300 Professional Drive, Suite 250

Gaithersburg, Maryland 20879

(301) 944-0290

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number,

including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

 

 

 

 

Fuad El-Hibri

Chief Executive Officer

Emergent BioSolutions Inc.

300 Professional Drive, Suite 250

Gaithersburg, Maryland 20879

(301) 944-0290

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number,

including area code, of agent for service)

 

 

 

 

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:   As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement is declared effective.

 

If any of the securities being registered on this form are offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), please check the following box. o

 

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same
offering. o   _ _

 

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o   _ _

 

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o   _ _

 

 

 

 

 

Subject to completion, dated October 20, 2006

 

Prospectus

 

           shares

 

 

Common stock

 

 

This is an initial public offering of common stock by Emergent BioSolutions Inc. No public market currently exists for our common stock. We are offering        shares of our common stock. The estimated initial public offering price is between $           and $           per share.

 

We have applied to have our common stock listed on The NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “EBSI.”

 

 

The selling stockholders identified in this prospectus have granted the underwriters an option for a period of 30 days to purchase up to           additional shares of common stock to cover over-allotments. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares by the selling stockholders.

 

 

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk factors” beginning on page 9.

 

 

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed on the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

 

 

Table of contents

 

 

 

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or to which we have referred you. We and the selling stockholders have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information. We and the selling stockholders are offering to sell, and are seeking offers to buy, shares of common stock only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of the common stock. Our business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.

 

No action is being taken in any jurisdiction outside the United States to permit a public offering of the common stock or possession or distribution of this prospectus in that jurisdiction. Persons who come into possession of this prospectus in any jurisdictions outside the United States are required to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions as to this offering and the distribution of this prospectus applicable to that jurisdiction.

 

Prospectus summary

•	Anthrax immune globulin  — for post-exposure treatment of anthrax infection, which we are developing in part with funding from NIAID;
•	Botulinum immune globulin  — for post-exposure treatment of illness caused by botulinum toxin, which we are developing based on a new botulinum toxoid vaccine that we are developing in collaboration with the U.K. Health Protection Agency, or HPA; and
•	Recombinant bivalent botulinum vaccine  — a prophylaxis for illness caused by botulinum toxin, which we also are developing in collaboration with HPA.

•	Typhoid vaccine  — a single dose, drinkable vaccine, for which we have completed a Phase I clinical program, including trials in the United States, the United Kingdom and Vietnam, and expect to initiate a Phase II clinical trial in Vietnam in the fourth quarter of 2006;
•	Hepatitis B therapeutic vaccine  — a multiple dose, drinkable vaccine for treatment of chronic carriers of hepatitis B infection, for which we have completed a Phase I clinical trial in the United Kingdom and expect to initiate a Phase II clinical trial in the United Kingdom in the fourth quarter of 2006; and

•	Group B streptococcus vaccine  — a multiple dose, injectable vaccine for administration to women of childbearing age for protection of the fetus and newborn babies, for which we have completed a Phase I clinical trial in the United Kingdom.

•	maximize the commercial potential of BioThrax;

•	continue to develop a balanced portfolio of immunobiotic products;

•	focus on core capabilities in product development and manufacturing;

•	build a large scale manufacturing infrastructure;

•	selectively establish collaborations; and

•	seek governmental and other third party grants and support.

•	We have derived substantially all of our revenue from sales of BioThrax under contracts with the DoD and HHS.

•	Our ongoing U.S. government contracts do not necessarily increase the likelihood that we will secure future comparable contracts with the U.S. government.

•	We expect that a significant portion of the business that we will seek in the near future, in particular for BioThrax, will be under government contracts that present a number of risks that are not typically present in the commercial contracting process.

•	Our U.S. government contracts for BioThrax require annual funding decisions by the government and are subject to unilateral termination and modification by the government.

•	We may fail to achieve significant sales of BioThrax to customers in addition to the U.S. government, which would harm our growth opportunities.
•	We may not be able to sustain or increase profitability.
•	We are spending significant amounts for the expansion of our manufacturing facilities.
•	We may not be able to manufacture BioThrax consistently in accordance with FDA specifications.
•	Other than BioThrax, all of our product candidates are undergoing clinical trials or are in early stages of development, and failure is common and can occur at any stage of development.
•	None of our product candidates other than BioThrax has received regulatory approval.

The offering

 

Common stock offered by us		shares
Common stock offered by the selling stockholders		shares if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full
Common stock to be outstanding after this offering		shares
Preferred stock purchase rights		Each share of common stock offered hereby will have associated with it one preferred stock purchase right under a rights agreement that we will enter into in connection with this offering. The preferred stock purchase rights will initially trade together with the common stock. See “Description of capital stock — Stockholder rights plan.”

 

Use of proceeds		We expect to use the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, revenues from BioThrax product sales and other committed sources of funds, to fund development of our biodefense and commercial product candidates and a portion of the construction costs of our new manufacturing facility in Lansing, Michigan and the balance for general corporate purposes. See “Use of proceeds.”

 

		We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock by the selling stockholders as a result of the exercise by the underwriters of their over-allotment option.
Risk factors		See “Risk factors” and other information in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in shares of our common stock.
Proposed NASDAQ Global Market symbol		EBSI

•	1,091,779 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options outstanding as of September 30, 2006 at a weighted average exercise price of $7.30 per share;

•	128,206 additional shares of common stock reserved for issuance under our employee stock option plan as of September 30, 2006; and

•	175,000 additional shares of common stock that will be reserved for issuance under our 2006 stock incentive plan immediately prior to completion of this offering.

•	no exercise of the outstanding options described above; and
•	no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase up to           shares of common stock from the selling stockholders to cover over-allotments.

		Year ended December 31,												Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands, except share and per share data)		2003				2004				2005				2005				2006
														(unaudited)
Statements of operations data:
Revenues:
Product sales		$	55,536			$	81,014			$	127,271			$	85,807			$	61,263
Collaborative research and grants			233				2,480				3,417				1,093				4,580
Total revenues			55,769				83,494				130,688				86,900				65,843
Operating expenses (income):
Cost of product sales			22,342				30,102				31,603				23,147				11,645
Research and development			6,327				10,117				18,381				9,632				26,640
Selling, general & administrative			19,547				30,323				42,793				28,924				32,952
Purchased in-process research and development			1,824				—				26,575				26,575				477
Settlement of State of Michigan obligation			—				(3,819	)			—				—				—
Litigation settlement			—				—				(10,000	)			(10,000	)			—
Total operating expenses			50,040				66,723				109,352				78,278				71,714
Income (loss) from operations			5,729				16,771				21,336				8,622				(5,871	)
Other income (expense):
Interest income			100				65				485				338				405
Interest expense			(293	)			(241	)			(767	)			(575	)			(778	)
Other income (expense), net			168				6				55				(24	)			291
Total other income (expense)			(25	)			(170	)			(227	)			(261	)			(82	)
Income (loss) before provision for (benefit from) income taxes			5,704				16,601				21,109				8,361				(5,953	)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes			1,250				5,129				5,325				2,109				(2,617	)
Net income (loss)		$	4,454			$	11,472			$	15,784			$	6,252			$	(3,336	)
Earnings (loss) per share — basic		$	0.68			$	1.74			$	2.21			$	0.90			$	(0.43	)
Earnings (loss) per share — diluted		$	0.63			$	1.61			$	2.00			$	0.82			$	(0.43	)
Weighted average number of shares — basic			6,570,856				6,576,019				7,136,866				6,927,289				7,775,263
Weighted average number of shares — diluted			7,061,537				7,104,172				7,908,023				7,663,468				7,775,263

 

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below together with all of the other information included in this prospectus, including the financial statements and related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus, before deciding to invest in our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be materially harmed. In that event, the market price of our common stock could decline and you could lose part or all of your investment.

 

Risks related to our dependence on U.S. government contracts for BioThrax

 

We have derived substantially all of our revenue from sales of our BioThrax anthrax vaccine, our only marketed product, under contracts with the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. If we are unable to obtain new contracts with and deliver BioThrax to these customers, our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially harmed.

 

We have derived and expect for the foreseeable future to continue to derive substantially all of our revenue from sales of BioThrax, our FDA approved anthrax vaccine and our only marketed product. We currently supply BioThrax to the DoD for immunization of military personnel and to HHS for placement into the strategic national stockpile. In 2005 and the nine months ended September 30, 2006, we derived substantially all of our revenue from our BioThrax contracts with the DoD and HHS. Our current contract with the DoD provides for the supply of BioThrax to the DoD through September 2007. Although the DoD has issued a notice that it intends to pursue a sole source fixed price contract to purchase up to an additional 11 million doses of BioThrax over one base contract year plus four option years, the DoD has not issued a formal request for proposals for such a contract. We may not be awarded a follow-on contract on favorable terms or at all. For example, the DoD’s minimum purchase obligations under any follow-on contract could be less than under our current contract with the DoD. We have delivered all of the five million doses of BioThrax that HHS agreed to purchase under a contract that we entered into with HHS in May 2005. In May 2006, we entered into a contract modification with HHS for the delivery of an additional five million doses of BioThrax to HHS by May 2007. Our ongoing contracts do not necessarily increase the likelihood that we will secure future comparable contracts with the U.S. government. The success of our business and our operating results for the foreseeable future are substantially dependent on the number of doses of BioThrax that the U.S. government purchases from us.

 

Our business may be harmed as a result of the government contracting process, which is a competitive bidding process that involves risks not present in the commercial contracting process.

 

We expect that a significant portion of the business that we will seek in the near future will be under government contracts or subcontracts awarded through competitive bidding. Competitive bidding for government contracts presents a number of risks that are not typically present in the commercial contracting process, including:

 

 

The U.S. government may choose to award future contracts for the supply of anthrax vaccines and other biodefense product candidates that we are developing to our competitors instead of to us. If we are unable to win particular contracts, we may not be able to operate in the market for products that are provided under those contracts for a number of years. For example, in November 2004, HHS awarded VaxGen, Inc., one of our competitors in the anthrax vaccine market, a contract for the supply of 75 million doses of a recombinant protective antigen anthrax vaccine for inclusion in the strategic national stockpile. If VaxGen is able to deliver product under its contract, HHS may eliminate or reduce future orders for other anthrax vaccines, including BioThrax. If any other company is successful in developing a next generation anthrax vaccine, U.S. government customers may purchase only the next generation vaccine and not BioThrax.

 

If we are unable to consistently win new contract awards over an extended period, or if we fail to anticipate all of the costs and resources that will be required to secure such contract awards, our growth strategy and our business, financial condition, and operating results could be materially adversely affected.

 

Our U.S. government contracts for BioThrax require annual funding decisions by the government. The failure to fund one or more of these contracts could cause our financial condition and operating results to suffer materially.

 

Our principal customer for BioThrax, our only marketed product, is the U.S. government. We sell to the U.S. government under contracts with the DoD and HHS. In addition, we anticipate that the U.S. government will be the principal customer for any other biodefense products that we successfully develop. Accordingly, we are subject to a range of risks arising out of being a contractor to the U.S. government under U.S. government programs.

 

Over its lifetime, a U.S. government program may be implemented through the award of many different individual contracts and subcontracts. The funding of government programs is subject to Congressional appropriations. Congress generally appropriates funds on a fiscal year basis even though a program may continue for several years. For example, our DoD contracts for BioThrax have been structured with one base year during which the DoD agrees to purchase a minimum number of doses of BioThrax with options for the DoD to purchase further quantities in future years. We expect that any future contract that we enter into with the DoD will be structured in a similar manner. Government programs are often only partially funded initially, and additional funds are committed only as Congress makes further appropriations. The termination of a program or failure to commit funds to a program would result in a loss of anticipated future revenues attributable to that program, which could materially harm our business. Our government customers are subject to stringent budgetary constraints and political considerations. If annual levels of government expenditures and authorizations for biodefense decrease or shift to programs in areas where we do not offer products or are not developing product candidates, our business, revenues and operating results may suffer.

 

The success of our business with the U.S. government depends on our compliance with additional regulations and obligations under our U.S. government contracts.

 

Our business with the U.S. government is subject to specific procurement regulations and a variety of other legal compliance obligations. These obligations include those related to:

 

 

 

In addition, before awarding us any future contracts, the U.S. government could require that we respond satisfactorily to a request to substantiate our commercial viability and industrial capabilities. Compliance with these obligations increases our performance and compliance costs. Failure to comply with these regulations and requirements could lead to suspension or debarment, for cause, from government contracting or subcontracting for a period of time. The termination of a government contract or relationship as a result of our failure to satisfy any of these obligations would have a negative impact on our operations and harm our reputation and ability to procure other government contracts in the future.

 

The pricing under our fixed price government contracts is based on estimates of the time, resources and expenses required to deliver the specified doses of BioThrax. If our estimates are not accurate, we may not be able to earn an adequate return under these contracts.

 

Our current contracts for the supply of BioThrax with the DoD and HHS are fixed price contracts. In addition, we expect that our future contracts with the U.S. government for biodefense product candidates that we successfully develop may be fixed price contracts. Under a fixed price contract, we are required to deliver our products at a fixed price regardless of the actual costs we incur and absorb any costs in excess of the fixed price. Estimating costs that are related to performance in accordance with contract specifications is difficult. Our failure to anticipate technical problems, estimate costs accurately or control costs during performance of a fixed price contract could reduce the profitability of a fixed price contract or cause a loss.

 

Unfavorable provisions in government contracts may harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

 

Government contracts customarily contain provisions that give the government substantial rights and remedies, many of which are not typically found in commercial contracts, including provisions that allow the government to:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Generally, government contracts, including our U.S. government contracts for BioThrax, contain provisions permitting unilateral termination or modification, in whole or in part, at the government’s convenience. Under general principles of government contracting law, if the government terminates a contract for convenience, the terminated company may recover only its incurred or committed costs, settlement expenses and profit on work completed prior to the termination. If the government terminates a contract for default, the defaulting company is entitled to recover costs incurred and associated profits on accepted items only and may be liable for excess costs incurred by the government in procuring undelivered items from another source. One or more of our government contracts could be terminated under these circumstances.

 

Some government contracts grant the government the right to use, for or on behalf of the U.S. government, any technologies developed by the contractor under the government contract. If we were to develop technology under a contract with such a provision, we might not be able to prohibit third parties, including our competitors, from using that technology in providing products and services to the government.

 

Ongoing legal proceedings or any future similar lawsuits could limit future purchases of BioThrax by the U.S. government.

 

The results of ongoing or future legal proceedings could reduce demand for BioThrax by the U.S. government. Prior to the issuance of an order in December 2005 by the FDA and an appellate court ruling in February 2006, the DoD had been enjoined by a court order from administering BioThrax on a mandatory basis without informed consent of the recipient or a Presidential waiver. Although we are not a party to this lawsuit, if further proceedings or any similar lawsuits result in another injunction or otherwise restrict the administration of BioThrax by the DoD, the amount of future purchases of BioThrax by the DoD could be limited. In October 2006, the DoD announced that it is resuming a mandatory vaccination program for BioThrax for designated military personnel and emergency-essential and comparable civilian personnel. Furthermore, lawsuits brought against us by third parties, even if not successful, require us to spend time and money defending the related litigation.

 

Risks related to our financial position and need for additional financing

 

We have a limited operating history and may not maintain profitability in future periods or on a consistent basis.

 

We have a limited operating history. We commenced operations in 1998, and the FDA approved the manufacture of BioThrax at our renovated facilities in Lansing, Michigan in December 2001. Although we were profitable for each of the last three fiscal years, we have not been profitable for every quarter during that time. In addition, we were not profitable for the nine months ended September 30, 2006. We may not be able to achieve consistent profitability on a quarterly basis or sustain or increase profitability on an annual basis. Our profitability is substantially dependent on revenues from BioThrax product sales. Revenues from BioThrax product sales have fluctuated significantly in recent quarters and may continue to fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter based on the timing of our fulfilling orders from the U.S. government. If we are unable to maintain profitability on a consistent basis, the market price of our common stock may decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

Our indebtedness may limit cash flow available to invest in the ongoing needs of our business.

 

As of September 30, 2006, we had $36.5 million principal amount of debt outstanding and remaining borrowing availability of $7.8 million under our revolving lines of credit. Our business plan also contemplates that we will raise $10 million to $20 million of additional external debt financing to fund our facility expansion in Lansing, Michigan and to provide additional financial flexibility. We also may incur additional indebtedness beyond such amount.

 

Our leverage could have significant adverse consequences, including:

 

 

We may not have sufficient funds or may be unable to arrange for additional financing to pay the amounts due under our existing debt. In addition, a failure to comply with the covenants under our existing debt instruments could result in an event of default under those instruments. In the event of an acceleration of amounts due under our debt instruments as a result of an event of default, we may not have sufficient funds or may be unable to arrange for additional financing to repay our indebtedness or to make any accelerated payments, and the lenders could seek to enforce security interests in the collateral securing such indebtedness. Because of the covenants under our existing debt instruments and the pledge of our existing assets as collateral, we have a limited ability to obtain additional debt financing.

 

We expect to require additional funding and may be unable to raise capital when needed, which would harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

 

We expect our development expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we conduct additional and later stage clinical trials for our product candidates. In addition, we incur significant commercialization expenses for BioThrax product sales, marketing and manufacturing. We expect these commercialization expenses to increase in the future as we seek to broaden the market for BioThrax and if we receive marketing approval for additional products. We also are committed to substantial capital expenditures in connection with our facility expansion in Lansing, Michigan. We expect the construction of the facility to cost approximately $75 million, including approximately $55 million for the building and associated capital equipment, with the balance related to validation and qualification activities required for regulatory approval and initiation of manufacturing. We anticipate that we will incur up to approximately $35 million for these purposes during 2006, of which we had incurred approximately $21 million through September 2006. In addition, we expect to incur substantial capital expenditures in connection with our planned build out of two buildings in Frederick, Maryland as future manufacturing facilities. We anticipate that we will incur up to $1 million related to initial engineering design and preliminary utility build out for these facilities during 2006, of which we had incurred approximately $234,000 through September 30, 2006. Because we are in the preliminary planning stages of our Frederick build out, we cannot reasonably estimate the timing and costs that will be necessary to complete this project. If we proceed with this project, we expect the costs to be substantial and to likely require external sources of funds to finance the project.

We expect to continue to fund a significant portion of our development and commercialization costs for our product candidates with internally generated funds from sales of BioThrax. If we do not obtain future contracts with, and deliver BioThrax to, the DoD and HHS, we may be forced to find additional sources of funding and to do so earlier than we currently anticipate. Our business plan currently contemplates that we will raise $10 million to $20 million of additional external debt financing to fund our facility expansion in Lansing and to provide additional financial flexibility. We may not be able to obtain this financing or otherwise be able to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, which would force us to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate our research and development programs or reduce our planned commercialization efforts.

 

As of September 30, 2006, we had $19.9 million of cash and cash equivalents. We believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, revenues from BioThrax product sales and other committed sources of funds, will be sufficient to enable us to fund our anticipated operating expenses and capital expenditure and debt service requirements for at least the next 24 months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

 

 

To the extent our capital resources are insufficient to meet our future capital requirements, we will need to finance our cash needs through public or private equity offerings, debt financings or corporate collaboration and licensing arrangements. In addition to purchase obligations and orders under our contracts with the DoD and HHS for BioThrax sales, our only committed external sources of funds are remaining borrowing availability under our revolving lines of credit, development funding under our collaboration agreement with Sanofi Pasteur, funding from NIAID for animal efficacy studies of our anthrax immune globulin candidate and funding from the Wellcome Trust for our Phase II clinical trial of our typhoid vaccine candidate in Vietnam. Our ability to borrow additional amounts under our loan agreements is subject to our satisfaction of specified conditions. Additional equity or debt financing, grants, or corporate collaboration and licensing arrangements, may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

 

If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience dilution. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring

dividends. Any debt financing or additional equity that we raise may contain terms, such as liquidation and other preferences, that are not favorable to us or our stockholders. If we raise additional funds through collaboration and licensing arrangements with third parties, it may be necessary to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.

 

Risks related to manufacturing and manufacturing facilities

 

We have initiated a manufacturing facility expansion program. Delays in completing and receiving regulatory approvals for these manufacturing facility projects could limit our potential revenues and growth.

 

We are spending significant amounts for the construction of a new 50,000 square foot manufacturing facility on our Lansing, Michigan campus, which is being designed to enable us to manufacture BioThrax on a large scale for our existing and potential future customers. We are also constructing this new facility to accommodate large scale commercial manufacturing of multiple vaccine products, subject to complying with appropriate change-over procedures. We expect the construction of the facility to cost approximately $75 million, including approximately $55 million for the building and associated capital equipment, with the balance related to validation and qualification activities required for regulatory approval and initiation of manufacturing. We anticipate that we will incur up to approximately $35 million for these purposes during 2006, of which we had incurred approximately $21 million through September 30, 2006. In addition, we own two buildings in Frederick, Maryland that we plan to build out as future manufacturing facilities. We anticipate that we will incur up to $1 million related to initial engineering design and preliminary utility build out for these facilities during 2006, of which we had incurred approximately $234,000 through September 30, 2006. Because we are in the preliminary planning stages of our Frederick build out, we cannot reasonably estimate the timing and costs that will be necessary to complete this project. If we proceed with this project, we expect the costs to be substantial and to likely require external sources of funds to finance the project.

 

Constructing and preparing a facility for commercial vaccine manufacturing is a significant project. For example, constructing the new Lansing facility with increased manufacturing capacity requires that we scale up both fermentation and downstream processing compared to levels at our existing production facility. These projects may result in unanticipated delays and cost more than expected due to a number of factors, including regulatory requirements. The FDA must approve our new manufacturing facilities before they can be used to commercially manufacture our products. For example, we are required to show that the product we manufacture in our new Lansing facility is comparable to BioThrax manufactured in our existing production facility. The costs and time required to comply with the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practice, or cGMP, regulations, or similar regulatory requirements for sales of our products outside the United States, may be significant. If construction or regulatory approval of our new facility in Lansing is delayed, we may not be able to manufacture sufficient quantities of BioThrax to allow us to increase sales of BioThrax to the U.S. government and other customers, which would limit our opportunities for growth. If construction or regulatory approval of our new manufacturing facilities at our Frederick site is delayed, we may not be able to independently manufacture our commercial product candidates for clinical trials or commercial sale. Cost overruns associated with constructing either our Lansing or Frederick facilities could require us to raise additional funds from external sources. We may not be able to do so on favorable terms or at all.

BioThrax and our immunobiotic product candidates are difficult to manufacture on a large scale commercial basis, which could cause us to delay product launches or experience shortages of products.

 

BioThrax and all our product candidates are biologics. Manufacturing biologic products, especially in large quantities, is complex. The products must be made consistently and in substantial compliance with a clearly defined manufacturing process. Accordingly, it is essential to be able to validate and control the manufacturing process to assure that it is reproducible. Slight deviations anywhere in the manufacturing process, including filling, labeling and packaging and quality control and testing, may result in lot failures or product recalls. From time to time, we experience deviations during the manufacturing process of BioThrax that can affect our release of the production lot according to our release protocols and other acceptance criteria. Lot failures or product recalls could cause us to fail to satisfy customer orders or contractual commitments, lead to a termination of one or more of our contracts or result in litigation or regulatory action against us, any of which could be costly to us and otherwise harm our business.

 

For example, in late 2005, our standard product release testing identified BioThrax production lots for which follow up testing was required to determine whether we can submit these lots to the FDA for release for sale. We waited to conduct final release testing of these lots pending FDA review of an application that we submitted to amend the BioThrax release specifications. The FDA approved our amendment to the release specifications in May 2006, and we subsequently reinitiated release testing of these BioThrax lots. We will not be able to sell any lots that fail to satisfy the amended release testing specifications or that are not released for sale by the FDA.

 

Disruption at, damage to or destruction of our manufacturing facilities could impede our ability to manufacture BioThrax, which would harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

 

We currently rely on our manufacturing facilities at a single location in Lansing, Michigan for the production of BioThrax. Any interruption in manufacturing operations at this location could result in our inability to satisfy the product demands of our customers. A number of factors could cause interruptions, including:

 

 

Any disruption that impedes our ability to manufacture and ship BioThrax in a timely manner could reduce our revenues and materially harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

 

Our business may be harmed if we do not adequately forecast customer demand.

 

The timing and amount of customer demand is difficult to predict. We may not be able to scale up our production quickly enough to fill any new customer orders on a timely basis. This could cause us to lose

new business and possibly existing business. For example, under our BioThrax supply contract with the DoD, the DoD is obligated to acquire a minimum number of doses of BioThrax and has the right to acquire up to a maximum number of doses. If the DoD elects to purchase the maximum number of doses of BioThrax under the contract, we may not have sufficient available production capacity at our existing manufacturing facility in Lansing to allow us to increase sales of BioThrax to customers other than the U.S. government. In addition, we may not be able to scale up manufacturing processes for our product candidates to allow production of commercial quantities at a reasonable cost or at all. Furthermore, if we overestimate customer demand, we could incur significant unrecoverable costs from creating excess capacity. For example, if we do not maintain and increase sales of BioThrax to the U.S. government and other customers, we may not be able to generate an adequate return on the significant amounts that we are spending for construction of our new manufacturing facility in Lansing. In addition, if we do not successfully develop and commercialize any of our product candidates, we may never require the production capacity that we expect to have available at our Frederick site.

 

If third parties do not manufacture our product candidates in sufficient quantities and at an acceptable cost or in compliance with regulatory requirements and specifications, the development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed, prevented or impaired.

 

We currently rely on third parties to manufacture the supplies of our immunobiotic product candidates that we require for preclinical and clinical development. Any significant delay in obtaining adequate supplies of our product candidates could adversely affect our ability to develop or commercialize these product candidates. Although we recently commissioned a new pilot plant manufacturing facility on our Lansing campus and plan to construct a pilot plant in Maryland for production of preclinical and clinical supplies of our product candidates, we expect that we will continue to use third parties for these purposes. In addition, we expect that we will rely on third parties for a portion of the manufacturing process for commercial supplies of product candidates that we successfully develop, including fermentation for some of our vaccine product candidates, plasma fractionation and purification for our immune globulin product candidates and contract fill and finish operations. Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of our product candidates may adversely affect our ability to develop product candidates and commercialize any products that receive regulatory approval on a timely and competitive basis.

 

Our only long-term manufacturing agreements are our agreement with Talecris Biotherapeutics, Inc., for purification and fractionation of plasma for our anthrax immune globulin candidate, and our collaboration with HPA, under which HPA provides specialized manufacturing capabilities for our recombinant bivalent botulinum vaccine candidate and the bivalent botulinum toxoid vaccine that we plan to use as the basis for our botulinum immune globulin candidate. Third party manufacturers under our short-term supply agreements are not obligated to accept any purchase orders we may submit. If any third party terminates its agreement with us, based on its own business priorities, or otherwise fails to fulfill our purchase orders, we would need to rely on alternative sources to satisfy our requirements. If these alternative suppliers are not available or are delayed in fulfilling our requirements, we may not be able to obtain adequate supplies of our product candidates on a timely basis. A change of manufacturers may require review from the FDA and satisfaction of comparable foreign requirements. This review may be costly and time consuming. There are a limited number of manufacturers that operate under the FDA’s cGMP requirements and that are both capable of manufacturing for us and willing to do so.

 

We currently rely on third parties for regulatory compliance and quality assurance with respect to the supplies of our product candidates that they produce for us. We also will rely for these purposes on any third party that we use for production of commercial supplies of product candidates that we successfully

develop. Manufacturers are subject to ongoing, periodic, unannounced inspection by the FDA and corresponding state and foreign agencies or their designees to ensure strict compliance with cGMP regulations and other governmental regulations and corresponding foreign standards. We cannot be certain that our present or future manufacturers will be able to comply with cGMP regulations and other FDA regulatory requirements or similar regulatory requirements outside the United States. We do not control compliance by manufacturers with these regulations and standards. If we or these third parties fail to comply with applicable regulations, sanctions could be imposed on us, which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our product candidates. The sanctions that might be imposed include:

 

 

If as a result of regulatory requirements or otherwise we or third parties are unable to manufacture our product candidates at an acceptable cost, our product candidates may not be commercially viable.

 

Our use of hazardous materials, chemicals, bacteria and viruses requires us to comply with regulatory requirements and exposes us to significant potential liabilities.

 

Our development and manufacturing processes involve the use of hazardous materials, including chemicals, bacteria, viruses and radioactive materials, and produce waste products. Accordingly, we are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, distribution, storage, handling, disposal and recordkeeping of these materials. In addition to complying with environmental and occupational health and safety laws, we must comply with special regulations relating to biosafety administered by the CDC, HHS and the DoD.

 

The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act and the Agricultural Protection Act require us to register with the CDC and the Department of Agriculture our possession, use or transfer of select biological agents or toxins that could pose a threat to public health and safety, to animal or plant health or to animal or plant products. This legislation requires increased safeguards and security measures for these select agents and toxins, including controlled access and the screening of entities and personnel, and establishes a comprehensive national database of registered entities.

 

We also are subject to export control regulations governing the export of BioThrax and technology and materials used to develop and manufacture BioThrax and our product candidates. If we fail to comply with environmental, occupational health and safety, biosafety and export control laws, we could be held liable for fines, penalties and damages that result, and any such liability could exceed our assets and resources. In addition, we could be required to cease immediately all use of a select agent or toxin, and we could be prohibited from exporting our products, technology and materials.

 

Our general liability and umbrella insurance policies provide for coverage up to annual aggregate limits of $12 million with a deductible of $15,000 per occurrence, but exclude coverage for liabilities relating to the release of pollutants. We do not currently hold insurance policies expressly providing for coverage relating to our use of hazardous materials other than storage tank liability insurance for our Lansing, Michigan facility with a $1 million annual aggregate limit and a deductible of $10,000 per claim. The

insurance that we currently hold may not be adequate to cover all liabilities relating to accidental contamination or injury as a result of pollution conditions or other extraordinary or unanticipated events.

 

If the company on whom we rely for filling BioThrax vials is unable to perform these services for us, our business may suffer.

 

We have outsourced the operation for filling BioThrax into vials to a single company, Hollister-Stier Laboratories LLC. Our contract with Hollister-Stier expires on December 31, 2007. We have not established internal redundancy for our filling functions and currently have no substitute provider that can handle our filling needs. If Hollister-Stier is unable to perform filling services for us or we are unable to enter into a new contract with Hollister-Stier, we would need to identify and engage an alternative filling company. Any new contract filling company will need to obtain FDA approval for filling BioThrax at its facilities. Identifying and engaging a new contract filling company and obtaining FDA approval could involve significant cost and delay. As a result, we might not be able to deliver BioThrax orders on a timely basis and our revenues could decrease.

 

Risks related to product development

 

Our business depends significantly on our success in completing development and commercializing product candidates that are still under development. If we are unable to commercialize these product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

 

We have invested a significant portion of our efforts and financial resources in the development of our immunobiotic product candidates. In addition to BioThrax product sales, our ability to generate near term revenue is particularly dependent on the success of our anthrax immune globulin candidate, which is currently in preclinical development. The commercial success of our product candidates will depend on many factors, including:

 

 

We expect to rely on FDA regulations known as the animal rule to obtain approval for our biodefense product candidates. The animal rule permits the use of animal efficacy studies together with human clinical safety and immunogenicity trials to support an application for marketing approval. These regulations are relatively new, and we have limited experience in the application of these rules to the product candidates that we are developing. It is possible that results from these animal efficacy studies may not be predictive of the actual efficacy of our immunobiotic product candidates in humans. In addition, our development plans for our botulinum immune globulin candidate require the development

of a new botulinum toxoid vaccine that we would use to vaccinate individuals who would then donate plasma for use in our botulinum immune globulin candidate. If the development of this new botulinum toxoid vaccine is delayed or not completed, for regulatory or other reasons, we may not be able to successfully develop our botulinum immune globulin candidate.

 

If we are not successful in completing the development and commercialization of our immunobiotic product candidates, or if we are significantly delayed in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

 

We will not be able to commercialize our product candidates if our preclinical development efforts are not successful, our clinical trials do not demonstrate safety or our clinical trials or animal studies do not demonstrate efficacy.

 

Before obtaining regulatory approval for the sale of our product candidates, we must conduct extensive preclinical development, clinical trials to demonstrate the safety of our product candidates and clinical or animal trials to demonstrate the efficacy of our product candidates. Preclinical and clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials or animal efficacy studies will be successful, and interim results of a clinical trial or animal efficacy study do not necessarily predict final results. A failure of one or more of our clinical trials or animal efficacy studies can occur at any stage of testing. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, preclinical testing and the clinical trial or animal efficacy study process that could delay or prevent our ability to receive regulatory approval or commercialize our product candidates, including:

 

 

 

 

 

If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates beyond those that we currently contemplate, if we are unable to successfully complete our clinical trials or other testing or if the results of these trials or tests are not positive, we may:

 

 

For example, the FDA could require us to conduct additional clinical development in our botulinum immune globulin program that we currently do not plan to conduct. We expect to rely on safety and immunogenicity data from a pentavalent botulinum toxoid vaccine previously manufactured by the State of Michigan in the development of a new bivalent botulinum toxoid vaccine that we plan to use as the basis for our botulinum immune globulin candidate. We plan to conduct a Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety of the botulinum toxoid vaccine. If the results are favorable, we expect that the Phase I clinical trial will provide data sufficient to support an acceptable dose for the vaccine and the optimal dosing schedule. As a result, we anticipate that the FDA will not require us to conduct a Phase II clinical trial for the botulinum toxoid vaccine before permitting us to initiate a donor stimulation program for our botulinum immune globulin candidate. However, the FDA has not approved our plan to proceed directly to a donor stimulation program without conducting a Phase II clinical trial for the botulinum toxoid vaccine and may not do so. If the FDA requires us to conduct a Phase II clinical trial for the botulinum toxoid vaccine, the development plans for our botulinum immune globulin candidate will be delayed.

 

Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing or approvals. Significant clinical trial delays also could allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do and impair our ability to commercialize our products or product candidates.

 

Under Project BioShield, the Secretary of HHS can contract to purchase countermeasures for the strategic national stockpile prior to FDA approval of the countermeasure in specified circumstances. Project BioShield also allows the Secretary of HHS to authorize the emergency use of medical products that have not yet been approved by the FDA. However, our product candidates may not be selected by the Secretary under this authority. Moreover, this authority could result in increased competition for our products and product candidates, as has occurred in the case of the HHS procurement contract for VaxGen’s anthrax vaccine candidate and as discussed below under “— Risks related to commercialization — We face substantial competition, which may result in others developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.”

 

Risks related to commercialization

 

If we fail to achieve significant sales of BioThrax to customers in addition to the U.S. government, our opportunities for growth could be harmed.

 

An element of our business strategy is to establish a market for sales of BioThrax to customers in addition to the U.S. government. These potential customers include the U.S. Postal Service, foreign governments, state and local governments, which we expect will be interested in BioThrax to protect first responders, such as police, fire and emergency medical personnel, multinational companies, non-governmental organizations and hospitals. The market for sales of BioThrax to customers other than the U.S. government is new and undeveloped, and we may not be successful in generating meaningful sales of BioThrax to these potential customers. To date, we have made only minimal sales to these customers. In particular, we have supplied small amounts of BioThrax directly to several foreign governments. In 2005, our sales of BioThrax to customers other than the U.S. government represented only one percent of our revenue. If we fail to significantly increase our sales of BioThrax to these customers, our business and opportunities for growth could be materially harmed.

 

Government regulations and the terms of our U.S. government contracts may make it difficult for us to achieve significant sales of BioThrax to customers other than the U.S. government. For example, we are subject to export control laws imposed by the U.S. government. Although there are currently only limited restrictions on the export of BioThrax, the U.S. government may decide, particularly in the current

environment of elevated concerns about global terrorism, to increase the scope of export prohibitions. These controls could limit our sales of BioThrax to foreign governments and other foreign customers.

 

In addition, the DoD has contractual and statutory rights that could interfere with sales of BioThrax to customers other than the U.S. government. For example, our efforts to develop domestic commercial and international sales may be impeded by the DoD’s right under the Defense Production Act to require us to deliver more doses than are otherwise specified in our contract with the DoD. If the DoD required delivery of these additional doses, it could affect our production schedule and deplete BioThrax supplies that would otherwise be available for commercial sales. In addition, the DoD could either sell BioThrax directly to foreign governments at a lower price than we may offer or donate BioThrax to foreign governments under the DoD’s Foreign Military Sales program.

 

Our ability to meet any increased demand that develops for sales of BioThrax to customers other than the U.S. government depends on our available production capacity. We use substantially all of our current production capacity at our facility in Lansing, Michigan to manufacture BioThrax for sale to U.S. government customers. We expect to complete construction of our new manufacturing facility in Lansing in mid 2007. We anticipate that we will initiate large scale manufacturing of BioThrax for commercial sale at the new facility in 2008. Until the new manufacturing facility is available for commercial use, we will not have sufficient available production capacity to allow us to significantly increase sales of BioThrax to customers other than the U.S. government.

 

The commercial success of BioThrax and any products that we may develop will depend upon the degree of market acceptance by the government, physicians, patients, healthcare payors and others in the medical community.

 

Any products that we bring to the market may not gain or maintain market acceptance by potential government customers, physicians, patients, healthcare payors and others in the medical community. In particular, our biodefense immunobiotic products and product candidates are subject to the product criteria that may be specified by potential U.S. government customers. The product specifications in any government procurement request may prohibit or preclude us from participating in the government program if our products or product candidates do not satisfy the stated criteria. For example, in 2004, HHS issued a request for proposals for the supply of anthrax vaccine for the strategic national stockpile. The HHS request was limited to a recombinant anthrax vaccine. Recombinant technology comprises scientific techniques that allow for the manipulation of genetic material. Scientists apply these techniques to disease-causing organisms known as pathogens. Using recombinant technology, it is possible to delete a virulent gene from a pathogen or isolate the gene directing the production of the component of a pathogen known as an antigen and move the antigen into a harmless organism from which it can be purified and used as a vaccine. Because BioThrax is not a recombinant vaccine, BioThrax was precluded from consideration under that procurement program.

 

A significant portion of future government anthrax vaccine procurement requests may specify a recombinant anthrax vaccine, which would limit, possibly significantly, the market for BioThrax. In June 2006, NIAID issued a request for proposals for the advanced development and testing of next generation anthrax vaccine candidates with specified properties, including shelf life of three years or longer at room temperature, the ability to generate protective immune response in one or two doses, the ability to be self administered or rapidly inoculated into large numbers of people and a superior safety profile to BioThrax. Although we are evaluating several potential product candidates in connection with development of a next generation anthrax vaccine with these properties, one of which has completed a Phase I clinical trial, and have submitted three separate proposals in response to the NIAID request for proposals, we may not be successful in our development efforts or receive any funding from NIAID.

In addition, notwithstanding favorable findings regarding the safety and efficacy of BioThrax by the FDA in its final ruling in December 2005, the U.S. Government Accountability Office reiterated concerns regarding BioThrax in Congressional testimony in May 2006 that it had previously identified beginning in 1999. These concerns include the need for a six dose regimen and annual booster doses, questions about the long-term and short-term safety of the vaccine, including how safety is affected by gender differences, and uncertainty about the vaccine’s efficacy.

 

The use of vaccines carries a risk of adverse health effects that must be weighed against the expected health benefit of the product. The adverse reactions that have been associated with the administration of BioThrax are similar to those observed following the administration of other adult vaccines and include local reactions, such as redness, swelling and limitation of motion in the inoculated arm, and systemic reactions, such as headache, fever, chills, nausea and general body aches. In addition, some serious adverse events have been reported to the vaccine adverse event reporting system database maintained by the CDC and the FDA with respect to BioThrax. The report of any such adverse event to the vaccine adverse event reporting system database is not proof that the vaccine caused such event. These serious adverse events, including diabetes, heart attacks, autoimmune diseases, including Guillian Barre syndrome, lupus and multiple sclerosis, lymphoma and death, have not been causally linked to the administration of BioThrax.

 

If any products that we develop do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate material revenues with respect to these products. The degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:

 

 

Political or social factors, including related litigation, may delay or impair our ability to market BioThrax and our biodefense product candidates and may require us to spend time and money to address these issues.

 

Products developed to treat diseases caused by or to combat the threat of bioterrorism will be subject to changing political and social environments. The political and social responses to bioterrorism have been highly charged and unpredictable. Political or social pressures or changes in the perception of the risk that military personnel or civilians could be exposed to biological agents as weapons of bioterrorism may delay or cause resistance to bringing our products to market or limit pricing or purchases of our products, which would harm our business. In addition, substantial delays or cancellations of purchases could result from protests or challenges from third parties. Furthermore, lawsuits brought against us by third parties or activists, even if not successful, require us to spend time and money defending the related litigation. The need to address political and social issues may divert our management’s time and attention from other business concerns.

 

For example, between 2001 and 2004, members of the military and various activist groups filed a citizen’s petition with the FDA and various lawsuits seeking the revocation of the license for BioThrax and the termination of the DoD program for the mandatory administration of BioThrax to military personnel. In October 2004, a federal court ruled that the FDA, as part of its review of all biological products approved prior to 1972, had not properly issued a final order determining that BioThrax is safe and effective and not misbranded. As a result, the court issued an injunction prohibiting the DoD from administering BioThrax to military personnel on a mandatory basis without informed consent of the recipient or a Presidential waiver. Although the FDA issued a final order in December 2005 determining that BioThrax is safe and effective and not misbranded and, as a result, an appellate court ruled in February 2006 that the injunction was dissolved, these actions created negative publicity about BioThrax. Similar or other such lawsuits or publicity campaigns could limit demand for BioThrax and our biodefense product candidates and harm our future business. In October 2006, the DoD announced that it is resuming a mandatory vaccination program for BioThrax for designated military personnel and emergency-essential and comparable civilian personnel.

 

We have a small marketing and sales group. If we are unable to expand our sales and marketing capabilities or enter into sales and marketing agreements with third parties, we may be unable to generate product sales revenue from sales to customers other than the U.S. government.

 

To achieve commercial success for any approved product, we must either develop a sales and marketing organization or outsource these functions to third parties. We currently market and sell BioThrax directly to the DoD and HHS through a small, targeted marketing and sales group. We plan to continue to do so and expect that we will use a similar approach for sales to the U.S. government of any other biodefense product candidates that we successfully develop. However, to increase our sales of BioThrax to state and local governments and foreign governments and create an infrastructure for future sales of other biodefense products to these customers, we plan to expand our sales and marketing organization. In addition, we expect to establish a separate internal organization to market and sell commercial products for which we retain commercialization or co-commercialization rights.

 

We may not be able to attract, hire, train and retain qualified sales and marketing personnel to build a significant or effective marketing and sales force for sales of biodefense product candidates to customers other than the U.S. government or for sales of our commercial product candidates. If we are not successful in our efforts to expand our internal sales and marketing capability, our ability to independently market and sell BioThrax and any other product candidates that we successfully develop will be impaired. Expanding our internal sales and marketing capability will be expensive and time consuming and could delay any product launch. If the commercial launch of a product candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities is delayed as a result of FDA requirements or other reasons, we would incur related expenses too early relative to the product launch. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain our sales and marketing personnel.

 

We face substantial competition, which may result in others developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.

 

The development and commercialization of new immunobiotics is highly competitive. We face competition with respect to BioThrax, our current product candidates and any products we may seek to develop or commercialize in the future from major pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies, and other public and private research institutions that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing and commercialization. Our competitors may

develop products that are safer, more effective, have fewer side effects, are more convenient or are less costly than any products that we may develop. Our competitors may also obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours. We believe that our most significant competitors in the area of immunobiotics are a number of pharmaceutical companies that have vaccine programs, including GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi-Aventis, Wyeth, Merck and Novartis, as well as smaller more focused companies engaged in immunobiotic development, such as VaxGen, Cangene, Human Genome Sciences, Acambis, Avant Immunotherapeutics and Avecia Group.

 

Any immunobiotic product candidate that we successfully develop and commercialize is likely to compete with currently marketed products, such as vaccines and therapeutics, including antibiotics, and with other product candidates that are in development for the same indications. In many cases, the currently marketed products have well known brand names, are distributed by large pharmaceutical companies with substantial resources and have achieved widespread acceptance among physicians and patients. In addition, we are aware of product candidates of third parties that are in development, which, if approved, would compete against product candidates for which we receive marketing approval.

 

Although BioThrax is the only anthrax vaccine approved by the FDA for the prevention of anthrax infection, we face significant competition for the supply of this vaccine to the U.S. government. We believe our most significant competitor for the supply of BioThrax to the U.S. government is VaxGen. HHS has awarded VaxGen a contract to supply 75 million doses of recombinant protective antigen vaccine for the strategic national stockpile.

 

We also face significant competition for our biodefense immunobiotic product candidates. We face significant competition for NIAID funding for development and testing of a next generation anthrax vaccine from other companies who responded to the NIAID request for proposals issued in June 2006. If we continue to pursue the development of a next generation anthrax vaccine, we also expect that we will face significant competition for the supply of our product candidate to the U.S. government. HHS has awarded strategic national stockpile supply contracts to Cangene for an anthrax immune globulin and Human Genome Sciences for a monoclonal antibody to Bacillus anthracis as a post-exposure therapeutic for anthrax infection. Several companies have botulinum vaccines in early clinical or preclinical development. HHS has awarded Cangene a contract to develop a heptavalent botulinum immune globulin derived from equine plasma and supply a botulinum immune globulin for the strategic national stockpile.

 

One oral typhoid vaccine and one injectable typhoid vaccine are currently approved and administered in the United States and Europe. Numerous companies have vaccine candidates in development that would compete with any of our commercial immunobiotic product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval.

 

Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Smaller or early stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, as well as in acquiring products, product candidates and technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs or advantageous to our business.

Legislation and contractual provisions limiting or restricting liability of manufacturers, such as us, may not be adequate to protect us from all liabilities associated with the manufacture, sale and use of our products.

 

Provisions of our BioThrax contracts with the DoD and HHS and federal legislation enacted to protect manufacturers of biodefense and anti-terrorism countermeasures may limit our potential liability related to the manufacture, sale and use of BioThrax and our biodefense product candidates. However, these contractual provisions and legislation may not fully protect us from all related liabilities.

 

The Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act, which was signed into law in December 2005, creates general immunity for manufacturers of biodefense countermeasures, including security countermeasures, when the Secretary of HHS issues a declaration for their manufacture, administration or use. The declaration is meant to provide general immunity from all claims under state or federal law for loss arising out of the administration or use of a covered countermeasure. Manufacturers are not entitled to this protection in cases of willful misconduct.

 

Upon a declaration by the Secretary, a compensation fund is created to provide “timely, uniform, and adequate compensation to eligible individuals for covered injuries directly caused by the administration or use of a covered countermeasure.” The “covered injuries” to which the program applies are defined as serious physical injuries or death. Individuals are permitted to bring a willful misconduct action against a manufacturer only after they have exhausted their remedies under the compensation program. However, a willful misconduct action could be brought against us if any individuals exhausted their remedies under the compensation program and thereby expose us to liability. Although we may petition the Secretary to make such a declaration with respect to anthrax generally and BioThrax specifically, we do not know if any such petition would be successful or that, if successful, the Act will provide adequate coverage or survive anticipated legal challenges to its validity.

 

In August 2006, the Department of Homeland Security approved our application under the Safety Act enacted by the U.S. Congress in 2002 for liability protection for sales of BioThrax. The Safety Act creates product liability limitations for qualifying anti-terrorism technologies for claims arising from or related to an act of terrorism. In addition, the Safety Act provides a process by which an anti-terrorism technology may be certified as an “approved product” by the Department of Homeland Security and therefore entitled to a rebuttable presumption that the government contractor defense applies to sales of the product. The government contractor defense, under specified circumstances, extends the sovereign immunity of the United States to government contractors who manufacture a product for the government. Specifically, for the government contractor defense to apply, the government must approve reasonably precise specifications, the product must conform to those specifications and the supplier must warn the government about known dangers arising from the use of the product. Although we are entitled to the benefits of the Safety Act, it may not provide adequate protection from any claims made against us.

 

In addition, although our existing contracts with the DoD and HHS provide that the government will indemnify us for any damages resulting from product liability claims, we cannot be certain that we will be able to continue to negotiate similar rights in future contracts or that the U.S. government will honor this obligation. For example, although we have notified the DoD of the lawsuits filed against us by current and former members of the U.S. military claiming damages as the result of personal injuries allegedly suffered from vaccination with BioThrax, the DoD has not yet acted on our claim for indemnification pending resolution of our claims under our product liability insurance.

 

In addition, members of Congress have proposed and may in the future propose legislation that reduces or eliminates these and other liability protections for manufacturers of biodefense countermeasures.

Product liability lawsuits could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and require us to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

 

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the sale of BioThrax and any other products that we successfully develop and the testing of our product candidates in clinical trials. We currently are a defendant in three federal lawsuits filed on behalf of three individuals vaccinated with BioThrax by the U.S. Army that claim damages resulting from personal injuries allegedly suffered because of the vaccination. The plaintiff in each of these three lawsuits claims different injuries and seeks varying amounts of damages. The first plaintiff alleges that the vaccine caused erosive rheumatoid arthritis and requests damages in excess of $1 million. The second plaintiff alleges that the vaccine caused Bell’s palsy and other related conditions and requests damages in excess of $75,000. The third plaintiff alleges that the vaccine caused a condition that originally was diagnosed as encephalitis related to a gastrointestinal infection and caused him to fall into a coma for many weeks and requests damages in excess of $10 million.

 

If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product or product candidates caused injuries and we are not entitled to indemnity by the U.S. government, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

 

 

We have product liability insurance for coverage up to a $10 million annual aggregate limit with a deductible of $75,000 per claim. The amount of insurance that we currently hold may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that may occur. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost and we may not be able to obtain insurance coverage that will be adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise. For example, from 2002 through February 2006, we were unable to obtain product liability insurance for sales of BioThrax on commercially reasonable terms. We do not believe that the amount of insurance we have been able to obtain for BioThrax is sufficient to manage the risk associated with the potential deployment of BioThrax as a countermeasure to bioterrorism threats. We rely on contractual indemnification provisions and statutory protections to limit our liability for BioThrax.

 

If we are unable to obtain adequate reimbursement from governments or third party payors for any products that we may develop or to obtain acceptable prices for those products, our revenues will suffer.

 

Our revenues and profits from any products that we successfully develop, other than with respect to sales of our biodefense products under government contracts, will depend heavily upon the availability of adequate reimbursement for the use of such products from governmental and other third party payors,

both in the United States and in other markets. Reimbursement by a third party payor may depend upon a number of factors, including the third party payor’s determination that use of a product is:

 

 

Obtaining a determination that a product is covered is a time-consuming and costly process that could require us to provide supporting scientific, clinical and cost-effectiveness data for the use of our products to each payor. We may not be able to provide data sufficient to gain coverage. Even when a payor determines that a product is covered, the payor may impose limitations that preclude payment for some uses that are approved by the FDA or comparable authorities but are determined by the payor to not be medically reasonable and necessary. Moreover, eligibility for coverage does not imply that any product will be covered in all cases or that reimbursement will be available at a rate that permits the health care provider to cover its costs of using the product. We expect that the success of some of our commercial vaccine candidates for which we obtain marketing approval will depend on inclusion of those product candidates in government immunization programs.

 

Most non-pediatric commercial vaccines are purchased and paid for, or reimbursed by, managed care organizations, other private health plans or public insurers or paid for directly by patients. In the United States, pediatric vaccines are funded by a variety of federal entitlements and grants, as well as state appropriations. Foreign governments also commonly fund pediatric vaccination programs through national health programs. In addition, with respect to some diseases affecting the public health generally, particularly in developing countries, public health authorities or nongovernmental, charitable or philanthropic organizations fund the cost of vaccines.

 

Federal legislation, enacted in December 2003, has altered the way in which physician-administered drugs and biologics covered by Medicare are reimbursed. Under the new reimbursement methodology, physicians are reimbursed based on a product’s “average sales price.” This new reimbursement methodology has generally led to lower reimbursement levels. The new federal legislation also has added an outpatient prescription drug benefit to Medicare, which went into effect January 2006. These benefits will be provided primarily through private entities, which we expect will attempt to negotiate price concessions from pharmaceutical manufacturers.

 

Any products we may develop may also be eligible for reimbursement under Medicaid. If the state-specific Medicaid programs do not provide adequate coverage and reimbursement for any products we may develop, it may have a negative impact on our operations.

 

The scope of coverage and payment policies varies among third party private payors, including indemnity insurers, employer group health insurance programs and managed care plans. These third party carriers may base their coverage and reimbursement on the coverage and reimbursement rate paid by carriers for Medicare beneficiaries. Furthermore, many such payors are investigating or implementing methods for reducing health care costs, such as the establishment of capitated or prospective payment systems. Cost containment pressures have led to an increased emphasis on the use of cost-effective products by health care providers. If third party payors do not provide adequate coverage or reimbursement for any products we may develop, it could have a negative effect on revenues and results of operations.

Foreign governments tend to impose strict price controls, which may adversely affect our revenues.

 

In some foreign countries, particularly the countries of the European Union, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our product candidate to other available therapies. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be adversely affected.

 

Legislation has been introduced into Congress that, if enacted, would permit more widespread re-importation of drugs from foreign countries into the United States, which may include re-importation from foreign countries where the drugs are sold at lower prices than in the United States. Such legislation, or similar regulatory changes, could decrease the price we receive for any approved products which, in turn, could adversely affect our operating results and our overall financial condition.

 

If we fail to attract and keep senior management and key scientific personnel, we may be unable to successfully sustain or expand our BioThrax operations or develop or commercialize our product candidates.

 

Our success depends on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified managerial and key scientific personnel. We consider Fuad El-Hibri, our president, chief executive officer and chairman of our board of directors, Steven N. Chatfield, our chief scientific officer and president of Emergent Product Development UK Limited, Edward J. Arcuri, our executive vice president and chief operating officer, and Robert G. Kramer, president and chief executive officer of Emergent BioDefense Operations, to be key to our BioThrax operations and our efforts to develop and commercialize our product candidates. All of these key employees, other than Dr. Chatfield, are at will employees and can terminate their employment at any time. Our employment agreement with Dr. Chatfield is terminable by him on short notice. We do not maintain “key person” insurance on any of our employees.

 

In addition, our growth will require us to hire a significant number of qualified scientific and commercial personnel, including clinical development, regulatory, marketing and sales executives and field sales personnel, as well as additional administrative personnel. There is intense competition from other companies and research and academic institutions for qualified personnel in the areas of our activities. If we cannot continue to attract and retain, on acceptable terms, the qualified personnel necessary for the continued development of our business, we may not be able to sustain our operations or grow.

 

Additional risks related to sales of biodefense products to the U.S. government

 

Our business could be adversely affected by a negative audit by the U.S. government.

 

U.S. government agencies such as the Defense Contract Audit Agency, or the DCAA, routinely audit and investigate government contractors. These agencies review a contractor’s performance under its contracts, cost structure and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards. The DCAA also reviews the adequacy of, and a contractor’s compliance with, its internal control systems and policies, including the contractor’s purchasing, property, estimating, compensation and management information systems. Any costs found to be improperly allocated to a specific contract will not be reimbursed, while

such costs already reimbursed must be refunded. If an audit uncovers improper or illegal activities, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including:

 

 

In addition, we could suffer serious reputational harm if allegations of impropriety were made against us.

 

Laws and regulations affecting government contracts make it more costly and difficult for us to successfully conduct our business.

 

We must comply with numerous laws and regulations relating to the formation, administration and performance of government contracts, which can make it more difficult for us to retain our rights under these contracts. These laws and regulations affect how we do business with federal, state and local government agencies. Among the most significant government contracting regulations that affect our business are:

 

 

In addition, qui tam lawsuits have been brought against us in which the plaintiffs argued that we defrauded the U.S. government by distributing non-compliant doses of BioThrax. This litigation was brought against us under a provision of the False Claims Act that allows a private citizen to file a suit in the name of the U.S. government charging fraud by government contractors and other entities who receive or use government funds and share in any money recovered. Although a federal district court dismissed the litigation, and a federal appeals court subsequently upheld that decision, we spent significant time and money defending the litigation.

 

The states, many municipalities and foreign governments typically also have laws and regulations governing contracts with their respective agencies. These domestic and foreign laws and regulations affect how we and our customers can do business and, in some instances, impose added costs on our business. Any changes in applicable laws and regulations could restrict our ability to maintain our existing contracts and obtain new contracts, which could limit our ability to conduct our business and materially adversely affect our revenues and results of operations.

We rely on property and equipment owned by the Department of Defense in the manufacturing process for BioThrax.

 

Our BioThrax supply contract with the DoD grants us the right to use property and equipment owned by the DoD in the manufacture of BioThrax. This property and equipment, referred to as government furnished equipment, is in service at our Lansing site. Some of this government furnished equipment is important to our business. We pay the DoD a small usage fee for the government furnished equipment based on the number of doses of BioThrax that we produce for sale to customers other than the U.S. government. We have the option to purchase all or part of the government furnished equipment at any time during the contract period for approximately $21 million. If the DoD modifies the terms under which we use the government furnished equipment in a manner unfavorable to us, including raising the usage fee, our business could be harmed. If DoD terminated our contract, we could be required to rent or purchase all or a part of the government furnished equipment to continue production of BioThrax in our current facility.

 

Risks related to regulatory approvals

 

If we are not able to obtain required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to commercialize our product candidates, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.

 

Our product candidates and the activities associated with their development and commercialization, including their testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United States and by comparable authorities in other countries. Failure to obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate will prevent us from commercializing the product candidate. We have only limited experience in preparing, filing and prosecuting the applications necessary to gain regulatory approvals and expect to rely on third party contract research organizations and consultants to assist us in this process. Securing FDA approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data, information about product manufacturing processes and inspection of facilities and supporting information to the FDA to establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Our future products may not be effective, may be only moderately effective or may prove to have significant side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that may preclude our obtaining regulatory approval or prevent or limit commercial use.

 

In the United States, BioThrax, our biodefense product candidates and our commercial product candidates are regulated by the FDA as biologics. To obtain approval from the FDA to market these product candidates, other than biodefense products purchased by HHS for the strategic national stockpile, we will be required to submit to the FDA a biologics license application, or BLA. Ordinarily, the FDA requires a sponsor to support a BLA application with substantial evidence of the product’s safety and effectiveness in treating the targeted indication based on data derived from adequate and well controlled clinical trials, including Phase III safety and efficacy trials conducted in patients with the disease or condition being targeted.

 

Because humans are rarely exposed to anthrax or botulinum toxins under natural conditions, and cannot be intentionally exposed, statistically significant effectiveness of our biodefense product candidates cannot be demonstrated in humans, but instead must be demonstrated, in part, by utilizing animal models before they can be approved for marketing. We believe that, according to the FDA’s current BLA requirements for biologics that cannot be ethically or feasibly tested in humans in Phase III efficacy trials, we may instead be able to obtain BLA approval based on clinical data from Phase II and Phase III trials in healthy subjects that demonstrate adequate safety and immune response and effectiveness data from

studies in animals. Specifically, we intend to pursue FDA approval of BioThrax as a post-exposure prophylaxis, our immune globulin candidates, our recombinant bivalent botulinum vaccine candidate and a next generation anthrax vaccine under the FDA animal rule. Under the animal rule, if human efficacy trials are not ethical or feasible, the FDA can approve drugs or biologics used to treat or prevent serious or life threatening conditions caused by exposure to lethal or permanently disabling toxic chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear substances based on human clinical data demonstrating safety and immunogenicity and evidence of efficacy from appropriate non-clinical animal studies and any additional supporting data. Products approved under the animal rule are subject to additional regulation not normally required of other products. Additional regulation may include post-marketing study requirements, restrictions imposed on marketing or distribution or requirements to provide information to patients.

 

We have applied to the FDA to reduce the number of required doses of BioThrax for pre-exposure prophylaxis from six to five, with an annual booster dose thereafter. Our application is based on an interim analysis of data from an ongoing clinical trial being conducted by the CDC to evaluate whether as few as three doses of BioThrax, administered over six months, will confer adequate immune response over as long as 42 months. In April 2006, the FDA issued a complete response letter to our application, requesting clarification and requiring additional analysis of the data that we submitted. We are in the process of responding to this letter and amending our application. If the FDA does not find our response to be adequate, we might be required to conduct additional independent testing to continue to pursue the development of this dosing regimen. Responding to the FDA’s complete response letter will delay potential approval of our application. If we are unable ultimately to respond satisfactorily to the FDA, our application will not be approved. We currently are awaiting the final data from the CDC trial, which we expect at the end of 2007.

 

The process of obtaining regulatory approvals is expensive, often takes many years, if approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved. Changes in the regulatory approval policy during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application, may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. The FDA has substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data are insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies. In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval of a product candidate.

 

Our products could be subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or experience unanticipated problems with our products.

 

Any immunobiotic product for which we obtain marketing approval, along with the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such product, will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the FDA and other regulatory bodies, including through inspections of our facilities. As an approved product, BioThrax is subject to these requirements and ongoing review. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration requirements, cGMP requirements relating to quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, and recordkeeping. The FDA enforces its cGMP and other requirements through periodic unannounced inspections of manufacturing facilities. The FDA is authorized to inspect manufacturing facilities without a warrant at reasonable times and in a reasonable manner.

After we acquired BioThrax and related vaccine manufacturing facilities in Lansing, Michigan in 1998 from the Michigan Biologic Products Institute, we spent significant amounts of time and money renovating those facilities before the FDA approved a supplement to our manufacturing facility license in December 2001. The State of Michigan had initiated renovations after the FDA issued a notice of intent to revoke the FDA license to manufacture BioThrax in 1997. The notice of intent to revoke cited significant deviations by the Michigan Biologic Products Institute from cGMP requirements, including quality control failures. After approving the renovated Lansing facilities in December 2001, the FDA conducted routine, biannual inspections of the Lansing facilities in September 2002, May 2004 and May 2006. Following each of these inspections, the FDA issued inspectional observations on Form FDA 483. We responded to the FDA regarding the inspectional observations relating to each inspection and, where necessary, implemented corrective action. In December 2005, the FDA stated in its final order on BioThrax that at that time we were in compliance with all regulatory requirements related to the manufacture of BioThrax and that the FDA would continue to evaluate the production of BioThrax to assure compliance with federal standards and regulations. Although we have filed with the FDA our response to the inspectional observations relating to the May 2006 inspection, the FDA may not find our response to be adequate. If the FDA finds that we are not in substantial compliance with cGMP requirements, the FDA may undertake enforcement action against us.

 

Even if regulatory approval of a product is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with our products or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in:

 

 

We may not be able to obtain orphan drug exclusivity for our products. If our competitors are able to obtain orphan drug exclusivity for their products that are the same as our products, we may not be able to have competing products approved by the applicable regulatory authority for a significant period of time.

 

Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the United States and Europe, may designate drugs and biologics for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. Generally, if a product with an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a seven-year period of marketing exclusivity, which

precludes the FDA from approving another marketing application for the same drug or biologic for that time period for the same indication. Orphan drug exclusivity in Europe lasts for ten years, but can be reduced to six years if a drug or biologic no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation or if the drug or biologic is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified. If a competitor obtains orphan drug exclusivity for an indication for a product that competes with one of the indications for one of our product candidates before we obtain orphan drug designation, and if the competitor’s product is the same drug as ours, the FDA would be prohibited from approving our product candidate for the same orphan indication unless we demonstrate that our product is clinically superior. None of our products or product candidates have been designated as orphan drugs. Even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for one or more indications for one of our product candidates, we may not be able to maintain it. For example, if a competitive product that is the same drug or biologic as our product is shown to be clinically superior to our product, any orphan drug exclusivity we have obtained will not block the approval of that competitive product.

 

Failure to obtain regulatory approval in international jurisdictions would prevent us from marketing our products abroad.

 

We intend to have our products marketed outside the United States. To market our products in the European Union and many other foreign jurisdictions, we may need to obtain separate regulatory approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. With respect to some of our product candidates, we expect that a future collaborator will have responsibility to obtain regulatory approvals outside the United States, and we will depend on our collaborators to obtain these approvals. The approval procedure varies among countries and can involve additional testing. The time required to obtain approval may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. The foreign regulatory approval process may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. We may not obtain foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one foreign regulatory authority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA. We and our collaborators may not be able to file for regulatory approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market.

 

Risks related to our dependence on third parties

 

We may not be successful in maintaining and establishing collaborations, which could adversely affect our ability to develop and, particularly in international markets, commercialize our product candidates.

 

For each of our product candidates, we plan to evaluate the merits of retaining commercialization rights for ourselves or entering into collaboration arrangements with leading pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies or non-governmental organizations, such as our collaboration agreement with Sanofi Pasteur for our meningitis B vaccine candidate. We expect that we will selectively pursue collaboration arrangements in situations in which the collaborator has particular expertise or resources for the development or commercialization of our products and product candidates or to access particular markets. If we are unable to reach agreements with suitable collaborators, we may fail to meet our business objectives for the affected product or program. We face, and will continue to face, significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Moreover, collaboration arrangements are complex and time consuming to negotiate, document and implement. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish and implement collaborations or other alternative arrangements. The terms of any collaborations or other arrangements that we establish may not be favorable to us.

Any collaboration that we enter into may not be successful. The success of our collaboration arrangements will depend heavily on the efforts and activities of our collaborators. It is likely that our collaborators will have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations. In particular, the successful development of our meningitis B vaccine candidate will initially depend on the success of our research collaboration with Sanofi Pasteur and whether Sanofi Pasteur selects one or more viable candidates pursuant to the collaboration for development of a product. Thereafter, Sanofi Pasteur will have significant discretion in the development and commercialization of any such candidate. Sanofi Pasteur may choose not to pursue further development and commercialization of any candidate that it selects based on many factors outside our control. Sanofi Pasteur has the ability to suspend development of a candidate under the collaboration in various circumstances. The risks that we are subject to in our current collaborations, and anticipate being subject to in future collaborations, include the following:

 

 

Collaborations with pharmaceutical companies and other third parties often are terminated or allowed to expire by the other party. For example, Sanofi Pasteur has the right to terminate our meningitis B vaccine collaboration at any time after April 1, 2007 upon six months’ prior written notice. Sanofi Pasteur can also terminate the collaboration upon a change of control or insolvency event involving us or upon our uncured material breach. Those terminations or expirations would adversely affect us financially and could harm our business reputation.

 

If third parties on whom we rely for clinical trials do not perform as contractually required or as we expect, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates, and our business may suffer.

 

We do not have the ability to independently conduct the clinical trials required to obtain regulatory approval for our products. We depend on independent clinical investigators, contract research organizations and other third party service providers to conduct the clinical trials of our product candidates and expect to continue to do so.

 

We rely heavily on these third parties for successful execution of our clinical trials, but do not exercise day-to-day control over their activities. We are responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with standards, commonly referred to as Good Clinical Practices, for conducting and recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. Our reliance on third parties that we do not control does not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements. Third parties may not complete activities on schedule, or may not conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols. The failure of these third parties to carry out their obligations could delay or prevent the development, approval and commercialization of our product candidates.

 

In addition, we encourage government entities and non-government organizations to conduct studies of, and pursue other development efforts for, our product candidates. For example, the CDC is currently conducting an independent clinical trial to evaluate the administration of BioThrax in a regimen of fewer doses. We participate in monthly meetings with the trial investigators and in the annual review meeting for this trial and provide input to the CDC for responses to FDA questions and requests for additional information. We expect to rely on data from these development efforts in seeking marketing approval for our product candidates. For example, our BLA supplement for a label expansion of BioThrax for a regimen of fewer doses is based on the interim trial report provided to us by the CDC from its ongoing clinical trial. We currently are awaiting the final data from the CDC trial, which we expect at the end of 2007. These government entities and non-government organizations have no obligation or commitment to us to conduct or complete any of these studies or clinical trials and may choose to discontinue these development efforts at any time. In addition, government entities depend on annual Congressional appropriations to fund these development efforts. In prior years, there has been some uncertainty whether Congress would choose to fund the CDC trial. Although the trial has been funded to date, Congress may not continue to fund the trial.

 

If we are unable to in license the necessary components of a next generation anthrax vaccine, we will not be successful in developing or commercializing such a product candidate.

 

If we continue to pursue the development of a next generation anthrax vaccine, including a product candidate relating to any of the proposals we submitted in September 2006 in response to a NIAID request for proposals, we expect that we will need to in license various components of the product candidate, including an adjuvant and novel delivery technologies. There are a limited number of companies from whom we can license these components. We may be unable to obtain licenses to the necessary components of a next generation anthrax vaccine on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to obtain these licenses, we could be prevented from continuing further development of a product candidate that we select for development. Ultimately, even if our development efforts are successful, we could be prevented from commercializing a next generation anthrax vaccine if we are unable to enter into licenses on acceptable terms.

 

Risks related to our intellectual property

 

We may fail to protect our intellectual property rights, which would harm our business.

 

Our success, particularly with respect to our commercial business, will depend in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain protection in the United States and other countries for the intellectual property covering or incorporated into our technology and products. The patent situation in the field of immunobiotics and other pharmaceuticals generally is highly uncertain and involves complex legal and scientific questions. We may not be able to obtain additional issued patents relating to our technology or products. Even if issued, patents may be challenged, narrowed, invalidated or circumvented, which could limit our ability to stop competitors from marketing similar products or limit the length of term of patent protection we may have for our products. Changes in patent laws or administrative patent office rules or changes in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection.

 

Our patents also may not afford us protection against competitors with similar technology. Because patent applications in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all, and because publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries, neither we nor our licensors can be certain that we or they were the first to make the inventions claimed in issued patents or pending patent applications, or that we

or they were the first to file for protection of the inventions set forth in these patent applications. In addition, patents generally expire, regardless of their date of issue, 20 years from the earliest claimed non-provisional filing date. As a result, the time required to obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate may consume part or all of the patent term. We are not able to accurately predict the remaining length of the applicable patent term following regulatory approval of any of our product candidates.

 

Our collaborators and licensors may not adequately protect our intellectual property rights. These third parties may have the first right to maintain or defend our intellectual property rights and, although we would have the right to assume the maintenance and defense of our intellectual property rights if these third parties do not do so, our ability to maintain and defend our intellectual property rights may be compromised by the acts or omissions of these third parties. Under our collaboration agreement with Sanofi Pasteur for our meningitis B vaccine candidate, we have the right to prosecute and maintain our patent rights under the collaboration agreement. Sanofi Pasteur is responsible for prosecuting and maintaining joint patent rights under the collaboration agreement, although we have the right to support the continued prosecution or maintenance of the joint patent rights if Sanofi Pasteur fails to do so. In addition, Sanofi Pasteur has the first right to pursue claims against third parties for infringement of the patent rights under the collaboration agreement and assume the defense of any infringement claims that may arise, although we have the right to pursue infringement claims against third parties and assume the defense of infringement claims if Sanofi Pasteur fails to do so. Under our licenses with HPA relating to our recombinant bivalent botulinum vaccine candidate and the botulinum toxoid vaccine that we plan to use as the basis for our botulinum immune globulin candidate, HPA is responsible for prosecuting and maintaining patent rights, although we have the right to support the continued prosecution or maintenance of the patent rights if HPA fails to do so. In addition, we have the first right to pursue claims against third parties for infringement of the patent rights and assume the defense of any infringement claims that may arise.

 

If we fail to comply with our obligations in our intellectual property licenses with third parties, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.

 

We are a party to a number of license agreements. We consider our licenses with HPA relating to our recombinant bivalent botulinum vaccine candidate and the botulinum toxoid vaccine that we plan to use as the basis for our botulinum immune globulin candidate to be material to our business. Under these license agreements, we obtained the exclusive, worldwide right to develop, manufacture and commercialize pharmaceutical products that consist of botulinum toxoid components or recombinant botulinum toxin components for the prevention or treatment of illness in humans caused by exposure to the botulinum toxin, subject to HPA’s non-exclusive right to make, use or sell recombinant botulinum products to meet public health requirements in the United Kingdom. We expect to enter into additional licenses in the future. Our existing licenses impose, and we expect future licenses will impose, various diligence, milestone payment, royalty, insurance and other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with these obligations, the licensor may have the right to terminate the license, in which event we might not be able to market any product that is covered by the licensed patents.

 

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information and know-how, the value of our technology and products could be adversely affected.

 

In addition to patented technology, we rely upon unpatented proprietary technology, processes and know-how, particularly as to our proprietary manufacturing processes. Because we do not have patent protection for BioThrax, the label expansions and improvements that we are pursuing for BioThrax or our

anthrax immune globulin candidate, our only intellectual property protection for BioThrax and our anthrax immune globulin candidate is confidentiality regarding our manufacturing capability and specialty know-how, such as techniques, processes and biological starting materials. However, these types of trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect this confidential information, in part, with agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors. If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information and know-how, competitors may be able to use this information to develop products that compete with our products, which could adversely impact our business.

 

If we infringe or are alleged to infringe intellectual property rights of third parties, it will adversely affect our business.

 

Our development and commercialization activities, as well as any product candidates or products resulting from these activities, may infringe or be claimed to infringe patents and other intellectual property rights of third parties under which we do not hold licenses or other rights. Third parties may own or control these patents and intellectual property rights in the United States and abroad. These third parties could bring claims against us or our collaborators that would cause us to incur substantial expenses and, if successful against us, could cause us to pay substantial damages. Further, if a patent infringement or other similar suit were brought against us or our collaborators, we or they could be forced to stop or delay development, manufacturing or sales of the product or product candidate that is the subject of the suit.

 

As a result of patent infringement or other similar claims, or to avoid potential claims, we or our collaborators may choose or be required to seek a license from the third party and be required to pay license fees or royalties or both. These licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Even if we or our collaborators were able to obtain a license, the rights may be nonexclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property. Ultimately, we could be prevented from commercializing a product, or be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations, if, as a result of actual or threatened patent infringement claims, we or our collaborators are unable to enter into licenses on acceptable terms. This could harm our business significantly.

 

There has been substantial litigation and other proceedings regarding patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. For example, we are aware of and are monitoring ongoing litigation between Bavarian Nordic and Acambis relating to the manufacture of the modified vaccinia virus Ankara, or MVA, as a smallpox vaccine for biodefense use by the U.S. government. We have licensed from the Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection rights to materials and technology related to MVA. Our MVAtor ^tm platform technology, which is based on these licensed rights, could potentially be used as a viral vector for delivery of multiple vaccine antigens for different disease-causing organisms, including influenza, using recombinant technology. As a result, our licensed rights and our ability to use our MVAtor platform technology could be negatively affected by the outcome of this ongoing litigation. It also is possible that we could be named as a defendant in future similar litigation relating to MVA. In addition to infringement claims against us, we may become a party to other patent litigation and other proceedings, including interference and reexamination proceedings declared by the United States Patent and Trademark Office and opposition proceedings in the European Patent Office, regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology. For example, we have filed an opposition in the European Patent Office against Bavarian Nordic’s patent covering certain aspects of the MVA technology. We may also become a party to trademark invalidation and interference proceedings in foreign trademark offices. The

cost to us of any patent litigation or other proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their substantially greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace. Patent litigation and other proceedings may also absorb significant management time.

 

Risks related to our acquisition strategy

 

Our strategy of generating growth through acquisitions may not be successful.

 

We have pursued an acquisition strategy since our inception to build our business of developing, manufacturing and commercializing immunobiotics. We commenced operations in September 1998 through an acquisition of rights to BioThrax, vaccine manufacturing facilities at a multi-building campus on approximately 12.5 acres in Lansing, Michigan and vaccine development and production know-how from the Michigan Biologic Products Institute. We acquired our pipeline of commercial vaccine candidates through our acquisition of Microscience in 2005 and our acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Antex in 2003.

 

In the future, we may be unable to license or acquire suitable products or product candidates from third parties for a number of reasons. In particular, the licensing and acquisition of pharmaceutical and biological products is a competitive area. A number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire products in the immunobiotics field. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. Other factors that may prevent us from licensing or otherwise acquiring suitable products and product candidates include the following:

 

 

In addition, we expect competition for acquisition candidates in the immunobiotic field to increase, which may mean fewer suitable acquisition opportunities for us as well as higher acquisition prices. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to suitable products and product candidates, our business, financial condition and prospects for growth could suffer.

 

If we fail to successfully manage any acquisitions, our ability to develop our product candidates and expand our product candidate pipeline may be harmed.

 

As part of our business strategy, we intend to continue to seek to obtain marketed products and development stage product candidates through acquisitions and licensing arrangements with third parties. The failure to adequately address the financial, operational or legal risks of these transactions could harm our business. Financial aspects of these transactions that could alter our financial position, reported operating results or stock price include:

 

 

Operational risks that could harm our existing operations or prevent realization of anticipated benefits from these transactions include:

 

 

If we are unable to successfully manage our acquisitions, our ability to develop new products and continue to expand our product pipeline may be limited.

 

Risks related to the offering

 

Fuad El-Hibri, our president, chief executive officer and chairman of our board of directors, will continue to have substantial control over us after this offering, including through his ability to control the election of the members of our board of directors, and could delay or prevent a change of control.

 

Even after this offering, Mr. El-Hibri will be able to control the election of the members of our board of directors through his ownership interests and voting arrangements among our significant stockholders. Immediately prior to this offering, Mr. El-Hibri was the beneficial owner of 99.6% of our outstanding common stock. Immediately following this offering, Mr. El-Hibri will be the beneficial owner of  % of our outstanding common stock, or  % of our outstanding common stock if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full.

 

Because Mr. El-Hibri will be able to control the election of the members of our board, and because of his substantial control of our capital stock, Mr. El-Hibri will likely have the ability to delay or prevent a change of control of our company that may be favored by other directors or stockholders and otherwise exercise substantial control over all corporate actions requiring board or stockholder approval, including any amendment of our certificate of incorporation or by-laws. The control by Mr. El-Hibri may prevent other stockholders from influencing significant corporate decisions and may result in conflicts of interest that could cause our stock price to decline.

Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law may prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to change our management and hinder efforts to acquire a controlling interest in us.

 

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and by-laws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares. These provisions may also prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our management. These provisions include:

 

 

Until the second anniversary of the completion of this offering, the affirmative vote of holders of our capital stock representing a majority of the voting power of all outstanding stock entitled to vote is required to amend or repeal the above provisions of our certificate of incorporation. Following the second anniversary of the completion of this offering, the affirmative vote of holders of our capital stock representing at least 75% of the voting power of all outstanding stock entitled to vote is required to amend or repeal the above provisions of our certificate of incorporation. Until the second anniversary of the completion of this offering, the affirmative vote of either at least 75% of the directors then in office or holders of our capital stock representing a majority of the voting power of all outstanding stock entitled to vote is required to amend or repeal our by-laws. Following the second anniversary of the completion of this offering, the affirmative vote of either a majority of the directors present at a meeting of our board of directors or holders of our capital stock representing at least 75% of the voting power of all outstanding stock entitled to vote is required to amend or repeal or by-laws.

 

In addition, Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder, generally a person which together with its affiliates owns or within the last three years has owned 15% of our voting stock, for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. Accordingly, Section 203 may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company.

 

Our stockholder rights plan could prevent a change in control of our company in instances in which some stockholders may believe a change in control is in their best interests.

 

In connection with this offering, we will enter into a rights agreement that establishes our stockholder rights plan. Under the rights agreement, we will issue to our stockholders one preferred stock purchase

right for each outstanding share of our common stock. Each right, when exercisable, will entitle its holder to purchase from us a unit consisting of one one-thousandth of a share of series A junior participating preferred stock at a purchase price to be determined by our board of directors at the same time the initial public offering price of our common stock is determined. Our stockholder rights plan is intended to protect stockholders in the event of an unfair or coercive offer to acquire our company and to provide our board of directors with adequate time to evaluate unsolicited offers. The rights plan may have anti-takeover effects. The rights plan will cause substantial dilution to a person or group that attempts to acquire us on terms that our board of directors does not believe are in our best interests and those of our stockholders and may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares.

 

If you purchase shares of our common stock in this offering, you will suffer immediate and substantial dilution of your investment.

 

The initial public offering price of our common stock is substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of our common stock. Therefore, if you purchase shares of our common stock in this offering, your interest will be diluted immediately to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share of our common stock and the net tangible book value per share of our common stock after this offering. Based on an assumed initial public offering price of $      per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, investors in this offering will incur immediate dilution of $      per share. To the extent outstanding options are exercised, you will incur further dilution. In addition, based on an assumed initial public offering price of $      per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, investors in this offering will have contributed approximately  % of the total consideration paid by all purchasers of our common stock but will own only approximately  % of our common stock outstanding after this offering. See “Dilution.”

 

An active trading market for our common stock may not develop.

 

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. The initial public offering price for our common stock was determined through negotiations with the underwriters. Although we have applied to have our common stock listed on The NASDAQ Global Market, an active trading market for our shares may never develop or be sustained following this offering. If an active market for our common stock does not develop, it may be difficult to sell shares you purchase in this offering without depressing the market price for the shares or at all.

 

If our stock price is volatile, purchasers of our common stock could incur substantial losses.

 

Our stock price is likely to be volatile. The stock market in general and the market for biotechnology companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, investors may not be able to sell their common stock at or above the initial public offering price. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including:

 

 

 

We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.

 

Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our common stock. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, cause the price of our common stock to decline and delay the development of our product candidates. Pending their use, we may invest our net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

 

We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

 

We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. Any future debt agreements that we enter into may limit our ability to pay dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

 

A significant portion of our total outstanding shares are restricted from immediate resale but may be sold into the market in the near future. This could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

 

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. Upon the completion of this offering, we will have outstanding           shares of common stock, after giving effect to the issuance of           shares of common stock in this offering and assuming no exercise of options outstanding as of September 30, 2006. Of the shares to be outstanding after the completion of this offering, the           shares of common stock sold in this offering will be freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act unless purchased by our “affiliates,” as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. The remaining shares of our common stock are “restricted securities” under Rule 144. Substantially all of these restricted securities will be subject to the 180-day lock-up period described below. After the 180-day lock-up period, these restricted securities may be sold in the public market only if registered or if they qualify for an exemption from registration under Rule 144 or 701 under the Securities Act.

We expect that the holders of substantially all of our currently outstanding capital stock will agree that, without the prior written consent of J.P. Morgan Securities Inc., they will not, during the period ending 180 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to exceptions specified in the lock-up agreements, offer, pledge, announce the intention to sell, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of our common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for our common stock or enter into any swap or other agreement that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of our common stock. Further, these holders have agreed that, during this period, they will not make any demand for, or exercise any right with respect to, the registration of our common stock or any security convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for our common stock. The 180-day lock-up period may be extended under specified circumstances. The lock-up restrictions, specified exceptions and the circumstances under which the 180-day lock-up period may be extended are described in more detail under “Underwriting.”

 

Upon expiration of the 180-day lock-up period, 7,782,016 shares of our common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2006, representing approximately  % of our common stock outstanding after this offering, will be eligible for sale under Rule 144. In general, shares eligible for sale under Rule 144 are subject to volume limitations. However, within 180 days after the date of this prospectus, 30,015 shares of our common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2006 will be eligible for sale under Rule 144(k) without regard to volume limitations. Mr. El-Hibri has the power to dispose of or direct the disposition of 5,108,718 shares of our common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2006, representing approximately  % of our common stock outstanding after this offering. These shares are eligible for sale under Rule 144, subject to volume limitations.

 

Moreover, after this offering, holders of an aggregate of 7,752,001 shares of our common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2006 will have the right to require us to register these shares of common stock under specified circumstances.

 

In addition, of the 1,091,779 shares of our common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of options outstanding as of September 30, 2006, approximately           shares will be vested and eligible for sale within 180 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to any lock-up agreements applicable to these shares. Promptly following this offering, we intend to file a registration statement on Form S-8 registering the sale of up to 2,678,985 shares of common stock subject to outstanding options and options and other awards issuable pursuant to our equity incentive plans. Shares registered under this registration statement on Form S-8 will be available for sale in the open market, subject to Rule 144 volume limitations applicable to affiliates, and subject to any vesting restrictions and lock-up agreements applicable to these shares.

 

For a further description of the eligibility of shares for sale into the public market following this offering, see “Shares eligible for future sale.”

Special note regarding forward-looking statements

 

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this prospectus regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenues, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements about:

 

 

We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this prospectus, particularly in the “Risk factors” section, that we believe could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.

 

You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements.

Use of proceeds

 

We estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering will be approximately $      million, assuming an initial public offering price of $      per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us. A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $      per share would increase (decrease) our net proceeds from this offering by approximately $      million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock by the selling stockholders as a result of the exercise by the underwriters of their over-allotment option.

 

If we fund the following solely with the net proceeds from this offering without allocating funds from other sources, we currently estimate that we will use:

 

 

 

 

 

This expected use of proceeds from this offering represents our intentions based upon our current plans and business conditions. The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures may vary significantly depending upon numerous factors, including the progress of our development and commercialization efforts, the progress of our clinical trials and our operating costs and capital expenditures, including the timing of, and the costs involved in, constructing our new manufacturing facility in Lansing, Michigan and the build out of our manufacturing facilities in Frederick, Maryland. As a result, we will retain broad discretion in the allocation of the net proceeds from this offering. We have no current understandings, commitments or agreements to acquire or in license any technologies, products or businesses.

 

Based on our planned use of proceeds described above, we expect that the net proceeds from this offering will be sufficient to enable us to complete:

 

 

 

It is possible that we will not achieve the progress that we expect because the actual costs and timing of development, particularly clinical trials, are difficult to predict, subject to substantial risks and often vary depending on the particular indication and development strategy.

 

We do not expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents, committed sources of funds and net proceeds from this offering alone will be sufficient to enable us to fund the completion of the development of any of our product candidates or all of the construction costs of our new manufacturing facility in Lansing. We expect to continue to fund a significant portion of our development and commercialization costs with internally generated funds from sales of BioThrax. In particular, our planned use of proceeds described above assumes that we will fund continued development of our recombinant bivalent botulinum vaccine candidate, our botulinum immune globulin candidate, our group B streptococcus vaccine candidate and our commercial preclinical product candidates with funds from sales of BioThrax and grant funding without allocating any of the net proceeds from this offering. Accordingly, our need for additional external sources of funds for these purposes will depend significantly on the level and timing of our sales of this product. Our business plan also contemplates that we will raise $10 million to $20 million of additional external debt financing to fund the Lansing facility construction and to provide additional financial flexibility. If we do not obtain this additional debt financing, we may need to reduce spending for other purposes in order to complete this construction project.

 

Pending use of the proceeds from this offering, we intend to invest the proceeds in a variety of capital preservation investments, including short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing instruments.

 

Dividend policy

 

We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings to finance the growth and development of our business. We do not intend to pay cash dividends to our stockholders in the foreseeable future.

 

On June 15, 2005, our board of directors declared a special cash dividend to the holders of our outstanding shares of common stock in an aggregate amount of approximately $5.4 million. Our board of directors declared this special dividend in order to distribute the net proceeds of a payment that we received as a result of the settlement of litigation that we initiated against Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Athena Neurosciences, Inc. and Solstice Neurosciences, Inc. We paid the special cash dividend on July 13, 2005 to stockholders of record as of June 15, 2005. Prior to this special cash dividend, we had never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock.

Capitalization

 

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of September 30, 2006:

 

 

 

Our capitalization following this offering will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. You should read this table together with our financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus and the “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations” section of this prospectus.

 

 

 

The table above does not include:

 

 

 

 

Dilution

 

If you invest in our common stock, your interest will be diluted immediately to the extent of the difference between the public offering price per share of our common stock and the net tangible book value per share of our common stock after this offering.

 

Our actual net tangible book value as of September 30, 2006 was $56.8 million or $7.29 per share of our common stock. Net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets less total liabilities, divided by the number of shares of common stock outstanding.

 

After giving effect to the issuance and sale by us of           shares of common stock in this offering, at an assumed initial public offering price of $      per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, less estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us, our net tangible book value as of September 30, 2006 would have been $     million, or $      per share of common stock. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value per share of $      to existing stockholders and immediate dilution of $      per share to new investors. Dilution per share to new investors is determined by subtracting the net tangible book value per share after this offering from the initial public offering price per share paid by a new investor. The following table illustrates this dilution on a per share basis:

 

 

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $      per share would increase (decrease) our adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering by approximately $      and dilution per share to new investors by approximately $     , assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions.

 

If any shares are issued in connection with outstanding options, you will experience further dilution.

 

The following table summarizes as of September 30, 2006 the number of shares of common stock purchased from us, the total consideration paid and the average price per share paid by existing stockholders and by new investors in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $      per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, before deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us.

 

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $      per share would increase (decrease) the total consideration paid by new investors by $      million and increase (decrease) the percentage of total consideration paid by new investors by approximately  %, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same.

 

The table above is based on shares outstanding as of September 30, 2006 and excludes:

 

 

 

 

If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, the following will occur:

 

Selected consolidated financial data

 

You should read the following selected consolidated financial data together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus and the “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations” section of this prospectus.

 

We have derived the consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2004 and 2005 from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are included in this prospectus. We have derived the consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2001 and 2002 and the consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2001, 2002 and 2003 from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are not included in this prospectus. We have derived the consolidated statement of operations data for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2005 and 2006 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of September 30, 2006 from our unaudited consolidated financial statements, which are included in this prospectus. The unaudited consolidated financial data include, in the opinion of our management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, that are necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position and results of operations for these periods. Our historical results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in any future period, and our results for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for a full fiscal year.

 

 

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this prospectus. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this prospectus, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the “Risk factors” section of this prospectus for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

 

Overview

 

We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development, manufacture and commercialization of immunobiotics. We operate in two business segments: biodefense and commercial. We commenced operations as BioPort Corporation in September 1998 through an acquisition from the Michigan Biologic Products Institute of rights to our marketed product, BioThrax, vaccine manufacturing facilities at a multi-building campus on approximately 12.5 acres in Lansing, Michigan and vaccine development and production know-how. Following this acquisition, we completed renovations at the Lansing facilities that had been initiated by the State of Michigan. In December 2001, the FDA approved a supplement to our manufacturing facility license for the manufacture of BioThrax at the renovated facilities.

 

In June 2004, we completed a corporate reorganization in which we:

 

 

As a result of the reorganization, BioPort became a wholly owned subsidiary of Emergent. We subsequently renamed BioPort as Emergent BioDefense Operations Lansing Inc. We acquired our portfolio of commercial vaccine candidates through our acquisition of Microscience in a share exchange in June 2005 and our acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Antex for cash in May 2003. We subsequently renamed Microscience as Emergent Product Development UK Limited. We expect to continue to seek to obtain marketed products and development stage product candidates through acquisitions and licensing arrangements with third parties.

 

Our biodefense business has generated net income for each of the last three fiscal years. However, in our commercial business, we have not received approval to market any of our product candidates and, to date, have received no product sales revenues. Our only sources of revenue in our commercial business are development grant funding and an upfront license fee and additional payments for development work under a collaboration agreement with Sanofi Pasteur. As a result, our commercial business has incurred a net loss for each of the last three fiscal years.

Biodefense

 

In our biodefense business, we develop and commercialize immunobiotics for use against biological agents that are potential weapons of bioterrorism. Our marketed product, BioThrax, is the only vaccine approved by the FDA for the prevention of anthrax infection. In addition to BioThrax, our biodefense product portfolio includes three biodefense product candidates in preclinical development and a next generation anthrax vaccine program with product candidates in preclinical and Phase I clinical development. The DoD and HHS have been the principal customers for BioThrax. In addition, we have supplied small amounts of BioThrax directly to several foreign governments. Since 1998, we have been a party to two supply agreements for BioThrax with the DoD. Pursuant to these contracts, we have supplied over nine million doses of BioThrax through September 2006 for immunization of military personnel. Our current contract with the DoD provides for the supply of a minimum of approximately 1.5 million additional doses of BioThrax to the DoD through September 2007. Under a contract that we entered into with HHS in May 2005, we supplied five million doses of BioThrax to HHS for placement into the strategic national stockpile for a fixed price of $123 million. In May 2006, we entered into a contract modification with HHS for the delivery of an additional five million doses of BioThrax to HHS by May 2007 for a fixed price of $120 million. We have delivered approximately one million doses of BioThrax under this contract modification through September 2006.

 

We have derived and expect for the foreseeable future to continue to derive substantially all of our revenue from sales of BioThrax. Our total revenues from BioThrax sales were $55.5 million in 2003, $81.0 million in 2004, $127.3 million in 2005 and $61.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2006. We are focused on increasing sales of BioThrax to U.S. government customers, expanding the market for BioThrax to other customers and pursuing label expansions and improvements for BioThrax.

 

We are collaborating with HPA in the development of a recombinant bivalent botulinum vaccine candidate and a new botulinum toxoid vaccine that we plan to use as the basis for a botulinum immune globulin candidate. We are independently developing an anthrax immune globulin candidate, in part with funding from NIAID. We have submitted three separate proposals for testing and development of three distinct next generation anthrax vaccine product candidates, featuring attributes such as self-administration and a longer shelf life, in response to a request for proposals issued by NIAID. We are actively pursuing additional government sponsored development grants and working with various government agencies to encourage them to conduct studies relating to BioThrax and our other biodefense product candidates.

 

Commercial

 

In our commercial business, we develop immunobiotics for use against infectious diseases with significant unmet or underserved medical needs. Our commercial product portfolio includes a typhoid vaccine candidate and a hepatitis B therapeutic vaccine candidate, both of which are in Phase II clinical development, a group B streptococcus vaccine candidate in Phase I clinical development and a chlamydia vaccine candidate and a meningitis B vaccine candidate, both of which are in preclinical development. In May 2006, we entered into a license and co-development agreement with Sanofi Pasteur under which we granted Sanofi Pasteur an exclusive, worldwide license under our proprietary technology to develop and commercialize a meningitis B vaccine candidate.

 

We plan to encourage government entities and non-government and philanthropic organizations to provide development funding for, or to conduct clinical studies of, one or more of our commercial product candidates. For example, the Wellcome Trust provided funding for our Phase I clinical trial of our

typhoid vaccine candidate in Vietnam and has agreed to provide funding for our Phase II clinical trial of this vaccine candidate in Vietnam.

 

Manufacturing infrastructure

 

To augment our existing manufacturing capabilities, we are constructing a new 50,000 square foot manufacturing facility on our Lansing, Michigan campus. We expect the construction of the facility to cost approximately $75 million, including approximately $55 million for the building and associated capital equipment, with the balance related to validation and qualification activities required for regulatory approval and initiation of manufacturing. We anticipate that we will incur up to approximately $35 million for these purposes during 2006, of which we had incurred approximately $21 million through September 2006. We expect to complete construction of this facility in mid 2007, with validation and qualification activities required for regulatory approval continuing thereafter. We are constructing this new facility as a large scale manufacturing plant that we can use to produce multiple vaccine products, subject to complying with appropriate change-over procedures. We anticipate that we will initiate large scale manufacturing of BioThrax for commercial sale at the new facility in 2008. We also own two buildings in Frederick, Maryland that we plan to build out as new manufacturing facilities. We anticipate that we will incur up to $1 million related to initial engineering design and preliminary utility build out for these facilities during 2006, of which we had incurred approximately $234,000 through September 30, 2006. Because we are in the preliminary planning stages of our Frederick build out, we cannot reasonably estimate the timing and costs that will be necessary to complete this project. If we proceed with this project, we expect the costs to be substantial and to likely require external sources of funds to finance the project.

 

Critical accounting policies and estimates

 

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to accrued expenses, fair valuation of stock related to stock-based compensation and income taxes. We based our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

 

We believe the following critical accounting policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.

 

Revenue recognition

 

We recognize revenues from product sales in accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 104, Revenue Recognition , or SAB 104. SAB 104 requires recognition of revenues from product sales that require no continuing performance on our part if four basic criteria have been met:

 

 

We cannot sell BioThrax to our customers without written FDA approval for each lot that we manufacture. As part of the FDA review process, we submit a detailed lot protocol for each BioThrax lot that we produce for external sale. We also are required to submit product samples to the FDA for testing. Although we generally submit lot protocols and product samples promptly following the satisfactory completion of internal testing, we are permitted to submit product samples in advance of the lot protocols. The length of the FDA review process is approximately four to six weeks. However, individual lots may be released sooner or later depending on factors including: reviewer questions, license supplement approval, reviewer availability and whether our internal testing of product samples is completed before or concurrently with FDA testing. During the period covered by our financial statements included in this prospectus, the FDA has not denied the sale of any BioThrax lots that we have submitted for approval.

 

We have generated BioThrax sales revenues under U.S. government contracts with the DoD and HHS. Under our DoD contract, we invoice the DoD for progress payments upon reaching contractually specified stages in the manufacture of BioThrax. We record as deferred revenue the full amount of each progress payment invoice that we submit to the DoD. Title to the product passes to the DoD upon submission of the first invoice. The earnings process is complete upon FDA release of the product for sale and distribution. Following FDA release of the product, we segregate the product for later shipment and recognize as period revenue all deferred revenue related to the released product in accordance with the “bill and hold” sale requirements under SAB 104. At that time, we also invoice the DoD for the final progress payment and recognize the amount of that invoice as period revenue. Our contract with HHS does not provide for progress payments. We invoice HHS and recognize the related revenue upon delivery of the product to the government carrier, at which time title to the product passes to HHS. We do not record allowances for sales returns, rebates or special promotional programs for sales of BioThrax or provisions for sales made in prior periods.

 

Under the collaboration agreement that we entered into with Sanofi Pasteur in May 2006 for our meningitis B vaccine candidate, we received an upfront license fee and are entitled to additional payments for development work under the collaboration and upon achieving contractually defined development and commercialization milestones. We evaluate the various components of a collaboration in accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force, or EITF, Issue No. 00-21, Accounting for Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables , or EITF No. 00-21, which addresses whether, for revenue recognition purposes, there is one or several elements in an arrangement. We concluded that under EITF No. 00-21, the upfront license fee, the development work and the milestone payments under our agreement with Sanofi Pasteur should be accounted for as a single unit of accounting. We recognize amounts received under this agreement over the estimated development period as we perform services. We recorded the amount of the upfront license fee as deferred revenue. We are recognizing this revenue over the estimated development period under the contract, currently estimated at seven years, as adjusted from time to time for any delays or acceleration in the development of the product candidate. Under the collaboration agreement, we are entitled to payments up to specified levels for development work we perform for Sanofi Pasteur. We invoice Sanofi Pasteur in the beginning of each quarter for the estimated work to occur in that quarter. We record the invoice amount as deferred revenue. As services are completed, we recognize the amount of the related deferred revenue as period revenue. Under the collaboration agreement, we also will be entitled to royalty payments on any future net sales of this product candidate.

 

From time to time, we are awarded development grant contracts with government entities and non-government and philanthropic organizations. Under these contracts, we typically are reimbursed for our costs in connection with specific development activities and may also be entitled to additional fees. We

record the reimbursement of our costs and any associated fees as grant revenue and the associated costs as research and development expense. We issue invoices under these contracts after we incur the reimbursable costs. We recognize revenue upon invoicing the sponsoring organization.

 

Accounts receivable

 

Accounts receivable are stated at invoice amounts and consist primarily of amounts due from the DoD and HHS as well as amounts due under reimbursement contracts with other government entities and non-government and philanthropic organizations. Because the prior collection history for receivables from these entities indicate that collection is likely, we do not currently record an allowance for doubtful accounts.

 

Inventories

 

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market, with cost being determined using a standard cost method, which approximates average cost. Average cost consists primarily of material, labor and manufacturing overhead expenses and includes the services and products of third party suppliers. We analyze our inventory levels quarterly and write down in the applicable period inventory that has become obsolete, inventory that has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value and inventory in excess of expected customer demand. We also write off in the applicable period the costs related to expired inventory. We capitalize the costs associated with the manufacture of BioThrax as inventory from the initiation of the manufacturing process through the completion of manufacturing, labeling and packaging.

 

Accrued expenses

 

As part of the process of preparing financial statements, we are required to estimate accrued expenses. This process involves identifying services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for such service where we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual cost. We make these estimates as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements. Examples of estimated accrued expenses include:

 

 

In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services were provided and the level of effort in each period. If the actual timing of the provision of services or the level of effort varies from the estimate, we will adjust the accrual accordingly. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed. In the event that we do not identify costs that have begun to be incurred or we underestimate or overestimate the level of services performed or the costs of such services, our actual expenses could differ from such estimates. The date on which some services commence, the level of services performed on or before a given date and the cost of such services are often subjective determinations. We make judgments based upon the facts and circumstances known to us.

 

Purchased in-process research and development

 

We account for purchased in-process research and development in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, or SFAS, No. 2, Accounting for Research and Development Costs along

with Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Interpretation No. 4, Applicability of FASB Statement No. 2 to Business Combinations Accounted for by the Purchase Method.

 

Under these standards, we are required to determine whether the technology relating to a particular research and development project we acquire has an alternative future use. If we determine that the technology has no alternative future use, we expense the value of the research and development project not directly attributed to fixed assets. Otherwise, we capitalize the value of the research and development project not attributable to fixed assets as an intangible asset and conduct an impairment analysis at least annually. In connection with our acquisition of Microscience and our acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Antex, we allocated the value of the purchase consideration to current assets, current liabilities, fixed assets and development programs. Because we determined that the development programs at Microscience and Antex had no future alternative use, we charged the value attributable to the development programs as in-process research and development. For the Microscience acquisition, which was a share exchange, our board of directors determined the fair value of our shares issued in the exchange for financial statement purposes. For the Antex acquisition, which was a cash transaction, no fair value determination was necessary.

 

Stock-based compensation

 

Through December 31, 2005, in accordance with SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation , or SFAS No. 123, we elected to account for our employee stock-based compensation using the intrinsic value method in accordance with Accounting Principles Board, or APB, Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees , and related interpretations, or APB No. 25, rather than the alternative fair value accounting method provided for under SFAS No. 123. Accordingly, we did not record compensation expense on employee stock options granted in fixed amounts and with fixed exercise prices when the exercise prices of the options were equal to the fair value of the underlying common stock on the date of grant. Pro forma information regarding net loss and loss per share is required by SFAS No. 123 and has been determined as if we had accounted for employee stock option grants under the fair value method prescribed by that statement. We provide this pro forma disclosure in our financial statements. We account for transactions in which services are received in exchange for equity instruments based on the fair value of the services received from non-employees or of the equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably measured, in accordance with SFAS No. 123 and EITF Issue No. 96-18, Accounting for Equity Instruments that Are Issued to Other than Employees for Acquiring, or in Conjunction with Selling, Goods or Services , or EITF No. 96-18. In accordance with EITF No. 96-18, we periodically remeasure stock-based compensation for options granted to non-employees as the underlying options vest. As of September 30, 2006, we had no outstanding options that had been granted to non-employees other than our directors.

 

In December 2004, the FASB issued SFAS No. 123 (revised 2004), Share-Based Payment , or SFAS No. 123(R), which is a revision of SFAS No. 123. SFAS No. 123(R) supersedes APB No. 25 and amends SFAS No. 95, Statement of Cash Flows. Generally, the approach in SFAS No. 123(R) is similar to the approach described in SFAS No. 123. However, SFAS No. 123(R) requires all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the income statement based on their estimated fair values. Pro forma disclosure is no longer an alternative. We adopted SFAS No. 123(R) on January 1, 2006 using the modified prospective method. We will continue to value our share-based payment transactions using a Black-Scholes valuation model. Under the modified prospective method, we recognize compensation cost in our financial statements for all awards granted after January 1, 2006 and for all awards outstanding as of January 1, 2006 for which the requisite service had not been rendered as of the date of adoption. Prior period operating results have not been restated. We measure the amount of compensation cost based on the fair value of the underlying common stock

on the date of grant. We recognize compensation cost over the period that an employee provides service in exchange for the award.

 

As a result of our adoption of SFAS No. 123(R) effective January 1, 2006, we recorded stock-based compensation expense of $385,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 related to stock options that were outstanding and had not completely vested as of January 1, 2006. During the nine months ended September 30, 2006, we granted 90,000 stock options. We recorded additional stock-based compensation expense of $57,000 related to these options during the nine months ended September 30, 2006. Both basic and diluted loss per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 are $0.03 less than if we had continued to account for stock-based compensation under APB No. 25. The effect of adopting SFAS No. 123(R) on net loss and net loss per share is not necessarily representative of the effects in future years due to, among other things, the vesting period of the stock options and the fair value of additional stock option grants in future years. Based on options granted to employees as of September 30, 2006, total compensation expense not yet recognized related to unvested options is approximately $970,000, after tax. We expect to recognize that expense over a weighted average period of 2.8 years. Based on options granted to employees as of September 30, 2006, we expect to recognize amortization of stock-based compensation, after tax, of approximately $143,000 during the remainder of 2006, $464,000 in 2007, $250,000 in 2008 and $113,000 in 2009.

 

The factors that most affect charges or credits to operations related to stock-based compensation are the fair value of the common stock underlying stock options for which stock-based compensation is recorded, the volatility of fair value of the common stock, the expected life of the instrument and the assumed risk free rate of return. Because shares of our common stock have not been publicly traded, our board of directors has determined the fair value of our common stock for accounting purposes. There is no certainty that the results of our board’s determination would be the value at which the shares would be traded for cash. In determining the fair value of our common stock, our board of directors considered:

 

 

 

 

If our estimates of the fair value of these equity instruments are too high or too low, it would have the effect of overstating or understating expenses.

 

In 2004, in connection with our reorganization, we recorded stock-based compensation expense as a result of the issuance of stock options to purchase our class B common stock to replace the outstanding

stock options to purchase BioPort class B common stock. The exercise period of these replacement options was extended to June 2007. Based upon the guidance in APB No. 25, because the stock options granted for our class B common stock provided for an extended term over that of the cancelled BioPort options, a new measurement date was created and we recorded as stock-based compensation expense the excess of the intrinsic value of the modified options over the intrinsic value of the BioPort options when originally issued. This resulted in stock-based compensation expense of $4.3 million for 2004. We did not record any stock-based compensation expense for options granted during 2003 or 2005.

 

Income taxes

 

Our deferred tax assets include the unamortized portion of in-process research and development expenses, the anticipated future benefit of the net operating losses that we have incurred and other timing differences between financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities. We have historically incurred net operating losses for income tax purposes in some states and in some foreign jurisdictions, primarily the United Kingdom. The amount of the deferred tax assets on our balance sheet reflects our expectations regarding our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income. The applicable tax rules in particular jurisdictions limit our ability to use net operating losses as a result of ownership changes. In particular, we believe that these rules will significantly limit our ability to use net operating losses generated by Microscience and Antex prior to our acquisition of Microscience in June 2005 and our acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Antex in May 2003.

 

We review our deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis to assess our ability to realize the benefit from these deferred tax assets. If we determine that it is more likely than not that the amount of our expected future taxable income will not be sufficient to allow us to fully utilize our deferred tax assets, we increase our valuation allowance against deferred tax assets by recording a provision for income taxes on our income statement, which reduces net income, or increases net loss, for that period and reduces our deferred tax assets on our balance sheet. If we determine that the amount of our expected future taxable income will allow us to utilize net operating losses in excess of our net deferred tax assets, we reduce our valuation allowance by recording a benefit from income taxes on our income statement, which increases net income, or reduces net loss, for that period and increases our deferred tax assets on our balance sheet.

 

Financial operations overview

 

Revenues

 

We have generated substantially all of our revenues from sales of BioThrax. We delivered approximately 5.2 million total doses of BioThrax, representing 97% of our total revenues, in 2005. We delivered approximately 2.5 million total doses of BioThrax, representing 93% of our total revenues, in the nine months ended September 30, 2006. The DoD and HHS have been the principal customers for BioThrax. We also have had limited sales of BioThrax to foreign governments and private industry. In addition, we periodically realize revenues from grants from government entities and non-government and philanthropic organizations and from licensing fees, milestone payments and development reimbursement. These items accounted for 3% of our total revenues in 2005 and 7% of our total revenues in the nine months ended September 30, 2006. If our ongoing development efforts are successful, we would expect to generate revenues from sales of additional products and milestone payments, development payments and royalties on sales of products that we license to third parties.

 

In May 2005, we entered into an agreement to supply five million doses of BioThrax to HHS for placement into the strategic national stockpile for a fixed price of $123 million. We completed delivery of all five million doses by February 2006, seven months earlier than required. In May 2006, we entered into a contract

modification with HHS for the delivery of an additional five million doses of BioThrax to HHS by May 2007 for a fixed price of $120 million. We have delivered approximately one million doses of BioThrax under this contract modification through September 2006. We expect to deliver to HHS between 1.25 million and 1.75 million doses of BioThrax in each of November 2006 and December 2006, with the balance, if any, to be delivered in the first half of 2007 prior to expiration of the contract.

 

In January 2004, we entered into our current contract with the DoD for the delivery of a minimum number of doses of BioThrax over one base contract year plus two option periods for a minimum fixed price of approximately $91 million. Under the original terms of this contract, we were required to deliver a minimum of approximately 3.8 million total doses through September 2006. We delivered approximately 4.9 million total doses in 2004, 2005 and the nine months ended September 30, 2006 under DoD purchase orders. We have amended our current contract with the DoD to provide for the supply of a minimum of approximately 1.5 million additional doses of BioThrax to the DoD through September 2007. We expect to deliver to the DoD approximately 480,000 of these doses by December 2006, with the balance to be delivered by September 2007. We have invoiced the DoD, as contemplated under this contract, for progress payments as doses of BioThrax are manufactured for sale to the DoD. In accordance with our revenue recognition policy, we record deferred revenue for invoiced amounts until the FDA releases the product for sale and delivery. As of September 30, 2006, the amount of our deferred revenue for DoD sales was $8.4 million. In April 2006, the DoD issued a notice that it intends to negotiate a sole source fixed price contract for the purchase of up to an additional 11 million doses of BioThrax over one base year plus four option years. Although we are in discussions with the DoD, the DoD has not issued a formal request for proposals for such a contract and we have not yet entered into an agreement with the DoD for this procurement.

 

In May 2006, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Sanofi Pasteur relating to the development and commercialization of our meningitis B vaccine candidate and received a $3.8 million upfront license fee. This agreement also provides for a series of milestone payments upon the achievement of specified development and commercialization objectives, payments for development work under the collaboration and royalties on net sales of this product. We recognize the upfront license fee, milestone payments and development payments under this agreement as revenue in accordance with our revenue recognition policies.

 

Our revenue, operating results and profitability have varied, and we expect that they will continue to vary, on a quarterly basis primarily because of the timing of our fulfilling orders for BioThrax. We expect collaborative research and grant revenues to increase in 2006 compared to 2005 as we receive reimbursement for development expenses under our meningitis B collaboration with Sanofi Pasteur, funding from the Wellcome Trust for costs associated with our completed Phase I clinical trial and planned Phase II clinical trial of our typhoid vaccine candidate in Vietnam and funding from NIAID for costs associated with our animal efficacy studies in rabbits of our anthrax immune globulin candidate.

 

Cost of product sales

 

The primary expense that we incur to deliver BioThrax to our customers is manufacturing costs, which are primarily fixed costs. These fixed manufacturing costs consist of attributable facilities, utilities and salaries and personnel related expenses for indirect manufacturing support staff. Variable manufacturing costs for BioThrax consist primarily of costs for materials, direct labor and contract filling operations. In 2005, we improved manufacturing efficiencies for BioThrax by extending the hours of operation for our manufacturing facility. As a result, the cost of product sales per dose of BioThrax decreased in 2005 compared to 2004. We do not expect further significant improvements in manufacturing efficiencies for BioThrax until we complete our new manufacturing facility in Lansing, Michigan. We currently are

producing BioThrax at close to the maximum capacity of our existing manufacturing facility. We expect our manufacturing costs to remain relatively stable for the remainder of 2006 and during 2007.

 

We determine the cost of product sales for doses sold for a period based on the average manufacturing cost per dose for that period. We calculate the average manufacturing cost per dose by dividing the actual costs of manufacturing in the applicable period by the number of units produced in that period. In addition to the fixed and variable manufacturing costs described above, the average manufacturing cost per dose depends on the efficiency of the manufacturing process, utilization of available manufacturing capacity and the production yield for any period.

 

Research and development expenses

 

We expense research and development costs as incurred. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of:

 

 

The successful development of our product candidates is highly uncertain. We believe that significant investment in product development is a competitive necessity and plan to continue these investments in order to be in a position to realize the potential of our product candidates. We cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and projected costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the remainder of the development of, or the period, if any, in which material net cash inflows may commence from any of our product candidates. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing drugs, including the uncertainty of:

 

 

 

 

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of a product candidate could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate.

 

We expect that development spending will increase for all of our biodefense product candidates as our product development activities continue and we prepare for regulatory submissions and other regulatory activities. We expect our development expenses in our commercial business to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we conduct additional and later stage clinical trials for our product candidates.

 

We expect that the magnitude of any increase in our research and development spending will be dependent upon such factors as the results from our ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials, the size, structure and duration of any follow on clinical program that we may initiate, cost associated with manufacturing our product candidates on a large scale basis for later stage clinical trials, our ability to use data generated by government agencies, such as the ongoing CDC studies with BioThrax, and our ability to rely upon and utilize clinical and nonclinical data, such as the data generated by CDC from use of the pentavalent botulinum toxoid vaccine previously manufactured by the State of Michigan. Furthermore, if the FDA or other regulatory authority were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those which we currently anticipate will be required for the completion of clinical development of a product candidate or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development.

 

Selling, general and administrative expenses

 

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and other related costs for personnel serving the executive, business development, finance, accounting, information technology, legal and human resource functions. Other costs include facility costs not otherwise included in cost of product sales or research and development expense and professional fees for legal and accounting services. We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase as we add personnel to support the increased scale of our operations and become subject to the reporting obligations applicable to public companies. Our general and administrative expenses have increased as a result of preparing for this offering and supporting the overall growth of the company. We currently market and sell BioThrax directly to the DoD and HHS with a small, targeted marketing and sales group. Accordingly, our marketing and sales expense for these efforts has been limited. As we seek to broaden the market for BioThrax and if we receive marketing approval for additional products, we expect that we will increase our spending for marketing and sales activities.

 

Total other income (expense)

 

Total other income (expense) consists principally of interest income and interest expense. We earn interest on our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, and we incur interest expense on our indebtedness. Our net interest expense will increase in future periods as compared to prior periods as a result of the mortgage loan that we entered into in April 2006 and the term loan that we entered into in August 2006, as well as any borrowings under our revolving lines of credit. In addition, some of our existing debt arrangements provide for increasing amortization of principal payments in future periods. See “Liquidity and capital resources — Debt financing” for additional information.

Results of operations

 

Nine months ended September 30, 2006 compared to nine months ended September 30, 2005

 

Revenues

 

Product sales revenues, which relate only to the biodefense segment, decreased by $24.5 million, or 29%, to $61.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 from $85.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2005. This decrease in product sales revenues was primarily due to a 29% decrease in the number of doses we delivered as a result of the timing of our fulfilling orders from the DoD and HHS. Product sales revenues in the nine months ended September 30, 2006 consisted of BioThrax sales to HHS of $35.4 million, sales to the DoD of $25.3 million and sales to the Canadian government of $630,000. Product sales revenues in the nine months ended September 30, 2005 consisted of BioThrax sales to HHS of $69.9 million, sales to the DoD of $14.5 million, sales to the Canadian government of $1.1 million and other sales of $291,000.

 

Collaborative research and grant revenues increased by $3.5 million to $4.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 from $1.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Collaborative research and grant revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 consisted of $3.2 million in upfront and development program revenue from the Sanofi Pasteur collaboration and $1.5 million in grant revenue from the Wellcome Trust. Collaborative research and grant revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2005 resulted from reimbursement from the DoD for expenses related to production development and supply chain management improvements for BioThrax incurred in prior periods, and for additional work that we performed on a project basis for the DoD’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA, to evaluate a new vaccine adjuvant for BioThrax.

 

Cost of product sales

 

Cost of product sales, which relate only to the biodefense segment, consists of expenses incurred in the manufacture of BioThrax. Cost of product sales decreased by $11.5 million, or 50%, to $11.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 from $23.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2005. This decrease was attributable to the delivery of 1.0 million fewer doses of BioThrax in the nine months ended September 30, 2006 and improved utilization of our manufacturing capacity for BioThrax as a result of extending the hours of operation for our manufacturing facility. The reduction in the number of doses delivered resulted in a reduction in costs of approximately $6.8 million. Manufacturing efficiencies resulted in a cost savings of approximately $4.7 million.

 

Research and development expenses

 

Research and development expenses increased by $17.0 million to $26.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 from $9.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2005. This increase reflects increased expenses of $9.1 million in the biodefense segment and $8.8 million in the commercial segment, offset by a reduction of $892,000 in other research and development expenses.

 

The increase in biodefense spending was attributable to increased efforts on all our biodefense programs as we completed various studies and began subsequent studies and trials. This increase primarily reflects additional personnel and contract service costs. The increase in spending for BioThrax enhancements is related to preparing for animal efficacy studies to support applications for marketing approval of these enhancements, which we expect to submit to the FDA in 2008. The increase in spending for immune globulin development related primarily to costs associated with our plasma donor stimulation program for our anthrax immune globulin candidate. The increase in spending for the recombinant botulinum vaccine

program, which is in preclinical development, resulted from advancing this program to the process development stage and the manufacture of clinical trial material. The increase in spending for the next generation anthrax vaccine program, which has product candidates in preclinical and Phase I clinical development, resulted from formulation development and the manufacture of clinical trial material.

 

The increase in commercial spending was mainly attributable to spending on the commercial products listed in the table below following our acquisition of Microscience in June 2005. This increase primarily reflects additional personnel and contract service costs. Research and development spending by Microscience prior to our acquisition of Microscience in June 2005 is not included in our results for the nine months ended September 30, 2005. The spending in the nine months ended September 30, 2006 for our typhoid vaccine candidate resulted from ongoing work for the Phase I clinical trial in Vietnam that we recently completed and preparing for our Phase II clinical trial in Vietnam that we plan to initiate in the fourth quarter of 2006. The spending in the nine months ended September 30, 2006 for our hepatitis B therapeutic vaccine candidate resulted from preparing for our Phase II clinical trial that we plan to initiate in the fourth quarter of 2006. The spending in the nine months ended September 30, 2006 for our group B streptococcus vaccine candidate resulted from costs associated with our analysis of results from the Phase I clinical trial that we recently completed for one of the protein components of the vaccine candidate and preparation for Phase I clinical trials for the two other protein components of the vaccine candidate. Both our chlamydia vaccine and meningitis B vaccine candidates are in preclinical development.

 

The decrease in spending on other research and development expenses was attributable to our discontinuation of preclinical programs that we acquired from Antex and determined not to pursue.

 

Our principal research and development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2005 and 2006 are shown in the following table:

 

Selling, general and administrative expenses

 

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $4.0 million, or 14%, to $33.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 from $28.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Selling, general and administrative expenses related to the biodefense segment decreased by $194,000, or 1%, to $24.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 from $24.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Selling, general and administrative expenses related to the commercial segment increased by $4.2 million, or 98%, to $8.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 from $4.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2005. The increase in the commercial segment was primarily attributable to an increase in general and administrative expenses of $3.6 million resulting from the addition of personnel and facilities for Emergent Product Development UK following our acquisition of Microscience in June 2005.

 

Purchased in-process research and development

 

In June 2005, we recorded a non-cash charge for purchased in-process research and development of $26.6 million associated with our acquisition of Microscience. We valued the 1,264,051 shares of class A common stock that we issued in the acquisition at $28.2 million after the inclusion of acquisition costs. Of this amount, we identified $1.4 million as current assets, $0.9 million as fixed assets, $0.7 million as current liabilities and $26.6 million as the value attributable to development programs. Because we determined that the development programs had no future alternative use, we charged the value attributable to the development programs as purchased in-process research and development. We are amortizing this charge for tax purposes over 15 years.

 

In July 2006, we recorded a non-cash charge for purchased in-process research and development of $477,000 associated with our acquisition of ViVacs GmbH, a German limited liability company. We paid total purchase consideration of $250,000 and assumed a net deficit of liabilities in excess of assets of $47,000. We valued the acquisition at $430,000 after the inclusion of acquisition costs. Of this amount, we identified $153,000 as current assets, $97,000 as fixed assets, $297,000 as current liabilities and $477,000 as the value attributable to development programs and technology. Because we determined that, for accounting purposes, the development programs and technology had no future alternative use, we charged the value attributable to the development programs and technology as purchased in-process research and development. We will amortize this charge for tax purposes over 15 years.

 

Litigation settlement

 

In June 2005, we recorded a gain of $10.0 million relating to a settlement of a litigation matter that we initiated to resolve a contract and intellectual property dispute. There were no settlements for the nine months ended September 30, 2006.

 

Total other income (expense)

 

Total other expense decreased by $179,000 to $82,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 from $261,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2005. The decrease resulted principally from an increase in interest income of $67,000 as a result of higher investment return on increased average cash balances, an increase in interest expense of $203,000 related primarily to the mortgage loan we entered into in April 2006 and the term loan we entered into in August 2006, and an increase in other income (expense) of $315,000.

 

Income taxes

 

We recorded a benefit from income taxes of $2.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 compared to a provision for income taxes of $2.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2005. The benefit from income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 resulted primarily from our loss before benefit from income taxes of $6.0 million and an estimated effective annual tax rate of 44%. The provision for income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2005 resulted primarily from our income before provision for income taxes of $8.4 million and an estimated effective annual tax rate of 25%. The increase in the estimated effective annual tax rate by 19% is due primarily to an increase in the valuation allowance related to estimated foreign and state net operating losses. While the net operating losses for foreign and state jurisdictions have been recorded as deferred tax assets, a full valuation allowance also has been recorded for such tax assets due to current uncertainty as to whether we will generate sufficient future taxable income in the applicable jurisdictions to fully utilize these net operating losses.

 

Year ended December 31, 2005 compared to year ended December 31, 2004

 

Revenues

 

Product sales revenues increased by $46.3 million, or 57%, to $127.3 million for 2005 from $81.0 million for 2004. This increase in product sales revenues was primarily due to a 52% increase in the number of doses delivered. Product sales revenues in 2005 consisted of BioThrax sales to HHS of $111.2 million, sales to the DoD of $14.5 million and aggregate sales to the governments of Canada and Taiwan of $1.6 million. Product sales revenues in 2004 consisted of BioThrax sales to the DoD of $80.6 million and sales to the Canadian government of $360,000.

 

Collaborative research and grant revenues increased by $937,000, or 38%, to $3.4 million in 2005 from $2.5 million in 2004 primarily as a result of additional work that we performed on a project basis for DARPA to evaluate a new vaccine adjuvant for BioThrax.

 

Cost of product sales

 

Cost of product sales increased by $1.5 million, or 5%, to $31.6 million for 2005 from $30.1 million for 2004. This increase was attributable to the delivery of 1.8 million additional doses of BioThrax in 2005 and a decrease in production yield, resulting in a higher average manufacturing cost per dose in 2005, offset by improved utilization of our manufacturing capacity for BioThrax as a result of extending the hours of operation for our manufacturing facility. The increase in the number of doses delivered combined with the decrease in production yield resulted in additional costs of $6.6 million. Manufacturing efficiencies resulted in a cost savings of $5.1 million.

 

Research and development expenses

 

Research and development expenses increased by $8.3 million, or 82%, to $18.4 million for 2005 from $10.1 million for 2004. This increase reflects increased expenses of $4.0 million in the biodefense segment and $5.8 million in the commercial segment, offset by a reduction of $1.6 million in other research and development expenses.

 

The increase in biodefense spending resulted from costs associated with our plasma donor stimulation program for our anthrax immune globulin candidate, process development related to our recombinant botulinum vaccine candidate and evaluation of third party technology related to our next generation anthrax vaccine program for potential acquisition or in-license, offset by decreased spending on BioThrax

enhancements. In 2004, the immune globulin program was in initial development and we had not yet begun work on the recombinant botulinum vaccine and next generation anthrax vaccine candidates. The decrease in spending on BioThrax enhancements resulted from substantial completion during 2004 of research regarding manufacturing process development for BioThrax to improve the stability and consistency of production lots.

 

The increase in spending in the commercial segment was attributable to spending on the commercial programs listed in the table below following our acquisition of Microscience in June 2005. Research and development spending by Microscience is not included in our results prior to the acquisition date. The commercial spending in 2005 resulted from the Phase I clinical trial in Vietnam for our typhoid vaccine candidate, preparation for a planned Phase II clinical trial for our hepatitis B therapeutic vaccine candidate, including the manufacture of clinical trial material, preparation for one of three planned Phase I clinical trials related to one of the protein components of our group B streptococcus vaccine candidate and preclinical work for our chlamydia vaccine and meningitis B vaccine candidates.

 

The decrease in spending on other research and development expenses was attributable to our discontinuation of preclinical programs that we acquired from Antex and determined not to pursue.

 

Our principal research and development expenses for 2004 and 2005 are shown in the following table:

 

 

Selling, general and administrative expenses

 

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $12.5 million, or 41%, to $42.8 million for 2005 from $30.3 million for 2004. Selling, general and administrative expenses related to our biodefense segment increased by $6.4 million to $35.4 million for 2005 from $29.0 million for 2004. Selling, general and administrative expenses related to our commercial segment increased by $6.0 million to $7.3 million

for 2005 from $1.3 million for 2004. The increase in the biodefense segment was attributable to an increase in general and administrative expenses of $5.5 million resulting from additional personnel professional service providers for our headquarters organization who devoted time to the biodefense segment and an increase in sales and marketing expenses of $1.0 million resulting from the addition of sales personnel to investigate potential other markets for BioThrax. The increase in the commercial segment was attributable to an increase in general and administrative expenses of $5.3 million resulting from the addition of personnel for Emergent Product Development UK and legal expenses associated with reorganizing our corporate structure following our acquisition of Microscience in June 2005.

 

Purchased in-process research and development

 

In 2005, as described above, we recorded a non-cash charge of $26.6 million for purchased in-process research and development associated with our acquisition of Microscience.

 

Litigation settlement

 

In 2005, we recorded a gain of $10.0 million relating to a settlement of a litigation matter that we initiated to resolve a contract and intellectual property dispute. There were no settlements in 2004.

 

Total other income (expense)

 

Total other expense increased by $57,000 to $227,000 for 2005 from $170,000 for 2004. This increase resulted primarily from an increase in interest expense associated with our financing of the acquisition costs for one building at our Frederick facility.

 

Income taxes

 

Provision for income taxes increased by $196,000, or 4%, to $5.3 million for 2005 from $5.1 million for 2004. The provision for income taxes for 2005 resulted primarily from our income before provision for income taxes of $21.1 million and an effective annual tax rate of 25%. The provision for income taxes for 2004 resulted primarily from our income before provision for income taxes of $16.6 million and an effective annual tax rate of 31%. The provision for income taxes also reflects research and development tax credits of $474,000 for 2005 and $492,000 for 2004 and small amounts of permanent tax differences in each year.

 

Year ended December 31, 2004 compared to year ended December 31, 2003

 

Revenues

 

Product sales revenues increased by $25.5 million, or 46%, to $81.0 million for 2004 from $55.5 million for 2003. This increase in product sales revenues was primarily due to a 45% increase in the number of doses delivered. Product sales revenues in 2004 consisted of BioThrax sales to the DoD of $80.6 million and sales to the Canadian government of $360,000. Product sales revenues in 2003 consisted of BioThrax sales to the DoD of $55.2 million and sales to the Canadian government of $270,000.

 

Collaborative research and grant revenues increased to $2.5 million in 2004 from $233,000 in 2003 primarily as a result of additional work that we performed on a project basis for DARPA to evaluate a new vaccine adjuvant for BioThrax.

 

Cost of product sales

 

Cost of product sales increased by $7.8 million, or 35%, to $30.1 million for 2004 from $22.3 million for 2003. This increase was attributable to the delivery of approximately 1.0 million additional doses of BioThrax in 2004. We were able to deliver these additional doses as a result of increasing our manufacturing capacity at our Lansing facility in 2004 by extending the hours of operation of the facility. The increase in the number of doses delivered resulted in additional costs of $3.5 million. Increasing manufacturing capacity resulted in additional costs of $4.3 million, primarily for the training of new personnel. Our increase in manufacturing capacity allowed us to spread our fixed manufacturing costs over a greater number of doses, which resulted in a decrease in the cost of product sales per dose of BioThrax in 2004 compared to 2003.

 

Research and development expenses

 

Research and development expenses increased by $3.8 million, or 60%, to $10.1 million for 2004 from $6.3 million for 2003. This increase reflects increased expenses of $1.9 million in the biodefense segment and $1.8 million in the commercial segment. The increase in the biodefense segment was attributable to work on the initiation of programs for BioThrax enhancements and consisted primarily of personnel and contract service costs. The increase in the commercial segment was attributable to spending on commercial product candidates acquired from Antex in May 2003. Research and development spending by Antex is not included in our results prior to the acquisition date.

 

Selling, general and administrative expenses

 

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $10.8 million, or 55%, to $30.3 million for 2004 from $19.5 million for 2003. Selling, general and administrative expenses related to the biodefense segment increased by $9.5 million to $29.0 million for 2004 from $19.5 million for 2003. This increase was attributable to growth in corporate staff to support expanding business activity and increased costs for professional service providers. Selling, general and administrative expenses related to the commercial segment increased by $1.3 million for 2004 from an immaterial amount for 2003 as we hired additional employees to support the newly acquired Antex operations. The overall increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to an increase of $7.0 million in general and administrative expenditures as a result of our corporate reorganization in June 2004 and the formation of our headquarters organization, including a non-cash stock-based compensation charge of $4.3 million. In addition, general and administrative expenses increased $1.1 million as a result of our acquisition of assets from Antex. Selling and marketing expense increased to $843,000 for 2004 from an immaterial amount for 2003. This increase in spending resulted from the addition of personnel and outside consulting fees.

 

Purchased in-process research and development

 

In 2003, we recorded a non-cash charge of $1.8 million associated with our acquisition of assets from Antex. We paid total purchase consideration of $3.4 million in cash. We valued the transaction at $3.8 million after the inclusion of acquisition costs. Of this amount, we identified $300,000 as current assets, $1.7 million as fixed assets and $1.8 million as the value attributable to development programs. Because we determined that the development programs had no future alternative use, we charged the value attributable to the development programs as purchased in-process research and development. We are amortizing this charge for tax purposes over 15 years.

Settlement of State of Michigan obligation

 

In 2004, we recorded a gain of $3.8 million from the satisfaction for less than originally estimated of an obligation to the State of Michigan related to our acquisition of assets from the Michigan Biologic Products Institute in 1998. We have no ongoing obligations to the State of Michigan related to our acquisition of assets from the Michigan Biologic Products Institute. There was no settlement of obligations in 2003.

 

Total other income (expense)

 

Total other expense, net, increased to $170,000 for 2004 from $25,000 for 2003. The increase resulted principally from a decrease in other income of $162,000.

 

Income taxes

 

Provision for income taxes increased by $3.9 million to $5.1 million for 2004 from $1.3 million for 2003. The provision for income taxes for 2004 resulted primarily from our income before provision for income taxes of $16.6 million and an effective annual tax rate of 31%. The provision for income taxes for 2003 resulted primarily from our income before provision for income taxes of $5.7 million and an effective annual tax rate of 22%. The provision for income taxes also reflects research and development tax credits of $492,000 for 2004 and $441,000 for 2003 and small amounts of permanent tax differences in each year.

 

Liquidity and capital resources

 

Sources of liquidity

 

We require cash to meet our operating expenses and for capital expenditures, acquisitions and principal and interest payments on our debt. We have funded our cash requirements from inception through September 30, 2006 principally with a combination of revenues from BioThrax product sales, debt financings and facilities and equipment leases, revenues under our collaboration agreement with Sanofi Pasteur, development funding from government entities and non-government and philanthropic organizations and, to a lesser extent, from the sale of our class B common stock upon exercise of stock options. We have operated profitably for each of the years in the three year period ended December 31, 2005, but incurred a loss in the nine months ended September 30, 2006. As of September 30, 2006, we had cash and cash equivalents of $19.9 million.

 

Cash flows

 

The following table provides information regarding our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005 and the nine months ended September 30, 2005 and September 30, 2006.