UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

FORM 10-Q

 

þ		QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2009

OR

o		TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission File Number 000-50743

          Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No o

          Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes o No o

          Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer þ		Accelerated filer o		Non-accelerated filer o		Smaller reporting company o
				(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

          Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No þ

          As of July 31, 2009, the registrant had 41,728,062 shares of Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

 

 

INDEX

		PAGE
		NUMBER
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF JUNE 30, 2009 AND DECEMBER 31, 2008			2
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS FOR THE THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2009 AND 2008			3
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2009 AND 2008			4
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS			5
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS			17
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK			33
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES			33
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS			33
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS			34
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS			55
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS			55
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS			56
SIGNATURES			57
EXHIBIT INDEX
Ex-10.1 Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Incentive Plan
Ex-10.2 2009 Stock Incentive Plan
Ex-10.3 Amended and Restated Strategic Collaboration and License Agreement effective as of April 28, 2009 between Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and the Registrant
Ex-10.4 Second Amendment to Lease, dated June 26, 2009, by and between the Registrant and ARE-MA Region No. 28, LLC
Ex-31.1 Section 302 Certification of the Principal Executive Officer
Ex-31.2 Section 302 Certification of the Principal Financial Officer
Ex-32.1 Section 906 Certification of the Principal Executive Officer
Ex-32.2 Section 906 Certification of the Principal Financial Officer

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

ALNYLAM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)

1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

          The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company” or “Alnylam”) are unaudited and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) applicable to interim periods and, in the opinion of management, include all normal and recurring adjustments that are necessary to present fairly the results of operations for the reported periods. The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements have also been prepared on a basis substantially consistent with, and should be read in conjunction with, the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2008, which were included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 2, 2009. The year-end condensed balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. The results of the Company’s operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results of the Company’s operations for any other interim period or for a full fiscal year.

          The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements reflect the operations of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Alnylam U.S., Inc., Alnylam Europe AG (“Alnylam Europe”) and Alnylam Securities Corporation. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The Company uses the equity method of accounting to account for its investment in Regulus Therapeutics Inc., formerly Regulus Therapeutics LLC (“Regulus”).

Use of Estimates

          The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Net Loss Per Common Share

          The Company accounts for and discloses net loss per common share in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 128, “Earnings per Share.” Basic net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive potential common share equivalents then outstanding. Potential common shares consist of shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options (using the treasury stock method), and unvested restricted stock awards. Because the inclusion of potential common shares would be anti-dilutive for all periods presented, diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share.

          The following table sets forth for the periods presented the potential common shares (prior to consideration of the treasury stock method) excluded from the calculation of net loss per common share because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive, in thousands:

Fair Value Measurements

          Effective January 1, 2009, the Company implemented SFAS No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (“SFAS 157”), for all nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities not recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. The implementation of SFAS 157 for those assets and liabilities did not have a material impact on the Company’s operating results or

financial position, however, could have an impact in future periods. The Company did not have any nonfinancial assets or nonfinancial liabilities that would be recognized or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2009.

          The following tables present information about the Company’s assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2009 and December 31, 2008, and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques the Company utilized to determine such fair value. In general, fair values determined by Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Fair values determined by Level 2 inputs utilize data points that are observable, such as quoted prices (adjusted), interest rates and yield curves. Fair values determined by Level 3 inputs utilize unobservable data points for the asset or liability, and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. Financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized as follows, in thousands:

          The carrying amounts reflected in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets for cash, collaboration receivables, other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

          In December 2007, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) reached a consensus on Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Issue No. 07-1, “Accounting for Collaborative Arrangements” (“EITF 07-1”). EITF 07-1 requires collaborators to present the results of activities for which they act as the principal on a gross basis and report any payments received from (made to) other collaborators based on other applicable GAAP or, in the absence of other applicable GAAP, based on analogy to authoritative accounting literature or a reasonable, rational and consistently applied accounting policy election. Further, EITF 07-1 clarifies that the determination of whether transactions within a collaborative arrangement are part of a vendor-customer (or analogous) relationship subject to EITF Issue No. 01-9, “Accounting for Consideration Given by a Vendor to a Customer (Including a Reseller of the Vendor’s Products)” (“EITF 01-9”). EITF 07-1 became effective on January 1, 2009. The adoption of EITF 07-1 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements, however, it resulted in enhanced disclosures for the Company’s collaboration activities.

          In May 2009, the FASB issued SFAS No. 165, “Subsequent Events” (“SFAS 165”). SFAS 165 establishes general standards of accounting for and disclosure of events that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued. The adoption of SFAS 165 did not impact the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company evaluated all events or transactions that occurred after June 30, 2009 up through August 6, 2009, the date these condensed consolidated financial statements were issued. During this period, the Company did not have any material recognizable or unrecognizable subsequent events.

          In June 2009, the FASB issued SFAS No. 166, “ Accounting for Transfers of Financial Statements — an amendment of FASB Statement No. 140” (“SFAS 166”). SFAS 166 prescribes the information that a reporting entity must provide in its financial reports about a transfer of financial assets; the effects of a transfer on its financial position, financial performance, and cash flows; and a transferor’s continuing involvement in transferred financial assets. Specifically, among other aspects, SFAS 166 amends SFAS No. 140, “Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities” (“SFAS 140”), by removing the concept of a qualifying special-purpose entity from SFAS 140 and removing the exception from applying FASB Interpretation No. 46, “Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities (revised December 2003) — an interpretation of ARB No. 51 ” (“FIN 46R”) to variable interest entities that are qualifying special-purpose entities. It also modifies the financial-components approach used in SFAS 140. SFAS 166 is effective for transfer of financial assets occurring on or after January 1, 2010. The Company has not determined the effect that the adoption of SFAS 166 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements but the effect will generally be limited to future transactions.

          In June 2009, the FASB issued SFAS No. 167, “ Amendments to FASB Interpretation No. 46(R)” (“SFAS 167”). SFAS 167 amends FIN 46R, to require an enterprise to determine whether its variable interest or interests give it a controlling financial interest in a variable interest entity. The primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity is the enterprise that has both (1) the power to direct the activities of a variable interest entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity that could potentially be significant to the variable interest entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the variable interest entity. SFAS 167 also amends FIN 46R to require ongoing reassessments of whether an enterprise is the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity. SFAS 167 is effective for all variable interest entities and relationships with variable interest entities existing as of January 1, 2010. The Company has not determined the effect that the adoption of SFAS 167 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

          In June 2009, the FASB issued SFAS No. 168, “The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles — a replacement of FASB Statement No. 162” (“SFAS 168”). SFAS 168 replaces SFAS No. 162 , “The Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles,” to establish the FASB Accounting Standards Codification as the source of authoritative accounting principles recognized by the FASB to be applied by nongovernmental entities in preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP. SFAS 168 is effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15, 2009. The adoption of this standard will not impact the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

2. SIGNIFICANT AGREEMENTS

Platform Alliances

      Roche Alliance

          In July 2007, the Company and, for limited purposes, Alnylam Europe, entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the “LCA”) with F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (“Roche Basel”) and Hoffman-La Roche Inc. (together with Roche Basel, “Roche”). Under the LCA, which became effective in August 2007, the Company granted Roche a non-exclusive license to the Company’s intellectual property to develop and commercialize therapeutic products that function through RNA interference (“RNAi”), subject to the Company’s existing contractual obligations to third parties. The license is initially limited to the therapeutic areas of oncology, respiratory diseases, metabolic diseases and certain liver diseases, and may be expanded to include up to 18 additional therapeutic areas, comprising substantially all other fields of human disease, as identified and agreed upon by the parties, upon payment to the Company by Roche of an additional $50.0 million for each additional therapeutic area, if any.

          In consideration for the rights granted to Roche under the LCA, Roche paid the Company $273.5 million in upfront cash payments. In addition, in exchange for the Company’s contributions under the LCA, for each RNAi therapeutic product successfully developed by Roche, its affiliates or sublicensees under the LCA, if any, the Company is entitled to receive milestone payments upon achievement of specified development and sales events, totaling up to an aggregate of $100.0 million per therapeutic target, together with royalty payments based on worldwide annual net sales, if any.

          Under the LCA, the Company and Roche also agreed to collaborate on the discovery of RNAi therapeutic products directed to one or more disease targets (“Discovery Collaboration”), subject to the Company’s existing contractual obligations to third parties. The collaboration between Roche and the Company will be governed by a joint steering committee for a period of five years that is comprised of an equal number of representatives from each party. In exchange for the Company’s contributions to the collaboration, Roche will be required to make additional milestone and royalty payments to the Company.

          In July 2007, the Company executed a common stock purchase agreement (the “Common Stock Purchase Agreement”) with Roche Finance Ltd, an affiliate of Roche (“Roche Finance”). Under the terms of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, on August 9, 2007, Roche Finance purchased 1,975,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at $21.50 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $42.5 million. The Company recorded this issuance using the closing price of the Company’s common stock on August 9, 2007, the date the shares were issued to Roche. Based on the closing price of $25.98, the fair value of the shares issued was $51.3 million, which was $8.8 million in excess of the proceeds received from Roche for the issuance of the Company’s common stock. As a result, the Company allocated $8.8 million of the upfront payment from the LCA to the common stock issuance.

          Under the terms of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, in the event the Company proposes to sell or issue any of its equity securities, subject to specified exceptions, it has agreed to grant to Roche Finance the right to acquire, at fair value, additional securities, such that Roche Finance would be able to maintain its ownership percentage in the Company.

          In connection with the execution of the LCA and the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company also executed a Share Purchase Agreement (the “Alnylam Europe Purchase Agreement”) with Alnylam Europe and Roche Beteiligungs GmbH, an affiliate of Roche (“Roche Germany”). Under the terms of the Alnylam Europe Purchase Agreement, which became effective in August 2007, the Company created a new, wholly-owned German limited liability company (“Roche Kulmbach”) into which substantially all of the non-intellectual property assets of Alnylam Europe were transferred, and Roche Germany purchased from the Company all of the issued and outstanding shares of Roche Kulmbach for an aggregate purchase price of $15.0 million. The Alnylam Europe Purchase Agreement also included transition services that were performed by Roche Kulmbach employees at various levels through August 2008. The Company reimbursed Roche for these services at an agreed-upon rate. The Company recorded contra revenue (a reduction of revenues) of $0.5 million and $0.8 million for these services for the three and six months ended June 30, 2008, respectively.

          In addition, in connection with the closing of the Alnylam Europe Purchase Agreement, the Company granted restricted stock of the Company to certain employees of Roche Kulmbach. In connection with the closing, the Company also accelerated the unvested portion of the outstanding stock options of certain Alnylam Europe employees.

          In summary, the Company received upfront payments totaling $331.0 million under the Roche alliance, which included an upfront payment under the LCA of $273.5 million, $42.5 million under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement and $15.0 million for the Roche Kulmbach shares under the Alnylam Europe Purchase Agreement.

          The Company recorded $278.2 million as deferred revenue in connection with the Roche alliance. This amount represents the aggregate proceeds received from Roche of $331.0 million, net of the amount allocated to the common stock issuance of $51.3 million, and the net book value of Alnylam Europe of $1.5 million.

          When evaluating multiple element arrangements, the Company considers whether the components of the arrangement represent separate units of accounting as defined in EITF Issue No. 00-21, “ Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables” (“EITF 00-21”). Application of this standard requires subjective determinations and requires management to make judgments about the value of each individual element and whether it is separable from the other aspects of the contractual relationship. The Company has determined that the deliverables under the Roche alliance include the license, the Alnylam Europe assets and employees, the steering committees (joint steering committee and future technology committee) and the services that the Company will be obligated to perform under the Discovery Collaboration. The Company has concluded that, pursuant to paragraph 9 of EITF 00-21, the license and assets of Alnylam Europe are not separable from the undelivered services (i.e., the steering committees and Discovery Collaboration) and, accordingly, the license and the services are being treated as a single unit of accounting. When multiple deliverables are accounted for as a single unit of accounting, the Company bases its revenue recognition pattern on the final deliverable. Under the Roche alliance, the steering committee services and the Discovery Collaboration services are the final deliverables and all such services will end, contractually, five years from the effective date of the LCA. The Company is recognizing the Roche-related revenue on a straight-line basis over five years because the Company cannot reasonably estimate the total level of effort required to complete its service obligations under the LCA. The Company will continue to reassess whether it can reasonably estimate the level of effort required to fulfill its obligations under the Roche alliance. In particular, when the Discovery Collaboration commences, the Company may be able to make such an estimate. When, and if, the Company can make a reasonable estimate of its remaining efforts under the collaboration, the Company would modify its method of recognition and utilize a proportional performance method. As future substantive milestones are achieved, a portion of the milestone payment, equal to the percentage of the performance period completed when the milestone is achieved, multiplied by the amount of the milestone payment, will be recognized as revenue upon achievement of such milestone. The remaining portion of the milestone will be recognized over the remaining performance period on a straight-line basis. The Company recognized $14.0 million and $27.8 million in revenues in its condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2009, respectively, and $13.4 million and $26.8 million in revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2008, respectively, under the Roche alliance.

      Takeda Alliance

          In May 2008, the Company entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the “Takeda Collaboration Agreement”) with Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (“Takeda”) to pursue the development and commercialization of RNAi therapeutics. Under the Takeda Collaboration Agreement, the Company granted Takeda a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing license to the Company’s intellectual property to develop, manufacture, use and commercialize RNAi therapeutics, subject to the Company’s existing contractual obligations to third parties. The license initially is limited to the fields of oncology and metabolic disease and may be expanded at Takeda’s option to include other therapeutic areas, subject to specified conditions. Under the Takeda Collaboration Agreement, Takeda will be the Company’s exclusive platform partner in the Asian territory, as defined in the Takeda Collaboration Agreement, for a period of five years.

          In consideration for the rights granted to Takeda under the Takeda Collaboration Agreement, Takeda agreed to pay the Company $150.0 million in upfront and near-term technology transfer payments. In addition, the Company has the option, exercisable until the start of Phase III development, to opt-in under a 50-50 profit sharing agreement to the development and commercialization in the United States of up to four Takeda licensed products, and would be entitled to opt-in rights for two additional products for each additional field expansion, if any, elected by Takeda under the Takeda Collaboration Agreement. In June 2008, Takeda paid the Company an upfront payment of $100.0 million. Takeda is also required to make the additional $50.0 million in payments to the Company upon achievement of specified technology transfer milestones, $20.0 million of which was achieved in September 2008 and paid in October 2008, $20.0 million of which is required to be paid upon achievement of specified technology transfer activities, but no later than 24 months after execution of the Takeda Collaboration Agreement, and $10.0 million of which is required to be paid upon achievement of specified technology transfer activities within 24 to 36 months after execution of the Takeda Collaboration Agreement (collectively, the “Technology Transfer Milestones”). If Takeda elects to expand its license to additional therapeutic areas, Takeda will be required to pay the Company $50.0 million for each of up to approximately 20 total additional fields selected, comprising substantially all other fields of human disease, as identified and agreed upon by the parties. In addition, for each RNAi therapeutic product developed by Takeda, its affiliates and sublicensees, if any, the Company is entitled to receive specified development and commercialization milestones, totaling up to $171.0 million per product, together with royalty payments based on worldwide annual net sales, if any.

          Pursuant to the Takeda Collaboration Agreement, the Company and Takeda have also agreed to collaborate on the research of RNAi therapeutics directed to one or two disease targets agreed to by the parties (the “Research Collaboration”), subject to the Company’s existing contractual obligations with third parties. Takeda also has the option, subject to certain conditions, to collaborate with the Company on the research and development of RNAi drug delivery technology for targets agreed to by the parties. In addition, Takeda has a right of first negotiation for the development and commercialization of the Company’s RNAi therapeutic products in the Asian territory, excluding the Company’s ALN-RSV program. In addition to the 50-50 profit sharing option, the Company has a similar right of first negotiation to participate with Takeda in the development and commercialization in the United States of licensed products. The collaboration between the Company and Takeda is governed by a joint technology transfer committee (the “JTTC”), a joint research collaboration committee (the “JRCC”) and a joint delivery collaboration committee (the “JDCC”), each of which is comprised of an equal number of representatives from each party.

          The Company has determined that the deliverables under the Takeda agreement include the license, the joint committees (the JTTC, JRCC and JDCC), the technology transfer activities and the services that the Company will be obligated to perform under the Research Collaboration. The Company has determined that, pursuant to EITF 00-21, the license and undelivered services (i.e., the joint committees and the Research Collaboration) are not separable and, accordingly, the license and services are being treated as a single unit of accounting.

          When multiple deliverables are accounted for as a single unit of accounting, the Company bases its revenue recognition pattern on the final deliverable. Under the Takeda Collaboration Agreement, the last elements to be delivered are the JDCC and JTTC services, each of which has a life of no more than seven years. The Company is recognizing the upfront payment of $100.0 million, the first Technology Transfer Milestone of $20.0 million and the $30.0 million of remaining Technology Transfer Milestones, the receipt of which the Company believes is probable, on a straight-line basis over seven years because the Company is unable to reasonably estimate the level of effort to fulfill these obligations, primarily because the effort required under the Research Collaboration is largely unknown. As future substantive milestones are achieved, a portion of the milestone payment, equal to the percentage of the performance period completed when the milestone is achieved, multiplied by the amount of the milestone payment, will be recognized as revenue upon achievement of such milestone. The remaining portion of the milestone will be recognized over the remaining performance period on a straight-line basis. The Company will continue to reassess whether it can reasonably estimate

the level of effort required to fulfill its obligations under the Takeda Collaboration Agreement. When, and if, the Company can make a reasonable estimate of its remaining efforts under the collaboration, the Company would modify its method of recognition and utilize a proportional performance method. The Company recognized $5.4 million and $10.8 million in revenues in its condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2009, respectively, and $2.1 million in revenues for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2008, under the Takeda Collaboration Agreement.

          In connection with the Takeda Collaboration Agreement, the Company paid $5.0 million of license fees to the Company’s licensors, primarily Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Isis”), during 2008, in accordance with the applicable license agreements with those parties. These fees were charged to research and development expense.

Discovery and Development Alliances

      Isis Collaboration and License Agreement

          In April 2009, the Company and Isis amended and restated their existing strategic collaboration and license agreement (as amended and restated, the “Amended and Restated Isis Agreement”), originally entered into in March 2004. Under this agreement, the Company and Isis agreed to extend the broad cross-licensing arrangement regarding double-stranded RNAi that was established in 2004, pursuant to which Isis granted the Company licenses to its current and future patents and patent applications relating to chemistry and to RNA-targeting mechanisms for the research, development and commercialization of double-stranded RNA products. The Company has the right to use Isis technologies in its development programs or in collaborations and Isis has agreed not to grant licenses under these patents to any other organization for the discovery, development and commercialization of double-stranded RNA products designed to work through an RNAi mechanism, except in the context of a collaboration in which Isis plays an active role. The Company granted Isis non-exclusive licenses to its current and future patents and patent applications relating to RNA-targeting mechanisms and to chemistry for research use. The Company also granted Isis the non-exclusive right to develop and commercialize double-stranded RNA products developed using RNAi technology against a limited number of targets. In addition, the Company granted Isis non-exclusive rights to research, develop and commercialize single-stranded RNA products.

          The Company agreed to pay Isis milestone payments, totaling up to approximately $3.4 million, upon the occurrence of specified development and regulatory events, and royalties on sales, if any, for each product that the Company or a collaborator develops using Isis intellectual property. In addition, the Company agreed to pay to Isis a percentage of specified fees from strategic collaborations the Company may enter into that include access to the Isis intellectual property. Isis has agreed to pay the Company, per therapeutic target, a license fee of $0.5 million, and milestone payments totaling approximately $3.4 million, payable upon the occurrence of specified development and regulatory events, and royalties on sales, if any, for each product developed by Isis or a collaborator that utilizes the Company’s intellectual property. Isis has the right to elect up to ten non-exclusive target licenses under the agreement and has the right to purchase one additional non-exclusive target per year during the term of the collaboration.

          As part of the Amended and Restated Isis Agreement, the Company and Isis have expanded their collaborative efforts to focus on the development of single-stranded RNAi (“ssRNAi”) technology. Under the Amended and Restated Isis Agreement, the Company obtained from Isis a co-exclusive, worldwide license to Isis’ current and future patents and patent applications relating to chemistry and RNA-targeting mechanisms to research, develop and commercialize ssRNAi products for a limited number of gene targets to be designated by the Company. Each of the Company and Isis will have the opportunity to discover and develop drugs employing the ssRNAi technology. Under the terms of the Amended and Restated Isis Agreement, the Company will potentially pay Isis up to an aggregate of $31.0 million in license fees, payable in four tranches, that include $11.0 million on signing, $10.0 million 18 months following signing, or if and when in vivo efficacy in rodents is demonstrated if sooner, $5.0 million upon achievement of in vivo efficacy in non-human primates, and $5.0 million upon initiation of the first clinical trial with an ssRNAi drug, subject to the Company’s right to unilaterally terminate the research program. The Company has recorded the upfront payment of $11.0 million as research and development expense. The Company will expense each milestone payment when achievement of the milestone is considered probable. The Company will fund research activities at a minimum of $3.0 million each year for three years with research development activities conducted by both the Company and Isis. If the Company develops and commercializes drugs utilizing ssRNAi technology on its own or with a partner, Isis could potentially receive milestone payments, totaling up to $18.5 million per product, as well as royalties. Also, initially, Isis is eligible to receive up to 50 percent of any sublicense payments due to the Company from a third party based on the Company’s partnering of ssRNAi products, which amount will decline over time as the Company’s investment in the technology and drugs increases. In turn, the Company is eligible to receive up to five percent of any sublicense payments due to Isis from a third party based on Isis’ partnering of ssRNAi products.

          The Company has the unilateral right to terminate the research program before September 30, 2010, in which event any licenses to ssRNAi products granted by Isis to the Company under the Amended and Restated Isis Agreement, and any obligation thereunder by the Company to pay milestone payments, royalties or sublicense payments to Isis for such ssRNAi products, would also terminate.

      Novartis Broad Alliance

          In the second half of 2005, the Company entered into a series of transactions with Novartis Pharma AG and its affiliate, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. (collectively, “Novartis”). In September 2005, the Company and Novartis executed a stock purchase agreement (the “Stock Purchase Agreement”) and an investor rights agreement (the “Investor Rights Agreement”). In October 2005, in connection with the closing of the transactions contemplated by the Stock Purchase Agreement, the Investor Rights Agreement became effective and the Company and Novartis executed a research collaboration and license agreement (the “Collaboration and License Agreement”). The Collaboration and License Agreement had an initial term of three years, with an option for two additional one-year extensions at the election of Novartis. In July 2009, Novartis elected to further extend the term for the fifth and final planned year, through October 2010.

          Under the terms of the Stock Purchase Agreement, in October 2005, Novartis purchased 5,267,865 shares of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price of $11.11 per share for an aggregate purchase price of $58.5 million, which, after such issuance, represented 19.9% of the Company’s outstanding common stock as of the date of issuance. In addition, under the Investor Rights Agreement, the Company granted Novartis rights to acquire additional equity securities in the event that the Company proposes to sell or issue any equity securities, subject to specified exceptions, as described in the Investor Rights Agreement, such that Novartis would be able to maintain its then-current ownership percentage in the Company’s outstanding common stock. Pursuant to terms of the Investor Rights Agreement, in May 2008, Novartis purchased 213,888 shares of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price of $25.29 per share, resulting in an aggregate payment to the Company of $5.4 million. In May 2009, Novartis purchased 65,922 shares of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price of $17.50 per share, resulting in an aggregate payment to the Company of $1.2 million. This purchase allows Novartis to maintain its ownership position of 13.4% of the Company’s outstanding common stock. The exercise of this right does not result in any changes to existing rights or any additional rights to Novartis. Further, during the term described in the Investor Rights Agreement, Novartis is permitted to own no more than 19.9% of the Company’s outstanding shares.

          Under the terms of the Collaboration and License Agreement, the parties will work together on a defined number of selected targets, as defined in the Collaboration and License Agreement, to discover and develop therapeutics based on RNAi. In consideration for the rights granted to Novartis under the Collaboration and License Agreement, Novartis made upfront payments totaling $10.0 million to the Company in October 2005, partly to reimburse prior costs incurred by the Company to develop in vivo RNAi technology. The Collaboration and License Agreement also includes terms under which Novartis will provide the Company with research funding and milestone payments as well as royalties on annual net sales of products resulting from the Collaboration and License Agreement, if any. The amount of research funding provided by Novartis under the Collaboration and License Agreement during the research term is dependent upon the number of active programs on which the Company is collaborating with Novartis at any given time and the number of Company employees that are working on those programs, in respect of which Novartis reimburses the Company at an agreed upon rate. Under the terms of the Collaboration and License Agreement, Novartis has the right to select up to 30 exclusive targets to include in the collaboration, which number may be increased to 40 under certain circumstances and upon additional payments. For RNAi therapeutic products successfully developed under the Collaboration and License Agreement, if any, the Company would be entitled to receive milestone payments upon achievement of certain specified development and annual net sales events, up to an aggregate of $75.0 million per therapeutic product.

          Under the terms of the Collaboration and License Agreement, the Company retains the right to discover, develop, commercialize and manufacture compounds that function through the mechanism of RNAi, or products that contain such compounds as an active ingredient, with respect to targets not selected by Novartis for inclusion in the collaboration, provided that Novartis has a right of first offer with respect to an exclusive license for additional targets before the Company partners any of those additional targets with third parties.

          The Collaboration and License Agreement also provides Novartis with a non-exclusive option to integrate into its operations the Company’s intellectual property relating to RNAi technology, excluding any technology related to delivery of nucleic acid-based molecules (the “Integration Option”). Novartis may exercise this Integration Option at any point during the research term, which expires in October 2010. In connection with the exercise of the Integration Option, Novartis would be required to make additional payments to the Company totaling $100.0 million, payable in full at the time of exercise, which payments would include an option exercise fee, a milestone based on the overall success of the collaboration and pre-paid milestones and royalties that could become due as a result of future development of products using the Company’s technology. In addition, under this license grant, Novartis may be required to make milestone and royalty payments to the Company in connection with the successful development and

commercialization of RNAi therapeutic products, if any. The license grant under the integration option, if exercised by Novartis, would be structured similarly to the Company’s non-exclusive platform licenses with Roche and Takeda.

          The Company initially deferred the non-refundable $10.0 million upfront payment and the $6.4 million premium received that represents the difference between the purchase price and the closing price of the common stock of the Company on the date of the stock purchase from Novartis. These payments, in addition to research funding and certain milestone payments, the receipt of which is considered probable, are being amortized into revenue using the proportional performance method over the estimated duration of the Collaboration and License Agreement or ten years. Under this model, the Company estimates the level of effort to be expended over the term of the agreement and recognizes revenue based on the lesser of the amount calculated based on proportional performance of total expected revenue or the amount of non-refundable payments earned. The Company recognized $2.2 million and $4.9 million in revenues in its condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2009, respectively, and $3.2 million and $6.4 million in revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2008, respectively, related to the Collaboration and License Agreement.

          As future substantive milestones are achieved, and to the extent they are within the period of performance, milestone payments will be recognized as revenue on a proportional performance basis over the contract’s entire performance period, starting with the contract’s commencement. A portion of the milestone payment, equal to the percentage of total performance completed when the milestone is achieved, multiplied by the milestone payment, will be recognized as revenue upon achievement of the milestone. The remaining portion of the milestone will be recognized over the remaining performance period under the proportional performance method.

          The Company believes the estimated period of performance under the Collaboration and License Agreement is ten years, which includes the three-year initial term of the agreement, the two one-year extensions elected by Novartis and limited support as part of a technology transfer until 2015, the fifth anniversary of the termination of the agreement. The Company continues to use an expected term of ten years in its proportional performance model. The Company reevaluates the expected term when new information is known that could affect the Company’s estimate. In the event the Company’s period of performance is different than estimated, revenue recognition will be adjusted on a prospective basis.

Product Alliances

      Kyowa Hakko Alliance

          In June 2008, the Company entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the “Kyowa Hakko Agreement”) with Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd. (“Kyowa Hakko”). Under the Kyowa Hakko Agreement, the Company granted Kyowa Hakko an exclusive license to its intellectual property in Japan and other markets in Asia (the “Licensed Territory”) for the development and commercialization of ALN-RSV01, an RNAi therapeutic for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (“RSV”) infection, for which the Company is currently conducting Phase II clinical trials. The Kyowa Hakko Agreement also covers additional RSV-specific RNAi therapeutic compounds that comprise the ALN-RSV program (“Additional Compounds”). The Company retains all development and commercialization rights worldwide outside of the Licensed Territory.

          Under the terms of the Kyowa Hakko Agreement, in June 2008, Kyowa Hakko paid the Company an upfront cash payment of $15.0 million. In addition, Kyowa Hakko is required to make payments to the Company upon achievement of specified development and sales milestones totaling up to $78.0 million, and royalty payments based on annual net sales, if any, of ALN-RSV01 by Kyowa Hakko, its affiliates and sublicensees in the Licensed Territory.

          The collaboration between Kyowa Hakko and the Company is governed by a joint steering committee that is comprised of an equal number of representatives from each party. Under the agreement, Kyowa Hakko is establishing a development plan for ALN-RSV01 relating to the development activities to be undertaken in the Licensed Territory, with the initial focus on Japan. Kyowa Hakko is responsible, at its expense, for all development activities under the development plan that are reasonably necessary for the regulatory approval and commercialization of ALN-RSV01 and Additional Compounds in Japan and the rest of the Licensed Territory. The Company will be responsible for supply of the product to Kyowa Hakko under a supply agreement unless Kyowa Hakko elects, prior to the first commercial sale of the product in the Licensed Territory, to manufacture the product itself or arrange for a third party to manufacture the product.

          The Company has determined that the deliverables under the Kyowa Hakko Agreement include the license, the joint steering committee, the manufacturing services and any Additional Compounds. The Company has determined that, pursuant to EITF 00-21, the individual deliverables are not separable and, accordingly, must be accounted for as a single unit of accounting.

          When multiple deliverables are accounted for as a single unit of accounting, the Company bases its revenue recognition pattern on the final deliverable. The Company is currently unable to reasonably estimate its period of performance under the Kyowa Hakko Agreement, as it is unable to estimate the timeline of its deliverables related to a fixed-price option granted to Kyowa Hakko for any Additional Compounds. The Company is deferring all revenue under the Kyowa Hakko Agreement until it is able to reasonably estimate its period of performance. The Company will continue to reassess whether it can reasonably estimate the period of performance to fulfill its obligations under the Kyowa Hakko Agreement.

      Cubist Alliance

          In January 2009, the Company entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the “Cubist Agreement”) with Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Cubist”) to develop and commercialize therapeutic products (“Licensed Products”) based on certain of the Company’s RNAi technology for the treatment of RSV. Licensed Products include ALN-RSV01, as well as several other second-generation RNAi-based RSV inhibitors, which currently are in pre-clinical studies.

          Under the terms of the Cubist Agreement, the Company and Cubist will share responsibility for developing Licensed Products in North America and will each bear one-half of the related development costs. The Company’s collaboration with Cubist for the development of Licensed Products in North America will be governed by a joint steering committee comprised of an equal number of representatives from each party. Cubist will have the sole right to commercialize Licensed Products in North America with costs associated with such activities and any resulting profits or losses to be split equally between the Company and Cubist. Throughout the rest of the world (the “Royalty Territory”), excluding Asia, where the Company has previously partnered its ALN-RSV program with Kyowa Hakko, Cubist will have an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to develop and commercialize Licensed Products.

          In consideration for the rights granted to Cubist under the Cubist Agreement, Cubist made a $20.0 million upfront cash payment to the Company. Cubist also has an obligation under the Cubist Agreement to pay the Company milestone payments, totaling up to an aggregate of $82.5 million, upon the achievement of specified development and sales events in the Royalty Territory. In addition, if Licensed Products are successfully developed, Cubist will be required to pay to the Company royalties on net sales of Licensed Products in the Royalty Territory, if any, subject to offsets under certain circumstances. Upon achievement of certain development milestones, the Company will have the right to convert the North American co-development and profit sharing arrangement into a royalty-bearing license and, in addition to royalties on net sales in North America, will be entitled to receive additional milestone payments totaling up to an aggregate of $130.0 million upon achievement of specified development and sales events in North America, subject to the timing of the conversion by the Company and the regulatory status of a Licensed Product at the time of conversion. If the Company makes the conversion to a royalty-bearing license with respect to North America, then North America becomes part of the Royalty Territory.

          During the term of the Cubist Agreement, neither party nor its affiliates may develop, manufacture or commercialize anywhere in the world, outside of Asia, a therapeutic or prophylactic product that specifically targets RSV, except for Licensed Products developed, manufactured or commercialized pursuant to the Cubist Agreement.

          The Company has determined that the deliverables under the Cubist Agreement include the licenses, technology transfer related to the ALN-RSV program, the joint steering committee, and the development and manufacturing services that the Company will be obligated to perform during the development period. The Company has determined that, pursuant to EITF 00-21, the deliverables and undelivered services are not separable and, accordingly, the licenses and services are being treated as a single unit of accounting.

          When multiple deliverables are accounted for as a single unit of accounting, the Company bases its revenue recognition pattern on the final deliverable. Under the Cubist Agreement, the last element to be delivered is the service of the joint steering committee, which has an expected life of no more than seven years. The Company is recognizing the upfront payment of $20.0 million on a straight-line basis over seven years because the Company is unable to reasonably estimate the level of effort to fulfill its performance obligations. As future substantive milestones are achieved, a portion of the milestone payment, equal to the percentage of the performance period completed when the milestone is achieved, multiplied by the amount of the milestone payment, will be recognized as revenue upon achievement of such milestone. The remaining portion of the milestone will be recognized over the remaining performance period on a straight-line basis. The Company will continue to reassess whether it can reasonably estimate the level of effort required to fulfill its obligations under the Cubist Agreement. When, and if, the Company can make a reasonable estimate of its remaining efforts under the collaboration, the Company would modify its method of recognition and utilize a proportional performance method. The Company recognized $0.7 million and $1.4 million in revenues in its condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2009, respectively, related to the upfront payment under the Cubist Agreement.

          Under the terms of the Cubist Agreement, the Company and Cubist will share responsibility for developing Licensed Products in North America and will each bear one-half of the related development costs. For revenue generating arrangements that involve cost sharing between the parties, the Company applies the provisions of EITF 07-1. EITF 07-1 requires collaborators to present the results of activities for which they act as the principal on a gross basis and report any payments received from (made to) other collaborators based on other applicable GAAP or, in the absence of other applicable GAAP, analogy to authoritative accounting literature or a reasonable, rational and consistently applied accounting policy election. As the Company is not considered the principal in this agreement, pursuant to EITF 07-1, the Company will record any amounts due from Cubist as a reduction of research and development costs. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2009, the Company and Cubist incurred $3.2 million and $7.0 million, respectively, under the Cubist Agreement. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2009, amounts due from Cubist of $1.5 million and $3.3 million, respectively, were recorded as a reduction to research and development expense. As such, the Company recorded net research and development expenses of $1.6 million and $3.5 million in its condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2009, respectively.

Government Funding

      NIH Contract

          In September 2006, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (“NIAID”) awarded the Company a contract for up to $23.0 million over four years to advance the development of a broad spectrum RNAi anti-viral therapeutic for hemorrhagic fever virus, including the Ebola virus. Of the $23.0 million in funding, the government initially committed to pay the Company up to $14.2 million over the first two years of the contract. In June 2008, as a result of the progress of the program, the government awarded the Company an additional $7.5 million, to be paid through September 2009 for the third year of the contract, together with any remaining funds carried over from the funding allocated for the first two years of the contract. The Company recognizes revenue under government cost reimbursement contracts as it performs the underlying research and development activities.

      Department of Defense Contract

          In August 2007, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (“DTRA”) of the United States Department of Defense awarded the Company a contract to advance the development of a broad spectrum RNAi anti-viral therapeutic for hemorrhagic fever virus. The government initially committed to pay the Company up to $10.9 million through February 2009, which included a six-month extension granted by DTRA in July 2008. Following a program review in early 2009, the Company and DTRA determined not to continue this program and accordingly, the remaining funds of up to $27.7 million will not be accessed. The Company recognizes revenue under government cost reimbursement contracts as it performs the underlying research and development activities.

3. INCOME TAXES

          During the three and six months ended June 30, 2009, the Company recorded a provision for income taxes of $0.9 million and $1.6 million, respectively. The Company records income tax expense for federal alternative minimum tax, state and foreign taxes. The Company expects to generate U.S. taxable income during 2009 due to the recognition of certain proceeds received from the Takeda alliance. The Company’s U.S. taxable income is expected to be offset by net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax attributes. However, the Company will continue to be subject to federal alternative minimum tax and state income taxes.

          At December 31, 2008, the Company recorded net deferred tax assets to the extent it is more likely than not that the assets will be utilized. These deferred tax assets were related to the recognition of Roche revenue for tax purposes. The Company expects the recognition of certain deferred tax attributes to generate net operating losses in 2010 and 2011 that will be carried back to 2008 and 2009 to offset taxable income. The remaining deferred tax assets are subject to a valuation allowance as it is more likely than not that those assets will not be realized.

          At December 31, 2008, the state net operating loss carryforward was $8.6 million and the state research and development tax credit carryforward was $0.5 million. These attributes are available to reduce future tax liabilities and expire at various dates through 2023. Ownership changes, as defined in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), including those resulting from the issuance of common stock in connection with the Company’s public offerings, may limit the amount of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards that can be utilized to offset future taxable income or tax liability. The Company has determined that there is no limitation on the utilization of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards in accordance with Section 382 of the Code in 2008.

          On January 1, 2007, the Company adopted the provisions of FASB Interpretation No. 48, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes — an interpretation of FASB Statement 109” (“FIN 48”), which was issued in July 2006. The implementation of FIN 48 did not result in any adjustment to the Company’s beginning tax positions. The Company continues to recognize fully its tax benefits, which are offset by a valuation allowance to the extent that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. At June 30, 2009, the Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits.

4. REGULUS THERAPEUTICS INC.

          In September 2007, the Company and Isis established Regulus, a company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of microRNA-based therapeutics, a potential new class of drugs to treat the pathways of human disease. Regulus, which was initially established as a limited liability company, converted to a C corporation in January 2009 and changed its name to Regulus Therapeutics Inc. In consideration for the Company’s and Isis’ initial interests in Regulus, the Company and Isis each granted Regulus exclusive licenses to its intellectual property for certain microRNA-based therapeutic applications as well as certain patents in the microRNA field. In addition, the Company made an initial cash contribution to Regulus of $10.0 million, resulting in the Company and Isis making initial capital contributions to Regulus of approximately equal aggregate value. Additionally, in March 2009, the Company and Isis each purchased $10.0 million of Series A preferred stock of Regulus under a founder’s investor rights agreement (the “Investor Rights Agreement”). The Company and Isis currently own approximately 49% and 51%, respectively, of Regulus and there are currently no other third party investors in Regulus. Regulus continues to operate as an independent company with a separate board of directors, scientific advisory board and management team, some of whom have options to purchase common stock of Regulus. Members of the board of directors of Regulus who are employees of the Company or Isis are not eligible to receive options to purchase Regulus common stock.

          The Company, Isis and Regulus also have entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the “Regulus Collaboration Agreement”) to pursue the discovery, development and commercialization of therapeutic products directed to microRNAs. Under the terms of the Regulus Collaboration Agreement, the Company and Isis each assigned to Regulus specified patents and contracts covering microRNA-specific technology. In addition, each of the Company and Isis granted to Regulus an exclusive, worldwide license under its rights to other microRNA-related patents and know-how to develop and commercialize therapeutic products containing compounds that are designed to interfere with or inhibit a particular microRNA, subject to the Company’s and Isis’ existing contractual obligations to third parties. Regulus was also granted the right to request a license from the Company and Isis to develop and commercialize therapeutic products directed to other microRNA compounds, which license is subject to the Company’s and Isis’ approval and to each such party’s existing contractual obligations to third parties. Regulus also granted to the Company and Isis an exclusive license to technology developed or acquired by Regulus for use solely within the Company’s and Isis’ respective fields (as defined in the Regulus Collaboration Agreement), but specifically excluding the right to develop, manufacture or commercialize the therapeutic products for which the Company and Isis granted rights to Regulus.

          The Company and Isis have also executed a services agreement (the “Services Agreement”) with Regulus. Under the terms of the Services Agreement, the Company and Isis provide to Regulus, for the benefit of Regulus, certain research and development and general and administrative services for which they are paid by Regulus.

          In April 2008, Regulus entered into a worldwide strategic alliance with GlaxoSmithKline (“GSK”) to discover, develop and commercialize up to four novel microRNA-targeted therapeutics to treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. In connection with this alliance, Regulus received $20.0 million in upfront payments from GSK, including a $15.0 million option fee and a loan of $5.0 million evidenced by a promissory note (guaranteed by Isis and the Company) that will convert into Regulus common stock under certain specified circumstances. Regulus could be eligible to receive development, regulatory and sales milestone payments for each of the microRNA-targeted therapeutics discovered and developed as part of the alliance. Regulus would also receive royalty payments on worldwide sales of products resulting from the alliance.

          The Company has concluded that Regulus qualifies as a variable interest entity under FIN 46R. The Investor Rights Agreement contains transfer restrictions on each of Isis’ and the Company’s interests and, as a result, Isis and the Company are considered related parties under paragraph 16(d)(1) of FIN 46R. The Company has assessed which entity would be considered the primary beneficiary under FIN 46R and has concluded that Isis is the primary beneficiary and, accordingly, the Company has not consolidated Regulus.

          The Company accounts for its investment in Regulus using the equity method of accounting. Through December 31, 2008, the Company was recognizing the first $10.0 million of losses of Regulus as equity in loss of joint venture (Regulus Therapeutics Inc.) in its condensed consolidated statements of operations because the Company was responsible for funding those losses through its

initial $10.0 million cash contribution. Beginning in January 2009, in connection with the conversion of Regulus to a C corporation, the Company is recognizing approximately 49% of the income and losses of Regulus. The carrying value of the Company’s investment in joint venture (Regulus Therapeutics LLC) immediately prior to the conversion to a C corporation exceeded 49% of the net assets of Regulus by approximately $0.8 million. Upon conversion, this amount was allocated to the intellectual property of Regulus and, because the intellectual property was determined to be in-process research and development, the $0.8 million was recorded as a charge to expense. This charge was included in equity in loss of joint venture (Regulus Therapeutics Inc.) in the condensed consolidated statement of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2009. Under the equity method, the reimbursement of expenses to the Company is recorded as a reduction to research and development expense. At June 30, 2009, the Company’s investment in the joint venture was $8.9 million, which is recorded as an investment in joint venture (Regulus Therapeutics Inc.) in the condensed consolidated balance sheets under the equity method. Summary results of Regulus’ statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2008 and balance sheets as of June 30, 2009 and December 31, 2008 are presented in the tables below, in thousands:

5. COMMITMENTS

Operating Lease

          In June 2009, the Company entered into an agreement with ARE-MA Region No. 28 LLC (the “Landlord”), amending provisions of its lease dated as of September 26, 2003, and amended on March 16, 2006. The amendment provides for the lease of the entire second floor of the Cambridge, Massachusetts premises (the “Premises”), including space previously subleased by the Company from Archemix Corp. (“Archemix”), effective as of July 1, 2009. The Company is leasing approximately 11,000 square feet of new space and, in total, will lease and occupy approximately 95,000 square feet of office and laboratory space at the Premises under the lease, as amended.

          The term of the lease was extended an additional five years and now expires in September 2016. The Company has the option to extend the lease for two successive five-year extensions. At June 30, 2009, the Company’s operating lease obligations through 2016 have increased by $22.2 million.

          In connection with the execution of this amendment and the concurrent termination of the Archemix sublease, the Landlord and Archemix released to the Company an aggregate of $3.2 million being held under letters of credit as security deposits for the lease and the sublease. This balance was previously classified as long-term restricted cash in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet and was reclassified to cash and cash equivalents at June 30, 2009.

Manufacturing Commitment

          In January 2009, the Company and Tekmira Pharmaceuticals Corporation (“Tekmira”) entered into a manufacturing and supply agreement under which the Company committed to pay Tekmira up to CAD $11.2 million ($9.7 million at June 30, 2009) over a three-year period beginning in January 2009.

           ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

           This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Without limiting the foregoing, the words “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” “target” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are based on information available to us up to, and including, the date of this document, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain important factors, including those set forth below under this Item 2 — “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” Part II, Item 1A — “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. You should carefully review those factors and also carefully review the risks outlined in other documents that we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC.

Overview

          We are a biopharmaceutical company developing novel therapeutics based on RNA interference, or RNAi. RNAi is a naturally occurring biological pathway within cells for selectively silencing and regulating the expression of specific genes. Since many diseases are caused by the inappropriate activity of specific genes, the ability to silence genes selectively through RNAi could provide a new way to treat a wide range of human diseases. We believe that drugs that work through RNAi have the potential to become a broad new class of drugs, like small molecule, protein and antibody drugs. Using our intellectual property and the expertise we have built in RNAi, we are developing a set of biological and chemical methods and know-how that we apply in a systematic way to develop RNAi therapeutics for a variety of diseases.

          We are applying our technological expertise to build a pipeline of RNAi therapeutics to address significant medical needs, many of which cannot effectively be addressed with small molecules or antibodies, the current major classes of drugs. Our lead RNAi therapeutic program, ALN-RSV01, is in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of human respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV, infection, which is reported to be the leading cause of hospitalization in infants in the United States and also occurs in the elderly and in immune compromised adults. In February 2008, we reported positive results from our Phase II experimental RSV infection clinical trial, referred to as the GEMINI study. The GEMINI study was designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability and anti-viral activity of ALN-RSV01. In this study, ALN-RSV01 was found to be safe and well tolerated and demonstrated statistically significant anti-viral activity, including an approximately 40% reduction in viral infection and a 95% increase in infection-free patients (p<0.01), as compared to placebo. In July 2009, we reported positive results from a second Phase II human clinical trial assessing the safety and tolerability of aerosolized ALN-RSV01 versus placebo in adult lung transplant patients naturally infected with RSV. The study achieved its primary objective of demonstrating the safety and tolerability of ALN-RSV01. In particular, there were no drug-related serious adverse events or discontinuations, and there were no clinically significant differences in the overall adverse event profile between ALN-RSV01 and placebo. Importantly, there was no evidence of disease exacerbation related to ALN-RSV01 treatment. At the 90 day endpoint, all patients survived and the incidence of intubation, new respiratory infection, or acute rejection was comparable across ALN-RSV01 and placebo groups. In addition, new 90 day clinical data were collected, although the study was not powered for these outcomes due to the small sample size, and they were therefore considered exploratory. Related to these 90 day data, key prospectively defined clinical secondary endpoints included recovery of lung function (forced expiratory volume in the first second, or FEV1) as measured by spirometry and clinical determination of new or progressive bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, or BOS. ALN-RSV01 treatment was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the total incidence of new or progressive BOS at 90 days compared to placebo (p=0.02); 50% of placebo patients showed new or progressive BOS as compared with only 7.1% of ALN-RSV01-treated patients.

          We have formed collaborations with Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Cubist, and Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., or Kyowa Hakko, for the development and commercialization of products for RSV. We will jointly develop and commercialize products for RSV with Cubist in North America, Cubist has responsibility for developing and commercializing these products in the rest of the world outside of Asia, and Kyowa Hakko has the responsibility for developing and commercializing these products in Asia.

          In December 2008, we submitted an investigational new drug application, or IND, to the United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for ALN-VSP, our first systemically delivered RNAi therapeutic candidate. We are developing ALN-VSP for the treatment of liver cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma and other solid tumors with liver involvement. We received

clearance from the FDA in January 2009 and initiated the Phase I study in March 2009. The Phase I study, being conducted in the United States, is a multi-center, open label, dose escalation study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous ALN-VSP in approximately 55 patients with advanced solid tumors with liver involvement, who have failed to respond to or have progressed after standard treatment.

          We are also working on a number of programs in pre-clinical development, including:

	•		ALN-TTR, an RNAi therapeutic candidate targeting the transthyretin, or TTR, gene for the treatment of TTR amyloidosis, which we advanced to a development program during 2008 and in August 2009, we announced ALN-TTR as our next IND candidate;
	•		ALN-PCS, an RNAi therapeutic targeting a gene called proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, or PCSK9, for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia; and
	•		ALN-HTT, an RNAi therapeutic for the treatment of Huntington’s disease, which we are developing in collaboration with Medtronic, Inc., or Medtronic.

          In addition to these development efforts, we are conducting research activities to discover RNAi therapeutics to treat various diseases. The diseases for which we have discovery programs include: viral hemorrhagic fever, including the Ebola virus, which can cause severe, often fatal infection and poses a potential biological safety risk and bioterrorism threat; progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, or PML, which is a disease of the central nervous system caused by viral infection in immune compromised patients; and Parkinson’s disease, a progressive brain disease which is characterized by uncontrollable tremor, and in some cases, may result in dementia. We are also pursuing many other undisclosed internal programs.

          In addition to these programs, as part of our collaborations with Novartis Pharma AG and one of its affiliates, or Novartis, and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, or Takeda, we have research activities to discover RNAi therapeutics directed to a number of undisclosed targets. Our alliance with F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and certain of its affiliates, or Roche, also contemplates such research activities.

          We are working internally and with third-party collaborators to develop capabilities to deliver our RNAi therapeutics directly to specific sites of disease, such as the delivery of ALN-RSV01 to the lungs, which we refer to as Direct RNAi. We also are working to extend our capabilities to advance the development of RNAi therapeutics that are administered by intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular approaches, which we refer to as Systemic RNAi. We have numerous RNAi therapeutic delivery collaborations and intend to continue to collaborate with government, academic and corporate third parties to evaluate different delivery options, including with respect to Direct RNAi and Systemic RNAi. For example, in May of 2007, we entered into an agreement with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, or MIT, Center for Cancer Research under which we are sponsoring an exclusive five-year research program focused on the delivery of RNAi therapeutics. In addition, during 2007, we obtained an exclusive worldwide license to the liposomal delivery formulation technology of Tekmira Pharmaceuticals Corporation, or Tekmira, for the discovery, development and commercialization of lipid-based nanoparticle formulations for the delivery of RNAi therapeutics. In May 2008, Tekmira acquired Protiva Biotherapeutics Inc., or Protiva. In connection with this acquisition, we entered into new agreements with Tekmira and Protiva, which provide us access to key existing and future technology and intellectual property for the systemic delivery of RNAi therapeutics with liposomal delivery technologies. Under these agreements with Tekmira and Protiva, we continue to have exclusive rights to the Semple (U.S. Patent No. 6,858,225) and Wheeler (U.S. Patent Nos. 5,976,567 and 6,815,432) patents for RNAi, which we believe are critical for the use of cationic liposomal delivery technology. In July 2009, we and Tekmira agreed to jointly participate in a new research collaboration with scientists at The University of British Columbia, or UBC, and AlCana Technologies, Inc., or AlCana, focused on the discovery of novel cationic lipids and lipid nanoparticles for the systemic delivery of RNAi therapeutics. We will fund the collaborative research over a two-year period, and the work will be conducted by scientists at UBC and AlCana. We will receive exclusive rights to all new inventions as well as rights to sublicense any resulting intellectual property to our current and future partners. Tekmira will receive rights to use new inventions for their own RNAi therapeutic programs that are licensed under our InterfeRx ^tm program.

          As noted above, we are developing ALN-VSP, a systemically delivered RNAi therapeutic candidate, for the treatment of liver cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma and other solid tumors with liver involvement. ALN-VSP comprises two siRNAs formulated using stable nucleic acid-lipid particles, or SNALP, technology from Tekmira. We also have rights to use SNALP technology in the advancement of our other systemically delivered RNAi therapeutic programs, including ALN-TTR for the treatment of TTR amyloidosis and ALN-PCS for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

          We rely on the strength of our intellectual property portfolio relating to the development and commercialization of small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, as therapeutics. This includes ownership of, or exclusive rights to, issued patents and pending patent applications claiming fundamental features of siRNAs and RNAi therapeutics as well as those claiming crucial chemical modifications and promising delivery technologies. We believe that no other company possesses a portfolio of such broad and exclusive rights to the patents and patent applications required for the commercialization of RNAi therapeutics. Given the importance of our intellectual property portfolio to our business operations, we intend to vigorously enforce our rights and defend against any challenges that have arisen or may arise in this area.

          In addition, our expertise in RNAi therapeutics and broad intellectual property estate have allowed us to form alliances with leading companies, including Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Isis, Medtronic, Novartis, Biogen Idec Inc., or Biogen Idec, Roche, Takeda, Kyowa Hakko and Cubist. In April 2009, we expanded our existing agreement with Isis to focus on the development of single-stranded RNAi, or ssRNAi, technology. In July 2009, Novartis elected to further extend the term of our collaboration and license agreement for the fifth and final planned year, through October 2010.

          We have also entered into contracts with government agencies, including the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, or NIAID, a component of the National Institutes of Health, or NIH. We have established collaborations with and, in some instances, received funding from major medical and disease associations. Finally, to further enable the field and monetize our intellectual property rights, we also grant licenses to biotechnology companies for the development and commercialization of RNAi therapeutics for specified targets in which we have no direct strategic interest under our InterfeRx program and to research companies that commercialize RNAi reagents or services under our research product licenses.

          We also seek opportunities to form new ventures in areas outside our core strategic focus. For example, in 2007, we and Isis established Regulus Therapeutics Inc., formerly Regulus Therapeutics LLC, or Regulus, a company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of microRNA-based therapeutics. Because microRNAs are believed to regulate whole networks of genes that can be involved in discrete disease processes, microRNA-based therapeutics represent a possible new approach to target the pathways of human disease. Given the broad applications for RNAi technology, we believe additional opportunities exist for new ventures to be formed.

          As noted above, in January 2009, we entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Cubist to develop and commercialize therapeutic products based on certain of our RNAi technology for the treatment of RSV. Under the Cubist agreement, licensed products include ALN-RSV01, which is currently in Phase II clinical development, as well as several other second-generation RNAi-based RSV inhibitors, which currently are in pre-clinical studies. Under the terms of the Cubist agreement, we and Cubist will share responsibility for developing licensed products in North America and will each bear one-half of the related development costs. Cubist will have the sole right to commercialize licensed products in North America with costs associated with such activities and any resulting profits or losses to be split equally between us and Cubist. Throughout the rest of the world, excluding Asia, where we have partnered our ALN-RSV program with Kyowa Hakko, Cubist will have an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to develop and commercialize licensed products. In consideration for the rights granted to Cubist under the Cubist agreement, Cubist made a $20.0 million upfront cash payment to us. Cubist also has an obligation to pay us milestone payments, totaling up to an aggregate of $82.5 million, upon the achievement of specified development and sales events in the royalty territory. In addition, if licensed products are successfully developed, Cubist will be required to pay us double digit royalties on net sales of licensed products in the royalty territory, if any, subject to offsets under certain circumstances. A more complete description of the Cubist agreement is set forth below under “Strategic Alliances.”

          We commenced operations in June 2002. We have focused our efforts since inception primarily on business planning, research and development, acquiring, filing and expanding intellectual property rights, recruiting management and technical staff, and raising capital. Since our inception, we have generated significant losses. As of June 30, 2009, we had an accumulated deficit of $282.8 million. Through June 30, 2009, we have funded our operations primarily through the net proceeds from the sale of equity securities and payments we have received under strategic alliances. Through June 30, 2009, a substantial portion of our total net revenues have been collaboration revenues derived from our strategic alliances with Roche, Takeda and Novartis, and from the United States government in connection with our development of treatments for hemorrhagic fever viruses, including Ebola. We expect our revenues to continue to be derived primarily from new and existing strategic alliances, government and foundation funding and license fee revenues.

          We currently have programs focused in a number of therapeutic areas. However, we are unable to predict when, if ever, we will successfully develop or be able to commence sales of any product. We have never achieved profitability on an annual basis and we expect to incur additional losses over the next several years. We expect our net losses to continue due primarily to research and development activities relating to our drug development programs, collaborations and other general corporate activities. We anticipate that our operating results will fluctuate for the foreseeable future. Therefore, period-to-period comparisons should not be relied upon as predictive of the results in future periods. Our sources of potential funding for the next several years are expected to be derived primarily from payments under new and existing strategic alliances, which may include license and other fees, funded research and development payments and milestone payments, government and foundation funding and proceeds from the sale of equity.

Research and Development

          Since our inception, we have focused on drug discovery and development programs. Research and development expenses represent a substantial percentage of our total operating expenses. Our most advanced program is focused on the treatment of RSV infection and is in Phase II clinical studies. In January 2009, we received clearance from the FDA to proceed with a Phase I study of ALN-VSP for the treatment of patients with advanced solid tumors with liver involvement. We initiated our ALN-VSP Phase I study in March 2009. In August 2009, we announced ALN-TTR, for the treatment of TTR amyloidosis, as our next IND candidate. Our other development programs are focused on hypercholesterolemia and Huntington’s disease. In addition to these development programs, we have discovery programs to develop RNAi therapeutics for the treatment of a broad range of diseases, such as viral hemorrhagic fever, including the Ebola virus, PML, Parkinson’s disease and many other undisclosed programs, as well as several other diseases that are the subject of our strategic alliances. We are also working internally and with third-party collaborators to develop capabilities to deliver our RNAi therapeutics both directly to the specific sites of disease and systemically, and we intend to continue to collaborate with government, academic and corporate third parties to evaluate different delivery options.

          There is a risk that any drug discovery or development program may not produce revenue for a variety of reasons, including the possibility that we will not be able to adequately demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidate. Moreover, there are uncertainties specific to any new field of drug discovery, including RNAi. The successful development of any product candidate we develop is highly uncertain. Due to the numerous risks associated with developing drugs, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and estimated costs of the efforts necessary to complete the development of, or the period, if any, in which material net cash inflows will commence from, any potential product candidate. These risks include the uncertainty of:

	•		our ability to progress product candidates into pre-clinical and clinical trials;
	•		the scope, rate and progress of our pre-clinical trials and other research and development activities, including those related to developing safe and effective ways of delivering siRNAs into cells and tissues;
	•		the scope, rate of progress and cost of any clinical trials we commence;
	•		clinical trial results;
	•		the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights;
	•		the terms, timing and success of any collaborative, licensing and other arrangements that we may establish;
	•		the cost, timing and success of regulatory filings and approvals or potential changes in regulations that govern our industry or the way in which they are interpreted or enforced;
	•		the cost and timing of establishing sufficient sales, marketing and distribution capabilities;
	•		the cost and timing of establishing sufficient clinical and commercial supplies of any products that we may develop; and
	•		the effect of competing technological and market developments.

          Any failure to complete any stage of the development of any potential products in a timely manner could have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial position and liquidity. A discussion of some of the risks and uncertainties associated with completing our projects on schedule, or at all, and the potential consequences of failing to do so, are set forth in Part II, Item 1A below under the heading “Risk Factors.”

Strategic Alliances

          A significant component of our business plan is to enter into strategic alliances and collaborations with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, research foundations and others, as appropriate, to gain access to funding, capabilities, technical resources and intellectual property to further our development efforts and to generate revenues. Our collaboration strategy is to form (1) non-exclusive platform alliances where our collaborators obtain access to our capabilities and

intellectual property to develop their own RNAi therapeutic products; and (2) 50-50 co-development and/or ex-U.S. market geographic partnerships on specific RNAi therapeutic programs. We have entered into broad, non-exclusive platform license agreements with Roche and Takeda, under which we will also collaborate with each of Roche and Takeda on RNAi drug discovery for one or more disease targets. We are pursuing 50-50 co-development programs with Cubist and Medtronic for the development and commercialization of ALN-RSV and ALN-HTT, respectively. In addition, we have entered into a product alliance with Kyowa Hakko for the development and commercialization of ALN-RSV in territories not covered by the Cubist agreement, which include Japan and other markets in Asia. We also have discovery and development alliances with Isis, Novartis and Biogen Idec.

          We also seek opportunities to form new ventures in areas outside our core strategic focus. For example, we formed Regulus, together with Isis, to capitalize on our technology and intellectual property in the field of microRNA-based therapeutics. Given the broad applications for RNAi technology, we believe additional opportunities exist for new ventures to be formed.

          To generate revenues from our intellectual property rights, we also grant licenses to biotechnology companies under our InterfeRx program for the development and commercialization of RNAi therapeutics for specified targets in which we have no direct strategic interest. We also license key aspects of our intellectual property to companies active in the research products and services market, which includes the manufacture and sale of reagents. Our InterfeRx and research product licenses aim to generate modest near-term revenues that we can re-invest in the development of our proprietary RNAi therapeutics pipeline. As of June 30, 2009, we had granted such licenses, on both an exclusive and nonexclusive basis, to approximately 20 companies.

          Since delivery of RNAi therapeutics remains a major objective of our research activities, we also look to form collaboration and licensing agreements with other companies and academic institutions to gain access to delivery technologies. For example, we have formed agreements with Tekmira and MIT, among others, to focus on various delivery strategies. We have also entered into license agreements with Isis, Max-Planck-Innovation GmbH, Tekmira and MIT, as well as a number of other entities, to obtain rights to important intellectual property in the field of RNAi. In April 2009, we expanded our existing agreement with Isis to focus on the development of ssRNAi technology.

          Finally, we seek funding for the development of our proprietary RNAi therapeutics pipeline from foundations and government sources. In 2006, NIAID awarded us a contract to advance the development of a broad spectrum RNAi anti-viral therapeutic against hemorrhagic fever virus, including the Ebola virus. In 2007, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, or DTRA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense, awarded us a contract to advance the development of a broad spectrum RNAi anti-viral therapeutic for hemorrhagic fever virus, which contract ended in February 2009. In addition, we have obtained funding for pre-clinical discovery programs from organizations such as The Michael J. Fox Foundation.

           Cubist Alliance. In January 2009, we entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Cubist to develop and commercialize therapeutic products based on certain of our RNAi technology for the treatment of RSV, including ALN-RSV01, which is currently in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of RSV infection in adult lung transplant patients, as well as several other second-generation RNAi-based RSV inhibitors, which currently are in pre-clinical studies.

          Under the terms of the Cubist agreement, we and Cubist will share responsibility for developing licensed products in North America and will each bear one-half of the related development costs. Our collaboration with Cubist for the development of licensed products in North America will be governed by a joint steering committee comprised of an equal number of representatives from each party. Cubist will have the sole right to commercialize licensed products in North America with costs associated with such activities and any resulting profits or losses to be split equally between us and Cubist. Throughout the rest of the world, referred to as the Royalty Territory, excluding Asia, where we have previously partnered our ALN-RSV program with Kyowa Hakko, Cubist will have an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to develop and commercialize licensed products.

          In consideration for the rights granted to Cubist under the agreement, in January 2009, Cubist paid us an upfront cash payment of $20.0 million. Cubist also has an obligation under the agreement to pay us milestone payments, totaling up to an aggregate of $82.5 million, upon the achievement of specified development and sales events in the Royalty Territory. In addition, if licensed products are successfully developed, Cubist will be required to pay us double digit royalties on net sales of licensed products in the Royalty Territory, if any, subject to offsets under certain circumstances. Upon achievement of certain development milestones, we will have the right to convert the North American co-development and profit sharing arrangement into a royalty-bearing license and, in addition to royalties on net sales in North America, will be entitled to receive additional milestone payments totaling up to an aggregate of $130.0 million upon achievement of specified development and sales events in North America, subject to the timing of the conversion by us and the regulatory status of a licensed product at the time of conversion. If we make the conversion to a royalty-bearing license with respect to North America, then North America becomes part of the Royalty Territory. Due to the uncertainty of pharmaceutical development and the high historical failure rates generally associated with drug development, we may not receive any milestone or royalty payments from Cubist.

          Unless terminated earlier in accordance with the agreement, the agreement expires on a country-by-country and licensed product-by-licensed product basis, (a) with respect to the Royalty Territory, upon the latest to occur of (1) the expiration of the last-to-expire Alnylam patent covering a licensed product, (2) the expiration of the Regulatory-Based Exclusivity Period (as defined in the Cubist agreement) and (3) ten years from first commercial sale in such country of such licensed product by Cubist or its affiliates or sublicensees, and (b) with respect to North America, if we have not converted North America into the Royalty Territory, upon the termination of the agreement by Cubist upon specified prior written notice. We estimate that our fundamental RNAi patents covered under the Cubist agreement will expire both in and outside of the United States generally between 2016 and 2025. Allowed claims covering ALN-RSV01 in the United States would expire in 2026. These patent rights are subject to any potential patent term extensions and/or supplemental protection certificates extending such term extensions in countries where such extensions may become available. In addition, more patent filings relating to the collaboration may be made in the future. Cubist has the right to terminate the agreement at any time (1) upon three months’ prior written notice if such notice is given prior to the acceptance for filing of the first application for regulatory approval of a licensed product or (2) upon nine months prior written notice if such notice is given after the acceptance for filing of the first application for regulatory approval. Either party may terminate the agreement in the event the other party fails to cure a material breach or upon patent-related challenges by the other party.

          During the term of the Cubist agreement, neither party nor its affiliates may develop, manufacture or commercialize anywhere in the world, outside of Asia, a therapeutic or prophylactic product that specifically targets RSV, except for licensed products developed, manufactured or commercialized pursuant to the agreement.

          We have determined that the deliverables under the Cubist agreement include the licenses, technology transfer related to the ALN-RSV program, the joint steering committee, and the development and manufacturing services that we will be obligated to perform during the development period. We have determined that, pursuant to Emerging Issues Task Force, or EITF, Issue No. 00-21, “Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables,” or EITF 00-21, the deliverables and undelivered services are not separable and, accordingly, the licenses and services are being treated as a single unit of accounting.

          When multiple deliverables are accounted for as a single unit of accounting, we base our revenue recognition pattern on the final deliverable. Under the Cubist agreement, the last element to be delivered is the joint steering committee service, which has an expected life of no more than seven years. We are recognizing the upfront payment of $20.0 million on a straight-line basis over seven years because we are unable to reasonably estimate the level of effort to fulfill our performance obligations. As future substantive milestones are achieved, a portion of the milestone payment, equal to the percentage of the performance period completed when the milestone is achieved, multiplied by the amount of the milestone payment, will be recognized as revenue upon achievement of such milestone. The remaining portion of the milestone will be recognized over the remaining performance period on a straight-line basis. We will continue to reassess whether we can reasonably estimate the level of effort required to fulfill our obligations under the Cubist agreement. When, and if, we can make a reasonable estimate of its remaining efforts under the collaboration, we will modify our method of recognition and utilize a proportional performance method.

          Under the terms of the Cubist agreement, we and Cubist will share responsibility for developing Licensed Products in North America and will each bear one-half of the related development costs. For revenue generating arrangements that involve cost sharing between both parties, we apply the provisions of EITF No. 07-1 “Accounting for Collaborative Arrangements,” or EITF 07-1. EITF 07-1 requires collaborators to present the results of activities for which they act as the principal on a gross basis and report any payments received from (made to) other collaborators based on other applicable accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP, or, in the absence of other applicable GAAP, analogy to authoritative accounting literature or a reasonable, rational and consistently applied accounting policy election. As we are not considered the principal in this agreement, pursuant to EITF 07-1, we will record any amounts due from Cubist as a reduction of research and development costs. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2009, we and Cubist incurred $3.2 million and $7.0 million, respectively, under the Cubist agreement. Amounts due from Cubist of $1.5 million and $3.3 million, respectively, were recorded as a reduction to research and development expense. As such, we recorded net research and development expenses of $1.6 million and $3.5 million in our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2009, respectively.

           Amended and Restated Isis Collaboration. In April 2009, we and Isis amended and restated our existing strategic collaboration and license agreement, originally entered into in March 2004. Under this agreement, we and Isis agreed to extend the broad cross-licensing arrangement regarding double-stranded RNAi that was established in 2004, pursuant to which Isis granted us licenses to its current and future patents and patent applications relating to chemistry and to RNA-targeting mechanisms for the research, development and commercialization of double-stranded RNA products. We have the right to use Isis technologies in our development programs or in collaborations and Isis has agreed not to grant licenses under these patents to any other organization for

the discovery, development and commercialization of double-stranded RNA products designed to work through an RNAi mechanism, except in the context of a collaboration in which Isis plays an active role. We granted Isis non-exclusive licenses to our current and future patents and patent applications relating to RNA-targeting mechanisms and to chemistry for research use. We also granted Isis the non-exclusive right to develop and commercialize double-stranded RNA products developed using RNAi technology against a limited number of targets. In addition, we granted Isis non-exclusive rights to research, develop and commercialize single-stranded RNA products.

          We agreed to pay Isis milestone payments, totaling up to approximately $3.4 million, upon the occurrence of specified development and regulatory events, and royalties on sales, if any, for each product that we or a collaborator develops using Isis intellectual property. In addition, we agreed to pay to Isis a percentage of specified fees from strategic collaborations we may enter into that include access to the Isis intellectual property. Isis has agreed to pay us, per therapeutic target, a license fee of $0.5 million, and milestone payments totaling approximately $3.4 million, payable upon the occurrence of specified development and regulatory events, and royalties on sales, if any, for each product developed by Isis or a collaborator that utilizes our intellectual property. Isis has the right to elect up to ten non-exclusive target licenses under the agreement and has the right to purchase one additional non-exclusive target per year during the term of the collaboration.

          As part of the amended and restated Isis agreement, we and Isis have expanded our collaborative efforts to focus on the development of single-stranded RNAi, or ssRNAi, technology. Under the amended and restated Isis agreement, we obtained from Isis a co-exclusive, worldwide license to Isis’ current and future patents and patent applications relating to chemistry and RNA-targeting mechanisms to research, develop and commercialize ssRNAi products for a limited number of gene targets to be designated by us. Both we and Isis will have the opportunity to discover and develop drugs employing the ssRNAi technology. Under the terms of the amended and restated Isis agreement, we will potentially pay Isis up to an aggregate of $31.0 million in license fees, payable in four tranches, that include $11.0 million on signing, $10.0 million 18 months following signing, or if and when in vivo efficacy in rodents is demonstrated if sooner, $5.0 million upon achievement of in vivo efficacy in non-human primates, and $5.0 million upon initiation of the first clinical trial with an ssRNAi drug, subject to our right to unilaterally terminate the research program. We have recorded the upfront payment of $11.0 million as research and development expense. We will expense each milestone payment when achievement of the milestone is considered probable. We will fund research activities at a minimum of $3.0 million each year for three years with research development activities conducted by both us and Isis. If we develop and commercialize drugs utilizing ssRNAi technology on our own or with a partner, Isis could potentially receive milestone payments, totaling up to $18.5 million per product, as well as royalties. Also, initially, Isis is eligible to receive up to 50 percent of any sublicense payments due to us from a third party based on our partnering of ssRNAi products, which amount will decline over time as our investment in the technology and drugs increases. In turn, we are eligible to receive up to five percent of any sublicense payments due to Isis from a third party based on Isis’ partnering of ssRNAi products.

          We have the unilateral right to terminate the research program before September 30, 2010, in which event any licenses to ssRNAi products granted by Isis to us under the amended and restated Isis agreement, and any obligation thereunder by us to pay milestone payments, royalties or sublicense payments to Isis for such ssRNAi products, would also terminate.

           Novartis Alliance. In May 2009, pursuant to terms of the investor rights agreement between us and Novartis, Novartis purchased 65,922 shares of our common stock, at a purchase price of $17.50 per share, resulting in an aggregate payment to us of $1.2 million. Under the investor rights agreement, we granted Novartis rights to acquire additional equity securities such that Novartis would be able to maintain its ownership percentage, which following this purchase was 13.4% of our outstanding common stock.

          Our collaboration and license agreement with Novartis had an initial term of three years, with an option for two additional one-year extensions at the election of Novartis. In July 2009, Novartis elected to further extend the term of our collaboration and license agreement for the fifth and final planned year, through October 2010.

Regulus

          In September 2007, we and Isis established Regulus, a company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of microRNA-based therapeutics. Regulus combines our and Isis’ technologies, know-how and intellectual property relating to microRNA-based therapeutics. Since microRNAs are believed to regulate the expression of broad networks of genes and biological pathways, microRNA-based therapeutics define a new and potentially high-impact strategy to target multiple points on disease pathways. Regulus, which had initially been established as a limited liability company, converted to a C corporation as of January 2, 2009 and changed its name to Regulus Therapeutics Inc.

          In consideration for our and Isis’ initial interests in Regulus, we and Isis each granted Regulus exclusive licenses to our intellectual property for certain microRNA-based therapeutics as well as certain patents in the microRNA field. In addition, we made an initial cash contribution to Regulus of $10.0 million, resulting in us and Isis making initial capital contributions to Regulus of approximately equal aggregate value. In addition, in March 2009, we and Isis each purchased $10.0 million of Series A preferred stock of Regulus. We and Isis currently own approximately 49% and 51%, respectively, of Regulus and there are currently no other third party investors in Regulus. Regulus continues to operate as an independent company with a separate board of directors, scientific advisory board and management team, some of whom have options to purchase common stock of Regulus. Members of the board of directors of Regulus who are our employees or Isis’ employees are not eligible to receive options to purchase Regulus common stock.

          We, Isis and Regulus have also entered into a license and collaboration agreement to pursue the discovery, development and commercialization of therapeutic products directed to microRNAs. Under the terms of the license and collaboration agreement, we and Isis assigned to Regulus specified patents and contracts covering microRNA-specific technology. In addition, each of us granted to Regulus an exclusive, worldwide license under our rights to other microRNA-related patents and know-how to develop and commercialize therapeutic products containing compounds that are designed to interfere with or inhibit a particular microRNA, subject to our and Isis’ existing contractual obligations to third parties. Regulus also has the right to request a license from us and Isis to develop and commercialize therapeutic products directed to other microRNA compounds, which license is subject to our and Isis’ approval and to each such party’s existing contractual obligations to third parties. Regulus granted to us and Isis an exclusive license to technology developed or acquired by Regulus for use solely within our respective fields (as defined in the license and collaboration agreement), but specifically excluding the right to develop, manufacture or commercialize the therapeutic products for which we and Isis granted rights to Regulus.

          Regulus’ most advanced program, which is in pre-clinical research, is a microRNA-based therapeutic candidate that targets miR-122, an endogenous host gene required for viral infection by the hepatitis C virus, or HCV. HCV infection is a significant disease worldwide, for which emerging therapies target viral genes and, therefore, are prone to viral resistance. Regulus is also pursuing a program that targets miR-21. Pre-clinical studies by Regulus and collaborators have shown that miR-21 is implicated in several therapeutic areas, including heart failure and fibrosis. In addition to these programs, Regulus is also actively exploring additional areas for development of microRNA-based therapeutics, including cancer, other viral diseases, metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases.

          In April 2008, Regulus entered into a worldwide strategic alliance with GlaxoSmithKline, or GSK, to discover, develop and market novel microRNA-targeted therapeutics to treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. In connection with this alliance, Regulus received $20.0 million in upfront payments from GSK, including a $15.0 million option fee and a loan of $5.0 million evidenced by a promissory note (guaranteed by Isis and us) that will convert into Regulus common stock under certain specified circumstances. Regulus could be eligible to receive development, regulatory and sales milestone payments for each of the four microRNA-targeted therapeutics discovered and developed as part of the alliance, and would also receive royalty payments on worldwide sales of products resulting from the alliance, if any. In May 2009, Regulus achieved the initial discovery milestone under the GSK alliance, which triggered a payment under the agreement, concurrent with the first demonstration of a pharmacological effect in immune cells by specific microRNA inhibition.

Intellectual Property

          The strength of our intellectual property portfolio relating to the development and commercialization of siRNAs as therapeutics is essential to our business strategy. We own or license issued patents and pending patent applications in the United States and in key markets around the world claiming fundamental features of siRNAs and RNAi therapeutics as well as those claiming crucial chemical modifications and promising delivery technologies. Specifically, we have a portfolio of patents, patent applications and other intellectual property covering: fundamental aspects of the structure and uses of siRNAs, including their use as therapeutics, and RNAi-related mechanisms; chemical modifications to siRNAs that improve their suitability for therapeutic uses; siRNAs directed to specific targets as treatments for particular diseases; delivery technologies, such as in the field of cationic liposomes; and all aspects of our specific development candidates.

          We believe that no other company possesses a portfolio of such broad and exclusive rights to the patents and patent applications required for the commercialization of RNAi therapeutics. Our intellectual property estate for RNAi therapeutics includes over 1,800 active cases and over 700 granted or issued patents, of which over 300 are issued or granted in the United States, the European Union and Japan. We continue to seek to grow our portfolio through the creation of new technology in this field. In addition, we are very active in our evaluation of third-party technology, as most recently evidenced by our acquisition of the intellectual property in the emerging biological field of RNAa.

          Our expertise in RNAi therapeutics and broad intellectual property estate have allowed us to form alliances with leading companies, including Isis, Medtronic, Novartis, Biogen, Roche, Takeda, Kyowa Hakko and Cubist, as well as license agreements with other biotechnology companies interested in developing RNAi therapeutic products and research companies that commercialize RNAi reagents or services.

          In addition, in July 2009, we announced that we will contribute more than 1,500 issued or pending patents in our RNAi technology patent estate to the patent pool established by GSK in March 2009. We are the first company to add its patents to the approximately 800 patent filings GSK provided to the pool. The patent pool was formed to aid in the discovery and development of new medicines for the treatment of 16 neglected tropical diseases, or NTD, as defined by the FDA, in the world’s least developed countries. Through our contribution to the patent pool, we are providing RNAi intellectual property, technology and know-how on a royalty-free, non-profit basis in the least developed countries via licensing agreements with qualified third parties. Such organizations will be engaged in research efforts focused on discovery of new medicines for NTD and their distribution to least developed countries.

          Given the importance of our intellectual property portfolio to our business operations, we intend to vigorously enforce our rights and defend against any challenges that have arisen or may arise in this area.

          In June 2009, we joined with Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Zur Forderung Der Wissenschaften E.V. and Max-Planck-Innovation GmbH, collectively, Max Planck, in taking legal action against the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, or Whitehead, MIT and the Board of Trustees of the University of Massachusetts, or UMass. The complaint, initially filed in Suffolk County Superior Court in Boston, Massachusetts and subsequently removed to the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, alleges (among other things) that the defendants have improperly prosecuted the so-called “Tuschl I” patent applications and wrongfully incorporated inventions covered by the “Tuschl II” patent applications into the Tuschl I patent applications, thereby potentially damaging the value of inventions reflected in the Tuschl II patent applications. In the field of RNAi therapeutics, we are the exclusive licensee of the Tuschl I patent applications from Max Planck, MIT and Whitehead, and of the Tuschl II patent applications from Max Planck.

          Although we are vigorously asserting our rights in this case (along with Max Planck), litigation is subject to inherent uncertainty and a court could ultimately rule against us. In addition, litigation is costly and may divert the attention of our management and other resources that would otherwise be engaged in running our business.

      Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

          There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies since the beginning of this fiscal year. Our critical accounting policies are described in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, which we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 2, 2009.

      Results of Operations

          The following data summarizes the results of our operations for the periods indicated, in thousands:

          Revenues increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2009 as compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2008 primarily as a result of our alliance with Takeda. In June 2008, we received upfront cash payments totaling $100.0 million under the Takeda alliance and in October 2008, we received the first technology transfer milestone payment of $20.0 million. Takeda is required to make an additional $30.0 million in near-term payments to us upon achievement of specified technology transfer milestones. The $150.0 million in upfront and technology transfer milestone payments made or due to us under the Takeda alliance are being recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over seven years.

          For the three and six months ended June 30, 2009 as compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2008, government contract revenues decreased due primarily to the wind down of our collaboration with DTRA. Following a program review, in February 2009 we and DTRA determined not to continue this program and accordingly, no additional funds will be accessed.

          The decrease in Novartis revenues in the three and six months ended June 30, 2009 as compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2008 was due in part to a reduction in the number of resources allocated to the broad Novartis alliance.

          For the three and six months ended June 30, 2009 as compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2008, other research collaborator revenues increased due primarily to our alliance with Cubist. In consideration for the rights granted to Cubist under the agreement, in January 2009, Cubist paid us an upfront cash payment of $20.0 million. We are recognizing this $20.0 million payment as revenue on a straight-line basis over seven years.

          Total deferred revenue of $312.2 million at June 30, 2009 consists of payments we have received from collaborators, primarily Roche, Takeda, Kyowa Hakko and Cubist, but have not yet recognized pursuant to our revenue recognition policies.

          For the foreseeable future, we expect our revenues to continue to be derived primarily from our alliances with Roche, Takeda, Novartis and Cubist, as well as other strategic alliances, collaborations, government contracts and licensing activities.

           Operating expenses

          The following tables summarize our operating expenses for the periods indicated, in thousands and as a percentage of total operating expenses, together with the changes, in thousands and percentages:

           Research and development. The following tables summarize the components of our research and development expenses for the periods indicated, in thousands and as a percentage of total research and development expenses, together with the changes, in thousands and percentages:

          Research and development expenses increased during the three months ended June 30, 2009 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2008 due primarily to license fees paid to Isis in connection with our ssRNAi program under the amended and restated Isis agreement entered into in April 2009. For the three months ended June 30, 2008, license fees consisted primarily of $5.0 million in payments to certain entities, primarily Isis, as a result of the Takeda alliance, as well as a charge of $2.1 million in connection with our Tekmira investment in May 2008. Clinical trial and manufacturing expenses increased during the three months ended June 30, 2009 due primarily to increased costs associated with our ALN-TTR pre-clinical program and our ALN-VSP and ALN-RSV clinical trials. Compensation and related expenses and facilities-related expenses increased during the three months ended June 30, 2009 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2008 due to additional research and development headcount to support our alliances and expanding product pipeline. In addition, under the terms of our January 2009 agreement with Cubist, we and Cubist each bear one-half of the development costs for our ALN-RSV program. Accordingly, for the three months ended June 30, 2009, we recorded a reduction to research and development expenses of $1.5 million.

          We expect to continue to devote a substantial portion of our resources to research and development expenses and, excluding the impact of the license fees we paid in connection with our ssRNAi program under the amended and restated Isis agreement, we expect that research and development expenses will remain consistent or increase slightly in 2009 as we continue development of our and our collaborators’ product candidates and focus on continuing to develop drug delivery-related technologies.

          We do not track actual costs for most of our research and development programs or our personnel and personnel-related costs on a project-by-project basis because all of our programs are in the early stages of development. In addition, a significant portion of our research and development costs are not tracked by project as they benefit multiple projects or our technology platform. However, our collaboration agreements contain cost-sharing arrangements whereby certain costs incurred under the project are reimbursed. Costs reimbursed under the agreements typically include certain direct external costs and a negotiated full-time equivalent labor rate for the actual time worked on the project. In addition, we are reimbursed under our government contracts for certain allowable costs including direct internal and external costs. As a result, although a significant portion of our research and development expenses are not tracked on a project-by-project basis, we do track direct external costs attributable to, and the actual time our employees worked on, our collaborations and government contracts.

          Research and development expenses increased during the six months ended June 30, 2009 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2008 due primarily to license fees paid to Isis in connection with our ssRNAi program under the amended and restated Isis agreement entered into in April 2009, as well as higher license fees payable to certain entities, primarily Isis, as a result of the Cubist alliance and the initiation of our ALN-VSP Phase I clinical study. For the six months ended June 30, 2008, license fees consisted primarily of $5.0 million in payments to certain entities, primarily Isis, as a result of the Takeda alliance, as well as a charge of $2.1 million in connection with our Tekmira investment in May 2008. Clinical trial and manufacturing expenses increased during the six months ended June 30, 2009 due primarily to increased costs associated with our ALN-TTR pre-clinical program and our ALN-VSP and ALN-RSV clinical trials. Compensation and related expenses, lab supplies and materials, and facilities-related expenses increased during the six months ended June 30, 2009 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2008 due to additional research and development headcount to support our alliances and expanding product pipeline. Partially offsetting these increases was a decrease in external services primarily due to the wind down of our collaboration with DTRA. Following a program review, in February 2009 we and DTRA determined not to continue this program and, accordingly, no additional expenses for this program will be incurred. In addition, under the terms of our January 2009 agreement with Cubist, we and Cubist each bear one-half of the development costs for our ALN-RSV program. Accordingly, for the six months ended June 30, 2009, we recorded a reduction to research and development expenses of $3.3 million.

           General and administrative. The following tables summarize the components of our general and administrative expenses for the periods indicated, in thousands and as a percentage of total general and administrative expenses, together with the changes, in thousands and percentages:

          The increase in general and administrative expenses during the three months ended June 30, 2009 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2008 was due primarily to higher professional service fees related to business activities, including legal activities, an increase in general and administrative headcount over the past year to support our growth and higher non-cash stock-based compensation.

          General and administrative expenses may continue to increase during 2009 due to higher consulting and professional services expenses associated with legal activities, a description of which is set forth below under Part II, Item 1 – Legal Proceedings.

		Six Months				% of				Six Months				% of
		Ended				Expense				Ended				Expense				Increase
		June 30, 2009				Category				June 30, 2008				Category				$				%
General and administrative
Consulting and professional services		$	5,600				35	%		$	4,176				32	%		$	1,424				34	%
Non-cash stock-based compensation			4,267				26	%			3,197				25	%			1,070				33	%
Compensation and related			3,449				21	%			2,895				22	%			554				19	%
Facilities-related			1,373				9	%			1,349				10	%			24				2	%
Insurance			355				2	%			319				2	%			36				11	%
Other			1,070				7	%			1,042				9	%			28				3	%
Total general and administrative expenses		$	16,114				100	%		$	12,978				100	%		$	3,136				24	%

          The increase in general and administrative expenses during the six months ended June 30, 2009 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2008 was due primarily to higher professional service fees related to business activities, including legal activities, an increase in general and administrative headcount over the past year to support our growth and higher non-cash stock-based compensation.

           Other income (expense)

          We incurred $0.8 million and $2.3 million equity in loss of joint venture (Regulus Therapeutics Inc.) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2009, respectively, as compared to $1.6 million and $3.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2008, respectively, in each period related to our share of the net losses incurred by Regulus, which was formed in September 2007. Through December 31, 2008, we were recognizing the first $10.0 million of losses of Regulus as equity in loss of joint venture (Regulus Therapeutics Inc.) in our condensed consolidated statements of operations because we were responsible for funding those losses through our initial $10.0 million cash contribution. Beginning in January 2009, in connection with the conversion of Regulus to a C corporation, we are recognizing approximately 49% of the income and losses of Regulus.

          Interest income was $1.5 million and $3.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2009, respectively, as compared to $3.5 million and $8.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2008, respectively. The decrease was due to significantly lower average interest rates.

          Interest expense was zero for the three and six months ended June 30, 2009 as compared to $0.2 million and $0.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2008, respectively. Interest expense in the three and six months ended June 30, 2008 was related to borrowings under our lines of credit used to finance capital equipment purchases. In December 2008, we defeased the aggregate outstanding balance under these credit lines and expect to have no interest expense in 2009.

          Income tax expense, primarily as a result of our alliances with Roche and Takeda, was $0.9 million and $1.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2009, respectively, as compared to $1.3 million and $1.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2008, respectively.

          Since we commenced operations in 2002, we have generated significant losses. As of June 30, 2009, we had an accumulated deficit of $282.8 million. As of June 30, 2009, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $473.8 million, compared to cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $512.7 million as of December 31, 2008. We invest primarily in cash equivalents, U.S. government obligations, high-grade corporate notes and commercial paper. Our investment objectives are, primarily, to assure liquidity and preservation of capital and, secondarily, to obtain investment income. All of our investments in debt securities are recorded at fair value and are available-for-sale. Fair value is determined based on quoted market prices and models using observable data inputs. We have not recorded any impairment charges to our fixed income marketable securities during the six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2008.

           Operating activities

          We have required significant amounts of cash to fund our operating activities as a result of net losses since our inception. For the six months ended June 30, 2009 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2008, net cash used in operating activities of $34.7 million was due primarily to our net loss and other changes in our working capital. We had a decrease in deferred revenue of $17.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2009, as well as a decrease in income taxes payable of $4.3 million. Cash used in operating activities is adjusted for non-cash items to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by or used in operating activities. These non-cash adjustments consist primarily of stock-based compensation, equity in loss of joint venture and depreciation and amortization.

          We expect that we will require significant amounts of cash to fund our operating activities for the foreseeable future as we continue to develop and advance our research and development initiatives. The actual amount of overall expenditures will depend on numerous factors, including the timing of expenses, the timing and terms of collaboration agreements or other strategic transactions, if any, and the timing and progress of our research and development efforts.

           Investing activities

          For the six months ended June 30, 2009, net cash used in investing activities of $11.2 million resulted primarily from net purchases of marketable securities of $4.4 million, an additional $10.0 million investment in Regulus, and purchases of property and equipment of $2.9 million related to our Cambridge facility. Offsetting these amounts was a decrease in restricted cash of $6.2 million, resulting from the release of letters of credit in connection with the amendment of our facility lease and the termination of our sublease agreement. For the six months ended June 30, 2008, net cash provided by investing activities of $51.0 million resulted primarily from net sales of marketable securities of $58.2 million due primarily to the maturity of investments, offset by purchases of property and equipment of $7.2 million.

           Financing activities

          For the six months ended June 30, 2009, net cash provided by financing activities of $2.1 million was due primarily to proceeds of $1.2 million from our issuance of common stock to Novartis in May 2009, as well as proceeds from the issuance of common stock in connection with stock option exercises. For the six months ended June 30, 2008, net cash provided by financing activities was $5.0 million due primarily to proceeds of $5.4 million from our issuance of common stock to Novartis in May 2008, offset by $1.9 million for repayments on notes payable.

          During the current downturn in global financial markets, some companies have experienced difficulties accessing their cash equivalents, investment securities and raising capital generally, which have had a material adverse impact on their liquidity. In addition, the current economic downturn has severely diminished the availability of capital and may limit our ability to access these markets to obtain financing in the future. Based on our current operating plan, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and fixed income marketable securities, for which we have not recognized any impairment charges, together with the cash we expect to generate under our current alliances, including our Novartis, Roche, Takeda and Cubist alliances, will be sufficient to fund our planned operations for at least the next several years, during which time we expect to further the development of our product candidates, conduct clinical trials, extend the capabilities of our technology platform and continue to prosecute patent applications and otherwise build and maintain our patent portfolio. However, we may require significant additional funds earlier than we currently expect in order to develop, commence clinical trials for and commercialize any product candidates.

          In the longer term, we may seek additional funding through additional collaborative arrangements and public or private financings. Additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. In addition, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders. For example, if we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, further dilution to our existing stockholders may result. If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail one or more of our research or development programs. We also could be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborators or others that may require us to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or product candidates that we would otherwise pursue.

          Even if we are able to raise additional funds in a timely manner, our future capital requirements may vary from what we expect and will depend on many factors, including:

	•		our progress in demonstrating that siRNAs can be active as drugs;
	•		our ability to develop relatively standard procedures for selecting and modifying siRNA drug candidates;
	•		progress in our research and development programs, as well as the magnitude of these programs;
	•		the timing, receipt and amount of milestone and other payments, if any, from present and future collaborators, if any;
	•		the timing, receipt and amount of funding under current and future government contracts, if any;
	•		our ability to maintain and establish additional collaborative arrangements;
	•		the resources, time and costs required to successfully initiate and complete our pre-clinical and clinical trials, obtain regulatory approvals, protect our intellectual property and obtain and maintain licenses to third-party intellectual property;
	•		the cost of preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining and enforcing patent claims;
	•		the costs associated with legal activities arising in the course of our business activities;
	•		progress in the research and development programs of Regulus; and
	•		the timing, receipt and amount of sales and royalties, if any, from our potential products.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

          The disclosure of our contractual obligations and commitments is set forth under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Contractual Obligations and Commitments” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008. In January 2009, we and Tekmira entered into a manufacturing and supply agreement under which we committed to pay Tekmira up to CAD $11.2 million ($9.7 million at June 30, 2009) over a three-year

period beginning in January 2009. In June 2009, we entered into an agreement amending provisions of our existing lease. The amendment provides for the lease of the entire second floor of our Cambridge, Massachusetts premises, including space previously subleased by us from a third party, effective as of July 1, 2009. We are leasing approximately 11,000 square feet of new space and in total, will occupy approximately 95,000 square feet of office and laboratory space at the premises under the lease, as amended. In addition, the term of the lease was extended an additional five years and now expires September 30, 2016. Accordingly, at June 30, 2009, our operating lease obligations through 2016 have increased by $22.2 million.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

          In December 2007, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, reached a consensus on EITF 07-1, which requires collaborators to present the results of activities for which they act as the principal on a gross basis and report any payments received from (made to) other collaborators based on other applicable GAAP or, in the absence of other applicable GAAP, based on analogy to authoritative accounting literature or a reasonable, rational and consistently applied accounting policy election. Further, EITF 07-1 clarifies that the determination of whether transactions within a collaborative arrangement are part of a vendor-customer (or analogous) relationship subject to EITF 01-9. EITF 07-1 became effective on January 1, 2009. The adoption of EITF 07-1 did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements, however, it resulted in enhanced disclosures for our collaboration activities.

          In May 2009, the FASB adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, or SFAS, No. 165, “Subsequent Events,” or SFAS 165. SFAS 165 establishes general standards of accounting for and disclosure of events that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued. The adoption of SFAS 165 did not impact our condensed consolidated financial statements. We evaluated all events or transactions that occurred after June 30, 2009 up through August 6, 2009, the date we issued these condensed consolidated financial statements. During this period, we did not have any material recognizable or unrecognizable subsequent events.

          In June 2009, the FASB issued SFAS No. 166, “Accounting for Transfers of Financial Statements — an amendment of FASB Statement No. 140,” or SFAS 166. SFAS 166 prescribes the information that a reporting entity must provide in its financial reports about a transfer of financial assets; the effects of a transfer on its financial position, financial performance, and cash flows; and a transferor’s continuing involvement in transferred financial assets. Specifically, among other aspects, SFAS 166 amends SFAS No. 140, “Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities,” or SFAS 140, by removing the concept of a qualifying special-purpose entity from SFAS 140 and removing the exception from applying FASB Interpretation No. 46, “Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities (revised December 2003) — an interpretation of ARB No. 51,” or FIN 46R, to variable interest entities that are qualifying special-purpose entities. It also modifies the financial-components approach used in SFAS 140. SFAS 166 is effective for transfer of financial assets occurring on or after January 1, 2010. We have not determined the effect that the adoption of SFAS 166 will have on our condensed consolidated financial statements but the effect will generally be limited to future transactions.

          In June 2009, the FASB issued SFAS No. 167, “Amendments to FASB Interpretation No. 46R,” or SFAS 167. SFAS 167 amends FIN 46R, to require an enterprise to determine whether its variable interest or interests give it a controlling financial interest in a variable interest entity. The primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity is the enterprise that has both (1) the power to direct the activities of a variable interest entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity that could potentially be significant to the variable interest entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the variable interest entity. SFAS 167 also amends FIN 46R to require ongoing reassessments of whether an enterprise is the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity. SFAS 167 is effective for all variable interest entities and relationships with variable interest entities existing as of January 1, 2010. We have not determined the effect that the adoption of SFAS 167 will have on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

          In June 2009, the FASB issued SFAS No. 168, “The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles — a replacement of FASB Statement No. 162,” or SFAS 168. SFAS 168 replaces SFAS No. 162 , “The Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles,” to establish the “FASB Accounting Standards Codification” as the source of authoritative accounting principles recognized by the FASB to be applied by nongovernmental entities in preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP. SFAS 168 is effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15, 2009. The adoption of this standard will not impact our condensed consolidated financial statements.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

           Our business is subject to numerous risks. We caution you that the following important factors, among others, could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf in filings with the SEC, press releases, communications with investors and oral statements. Any or all of our forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in any other public statements we make may turn out to be wrong. They can be affected by inaccurate assumptions we might make or by known or unknown risks and uncertainties. Many factors mentioned in the discussion below will be important in determining future results. Consequently, no forward-looking statement can be guaranteed. Actual future results may vary materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You are advised, however, to consult any further disclosure we make in our reports filed with the SEC.

Risks Related to Our Business

Risks Related to Being an Early Stage Company

Because we have a short operating history, there is a limited amount of information about us upon which you can evaluate our business and prospects.

          Our operations began in 2002 and we have only a limited operating history upon which you can evaluate our business and prospects. In addition, as an early-stage company, we have limited experience and have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in new and rapidly evolving fields, particularly in the biopharmaceutical area. For example, to execute our business plan, we will need to successfully:

	•		execute product development activities using unproven technologies related to both RNAi and to the delivery of siRNAs to the relevant cell tissue;
	•		build and maintain a strong intellectual property portfolio;
	•		gain acceptance for the development of our product candidates and any products we commercialize;
	•		develop and maintain successful strategic alliances; and
	•		manage our spending as costs and expenses increase due to clinical trials, regulatory approvals and commercialization.

          If we are unsuccessful in accomplishing these objectives, we may not be able to develop product candidates, commercialize products, raise capital, expand our business or continue our operations.

The approach we are taking to discover and develop novel RNAi therapeutics is unproven and may never lead to marketable products.

          We have concentrated our efforts and therapeutic product research on RNAi technology, and our future success depends on the successful development of this technology and products based on it. Neither we nor any other company has received regulatory approval to market therapeutics utilizing siRNAs, the class of molecule we are trying to develop into drugs. The scientific discoveries that form the basis for our efforts to discover and develop new drugs are relatively new. The scientific evidence to support the feasibility of developing drugs based on these discoveries is both preliminary and limited. Skepticism as to the feasibility of developing RNAi therapeutics has been expressed in scientific literature. For example, there are potential challenges to achieving safe RNAi therapeutics based on the so-called off-target effects and activation of the interferon response.

          Relatively few drug candidates based on these discoveries have ever been tested in animals or humans. siRNAs may not naturally possess the inherent properties typically required of drugs, such as the ability to be stable in the body long enough to reach the tissues in which their effects are required, nor the ability to enter cells within these tissues in order to exert their effects. We currently have only limited data, and no conclusive evidence, to suggest that we can introduce these drug-like properties into siRNAs. We may spend large amounts of money trying to introduce these properties, and may never succeed in doing so. In addition, these compounds may not demonstrate in patients the chemical and pharmacological properties ascribed to them in laboratory studies, and

they may interact with human biological systems in unforeseen, ineffective or harmful ways. As a result, we may never succeed in developing a marketable product. If we do not successfully develop and commercialize drugs based upon our technological approach, we may not become profitable and the value of our common stock will decline.

          Further, our focus solely on RNAi technology for developing drugs, as opposed to multiple, more proven technologies for drug development, increases the risks associated with the ownership of our common stock. If we are not successful in developing a product candidate using RNAi technology, we may be required to change the scope and direction of our product development activities. In that case, we may not be able to identify and implement successfully an alternative product development strategy.

Risks Related to Our Financial Results and Need for Financing

We have a history of losses and may never be profitable.

          We have experienced significant operating losses since our inception. As of June 30, 2009, we had an accumulated deficit of $282.8 million. To date, we have not developed any products nor generated any revenues from the sale of products. Further, we do not expect to generate any such revenues in the foreseeable future. We expect to continue to incur annual net operating losses over the next several years and will require substantial resources over the next several years as we expand our efforts to discover, develop and commercialize RNAi therapeutics. We anticipate that the majority of any revenue we generate over the next several years will be from alliances with pharmaceutical companies or funding from contracts with the government, but cannot be certain that we will be able to secure or maintain these alliances or contracts, or meet the obligations or achieve any milestones that we may be required to meet or achieve to receive payments.

          To become and remain consistently profitable, we must succeed in discovering, developing and commercializing novel drugs with significant market potential. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including pre-clinical testing and clinical trial stages of development, obtaining regulatory approval for these novel drugs and manufacturing, marketing and selling them. We may never succeed in these activities, and may never generate revenues that are significant enough to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. If we cannot become and remain consistently profitable, the market price of our common stock could decline. In addition, we may be unable to raise capital, expand our business, diversify our product offerings or continue our operations.

We will require substantial additional funds to complete our research and development activities and if additional funds are not available, we may need to critically limit, significantly scale back or cease our operations.

          We have used substantial funds to develop our RNAi technologies and will require substantial funds to conduct further research and development, including pre-clinical testing and clinical trials of any product candidates, and to manufacture and market any products that are approved for commercial sale. Because the successful development of our products is uncertain, we are unable to estimate the actual funds we will require to develop and commercialize them.

          Our future capital requirements and the period for which we expect our existing resources to support our operations may vary from what we expect. We have based our expectations on a number of factors, many of which are difficult to predict or are outside of our control, including:

	•		our progress in demonstrating that siRNAs can be active as drugs;
	•		our ability to develop relatively standard procedures for selecting and modifying siRNA drug candidates;
	•		progress in our research and development programs, as well as the magnitude of these programs;
	•		the timing, receipt and amount of milestone and other payments, if any, from present and future collaborators, if any;
	•		the timing, receipt and amount of funding under current and future government contracts, if any;
	•		our ability to maintain and establish additional collaborative arrangements;
	•		the resources, time and costs required to initiate and complete our pre-clinical and clinical trials, obtain regulatory

			approvals, protect our intellectual property and obtain and maintain licenses to third-party intellectual property;
	•		the cost of preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining and enforcing patent claims;
	•		the costs associated with legal activities arising in the course of our business activities;
	•		progress in the research and development programs of Regulus; and
	•		the timing, receipt and amount of sales and royalties, if any, from our potential products.

          If our estimates and predictions relating to these factors are incorrect, we may need to modify our operating plan.

          We will be required to seek additional funding in the future and intend to do so through either collaborative arrangements, public or private equity offerings or debt financings, or a combination of one or more of these funding sources. Additional funds may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. In addition, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders. For example, if we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, further dilution to our stockholders will result. In addition, our investor rights agreement with Novartis provides Novartis with the right generally to maintain its ownership percentage in us and our common stock purchase agreement with Roche contains a similar provision. In May 2008, Novartis purchased 213,888 shares of our common stock at a purchase price of $25.29 per share. In May 2009, Novartis purchased 65,922 shares of our common stock at a purchase price of $17.50 per share, allowing Novartis to maintain its current ownership position of 13.4% of our outstanding common stock. While the exercise of these rights by Novartis has provided us with an aggregate of $6.6 million in cash, and the exercise in the future by Novartis or Roche may provide us with additional funding under some circumstances, this exercise and any future exercise of these rights by Novartis or Roche will also cause further dilution to our stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants that could limit our flexibility in conducting future business activities. If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail one or more of our research or development programs. We also could be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborators or others that may require us to relinquish rights to some of our technologies, product candidates or products that we would otherwise pursue on our own.

If the estimates we make, or the assumptions on which we rely, in preparing our condensed consolidated financial statements prove inaccurate, our actual results may vary from those reflected in our projections and accruals.

          Our condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of our assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, the amounts of charges accrued by us and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We cannot assure you, however, that our estimates, or the assumptions underlying them, will be correct.

The investment of our cash balance and our investments in marketable debt securities are subject to risks which may cause losses and affect the liquidity of these investments.

          At June 30, 2009, we had $473.8 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. We historically have invested these amounts in corporate bonds, commercial paper, securities issued by the U.S. government, certificates of deposit and money market funds meeting the criteria of our investment policy, which is focused on the preservation of our capital. These investments are subject to general credit, liquidity, market and interest rate risks, which may be affected by U.S. sub-prime mortgage defaults that have affected various sectors of the financial markets and caused credit and liquidity issues. We may realize losses in the fair value of these investments or a complete loss of these investments, which would have a negative effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements. In addition, should our investments cease paying or reduce the amount of interest paid to us, our interest income would suffer. For example, due to recent market conditions, interest rates have fallen, and accordingly, our interest income decreased to $1.5 million and $3.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2009, respectively, from $3.5 million and $8.2 million, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2008, respectively. These market risks associated with our investment portfolio may have an adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties

Our collaboration with Novartis is important to our business. If this collaboration is unsuccessful, Novartis terminates this collaboration or this collaboration results in competition between us and Novartis for the development of drugs targeting the same diseases, our business could be adversely affected.

          In October 2005, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Novartis. Under this agreement, Novartis can select up to 30 exclusive targets to include in the collaboration, which number may be increased to 40 under certain circumstances and upon additional payments. Novartis pays the costs to develop these drug candidates and will commercialize and market any products derived from this collaboration. For RNAi therapeutic products successfully developed under the agreement, if any, we would be entitled to receive milestone payments upon achievement of certain specified development and annual net sales events, up to an aggregate of $75.0 million per therapeutic product, as well as royalties on the annual net sales, if any. The Novartis agreement had an initial term of three years, with an option for two additional one-year extensions at the election of Novartis. In July 2009, Novartis elected to further extend the term of our collaboration agreement for the fifth and final planned year, through October 2010. Novartis may elect to terminate this collaboration in the event of a material uncured breach by us. We expect that a substantial amount of funding will come from this collaboration. If this collaboration is unsuccessful, or if it is terminated, our business could be adversely affected.

          This agreement also provides Novartis with a non-exclusive option to integrate into its operations our intellectual property relating to RNAi technology, excluding any technology related to delivery of nucleic acid based molecules. Novartis may exercise this integration option at any point during the research term, which terms expires in October 2010. The license grant under the integration option, if exercised, would be structured similarly to our non-exclusive platform licenses with Roche and Takeda. If Novartis elects to exercise this option, Novartis could become a competitor of ours in the development of RNAi-based drugs targeting the same diseases. Novartis has significantly greater financial resources and far more experience than we do in developing and marketing drugs, which could put us at a competitive disadvantage if we were to compete with Novartis in the development of RNAi-based drugs targeting the same disease. Accordingly, the exercise by Novartis of this option could adversely affect our business.

          Our agreement with Novartis allows us to continue to develop products on an exclusive basis on our own with respect to targets not selected by Novartis for inclusion in the collaboration. We may need to form additional alliances to develop products. However, our agreement with Novartis provides Novartis with a right of first offer, for a defined term, in the event that we propose to enter into an agreement with a third party with respect to such targets. This right of first offer may make it difficult for us to form future alliances around specific targets with other parties.

Our license and collaboration agreements with Roche and Takeda are important to our business. If Roche and/or Takeda do not successfully develop drugs pursuant to these agreements or these agreements result in competition between us and Roche and/or Takeda for the development of drugs targeting the same diseases, our business could be adversely affected.

          In July 2007, we entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Roche. Under the license and collaboration agreement we granted Roche a non-exclusive license to our intellectual property to develop and commercialize therapeutic products that function through RNAi, subject to our existing contractual obligations to third parties. The license is limited to the therapeutic areas of oncology, respiratory diseases, metabolic diseases and certain liver diseases and may be expanded to include up to 18 additional therapeutic areas, comprising substantially all other fields of human disease, as identified and agreed upon by the parties, upon payment to us by Roche of an additional $50.0 million for each additional therapeutic area, if any. In addition, in exchange for our contributions under the collaboration agreement, for each RNAi therapeutic product successfully developed by Roche, its affiliates, or sublicensees under the collaboration agreement, if any, we are entitled to receive milestone payments upon achievement of specified development and sales events, totaling up to an aggregate of $100.0 million per therapeutic target, together with royalty payments based on worldwide annual net sales, if any. In May 2008, we entered into a similar license and collaboration agreement with Takeda, which is limited to the therapeutic areas of oncology and metabolic diseases, and which may be expanded to include up to 20 additional therapeutic areas, comprising substantially all other fields of human disease, as identified and agreed upon by the parties, upon payment to us by Takeda of an additional $50.0 million for each additional therapeutic area, if any. For each RNAi therapeutic product successfully developed by Takeda, its affiliates and sublicensees, if any, we are entitled to receive specified development and commercialization milestones, totaling up to $171.0 million per product, together with royalty payments based on worldwide annual net sales, if any. In addition, we have agreed that for a period of five years, we will not grant any other party rights to develop RNAi therapeutics in the Asian territory.

          If Roche or Takeda fails to successfully develop products using our technology, we may not receive any milestone or royalty payments under these agreements. In addition, even if Takeda is not successful in its efforts, for a period of five years we will be

limited in our ability to form alliances with other parties in the Asia territory. We also have the option under the Takeda agreement, exercisable until the start of Phase III development, to opt-in under a 50-50 profit sharing agreement to the development and commercialization in the United States of up to four Takeda licensed products, and would be entitled to opt-in rights for two additional products for each additional field expansion, if any, elected by Takeda under the collaboration agreement. If Takeda fails to successfully develop products, we may not realize any economic benefit from these opt-in rights.

          Finally, either Roche or Takeda could become a competitor of ours in the development of RNAi-based drugs targeting the same diseases. Each of these companies has significantly greater financial resources than we do and has far more experience in developing and marketing drugs, which could put us at a competitive disadvantage if we were to compete with either Roche or Takeda in the development of RNAi-based drugs targeting the same disease.

We may not be able to execute our business strategy if we are unable to enter into alliances with other companies that can provide business and scientific capabilities and funds for the development and commercialization of our drug candidates. If we are unsuccessful in forming or maintaining these alliances on favorable terms, our business may not succeed.

          We do not have any capability for sales, marketing or distribution and have limited capabilities for drug development. In addition, we believe that other companies are expending substantial resources in developing safe and effective means of delivering siRNAs to relevant cell and tissue types. Accordingly, we have entered into alliances with other companies and collaborators that we believe can provide such capabilities, and we intend to enter into additional alliances in the future. For example, we intend to enter into (1) non-exclusive platform alliances which will enable our collaborators to develop RNAi therapeutics and will bring in additional funding with which we can develop our RNAi therapeutics, and (2) alliances to jointly develop specific drug candidates and to jointly commercialize RNAi therapeutics, if they are approved, and/or ex-U.S. market geographic partnerships on specific RNAi therapeutic programs. In such alliances, we may expect our collaborators to provide substantial capabilities in delivery of RNAi therapeutics to the relevant cell or tissue type, clinical development, regulatory affairs, and/or marketing, sales and distribution. For example, under our collaboration with Medtronic, we are jointly developing ALN-HTT, an RNAi therapeutic for Huntington’s disease, which would be delivered using an implanted infusion device developed by Medtronic. The success of this collaboration will depend, in part, on Medtronic’s expertise in the area of delivery by infusion device. In other alliances, we may expect our collaborators to develop, market and sell certain of our product candidates. We may have limited or no control over the sales, marketing and distribution activities of these third parties. Our future revenues may depend heavily on the success of the efforts of these third parties. For example, we will jointly develop and commercialize products for RSV with Cubist in North America. We will rely entirely on Cubist for the development and commercialization of products for RSV in the rest of the world outside of Asia, where we will rely on Kyowa Hakko for development and commercialization of products for RSV. If Cubist and Kyowa Hakko are not successful in their commercialization efforts, our future revenues for RSV may be adversely affected.

          We may not be successful in entering into such alliances on favorable terms due to various factors, including Novartis’ right of first offer on our drug targets. Even if we do succeed in securing such alliances, we may not be able to maintain them if, for example, development or approval of a drug candidate is delayed or sales of an approved drug are disappointing. Furthermore, any delay in entering into collaboration agreements could delay the development and commercialization of our drug candidates and reduce their competitiveness even if they reach the market. Any such delay related to our collaborations could adversely affect our business.

          For certain drug candidates that we may develop, we have formed collaborations to fund all or part of the costs of drug development and commercialization, such as our collaborations with Novartis, as well as collaborations with Cubist, Medtronic and NIAID. We may not, however, be able to enter into additional collaborations, and the terms of any collaboration agreement we do secure may not be favorable to us. If we are not successful in our efforts to enter into future collaboration arrangements with respect to a particular drug candidate, we may not have sufficient funds to develop that or any other drug candidate internally, or to bring any drug candidates to market. If we do not have sufficient funds to develop and bring our drug candidates to market, we will not be able to generate sales revenues from these drug candidates, and this will substantially harm our business.

If any collaborator terminates or fails to perform its obligations under agreements with us, the development and commercialization of our drug candidates could be delayed or terminated.

          Our dependence on collaborators for capabilities and funding means that our business could be adversely affected if any collaborator terminates its collaboration agreement with us or fails to perform its obligations under that agreement. Our current or future collaborations, if any, may not be scientifically or commercially successful. Disputes may arise in the future with respect to the ownership of rights to technology or products developed with collaborators, which could have an adverse effect on our ability to develop and commercialize any affected product candidate.

          Our current collaborations allow, and we expect that any future collaborations will allow, either party to terminate the collaboration for a material breach by the other party. Our agreement with Kyowa Hakko for the development and commercialization of RSV therapeutics for the treatment of RSV infection in Japan and other major markets in Asia may be terminated by Kyowa Hakko without cause upon 180-days’ prior written notice to us, subject to certain conditions, and our agreement with Cubist relating to the development and commercialization of RSV therapeutics in territories outside of Asia may be terminated by Cubist at any time upon as little as three months prior written notice, if such notice is given prior to the acceptance for filing of the first application for regulatory approval of a licensed product. If we were to lose a commercialization collaborator, we would have to attract a new collaborator or develop internal sales, distribution and marketing capabilities, which would require us to invest significant amounts of financial and management resources.

          In addition, if a collaborator terminates its collaboration with us, for breach or otherwise, it would be difficult for us to attract new collaborators and could adversely affect how we are perceived in the business and financial communities. A collaborator, or in the event of a change in control of a collaborator, the successor entity, could determine that it is in its financial interest to:

	•		pursue alternative technologies or develop alternative products, either on its own or jointly with others, that may be competitive with the products on which it is collaborating with us or which could affect its commitment to the collaboration with us;
	•		pursue higher-priority programs or change the focus of its development programs, which could affect the collaborator’s commitment to us; or
	•		if it has marketing rights, choose to devote fewer resources to the marketing of our product candidates, if any are approved for marketing, than it does for product candidates developed without us.

          If any of these occur, the development and commercialization of one or more drug candidates could be delayed, curtailed or terminated because we may not have sufficient financial resources or capabilities to continue such development and commercialization on our own.

We depend on government contracts to partially fund our research and development efforts and may enter into additional government contracts in the future. If current or future government funding, if any, is reduced or delayed, our drug development efforts for such funded programs may be negatively affected.

          In September 2006, NIAID awarded us a contract for up to $23.0 million over four years to advance the development of a broad spectrum RNAi anti-viral therapeutic for hemorrhagic fever virus, including the Ebola virus. Of the $23.0 million in funding, the government initially committed to pay us up to $14.2 million over the first two years of the contract. In June 2008, as a result of the progress of the program, the government awarded us an additional $7.5 million, to be paid through September 2009 for the third year of the contract, together with any remaining funds carried over from the funding allocated for the first two years of the contract. We cannot be certain that the government will appropriate the funds necessary for this contract in future budgets. In addition, the government can terminate the agreement in specified circumstances. If we do not receive the $23.0 million we expect to receive under this contract, we may not be able to develop therapeutics to treat Ebola.

          For example, in August 2007, DTRA awarded us a contract to advance the development of a broad spectrum RNAi anti-viral therapeutic for hemorrhagic fever virus infection. When granted, this federal contract provided for potential funding of up to $38.6 million through February 2011. Of this amount, the government initially committed to pay us up to $10.9 million through February 2009, which term includes a six-month extension granted by DTRA in July 2008. However, following a program review in early 2009, we and DTRA determined not to continue this program and accordingly, the remaining funds will not be accessed.

Regulus is important to our business. If Regulus does not successfully develop drugs pursuant to this license and collaboration agreement or Regulus is sold to Isis or a third-party, our business could be adversely affected.

          In September 2007, we and Isis formed Regulus, of which we currently own approximately 49%, to discover, develop and commercialize microRNA-based therapeutics. Regulus intends to address therapeutic opportunities that arise from abnormal expression or mutations in microRNAs. Generally, we do not have rights to pursue microRNA-based therapeutics independently of Regulus. If Regulus is unable to discover, develop and commercialize microRNA-based therapeutics, our business could be adversely affected.

          In addition, subject to certain conditions, we and Isis each have the right to initiate a buy-out of Regulus’ assets, including Regulus’ intellectual property and rights to licensed intellectual property. Following the initiation of such a buy-out, we and Isis will mutually determine whether to sell Regulus to us, Isis or a third party. We may not have sufficient funds to buy out Isis’ interest in Regulus and we may not be able to obtain the financing to do so. In addition, Isis may not be willing to sell their interest in Regulus. If Regulus is sold to Isis or a third party, we may lose our rights to participate in the development and commercialization of microRNA-based therapeutics. If we and Isis are unable to negotiate a sale of Regulus, Regulus will distribute and assign its rights, interests and assets to us and Isis in accordance with our percentage interests, except for Regulus’ intellectual property and license rights, to which each of us and Isis will receive co-exclusive rights, subject to certain specified exceptions. In this event, we could face competition from Isis in the development of microRNA-based therapeutics.

We have very limited manufacturing experience or resources and we must incur significant costs to develop this expertise or rely on third parties to manufacture our products.

          We have very limited manufacturing experience. Our internal manufacturing capabilities are limited to small-scale production of non-good manufacturing practice material for use in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Our products utilize specialized formulations, such as liposomes, whose scale-up and manufacturing could be very difficult. We also have very limited experience in such scale-up and manufacturing, requiring us to depend on third parties, who might not be able to deliver in a timely manner, or at all. In order to develop products, apply for regulatory approvals and commercialize our products, we will need to develop, contract for, or otherwise arrange for the necessary manufacturing capabilities. We may manufacture clinical trial materials ourselves or we may rely on others to manufacture the materials we will require for any clinical trials that we initiate. Only a limited number of manufacturers supply synthetic siRNAs. We currently rely on several contract manufacturers for our supply of synthetic siRNAs. There are risks inherent in pharmaceutical manufacturing that could affect the ability of our contract manufacturers to meet our delivery time requirements or provide adequate amounts of material to meet our needs. Included in these risks are synthesis and purification failures and contamination during the manufacturing process, which could result in unusable product and cause delays in our development process, as well as additional expense to us. To fulfill our siRNA requirements, we may also need to secure alternative suppliers of synthetic siRNAs. In addition to the manufacture of the synthetic siRNAs, we may have additional manufacturing requirements related to the technology required to deliver the siRNA to the relevant cell or tissue type. In some cases, the delivery technology we utilize is highly specialized or proprietary, and for technical and legal reasons, we may have access to only one or a limited number of potential manufacturers for such delivery technology. Failure by these manufacturers to properly formulate our siRNAs for delivery could also result in unusable product and cause delays in our discovery and development process, as well as additional expense to us.

          The manufacturing process for any products that we may develop is subject to the FDA and foreign regulatory authority approval process and we will need to contract with manufacturers who can meet all applicable FDA and foreign regulatory authority requirements on an ongoing basis. In addition, if we receive the necessary regulatory approval for any product candidate, we also expect to rely on third parties, including our commercial collaborators, to produce materials required for commercial supply. We may experience difficulty in obtaining adequate manufacturing capacity for our needs. If we are unable to obtain or maintain contract manufacturing for these product candidates, or to do so on commercially reasonable terms, we may not be able to successfully develop and commercialize our products.

          To the extent that we enter into manufacturing arrangements with third parties, we will depend on these third parties to perform their obligations in a timely manner and consistent with regulatory requirements, including those related to quality control and quality assurance. The failure of a third-party manufacturer to perform its obligations as expected could adversely affect our business in a number of ways, including:

	•		we may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials of products that are under development;
	•		we may be delayed in submitting regulatory applications, or receiving regulatory approvals, for our product candidates;
	•		we may lose the cooperation of our collaborators;
	•		we may be required to cease distribution or recall some or all batches of our products; and

•

ultimately, we may not be able to meet commercial demands for our products.

          If a third-party manufacturer with whom we contract fails to perform its obligations, we may be forced to manufacture the materials ourselves, for which we may not have the capabilities or resources, or enter into an agreement with a different third-party manufacturer, which we may not be able to do with reasonable terms, if at all. In some cases, the technical skills required to manufacture our product may be unique to the original manufacturer and we may have difficulty transferring such skills to a back-up nor alternate supplier, or we may be unable to transfer such skills at all. In addition, if we are required to change manufacturers for any reason, we will be required to verify that the new manufacturer maintains facilities and procedures that comply with quality standards and with all applicable regulations and guidelines. The delays associated with the verification of a new manufacturer could negatively affect our ability to develop product candidates in a timely manner or within budget. Furthermore, a manufacturer may possess technology related to the manufacture of our product candidate that such manufacturer owns independently. This would increase our reliance on such manufacturer or require us to obtain a license from such manufacturer in order to have another third party manufacture our products.

We have no sales, marketing or distribution experience and would have to invest significant financial and management resources to establish these capabilities.

          We have no sales, marketing or distribution experience. We currently expect to rely heavily on third parties to launch and market certain of our product candidates, if approved. However, if we elect to develop internal sales, distribution and marketing capabilities, we will need to invest significant financial and management resources. For products where we decide to perform sales, marketing and distribution functions ourselves, we could face a number of additional risks, including:

	•		we may not be able to attract and build a significant marketing or sales force;
	•		the cost of establishing a marketing or sales force may not be justifiable in light of the revenues generated by any particular product; and
	•		our direct sales and marketing efforts may not be successful.

If we are unable to develop our own sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, we will not be able to successfully commercialize our products without reliance on third parties.

The current credit and financial market conditions may exacerbate certain risks affecting our business.

          Due to the recent tightening of global credit, there may be a disruption or delay in the performance of our third-party contractors, suppliers or collaborators. We rely on third parties for several important aspects of our business, including significant portions of our manufacturing needs, development of product candidates and conduct of clinical trials. If such third parties are unable to satisfy their commitments to us, our business could be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Managing Our Operations

If we are unable to attract and retain qualified key management and scientists, staff consultants and advisors, our ability to implement our business plan may be adversely affected.

          We are highly dependent upon our senior management and scientific staff. The loss of the service of any of the members of our senior management, including Dr. John Maraganore, our Chief Executive Officer, may significantly delay or prevent the achievement of product development and other business objectives. Our employment agreements with our key personnel are terminable without notice. We do not carry key man life insurance on any of our employees.

          Although we have generally been successful in our recruiting efforts, as well as our retention of employees, we face intense competition for qualified individuals from numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, universities, governmental entities and other research institutions, many of which have substantially greater resources with which to reward qualified individuals than we do. We may be unable to attract and retain suitably qualified individuals, and our failure to do so could have an adverse effect on our ability to implement our business plan.

We may have difficulty managing our growth and expanding our operations successfully as we seek to evolve from a company primarily involved in discovery and pre-clinical testing into one that develops and commercializes drugs.

          Since we commenced operations in 2002, we have grown substantially. As of June 30, 2009, we had approximately 179 employees in our facility in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Our rapid and substantial growth may place a strain on our administrative and operational infrastructure. If drug candidates we develop enter and advance through clinical trials, we will need to expand our development, regulatory, manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities or contract with other organizations to provide these capabilities for us. As our operations expand, we expect that we will need to manage additional relationships with various collaborators, suppliers and other organizations. Our ability to manage our operations and growth will require us to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures. We may not be able to implement improvements to our management information and control systems in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing systems and controls.

Risks Related to Our Industry

Risks Related to Development, Clinical Testing and Regulatory Approval of Our Drug Candidates

Any drug candidates we develop may fail in development or be delayed to a point where they do not become commercially viable.

          Pre-clinical testing and clinical trials of new drug candidates are lengthy and expensive and the historical failure rate for drug candidates is high. We are developing our most advanced product candidate, ALN-RSV01, for the treatment of RSV infection. In January 2008, we completed our GEMINI study, a Phase II trial designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability and anti-viral activity of ALN-RSV01 in adult subjects experimentally infected with RSV. We recently completed a second Phase II trial assessing the safety and tolerability of ALN-RSV01 in adult lung transplant patients naturally infected with RSV and we intend to continue the ALN-RSV clinical development program. In addition, in December 2008, we submitted an IND to the FDA for ALN-VSP, our first systemically delivered RNAi therapeutic. We are developing ALN-VSP for the treatment of certain liver cancers. We received clearance from the FDA in January 2009 to proceed with a Phase I study and initiated this study in March 2009. However, we may not be able to further advance these or any other product candidate through clinical trials. If we successfully enter into clinical studies, the results from pre-clinical testing or early clinical trials of a drug candidate may not predict the results that will be obtained in subsequent human clinical trials. For example, ALN-VSP and our other systemically delivered therapeutic candidates employ novel delivery formulations that have yet to be evaluated in human studies and have yet to be proven safe and effective in clinical trials. We, the FDA or other applicable regulatory authorities, or an institutional review board, or IRB, may suspend clinical trials of a drug candidate at any time for various reasons, including if we or they believe the subjects or patients participating in such trials are being exposed to unacceptable health risks. Among other reasons, adverse side effects of a drug candidate on subjects or patients in a clinical trial could result in the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities suspending or terminating the trial and refusing to approve a particular drug candidate for any or all indications of use.

          Clinical trials of a new drug candidate require the enrollment of a sufficient number of patients, including patients who are suffering from the disease the drug candidate is intended to treat and who meet other eligibility criteria. Rates of patient enrollment are affected by many factors, including the size of the patient population, the age and condition of the patients, the nature of the protocol, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the availability of effective treatments for the relevant disease, the seasonality of infections and the eligibility criteria for the clinical trial. Delays in patient enrollment can result in increased costs and longer development times.

          Clinical trials also require the review and oversight of IRBs, which approve and continually review clinical investigations and protect the rights and welfare of human subjects. Inability to obtain or delay in obtaining IRB approval can prevent or delay the initiation and completion of clinical trials, and the FDA may decide not to consider any data or information derived from a clinical investigation not subject to initial and continuing IRB review and approval in support of a marketing application.

          Our drug candidates that we develop may encounter problems during clinical trials that will cause us, an IRB or regulatory authorities to delay, suspend or terminate these trials, or that will delay the analysis of data from these trials. If we experience any such problems, we may not have the financial resources to continue development of the drug candidate that is affected, or development of any of our other drug candidates. We may also lose, or be unable to enter into, collaborative arrangements for the affected drug candidate and for other drug candidates we are developing.

          Delays in clinical trials could reduce the commercial viability of our drug candidates. Any of the following could, among other things, delay our clinical trials:

	•		delays in filing initial drug applications;
	•		conditions imposed on us by the FDA or comparable foreign authorities regarding the scope or design of our clinical trials;
	•		problems in engaging IRBs to oversee trials or problems in obtaining or maintaining IRB approval of trials;
	•		delays in enrolling patients and volunteers into clinical trials;
	•		high drop-out rates for patients and volunteers in clinical trials;
	•		negative or inconclusive results from our clinical trials or the clinical trials of others for drug candidates similar to ours;
	•		inadequate supply or quality of drug candidate materials or other materials necessary for the conduct of our clinical trials;
	•		serious and unexpected drug-related side effects experienced by participants in our clinical trials or by individuals using drugs similar to our product candidates; or
	•		unfavorable FDA or other regulatory agency inspection and review of a clinical trial site or records of any clinical or pre-clinical investigation.

          Even if we successfully complete clinical trials of our drug candidates, any given drug candidate may not prove to be an effective treatment for the diseases for which it was being tested.

The FDA approval process may be delayed for any drugs we develop that require the use of specialized drug delivery devices.

          Some drug candidates that we develop may need to be administered using specialized drug delivery devices that deliver RNAi therapeutics directly to diseased parts of the body. For example, we believe that product candidates we develop for Parkinson’s disease, HD or other central nervous system diseases may need to be administered using such a device. For neurodegenerative diseases, we have entered into a collaboration agreement with Medtronic to pursue potential development of drug-device combinations incorporating RNAi therapeutics. We may not achieve successful development results under this collaboration and may need to seek other collaboration partners to develop alternative drug delivery systems, or utilize existing drug delivery systems, for the direct delivery of RNAi therapeutics for these diseases. While we expect to rely on drug delivery systems that have been approved by the FDA or other regulatory agencies to deliver drugs like ours to similar physiological sites, we, or our collaborator, may need to modify the design or labeling of such delivery device for some products we may develop. In such an event, the FDA may regulate the product as a combination product or require additional approvals or clearances for the modified delivery device. Further, to the extent the specialized delivery device is owned by another company, we would need that company’s cooperation to implement the necessary changes to the device, or its labeling, and to obtain any additional approvals or clearances. In cases where we do not have an ongoing collaboration with the company that makes the device, obtaining such additional approvals or clearances and the cooperation of such other company could significantly delay and increase the cost of obtaining marketing approval, which could reduce the commercial viability of our drug candidate. In summary, we may be unable to find, or experience delays in finding, suitable drug delivery systems to administer RNAi therapeutics directly to diseased parts of the body, which could negatively affect our ability to successfully commercialize these RNAi therapeutics.

We may be unable to obtain United States or foreign regulatory approval and, as a result, be unable to commercialize our drug candidates.

          Our drug candidates are subject to extensive governmental regulations relating to, among other things, research, testing, development, manufacturing, safety, efficacy, recordkeeping, labeling, marketing and distribution of drugs. Rigorous pre-clinical testing and clinical trials and an extensive regulatory approval process are required to be successfully completed in the United States and in many foreign jurisdictions before a new drug can be marketed. Satisfaction of these and other regulatory requirements is costly, time consuming, uncertain and subject to unanticipated delays. It is possible that none of the drug candidates we may develop will obtain the appropriate regulatory approvals necessary for us or our collaborators to begin selling them.

          We have very limited experience in conducting and managing the clinical trials necessary to obtain regulatory approvals, including approval by the FDA. The time required to obtain FDA and other approvals is unpredictable but typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials, depending upon the complexity of the drug candidate. Any analysis we perform of data from pre-clinical and clinical activities is subject to confirmation and interpretation by regulatory authorities, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. We may also encounter unexpected delays or increased costs due to new government regulations, for example, from future legislation or administrative action, or from changes in FDA policy during the period of product development, clinical trials and FDA regulatory review. For example, the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007, or FDAAA, may make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates and to produce, market and distribute products after approval. The FDAAA granted a variety of new powers to the FDA, many of which are aimed at improving the safety of drug products before and after approval. In particular, it authorizes the FDA to, among other things, require post-approval studies and clinical trials, mandate changes to drug labeling to reflect new safety information, and require risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, or REMS, for certain drugs, including certain currently approved drugs. In addition, it significantly expanded the federal government’s clinical trial registry and results databank and creates new restrictions on the advertising and promotion of drug products. Under the FDAAA, companies that violate the new law are subject to substantial civil monetary penalties.

          Because the drugs we are intending to develop may represent a new class of drug, the FDA has not yet established any definitive policies, practices or guidelines in relation to these drugs. While the product candidates that we are currently developing are regulated as a new drug under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the FDA could decide to regulate them or other products we may develop as biologics under the Public Health Service Act. The lack of policies, practices or guidelines may hinder or slow review by the FDA of any regulatory filings that we may submit. Moreover, the FDA may respond to these submissions by defining requirements we may not have anticipated. Such responses could lead to significant delays in the clinical development of our product candidates. In addition, because there may be approved treatments for some of the diseases for which we may seek approval, in order to receive regulatory approval, we will need to demonstrate through clinical trials that the product candidates we develop to treat these diseases, if any, are not only safe and effective, but safer or more effective than existing products. Furthermore, in recent years, there has been increased public and political pressure on the FDA with respect to the approval process for new drugs, and the number of approvals to market new drugs has declined.

          Any delay or failure in obtaining required approvals could have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate revenues from the particular drug candidate. Furthermore, any regulatory approval to market a product may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which we may market the product. These limitations may limit the size of the market for the product and affect reimbursement by third-party payors.

          We are also subject to numerous foreign regulatory requirements governing, among other things, the conduct of clinical trials, manufacturing and marketing authorization, pricing and third-party reimbursement. The foreign regulatory approval process includes all of the risks associated with FDA approval described above as well as risks attributable to the satisfaction of local regulations in foreign jurisdictions. Approval by the FDA does not assure approval by regulatory authorities outside the United States and vice versa.

If our pre-clinical testing does not produce successful results or our clinical trials do not demonstrate safety and efficacy in humans, we will not be able to commercialize our drug candidates.

          Before obtaining regulatory approval for the sale of our drug candidates, we must conduct, at our own expense, extensive pre-clinical tests and clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy in humans of our drug candidates. Pre-clinical and clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. Success in pre-clinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results.

          A failure of one of more of our clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, pre-clinical testing and the clinical trial process that could delay or prevent our ability to receive regulatory approval or commercialize our drug candidates, including:

	•		regulators or IRBs may not authorize us to commence or continue a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site;
	•		our pre-clinical tests or clinical trials may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators

			may require us, to conduct additional pre-clinical testing or clinical trials, or we may abandon projects that we expect to be promising;
	•		enrollment in our clinical trials may be slower than we anticipate or participants may drop out of our clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate, resulting in significant delays;
	•		our third party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner;
	•		we might have to suspend or terminate our clinical trials if the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;
	•		IRBs or regulators, including the FDA, may require that we hold, suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements;
	•		the cost of our clinical trials may be greater than we anticipate;
	•		the supply or quality of our drug candidates or other materials necessary to conduct our clinical trials may be insufficient or inadequate;
	•		effects of our drug candidates may not be the desired effects or may include undesirable side effects or the drug candidates may have other unexpected characteristics; and
	•		effects of our drug candidates may not be clear, or we may disagree with regulatory authorities, including the FDA, about how to interpret the data generated in our clinical trials.

Even if we obtain regulatory approvals, our marketed drugs will be subject to ongoing regulatory review. If we fail to comply with continuing United States and foreign regulations, we could lose our approvals to market drugs and our business would be seriously harmed.

          Following any initial regulatory approval of any drugs we may develop, we will also be subject to continuing regulatory review, including the review of adverse drug experiences and clinical results that are reported after our drug products are made commercially available. This would include results from any post-marketing tests or vigilance required as a condition of approval. The manufacturer and manufacturing facilities we use to make any of our drug candidates will also be subject to periodic review and inspection by the FDA. The discovery of any new or previously unknown problems with the product, manufacturer or facility may result in restrictions on the drug or manufacturer or facility, including withdrawal of the drug from the market. We do not have, and currently do not intend to develop, the ability to manufacture material for our clinical trials or on a commercial scale. We may manufacture clinical trial materials or we may contract a third party to manufacture these materials for us. Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured products ourselves, including reliance on the third-party manufacturer for regulatory compliance. Our product promotion and advertising is also subject to regulatory requirements and continuing regulatory review.

          If we fail to comply with applicable continuing regulatory requirements, we may be subject to fines, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approval, product recalls and seizures, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution.

Even if we receive regulatory approval to market our product candidates, the market may not be receptive to our product candidates upon their commercial introduction, which will prevent us from becoming profitable.

          The product candidates that we are developing are based upon new technologies or therapeutic approaches. Key participants in pharmaceutical marketplaces, such as physicians, third-party payors and consumers, may not accept a product intended to improve therapeutic results based on RNAi technology. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to convince the medical community and third-party payors to accept and use our product, or to provide favorable reimbursement.

          Other factors that we believe will materially affect market acceptance of our product candidates include:

•

the timing of our receipt of any marketing approvals, the terms of any approvals and the countries in which approvals are obtained;

	•		the safety, efficacy and ease of administration of our product candidates;
	•		the willingness of patients to accept potentially new routes of administration;
	•		the success of our physician education programs;
	•		the availability of government and third-party payor reimbursement;
	•		the pricing of our products, particularly as compared to alternative treatments; and
	•		availability of alternative effective treatments for the diseases that product candidates we develop are intended to treat and the relative risks, benefits and costs of the treatments.

Even if we develop an RNAi therapeutic product for the prevention or treatment of infection by hemorrhagic fever viruses such as Ebola, governments may not elect to purchase such a product, which could adversely affect our business.

          We expect that governments will be the only purchasers of any products we may develop for the prevention or treatment of hemorrhagic fever viruses such as Ebola. In the future, we may also initiate additional programs for the development of product candidates for which governments may be the only or primary purchasers. However, governments will not be required to purchase any such products from us and may elect not to do so, which could adversely affect our business. For example, although the focus of our Ebola program is to develop RNAi therapeutic targeting gene sequences that are highly conserved across known Ebola viruses, if the sequence of any Ebola virus that emerges is not sufficiently similar to those we are targeting, any product candidate that we develop may not be effective against that virus. Accordingly, while we expect that any RNAi therapeutic we develop for the treatment of Ebola could be stockpiled by governments as part of their biodefense preparations, they may not elect to purchase such product, or if they purchase our products, they may not do so at prices and volume levels that are profitable for us.

If we or our collaborators, manufacturers or service providers fail to comply with regulatory laws and regulations, we or they could be subject to enforcement actions, which could affect our ability to market and sell our products and may harm our reputation.

          If we or our collaborators, manufacturers or service providers fail to comply with applicable federal, state or foreign laws or regulations, we could be subject to enforcement actions, which could affect our ability to develop, market and sell our products successfully and could harm our reputation and lead to reduced acceptance of our products by the market. These enforcement actions include:

	•		warning letters;
	•		product recalls or public notification or medical product safety alerts to healthcare professionals;
	•		restrictions on, or prohibitions against, marketing our products;
	•		restrictions on importation or exportation of our products;
	•		suspension of review or refusal to approve pending applications;
	•		exclusion from participation in government-funded healthcare programs;
	•		exclusion from eligibility for the award of government contracts for our products;
	•		suspension or withdrawal of product approvals;
	•		product seizures;

	•		injunctions; and
	•		civil and criminal penalties and fines.

Any drugs we develop may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third-party reimbursement practices or healthcare reform initiatives, thereby harming our business.

          The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new drugs vary widely from country to country. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. Although we intend to monitor these regulations, our programs are currently in the early stages of development and we will not be able to assess the impact of price regulations for a number of years. As a result, we might obtain regulatory approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch of the product and negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the product in that country.

          Our ability to commercialize any products successfully also will depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Even if we succeed in bringing one or more products to the market, these products may not be considered cost-effective, and the amount reimbursed for any products may be insufficient to allow us to sell our products on a competitive basis. Because our programs are in the early stages of development, we are unable at this time to determine their cost effectiveness or the likely level or method of reimbursement. Increasingly, the third-party payors who reimburse patients, such as government and private insurance plans, are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices, and are seeking to reduce the prices charged for pharmaceutical products. If the price we are able to charge for any products we develop is inadequate in light of our development and other costs, our profitability could be adversely affected.

          We currently expect that any drugs we develop may need to be administered under the supervision of a physician. Under currently applicable United States law, drugs that are not usually self-administered may be eligible for coverage by the Medicare program if:

	•		they are incident to a physician’s services;
	•		they are “reasonable and necessary” for the diagnosis or treatment of the illness or injury for which they are administered according to accepted standard of medical practice;
	•		they are not excluded as immunizations; and
	•		they have been approved by the FDA.

          There may be significant delays in obtaining coverage for newly-approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the drug is approved by the FDA. Moreover, eligibility for coverage does not imply that any drug will be reimbursed in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Interim payments for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement may be based on payments allowed for lower-cost drugs that are already reimbursed, may be incorporated into existing payments for other services and may reflect budgetary constraints or imperfections in Medicare data. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government health care programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. Third party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable reimbursement rates from both government-funded and private payors for new drugs that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products, and our overall financial condition.

          We believe that the efforts of governments and third-party payors to contain or reduce the cost of healthcare will continue to affect the business and financial condition of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies. A number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in the United States and other major healthcare markets have been proposed in recent years. These proposals have included prescription drug benefit legislation that was enacted and took effect in January 2006 and healthcare reform legislation recently enacted by certain states. Further federal and state legislative and regulatory developments are

possible and we expect ongoing initiatives in the United States to increase pressure on drug pricing. Such reforms could have an adverse effect on anticipated revenues from drug candidates that we may successfully develop.

          Another development that may affect the pricing of drugs is Congressional action regarding drug reimportation into the United States. Recent proposed legislation has been introduced in Congress that, if enacted, would permit more widespread reimportation of drugs from foreign countries into the United States. This could include reimportation from foreign countries where the drugs are sold at lower prices than in the United States. Such legislation, or similar regulatory changes, could lead to a decrease in the price we receive for any approved products, which, in turn, could impair our ability to generate revenue. Alternatively, in response to legislation such as this, we might elect not to seek approval for or market our products in foreign jurisdictions in order to minimize the risk of reimportation, which could also reduce the revenue we generate from our product sales.

There is a substantial risk of product liability claims in our business. If we are unable to obtain sufficient insurance, a product liability claim against us could adversely affect our business.

          Our business exposes us to significant potential product liability risks that are inherent in the development, manufacturing and marketing of human therapeutic products. Product liability claims could delay or prevent completion of our clinical development programs. If we succeed in marketing products, such claims could result in an FDA investigation of the safety and effectiveness of our products, our manufacturing processes and facilities or our marketing programs, and potentially a recall of our products or more serious enforcement action, limitations on the indications for which they may be used, or suspension or withdrawal of approvals. We currently have product liability insurance that we believe is appropriate for our stage of development and may need to obtain higher levels prior to marketing any of our drug candidates. Any insurance we have or may obtain may not provide sufficient coverage against potential liabilities. Furthermore, clinical trial and product liability insurance is becoming increasingly expensive. As a result, we may be unable to obtain sufficient insurance at a reasonable cost to protect us against losses caused by product liability claims that could have a material adverse effect on our business.

If we do not comply with laws regulating the protection of the environment and health and human safety, our business could be adversely affected.

          Our research and development involves the use of hazardous materials, chemicals and various radioactive compounds. We maintain quantities of various flammable and toxic chemicals in our facilities in Cambridge that are required for our research and development activities. We are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these hazardous materials. We believe our procedures for storing, handling and disposing these materials in our Cambridge facility comply with the relevant guidelines of the City of Cambridge and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Although we believe that our safety procedures for handling and disposing of these materials comply with the standards mandated by applicable regulations, the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be eliminated. If an accident occurs, we could be held liable for resulting damages, which could be substantial. We are also subject to numerous environmental, health and workplace safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures, exposure to blood-borne pathogens and the handling of biohazardous materials.

          Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of these materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological, hazardous or radioactive materials. Additional federal, state and local laws and regulations affecting our operations may be adopted in the future. We may incur substantial costs to comply with, and substantial fines or penalties if we violate, any of these laws or regulations.

Risks Related to Patents, Licenses and Trade Secrets

If we are not able to obtain and enforce patent protection for our discoveries, our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates will be harmed.

          Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect proprietary methods and technologies that we develop under the patent and other intellectual property laws of the United States and other countries, so that we can prevent others from unlawfully using our inventions and proprietary information. However, we may not hold proprietary rights to some patents required for us to commercialize our proposed products. Because certain U.S. patent applications are confidential until the patents issue, such as applications filed prior to November 29, 2000, or applications filed after such date which will not be filed in foreign countries, third parties may have filed

patent applications for technology covered by our pending patent applications without our being aware of those applications, and our patent applications may not have priority over those applications. For this and other reasons, we may be unable to secure desired patent rights, thereby losing desired exclusivity. Further, we may be required to obtain licenses under third-party patents to market our proposed products or conduct our research and development or other activities. If licenses are not available to us on acceptable terms, we will not be able to market the affected products or conduct the desired activities.

          Our strategy depends on our ability to rapidly identify and seek patent protection for our discoveries. In addition, we may rely on third-party collaborators to file patent applications relating to proprietary technology that we develop jointly during certain collaborations. The process of obtaining patent protection is expensive and time-consuming. If our present or future collaborators fail to file and prosecute all necessary and desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost and in a timely manner, our business will be adversely affected. Despite our efforts and the efforts of our collaborators to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may be able to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. While issued patents are presumed valid, this does not guarantee that the patent will survive a validity challenge or be held enforceable. Any patents we have obtained, or obtain in the future, may be challenged, invalidated, adjudged unenforceable or circumvented by parties attempting to design around our intellectual property. Moreover, third parties or the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, may commence interference proceedings involving our patents or patent applications. Any challenge to, finding of unenforceability or invalidation or circumvention of, our patents or patent applications would be costly, would require significant time and attention of our management and could have a material adverse effect on our business.

          Our pending patent applications may not result in issued patents. The patent position of pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies, including ours, is generally uncertain and involves complex legal and factual considerations. The standards that the USPTO and its foreign counterparts use to grant patents are not always applied predictably or uniformly and can change. Adding to the uncertainty of our current intellectual property portfolio and our ability to secure and enforce future patent rights are the outcome of a legal dispute surrounding the implementation of certain continuation and claims rules promulgated by the USPTO, which were scheduled to take effect November 1, 2007, but which are now enjoined and on appeal, and the outcome of Congressional efforts to reform the Patent Act of 1952. There is also no uniform, worldwide policy regarding the subject matter and scope of claims granted or allowable in pharmaceutical or biotechnology patents. Accordingly, we do not know the degree of future protection for our proprietary rights or the breadth of claims that will be allowed in any patents issued to us or to others.

          We also rely to a certain extent on trade secrets, know-how and technology, which are not protected by patents, to maintain our competitive position. If any trade secret, know-how or other technology not protected by a patent were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our business and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

We license patent rights from third party owners. If such owners do not properly or successfully obtain, maintain or enforce the patents underlying such licenses, our competitive position and business prospects will be harmed.

          We are a party to a number of licenses that give us rights to third party intellectual property that is necessary or useful for our business. In particular, we have obtained licenses from, among others, Isis, MIT, Whitehead, Max Planck, Stanford University, Tekmira and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. We also intend to enter into additional licenses to third party intellectual property in the future.

          Our success will depend in part on the ability of our licensors to obtain, maintain and enforce patent protection for our licensed intellectual property, in particular, those patents to which we have secured exclusive rights. Our licensors may not successfully prosecute the patent applications to which we are licensed. Even if patents issue in respect of these patent applications, our licensors may fail to maintain these patents, may determine not to pursue litigation against other companies that are infringing these patents, or may pursue such litigation less aggressively than we would. Without protection for the intellectual property we license, other companies might be able to offer substantially identical products for sale, which could adversely affect our competitive business position and harm our business prospects. In addition, we sublicense our rights under various third-party licenses to our collaborators. Any impairment of these sublicensed rights could result in reduced revenues under our collaboration agreements or result in termination of an agreement by one or more of our collaborators.

          In June 2009, we joined with Max Planck in taking legal action against Whitehead, MIT and UMass. The complaint, initially filed in Suffolk County Superior Court in Boston, Massachusetts and subsequently removed to the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, alleges (among other things) that the defendants have improperly prosecuted the so-called “Tuschl I” patent applications and wrongfully incorporated inventions covered by the “Tuschl II” patent applications into the Tuschl I patent applications, thereby potentially damaging the value of inventions reflected in the Tuschl II patent applications. In the field of RNAi

therapeutics, we are the exclusive licensee of the Tuschl I patent applications from Max Planck, MIT and Whitehead and of the Tuschl II patent applications from Max Planck.

          Although we are vigorously asserting our rights in this case (along with Max Planck), litigation is subject to inherent uncertainty and a court could ultimately rule against us. In addition, litigation is costly and may divert the attention of our management and other resources that would otherwise be engaged in running our business.

Other companies or organizations may challenge our patent rights or may assert patent rights that prevent us from developing and commercializing our products.

          RNAi is a relatively new scientific field, the commercial exploitation of which has resulted in many different patents and patent applications from organizations and individuals seeking to obtain patent protection in the field. We have obtained grants and issuances of RNAi patents and have licensed many of these patents from third parties on an exclusive basis. The issued patents and pending patent applications in the United States and in key markets around the world that we own or license claim many different methods, compositions and processes relating to the discovery, development, manufacture and commercialization of RNAi therapeutics. Specifically, we have a portfolio of patents, patent applications and other intellectual property covering: fundamental aspects of the structure and uses of siRNAs, including their manufacture and use as therapeutics, and RNAi-related mechanisms; chemical modifications to siRNAs that improve their suitability for therapeutic uses; siRNAs directed to specific targets as treatments for particular diseases; and delivery technologies, such as in the field of cationic liposomes.

          As the field of RNAi therapeutics is maturing, patent applications are being fully processed by national patent offices around the world. There is uncertainty about which patents will issue, and, if they do, as to when, to whom, and with what claims. It is likely that there will be significant litigation and other proceedings, such as interference, reexamination and opposition proceedings, in various patent offices relating to patent rights in the RNAi field. For example, various third parties have initiated oppositions to patents in our Kreutzer-Limmer and Tuschl II series in the EPO and in other jurisdictions. We expect that additional oppositions will be filed in the EPO and elsewhere, and other challenges will be raised relating to other patents and patent applications in our portfolio. In many cases, the possibility of appeal exists for either us or our opponents, and it may be years before final, unappealable rulings are made with respect to these patents in certain jurisdictions. The timing and outcome of these and other proceedings is uncertain and may adversely affect our business if we are not successful in defending the patentability and scope of our pending and issued patent claims. In addition, third parties may attempt to invalidate our intellectual property rights. Even if our rights are not directly challenged, disputes could lead to the weakening of our intellectual property rights. Our defense against any attempt by third parties to circumvent or invalidate our intellectual property rights could be costly to us, could require significant time and attention of our management and could have a material adverse effect on our business and our ability to successfully compete in the field of RNAi.

          There are many issued and pending patents that claim aspects of oligonucleotide chemistry that we may need to apply to our siRNA drug candidates. There are also many issued patents that claim targeting genes or portions of genes that may be relevant for siRNA drugs we wish to develop. Thus, it is possible that one or more organizations will hold patent rights to which we will need a license. If those organizations refuse to grant us a license to such patent rights on reasonable terms, we may not be able to market products or perform research and development or other activities covered by these patents.

If we become involved in patent litigation or other proceedings related to a determination of rights, we could incur substantial costs and expenses, substantial liability for damages or be required to stop our product development and commercialization efforts.

          Third parties may sue us for infringing their patent rights. Likewise, we may need to resort to litigation to enforce a patent issued or licensed to us or to determine the scope and validity of proprietary rights of others. In addition, a third party may claim that we have improperly obtained or used its confidential or proprietary information. Furthermore, in connection with a license agreement, we have agreed to indemnify the licensor for costs incurred in connection with litigation relating to intellectual property rights. The cost to us of any litigation or other proceeding relating to intellectual property rights, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial, and the litigation would divert our management’s efforts. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could limit our ability to continue our operations.

          If any parties successfully claim that our creation or use of proprietary technologies infringes upon their intellectual property rights, we might be forced to pay damages, potentially including treble damages, if we are found to have willfully infringed on such parties’ patent rights. In addition to any damages we might have to pay, a court could require us to stop the infringing activity or obtain a license. Any license required under any patent may not be made available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, such licenses are likely to be non-exclusive and, therefore, our competitors may have access to the same technology licensed to us. If we fail to obtain a required license and are unable to design around a patent, we may be unable to effectively market some of our technology and products, which could limit our ability to generate revenues or achieve profitability and possibly prevent us from generating revenue sufficient to sustain our operations. Moreover, we expect that a number of our collaborations will provide that royalties payable to us for licenses to our intellectual property may be offset by amounts paid by our collaborators to third parties who have competing or superior intellectual property positions in the relevant fields, which could result in significant reductions in our revenues from products developed through collaborations.

If we fail to comply with our obligations under any licenses or related agreements, we could lose license rights that are necessary for developing and protecting our RNAi technology and any related product candidates that we develop, or we could lose certain exclusive rights to grant sublicenses.

          Our current licenses impose, and any future licenses we enter into are likely to impose, various development, commercialization, funding, royalty, diligence, sublicensing, insurance and other obligations on us. If we breach any of these obligations, the licensor may have the right to terminate the license or render the license non-exclusive, which could result in us being unable to develop, manufacture and sell products that are covered by the licensed technology or enable a competitor to gain access to the licensed technology. In addition, while we cannot currently determine the amount of the royalty obligations we will be required to pay on sales of future products, if any, the amounts may be significant. The amount of our future royalty obligations will depend on the technology and intellectual property we use in products that we successfully develop and commercialize, if any. Therefore, even if we successfully develop and commercialize products, we may be unable to achieve or maintain profitability.

Confidentiality agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information.

          In order to protect our proprietary technology and processes, we rely in part on confidentiality agreements with our collaborators, employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators and sponsored researchers and other advisors. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition, others may independently discover trade secrets and proprietary information, and in such cases we could not assert any trade secret rights against such party. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position.

Risks Related to Competition

The pharmaceutical market is intensely competitive. If we are unable to compete effectively with existing drugs, new treatment methods and new technologies, we may be unable to commercialize successfully any drugs that we develop.

          The pharmaceutical market is intensely competitive and rapidly changing. Many large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, governmental agencies and other public and private research organizations are pursuing the development of novel drugs for the same diseases that we are targeting or expect to target. Many of our competitors have:

	•		much greater financial, technical and human resources than we have at every stage of the discovery, development, manufacture and commercialization of products;
	•		more extensive experience in pre-clinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals, and in manufacturing, marketing and selling pharmaceutical products;
	•		product candidates that are based on previously tested or accepted technologies;
	•		products that have been approved or are in late stages of development; and
	•		collaborative arrangements in our target markets with leading companies and research institutions.

          We will face intense competition from drugs that have already been approved and accepted by the medical community for the treatment of the conditions for which we may develop drugs. We also expect to face competition from new drugs that enter the market. We believe a significant number of drugs are currently under development, and may become commercially available in the future, for the treatment of conditions for which we may try to develop drugs. For instance, we are currently evaluating RNAi therapeutics for RSV, liver cancer, TTR amyloidosis, hypercholesterolemia and HD, and have a number of additional discovery programs targeting other diseases. Virazole and Synagis are currently marketed for the treatment of certain RSV patients, and numerous drugs are currently marketed or used for the treatment of liver cancer, hypercholesterolemia and HD as well. These drugs, or other of our competitors’ products, may be more effective, safer, less expensive or marketed and sold more effectively, than any products we develop.

          If we successfully develop drug candidates, and obtain approval for them, we will face competition based on many different factors, including:

	•		the safety and effectiveness of our products;
	•		the ease with which our products can be administered and the extent to which patients accept relatively new routes of administration;
	•		the timing and scope of regulatory approvals for these products;
	•		the availability and cost of manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities;
	•		price;
	•		reimbursement coverage; and
	•		patent position.

          Our competitors may develop or commercialize products with significant advantages over any products we develop based on any of the factors listed above or on other factors. Our competitors may therefore be more successful in commercializing their products than we are, which could adversely affect our competitive position and business. Competitive products may make any products we develop obsolete or noncompetitive before we can recover the expenses of developing and commercializing our drug candidates. Furthermore, we also face competition from existing and new treatment methods that reduce or eliminate the need for drugs, such as the use of advanced medical devices. The development of new medical devices or other treatment methods for the diseases we are targeting could make our drug candidates noncompetitive, obsolete or uneconomical.

We face competition from other companies that are working to develop novel drugs using technology similar to ours. If these companies develop drugs more rapidly than we do or their technologies, including delivery technologies, are more effective, our ability to successfully commercialize drugs will be adversely affected.

          In addition to the competition we face from competing drugs in general, we also face competition from other companies working to develop novel drugs using technology that competes more directly with our own. We are aware of several companies that are working in the field of RNAi. In addition, we granted licenses or options for licenses to Isis, GeneCare Research Institute Co., Ltd., Benitec Ltd., Calando Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tekmira, Quark Biotech, Inc. and others under which these companies may independently develop RNAi therapeutics against a limited number of targets. Any of these companies may develop its RNAi technology more rapidly and more effectively than us. Merck & Co., Inc., or Merck, was one of our collaborators and a licensee under our intellectual property for specified disease targets until September 2007, at which time we and Merck agreed to terminate our collaboration. As a result of its acquisition of Sirna Therapeutics Inc. in December 2006, and in light of the mutual termination of our collaboration, Merck, which has substantially more resources and experience in developing drugs than we do, may become a direct competitor.

          In addition, as a result of agreements that we have entered into, Roche and Takeda have obtained, and Novartis has the right to obtain, broad, non-exclusive licenses to certain aspects of our technology that give them the right to compete with us in certain circumstances.

          We also compete with companies working to develop antisense-based drugs. Like RNAi product candidates, antisense drugs

target messenger RNAs, or mRNAs, in order to suppress the activity of specific genes. Isis is currently marketing an antisense drug and has several antisense drug candidates in clinical trials. The development of antisense drugs is more advanced than that of RNAi therapeutics, and antisense technology may become the preferred technology for drugs that target mRNAs to silence specific genes.

          In addition to competition with respect to RNAi and with respect to specific products, we face substantial competition to discover and develop safe and effective means to deliver siRNAs to the relevant cell and tissue types. Safe and effective means to deliver siRNAs to the relevant cell and tissue types may be developed by our competitors, and our ability to successfully commercialize a competitive product would be adversely affected. In addition, substantial resources are being expended by third parties in the effort to discover and develop a safe and effective means of delivering siRNAs into the relevant cell and tissue types, both in academic laboratories and in the corporate sector. Some of our competitors have substantially greater resources than we do, and if our competitors are able to negotiate exclusive access to those delivery solutions developed by third parties, we may be unable to successfully commercialize our product candidates.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

If our stock price fluctuates, purchasers of our common stock could incur substantial losses.

          The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to factors that are beyond our control. The stock market in general has recently experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. The market prices of securities of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have been extremely volatile, and have experienced fluctuations that often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. These broad market fluctuations could result in extreme fluctuations in the price of our common stock, which could cause purchasers of our common stock to incur substantial losses.

We may incur significant costs from class action litigation due to our expected stock volatility.

          Our stock price may fluctuate for many reasons, including as a result of public announcements regarding the progress of our development efforts, the addition or departure of our key personnel, variations in our quarterly operating results and changes in market valuations of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Recently, when the market price of a stock has been volatile as our stock price may be, holders of that stock have occasionally brought securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. If any of our stockholders were to bring a lawsuit of this type against us, even if the lawsuit is without merit, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit. The lawsuit could also divert the time and attention of our management.

Novartis’ ownership of our common stock could delay or prevent a change in corporate control or cause a decline in our common stock should Novartis decide to sell all or a portion of its shares.

          Following their purchase in May 2009 of an additional 65,922 shares of our common stock, Novartis holds 13.4% of our outstanding common stock and has the right to maintain its ownership percentage through the expiration or termination of our broad alliance. This concentration of ownership may harm the market price of our common stock by:

	•		delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of our company;
	•		impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving our company; or
	•		discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company.

          In addition, if Novartis decides to sell all or a portion of its shares in a rapid or disorderly manner, our stock price could be negatively impacted.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law and our stockholder rights plan could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

          Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws may delay or prevent an acquisition of us or a change in our management. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors. Because our board of directors

is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions could in turn affect any attempt by our stockholders to replace current members of our management team. These provisions include:

	•		a classified board of directors;
	•		a prohibition on actions by our stockholders by written consent;
	•		limitations on the removal of directors; and
	•		advance notice requirements for election to our board of directors and for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholder meetings.

          In addition, our board of directors has adopted a stockholder rights plan, the provisions of which could make it difficult for a potential acquirer of Alnylam to consummate an acquisition transaction.

          Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner. These provisions would apply even if the proposed merger or acquisition could be considered beneficial by some stockholders.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS.

SIGNATURES

          Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.