We have included in this document ‘forward-looking statements’ within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which are intended to be covered by the safe harbors created by those laws. These forward-looking statements include information about possible or assumed future results of our operations. All statements, other than statements of historical facts that address activities, events or developments that we expect or anticipate may occur in the future, including such things as our outlook, future capital expenditures, growth in commissions and fees, business strategies, competitive strengths, goals, the benefits of new initiatives, growth of our business and operations, plans and references to future successes, are forward-looking statements. Also, when we use the words such as ‘anticipate’, ‘believe’, ‘estimate’, ‘expect’, ‘intend’, ‘plan’, ‘probably’, or similar expressions, we are making forward-looking statements.

 

There are important uncertainties, events and factors that could cause our actual results or performance to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements contained in this document, including the following:

 

 

The foregoing list of factors is not exhaustive and new factors may emerge from time to time that could also affect actual performance and results.

 

Although we believe that the assumptions underlying our forward-looking statements are reasonable, any of these assumptions, and therefore also the forward-looking statements based on these assumptions, could themselves prove to be inaccurate. In light of the significant uncertainties

inherent in the forward-looking statements included in this document, our inclusion of this information is not a representation or guarantee by us that our objectives and plans will be achieved.

 

Our forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made and we will not update these forward-looking statements unless the securities laws require us to do so. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed in this document may not occur, and we caution you against unduly relying on these forward-looking statements.

Willis Group Holdings is the ultimate holding company for the Group. We trace our history to 1828 and are one of the largest insurance brokers in the world.

 

Willis Group Holdings was incorporated in Ireland on September 24, 2009 to facilitate the change of the place of incorporation of the parent company of the Group from Bermuda to Ireland (the ‘Redomicile’). At the Effective Time, the common shares of Willis-Bermuda were canceled, the Willis-Bermuda common shareholders received, on a one-for-one basis, new ordinary shares of Willis Group Holdings, and Willis Group Holdings became the ultimate parent company for the Group.

 

For administrative convenience, we utilize the offices of a subsidiary company as our principal executive offices. The address is:

 

Willis Group Holdings Public Limited Company

c/o Willis Group Limited

The Willis Building

51 Lime Street

London EC3M 7DQ

England

Tel: +44 203 124 6000

 

For several years, we have focused on our core retail and specialist broking operations. In 2008, we acquired HRH, at the time the eighth largest insurance and risk management intermediary in the United States. The acquisition almost doubled our North America revenues and created critical mass in key markets including California, Florida, Texas, Illinois, New York, Boston, New Jersey and Philadelphia. In addition, we have made a number of smaller acquisitions around the world and increased our ownership in several of our associates and existing subsidiaries, which were not wholly-owned, where doing so strengthened our retail network and our specialty businesses.

 

 

The Company files annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the ‘SEC’). You may read and copy any documents we file at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE Washington, DC 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for information on the Public Reference Room. The SEC maintains a website that contains annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information that issuers (including Willis Group Holdings) file electronically with the SEC. The SEC’s website is www.sec.gov.

 

The Company makes available, free of charge through our website, www.willis.com, our annual report on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, our proxy statement, current reports on Form 8-K and Forms 3, 4, and 5 filed on behalf of directors and executive officers, as well as any amendments to those reports filed or furnished

pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the ‘Exchange Act’) as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Unless specifically incorporated by reference, information on our website is not a part of this Form 10-K.

 

The Company’s Corporate Governance Guidelines, Audit Committee Charter, Risk Committee Charter, Compensation Committee Charter and Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee Charter are available on our website, www.willis.com, in the Investor Relations-Corporate Governance section, or upon request. Requests for copies of these documents should be directed in writing to the Company Secretary c/o Office of General Counsel, Willis Group Holdings Public Limited Company, One World Financial, 200 Liberty Street, New York, NY 10281.

 

 

We provide a broad range of insurance brokerage, reinsurance and risk management consulting services to our clients worldwide. We have significant market positions in the United States, in the United Kingdom and, directly and through our associates, in many other countries. We are a recognized leader in providing specialized risk management advisory and other services on a global basis to clients in various industries including aerospace, marine, construction and energy.

 

In our capacity as an advisor and insurance broker, we act as an intermediary between our clients and insurance carriers by advising our clients on their risk management requirements, helping clients determine the best means of managing risk, and negotiating and placing insurance risk with insurance carriers through our global distribution network.

 

We assist clients in the assessment of their risks, advise on the best ways of transferring suitable risk to the global insurance and reinsurance markets and then execute the transactions at the most appropriate available price, terms and conditions for our clients. Our global distribution network enables us to place the risk in the most appropriate insurance or reinsurance market worldwide.

 

We also offer clients a broad range of services to help them to identify and control their risks. These

services range from strategic risk consulting (including providing actuarial analyses), to a variety of due diligence services, to the provision of practical on-site risk control services (such as health and safety or property loss control consulting) as well as analytical and advisory services (such as hazard modeling and reinsurance optimization studies). We assist clients in planning how to manage incidents or crises when they occur. These services include contingency planning, security audits and product tampering plans. We are not an insurance company and therefore we do not underwrite insurable risks for our own account.

 

We and our associates serve a diverse base of clients including major multinational and middle-market companies in a variety of industries, as well as public institutions and individual clients. Many of our client relationships span decades. We have approximately 20,000 employees around the world (including approximately 3,000 at our associate companies) and a network in excess of 400 offices in some 100 countries.

 

We believe we are one of only a few insurance brokers in the world possessing the global operating presence, broad product expertise and extensive distribution network necessary to meet effectively the global risk management needs of many of our clients.

 

 

Since 2008, we have launched a series of initiatives to drive profitable growth, including Shaping Our Future, Right Sizing Willis, and Funding for Growth. In 2011, we are realigning our business model to further grow the company and deliver the Willis Cause — our value proposition to clients.

The Willis Cause is our pledge that:

 

 

 

Insurance and reinsurance is a global business, and its participants are affected by global trends in capacity and pricing. Accordingly, we operate as one global business which ensures all clients’ interests are handled efficiently and comprehensively, whatever their initial point of

contact. We organize our business into three segments: North America and International, which together comprise our principal retail operations, and Global. In 2010 and 2009, approximately 50 percent of our total revenue was generated from within the US, with no other country contributing in

excess of 20 percent. For information regarding revenues, operating income and total assets per

segment, see Note 26 of the Consolidated Financial Statements contained herein.

 

Our Global business provides specialist brokerage and consulting services to clients worldwide for the risks arising from specific industrial and commercial activities. In these operations, we have extensive specialized experience handling diverse lines of coverage, including complex insurance programs, and acting as an intermediary between retail brokers and insurers. We increasingly provide consulting services on risk management with the objective of assisting clients to reduce the overall cost of risk. Our Global business serves clients in around 190 countries, primarily from offices in the United Kingdom, although we also serve clients from offices in the United States, Continental Europe and Asia.

 

The Global business is divided into:

 

 

Effective January 1, 2011, we have changed our internal reporting structure; Global Markets International, previously reported within our International segment, is now reported in our Global division.

 

Global Specialties

 

Global Specialties has strong global positions in Aerospace, Energy, Marine, Construction, Financial and Executive Risks as well as Financial Solutions.

 

• Aerospace

We are highly experienced in the provision of insurance and reinsurance brokerage and risk management services to Aerospace clients worldwide, including aircraft manufacturers, air cargo handlers and shippers, airport managers and other general aviation companies. Advisory services provided by Aerospace include claims recovery, contract and leasing risk management, safety services and market information. Aerospace’s clients include approximately one

third of the world’s airlines. The specialist Inspace division is also prominent in supplying the space industry through providing insurance and risk management services to approximately 40 companies.

 

Our Energy practice provides insurance brokerage services including property damage, offshore construction, liability and control of well and pollution insurance to the energy industry. Our Energy practice clients are worldwide. We are highly experienced in providing insurance brokerage for all aspects of the energy industry including exploration and production, refining and marketing, offshore construction and pipelines.

 

 

Our Marine unit provides marine insurance and reinsurance brokerage services, including hull, cargo and general marine liabilities. Marine’s clients include ship owners, ship builders, logistics operators, port authorities, traders and shippers, other insurance intermediaries and insurance companies. Marine insurance brokerage is our oldest line of business dating back to our establishment in 1828.

 

Our Construction practice provides risk management advice and brokerage services for a wide range of UK and international construction activities. The clients of the Construction practice include contractors, project owners, project managers, project financiers, professional consultants and insurers. We are a broker for many of the leading global construction firms.

 

Our Financial and Executive Risks unit specializes in broking directors’ and officers’ insurance as well as professional indemnity insurance for corporations and professional firms.

Financial Solutions is a global business unit which incorporates our political risk unit, as well as structured finance and credit teams. It also places structured crime and specialist liability insurance for clients across the broad spectrum of financial institutions as well as specializing in strategic risk assessment and transactional risk transfer solutions.

 

Willis Re

 

We are one of the world’s largest intermediaries for reinsurance and have a significant market share in all of the world’s major markets. Our clients are both insurance and reinsurance companies.

 

We operate this business on a global basis and provide a complete range of transactional capabilities, including, in conjunction with Willis Capital Markets & Advisory, a wide variety of capital markets based products. Our services are underpinned by leading modeling, financial analysis and risk management advice. We bolster and enhance all of these services with the cutting edge knowledge derived from our Willis Research Network, the insurance industry’s largest partnership with global academic research.

 

London Market Wholesale

 

This business unit was created on January 1, 2011 and amalgamates Faber & Dumas and Global Markets International.

 

Faber & Dumas, our wholesale brokerage division, comprises London-based operation, Glencairn, together with our Fine Art, Jewelry and Specie, Special Contingency Risk and Hughes-Gibb units.

 

Global Markets International works closely with our Global business segment to further develop access for our retail clients to global markets, and provide structuring and placing skills in the relevant areas of property, casualty, terrorism, accident & health, facultative and captives.

 

Willis Capital Markets & Advisory

 

Willis Capital Markets & Advisory, with offices in New York and London, provides advice to insurance and reinsurance companies on a broad array of mergers and acquisition transactions as well as capital markets products, including acting as underwriter or agent for primary issuances, operating a secondary insurance-linked securities trading desk and engaging in general capital markets and strategic advisory work.

 

Our North America and International retail operations provide services to small, medium and

major corporate clients, accessing Global’s specialist expertise when required.

 

 

Our North America business provides risk management, insurance brokerage, related risk

services, and employee benefits brokerage and consulting to a wide array of industry and client

segments in the United States and Canada. With around 120 locations, organized into seven geographical regions including Canada, Willis North America locally delivers our global and national resources and specialist expertise through this retail distribution network.

 

In addition to being organized geographically and by specialty, our North America business focuses on four client segments: global, large national/middle-market, small commercial, and private client, with service, marketing and sales platform support for each segment.

 

The largest industry practice group in North America is Construction, which specializes in providing risk management, insurance brokerage, and surety bonding services to the construction industry. Willis Construction provided these services to around 25 percent of the Engineering News Record Top 400 contractors (a listing of the largest 400 North American contractors based on revenue). In addition, this practice group has expertise in owner-controlled insurance programs for large projects and insurance for national homebuilders.

 

Other industry practice groups include Healthcare, serving the professional liability and other insurance and risk management needs of private and not-for-profit health systems, hospitals and physicians groups; Financial Institutions, serving the needs of large banks, insurers and other financial services firms; and Mergers & Acquisitions, providing due diligence, and risk management and insurance brokerage services to private equity and merchant banking firms and their portfolio companies.

Willis Employee Benefits, fully integrated into the North America platform, is our largest product-based practice group and provides health, welfare and human resources consulting, and brokerage services to all of our commercial client segments. This practice group’s value lies in helping clients control employee benefit plan costs, reducing the amount of time human resources professionals spend administering their companies’ benefit plans and educating and training employees on benefit plan issues.

 

Another industry-leading North America practice group is Willis Executive Risks, a national team of technical professionals who specialize in meeting the directors and officers, employment practices, fiduciary liability insurance risk management, and claims advocacy needs of public and private corporations and organizations. This practice group also has expertise in professional liability, especially internet risks.

 

The Captive, Actuarial, Programs, Pooling, Personal Lines and Strategic Outcomes (CAPPPS) group has a network of actuaries, certified public accountants, financial analysts and pooled insurance program experts who assist clients in developing and implementing alternative risk management solutions. The program business is a leader in providing national insurance programs to niche industries including ski resorts, auto dealers, recycling, environmental, and specialty workers’ compensation. The group also works with financial institutions to confirm their loans are properly insured and their interests are adequately protected.

 

Effective January 1, 2011, we have changed our internal reporting structure; Global Markets International, previously reported within our International segment, is now reported in our Global division.

Our International business comprises our operations in Eastern and Western Europe, the United Kingdom and Ireland, Asia-Pacific, Russia, the Middle East, South Africa and Latin America.

 

Our offices provide services to businesses locally in over 100 countries around the world, making use of

skills, industry knowledge and expertise available elsewhere in the Group.

 

The services provided are focused according to the characteristics of each market and vary across offices, but generally include direct risk management and insurance brokerage, specialist and reinsurance brokerage and employee benefits consulting.

 

We believe the combined total revenues of our International subsidiaries and associates provide an indication of the spread and capability of our International network. The team generated over 30 percent of the Group’s total consolidated commissions and fees in 2010.

 

As part of our on-going strategy, we look for opportunities to strengthen our International market share through acquisitions and strategic investments. We have acquired a controlling interest in a broad geographic spread of other brokers. A list of significant subsidiaries is included in Exhibit 21.1 to this document.

We have also invested in associate companies; our significant associates at December 31, 2010 were GS & Cie Groupe (‘Gras Savoye’), France (31 percent holding) and Al-Futtaim Willis Co. LLC, Dubai (49 percent holding). In connection with many of our investments we retain the right to increase our ownership over time, typically to a majority or 100 percent ownership position. In addition, in certain instances our co-shareholders have a right, typically based on some price formula of revenues or earnings, to put some or all of their shares to us. On December 17, 2009 as part of a reorganization of the share capital of Gras Savoye our interest in that company reduced from 48 percent to 31 percent. In addition, we have the option to acquire a 100 percent interest in the capital of Gras Savoye in 2015. For further information on the Gras Savoye capital reorganization see ‘Item 8 — Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 13 — Investments in Associates’.

 

Our clients operate on a global and local scale in a multitude of businesses and industries throughout the world and generally range in size from major multinational corporations to middle-market companies. Further, many of our client relationships span decades, for instance our relationship with The Tokio Marine and Fire Insurance Company Limited

dates back over 100 years. No one client accounted for more than 10 percent of revenues for fiscal year 2010. Additionally, we place insurance with over 5,000 insurance carriers, none of which individually accounted for more than 10 percent of the total premiums we placed on behalf of our clients in 2010.

 

 

We face competition in all fields in which we operate based on global capability, product breadth, innovation, quality of service and price. According to the Directory of Agents and Brokers published by Business Insurance in July 2010, the 136 largest commercial insurance brokers globally reported brokerage revenues totaling $38 billion in 2009, of which Marsh & McLennan Companies Inc. had approximately 28 percent, Aon Corporation had approximately 20 percent and Willis had approximately 9 percent.

 

We compete with Marsh & McLennan and Aon as well as with numerous specialist, regional and local firms.

Insurance companies also compete with brokers by directly soliciting insureds without the assistance of an independent broker or agent.

 

Competition for business is intense in all our business lines and in every insurance market. Competition on premium rates has also exacerbated the pressures caused by a continuing reduction in demand in some classes of business. For example, rather than purchase additional insurance through brokers, many insureds have been retaining a greater proportion of their risk portfolios than previously. Industrial and commercial companies are increasingly relying upon captive insurance companies, self-insurance pools, risk retention

groups, mutual insurance companies and other mechanisms for funding their risks, rather than buying insurance.

 

Additional competitive pressures arise from the entry of new market participants, such as banks, accounting firms and insurance carriers themselves, offering risk management or transfer services.

 

In 2005, we, along with Marsh & McLennan and Aon, agreed to implement certain business reforms which included codification of our voluntary termination of contingent commission arrangements with insurers. However, most other special, regional and local insurance brokers continued to accept contingent compensation and did not disclose the compensation received in connection with providing policy placement services to its customers. In February 2010, we entered into the Amended and Restated Assurance of Discontinuance with the Attorney General of the State of New York and the Amended and Restated Stipulation with the

Superintendent of Insurance of the State of New York which ended many of the requirements previously imposed upon us. The new agreement no longer limits the type of compensation we can receive and lowers the compensation disclosure requirements we must make to our clients.

 

We continue to refuse to accept contingent commissions from carriers in our retail brokerage business. To our knowledge, we are the only insurance broker that takes this stance. We seek to increase revenue through higher commissions and fees that we disclose to our clients, and to generate profitable revenue growth by focusing on the provision of value-added risk advisory services beyond traditional brokerage activities. Although we continue to believe in the success of our strategy, we cannot be certain that such steps will help us to continue to generate profitable organic revenue growth.

 

Our business activities are subject to legal requirements and governmental and quasi-governmental regulatory supervision in virtually all countries in which we operate. Also, such regulations may require individual or company licensing to conduct our business activities. While these requirements may vary from location to location they are generally designed to protect our clients by establishing minimum standards of conduct and practice, particularly regarding the provision of advice and product information as well as financial criteria.

 

United States

 

Our activities in connection with insurance brokerage services within the United States are subject to regulation and supervision by state authorities. Although the scope of regulation and form of supervision may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, insurance laws in the United States are often complex and generally grant broad discretion to supervisory authorities in adopting regulations and supervising regulated activities. That supervision generally includes the licensing of insurance brokers and agents and the regulation of the handling and investment of client funds held in

a fiduciary capacity. Our continuing ability to provide insurance brokerage in the jurisdictions in which we currently operate is dependent upon our compliance with the rules and regulations promulgated from time to time by the regulatory authorities in each of these jurisdictions.

 

European Union

 

The European Union Insurance Mediation Directive introduced rules to enable insurance and reinsurance intermediaries to operate and provide services within each member state of the EU on a basis consistent with the EU single market and customer protection aims. Each EU member state in which we operate is required to ensure that the insurance and reinsurance intermediaries resident in their country are registered with a statutory body in that country and that each intermediary meets professional requirements in relation to their competence, good repute, professional indemnity cover and financial capacity.

United Kingdom

 

In the United Kingdom, the statutory body is the Financial Services Authority (‘FSA’). The FSA has prescribed the methods by which our insurance and reinsurance operations are to conduct business, and has a wide range of rule-making, investigatory and enforcement powers aimed at meeting its overall aim of promoting efficient, orderly and fair markets and helping retail consumers achieve a fair deal. The FSA conducts monitoring visits to assess our compliance with regulatory requirements.

 

Certain of our activities are governed by other regulatory bodies, such as investment and securities licensing authorities. In the United States, Willis Capital Markets & Advisory operates through our wholly-owned subsidiary Willis Securities, Inc., a US-registered broker-dealer and investment advisor, member FINRA/SIPC, primarily in connection with investment banking-related services and advising on alternative risk financing transactions. Willis Capital Markets provides advice on securities or investments

in the EU through our wholly-owned subsidiary Willis Structured Financial Solutions Limited, which is authorized and regulated by the FSA.

 

Our failure, or that of our employees, to satisfy the regulators that we are in compliance with their requirements or the legal requirements governing our activities, can result in disciplinary action, fines, reputational damage and financial harm.

 

All companies carrying on similar activities in a given jurisdiction are subject to regulations which are not dissimilar to the requirements for our operations in the United States and United Kingdom. We do not consider that these regulatory requirements adversely affect our competitive position.

 

See Part I, Item 1A-Risk Factors ‘Legal and Regulatory Risks’ for discussion of how actions by regulatory authorities or changes in legislation and regulation in the jurisdictions in which we operate may have an adverse effect on our business.

 

As of December 31, 2010 we had approximately 17,000 employees worldwide of whom approximately 3,400 were employed in the United Kingdom and 6,500 in the United States, with the balance being

employed across the rest of the world. In addition, our associates had approximately 3,000 employees, all of whom were located outside the United Kingdom and the United States.

 

Risks Relating to our Business and the Insurance Industry

 

 

This section describes material risks affecting the Group’s business. These risks could materially affect the Group’s business, its revenues, operating income, net income, net assets, liquidity and capital

resources and ability to achieve its financial targets and, accordingly should be read in conjunction with any forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

 

Competitive Risks

 

Worldwide economic conditions could have an adverse effect on our business.

 

 

Our business and operating results are materially affected by worldwide economic conditions. Current global economic conditions coupled with declining customer and business confidence, increasing energy prices, and other challenges, may have a significant negative impact on the buying behavior of some of our clients as their businesses suffer from these conditions. In particular, financial institutions, construction, aviation, and logistics businesses such as marine cargo are most likely to be affected. Further, the global economic downturn is also negatively affecting some of the international economies that have supported the strong growth in our International operations. Our employee benefits practice may also be adversely affected as businesses continue to downsize during this period of economic turmoil. In addition, a growing number of insolvencies associated with an economic downturn, especially insolvencies in the insurance industry, could adversely affect our brokerage business through the loss of clients or by hampering our ability to place insurance and reinsurance business. While it is difficult to predict consequences of any further deterioration in global economic conditions on our business, any significant reduction or delay by our clients in purchasing insurance or making payment of premiums could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

The potential for a significant insurer to fail or withdraw from writing certain lines of insurance coverages that we offer our clients could negatively impact overall capacity in the industry, which could then reduce the placement of certain lines and types of insurance and reduce our revenues and profitability. The potential for an insurer to fail could also result in errors and omissions claims by clients.

 

Since 2008, we have launched certain initiatives, such as the Company’s recently announced 2011 review of operations, the Willis Cause, Right Sizing Willis, Funding for Growth, and Shaping Our Future, to achieve cost-savings or fund our future growth plans. In light of the global economic uncertainty, we continue to vigorously manage our cost base in order to fund further growth initiatives, but we cannot be certain whether we will be able to realize any further benefits from these initiatives or any new initiatives that we may implement.

 

While we focus on our core retail and specialist broking operations, we do have certain other businesses that are not material to the Group as a whole but which, in any period, could have a material affect on our results of operations.

 

 

We do not control the premiums on which our commissions are based, and volatility or declines in premiums may seriously undermine our profitability.

 

 

We derive most of our revenues from commissions and fees for brokerage and consulting services. We

do not determine insurance premiums on which our commissions are generally based. Premiums are

cyclical in nature and may vary widely based on market conditions. From the late 1980s through late 2000, insurance premium rates generally declined as a result of a number of factors, including the expanded underwriting capacity of insurance carriers; consolidation of both insurance intermediaries and insurance carriers; and increased competition among insurance carriers. From 2000 to 2003, we benefitted from a ‘hard’ market with premium rates stable or increasing. During 2004, we saw a rapid transition from a hard market, with premium rates stable or increasing, to a ‘soft’ market, with premium rates falling in most markets. The soft market continued to have an adverse impact on our commission revenues and operating margin from 2005 through 2008. Rates continued to decline in most sectors through 2005 and 2006, with the exception of catastrophe-exposed markets. In 2007, the market softened further with decreases in many of the market sectors in which we operated and this continued into 2008 with further premium rate declines across our market sectors. In 2009, the stabilization of rates in the reinsurance market and some specialty markets was offset by the continuing

soft market in other sectors and the adverse impact of the weakened economic environment across the globe. Our North America and UK and Irish retail operations have been particularly impacted by the weakened economic climate and continued soft market throughout both 2009 and 2010 with no material improvement in rates across most sectors. This resulted in declines in 2009 revenues in these operations with only modest improvement in 2010, particularly amongst our smaller clients who have been especially vulnerable to the economic downturn.

 

In addition, as traditional risk-bearing insurance carriers continue to outsource the production of premium revenue to non-affiliated agents or brokers such as ourselves, those insurance carriers may seek to reduce further their expenses by reducing the commission rates payable to those insurance agents or brokers. The reduction of these commission rates, along with general volatility and/or declines in premiums, may significantly undermine our profitability.

 

Competition in our industry is intense, and if we are unable to compete effectively, we may suffer lower revenue, reduced operating margins and lose market share which could materially and adversely affect our business.

 

 

We face competition in all fields in which we operate, based on global capability, product breadth, innovation, quality of service and price. We compete with Marsh & McLennan and Aon, the two other providers of global risk management services, as well as with numerous specialist, regional and local firms. Competition for business is intense in all our business lines and in every insurance market, and the other two providers of global risk management services have substantially greater market share than we do. Competition on premium rates has also exacerbated the pressures caused by a continuing reduction in demand in some classes of business. For example, rather than purchase additional insurance through brokers, many insureds have been retaining a greater proportion of their risk portfolios than previously. Industrial and commercial companies have been increasingly relying upon their own subsidiary insurance companies, known as captive insurance companies,

self-insurance pools, risk retention groups, mutual insurance companies and other mechanisms for funding their risks, rather than buying insurance. Additional competitive pressures arise from the entry of new market participants, such as banks, accounting firms and insurance carriers themselves, offering risk management or transfer services.

 

In 2005, we, along with Marsh & McLennan and Aon, agreed to implement certain business reforms which included codification of our voluntary termination of contingent commission arrangements with insurers. However, most other special, regional and local insurance brokers continued to accept contingent compensation and did not disclose the compensation received in connection with providing policy placement services to its customers. In February 2010, we entered into the Amended and Restated Assurance of Discontinuance with the Attorney General of the State of New York and the

Amended and Restated Stipulation with the Superintendent of Insurance of the State of New York which ended many of the requirements previously imposed upon us. The new agreement no longer limits the type of compensation we will receive and lowers the compensation disclosure requirements we must make to our clients.

 

We continue to refuse to accept contingent commissions from carriers in our retail brokerage business. To our knowledge, we are the only insurance broker that takes this stance. We seek to increase revenue through higher commissions and fees that we disclose to our clients, and to generate

profitable revenue growth by focusing on the provision of value-added risk advisory services beyond traditional brokerage activities. Although we continue to believe in the success of our strategy, we cannot be certain that such steps will help us to continue to generate profitable organic revenue growth. If we are unable to compete effectively against our competitors who are accepting or may accept contingent commissions, we may suffer lower revenue, reduced operating margins and loss of market share which could materially and adversely affect our business.

 

Dependence on Key Personnel — The loss of our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer or a number of our senior management or a significant number of our brokers could significantly impede our financial plans, growth, marketing and other objectives.

 

 

The loss of our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer or a number of our senior management or a significant number of our brokers could significantly impede our financial plans, growth, marketing and other objectives. Our success depends to a substantial extent not only on the ability and experience of our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Joseph J. Plumeri and other members of our senior management, but also on the individual brokers and teams that service our clients and maintain client relationships. The insurance and

reinsurance brokerage industry has in the past experienced intense competition for the services of leading individual brokers and brokerage teams, and we have lost key individuals and teams to competitors. We believe that our future success will depend in part on our ability to attract and retain additional highly skilled and qualified personnel and to expand, train and manage our employee base. We may not continue to be successful in doing so because the competition for qualified personnel in our industry is intense.

 

 

Legal and Regulatory Risks

 

Our compliance systems and controls cannot guarantee that we are in compliance with all applicable federal and state or foreign laws and regulations, and actions by regulatory authorities or changes in applicable laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate may have an adverse effect on our business.

 

 

Our activities are subject to extensive regulation under the laws of the United States, the United Kingdom and the European Union and its member states, and the other jurisdictions in which we operate. Indeed, over the last few years, there has been a general increase in focus and developments in these laws and regulations. Compliance with laws

and regulations that are applicable to our operations is complex and may increase our cost of doing business. These laws and regulations include insurance industry regulations, economic and trade sanctions and laws against financial crimes such as money laundering, bribery or other corruption, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. In most

jurisdictions, governmental and regulatory authorities have the ability to interpret and amend these laws and regulations and impose penalties for non-compliance, including sanctions, civil remedies, fines, injunctions, revocation of licenses or approvals, suspension of individuals, limitations on business activities or redress to clients.

 

Given the increased interest expressed by UK and US regulators in the effectiveness of compliance controls relating to financial crime in our market sector in particular, we began a voluntary internal review of our policies and controls four years ago. This review includes analysis and advice from external experts on best practices, review of public regulatory decisions, and discussions with government regulators in the UK and US. In

addition, the U.K. Financial Services Authority is conducting an investigation of some of our compliance systems and controls between 2005 and 2009. While we are fully cooperating with our regulators, we are unable to predict at this time when these matters will be concluded. We do not believe that such matters will result in any material fines or sanctions from UK or US regulators, but there can be no assurance that any resolution will not have an adverse impact on our ability to conduct our business in certain jurisdictions. While we believe that our current systems and controls are adequate and in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations, we cannot assure that such systems and controls will prevent any violations of applicable laws and regulations.

 

Our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity may be materially adversely affected by actual and potential claims, lawsuits, investigations and proceedings.

 

 

We are subject to various actual and potential claims, lawsuits, investigations and other proceedings relating principally to alleged errors and omissions in connection with the placement of insurance and reinsurance in the ordinary course of business. Because we often assist our clients with matters, including the placement of insurance coverage and the handling of related claims, involving substantial amounts of money, errors and omissions claims against us may arise which allege our potential liability for all or part of the amounts in question.

 

Claimants can seek large damage awards and these claims can involve potentially significant defense costs. Such claims, lawsuits and other proceedings could, for example, include allegations of damages for our employees or sub-agents improperly failing to place coverage or notify claims on behalf of clients, to provide insurance carriers with complete and accurate information relating to the risks being insured or to appropriately apply funds that we hold for our clients on a fiduciary basis. Errors and omissions claims, lawsuits and other proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business are covered in part by professional indemnity or other appropriate insurance. The terms of this insurance vary by policy year and self-insured risks have increased significantly in recent years. In respect of

self-insured risks, we have established provisions against these items which we believe to be adequate in the light of current information and legal advice, and we adjust such provisions from time to time according to developments. Our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity may be adversely affected if in the future our insurance coverage proves to be inadequate or unavailable or there is an increase in liabilities for which we self-insure. Our ability to obtain professional indemnity insurance in the amounts and with the deductibles we desire in the future may be adversely impacted by general developments in the market for such insurance or our own claims experience.

 

We are also subject to actual and potential claims, lawsuits, investigations and proceedings outside of errors and omissions claims. The material actual or potential claims, lawsuits and proceedings to which we are currently subject, including but not limited to errors and omissions claims, are: (1) potential claims arising out of various legal proceedings between reinsurers, reinsureds and their reinsurance brokers relating to personal accident excess of loss reinsurance placements for the years 1993 to 1998; and (2) claims relating to the collapse of The Stanford Financial Group, for which we acted as brokers of record on certain lines of insurance.

The ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be ascertained and liabilities in indeterminate amounts may be imposed on us. It is thus possible that future results of operations or cash flows for any particular quarterly or annual period could be materially affected by an unfavorable resolution of these matters. In addition, these matters continue to divert management and personnel resources away from

operating our business. Even if we do not experience significant monetary costs, there may also be adverse publicity associated with these matters that could result in reputational harm to the insurance brokerage industry in general or to us in particular that may adversely affect our business, client or employee relationships.

 

Interruption to or loss of our information processing capabilities or failure to effectively maintain and upgrade our information processing systems could cause material financial loss, loss of human resources, regulatory actions, reputational harm or legal liability.

 

 

Our business depends significantly on effective information systems. Our capacity to service our clients relies on effective storage, retrieval, processing and management of information. Our information systems also rely on the commitment of significant resources to maintain and enhance existing systems and to develop new systems in order to keep pace with continuing changes in information processing technology or evolving industry and regulatory standards. The acquisition of HRH and additional information systems has added

to this exposure. If the information we rely on to run our business were found to be inaccurate or unreliable or if we fail to maintain effective and efficient systems (including through a telecommunications failure, failure to replace or update redundant or obsolete computer applications or software systems or if we experience other disruptions), this could result in material financial loss, regulatory action, reputational harm or legal liability.

 

 

Our inability to successfully recover should we experience a disaster or other significant disruption to business continuity could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

 

 

Our ability to conduct business may be adversely affected, even in the short-term, by a disruption in the infrastructure that supports our business and the communities where we are located. This may include a disruption caused by restricted physical site access, terrorist activities, disease pandemics, or outages to electrical, communications or other services used by our company, our employees or third parties with whom we conduct business. Although we have certain disaster recovery procedures in place and insurance to protect against

such contingencies, such procedures may not be effective and any insurance or recovery procedures may not continue to be available at reasonable prices and may not address all such losses or compensate us for the possible loss of clients occurring during any period that we are unable to provide services. Our inability to successfully recover should we experience a disaster or other significant disruption to business continuity could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

 

 

Improper disclosure of personal data could result in legal liability or harm our reputation.

 

 

One of our significant responsibilities is to maintain the security and privacy of our clients’ confidential

and proprietary information and the personal data of their employees. We maintain policies, procedures

and technological safeguards designed to protect the security and privacy of this information in our database. However, we cannot entirely eliminate the risk of improper access to or disclosure of personally identifiable information. Our technology may fail to adequately secure the private information we maintain in our databases and protect it from theft or inadvertent loss. In such circumstances, we may be held liable to our clients, which could result in legal liability or impairment to

our reputation resulting in increased costs or loss of revenue. Further database privacy, identity theft, and related computer and internet issues are matters of growing public concern and are subject to frequently changing rules and regulations. Our failure to adhere to or successfully implement processes in response to changing regulatory requirements in this area could result in legal liability or impairment to our reputation in the marketplace.

 

Financial Risks

 

Our outstanding debt could adversely affect our cash flows and financial flexibility.

 

 

As of December 31, 2010, we had total consolidated debt outstanding of approximately $2.3 billion and interest expense was $166 million. Although management believes that our cash flows will be more than adequate to service this debt, there may be circumstances in which required payments of principal and/or interest on this debt could adversely affect our cash flows and this level of indebtedness may:

 

 

The terms of our current financings also include certain limitations. For example, the agreements relating to the debt arrangements and credit facilities contain numerous operating and financial covenants, including requirements to maintain minimum ratios of consolidated adjusted EBITDA to consolidated fixed charges and maximum levels of consolidated funded indebtedness in relation to consolidated EBITDA, in each case subject to certain adjustments.

 

A failure to comply with the restrictions under our credit facilities and outstanding notes could result in a default under the financing obligations or could require us to obtain waivers from our lenders for failure to comply with these restrictions. The occurrence of a default that remains uncured or the inability to secure a necessary consent or waiver could cause our obligations with respect to our debt to be accelerated and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

 

 

Our pension liabilities may increase which could require us to make additional cash contributions to our pension plans.

 

 

We have two principal defined benefit plans: one in the United Kingdom and the other in the United States. Cash contributions of approximately $119 million will be required in 2011 for these pension plans, although we may elect to contribute more. Total cash contributions to these defined benefit

pension plans in 2010 were $118 million. Future estimates are based on certain assumptions, including discount rates, interest rates, fair value of assets and expected return on plan assets. In the UK, we are required to agree a funding strategy for our UK defined benefit plan with the plan’s trustees.

In February 2009, we agreed to make full year contributions to the UK plan of $39 million for 2009 through 2012, excluding amounts in respect of the salary sacrifice scheme. In addition, if certain funding targets were not met at the beginning of any of the following years, 2010 through 2012, a further contribution of $39 million would be required for that year. In 2010, the additional funding requirement was triggered and we expect to make a similar additional contribution in 2011. A similar, additional contribution may also be required for 2012, depending on actual performance against funding targets at the beginning of 2012. We have taken actions to manage our pension liabilities, including closing our UK and US plans to new participants and restricting final pensionable salaries. Future benefit accruals in the US pension plan were also stopped, or frozen, on May 15, 2009.

 

The determinations of pension expense and pension funding are based on a variety of rules and regulations. Changes in these rules and regulations could impact the calculation of pension plan liabilities and the valuation of pension plan assets. They may also result in higher pension costs, additional financial statement disclosure, and accelerate and increase the need to fully fund our pension plans. Our future required cash contributions to our US and UK defined benefit pension plans may increase based on the funding reform provisions that were enacted into law. Further, a significant decline in the value of investments that fund our pension plan, if not offset

or mitigated by a decline in our liabilities, may significantly differ from or alter the values and actuarial assumptions used to calculate our future pension expense and we could be required to fund our plan with significant amounts of cash. In addition, if the US Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation requires additional contributions to such plans or if other actuarial assumptions are modified, our future required cash contributions could increase. The need to make these cash contributions may reduce the cash available to meet our other obligations, including the payment obligations under our credit facilities and other long-term debt, or to meet the needs of our business.

 

In addition to the critical assumptions described above, our plans use certain assumptions about the life expectancy of plan participants and surviving spouses. Periodic revision of those assumptions can materially change the present value of future benefits and therefore the funded status of the plans and the resulting periodic pension expense. Changes in our pension benefit obligations and the related net periodic costs or credits may occur in the future due to any variance of actual results from our assumptions and changes in the number of participating employees. As a result, there can be no assurance that we will not experience future decreases in stockholders equity, net income, cash flow and liquidity or that we will not be required to make additional cash contributions in the future beyond those which have been estimated.

 

We could incur substantial losses if one of the financial institutions we use in our operations failed.

 

 

The deterioration of the global credit and financial markets has created challenging conditions for financial institutions, including depositories. As the fallout from the credit crisis persists, the financial strength of these institutions may continue to decline. We maintain cash balances at various US depository institutions that are significantly in excess of the US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance

limits. We also maintain cash balances in foreign financial institutions. If one or more of the institutions in which we maintain significant cash balances were to fail, our ability to access these funds might be temporarily or permanently limited, and we could face a material liquidity problem and potentially material financial losses.

 

A downgrade in the credit ratings of our outstanding debt may adversely affect our borrowing costs and financial flexibility.

 

 

A downgrade in our corporate credit rating or the credit ratings of our debt would increase our borrowing costs including those under our credit facilities, and reduce our financial flexibility. In addition, certain downgrades would trigger a step-up in interest rates under the indentures for our

6.2% senior notes due 2017 and our 7.0% senior notes due 2019 , which would increase our interest expense. If we need to raise capital in the future, any credit rating downgrade could negatively affect our financing costs or access to financing sources.

 

 

We face certain risks associated with the acquisition or disposition of business or reorganization of existing investments.

 

 

In pursuing our corporate strategy, we may acquire or dispose of or exit businesses or reorganize existing investments. The success of this strategy is dependent upon our ability to identify appropriate opportunities, negotiate transactions on favorable terms and ultimately complete such transactions. Once we complete acquisitions or reorganizations there can be no assurance that we will realize the anticipated benefits of any transaction, including revenue growth, operational efficiencies or expected synergies. For example, if we fail to recognize some or all of the strategic benefits and synergies

expected from a transaction, goodwill and intangible assets may be impaired in future periods. In addition, we may not be able to integrate acquisitions successfully into our existing business, and we could incur or assume unknown or unanticipated liabilities or contingencies, which may impact our results of operations. If we dispose of or otherwise exit certain businesses, there can be no assurance that we will not incur certain disposition related charges, or that we will be able to reduce overheads related to the divested assets.

 

 

We are a holding company and, therefore, may not be able to receive dividends or other distributions in needed amounts from our subsidiaries.

 

 

Willis Group Holdings is organized as a holding company that conducts no business of its own. We are dependent upon dividends and other payments from our operating subsidiaries to meet our obligations for paying principal and interest on outstanding debt obligations, for paying dividends to shareholders and for corporate expenses. Legal and regulatory restrictions, foreign exchange controls, as

well as operating requirements of our subsidiaries, may limit our ability to obtain cash from these subsidiaries. In the event our operating subsidiaries are unable to pay dividends and make other payments to Willis Group Holdings, we may not be able to service debt, pay obligations or pay dividends on ordinary shares.

 

 

International Risks

 

Our significant non-US operations, particularly our London market operations, expose us to exchange rate fluctuations and various risks that could impact our business.

 

 

A significant portion of our operations is conducted outside the United States. Accordingly, we are subject to legal, economic and market risks

associated with operating in foreign countries, including devaluations and fluctuations in currency exchange rates; imposition of limitations on

conversion of foreign currencies into pounds sterling or dollars or remittance of dividends and other payments by foreign subsidiaries; hyperinflation in certain foreign countries; imposition or increase of investment and other restrictions by foreign governments; and the requirement of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws.

 

We report our operating results and financial condition in US dollars. Our US operations earn revenue and incur expenses primarily in US dollars. In our London market operations, however, we earn revenue in a number of different currencies, but expenses are almost entirely incurred in pounds sterling. Outside the United States and our London market operations, we predominantly generate revenue and expenses in the local currency. The table gives an approximate analysis of revenues and expenses by currency in 2010.

 

 

Because of devaluations and fluctuations in currency exchange rates or the imposition of limitations on conversion of foreign currencies into US dollars, we are subject to currency translation exposure on the

profits of our operations, in addition to economic exposure. Furthermore, the mismatch between pounds sterling revenues and expenses, together with any net sterling balance sheet position we hold in our US dollar denominated London market operations, creates an exchange exposure.

 

For example, as the pound sterling strengthens, the US dollars required to be translated into pounds sterling to cover the net sterling expenses increase, which then causes our results to be negatively impacted. Our results may also be adversely impacted if we are holding a net sterling position in our US dollar denominated London market operations: if the pound sterling weakens any net sterling asset we are holding will be less valuable when translated into US dollars. Given these facts, the strength of the pound sterling relative to the US dollar has in the past had a material negative impact on our reported results. This risk could have a material adverse effect on our business financial condition, cash flow and results of operations in the future.

 

Where possible, we hedge part of our operating exposure to exchange rate movements, but such mitigating attempts may not be successful.

 

In conducting our businesses around the world, we are subject to political, economic, legal, market, nationalization, operational and other risks that are inherent in operating in many countries.

 

 

In conducting our businesses and maintaining and supporting our global operations, we are subject to political, economic, legal, market, nationalization, operational and other risks. Our businesses and operations are increasingly expanding into new regions throughout the world, including emerging markets, and we expect this trend to continue. The possible effects of economic and financial disruptions throughout the world could have an adverse impact on our businesses. These risks include:

 

 

Legislative and regulatory action could materially and adversely affect us and our effective tax rate may increase.

 

 

There is uncertainty regarding the tax policies of the jurisdictions where we operate (which include the potential legislative actions described below), and our effective tax rate may increase and any such increase may be material. Additionally, the tax laws of Ireland and other jurisdictions could change in the future, and such changes could cause a material change in our effective tax rate. For example, legislative action may be taken by the US Congress which, if ultimately enacted, could override tax treaties upon which we rely or could broaden the circumstances under which we would be considered

a US resident, each of which could materially and adversely affect our effective tax rate and cash tax position. We cannot predict the outcome of any specific legislative proposals. However, if proposals were enacted that had the effect of limiting our ability to take advantage of tax treaties between Ireland and other jurisdictions (including the US), we could be subjected to increased taxation. In addition, any future amendments to the current income tax treaties between Ireland and other jurisdictions could subject us to increased taxation.

 

 

Irish law differs from the laws in effect in the United States and may afford less protection to holders of our securities.

 

 

It may not be possible to enforce court judgments obtained in the United States against us in Ireland based on the civil liability provisions of the US federal or state securities laws. In addition, there is some uncertainty as to whether the courts of Ireland would recognize or enforce judgments of US courts obtained against us or our directors or officers based on the civil liabilities provisions of the US federal or state securities laws or hear actions against us or those persons based on those laws. We have been advised that the United States currently does not have a treaty with Ireland providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. Therefore, a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any US federal or state court based on civil liability, whether or not based solely on US federal or state securities laws, would not be directly enforceable in Ireland. While not directly enforceable, it is possible for a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any US federal or state court based on civil liability to be enforced in Ireland through common law rules. However, this

process is subject to numerous established principles and would involve the commencement of a new set of proceedings in Ireland to enforce the judgment.

 

As an Irish company, Willis Group Holdings is governed by the Irish Companies Acts, which differ in some material respects from laws generally applicable to US corporations and shareholders, including, among others, differences relating to interested director and officer transactions and shareholder lawsuits. Likewise, the duties of directors and officers of an Irish company generally are owed to the company only. Shareholders of Irish companies generally do not have a personal right of action against directors or officers of the company and may exercise such rights of action on behalf of the Company only in limited circumstances. Accordingly, holders of Willis Group Holdings securities may have more difficulty protecting their interests than would holders of securities of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction of the United States.

 

 

Our non-core operations pose certain underwriting, advisory or reputational risks.

 

 

We provide a broad range of brokerage, reinsurance and risk management consulting services to our clients worldwide. We also engage in certain non-core operations. For example, our Willis Capital Markets & Advisory business provides advice to insurance and reinsurance companies on a broad array of mergers and acquisition transactions as well

as capital markets products, including acting as underwriter or agent for primary issuances, operating a secondary insurance-linked securities trading desk and engaging in general capital markets and strategic advisory work. These operations may pose certain underwriting, advisory or reputational risks to our core business.

 

 

We own and lease a number of properties for use as offices throughout the world and believe that our properties are generally suitable and adequate for the purposes for which they are used. The principal properties are located in the United Kingdom and the United States. Willis maintains over 4.1 million square feet of space worldwide.

 

London

 

In London we occupy a prime site comprising 491,000 square feet spread over a 28 story tower and adjoining 10 story building. We have a 25-year lease on this property which expires June 2032 and we sub-let the 10-story adjoining building.

 

North America

 

In North America, outside of New York and Chicago, we lease approximately 2.0 million square feet over 130 locations.

New York

 

In New York, we occupy 205,000 square feet of office space at One World Financial Center under a 20 year lease, expiring September 2026.

 

Chicago

 

In Chicago, we occupy 140,000 square feet at the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower), under a lease expiring February 2025.

 

Nashville

 

In 2010 we renegotiated our lease and began a major restack of our operations facility in Nashville. The first stage was completed in December 2010 and the remainder will be complete by May 2011. We reduced our square footage from 327,000 square feet to 160,000 square feet eliminating sublet space.

 

Rest of World

 

Outside of North America and London we lease approximately 1.3 million square feet of office space in over 190 locations.

 

Share data

 

 

Our shares have been traded on the New York Stock Exchange (‘NYSE’) under the symbol ‘WSH’ since June 11, 2001. The high and low sale prices of our shares, as reported by the NYSE, are set forth below for the periods indicated, including trading of the common shares of Willis-Bermuda through December 31, 2009 and trading of the ordinary shares of Willis Group Holdings after that date.

 

 

On February 18, 2011, the last reported sale price of our shares as reported by the NYSE was $39.68 per share. As of February 18, 2011 there were approximately 1,846 shareholders of record of our shares.

 

 

meet a minimum holding period requirement for our shares during which they are not protected from the risk of loss or that elect to treat the dividend income as ‘investment income’ pursuant to section 163(d)(4) of the Code will not be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation regardless of our status as a qualified foreign corporation. In addition, the rate reduction will not apply to dividends if the

recipient of a dividend is obligated to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. This disallowance applies even if the minimum holding period has been met. US shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of these rules given their particular circumstances.

 

Total Shareholder Return

 

 

The following graph demonstrates a five-year comparison of cumulative total returns for the Company, the S&P 500 and a peer group comprised of the Company, Aon Corporation, Arthur J. Gallagher & Co., Brown & Brown Inc., and Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. The comparison charts the performance of $100 invested in the Company, the S&P 500 and the peer group on December 31, 2005, assuming full dividend reinvestment.

 

 

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use Of Proceeds

 

During the quarter ended December 31, 2010, no shares were issued by the Company without registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

 

 

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer And Affiliated Purchasers

 

 

Under a share buyback program approved by the Board of Directors, the Company may purchase up to one billion shares, from time to time in the open market. The authorization to make purchases of Company shares on the open market will expire on June 30, 2011 unless varied, revoked or renewed by a resolution of the shareholders in accordance with Irish law. The Company may also purchase shares through negotiated trades with persons who are not affiliates of the Company. These negotiated trade purchases are effected by way of share redemption and do not require Shareholder approval. The authorization in

respect of open market purchases provides that the cost of the acquisition of the Company’s shares (whether by redemption or on the open market) may not exceed $925 million. During the year ended December 31, 2010, there were no shares repurchased.

 

The information under ‘Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans’ under Part III, Item 12 ‘Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owner and Management and Related Stockholder Matters’ is incorporated herein by reference.

 

This discussion includes references to non-GAAP financial measures as defined in Regulation G of the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (‘SEC’). We present such non-GAAP financial measures, as we believe such information is of interest to the investment community because it provides additional meaningful methods of evaluating certain aspects of the Company’s operating performance from period to period on a basis that may not be otherwise apparent on a GAAP basis. Organic revenue growth and organic growth in commissions and fees exclude the impact of acquisitions and disposals, year over year movements in foreign currency translation, legacy contingent commissions assumed as part of the HRH acquisition, and investment and other income from reported revenues. We believe organic revenue growth and organic growth in commissions and fees provide measures that the investment community may find helpful in assessing the performance of

operations that were part of our operations in both the current and prior periods, and provide measures against which our businesses may be assessed in the future. These financial measures should be viewed in addition to, not in lieu of, the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2010.

 

This discussion includes forward-looking statements, including under the headings ‘Business Overview and Market Outlook’, ‘Executive Summary’, ‘Operating Results — Group’, ‘Operating Results — Segment Information’ and ‘Liquidity and Capital Resources’. Please see ‘Forward-Looking Statements’ for certain cautionary information regarding forward-looking statements and a list of factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those predicted in the forward-looking statements.

 

 

We provide a broad range of insurance broking, risk management and consulting services to our clients worldwide. Our core specialty businesses include Aerospace; Energy; Marine; Construction; Financial and Executive Risks; Fine Art, Jewelry and Specie; Special Contingency Risks; and Reinsurance. Our retail operations provide services to small, medium and major corporations and the employee benefits practice, our largest product-based practice group, provides health, welfare and human resources consulting and brokerage services.

 

In our capacity as advisor and insurance broker, we act as an intermediary between our clients and insurance carriers by advising our clients on their risk management requirements, helping clients determine the best means of managing risk, and negotiating and placing insurance risk with insurance carriers through our global distribution network.

 

We derive most of our revenues from commissions and fees for brokerage and consulting services and do not determine the insurance premiums on which our commissions are generally based. Fluctuations in these premiums charged by the insurance carriers

have a direct and potentially material impact on our results of operations. Commission levels generally follow the same trend as premium levels as they are derived from a percentage of the premiums paid by the insureds. Due to the cyclical nature of the insurance market and the impact of other market conditions on insurance premiums, they may vary widely between accounting periods. Reductions in premium rates, leading to downward pressure on commission revenues (a ‘soft’ market), can have a potentially material adverse impact on our commission revenues and operating margin.

 

A ‘hard’ market occurs when premium uplifting factors, including a greater than anticipated loss experience or capital shortages, more than offset any downward pressures on premiums. This usually has a favorable impact on our commission revenues and operating margin.

 

From 2000 through 2003 we benefited from a hard market with premium rates stable or increasing. During 2004, we saw a rapid transition from a hard market to a soft market, with premium rates falling in most markets. Rates continued to decline in most sectors through 2005 and 2006, with the exception

of catastrophe-exposed markets. In 2007, the market softened further with decreases in many of the market sectors in which we operated and this continued into 2008 with further premium rate declines across our markets. The soft market had an adverse impact on our commission revenues and operating margin from 2005 through 2008.

 

In 2009, modest stabilization of rates in the reinsurance market and some specialty markets was offset by the continuing soft market in other sectors and the adverse impact of the weakened economic environment across the globe.

 

In 2010, the soft market continued across many sectors including the reinsurance market.

 

Our North America and UK and Irish retail operations have been particularly impacted by the weakened economic climate and continued soft market throughout both 2009 and 2010 with no material improvement in rates across most sectors.

This resulted in declines in 2009 revenues in these operations with only modest improvement in 2010, particularly amongst our smaller clients who have been especially vulnerable to the economic downturn.

 

In 2011, our main priorities will include:

 

 

Despite the difficult market conditions during the year, we reported total revenue growth of 2 percent in 2010 mainly reflecting 4 percent organic growth in commissions and fees partly offset by a negative 1 percent impact from foreign currency translation.

 

Organic revenue growth was driven by our Global and International operations which both reported 6 percent organic growth, whilst revenues in our North America operations were broadly in line with 2009, as this segment continued to be adversely

impacted by the soft market and difficult economic conditions.

 

Operating margin was 23 percent in 2010, compared with 21 percent in 2009. The year on year improvement mainly reflected the benefit of organic growth in commissions and fees, continuing disciplined management of costs and a small favorable effect from foreign currency movements, partly offset by increased incentive costs.

 

 

Results from continuing operations: 2010 compared with 2009

 

 

Net income from continuing operations in 2010 was $455 million, or $2.66 per diluted share, compared with $436 million, or $2.58 per diluted share, in 2009.

 

Total revenues from continuing operations at $3,339 million for 2010 were $76 million, or 2 percent, higher than in 2009, reflecting organic commissions and fees growth of 4 percent, partly offset by an adverse impact from foreign currency translation, a $16 million decrease attributable to the year over year reduction in contingent

commissions assumed as part of the HRH acquisition and a $14 million decrease in investment and other income.

 

Organic commissions and fees growth of 4 percent comprised 6 percent net new business growth (which constitutes the revenue growth from business won over the course of the year net of the revenue from existing business lost) and a 2 percent negative impact from declining premium rates and other market factors.

Operating margin at 23 percent was 2 percentage points higher than in 2009 with the increase mainly reflecting:

 

 

partly offset by

 

 

Interest expense in 2010 was $166 million, $8 million lower than in 2009, as the benefit of the interest expense savings arising from the year over year reduction in average term loan and revolving credit facility balances was partly offset by the effect of the higher coupon payable on the $500 million of 12.875% senior unsecured notes issued in March 2009.

 

Income tax expense for 2010 was $140 million compared with $96 million in 2009. Both years benefited from a release of provisions for uncertain tax positions and 2009 additionally benefited from a $27 million tax credit following a change to UK tax law.

 

Earnings from associates were $23 million in 2010 compared with $33 million in 2009 with the decrease primarily reflecting our reduced ownership of Gras Savoye.

 

Results from continuing operations: 2009 compared with 2008

 

 

Net income from continuing operations in 2009 was $436 million, or $2.58 per diluted share, compared with $302 million, or $2.04 per diluted share, in 2008. This increase included organic growth in commissions and fees, a reduction in costs associated with our 2008 expense review from $0.45 per diluted share in 2008 to $0.11 per diluted share for severance costs in 2009 and a one-time tax release in 2009 relating to a change in UK tax law in 2009 equivalent to $0.16 per diluted share.

Total revenues from continuing operations at $3,263 million for 2009 were $436 million, or 15 percent, higher than in 2008. Organic revenue growth of 2 percent and a 19 percent benefit from net acquisitions and disposals in 2009, driven by the fourth quarter 2008 acquisition of HRH, were partly offset by a negative 4 percent impact from foreign currency translation and a $31 million decrease in investment income compared to 2008.

 

Organic revenue growth of 2 percent comprised 5 percent net new business growth (which

constitutes the revenue growth from business won over the course of the year net of the revenue from existing business lost) and a 3 percent negative impact from declining premium rates and other market factors.

 

Operating margin at 21 percent was 3 percentage points higher than in 2008 with the increase mainly reflecting:

 

 

partly offset by

 

 

Willis aims to be the broker and risk adviser of choice globally by aligning our business model to the needs of each client segment and maintaining a focus on growth: this is our value proposition which we call the ‘Willis Cause’.

 

We expect 2011 salaries and benefits expense to include an increase of approximately $100 million compared with 2010 as a result of the following:

 

 

We estimate that of those items noted above, approximately $20 million to $25 million will continue through to 2012 as incremental expense: reflecting a further but significantly lower increase in the amortization of cash retention awards in 2012

compared with 2011, and the full year impact of the 2011 annual salary review.

 

In addition to these costs, we will continue to invest in technology, advanced analytics, product innovation, and industry talent and expertise to support the growth strategy and continued execution of the Willis Cause through 2011 and beyond.

 

In order to fund the higher anticipated salaries and benefits expense and these investments, we are undertaking a review of all our businesses to better align our resources with our growth strategies. We expect to complete this review in the first quarter of 2011.

 

In connection with this review, we anticipate that we will incur pre-tax charges of approximately $110 million to $130 million, primarily recorded in the first quarter of 2011. We also anticipate that the operational review will result in cost savings of approximately $65 million to $80 million in 2011, reaching annualized savings of approximately $90 million to $100 million in 2012.

 

 

As a result of the 2011 operational review and the continued investment in our business model, we expect to deliver:

 

 

The statements under ‘2011 Operational Review’ and ‘Outlook’ constitute forward-looking statements.

Please see ‘Forward-Looking Statements’ for certain cautionary information regarding forward-looking statements and a list of factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those predicted in the forward-looking statements.

 

With effect from January 1, 2010 the Venezuelan economy was designated as hyper-inflationary. The Venezuelan government also devalued the Bolivar Fuerte in January 2010. As a result of these actions,

we recorded a $12 million charge in other expenses in 2010 to reflect the re-measurement of our net assets denominated in Venezuelan Bolivar Fuerte at January 1, 2010.

 

 

Acquisitions

 

 

During 2010, we acquired:

 

 

 

Cash and financing

 

 

Cash at December 31, 2010 was $316 million, $95 million higher than at December 31, 2009. This increase in cash was partly attributable to additional cash balances being held in our main UK regulated company.

 

Net cash generated from operating activities in 2010 was $489 million compared with $419 million in 2009.

 

Net cash generated from operating activities in 2010 of $489 million was used to fund debt repayments of $209 million; dividends to stockholders of $176 million; and fixed asset additions of $83 million.

 

In August 2010, we entered into a new revolving credit facility agreement under which a further $200 million is available. This facility is in addition to the remaining availability under our previously existing $300 million revolving credit facility.

 

In addition, in June 2010, we entered into an additional facility solely for the use of our main UK

regulated entity under which a further $20 million would be available in certain exceptional circumstances. This facility is secured against the freehold of the UK regulated entity’s freehold property in Ipswich.

 

At December 31, 2010, we have $nil outstanding under both the $200 million and the $20 million facilities and $90 million outstanding under our pre-existing $300 million facility.

 

Total debt, total equity and the capitalization ratio at December 31, 2010 were as follows:

 

 

 

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash from operations, cash and cash equivalents of $316 million at December 31, 2010 and

$430 million remaining availability under our revolving credit facilities.

We remain committed to our previously stated goals of ongoing debt repayment and returning capital to shareholders.

 

Consistent with this strategy, we are currently reviewing our debt profile and, subject to prevailing market conditions, may seek to take advantage of attractive financing rates to reduce the cost and extend the maturity profile of our existing debt.

 

Such actions may include redemption of the entire $500 million in aggregate principal amount of

12.875% senior notes due 2016. If the 2016 senior notes are redeemed, we anticipate that we would incur a one-time pre-tax charge of approximately $180 million relating to the make-whole premium provided under the terms of the indenture governing the notes, as calculated at December 31, 2010.

 

Based on current market conditions and information available to us at this time, we believe that we have sufficient liquidity to meet our cash needs for at least the next 12 months.

 

Effective January 1, 2011, we have changed our internal reporting structure; Global Markets International, previously reported within our International segment, is now reported in our Global

division. In addition, Mexico, which was previously reported within our International segment, is now reported in our North America segment.

 

 

Revenues for 2010 at $3,339 million were $76 million, or 2 percent higher than in 2009, reflecting organic growth in commissions and fees of 4 percent, offset by a 1 percent adverse year over year impact from foreign currency translation and decreased investment and other income.

 

Investment income was $38 million for 2010, $12 million lower than 2009 with the impact on investment income of lower interest rates across the globe, particularly on our Euro-denominated deposits, only partially mitigated by our forward hedging program. While we expect this forward hedging program to generate additional income in 2011 compared to current LIBOR based rates, there will be a lower benefit than in 2010 as older, more beneficial hedges, continue to expire. Consequently, we expect investment income to be closer to $30 million in 2011.

 

Our International and Global operations earn a significant portion of their revenues in currencies other than the US dollar, including the Euro and Pound Sterling. For the year ended December 31,

2010, reported revenues were adversely impacted by the year over year effect of foreign currency translation: in particular due to the strengthening of the US dollar against the Euro, Venezuelan Bolivar Fuerte and Pound Sterling, partly offset by its weakening against the Australian dollar.

 

Organic growth in commissions and fees was 4 percent for 2010. Global achieved 6 percent growth, driven by good growth in our Reinsurance, Willis Capital Markets & Advisory (WCMA) and Global Specialties businesses. International also achieved 6 percent growth driven by double digit organic growth in Latin America and Asia, together with solid growth in Europe. North America organic revenue growth was flat, as the benefits of double digit new business growth and a change in accounting policy in an acquired specialty business, were offset by the impact of the continued soft market and ongoing weakened economic conditions.

 

Organic revenue growth by segment is discussed further in ‘Operating Results — Segment Information’ below.

 

 

Revenues for 2009 at $3,263 million were $436 million, or 15 percent higher than in 2008, reflecting a 20 percent benefit from net acquisitions and disposals, principally attributable to HRH, and organic growth in commissions and fees of 2 percent, offset by a 4 percent adverse year over year impact from foreign currency translation, a reduction in legacy HRH contingent commissions and lower investment income.

 

Investment income was $50 million for 2009, $31 million lower than 2008, with the decrease reflecting significantly lower average interest rates in 2009. The impact of rate decreases on our investment income was partially mitigated by our forward hedging program.

 

Our International and Global operations earn a significant portion of their revenues in currencies

other than the US dollar. For the year ended December 31, 2009, reported revenues were adversely impacted by the year over year effect of foreign currency translation: in particular due to the strengthening of the US dollar against the Pound Sterling and against the Euro, compared with 2008.

 

Organic growth in commissions and fees was 2 percent for 2009, despite a negative 3 percent impact from declining premium rates and other market factors. Our overall organic growth comprised good growth in our Global operations and many of our International operations, partly offset by declines in our North America, UK and Irish retail operations reflecting the weak economic environments and soft market conditions experienced in these territories.

 

 

Salaries and benefits

 

Salaries and benefits were 56 percent of revenues for both 2010 and 2009, as the benefits of:

 

 

were offset by

 

Cash retention awards

 

We have a cash retention award program in place. We started making cash retention awards in 2005 to a small number of employees. With the success of the program, we have expanded it over time to include more staff and we believe it is a contributing factor to the reduction in employee turnover we have seen in recent years.

 

Salaries and benefits do not reflect the unamortized portion of annual cash retention awards made to employees. Employees must repay a proportionate amount of these cash retention awards if they voluntarily leave our employ (other than in the event of retirement or permanent disability) before a certain time period, currently three years. We make cash payments to our employees in the year we grant these retention awards and recognize these payments ratably over the period they are subject to repayment, beginning in the quarter in which the award is made. A significant majority of the Company’s incentive compensation for non-production compensation is paid in the form of a retention payment versus bonus awards which typically are made for prior service and accrued over the prior service period.

 

During 2010, we made $196 million of cash retention payments compared with $148 million in 2009. Salaries and benefits in 2010 include $119 million of amortization of cash retention payments made on or before December 31, 2010 compared with $88 million in 2009. As of December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, we included $173 million and $98 million, respectively, in other assets on the balance sheet, which represented the unamortized portion of cash retention payments made on or before those dates.

 

 

Other expenses were 17 percent of revenues in 2010, compared with 18 percent in 2009, reflecting the benefits of:

 

 

partly offset by

 

 

 

Salaries and benefits were 56 percent of revenues for 2009, compared with 58 percent in 2008 reflecting the benefits of:

 

partly offset by

 

 

Effective May 15, 2009, we closed our US defined benefit pension plan to future accrual and recognized a curtailment gain of $12 million in second quarter 2009. As a result the full year 2009 charge for the US plan was $7 million compared with an expected $39 million charge had the plan not been closed to future accrual.

 

We also suspended the company match for our US 401(k) plan which benefited 2009 by $9 million compared with 2008.

 

 

With effect from April 2009, the Company offered UK employees an alternative basis on which to fund contributions into the UK pension plans. UK employees can now agree to sacrifice an amount of their salary and in return the Company makes additional pension contributions on their behalf, equivalent to the value of the salary sacrificed.

From a payroll tax perspective, this is a more efficient method of making pension contributions.

 

As a result of this change, the Company made additional pension contributions of $10 million in 2010 and $8 million in 2009, with marginally higher savings in salaries and payroll taxes.

 

 

Other expenses were 18 percent of revenues for 2009 compared with 21 percent in 2008, reflecting the benefit of:

 

 

partly offset by

 

We have a program that hedges our sterling cash outflows from our London market operations, a part of which hedges the sterling denominated cash contributions into the UK pension plan. However, we do not hedge against the pension benefits asset or liability recognized for accounting purposes.

 

The effects of the above increases were partly mitigated by the benefits of our continued focus on cost controls.

 

 

Amortization of intangible assets of $82 million in 2010 was $18 million lower than in 2009.

 

The decrease primarily reflects: the year over year benefit of the 2009 accelerated amortization of $7 million relating to the HRH brand name; and the declining charge for the amortization of the HRH customer relationship intangible, which is being amortized in line with the underlying discounted cash flows.

 

We expect the amortization of intangible assets expense in 2011 to further decrease to approximately $65 million.

 

Amortization of intangible assets of $100 million in 2009 was $64 million higher than in 2008. The

significant year over year increase was primarily attributable to additional charges of $58 million in 2009 in respect of intangible assets recognized on the HRH acquisition, including $7 million of accelerated amortization relating to the HRH brand name. Following the success of our integration of HRH into our previously existing North America operations, we announced on October 1, 2009 that we were changing the name of our North America operations from Willis HRH to Willis North America. Consequently the intangible asset recognized on the acquisition of HRH relating to the HRH brand name was fully amortized.

 

 

Operating margin was 23 percent for 2010, compared with 21 percent for 2009, reflecting the benefits of:

 

 

partly offset by

 

 

Operating margin was 21 percent for 2009 compared with 18 percent for 2008. This increase reflected the benefit of:

 

partly offset by

 

 

 

Interest expense in 2010 of $166 million was $8 lower than in 2009, as the benefit of the interest expense savings arising from the year over year reduction in average term loan and revolving credit facility balances was partly offset by the effect of the higher coupon payable on the $500 million of 12.875% senior unsecured notes issued in March 2009.

 

We are reviewing our current debt profile to identify opportunities to reduce our financing costs by taking advantage of current low global interest rates.

Interest expense in 2009 of $174 million was $69 million higher than in 2008. This increase primarily reflects higher average debt levels following the HRH acquisition, but also includes $5 million of premium and costs relating to the early repurchase in September 2009 of $160 million of our 5.125% senior notes due July 2010 at a premium of $27.50 per $1,000 face value.

 

 

2010 compared with 2009

 

 

The effective tax rate for 2010 of 24 percent was impacted by:

 

Excluding these items, the underlying effective tax rate for 2010 was broadly in line with 2009.

 

The effective tax rate in 2009 was 18 percent compared with 24 percent in 2008. The decrease in rate reflects:

 

 

Excluding the benefit of these items, the underlying effective tax rate for 2009 was 26 percent.

 

 

Interest in earnings of associates, net of tax, in 2010 of $23 million was $10 million lower than in 2009. This fall is primarily driven by the reduction from 49 percent to 31 percent in our ownership interest in Gras Savoye, as part of the reorganization of their capital structure in December 2009. Interest receivable on the vendor financing we provided as part of the capital reorganization is also recorded under this caption.

Interest in earnings of associates, net of tax, was $33 million in 2009, $11 million higher than in 2008, reflecting a year over year increased ownership share in Gras Savoye. As described above, our interest in Gras Savoye subsequently reduced in December 2009 following the reorganization of that company’s capital.

 

 

Net income from continuing operations for 2010 was $455 million compared with $436 million in 2009, reflecting the benefits of:

 

partly offset by

 

 

Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations for 2010 increased to $2.66 compared to $2.58 in 2009.

Foreign currency translation, excluding the impact of the Venezuelan currency devaluation, had a $0.04 favorable impact on diluted earnings per share. This was more than offset by the $0.07 per diluted share negative impact from the Venezuela currency devaluation in January 2010.

Average share count for 2010 was 171 million compared with 169 million in 2009. The increased share count had a negative $0.03 impact on diluted earnings per share.

 

Net income from continuing operations for 2009 was $436 million compared with $302 million in 2008. The $134 million increase primarily reflected the $191 million increase in operating income, discussed above, partly offset by the $69 million increase in interest expense.

 

Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations for 2009 increased to $2.58 compared to $2.04 in 2008 as the benefit of the increased net

income was partly offset by a 21 million increase in average diluted shares outstanding due primarily to the shares issued on October 1, 2008 for the HRH acquisition. The additional shares issued had a negative $0.36 impact on earnings per diluted share in 2009.

 

Foreign currency translation had a year over year $0.27 positive impact on earnings per diluted share in 2009.

 

 

We organize our business into three segments: Global, North America and International. Our Global business provides specialist brokerage and consulting services to clients worldwide for risks arising from specific industries and activities. North America and International comprise our retail

operations and provide services to small, medium and major corporations.

 

The following table is a summary of our operating results by segment for the three years ended December 31, 2010:

 

Our Global business comprise Global Specialties, Willis Re, London Market Wholesale, and as of 2010, Willis Capital Markets & Advisory (WCMA).

 

Faber & Dumas includes Glencairn, our London-based wholesale brokerage operation and our Fine Art, Jewelry and Specie; Special Contingency Risk and Hughes-Gibb units. WCMA provides financial

advice on mergers and acquisitions and capital markets products and may place or underwrite securities.

 

The following table sets out revenues, organic revenue growth and operating income and margin for the three years ended December 31, 2010:

 

Commissions and fees of $873 million were $51 million, or 6 percent, higher in 2010 compared with 2009 which was driven by 6 percent organic revenue growth, with a 1 percent benefit from acquisitions and disposals offset by the impact of foreign currency translation.

 

Our Reinsurance and Global Specialties businesses both reported mid-single digit organic growth in 2010, driven by good net new business generation despite the adverse impact of the continued difficult rate environment and soft market in many of the specialty classes.

 

Reinsurance reported strong new business growth across all segments in 2010 and client retention levels remained high. Despite high loss levels earlier in the year, rates remain soft except for Marine and Energy.

 

Organic growth in Global Specialties was led by strong contributions from Financial and Executive Risks, Construction and Energy, reflecting strong new business, improved retention, targeted hiring of producer talent and global connectivity. However, the operating environment remains tough with depressed world trade and transit volumes, industry

consolidation and pressure on financing of construction projects still evident.

 

As a result of strong reinsurance underwriting profits in 2009, with the exception of marine and energy, there has been a general but disciplined softening of rates in 2010 which remain a significant headwind for growth.

 

Our WCMA business also contributed to positive organic revenue growth in 2010, substantially due to a $9 million fee on a single capital markets transaction in the second quarter. WCMA is a transaction oriented business and its results are more variable than some of our other businesses.

 

Faber & Dumas revenues were slightly lower than 2009, mainly reflecting the soft wholesale market, together with continued pressure on the most economically sensitive lines such as bloodstock, jewelry and fine arts.

 

Productivity in Global, measured in terms of revenue per FTE employee, increased to $365,000 for 2010 compared with $358,000 for 2009.

 

Client retention levels remained high at 90 percent for 2010, in line with 2009.

 

 

2009 compared with 2008

 

 

Commissions and fees of $822 million were $38 million, or 5 percent, higher in 2009 compared with 2008 of which 4 percent was attributable to the acquisition of the HRH UK wholesale business, Glencairn and 4 percent to organic revenue growth.

These were partly offset by a 3 percent negative impact from foreign exchange movements.

 

Net new business growth was 5 percent and there was a 1 percent adverse impact from rates and other market factors. Reinsurance led the growth in net new business. Global Specialties organic revenues

were slightly higher than in 2008, as growth in Marine, Aerospace and Financial and Executive Risks was offset by reductions elsewhere. There was continued softness in most specialty rates although there were some signs of stabilization and firming in some areas, including Aerospace and Energy. The

Faber & Dumas businesses continue to be adversely impacted by the weakening economic environment.

 

There was a sharp decline in investment income in 2009 compared with 2008 as global interest rates fell markedly in the latter half of 2008 and early 2009.

 

Operating margin was 30 percent in 2010 compared with 31 percent in 2009. This decrease primarily reflected the adverse impact of foreign currency translation, as the positive effect on our Pound Sterling expense base of a strengthening US dollar, was more than offset by the adverse impact of foreign currency movements on sterling-denominated balances.

 

Operating margin in Global is impacted by foreign exchange movements as the London Market businesses within our Global operations earn

revenues in US dollars, Pounds Sterling and Euros and primarily incur expenses in Pounds Sterling. In addition, they are exposed to exchange risk on certain sterling-denominated balances.

 

Excluding the impact of this foreign currency translation, Global’s operating margin remained flat as the benefits of good organic revenue growth and disciplined cost control were offset by the impact of costs associated with continued support of current and future growth.

 

 

2009 compared with 2008

 

 

Operating margin was 31 percent in 2009 compared with 29 percent in 2008. This improvement reflected a significant benefit from foreign currency translation, together with organic revenue growth, particularly driven by our Reinsurance business, and

good cost controls including a reduction in discretionary expenses.

 

The benefit of these was partly offset by a significant increase in the UK pension expense and a sharp reduction in investment income.

 

Our North America business provides risk management, insurance brokerage, related risk services and employee benefits brokerage and consulting to a wide array of industry and client segments in the United States and Canada.

The following table sets out revenues, organic revenue growth and operating income and margin for the three years ended December 31, 2010: