE, Ltd and Sansui Sales PTE, Ltd, related parties, were 0.3% and 0.1% of total Emerson net revenues. As a percentage of net revenues for the third quarter and nine month period of fiscal 2007, cost of sales associated with purchases from Capetronic Displays Ltd, a related party, was 13.6% of total Emerson net revenues. The decrease in cost of sales in absolute terms for the third quarter and nine month period of fiscal 2008 as compared to the same periods of fiscal 2007 was primarily related to the decrease in sales volume, an increase in reserves for sales returns, a decrease in inventory reserves, and a decrease in royalty expense offset by an increase in writedowns of inventory, warehousing costs, and inventory overhead. The increase in cost of sales as a percentage of net revenues for the third quarter of fiscal 2008 as compared to fiscal 2007 resulted from lower margins in several audio categories as well as an increase in warehousing costs. The increase in cost of sales as a percentage of net revenues for the nine months of fiscal 2008 as compared to fiscal 2007 resulted from lower margins in several audio categories offset by a decrease in inventory costs due to a decrease in inventory reserves. The decrease in inventory reserves resulted primarily from the reduction of inventory levels of a discontinued themed-product line and returned, substandard goods which are not sold to retailers, which were fully reserved in our previous quarter; however, there was an offsetting impact on margins for the reduction in themed-product line goods as a consequence.
Gross profit margins continue to be subject to competitive pressures arising from pricing strategies associated with the categories of the consumer electronics market in which we compete. Our products are generally placed in the low-to-medium priced category of the market, which is highly competitive.
Other Operating Costs and Expenses — As a percentage of net revenues, other operating costs and expenses were 1.9% in the third

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quarter of fiscal 2008 and 1.5% in the third quarter of fiscal 2007. For the nine month periods of fiscal 2008 and fiscal 2007, other operating costs, as a percentage of net revenues, were 2.6% and 1.8%, respectively. In absolute terms, other operating costs and expenses increased $105,000, or 7.9%, to $1.4 million for the third quarter of fiscal 2008 as compared to $1.3 million in the third quarter of fiscal 2007. Also in absolute terms, other operating costs and expenses increased $423,000, or 9.7%, to $4.8 million for the nine month period of fiscal 2008 as compared to $4.4 million for the nine month period of fiscal 2007. For the third quarter of fiscal 2008 as compared to the third quarter of fiscal 2007, the increase in absolute terms was the result of increased service costs. For the nine month period of fiscal 2008 as compared to the nine month period of fiscal 2007, the increase in absolute terms was the result of increased handling charges offset by lower service costs.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (“S,G&A”) — S,G&A, as a percentage of net revenues, were 9.7% in the third quarter of fiscal 2008 as compared to 6.0% in the third quarter of fiscal 2007. S,G&A, in absolute terms, increased $2.0 million, or 36.7%, to $7.4 million for the third quarter of fiscal 2008 as compared to $5.4 million for the third quarter of fiscal 2007. The increase in S,G&A in absolute terms between the third quarter of fiscal 2008 and third quarter of fiscal 2007 was primarily due to an increase in professional fees of $899,000 largely as a result of legal fees associated with related party transaction investigations, variable selling expenses of $666,000, salaries and bonuses of $282,000, accounts receivable reserves of $239,000, and consulting fees including fees related to the Company’s Sarbanes-Oxley section 404 implementation of $146,000. These increases were slightly offset by a decrease in advertising expense of $132,000 mostly connected to inward licensing requirements. As a percentage of net revenues, SG&A were 9.5% in the nine month period of fiscal 2008 as compared to 6.6% in the nine month period of fiscal 2007. In absolute terms, SG&A increased $1.4 million, or 8.9%, to $17.7 million for the nine month period of fiscal 2008 as compared to $16.2 million for the nine month period of fiscal 2007. The increase in S,G&A in absolute terms between the nine month periods of fiscal 2008 and fiscal 2007 was primarily due to an increase in professional fees of $1.2 million, salaries and bonuses of $1.2 million, and variable selling expenses of $287,000. These increases were offset by adjustments to accounts receivable reserves of $434,000, severance pay in the first quarter of the prior fiscal year of $300,000, a gain on the sale of marketable securities of $205,000, and a decrease in amortization expense of $92,000.
Gain on sale of building — Emerson sold its office location in Macao to an unaffiliated buyer for approximately $2.0 million in the second quarter of fiscal 2008. The gain on the sale of this property was $854,000, net of a $20,000 commission paid to a related party.
Gains on foreign exchange forward contracts — Realized gains of $281,000 and unrealized gains of $234,000 have been recorded as non-operating income at December 31, 2007. There were no foreign exchange forward contracts at December 31, 2006.
Non Cash Compensation — Non cash compensation relates to stock options expense associated with the adoption of FAS 123(R) “Share-Based Payment.” For the third quarter of fiscal 2008, non-cash compensation expenses of $28,000 were recorded, as compared to $83,000 in non-cash compensation costs recorded for the third quarter of fiscal 2007. As a result of stock option forfeitures due to senior management and board of director changes over the past year, adjustments representing recovery of these non-cash compensation costs incurred in prior years of $159,000 were recorded in the nine month period of fiscal 2008, as compared to expense of $138,000 in the nine month period of fiscal 2007.
Interest Income (Expense), net — Interest expense, net, decreased $381,000 or 83.4%, to $76,000 (0.1% of net revenues) in the third quarter of fiscal 2008 as compared to $457,000 (0.5% of net revenues) in the third quarter of fiscal 2007. For the nine month period of fiscal 2008, interest income on a note receivable from a related party was $163,000. See Note 7 — “Related Party Transactions.” Exclusive of this related party interest income, interest expense, net, was $72,000 (less than 0.1% of net revenues) for the nine month period of fiscal 2008 as compared to interest expense, net, of $564,000 (0.2% of net revenues) for the nine month period of fiscal 2007. Interest income for the nine month period of fiscal 2007 was primarily comprised of the related party interest income as well as money market account interest.
Provision for Income Taxes — In the second quarter of fiscal 2008, Emerson increased its estimated liability for California franchise taxes due and owing by its predecessor in the amount of $3.7 million. California franchise taxes are effectively tax on income and are recorded as such. In the third quarter of fiscal 2008, Emerson reduced its estimated liability by $1.0 million as a result of having resolved the matter. See Note 6 — “Income Taxes”. Separate from the decrease in the liability associated with California franchise taxes, our provision for income taxes, which primarily represents the deferred tax charges associated with our profits in the United States, resulted in a benefit of $1.4 million for the third quarter of fiscal 2008, or 1.8% of net revenues, as compared to a provision of $1.9 million for the third quarter of fiscal 2007, or 2.1% of net revenues. Separate from the California franchise tax paid on amounts due and owing by Emerson’s predecessor, we had a benefit for income taxes for the nine month period of fiscal 2008 of $719,000, or 0.4% of net revenues, as compared to a provision of $3.8 million, or 1.6% of net revenues, for the nine month period of fiscal 2007.
Net Income (Loss) — As a result of the foregoing factors, Emerson recognized net income of $1.1 million (1.5% of net revenues) for the third quarter of fiscal 2008 as compared to net income of $3.7 million (4.1% of net revenues) in the third quarter of fiscal 2007. For the nine month period of fiscal 2008, our net (loss) was $1.7 million as compared to net income of $8.1 million for the nine month period of fiscal 2007.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources
     As of December 31, 2007, Emerson had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $20.4 million, compared to approximately $11.1 million at December 31, 2006. Working capital was $63.9 million at December 31, 2007 and $70.8 million at December 31, 2006. The increase in cash and cash equivalents of approximately $9.3 million was primarily due to increases in cash provided by operating activities, the settlement of a receivable due from affiliate and the sale of a building, partially offset by cash used for repayment of short-term debt, property and equipment additions and the payment of taxes, as described in the following paragraphs.
     Operating cash flow provided by continuing operating activities was approximately $21.0 million for the nine months ended December 31, 2007, resulting from the repayment to Emerson of financing provided to an affiliate in the prior fiscal year (see Note 7 — “Related Party Transactions”), primarily offset by growth in accounts receivable in the third quarter of fiscal 2008.
     Net cash provided by investing activities was $1.3 million for the nine months ended December 31, 2007 and resulted primarily from the sale of a building in Macao, offset by purchases of tooling by a foreign subsidiary related to sourcing of product and molds delivered to Capetronic, a related party, to manufacture musical instruments (see Note 7).
     Net cash used by financing activities was $3.7 million for the nine months ended December 31, 2007, resulting primarily from the pay down of loans of a foreign subsidiary.
     On December 23, 2005, we entered into a $45.0 million Revolving Credit Agreement with Wachovia Bank. This credit facility provides for revolving loans subject to individual maximums which, in the aggregate, are not to exceed the lesser of $45.0 million or a “Borrowing Base” as defined in the loan agreement. The Borrowing Base amount is established by specified percentages of eligible accounts receivables and inventories and bears interest ranging from Prime plus 0.00% to 0.50% or, at our election, the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus 1.25% to 2.25% depending on excess availability. Pursuant to the loan agreement, we are restricted from, among other things, paying certain cash dividends, and entering into certain transactions without the lender’s prior consent and are subject to certain leverage financial covenants. Borrowings under the loan agreement are secured by substantially all of our tangible assets.
     At December 31, 2007, there were approximately $11.1 million of letters of credit outstanding under this facility. There were no borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2007 under this facility. At December 31 2007, we were in compliance with the covenants on our credit facilities.
     As a result of Emerson electing to cancel its foreign bank facilities in December 2007, our foreign subsidiaries maintain no credit facilities as of December 31, 2007.
     At December 31, 2007, as a result of Emerson electing to cancel its foreign bank facilities, the requirement to maintain pledged deposits with foreign banks for our foreign subsidiaries was eliminated. As such, $3.0 million in certificates of deposit held at these banks have been returned.
      Short-Term Liquidity. Liquidity is impacted by seasonality in that Emerson generally records the majority of its annual sales in the quarters ending September and December. This requires Emerson to maintain higher inventory levels during the quarters ending June and September, therefore increasing the working capital needs during these periods. Additionally, Emerson receives the largest percentage of product returns in the quarter ending March. The higher level of returns during this period adversely impacts collection activity, and therefore liquidity. Management believes that continued sales margin improvement and the policies in place for returned products should continue to favorably impact cash flow. In the nine months ended December 31, 2007, products representing approximately 27% of net revenues were imported directly to Emerson’s customers. This contributes significantly to Emerson’s liquidity in that this inventory does not need to be financed.

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Emerson’s principal existing sources of cash are generated from operations and borrowings available under it’s revolving credit facilities. As of December 31, 2007, Emerson had $45 million of borrowing capacity available under it’s $45.0 million revolving credit facilities, as there were $11.1 million of letters of credit outstanding, and no outstanding loans. Emerson believes that it’s existing sources of cash, including cash flows generated from operations, will be sufficient to support existing operations over the next 12 months; however, management may decide to raise additional financing, which may include the issuance of equity securities, or the incurrence of additional debt, in connection with existing operations or if we elect to pursue acquisitions.
     The following summarizes obligations at December 31, 2007 for the periods shown (in thousands):
                                         
    Payment due by period
            Less than                   More than 5
    Total   1 year   1 — 3 years   3 — 5 years   years
            —
Capital lease obligations
  $ 209     $ 73     $ 123     $ 13      
Lease-related party
    204       204                    
Leases- non-affiliate
    5,386       1,718       2,836       832        
            —
Total
  $ 5,799     $ 1,995     $ 2,959     $ 845      
             
     There were no material capital expenditure commitments and no substantial commitments for purchase orders outside the normal purchase orders used to secure product as of December 31, 2007.
Other Events and Circumstances Pertaining to Liquidity
     The Company entered into foreign exchange forward contracts (denominated in U.S. and Hong Kong dollar), based on economic and market conditions and solely for the purpose of speculative trading, (See “Note 10. Financial Instruments” and Item 4.b “Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” ). The contract terms are for fixed periods and at December 31, 2007, the Company’s foreign exchange forward contracts had expiration dates that ranged from one to six months, with notional amounts of $11 million.
     At each balance sheet date the Company accounts for its foreien exchange forward contracts as a current asset with corresponding realized or unrealized gains and losses included in the income statement. Realized gains of $281,308 and unrealized gains of $233,547 have been recorded as non-operating income at December 31, 2007. There were no foreign exchange forward contracts to report at December 31, 2006.
Critical Accounting Policies
     For the nine month period ended December 31, 2007, there were no significant changes to accounting policies from those reported in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2007.
Inflation, Foreign Currency, and Interest Rates
     Neither inflation nor currency fluctuations had a significant effect on our results of operations during the first quarter of fiscal 2008. Our exposure to currency fluctuations has been minimized by the use of U.S. dollar denominated purchase orders. We purchase virtually all of our products from manufacturers located in China.
     The interest on any borrowings under our credit facilities would be based on the prime and LIBOR rate.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
     There have been no significant changes from items disclosed in Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2007.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
(a)  Disclosure controls and procedures .
During fiscal 2007, our management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) related to the recording, processing, summarization and reporting of information in our reports that we file with the SEC. These disclosure controls and procedures have been designed to ensure that material information relating to us, including our

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subsidiaries, is made known to our management, including these officers, by other of our employees, and that this information is recorded, processed, summarized, evaluated and reported, as applicable, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Due to the inherent limitations of control systems, not all misstatements may be detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. Our controls and procedures can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the above objectives have been met.
Based on their evaluation as of December 31, 2007, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that, for the reasons set forth below under “Changes In Internal Control Over Financial Reporting”; our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) were not effective to reasonably ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms.
(b) Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting
Emerson has operated for many years under a system of internal controls governing the purchase and sale of inventory and the use of its credit facilities to support its working capital needs. This system was designed in order to insure participation by and coordination among employees involved in each of the major functional areas of Emerson, namely sales, procurement and finance both in the United States and in its Asian offices.
The process begins with a monthly sales meeting in the United States chaired by the President of Sales and attended by sales, treasury, sales planning and production scheduling personnel. At this meeting, sales projections, pipeline and forecasts for all customers and for all models are reviewed and the foundation for the Monthly Buy Package is established. Subsequent to the monthly sales meeting, a Monthly Buy Package is developed, including a schedule of production needs by month, model and quantity. This package is forwarded to the Director of Sales and the Director of the Corporate Treasury and, when approved, forwarded to the Macao office.
Experienced personnel in Macao then review and combine all buy packages received and schedule letters of credit and on-account buys with manufacturers covering production for the month necessary to fill outstanding orders and the likely needs of customers on a timely basis. The report from Macao is then sent for final approval to the Director of the Corporate Treasury and the Treasurer. This system of internal controls provides that no letter of credit may be authorized for issuance and no open account production is permitted to begin until this final approval is received.
Once approved by Treasury, the package is sent back to the Macao office for execution of the buy transactions. Orders are placed and letters of credit are issued as needed. The Macao office produces and forwards to the Treasury and Finance Departments a Daily Activity Report which includes, among other things, letter of credit number, dollar amount, model number, manufacturer and quantity produced. All information on the Daily Activity Report should be able to be traced back to and tie in with the original approved Buy Package. This information becomes the basis on which Emerson’s cash and credit line are managed on a daily basis.
Emerson’s primary domestic bank is notified of each letter of credit presented for payment and, when paid, the applicable item is removed from the Daily Activity Report. In summary, this system, which was developed over many years, was intended to ensure that every major function within the firm participates at every stage of the purchase, sale and finance process and that there is centralized and continuing monitoring of the Company’s liquidity position.
In two transactions described in Note 7 (Related Party Transactions) our financial statements included in this report on Form 10-Q, Emerson’s internal control process was bypassed. In the transaction involving the 42” plasma televisions, purchase orders were issued, letters of credit were authorized and funds were advanced as a deposit with Capetronic, an affiliate of Grande, with only minimal involvement from the Treasury, Sales or Finance Departments under Emerson’s system of internal control. In addition, the distributor to which Emerson sold the television sets remitted approximately 25% of the monies due to Capetronic rather than to Emerson which then received the funds at a later time. Documentation of the entire transaction was also deficient.
The same infirmities (other than the payment by the distributor to Capetronic rather than Emerson) are present in the transactions involving the H.H. Scott LCD sets. In addition, there is virtually no documentation available to Emerson setting forth its participation in the transactions beyond the detail information set forth in the issued Letters of Credit. However, the available information shows that some of the Company’s credit was utilized to fund transactions for the benefit of Grande affiliates and in which Emerson then had no financial interest whatsoever.

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As described under Note 7 to our financial statements, during the quarter ended December 31, 2006, we and affiliates of Grande entered into a number of related party transactions that resulted in loans and letters of credit under our credit facility being issued for the benefit of affiliates of Grande. These loans were (i) subject to a repayment schedule that commenced on April 1, 2007 and ended on June 3, 2007 as set forth in the Note and (ii) guaranteed by Grande. All obligations under the Note were satisfied by June 3, 2007. The Company’s Audit Committee conducted an initial review of these transactions and concluded that these financing transactions (i) were not made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral and return on investment, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with unrelated persons, and (ii) involved more than the normal risk of collectibility. In addition, the review of the transactions revealed material weaknesses in the Company’s internal controls. The deficiencies that were uncovered related to (i) one or more senior managers failing to follow the Company’s existing internal controls over purchases and sales of inventory and utilization of the Company’s credit facilities and (ii) the lack of documentation related to such related party transactions. These events have also raised concerns about the Company’s overall control environment. Although such events may not result in any adjustment to the Company’s financial statements, such events reflect material weaknesses with respect to the Company internal controls.
The Company’s Audit Committee has received from an independent investigator a report with respect to certain of the related party transactions entered into by the Company, including its subsidiaries, with affiliates of Grande Holdings from December 2005 to the present, and is continuing its independent review into such transactions.
As part of the Company’s remedial actions, on February 20, 2007, the Board of Directors appointed a committee of the Board of Directors comprised of Adrian Ma, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Greenfield Pitts, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, Michael A.B. Binney, the Company’s President — International Operations, and Eduard Will, the Company’s former President — North American Operations and current Vice Chairman, to internally review and approve all related party transactions in an amount in excess of $500,000. Following review and approval by this newly formed committee, all such related party transactions are required to be reviewed and approved by the Company’s Audit Committee.
As part of its efforts to improve internal controls, the Company retained the consulting affiliate of a national accounting firm to assist it in its review of internal controls as mandated by SOX Section 404. In addition, on December 13, 2007, the Board of Directors adopted, and management is in the process of implementing, a series of governance and control policies and procedures designed to accomplish the same purpose.
In performing its normal quarterly review procedures, senior corporate financial management determined that personnel had authorized or permitted to occur, without the knowledge of or communication to senior corporate financial management, two foreign exchange transactions and a series of small related party transactions involving the sourcing for and subsequent sale of inventory to affiliates of Grande. The Company recognized modest amounts of profit from each of these transactions. For further information, see Note 10 “Financial Instruments”, “Other Events and Circumstances Pertaining to Liquidity” and Note 7 - “Related Party Transactions”.
Except as set forth above, there have been no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter to which this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q relates that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
          There currently is pending against three directors of the Company (Messrs. Ho, Ma and Binney) a purported derivative action filed on the Company’s behalf by two of its shareholders. The complaint, which has not yet been answered by the defendants, alleges that the named defendants, each of whom also is an executive officer of Grande Holdings, the Company’s controlling shareholder, violated their fiduciary duties to Emerson in connection with a number of previously disclosed related party transactions with affiliates of Grande Holdings. The recovery in such lawsuit, if any, will inure to Emerson’s benefit.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
     There were no changes in any risk factors previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2007.
ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
Share Repurchases:

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     For the quarter ended December 31, 2007, the Company did not repurchase any shares under Emerson Radio Corp.’s common stock share repurchase program. The share repurchase program was publicly announced in September 2003 to repurchase up to 2,000,000 shares of Emerson’s outstanding common stock. Share repurchases are made from time to time in open market transactions in such amounts as determined in the discretion of Emerson’s management within the guidelines set forth by Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act. Prior to the December 31, 2007 quarter, the Company repurchased 1,267,623 shares under this program. As of December 31, 2007, the maximum number of shares that are available to be repurchased under Emerson Radio Corp.’s common share repurchase program was 732,377. No shares have been repurchased under the program since June 14, 2005.

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ITEM 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
     (a) None
     (b) None
ITEM 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders.
          The Annual Meeting of the Stockholders of the Company (the “Annual Meeting”) was held on December 13, 2007, at which time the stockholders of the Company elected the following individuals to serve as directors of the Company until the next annual meeting of stockholders of the Company and until their successors are duly elected and qualified: Michael A.B. Binney, W. Michael Driscoll, Christopher Ho, Adrian Ma, Mirzan Mahathir, David R. Peterson, Greenfield Pitts, Kareem E. Sethi, Eduard Will and Norbert R. Wirsching. There were 27,129,832 shares of capital stock of the Company outstanding and entitled to vote at the record date for the Annual Meeting. There were present at the Annual Meeting, in person or by proxy, stockholders holding 26,047,528 shares of common stock of the Company, which represented approximately 96% of the total capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote.
          The matters voted upon at the Annual Meeting and the results of the voting at the Annual Meeting are set forth below:
          (i) With respect to the election of directors of the Company by the holders of common stock of the Company, the persons named below received the following number of votes:
                 
    Votes   Votes
Name   For   Withheld
Michael A.B. Binney
    22,336,344       3,711,184  
W. Michael Driscoll
    25,474,102       573,426  
Christopher Ho
    22,337,184       3,710,344  
Adrian Ma
    22,315,330       3,732,198  
Mirzan Mahathir
    24,253,118       1,794,410  
David R. Peterson
    24,262,181       1,785,347  
Greenfield Pitts
    22,321,881       3,725,647  
Kareem E. Sethi
    24,323,609       1,732,919  
Eduard Will
    22,328,844       3,718,684  
Norbert R. Wirsching
    25,480,565       566,963  
          (ii) With respect to the proposal to ratify the appointment of Moore Stephens P.C. to serve as the independent registered public accounting firm for the Company for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2008, the votes cast by the holders of common stock of the Company were as follows: 24,517,626 shares were voted in favor, 330,028 shares were voted against, and 1,199,873 shares abstained from voting on the proposal. There were no broker non-votes with respect to such proposal.
ITEM 5. Other Information.
     None
ITEM 6. Exhibits.
  3.1   Bylaws of Emerson Radio Corp., as amended.
 
  31.1   Certification of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*
 
  31.2   Certification of the Company’s Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*
 
  32   Certification of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*
 
*   filed herewith

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SIGNATURES
     Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
         
  EMERSON RADIO CORP.
(Registrant)
 
 
  /s/ Adrian Ma    
Date: February 14, 2008  Adrian Ma   
  Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer) 
 
     
  /s/ Greenfield Pitts    
Date: February 14, 2008  Greenfield Pitts   
  Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) 
 
 

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Exhibit 3.1
CORPORATE BYLAWS
OF
EMERSON RADIO CORP.
(a Delaware Corporation)
ARTICLE 1
NAME AND OFFICES
          1.1. Name . The name of the Corporation is EMERSON RADIO CORP., hereinafter referred to as the “Corporation.”
          1.2. Registered Office and Agent . The Corporation shall establish, designate and continuously maintain a registered office and agent in the State of Delaware, subject to the following provisions:
          (a) Registered Office . The Corporation shall establish and continuously maintain in the State of Delaware a registered office which may be, but need not be, the same as its place of business.
          (b) Registered Agent . The Corporation shall designate and continuously maintain in the State of Delaware a registered agent, which agent may be either an individual resident of the State of Delaware whose business office is identical with such registered office, or a domestic corporation or a foreign corporation authorized to transact business in the State of Delaware, having a business office identical with such registered office.
          (c) Change of Registered Office or Agent . The Corporation may change its registered office or change its registered agent, or both, upon the filing in the Office of the Secretary of State of Delaware of a statement setting forth the facts required by law, and executed for the Corporation by its President, a Vice President or other duly authorized officer.
          1.3. Other Offices . The Corporation may also have offices at such other places within and without the State of Delaware as the Board of Directors may, from time to time, determine the business of the Corporation may require.

 


 

ARTICLE 2
STOCKHOLDERS
          2.1. Place of Meetings . Each meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation is to be held at the principal offices of the Corporation or at such other place, either within or without the State of Delaware, as may be specified in the notice of the meeting or in a duly executed waiver of notice thereof.
          2.2. Annual Meetings . The annual meeting of the stockholders for the election of Directors and for the transaction of such other business as may properly come before the meeting shall be held within one hundred twenty (120) days after the close of the fiscal year of the Corporation on a day during such period to be selected by the Board of Directors; provided, however, that the failure to hold the annual meeting within the designated period of time or on the designated date shall not work a forfeiture or dissolution of the Corporation.
          2.3. Special Meetings . Several meetings of the stockholders, for any purpose or purposes, may be called by the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, or the President. The notice of a special meeting shall state the purpose or purposes of the proposed meeting and the business to be transacted at any such special meeting of stockholders, and shall be limited to the purposes stated in the notice therefor.
          2.4. Notice . Written or printed notice of the meeting stating the place, day and hour of the meeting, and in the case of a special meeting, the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called, shall be delivered not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days before the date of the meeting, either personally or by mail, by or at the direction of the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, the President, or the Secretary, to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at such meeting as determined in accordance with the provisions of Section 2.10 hereof. If mailed, such notice shall be deemed to be delivered when deposited in the United States Mail, with postage thereon prepaid, addressed

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to the stockholder entitled thereto at his address as it appears on the stock transfer books of the Corporation.
          2.5. Voting List . The officer or agent having charge and custody of the stock transfer books of the Corporation, shall prepare, at least ten (10) days before each meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting, arranged in alphabetical order and showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares having voting privileges registered in the name of each stockholder. Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting, during ordinary business hours for a period of not less than ten (10) days prior to such meeting either at the principal office of the Corporation or at a place within the city where the meeting is to be held, which place shall be specified in the notice of the meeting, or, if not so specified, at the place where the meeting is to be held. Such list shall also be produced and kept open at the time and place of the meeting and shall be subject to the inspection of any stockholder during the entire time of the meeting. The original stock ledger or transfer book, or a duplicate thereof, shall be prima facie evidence as to the identity of the stockholders entitled to examine such list or stock ledger or transfer book and to vote at any such meeting of the stockholders. The failure to comply with the requirements of this Section shall not effect the validity of any action taken at said meeting.
          2.6. Quorum . The holders of a majority of the shares of the capital stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote thereat, represented in person or by proxy, shall be requisite and shall constitute a quorum at all meetings of the stockholders for the transaction of business except as otherwise provided by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation or by these Bylaws. If, however, such quorum shall not be present or represented at any such meeting of the stockholders, the stockholders entitled to vote thereat, present in person, or represented by proxy, shall have the power to adjourn the meeting, from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present or represented. At such reconvened meeting at which a quorum shall be present or represented, any business may be

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transacted which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally notified. If the adjournment is for more than thirty (30) days, or if after the adjournment a new record date is fixed for the reconvened meeting, a notice of said meeting shall be given to each stockholder entitled to vote at said meeting.
          2.7. Requisite Vote . If a quorum is present at any meeting, the vote of the holders of a majority of the shares of capital stock having voting power, present in person or represented by proxy, shall determine any question brought before such meeting, unless the question is one upon which, by express provision of the Certificate of Incorporation or of these Bylaws, a different vote shall be required, in which case such express provision shall govern and control the determination of such question.
          2.8. Withdrawal of Quorum . If a quorum is present at the time of commencement of any meeting, the stockholders present at such duly convened meeting may continue to transact any business which may properly come before said meeting until adjournment thereof, notwithstanding the withdrawal from such meeting of sufficient holders of the shares of capital stock entitled to vote thereat to leave less than a quorum remaining.
          2.9. Voting at Meeting . Voting at meetings of stockholders shall be conducted and exercised subject to the following procedures and regulations:
          (a) Voting Power . In the exercise of voting power with .respect to each matter properly submitted to a vote at any meeting of stockholders, each stockholder of the capital stock of the Corporation having voting power shall be entitled to one (1) vote for each such share held in his name on the books of the Corporation, except to the extent otherwise specified by the Certificate of Incorporation or Certificate of Designations pertaining to a series of preferred stock.
          (b) Exercise of Voting Power; Proxies . Each stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting or to express consent or dissent to corporate action in writing without a meeting may vote either in person or authorize another person or persons to act for him by proxy duly appointed by instrument in writing subscribed by such stockholder or by his duly authorized attorney-in-fact; provided, however, no such appointment of proxy shell be valid, voted or acted upon after the expiration of three (3) years from the date of execution of such written instrument of appointment unless otherwise stated therein. A proxy shall be revocable unless expressly designated therein as irrevocable and coupled with an interest. Proxies coupled with an interest include the appointment as proxy of: (i)

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a pledgee; (ii) a person who purchased or agreed to purchase or owns or holds an option to purchase the shares voted; (iii) a creditor of the Corporation who extended its credit under terms requiring the appointment; (iv) an employee of the Corporation whose employment contract requires the appointment; or (v) a party to a voting agreement created under Section 218 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware, as amended. Each proxy shall be filed with the Secretary of the Corporation prior to or at the time of the meeting. Any vote may be taken by voice vote or by show of hands unless someone entitled to vote at the meeting objects, in which case written ballots shall be used.
          (c) Election of Directors . In all elections of Directors, cumulative voting shall be prohibited.
          2.10. Record Date; Closing Transfer Books . As more specifically provided in Article 7, Section 7.7 hereof, the Board of Directors may fix in advance a record date for the purpose of determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which record date shall not be less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days prior to such meeting, or the Board of Directors may close the stock transfer books for such purpose for a period of not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days prior to such meeting. In the absence of any action by the Board of Directors fixing the record date, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day before the day on which notice of the meeting is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day before the meeting is held.
          2.11. Action Without Meetings . Any action permitted or required to be taken at a meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice, and without a vote, if a consent or consents in writing, setting forth the action so taken, shall be signed by the stockholders holding a majority of the outstanding shares of the capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote with respect to the subject matter thereof, and such written consent shall have the same force and effect as the requisite vote of the stockholders thereon. Any such executed written consent, or an executed counterpart thereof, shall be placed in the minute book of the Corporation. Every written consent shall bear the date of signature of

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each stockholder who signs the consent. No written consent shall be effective to take the action that is the subject of the consent unless, within sixty (60) days after the date of the earliest dated consent delivered to the Corporation in the manner required under Section 2.11 hereof, a consent or consents signed by the holders of a majority of the shares of the capital stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote on the action that is the subject of the consent are delivered to the Corporation. Prompt notice of the taking of any action by stockholders without a meeting by less than unanimous written consent shall be given to those stockholders who did not consent in writing to the action.
          2.12. Record Date for Action Without Meetings . Unless a record date shall have previously been fixed or determined by the Board of Directors as provided in Section 2.10 hereof, whenever action by stockholders is proposed to be taken by consent in writing without a meeting of stockholders, the Board of Directors may fix a record date for the purpose of determining stockholders entitled to consent to that action, which record date shall not precede, and shall not be more than ten (10) days after, the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors. If no record date has been fixed by the Board of Directors and the prior action of the Board of Directors is not required by statute or the Certificate of Incorporation, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to consent to action in writing without a meeting shall be the first date on which a signed written consent setting forth the action taken or proposed to be taken is delivered to the Corporation by delivery to its registered office, its principal place of business, or an officer or agent of the Corporation having custody of the books in which proceedings of meetings of stockholders are recorded. Delivery shall be by hand or by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested. Delivery to the Corporation’s principal place of business shall be addressed to the President or Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation. If no record date shall have been fixed by the Board of Directors and prior action of the Board of Directors is required by statute, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to consent to action in writing without a meeting shall be at the

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close of business on the date in which the Board of Directors adopts a resolution taking such prior action.
          2.13. Preemptive Rights . No holder of shares of capital stock of the Corporation shall, as such holder, have any right to purchase or subscribe for any capital stock of any class which the Corporation may issue or sell, whether or not exchangeable for any capita1 stock of the Corporation of any class or classes, whether issued out of unissued shares authorized by the Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, or out of shares of capital stock of the Corporation acquired by it after the issue thereof; nor shall any holder of shares of capital stock of the Corporation, as such holder, have any right to purchase, acquire or subscribe for any securities which the Corporation may issue or sell whether or not convertible into or exchangeable for shares of capital stock of the Corporation of any class or classes, and whether or not any such securities have attached or appurtenant thereto warrants, options or other instruments which entitle the holders thereof to purchase, acquire or subscribe for shares of capital stock of any class or classes.
          2.14. Nominations for Director . Nominations for election to the Board may be made by the Board or by any stockholder of any outstanding class of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote for the election of Directors. Nominations, other than those made by or on behalf of the Board, shall be made in writing and shall be delivered to the President or the Chairman of the Board of the Corporation not less than (20) days prior to the applicable meeting; provided, however, that if the Corporation furnished less than thirty (30) days’ notice of any meeting, such notification must be delivered not later than ten (10) days following the date on which the Corporation provided such notice but in no event less than five (5) days prior to the meeting. The notification shall contain the following information to the extent known to the notifying stockholder: (a) the name and address of each proposed nominee; (b) the principal occupation of each proposed nominee; (c) the total number of shares of capital stock of the Corporation that will be voted for each proposed nominee; (d) the name and residence address of the notifying stockholder; (e) the number of shares of capital stock of the Corporation owned by

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the notifying stockholder; and (f) all other information required (in the President’s judgment) to be included in the Corporation’s proxy statement with respect to the applicable meeting of stockholders. Nominations not made in accordance herewith may, in his discretion, be disregarded by the Chairman of the meeting, and upon his instructions, the inspectors of election shall disregard all votes cast for each such nominee.
ARTICLE 3
DIRECTORS
          3.1. Management Powers . The powers of the Corporation shall be exercised by or under the authority of, and the business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed under the direction of, its Board of Directors which may exercise all such powers of the Corporation and do all such lawful acts and things as are not by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation or by these Bylaws directed or required to be exercised or done by the stockholders.
          3.2. Number and Qualification . The Board of Directors shall consist of not less than three (3) members nor more than fifteen (15) members; provided, however, the initial Board of Directors shall consist of nine (9) members. Directors need not be residents of the State of Delaware nor stockholders of the Corporation. Each Director shall qualify as a Director following election as such by agreeing to act or acting in such capacity. The number of Directors shall be fixed, and may be increased or decreased, from time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors without the necessity of a written amendment to the Bylaws of the Corporation; provided, however, no decrease shall have the effect of shortening the term of any incumbent Director.
          3.3. Election and Term . At each annual meeting of the stockholders, the stockholders entitled to vote in an election for Directors shall elect successors for a term expiring at the next succeeding annual meeting of stockholders. Each Director shall hold office until the

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nest succeeding annual meeting of stockholders, and until his successor shall be elected and qualified or until his death, resignation or removal, if earlier.
          3.4. Voting on Directors . Directors shall be elected by the vote of the holders of a plurality of the shares entitled to vote in the election of Directors and represented in person or by proxy at a meeting of stockholders at which a quorum is present. Cumulative voting in the election of Directors is expressly prohibited.
          3.5. Vacancies and New Directorships . Vacancies and newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the authorized number of Directors elected by all the stockholders having the right to vote as a single class may be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of the Directors then in office, although lets than a quorum, or by a sole remaining Director, or by the requisite vote of the stockholders at an annual meeting of the stockholders or at a special meeting of the stockholders called for that purpose, and the Directors so elected shall hold office until their successors are elected and qualified. If the holders of any class or classes of stock or series of stock of the Corporation are entitled to elect one or more Directors by the Certificate of Incorporation or Certificate of Designations cone applicable to such class or series, vacancies and newly created directorships of such class or classes or series may be filled by a majority of the Directors elected by such class or classes or series thereof then in office, or by a sole remaining Director so elected, and the Directors so elected shall hold office until the next election of Directors, and until their successors shall be elected and qualified. For purposes of these Bylaws, “vacancy” shall be defined as an unfilled directorship arising by virtue of the death, resignation or removal of a Director theretofore duly elected to serve in such capacity in accordance with the relevant provisions of these Bylaws.
          3.6. Removal . Any Director may be removed either for or without cause at any duly convened special or annual meeting of stockholders, by the affirmative vote of a majority in number of shares of the stockholders present in person or by proxy at any meeting and entitled to vote for the election of such Director, provided notice of intention to act upon such matter shall have been given in the notice calling such meeting.

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          3.7. Meetings . The meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held and conducted subject to the following regulations:
          (a) Place . Meetings of the Board of Directors of the Corporation, annual, regular or special, are to be held at the principal office or place of business of the Corporation, or such other place, either within or without the State of Delaware, as may be specified in the respective notices, or waivers of notice, thereof.
          (b) Annual Meeting . The Board of Directors shall meet each year immediately after the annual meeting of the stockholders, at such place where such meeting of the stockholders has been held (either within or without the State of Delaware), for the purpose of organization, election of officers, and consideration of any other business that may properly be brought before the meeting. No notice of any kind to either old or new members of the Board of Directors for such annual meeting shall be required.
          (c) Regular Meetings . Regular meetings of the Board of Directors may be held without notice at such time and at such place or places ad shall from time to time be determined and designated by the Board.
          (d) Special Meetings . Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer or the President of the Corporation on notice of two (2) days to each Director either personally or by mail or by telegram, telex or facsimile transmission and delivery. Special meetings of the Board of Directors shall be called by the Chairman of the Board or the President or Secretary in like manner and on like notice on the written request of three (3) Directors.
          (e) Notice and Waiver of Notice . Attendance of a Director at any meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except where a Director attends for the express purpose of objecting to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular meeting of the Board of Directors need be specified in the notice or waiver of notice of such meeting.
          (f) Quorum . At all meetings of the Board of Directors, a majority of the number of Directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, unless a greater number is required by law or by the Certificate of Incorporation. If a quorum shall not be present at any meeting of Directors, the Directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting, from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present.
          (g) Requisite Vote . The act of a majority of the Directors present at any meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board of Directors unless the act of a greater number is required by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation or by these Bylaws.

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          3.8. Action Without Meetings . Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, any action required or permitted by law to be taken at any meetings of the Board of Directors, or any committee thereof, may be taken without a meeting, if prior to such actions written consent thereto is signed by all members of the Board or of such committee, as the case may be, and such written consent is filed in the minutes or proceedings of the Board of Directors or committee.
          3.9. Committees . Committees designated and appointed by the Board of Directors shall function subject to and in accordance with the following regulations and procedures:
          (a) Designation and Appointment . The Board of Directors may, by resolution adopted by a majority of the entire Board, designate and appoint one or more committees under such name or names and for such purpose or function as may be deemed appropriate.
          (b) Members: Alternate Members; Terms . Each committee thus designated and appointed shall consist of two or more of the Directors of the Corporation, one of whom, in the case of the Executive Committee, shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the Company. The Board of Directors may designate one or more of its members as alternate members of any committee, who may, subject to any limitations imposed by the entire Board, replace absent or disqualified members at any meeting of that committee. The members or alternate members of any such committee shall serve at the pleasure of and subject to the discretion of the Board of Directors.
          (c) Authority . Each committee, to the extent provided in the resolution of the Board creating same, shall have and may exercise such of the powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation as the Board of Directors may direct and delegate, except, however, those matters which are required by statute to be reserved unto or acted upon by the entire Board of Directors.
          (d) Records . Each such committee shall keep and maintain regular records or minutes of its meetings and report the same to the Board of Directors when required.
          (e) Change in Number . The number of members or alternate members of any committee appointed by the Board of Directors, as herein provided, may be increased or decreased (but not below two) from time to time by appropriate resolution adopted by a majority of the entire Board of Directors.

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          (f) Vacancies . Vacancies in the membership of any committee designated and appointed hereunder shall be filled by the Board of Directors, at a regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors, in a manner consistent with the provisions of this Section 3.10.
          (g) Removal . Any member or alternate member of any committee appoint hereunder may be removed by the Board of Directors by the affirmative vote of a majority of the entire Board, whenever in its judgment the best interests of the Corporation will be served thereby.
          (h) Meetings . The time, place and notice (if any) of committee meetings shall be determined by the members of such committee.
          (i) Quorum; Requisite Vote . At meetings of any committee appointed hereunder, a majority of the number of members designated by the Board of Directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. The act of a majority of the members and alternate members of the committee present at any meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of such committee, except as otherwise specifically provided by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation or by these Bylaws. If a quorum is not present at a meeting of such committee, the members of such committee present may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than an announcement at the meeting, until a quorum is present.
          (j) Compensation . Appropriate compensation for members and alternate members of any committee appointed pursuant to the authority hereof may be authorized by the action of a majority of the entire Board of Directors pursuant to the provisions of Section 3.10 hereof.
          (k) Action Without Meetings . Any action required or permitted to be taken at a meeting of any committee may be taken without a meeting if a consent in writing, setting forth he action so taken, is signed by all members of such committee. Such consent shall have the same force and effect as a unanimous vote at a meeting. The signed consent, or a signed copy, shall become a part of the record of such committee.
          (l) Responsibility . Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary herein, the designation and appointment of a committee and the delegation of authority to it shall not operate to relieve the Board of Directors, or any member thereof, of any responsibility imposed upon it or him by law.
          3.10. Compensation . By appropriate resolution of the Board of Directors, the Directors may be reimbursed their expenses, if any, of attendance at each meeting of the Board of Directors and may be paid a fixed sum (as determined from time to time by the vote of a majority of the Directors then in office) for attendance at each meeting of the Board of Directors or a stated salary as Director. No such payment shall preclude any Director from serving the

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Corporation in another capacity and receiving compensation therefor. Members of special or standing committees may, by appropriate resolution of the Board of Directors, be allowed similar reimbursement of expenses and compensation for attending committee meetings.
          3.11. Maintenance of Records . The Directors may keep the books and records of the Corporation, except such as are required by law to be kept within the State, outside the State of Delaware or at such place or places as they may, from time to time, determine.
          3.12. Interested Directors and Officers . No contract or other transaction between the Corporation and one or more of its Directors or officers, or between the Corporation and any firm of which one or more of its Directors or officers are members or employees, or in which they are interested, or between the Corporation and any corporation or association of which one or more of its Directors or officers are stockholders, members, directors, officers, or employees, or in which they are interested, shall be voided or voidable solely for this reason, solely because of the presence of such Director or Directors or officer or officers at the meeting of the Board of Directors of the Corporation, which acts upon, or in reference to, such contract, or transaction, or solely because his or their votes are counted for such purpose, if (a) the material facts of such relationship or interest shall be disclosed or known to the Board of Directors and the Board of Directors shall, nevertheless in good faith, authorize, approve and ratify such contract or transaction by a vote of a majority of the Directors present, such interested Director or Directors to be counted in determining whether a quorum is present, but not to be counted in calculating the majority of such quorum necessary to carry such vote; (b) the material facts of such relationship or interest as to the contract or transaction are disclosed or are known to the stockholders entitled to vote thereon, and the contract or transaction is specifically approved in good faith by the vote of the stockholders; or (c) the contractor or transaction is fair to the Corporation as of the time it is authorized, approved or ratified by the Board of Directors, a committee thereof or the stockholders. The provisions of this Section shall not be construed to invalidate any contract or other transaction which would otherwise be valid under the common and statutory law applicable thereto.

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ARTICLE 4
NOTICES
          4.1. Method of Notice . Whenever under the provisions of the General Corporation Law of Delaware or of the Certificate of Incorporation or of these Bylaws notice is required to be given to any Director or stockholder, it shall not be construed to mean personal notice, but such notice may be given in writing and delivered personally, through the United States mail, by a recognized delivery service (such as Federal Express) or by means of telegram, telex or facsimile transmission, addressed to such Director or stockholder, at his address or telex or facsimile transmission number, as the case may be, as it appears on the records of the Corporation, with postage and fees thereon, prepaid. Such notice shall be deemed to be given at the time when the same shall be deposited in the United States Mail or with an express delivery service or when transmitted by telex or facsimile transmission or personally delivered, as the case may be.
          4.2. Waiver . Whenever any notice whatever is required to be given under the provisions of the General Corporation Law of Delaware or under the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, a waiver thereof in writing signed by the person or persons entitled to such notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to the giving of such notice. Attendance by such person or persons, whether in person or by proxy, at any meeting requiring notice shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except where such person attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened.
ARTICLE 5
OFFICERS AND AGENTS
          5.1. Designation . The officers of the Corporation shall be chosen by the Board of Directors and shall consist of the offices of:

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          (a) Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer, President, Vice President, Treasurer and Secretary; and
          (b) Such other offices and officers (including one or more additional Vice Presidents) and assistant officers and agents as the Board of Directors shall deem necessary.
          5.2. Election of Officers . Each officer designated in Section 5.1(a) hereof shall be elected by the Board of Directors on the expiration of the term of office of such officer, as herein provided, or whenever a vacancy exists in such office. Each officer or agent designated in Section 5.l(b) above may be elected by the Board of Directors at any meeting.
          5.3. Qualifications . No officer or agent need be a stockholder of the Corporation or a resident of Delaware. No officer or agent is required to be a Director, except the Chairman of the Board. Any two or more offices may be held by the same person.
          5.4. Term of Office . Unless otherwise specified by the Board of Directors at the time of election or appointment, or by the express provisions of an employment contract approved by the Board, the term of office of each officer and each agent shall expire on the date of the first meeting of the Board of Directors next following the annual meeting of stockholders each year. Each such officer or agent shall serve until the expiration of the term of his office or, if earlier, his death, resignation or removal.
          5.5. Authority . Officers and agents shall have such authority and perform such duties in the management of the Corporation as are provided in these Bylaws or as may be determined by resolution of the Board of Directors not inconsistent with these Bylaw.
          5.6. Removal . Any officer or agent elected or appointed by the Board of Directors may be removed with or without cause by the Board of Directors whenever in its judgment the best interests of the Corporation will be served thereby. Such removal shall be without prejudice to the contract rights, if any, of the person so removed. Election or appointment of an officer or agent shall not of itself create contract rights.
          5.7. Vacancies . Any vacancy occurring in any office of the Corporation (by death, resignation, removal or otherwise) shall be filled by the Board of Directors.

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          5.8. Compensation . The compensation of all officers and agents of the Corporation shall be fixed from time to time by the Board of Directors.
          5.9. Chairman of the Board . The Chairman of the Board shall be chosen from among the Directors. The Chairman of the Board shall have the power to call special meetings of the stockholders and of the Directors for any purpose or purposes, and he shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors, unless he shall be absent or unless he shall, at his election, designate the Vice Chairman to preside in his stead. The Chairman of the Board shall advise and counsel the Chief Executive Officer and other officers of the Corporation and shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as shall be assigned to or required by him from time to time by the Board of Directors.
          5.10. Vice Chairman . The Vice Chairman, if one is elected, shall have the power to call special meetings of the stockholders and of the Directors for any, purpose or purposes, and, in the absence Of the Chairman of the Board, the Vice Chairman shall preside at All meetings of the Board of Directors unless he shall be Absent. The Vice Chairman shall advise and counsel the other officers of the Corporation and shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as shall be assigned to or required of him from time to time by the Board of Directors.
          5.11. Chief Executive Officer . Subject to the supervision of the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer shall have general supervision, management, direction and control of the business and affairs of the Corporation and shall see that all orders and resolutions of the Board of Directors are carried into effect. The Chief Executive Officer shall execute bonds, mortgages and other contracts requiring a seal, under the seal of the Corporation, except where required or permitted by law to be otherwise executed and except where the execution thereof shall be expressly delegated by the Board of Directors to some other officer or agent of the Corporation. The Chief Executive Officer shall preside at meetings of the stockholders and, in the absence of the Chairman of the Board and the Vice Chairman, at all meetings of the Board of Directors. The Chief Executive Officer shall be ex officio a member of the Executive

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Committee, if any, of the Board of Directors. The Chief Executive Officer shall have the general powers and duties of management usually vested in the office of chief executive officer of a corporation and shall perform such other duties and possess such other authority and powers as the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe. If no individual is elected to the office of Chief Operating Officer, the Chief Executive Officer shall have the powers and perform the duties of the Chief Operating Officer.
          5.12. Chief Operating Officer . Subject to the supervision of the Board of Directors, the Chief Operating Officer, if one is elected, shall have general supervision of the day-to-day operations of the Corporation. The Chief Operating Officer shall have the general powers and duties of management usually vested in the office of chief operating officer of a corporation and shall perform such other duties and possess such other authority and powers as the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe.
          5.13. President . In the absence or disability of the Chief Executive Officer, the President shall perform all of the duties of the Chief Executive Officer and when so acting shall have all the powers and be subject to all the restrictions upon the Chief Executive Officer, including the power to sign all instruments and to take all actions which the Chief Executive Officer is authorized to perform by the Board of Directors or the Bylaws. The President shall have the general powers and duties usually vested in the office of president of a corporation and such other powers and duties as may be prescribed from time to time by the Chief Executive Officer or the Board of Directors.
          5.14. Vice Presidents . The Corporation may elect Vice Presidents of the Corporations, as Executive Vice Presidents, Senior Vice President, and/or Vice Presidents, in such priority to title. The Vice President, or if there shall be more than one, the Vice Presidents in the order determined by priority of title, and, within each type of Vice Presidents, by the requisite vote of the Board of Directors, shall, in the prolonged absence or disability of the President, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the President and shall perform such

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other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe or as the Chief Executive Officer may from time to time delegate.
          5.15. Secretary . The Secretary shall attend all meetings of the Board of Directors and all meetings of the stockholders of the Corporation and record all proceedings of the meetings of the Corporation and of the Board of Directors in a book to be maintained for that purpose and shall perform like duties for the standing committees when required. The Secretary shall give, or cause to be given, notice of all meetings of the stockholders and special meetings of the Board of Directors, and shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, or the President. He shall have custody of the corporate seal of the Corporation, and he, or an Assistant Secretary, shall have authority to affix the same to any instrument requiring it and when so affixed, it may be attested by his signature or by the signature of such Assistant Secretary. The Board of Directors may give general authority to any other officer to affix the seal of the Corporation and to attest the affixing by his signature.
          5.16. Assistant Secretaries . The Assistant Secretary, or if there be more than one, the Assistant Secretaries in the order determined by the Board of Directors, shall in the absence or disability of the Secretary, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the Secretary and shall perform such, other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Director may from time to time prescribe or as the Chief Executive Officer may from time to time delegate.
          5.17. Treasurer . The Treasurer shall be the chief financial officer of the Corporation and shall have the custody of the corporate funds and securities and shall keep full and accurate accounts of receipts and disbursements in books belonging to the Corporation and shall deposit all moneys and other valuable effects in the name and to the credit of the Corporation in such depositories as may be designated by the Board of Directors. The Treasurer shall disburse the funds of the Corporation as may be ordered by the Board of Directors, taking proper vouchers for such disbursements, and shall render to the Chief Executive Officer (and

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Chairman of the Board, if one is elected) and the Board of Directors, at its regular meetings, or when the Board of Directors so requires, an account of all his transactions as Treasurer and of the financial condition of the Corporation. If required by the Board of Directors, the Treasurer shall give the Corporation a bond in such sum and with such surety or sureties as shall be satisfactory to the Board of Directors for the faithful performance of the duties of his office and for the restoration to the Corporation, in case of his death, resignation, retirement or removal from office, of all books, papers, vouchers, money, and other property of whatever kind in his possession, or under his control owned by the Corporation. The Treasurer shall perform such other duties and have such other authority and powers as the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe or as the Chief Executive Officer may from time to time delegate.
          5.18. Assistant Treasurers . The Assistant Treasurer, or, if there shall be more than one, the Assistant Treasurers in the order determined by the Board of Directors, shall, in the absence or disability of the Treasurer, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the Treasurer and shall perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe or as the Chief Executive Officer may from time to time delegate.
ARTICLE 6
INDEMNIFICATION
          6.1. Mandatory Indemnification . Each person who was or is made a party or is threatened to be made a party, or who was or is a witness without being named a party, to any threatened, pending or completed action, claim, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, any appeal in such an action, suit or proceeding, and any inquiry or investigation that could lead to such an action, suit or proceeding (a “Proceeding”), by reason of the fact that such individual, from and after the date hereof, is or was a Director or officer of the Corporation, or while a Director or officer of the Corporation is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, partner, venturer, proprietor, trustee, employee, agent or

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similar functionary of another corporation, partnership, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise, shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Corporation from and against any judgments, penalties (including excise taxes), fines, amounts paid in settlement and reasonable expenses (including court costs and attorneys’ fees) actually incurred by such person in connection with such Proceeding if it is determined that be acted in good faith and reasonably believed (a) in the case of conduct in his official capacity on behalf of the Corporation that his conduct was in the Corporation’s best interests, (b) in all other cases, that his conduct was not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, and (c) with respect to any Proceeding which is a criminal action, that he had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful; provided, however, that if a determination is made that, such person is liable to the Corporation or is found liable on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received by such person, the indemnification is limited to reasonable expenses actually incurred by such person in connection with the Proceeding and shall not be made in respect of any Proceeding in which such person shall have been found liable for willful or intentional misconduct in the performance of his duty to the Corporation. The termination of any Proceeding by judgment, order, settlement, conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not, of itself, be determinative of whether the person did not act in good faith and in a manner which he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, and, with respect to any Proceeding which is a criminal action, had reasonable cause to believe that his conduct was unlawful. A person shall be deemed to have been found liable in respect of any claim, issue or matter only after the person shall have been so adjudged by a court of competent jurisdiction after exhaustion of.all appeals therefrom.
          6.2. Determination of Indemnification . Any indemnification under the foregoing Section 6.1 (unless ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction) shall be made by the corporation only upon a determination that indemnification of such person is proper in the circumstances by virtue of the fact that it shall have been determined that such person has met the applicable standard of conduct. Such determination stall be made (a) by a majority vote of a

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quorum consisting of Directors who at the time of the vote are not named defendants or respondents in the Proceeding; (b) if such quorum cannot be obtained, by a majority vote of a committee of the Board of Directors, designated to act in the matter by a majority of all Directors, consisting of two or more Directors who at the time of the vote are not named defendants or respondents in the Proceeding; (c) by special legal counsel (in a written opinion) selected by the Board of Directors or a committee of the Board by a vote as set forth in Subsection (a) or (b) of this Section, or, if such quorum cannot be established, by a majority vote of all Directors (in which Directors who are named defendants or respondents in the Proceeding may participate); or (d) by the stockholders of the Corporation in a vote that excludes the shares held by Directors who are named defendants or respondents in the Proceeding.
          6.3. Advance of Expenses . Reasonable expenses, including court costs and attorneys’ fees, incurred by a person who was or is a witness or who was or is named as a defendant or respondent in a Proceeding, by reason of the fact that such individual is or was a Director or officer of the Corporation, or while a Director or officer of the Corporation is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, partner, venturer, proprietor, trustee, employee, agent or similar functionary of another corporation, partnership, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise, shall be paid by the Corporation at reasonable intervals in advance of the final disposition of such Proceeding, and without the determination set forth in Section 6.2, upon receipt by the Corporation of a written affirmation by such person of his good faith belief that he has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification undo this Article 6, and a written undertaking by or on behalf of such person to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the Corporation if it is ultimately determined that he is not entitled to be indemnified by the Corporation as authorized in this Article 6. Such written undertaking shall be an unlimited obligation of such person and it may be accepted without reference to financial ability to make repayment.
          6.4. Permissive Indemnification . The Board of Directors of the Corporation may authorize the Corporation to indemnify employees or agents of the Corporation, and to

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advance the reasonable expenses of such persons, to the same extent, following the same determinations and upon the same conditions as are required for the indemnification of and advancement of expenses to Directors and officers of the Corporation.
          6.5. Nature of Indemnification . The indemnification and advancement of expense provided hereunder (a) shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification may be entitled under the Certificate of Incorporation, these Bylaws, any agreement, vote of stockholder or disinterested Directors or otherwise, both as to actions taken in an official capacity and as to actions taken in any other capacity while holding such office, (b) shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a Director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation, (c) shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such person, and (d) is not intended to apply to any predecessor entities of the Corporation prior to the date hereof.
          6.6. Insurance . The Corporation shall have the power and authority to purchase and maintain insurance or another arrangement on behalf of any person who is or was a Director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation, or who is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, partner, venturer, proprietor, trustee, employee, agent, or similar functionary of another foreign or domestic corporation, partnership, joint venture, sole proprietorship, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise, against any liability, claim, damage, loss or risk asserted against such person and incurred by such person in any such capacity or arising out of the status of such person or such, irrespective of whether the Corporation would have the power to indemnify and hold such person harmless against such liability under the provisions hereof. If the insurance or other arrangement is with a person or entity that is not regularly engaged in the business of providing insurance coverage, the insurance or arrangement may provide for payment of a liability with respect to which the Corporation would not have the power to indemnify the person only if including coverage for the additional liability has been approved by the stockholders of the Corporation. Without limiting the power of the Corporation to procure or maintain any kind of insurance or other arrangement,

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the Corporation may, for the benefit of persons indemnified by the Corporation, (a) create a trust fund; (b) establish any form of self-insurance; (c) secure its indemnity obligation by grant of a security interest or other lien on the assets of the Corporation; or (d) establish a letter of credit, guaranty, or surety arrangement. The insurance or other arrangement may be procured, maintained or established within the Corporation or with any insurer or other person deemed appropriate by the Board of Directors regardless of whether all or part of the stock or other securities of the insurer or other person are owned in whole or in part by the Corporation. In the absence of fraud, the judgment of the Board of Directors as to the terms and conditions of the insurance or other arrangement and the identity of the insurer or other person participating in the arrangement shall be conclusive and the insurance or arrangement shall not be voidable and shall not subject the Directors approving the insurance or arrangement to liability, on any ground, regardless of whether the Directors participating in the approval are beneficiaries of the insurance or arrangement.
          6.7. Notice . Any indemnification or advance of expenses to a present or former Director or officer of the Corporation in accordance with this Article 6 shall be reported in writing to the stockholders of the Corporation with or before the notice or waiver of notice of the next stockholders’ meeting or with or before the next submission of a consent to action without a meeting and, in any case, within the next twelve month pared immediately following the indemnification or advance.
ARTICLE 7
STOCK CERTIFICATES AND TRANSFER REGULATIONS
          7.1. Description of Certificates . The shares of the capital stock of the Corporation shall be represented by certificates in the form approved by the Board of Directors and signed in the name of the corporation by the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Operating Officer, the President or a Vice President and the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Corporation, and sealed with the seal of the Corporation or a facsimile

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thereof. Each certificate shall state on the face thereof the name of the holder, the number and class of shares, the par value of shares covered thereby or a statement that such shares are without par value and such other matters as are required by law. At such time as the Corporation may be authorized to issue shares of more than one class, every certificate shall set forth upon the face or back of such certificate a statement of the designations, preferences, limitations and relative rights of the shares of each class authorized to be issued, as required by the laws of the State of Delaware, or may state that the Corporation will furnish a copy of such statement without charge to the holder of such certificate upon receipt of a written request therefor from such holder.
          7.2. Entitlement to Certificates . Every holder of the capital stock in the Corporation shall be entitled to have a certificate signed in the name of the Corporation by the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Operating Officer, the President or a Vice President and the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Corporation, certifying the class of capital stock and the number of shares represented thereby as owned or held by such stockholder in the Corporation.
          7.3. Signatures . The signatures of the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Operating Officer, the President, the Vice President, the Secretary or the Assistant Secretary upon a certificate may be facsimiles. In case any officer or officers who have signed, or whose facsimile signature or signatures have been placed upon any such certificate or certificates, shall cease to serve as such officer or officers of the Corporation, whether because of death, resignation, removal or otherwise, before such certificate or certificates are issued and delivered by the Corporation, such certificate or certificates may nevertheless be adopted by the Corporation and be issued and delivered with the same effect as though the person or persons who signed such certificate or certificates or whose facsimile signature or signatures have been used thereon had not ceased to serve as such officer or officers of the Corporation.

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          7.4. Issuance of Certificates . Certificates evidencing shares of its capital stock (both treasury and authorized but unissued) may be issued for such consideration (not less than par value, except for treasury shares which may be issued for such consideration) and to such persons as the Board of Directors may determine from time to time. Shares shall not be issued until the full amount of the consideration, fixed as provided by law, has been paid.
          7.5. Payment for Shares . Consideration for the issuance of shares shall be paid, valued and allocated as follows:
          (a) Consideration . The consideration for the issuance of shares shall consist of money paid, labor done (including services actually performed for the Corporation), or property (tangible or intangible) actually received. Neither promissory notes nor the promise of future services shall constitute payment of consideration for shares.
          (b) Valuation . In the absence of fraud in the transaction, the determination, of the Board of Directors as to the value of consideration received shall be conclusive.
          (c) Effect . When consideration, fixed as provided by law, has been paid, the shares shall be deemed to have been issued and shall be considered fully paid and nonassessable.
          (d) Allocation of Consideration . The consideration received for shares shall be allocated by the Board of Directors, in accordance with law, between the stated capital and capital surplus accounts.
          7.6. Subscriptions . Unless otherwise provided in the subscription agreement, subscriptions of shares, whether made before or after organization of the Corporation, shall be paid in full in such installments and at such times as shall be determined by the Board of Directors. Any call made by the Board of Directors for payment on subscriptions shall be uniform as to all shares of the same class and series. In case of default in the payment of any installment or call when payment is due, the Corporation may proceed to collect the amount due in the same manner as any debt due to the Corporation.
          7.7. Closing of Transfer Books: Record Date . For the purpose of determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders, or any adjournment

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thereof, or entitled to receive a distribution by the Corporation (other than a distribution involving a purchase or redemption by the Corporation of any of its own shares) or a share dividend, or to make a determination of stockholders for any other proper purpose, the Board of Directors may provide that stock transfer books shall be closed for a stated period of time not to exceed, in any case, sixty (60) days. If the stock transfer books shall be closed for the purpose of determining stockholders, such books shall be closed for at least ten (10) days immediately preceding such meeting. In lieu of closing the stock transfer books, as aforesaid, the Board of Directors may fix in advance a date as the record date for any such determination of stockholders, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which record date shall be not more than sixty (60) days, and in the case of a meeting of stockholders, not less than ten (10) days prior to the date on which the particular action requiring such determination of stockholders is to be taken. If the stock transfer books are not closed and no record date is fixed for the determination of stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders, or stockholders entitled to receive a distribution (other than a distribution involving a purchase or redemption by the Corporation of any of its own shares) or a share dividend, the date before the date on which notice of the meeting is mailed or the date on which the resolution of the Board of Directors declaring such distribution or share dividend is adopted, as the case may be, shall be the record date for such determination of stockholders. When a determination of stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders has been made as provided in this Section, such determination shall be applied to any adjournment thereof except where the determination has been made through the closing of the stock transfer books and the stated period of closing has expired.
          7.8. Registered Owners . Prior to due presentment for registration of transfer of a certificate evidencing shares of the capital stock of the Corporation in the manner set forth in Section 7.10 hereof, the Corporation shall be entitled to recognize the person registered as the owner of such shares on its books (or the books of its duly appointed transfer agent, as the case

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may be) as the person exclusively entitled to vote, to receive notices and dividends with respect to, and otherwise exercise any rights and powers relative to such shares; and the Corporation shall not be bound or otherwise obligated to recognize any claim, direct or indirect, legal or equitable, to such shares by any other person, whether or not it shall have actual, express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise provided by the laws of Delaware.
          7.9. Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Certificates . The Corporation shall issue a new certificate in place of any certificate for shares previously issued if the registered owner of the certificate satisfies the following conditions:
          (a) Proof of Loss . Submits proof in affidavit form satisfactory to the Corporation that such certificate has been lost, destroyed or wrongfully taken;
          (b) Timely Request . Requests the issuance of a new certificate before the Corporation has notice that the certificate has been acquired by a purchaser for value in good faith and without notice of an adverse claim;
          (c) Bond . Gives a bond in such form, and with such surety or sureties, with fixed or open penalty, as the Corporation may direct, to indemnify the Corporation (and its transfer agent and registrar, if any) against any claim that may be made or otherwise asserted by virtue of the alleged loss, destruction, or theft of such certificate or certificates; and
          (d) Other Requirements . Satisfies any other reasonable requirements imposed by the Corporation.
          If a certificate has been lost, apparently destroyed or wrongfully taken, and the registered owner of record fails to notify the Corporation within a reasonable time after he has notice of such loss, destruction, or wrongful taking, and the Corporation registers a transfer (in the manner hereinbelow set forth) of the shares represented by the certificate before receiving such notification, such prior registered owner of record shall be precluded from making any claim against the Corporation for the transfer required hereunder or for a new certificate.
          7.10. Registration of Transfers . Subject to the provisions hereof, the Corporation shall register the transfer of a certificate evidencing shares of its capital stock presented to it for transfer if:

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          (a) Endorsement . Upon surrender of the certificate to the Corporation (or its transfer agent, as the case may be) for transfer, the certificate (or an appended stock power) is properly endorsed by the registered owner, or by his duly authorized legal representative or attorney-in-fact, with proper written evidence of the authority and appointment of such representative, if any, accompanying the certificate;
          (b) Guaranty and Effectiveness of Signature . The signature of such registered owner or his legal representative or attorney-in-fact, as the case may be, has been guaranteed by a national banking association or member of the New York Stock Exchange, and reasonable assurance in a form satisfactory to the Corporation is given that such endorsements are genuine and effective;
          (c) Adverse Claims . The Corporation has no notice of an adverse claim or has otherwise discharged any duty to inquire into such a claim;
          (d) Collection of Taxes . Any applicable law (local, state or federal) relating to the collection of taxes relative to the transaction has been complied with; and
          (e) Additional Requirements Satisfied . Such additional conditions and documentation as the Corporation (or its transfer agent, as the case may be) shall reasonably require, including without limitation thereto, the delivery with the surrender of such stock certificate or certificates of proper evidence of succession, assignment or other authority to obtain transfer thereof, as the circumstances may require, and such legal opinions with reference to the requested transfer as shall be required by the Corporation (or its transfer agent) pursuant to the provisions of these Bylaws and applicable law, shall have been satisfied.
          7.11. Restrictions on Transfer and Legends on Certificates .
          (a) Shares in Classes or Series . If the Corporation is authorized to issue shares of more than one class, the certificate shall set forth, either on the face or back of the certificate, a full or summary statement of all of the designations, preferences, limitations and relative rights of the shares of each such class and, if the Corporation is authorized to issue any preferred or special class in any series, the variations in the relative rights and preferences of the shares of each such series so far as the same have been fixed and determined, and the authority of the Board of Directors to fix and determine the relative rights and preferences of subsequent series. In lieu of providing such a statement in full on the certificate, a statement on the face or back of the certificate may provide that the Corporation will furnish such information to any stockholder without charge upon written request to the Corporation at its principal place of business or registered office and that copies of the information are on file in the office of the Secretary of State.
          (b) Restriction on Transfer . Any restrictions imposed by the Corporation on the sale or other disposition of its shares and on the transfer thereof must be copied at length or in summary form on the face, or so copied on the back and referred to on the face, of each certificate representing shares to which the restriction applies. The certificate may however state on the face or back that such a restriction exists pursuant to

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a specified document and that the Corporation will furnish a copy of the document to the holder of the certificate without charge upon written request to the Corporation at its principal place of business.
ARTICLE 8
GENERAL PROVISIONS
          8.1. Dividends . Subject to the provisions of the General Corporation Law of Delaware, as amended, and the Certificate of Incorporation, dividends of the Corporation shall be declared and paid pursuant to the following regulations:
          (a) Declaration and Payment . Dividends on the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation may be declared by the Board of Directors at any regular or special meeting and may be paid in cash, in property, or in shares of capital stock. Such declaration and payment shall be at the discretion of the Board of Directors.
          (b) Record Date . The Board of Directors may fix in advance a record date nor the purpose of determining stockholders entitled to payment of any dividend, such record date to be not more than sixty (60) days prior to the payment date of such dividend, or the Board of Directors may close the stock transfer books for such purpose for a period of not more the sixty (60) days prior to the payment date of such dividend. In the absence of action by the Board of Directors, the date upon which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution declaring such dividend shall be the record date
          8.2. Reserves . There may be created by resolution of the Board of Directors out of the surplus of the Corporation such reserve or reserves as the Board of Directors from time to time, in its discretion, thinks proper to provide for contingencies, or to repair or maintain any property of the Corporation, it for such other purposes as the Board of Directors shall think beneficial to the Corporation, and the Board of Directors may modify or abolish any such reserve in the manner in which it was created.
          8.3. Books and Records . The Corporation shall maintain correct and complete books and records of account and shall prepare and maintain minutes of the proceedings of its stockholders, its Board of Directors and each committee of its Board of Directors. The Corporation shall keep at its registered office or principal place of business, or at the office of its transfer agent or registrar, a record of original issuance of shares issued by the Corporation and a

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record of each transfer of those shares that have been presented to the Corporation for registration or transfer. Such records shall contain the names and addresses of all past and present stockholders and the number and class of the shares issued by the Corporation held by each.
          8.4. Annual Statement . The Board of Directors shall present at or before each annual meeting of stockholders a full and clear statement of the business and financial condition of the Corporation including, a reasonably detailed balance sheet and income statement under current date.
          8.5. Contracts and Negotiable Instruments . Except as otherwise provided by law or these Bylaws, any contract or other instrument relative to the business of the Corporation may be executed and delivered in the name of the Corporation and on its behalf by the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Operating Officer, the President or any Vice President of the Corporation. The Board of Directors may authorize any other officer or agent of the Corporation to enter into any contract or execute and deliver any contract in the name and on behalf of the Corporation, and such authority may be general or confined to specific instances as the Board of Directors may determine, by resolution. All bills, notes, checks or other instruments for the payment of money shall be signed or countersigned such officer, officers, agent or agents and in such manner as are permitted by these Bylaws and/or as, from time to time, may be prescribed by resolution of the Board of Directors. Unless authorized to do so by these Bylaws or by the Board of Directors, no officer, agent or employee shall have any power or authority to bind the Corporation by any contract or engagement, or to pledge its credit, or to render it liable pecuniarily for any purpose or to any amount.
          8.6. Fiscal Year . The fiscal year of the Corporation shall end on March 31 of each year.
          8.7. Corporate Seal . The Corporation’s seal shall be in such form as may be determined by the Board of Directors. The seal may be used by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be impressed or affixed or in any manner reproduced.

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          8.8. Resignations . Any Director, officer or agent may resign his office or position with the Corporation by delivering written notice thereof to the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Operating Officer, the President or the Secretary. Such resignation shall be effective at the time specified therein, or immediately upon delivery if no time is specified. Unless otherwise specified therein, an acceptance of such resignation shall not be a necessary prerequisite of its effectiveness.
          8.9. Amendment of Bylaws . These Bylaws may be altered, amended or repealed and new Bylaws adopted at any meeting of the Board of Directors or stockholders at which quorum is present, by the affirmative vote of a majority of the Directors or stockholders, as the case may be, present at such meeting, provided notice of the proposed alteration, amendment or repeal be contained in the notice of such meeting.
          8.10. Construction . Whenever the context so requires herein, the masculine shall include the feminine and neuter, and the singular shall include the plural, and conversely if any portion or provision of these Bylaws shall be held invalid or inoperative, then, so far as is reasonable and possible: (a) the remainder of these Bylaws shall be considered valid and operative, and (b) effect shall be given to the intent manifested by the portion or provision held invalid or inoperative.
          8.11. Telephone Meetings . Stockholders, Directors or members of any committee may hold any meeting of such stockholders, Directors or committee by means of conference telephone or similar communications equipment which permits all persons participating in the meeting to hear each other and actions taken at such meetings shall have the same force and effect as if taken at a meeting at which persons were present and voting in person. The Secretary of the Corporation shall prepare a memorandum of the action taken.
          8.12. Table of Contents: Captions . The table of contents and captions used in these Bylaws have been inserted for administrative convenience only and do not constitute matter to be construed in interpretation.

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          IN DUE CERTIFICATION WHEREOF, the undersigned, being the Secretary of EMERSON RADIO CORP., confirms the adoption and approval of the foregoing Bylaws, effective as of the 14th day of March, 1993.
         
     
     /S/ Albert G. McGrath    
    Albert G. McGrath, Jr.   
    Secretary   

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AMENDMENT
TO
CORPORATE BYLAWS
OF
EMERSON RADIO CORP.
      WHEREAS, the Board of Directors (the “ Board ”) of Emerson Radio Corp. (the “ Corporation ”) desires to amend (the “ Amendment ”) the Corporate Bylaws of the Corporation (the “ Bylaws ”) to (i) update the titles and description of the duties of the officer positions of the Corporation and (ii) provide that some or all of any or all classes or series of stock of the Corporation may be uncertificated in order for the Corporation to become eligible for participation in a direct registration system operated by a securities depository registered as a clearing agency under Section 17A(b)(2) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended;
      WHEREAS, Section 8.9 of the Bylaws authorizes the Board to amend the Bylaws; and
      WHEREAS, on December 13, 2007, the Board adopted the Amendment.
      NOW, THEREFORE, the Bylaws are hereby amended, effective as of December 13, 2007, as follows:
     1.  Amendment and Restatement of Article 5. Article 5 of the Bylaws is hereby amended and restated in its entirety, to read as follows:
“ARTICLE 5
Officers
     5.1 Officers; Election . As soon as practicable after the annual meeting of stockholders in each year, the Board of Directors shall elect a President and a Secretary, and it may, if it so determines, elect from among its members a Chairman of the Board and a Vice Chairman of the Board. The Board may also elect a Chief Executive Officer, one or more Vice Presidents, one or more Assistant Vice Presidents, one or more Assistant Secretaries, a Treasurer and one or more Assistant Treasurers and such other officers as the Board may deem desirable or appropriate and may give any of them such further designations or alternate titles as it considers desirable. Any number of offices may be held by the same person unless the certificate of incorporation or these by-laws otherwise provide.
     5.2 Term of Office; Resignation; Removal; Vacancies . Unless otherwise provided in the resolution of the Board of Directors electing any officer, each officer shall hold office until his or her successor is elected and qualified or until his or her earlier resignation or removal. Any officer may resign at any time upon written notice to the Board or to the President or the Secretary of the Corporation. Such resignation shall take effect at the time specified therein (or, if no time is specified, upon delivery of the notice pursuant to the foregoing sentence), and unless otherwise specified therein no acceptance of such resignation shall be necessary to make it effective. The Board may remove any officer with or without cause at any time. Any such removal shall be without prejudice to the contractual rights of such officer, if any, with the Corporation, but the election of an officer shall not of itself create contractual rights. Any vacancy occurring in any office of the Corporation by death, resignation, removal or otherwise may be filled by the Board at any regular or special meeting.
     5.3 Chairman of the Board . The Chairman of the Board, if any, shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors and of the stockholders at which he or she shall be present and shall have and may


 

exercise such powers as may, from time to time, be assigned to him or her by the Board or as may be provided by law.
     5.4. Vice Chairman of the Board . In the absence of the Chairman of the Board, the Vice Chairman of the Board, if any, shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors and of the stockholders at which he or she shall be present and shall have and may exercise such powers as may, from time to time, be assigned to him or her by the Board or as may be provided by law.
     5.5. Chief Executive Officer . The Chief Executive Officer, if any, shall, subject to the direction of the Board, have general charge and supervision of the business of the corporation. Unless the Board has designated a Chairman of the Board or a Vice Chairman of the Board or as otherwise provided by the Board, the Chief Executive Officer shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders. The Chief Executive Officer shall perform such other duties and shall have such other powers as the Board may from time to time prescribe.
     5.6. President . Unless the Board of Directors has designated the Chairman of the Board or another officer as Chief Executive Officer, the President shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation. The President shall perform such other duties and shall have such other powers as the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe.
     5.7. Vice Presidents . The Vice President or Vice Presidents, if any, at the request or in the absence of the President or during the President’s inability to act, shall perform the duties of the President, and when so acting shall have the powers of the President. If there be more than one Vice President, the Board of Directors may determine which one or more of the Vice Presidents shall perform any of such duties; or if such determination is not made by the Board, the President may make such determination; otherwise any of the Vice Presidents may perform any of such duties. The Vice President or Vice Presidents shall have such other powers and shall perform such other duties as may, from time to time, be assigned to him or her or them by the Board or the President or as may be provided by law .
     5.8. Secretary . The Secretary shall have the duty to record the proceedings of the meetings of the stockholders, the Board of Directors and any committees in a book to be kept for that purpose, shall see that all notices are duly given in accordance with the provisions of these by-laws or as required by law, shall be custodian of the records of the Corporation, may affix the corporate seal to any document the execution of which, on behalf of the Corporation, is duly authorized, and when so affixed may attest the same, and, in general, shall perform all duties incident to the office of secretary of a corporation and such other duties as may, from time to time, be assigned to him or her by the Board or the President or as may be provided by law.
     5.9. Treasurer . The Treasurer shall have charge of and be responsible for all funds, securities, receipts and disbursements of the Corporation and shall deposit or cause to be deposited, in the name of the Corporation, all moneys or other valuable effects in such banks, trust companies or other depositories as shall, from time to time, be selected by or under authority of the Board of Directors. If required by the Board, the Treasurer shall give a bond for the faithful discharge of his or her duties, with such surety or sureties as the Board may determine. The Treasurer shall keep or cause to be kept full and accurate records of all receipts and disbursements in books of the Corporation, shall render to the President and to the Board, whenever requested, an account of the financial condition of the Corporation, and, in general, shall perform all the duties incident to the office of treasurer of a corporation and such other duties as may, from time to time, be assigned to him or her by the Board or the President or as may be provided by law.

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     5.10 Other Officers . The other officers, if any, of the Corporation shall have such powers and duties in the management of the Corporation as shall be stated in a resolution of the Board of Directors which is not inconsistent with these by-laws and, to the extent not so stated, as generally pertain to their respective offices, subject to the control of the Board. The Board may require any officer, agent or employee to give security for the faithful performance of his or her duties.
     5.11 Compensation . The compensation of the officers of the Corporation elected or appointed by the Board, if any, shall be fixed from time to time by the Board.”
      2. Amendment and Restatement of Sections 7.1 and 7.2. Sections 7.1 and 7.2 of Article 7 of the Bylaws are hereby amended and restated in their entirety, to read as follows:
     “7.1 Description of Certificates . The shares of the capital stock of the Corporation shall be represented by certificates in the form approved by the Board of Directors and signed in the name of the Corporation by the Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer, the President or a Vice President and the Secretary or Assistant Secretary of the Corporation, and sealed with the seal of the Corporation or a facsimile thereof; provided , however , that the Board of Directors may provide by resolution or resolutions that some or all of any or all classes or series of the stock of the Corporation shall be uncertificated shares, provided that any and all such uncertificated shares are issued in accordance with these Bylaws, the Certificate of Incorporation and the Delaware General Corporation Law. Each certificate representing shares of capital stock of the Corporation shall state on the face thereof, the par value of shares covered thereby or a statement that such shares are without par value and such other matters as are required by law. At such time as the Corporation may be authorized to issue shares of more than one class, every certificate shall set forth upon the face or back of such certificate a statement of the designations, preferences, limitations and relative rights of the shares of each class authorized to be issued, as required by the laws of the State of Delaware, or may state that the Corporation will furnish a copy of such statement without charge to the holder of such certificate upon receipt of a written request thereof.
     7.2. Entitlement to Certificates . Subject to the provisions of Section 7.1, every holder of the capital stock of the Corporation shall be entitled to have a certificate signed in the name of the Corporation by the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Operating Officer, the President or a Vice President and the Secretary on an Assistant Secretary of the Corporation, certifying the class of capital stock and the number of shares represented thereby as owned or held by such stockholder of the Corporation.”
     Except as amended hereby, the Bylaws shall remain in full force and effect.

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      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Amendment to the Corporate Bylaws of Emerson Radio Corp., as amended, as evidence of its adoption by the Board of Directors of Emerson Radio Corp. as of December 13, 2007.
         
  EMERSON RADIO. CORP.
 
 
  By:   /s/ Greenfield Pitts    
    Greenfield Pitts   
    Chief Financial Officer   
 
         
WITNESS:
 
   
/s/ Andrew L. Davis      
Andrew L. Davis     
Secretary     
 

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Exhibit 31.1
Certification
Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes — Oxley Act of 2002
I, Adrian Ma, certify that:
  1.   I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Emerson Radio Corp.;
 
  2.   Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
 
  3.   Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
 
  4.   The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:
a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
c) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
  5.   The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
         
     
Date: February 14, 2008  /s/ Adrian Ma    
  Adrian Ma   
  Chief Executive Officer   
 
A signed original of this written statement required by Section 302 has been provided to Emerson Radio Corp. and will be retained by Emerson Radio Corp. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

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Exhibit 31.2
Certification
Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes — Oxley Act of 2002
I, Greenfield Pitts, certify that:
  1.   I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Emerson Radio Corp.;
 
  2.   Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
 
  3.   Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
 
  4.   The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:
a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
c) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
  5.   The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
         
     
Date: February 14, 2008   /s/ Greenfield Pitts    
  Greenfield Pitts   
  Chief Financial Officer   
 
A signed original of this written statement required by Section 302 has been provided to Emerson Radio Corp. and will be retained by Emerson Radio Corp. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

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Exhibit 32
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Quarterly Report of Emerson Radio Corp. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended December 31, 2007, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, Adrian Ma, Chief Executive Officer, and Greenfield Pitts, Chief Financial Officer, of the Company each hereby certifies pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended; and
(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the consolidated financial condition of the Company as of the dates presented and the consolidated result of operations of the Company for the periods presented.
         
Dated: February 14, 2008
   
  By:   /s/ Adrian Ma    
    Adrian Ma   
    Chief Executive Officer   
 
     
  By:   /s/ Greenfield Pitts    
    Greenfield Pitts   
    Chief Financial Officer   
 
The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code) and is not being filed as part of the Form 10-Q or as a separate disclosure document.
A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to Emerson Radio Corp. and will be retained by Emerson Radio Corp. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

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