SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Amendment No. 3 to
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC.
14180 Dallas Parkway, 9th Floor
Montgomery J. Bennett
Copies to:
David Barbour
Muriel C. McFarling Andrews & Kurth L.L.P. 1717 Main Street, Suite 3700 Dallas, Texas 75201 (214) 659-4400 |
Brad S. Markoff
Jonathan H. Talcott Alston & Bird LLP 3201 Beechleaf Court, Suite 600 Raleigh, North Carolina 27604-1062 (919) 862-2200 |
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement.
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If the Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If delivery of the prospectus is expected to be
made pursuant to Rule 434, please check the following
box.
o
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
The registrant hereby amends this registration
statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its
effective date until the Registrant shall file a further
amendment which specifically states that this Registration
Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with
Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or
until the registration statement shall become effective on such
date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said
Section 8(a), may determine.
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED
JULY 31, 2003
PROSPECTUS
We will acquire all of our initial properties and
asset management and consulting agreements from entities owned
by Archie Bennett, Jr., our Chairman, Montgomery J. Bennett, our
President and Chief Executive Officer, David A. Brooks, our
Chief Legal Officer, Mark L. Nunneley, our Chief Accounting
Officer, and one of our directors, Martin L. Edelman (or his
family), in exchange for cash and interests in our company. Each
of the Bennetts will beneficially receive $1.5 million in
cash and a 7.4% interest in our company on a fully-diluted
basis, having a value of $31.4 million.
Messrs. Brooks, Nunneley and Edelman, plus two others, will
collectively receive a 1.6% interest in our company on a
fully-diluted basis, having a value of $6.8 million. The
interests in our company are valued using $10 per share, which
is the mid-point of the price range disclosed above. We will use
$65.7 million of the offering proceeds to repay debt
secured by the contributed properties, which, together with the
$3.0 million payment to the Bennetts, is 21.3% of the
anticipated net proceeds of this offering. We will also assume
$16.0 million in mortgage debt secured by one of the
contributed properties. The Bennetts each intend to use their
respective portion of the cash consideration to partially
satisfy their obligations to purchase 500,000 shares of our
common stock.
See Risk Factors beginning on
page 16 of this prospectus to read about risks you should
consider before buying our common stock. These risks
include:
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission
nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved
of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful
or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal
offense.
The underwriters have an option to purchase up to
5,250,000 additional shares of our common stock to cover
over-allotments.
Simultaneously with the completion of this
offering, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett will
acquire directly from us in a privately negotiated transaction
(and not from the underwriters) a total of 500,000 shares
of our common stock at a price per share equal to the offering
price, net of an amount equal to the underwriting discount.
We expect to deliver the common stock on or
about ,
2003.
Friedman Billings
Ramsey
The date of this prospectus
is ,
2003.
Proposed
Proposed
Title of Securities
Amount Being
Maximum Offering
Maximum Aggregate
Amount of
Being Registered
Registered(1)
Price per Unit(2)
Offering Price(2)
Registration Fee(3)
40,250,000 shares
$10.00
$402,500,000
$32,563
(1)
Includes 5,250,000 shares that may be purchased
pursuant to an over-allotment option granted to the underwriter.
(2)
Estimated solely for the purpose of determining
the registration fee in accordance with Rule 457(o).
(3)
Previously paid.
Table of Contents
The information in this
prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell
these securities until the registration statement filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus
is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not
soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where
the offer or sale is not permitted.
We are a blind pool investment opportunity. We
have no operating history, have identified only six properties
to acquire and, based on the mid-point of the price range
disclosed above, have not committed approximately 78.7% of the
anticipated net proceeds of this offering to any specific
assets. As a result, investors will not be able to evaluate the
economic merits of any assets we may later buy with our excess
equity. We may also be unable to invest our excess proceeds on
acceptable terms or at all.
Our Chairman and President and Chief Executive
Officer have conflicts of interest with us. Messrs. Archie
and Montgomery Bennett own our hotel manager, which will receive
substantial management fees from us and is party to an agreement
with us that generally requires us to hire it to manage any
future property. Certain of our officers and directors may
suffer different and more adverse tax consequences than our
stockholders upon the sale of some of our properties. Because of
these conflicts of interest, and because of our tax indemnity
obligation to the contributors of our initial assets, our
management may make decisions concerning the sale, acquisition
or refinancing of properties that are not in the
stockholders best interests.
We did not obtain independent appraisals of any
of the initial assets we will acquire from our affiliates.
Instead of paying a fixed price for these assets, we will issue
a fixed number of interests in our company that have a value
based on our initial public offering price. Consequently, the
consideration we exchange for the assets may exceed their fair
market value.
We have agreed for a period of up to
10 years to pay the affiliated entities contributing our
initial assets the amount of their income tax liability, plus a
gross-up amount, if we dispose of any of their contributed
properties in a taxable transaction.
We may have to pay substantial fees to our hotel
manager, which is owned by the Bennetts, upon early termination
of our hotel management agreement. If we were to terminate the
management agreement with respect to all six of our initial
properties immediately after this offering, the termination fee
would be approximately $10.6 million. This fee will
increase if we acquire additional properties. Any termination
fees that we have to pay under the management agreement may
reduce our cash available for distribution.
Our mortgage loan assets will generally be
non-recourse, and in the case of a defaulted non-recourse loan,
our recovery will be limited to the value of the underlying
property, which may be less than the loan amount. Our mezzanine
mortgage loans may be unsecured entirely or subordinated to a
senior lender and may become unsecured upon foreclosure.
Increases in the interest rates on our borrowings
may reduce our net income by reducing the spread between the
interest rate on our borrowings to fund an investment and the
investments return.
Upon completion of this offering, our
consolidated mortgage indebtedness will be approximately
$16.0 million. We are also seeking a $120 million bank
credit facility. While our initial policy is to limit our
leverage to 60% of our gross assets, our board of directors may
change this and our other operating policies and strategies at
any time without stockholder approval. Our debt service
obligations may reduce our cash available for distribution.
Per Share
Total
$
$
$
$
$
$
Legg Mason Wood
Walker
Incorporated
Credit Lyonnais
Securities (USA) Inc.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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F-1
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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY
This summary highlights information relating to Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and our common stock that is being offered by this prospectus. More detailed discussions of this information are contained in this prospectus. To better understand the offering and our business, you should carefully review this entire prospectus, including Risk Factors. Unless indicated otherwise, the information included in this prospectus assumes no exercise of the underwriters over-allotment option, and, unless otherwise mentioned or unless the context requires, all references in this prospectus to we, us, our or similar references mean Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, our operating partnership, and our other subsidiaries. In addition, unless otherwise mentioned or unless the context requires, all reference in the Prospectus to Remington Hotel Corporation or Remington Hotel means Remington Hotel Corporation, Remington Lodging & Hospitality, L.P. or Remington Lodging and their respective subsidiaries. Unless otherwise indicated, the information contained in this prospectus is as of June 30, 2003 and assumes that the underwriters overallotment option is not exercised, the common stock to be sold in this offering is sold at $10.00 per share, which is the mid-point of the range of prices indicated on the front cover of this prospectus, and the units of limited partnership in our operating partnership to be issued in the formation transactions are valued at $10.00 per unit. Each unit is redeemable for cash equal to the then-current market value of one share of common stock or, at our option, one share of our common stock, commencing 12 months following the consummation of this offering. The number of shares of restricted stock to be granted to our executive officers and employees as incentive compensation in connection with our initial public offering will be equal to 2.25% of the fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding after completion of this offering, and for purposes of this prospectus we have assumed that we will sell 35.0 million shares of common stock and the underwriters overallotment option will not be exercised.
Overview
We are a Maryland corporation that was formed in May 2003 to take advantage of the existing and developing investment opportunities in the lodging industry. These diverse lodging investment opportunities may result from inefficiencies related to market illiquidity, supply/ demand imbalances and general business cycles. We will initially target specific opportunities created by the current distressed lodging market but will retain the flexibility to invest in the most attractive risk-reward opportunities as they develop in the lodging business cycle. To our knowledge, we will be one of the few publicly traded REITs, if not the only publicly traded REIT, exclusively focused on investing in the hospitality industry at all levels of the capital structure and across all segments where pricing, yield and capital appreciation advantages may exist. While our initial investment policies are well defined, because we will have approximately $254.1 million of net proceeds for which we have not yet identified specific properties to purchase or investments to make, we will be considered a blind pool. Further, our board of directors may change our investment policies at any time without stockholder approval.
Immediately prior to our formation, all of our senior executive officers were employed by and responsible for the lodging investment activities of Remington Hotel Corporation and its affiliated company, Ashford Financial Corporation, or Ashford Financial. Although these officers have no experience operating a public company or a REIT, they have experience in sourcing, underwriting, operating, repositioning, developing, selling and financing a wide variety of lodging investments. As a result, we believe that we have broad-based experience with the full spectrum of issues and business cycles that affect the lodging industry. Our management team has operated effectively across a variety of lodging-related investment types in both growth and recessionary cycles.
Immediately following the completion of this offering and the formation transactions, we will own six hotel properties, have approximately $254.1 million of cash available to fund the acquisition or origination of lodging-related assets and for general corporate purposes and, with only $16.0 million of mortgage debt, will be relatively unleveraged. This capital structure provides us with the ability to make significant future investments to take advantage of what we believe are current opportunities in the hotel market. We intend
1
We intend to be self-advised and own our lodging investments and conduct our business through an operating partnership, Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership. We will own an 86.7% interest in our operating partnership. We also intend to elect to be treated as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, for federal income tax purposes. Because of limitations imposed on REITs in operating hotel properties, Remington Lodging & Hospitality, L.P., or Remington Lodging, will manage our hotel properties. Remington Lodging is wholly owned by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery J. Bennett, who also own 100% of Remington Hotel Corporation, or Remington Hotel, which is one of the largest privately-owned independent hotel management companies in the country and has managed over $1 billion of hotels in 28 states.
Our initial assets will consist of six hotels, four Embassy Suites and two Radisson Hotels, and eight asset management and consulting agreements. We will acquire all of our initial assets from affiliates, including Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett or entities owned by them, Mr. Martin L. Edelman (or his family members), one of our anticipated directors, Mr. David A. Brooks, our Chief Legal Officer, Mr. Mark Nunneley, our Chief Accounting Officer, and two employees of Remington Hotel Corporation. The aggregate value of the consideration to be paid by us in exchange for our initial assets, including assumption of mortgage notes, is $143.5 million. We will own the hotels in fee simple except for the Radisson Hotel located in Covington, Kentucky, which will be owned part in fee simple and part pursuant to a ground lease which expires in 2070 (including all extensions). For the years ended December 31, 2002 and 2001 and the six months ended June 30, 2003, these six hotels had a cumulative net operating loss of $3.1 million, $2.9 million and $1.4 million, respectively, which losses include non-cash expenses for depreciation and amortization of $4.8 million, $4.4 million and $2.2 million for December 31, 2002 and 2001 and the six months ended June 30, 2003, respectively. The asset management and consulting agreements are contracts between Ashford Financial and eight affiliated hotel management companies. Under these agreements, Ashford Financial provides asset management and consulting services to 27 hotels managed under contract with eight management companies beneficially owned by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett. After the contribution of these agreements to us, we will take Ashford Financials interest under the agreements and will perform the services instead of Ashford Financial.
Our initial assets were valued based on several factors, including a multiple of expected future earnings, internal rate of return analysis, review of replacement costs and analysis of sales of similar assets. No single factor was given greater weight than any other in valuing these assets. We did not obtain independent appraisals for any of these assets. As a result, such amounts may not reflect fair market value; however, our management believes that the total fair value of all consideration given in connection with our formation transactions (including the assumption of liabilities) is equal to the fair value of the assets acquired, assuming the common stock sold in this offering is sold at the mid-point of the range of prices indicated on the front cover of this prospectus. In connection with the determination of consideration to be paid for each of our initial assets, the total number of shares of common stock or units of our operating partnership is fixed. Accordingly, the ultimate value of the consideration we will deliver in exchange for the initial assets will fluctuate based on the initial public offering price of our stock. Specifically, if the initial public offering price is greater than the mid-point of our estimated range, the contributors of our initial assets will receive consideration greater than our original valuation.
2
Risk Factors
An investment in our common stock involves various risks. You should carefully consider these and other matters discussed under Risk Factors prior to making an investment in us. Some of these risks include:
| We are a blind pool. We have no operating history, have identified only six hotel properties and no mortgage loans to acquire and have not committed the substantial majority of the anticipated net offering proceeds to any specific assets. We may be unable to invest our excess proceeds on acceptable terms or at all. | |
| Our Chairmans and Chief Executive Officers conflicts of interest arising from their ownership interests in our manager (which will receive substantial fees from us) and in other lodging business entities and their and our other officers tax positions and tax indemnification rights may result in management decisions not in the stockholders best interest and may make sales or refinancings of some of our properties less likely. | |
| We did not obtain independent appraisals of the initial hotels or the asset management and consulting agreements contributed to or acquired by us from affiliates. In addition, instead of paying a fixed price for the assets, we will issue a fixed number of interests in our company that have a value based on our initial public offering price. Consequently, the consideration we exchange for the assets may exceed their aggregate fair market value. | |
| We have agreed for a period of up to 10 years to pay the affiliated entities contributing our initial assets the amount of their income tax liability, plus a gross-up amount, if we dispose of any of their contributed properties in a taxable transaction. The partners in the contributing partnership include Messrs. Archie and Monty Bennett, Brooks and Nunneley and family members of Mr. Edelman. | |
| We may have to pay substantial fees to our hotel manager, which is owned by Messrs. Archie and Monty Bennett, upon early termination of our hotel management agreement. | |
| Our mortgage loan assets will generally be non-recourse, will not be government insured and may not be investment grade. In the case of a defaulted non-recourse loan, our recovery will be limited to the value of the underlying property, which may be less than the loan amount. Our mezzanine mortgage loans may be unsecured or secured but subordinated to a senior lender and may become unsecured upon foreclosure. | |
| Interest rate mismatches between our borrowings and our investments as well as changes in prepayment rates on our mortgage loans may reduce our income. | |
| Immediately upon completion of this offering, we will have consolidated mortgage indebtedness of approximately $16.0 million and we are currently seeking a bank credit facility of approximately $120.0 million. While our policy is to limit the leverage on our investments to 60% of gross assets, our board of directors may change this and our other operating policies and strategies at any time without stockholder approval. Our debt service obligations may reduce our cash available for distribution. | |
| We may enter into interest rate hedging transactions, which may reduce our net income because they may be unsuccessful or the counterparties to hedging transactions may not perform their obligations. | |
| Our officers have no experience operating a public company or a REIT. | |
| Hotel operations are sensitive to economic and political conditions. | |
| We depend on the business relationships and experience of our key personnel, the loss of whom could threaten our ability to execute our strategies. | |
| If we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will be subject to greater federal income tax. | |
| We may not be able to maintain or renew our hotel franchises. | |
| Maintaining our hotels and complying with hotel franchise standards may require us to make significant capital expenditures. |
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| Our lodging-related assets will be illiquid, and sales of hotel investments could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us because of the Internal Revenue Code rules governing REITs. | |
| The costs of compliance with environmental and other regulations by us and the operators of the hotels underlying our loans may harm our operating results. |
Our Team
We intend to capitalize on the experience of our senior management in sourcing, underwriting, operating, repositioning, developing, selling and financing lodging-related assets. Our roots in the hotel industry trace back to 1968 when our Chairman, Archie Bennett, Jr., built his first hotel. Since then, Mr. Bennett and certain members of our senior management team have been involved in the investment in, or management of, 190 hotels or mortgage loans secured by hotels, totaling approximately 31,119 rooms in 33 states and in the development of 35 hotels, totaling approximately 9,201 rooms in 11 states.
Historically, our management teams business strategy has been threefold: first, to identify attractive investment opportunities in the lodging industry; second, to match such opportunities with appropriate institutional oriented investors; and third, to manage such investments, including providing development, management and construction services, for the institutional owners. We believe our managements historical background in the hotel industry will allow us to successfully execute our business strategy.
The Chairman of our board of directors, Archie Bennett, Jr., will continue to serve as the Chairman of the board of directors of Remington Hotel Corporation after this offering, and our President and Chief Executive Officer, Montgomery J. Bennett, will continue to serve as President and Chief Executive Officer of Remington Hotel Corporation. Remington Lodging, which is an affiliate of Remington Hotel and which is owned 100% by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, will provide management and other related services for our hotel properties after the offering. All other members of our senior management team who were employees of Remington Hotel prior to our formation will resign from Remington Hotel at or prior to the closing of this offering.
Our Business Strategy
We will implement an asset allocation strategy aimed at maximizing stockholder value by providing attractive risk-adjusted returns throughout the business cycles of the lodging industry. We intend to selectively invest capital in a variety of lodging-related assets based on our evaluation of diverse market conditions. By investing in diversified lodging assets, at different levels of a given hotels capital structure, we plan to take advantage of changes in the capital markets. Our investment strategy will target limited and full service hotels in primary, secondary and resort markets throughout the United States. To take full advantage of current and future investment opportunities in the lodging industry, we will invest according to the asset allocation policies described below. Due to changes in market conditions we will continually evaluate the appropriateness of our investment policies and our board of directors may change any or all of these policies at any time, thereby providing us with flexibility in our asset allocation strategy. In addition to our investment activities, we will also perform certain asset management and consulting services for other management companies affiliated with Remington Hotel.
Direct Hotel Investments
We intend to acquire existing hotels and, under appropriate market conditions, to develop new hotels. Our direct hotel acquisition strategy will seek to achieve both current income and income from appreciation. We expect to acquire hotels that either offer a high return on investment or have the opportunity to increase in value through brand repositioning, market based recovery or improved management practices. We believe that values for, and operating performances of, lodging properties are currently below historical levels, making this an attractive time for acquisitions.
4
Mezzanine Financing
We intend to acquire or originate subordinated loans, also known as mezzanine loans, secured by junior mortgages on hotels or pledges of equity interests in entities owning hotels. These mezzanine loans may be secured by individual assets as well as cross-collateralized portfolios of assets. Although these types of loans generally have greater repayment risks than first mortgages due to the subordinated nature of such loans, we believe that there currently exists a strong need for lodging mezzanine loans. We believe that the recent slowdown in the travel industry has caused the value of hotel properties to decline below the values at which they were acquired or last refinanced. This decline in market value, coupled with more stringent underwriting criteria by senior hotel lenders, has caused a gap to develop in the loan-to-value ratio of these properties, making it increasingly difficult for owners to refinance their properties. We believe that mezzanine capital provides a solution for these owners by providing loans to cover the loan-to-value shortfalls. We expect this asset class to provide us with attractive yields and, potentially, allow us to participate in the improving economics of the underlying hotel. In addition, subject to regulatory compliance, we may acquire or originate corporate-level mezzanine loans on an unsecured basis.
First Mortgage Financing
We intend to acquire, potentially at a discount to par, or originate loans secured by first priority mortgages on hotels. We may be subject to certain state-imposed licensing regulations related to commercial mortgage lenders, with which we intend to comply. However, because we are not a bank or a federally chartered lending institution, we are not subject to the state and federal regulatory constraints imposed on such entities. Also, because we do not intend to securitize our assets, we expect to be able to offer more flexible terms than commercial lenders who contribute loans to securitized mortgage pools. We anticipate that this asset class will provide us with stable, attractive current yields.
Sale-Leaseback Transactions
We intend to purchase hotels and lease them back to their existing hotel owners. Our sale-leaseback policy will target hotel owners that want the ability to realize the value of their investments while maintaining operating control of their hotels. We will seek to structure the transactions as net leases with participation features, terms ranging up to 20 years plus extension options, and with the operating responsibility for the property assumed by the lessee. We believe these transactions will provide us current income, with growth through contractual rental increases or cash flow participations.
Asset Allocation
Our initial asset allocation strategy will target investment opportunities presented by todays distressed lodging market, which has been characterized by substantial reductions in performance and value of hotel properties. These conditions present significant opportunities for attractive risk-adjusted debt and equity investments. We believe, however, that the significant competitive advantage of our asset allocation strategy is its flexibility, which allows us to reallocate our investments to take advantage of changing opportunities in the lodging market. We intend to evaluate our portfolio on a regular basis to determine if it continues to satisfy our investment criteria. Subject to certain restrictions applicable to REITs, we may sell investments opportunistically. Our decision to sell a hotel often will be predicated upon, among other things: the projected cash flow; size of the hotel; strength of the franchise; property condition and related costs to renovate the property; strength of market demand; projected supply of hotel rooms in the market; probability of increased valuation; and geographic profile of the hotel. Our decision to sell other lodging-related assets will depend upon, among other things, managements forecast and review of the performance of our overall portfolio and managements assessment of changing conditions in the investment and capital markets. We expect our initial asset allocation, once our net proceeds are fully invested, to be approximately 50%-60% in direct hotel investments, 20% to 30% in mezzanine financing, 5% to 10% in first mortgage financing and 5% to 10% in sale-leaseback transactions.
5
Asset Management and Consulting Services
To comply with the REIT rules, Remington Lodging will perform the day-to-day management activities related to the operations of our properties. However, we will provide certain asset management services to other entities affiliated with Remington Hotel. Specifically, our initial assets will include eight asset management and consulting agreements under which we will provide various services to eight property managers affiliated with Remington Hotel in exchange for a fee. In performing these services, we will either provide or supervise specific asset management services, including risk management and insurance procurement; assistance with preparation of tax returns and monitoring of the payment of taxes; negotiation of hotel franchise agreements and monitoring compliance with franchise requirements; negotiation of property financings and monitoring compliance with loan covenants; negotiation and closing of equipment leases; property litigation management; assistance with preparation of annual operating and capital budgets for the hotels; and monitoring compliance with the management agreements. We will also provide additional services to these property managers such as market and feasibility analysis, capital improvement assistance, financial planning and franchise support. To the extent permitted by REIT rules, we will perform similar functions with respect to our own properties.
Formation Transactions
The principal transactions in connection with our formation and the contribution or acquisition of the initial hotel properties and the other initial assets are as follows:
| We will sell 35,000,000 shares of common stock in the offering and will contribute the net proceeds to Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, our operating partnership. In addition, we will sell privately 500,000 shares of common stock to Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr., our Chairman, and Mr. Montgomery Bennett, our President and Chief Executive Officer, at the initial offering price less the underwriting discount. | |
| Four limited partnerships will each contribute a hotel property to us in exchange for limited partnership units in our operating partnership, and one additional limited partnership will contribute a hotel property to us in exchange for limited partnership units and $3 million in cash (which cash will be used by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett to purchase shares of our common stock). Four of these limited partnerships are owned approximately 84.5% by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett; approximately 5% by Mr. Martin L. Edelman, one of our directors, or his family members; approximately 5% by Mr. David A. Brooks, our Chief Legal Officer; approximately 2% by Mr. Mark Nunneley, our Chief Accounting Officer; approximately 2.5% by Mr. Mark Sharkey; and approximately 1% by Ms. Mary Villarreal, both of whom are employees of Remington Hotel Corporation. The other limited partnership is owned 100% by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett. In exchange for these five properties, we will: | |
| issue to these partnerships 4,632,917 units of limited partnership interest in our operating partnership, valued at approximately $46.3 million based on a value per unit equal to the initial public offering price for our common stock, of which the following persons will beneficially own the following number of units: |
Archie Bennett, Jr.
|
1,974,457 units | |||
Montgomery Bennett
|
1,974,457 units | |||
Martin Edelman
|
220,647 units | |||
David Brooks
|
220,647 units | |||
Mark Nunneley
|
88,257 units | |||
Mark Sharkey
|
110,323 units | |||
Mary Villarreal
|
44,129 units |
| assume approximately $63.9 million of mortgage debt secured by the hotel properties, $47.9 million of which will be repaid with the proceeds of this offering, including the pay-off of |
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$6.0 million on the Covington property (after giving effect to an agreed upon discount of $3.3 million) and a $2.9 million payment to Promus Hotels, Inc., as a redemption of the special limited partner on the Las Vegas property. |
| A sixth limited partnership will sell a hotel property to us for consideration payable in shares of our common stock. Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett own 100% of this partnership. In exchange for this property, we will: |
| issue to this sixth partnership 216,634 shares of our common stock, valued at approximately $2.2 million based on a value per share equal to the initial public offering price; and | |
| assume approximately $17.8 million of mortgage debt secured by the hotel property, which will be repaid with the proceeds of this offering. |
| Ashford Financial Corporation will contribute eight asset management and consulting agreements to us in exchange for 1,025,000 units of limited partnership interest in our operating partnership, valued at approximately $10.25 million based on a value per unit equal to the initial public offering price for our common stock. The asset management and consulting agreements relate to management and consulting services that Ashford Financial Corporation has agreed to perform for 27 hotel properties managed by affiliates of Remington Hotel Corporation. Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett own 100% of Ashford Financial Corporation and also own a minority interest in the hotel properties underlying these asset management and consulting agreements. | |
| Four of the six entities contributing initial assets to us will be responsible for the payment of $550,000 of exit fees associated with the pay-off of debt on certain of the initial assets. These exit fee payments will be made from working capital maintained by the respective entities. Substantially all of the balance of any working capital maintained by these entities as well as substantially all of the working capital maintained by the other two entities contributing or selling initial assets to us will be retained by such entities for ultimate distribution to its respective partners. As of June 30, 2003, there is approximately $4.2 million cumulative net working capital in the contributing or selling entities. | |
| We will serve as the sole general partner of our operating partnership, and immediately following the consummation of this offering, we will own an approximately 86.7% limited partnership interest in our operating partnership. | |
| In general, we intend to own our properties and conduct substantially all of our business through our operating partnership and its subsidiaries, including Ashford TRS Corporation, a Delaware corporation. Ashford TRS will operate as a taxable REIT subsidiary or TRS. | |
| Each of the initial properties will be held in a separate partnership. Each such partnership will be our wholly-owned subsidiary. We have established these single-asset entities to facilitate any possible future property-level debt as commercial lenders often prefer borrowers that are single-asset entities. Each of the partnerships in which the initial hotel properties are held will enter into percentage leases with Ashford TRS. | |
| Ashford TRS will enter into a management agreement with Remington Lodging & Hospitality, L.P., which is wholly-owned by Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr., our Chairman, and Mr. Montgomery Bennett, our President and Chief Executive Officer. Pursuant to this agreement, Remington Lodging will manage and provide certain project management services for each of our initial properties. In exchange for such services, Remington Lodging will be entitled to the following fees: |
| a monthly base management fee for each hotel property equal to the greater of: (i) $10,000 (increased annually based on consumer price index) and (ii) 3% of the gross monthly revenues, | |
| an annual incentive management fee equal to the lesser of: (i) 1% of gross annual revenues and (ii) the amount by which the actual gross operating profit exceeds the target gross operating profit in the annual operating budget, and |
7
| a project management fee equal to 4% of the total project costs associated with the implementation of the capital improvement budget up to 5% of gross revenue for that fiscal year, and 3% of total project costs to the extent the capital improvement budget and/or renovation project involves the expenditure of an amount in excess of 5% of gross revenues for that fiscal year. |
| We and our operating partnership will enter into a mutual exclusivity agreement with Remington Lodging, Remington Hotel, and Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett. Pursuant to this exclusivity agreement, we will have a first right of refusal to purchase or originate any lodging-related investments identified by these entities and any of their respective affiliates. Also, pursuant to this agreement, Remington Lodging will manage and provide certain project management and development services for all future properties that we acquire, unless our independent directors either (i) unanimously vote to hire a different manager, or (ii) based on special circumstances or past performance, by a majority vote elect not to engage Remington Lodging because they have determined that it would be in our best interest not to engage Remington Lodging or that another manager or developer could perform the duties materially better. In connection with any development services provided by Remington Lodging, Remington Lodging will be entitled to a development fee equal to 3% of the total project costs associated with the development. | |
| In connection with the consummation of this offering and the consummation of the formation transactions, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett will receive certain direct and indirect benefits as described in this prospectus. | |
| Eight employees of Remington Hotel Corporation, including Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett and Messrs. Kessler and Nunneley, and three employees of Ashford Financial Corporation, including Messrs. Kimichik and Brooks, will become our employees. | |
| We will provide registration rights to holders of common stock to be issued either in connection with our acquisition of the initial properties or upon redemption of units in our operating partnership, in each case that were issued in connection with this offering. | |
| The obligation of the transferors or their affiliates to pay tax on the unrealized gain resulting from the transfer of equity interests in the five initial hotels being contributed to us in exchange for limited partnership interests will be deferred. In addition, with respect to the initial contributed properties, we have agreed to pay the contributors tax liability if we reduce the indebtedness related to one of our initial hotels or if we dispose of any of the contributed properties within 10 years of the date of this offering, unless we dispose of such property in a tax-deferred transaction, such as a like-kind exchange under §1031 of the Internal Revenue Code. |
8
Our Structure
The following chart shows the structure of our company following completion of the offering and the formation transactions:
(1) | Certain of our executive officers and employees will own restricted shares, representing approximately 0.91% of our outstanding common stock, subject to vesting requirements; our independent directors will own restricted shares, representing approximately 0.07% of our outstanding common stock; and Friedman Billings Ramsey will beneficially own restricted shares representing 0.25% of our outstanding common stock. The actual number of restricted shares issued to our executive officers and employees will be equal, in the aggregate, to 2.25% of the fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding after completion of this offering, excluding the 93,149 shares issued to the underwriters. |
(2) | Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett will beneficially own 11.73% of Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership (2.42% through their 100% ownership of Ashford Financial Corporation). Mr. Marty Edelman and certain family members will beneficially own 0.52%. Mr. David Brooks will beneficially own 0.52%. Mr. Mark Nunneley will beneficially own 0.21%. Two employees of Remington Hotel Corporation will beneficially own 0.36%. |
(3) | The general partner has no economic interest in the partnership (as permitted under Delaware law). |
9
Benefits to Related Parties
Three of our directors, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett and Mr. Edelman (or his family members), two of our executive officers, Messrs. Brooks and Nunneley, and two employees of Remington Hotel Corporation, Mr. Mark Sharkey and Ms. Mary Villarreal, indirectly own 100% of the interests in the entities that own all of our initial assets. In exchange for these initial assets, we will give total consideration of $143.5 million, in the form of (i) 5,657,917 limited partnership units in our operating partnership, valued at $56.6 million, (ii) 216,634 shares of our common stock, valued at $2.2 million, (iii) $3.0 million in cash and (iv) $81.7 million in the form of assumption of debt ($65.7 million of which will be repaid at closing).
The following chart depicts, on an individual basis, the total value of consideration to be received by each of our affiliates in connection with our acquisition of the initial assets:
Number of Shares | ||||||||||||||||
Number of Units | of Common Stock | Cash | Value of | |||||||||||||
Contributor | to be Received | to be Received | Payments | Consideration | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
Archie Bennett, Jr.
|
2,486,957 | 108,317 | $ | 1,500,000 | $ | 27,452,740 | ||||||||||
Montgomery J. Bennett
|
2,486,957 | 108,317 | 1,500,000 | 27,452,740 | ||||||||||||
Marty Edelman
|
220,647 | 2,206,470 | ||||||||||||||
David A. Brooks
|
220,647 | 2,206,470 | ||||||||||||||
Mark Nunneley
|
88,257 | 882,570 | ||||||||||||||
Mark Sharkey
|
110,323 | 1,103,230 | ||||||||||||||
Mary Villarreal
|
44,129 | 441,290 |
Additionally, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett beneficially own 100% of Remington Lodging & Hospitality, L.P., our hotel manager, and will benefit from the payment of management and other fees by us to Remington Lodging pursuant to our management agreement or the mutual exclusivity agreement. We intend to engage Remington Lodging as the property manager for our six initial hotels and for any future hotels that we lease to Ashford TRS. Under the terms of the management agreement, Remington Lodging will receive a base management fee, and if the hotels meet and exceed certain identified thresholds, an additional incentive management fee. In certain instances, Remington Lodging will also be entitled to project management fees and other fees under the management agreement and to development fees under the mutual exclusivity agreement. Set forth below is a summary of each of the fees payable to Remington Lodging and affiliated entities, by hotel property, pursuant to the management agreement and the exclusivity agreement as well as the cumulative amount of such fees for the trailing 12 months ended June 30, 2003 with respect to the six initial properties, assuming these agreements had been in place during such period.
10
Actual Amount for the
Initial Properties for the
12 Months Ended
Type of Fee
Calculation
June 30, 2003
(1)
Monthly base management fee equal to the greater
of: (i) $10,000 (increased annually based on consumer price
index) and (ii) 3% of the gross monthly revenues
$
1,050,658
Annual incentive management fee equal to the
lesser of: (i) 1% of gross annual revenues and
(ii) the amount by which the actual gross operating profit
exceeds the target gross operating profit in the annual
operating budget.
none
4% of the total project costs associated with the
implementation of the capital improvement until the total
project costs equal 5% of gross revenues, and then 3% of project
costs for expenditures in excess of 5% of the gross revenue
threshold.
20,771
3% of total project costs associated with the
development
none
Then-current market rates
356,531
Total
$
1,427,960
(2)
(1) | Assuming the new management agreement was in place during such period. |
(2) | The total actual amount for the 12 months ended June 30, 2003 paid under the existing management agreement, which will be terminated upon the consummation of this offering, is the same as the total shown assuming the new management agreement was in place during such period. |
We and our operating partnership will enter into a mutual exclusivity agreement with Remington Lodging, Remington Hotel and Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett. Pursuant to this agreement, we will have the right of first refusal to pursue all lodging investment opportunities identified by Remington Lodging or Remington Hotel or their affiliates, including Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett. Also, if we elect to pursue an investment opportunity that consists of buying a hotel property or buying land for the purpose of building a hotel property or constructing hotel improvements, we will hire Remington Lodging to manage the hotel, build the hotel, construct the improvements or provide project management or other services unless our independent directors either (i) unanimously elect not to engage Remington Lodging, or (ii) based on special circumstances or past performance, by a majority vote elect not to engage Remington Lodging because they have determined that it would be in our best interest not to engage Remington Lodging or that another manager or developer could perform the duties materially better. Certain existing investments, management arrangements and exchanges pursuant to existing contractual obligations are excluded from the mutual exclusivity agreement.
Conflicts of Interest
Some of our directors and executive officers have interests that may conflict with our interests and result in them receiving personal benefits from this offering. Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr., our Chairman, and his son, Mr. Montgomery Bennett, our President and Chief Executive Officer, and certain of our other executive officers and family members of one of our anticipated directors own beneficial interests in the entities from which we are acquiring our initial assets. As such, they are beneficiaries of the payments to be made by us under the contribution, sale or assignment agreements pursuant to which we will acquire our initial assets in connection with the formation transactions.
11
We have also agreed to indemnify the contributors for any tax liability they incur if we reduce the indebtedness related to one of the contributed properties or if we dispose of any contributed property within 10 years of the date of this offering, unless we dispose of such property in a tax-deferred transaction. We have agreed, until the tenth anniversary of the consummation of this offering, to indemnify each of the contributors of our initial assets, including Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett and certain other affiliates, against adverse tax consequences to them in the event that we directly or indirectly sell, exchange or otherwise dispose of, in a taxable transaction, five properties contributed to us in exchange for operating partnership units. In addition, under the debt maintenance provisions of the tax indemnity agreements, we have agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to maintain certain levels of indebtedness which will, among other things, allow the contributors to defer the recognition of gain in connection with the contribution of one of our hotel properties as part of the formation transactions.
Additionally, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett beneficially own 100% of the manager of our properties, Remington Lodging. Thus, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett will benefit from the fees paid to Remington Lodging under the management agreement as well as any development fees paid to Remington Lodging under the exclusivity agreement. The initial term of the management agreement is 10 years, with three seven-year and one four-year renewal options. Each renewal is within the sole discretion of Remington Lodging, provided it has satisfied certain minimum performance standards. If we terminate the management agreement, we will be required to pay Remington Lodging a substantial termination fee. Additionally, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett will benefit from the terms of the mutual exclusivity agreement, which limit our ability to engage other entities for property management, development, and other project management related services without the unanimous consent of our independent directors or, in certain circumstances, the majority vote of our independent directors.
In addition to their ownership interest in Remington Lodging, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett beneficially own 100% of Remington Hotel and Ashford Financial Corporation. Also, Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr., is the Chairman of Remington Hotels board of directors and Mr. Montgomery Bennett is a director of Remington Hotel and is its President and Chief Executive Officer. As a result, their fiduciary duties to us may conflict with their fiduciary duties to and pecuniary interest in Remington Hotel, Remington Lodging and Ashford Financial Corporation. Therefore, the negotiations and agreements between us, our wholly-owned subsidiaries or our operating partnership and these entities and their affiliates may not solely reflect the interests of our stockholders.
To mitigate any potential conflicts of interest, our initial board of directors will consist of five independent directors, out of a total of seven. Furthermore, our charter requires that, at all times, a majority of our board of directors be independent directors. This independent director requirement may not be amended, altered, changed or repealed without the affirmative vote of at least a majority of the independent directors on our board of directors and the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of our then outstanding common stock. Our directors also are subject to provisions of Maryland law that address transactions between Maryland corporations and our directors or other entities in which our directors have a material financial interest. In addition, our charter, consistent with Maryland law, contains a requirement that any transaction or agreement involving us, our wholly-owned subsidiaries or our operating partnership and a director or officer or an affiliate of any director or officer will require the approval of a majority of disinterested directors. However, there can be no assurance that these policies always will be successful in eliminating the influence of such conflicts, and if they are not successful, decisions could be made that might not fully reflect the interests of all of our stockholders.
Corporate Information
We were incorporated in Maryland on May 13, 2003. Our principal executive offices are located at 14180 Dallas Parkway, 9th floor, Dallas, Texas 75254. Our telephone number is (972) 490-9600. Mr. Montgomery Bennett currently owns all of our outstanding shares of common stock.
We intend to elect to be treated as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, we will not incur federal income tax on our earnings to the extent that we distribute those earnings to our stockholders
12
Common stock | 35,000,000 shares (1) | |
Common stock outstanding after this offering | 36,766,283 shares (2) | |
Proposed NYSE symbol | AHT |
(1) | Does not include 500,000 shares of restricted stock issuable to Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett or 216,634 shares conveyed to a limited partnership, owned by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, in exchange for one of our initial properties. |
(2) | Includes (a) 500,000 shares of restricted stock issuable to Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett; (b) 216,634 shares of restricted stock conveyed to a limited partnership, owned by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, in exchange for one of our initial properties; (c) 25,000 shares of restricted stock issuable to our directors upon consummation of this offering as an inducement to agree to serve on our board; (d) 93,149 shares of restricted stock issuable to Friedman Billings Ramsey upon the consummation of this offering as compensation for services performed in connection with this offering (the actual number of shares issued will depend on the number of shares we sell in the offering); and (e) 931,500 shares of restricted stock issuable to our Chairman, our CEO and President, our Chief Operating Officer, our Chief Legal Officer, our Chief Financial Officer, our Chief Accounting Officer and other employees upon the consummation of this offering, subject to vesting based on continued service by such directors or employment by such officers. The actual number of restricted shares issuable to our executive officers and employees will be equal to 2.25% of the fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding after completion of this offering, excluding the 93,149 shares issuable to the underwriters. Excludes (a) 5,657,917 shares issuable upon the conversion of units of partnership interest in our operating partnership; and (b) 1,138,500 restricted shares issuable to executive officers and employees as incentive compensation, at the discretion of the compensation committee. The actual number of restricted shares issuable in the future to executive officers and employees as incentive compensation will be equal to 2.75% of the fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding after completion of this offering, excluding the 93,149 shares issuable to the underwriters. |
Use of Proceeds
We estimate that the net proceeds of this offering will be approximately $322.75 million, based upon the assumed price per share of common stock of $10 and after deducting the underwriting discount and estimated offering expenses payable by us. If the underwriters over-allotment option is exercised in full, our net proceeds will be approximately $371.58 million. We intend to use the net proceeds from the offering as follows:
| approximately $65.7 million to repay mortgage indebtedness secured by the initial properties, including the discounted payoff of Covington debt and the $2.9 million redemption price of the special limited partner; | |
| approximately $3.0 million to pay the cash portion of the acquisition cost related to the contribution of one of our initial properties; and | |
| the remainder to fund the acquisition or origination of lodging-related assets and for general corporate purposes. |
13
Distribution Policy
To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we intend to make annual distributions to our stockholders of at least 90% of our taxable income (which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles). Distributions will be authorized by our board of directors and declared by us based upon a variety of factors deemed relevant by our directors, and no assurance can be given that our dividend policy will not change in the future. Our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders will depend, in part, upon our receipt of distributions from our operating partnership, Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, which may depend upon receipt of lease payments with respect to our properties from our indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary and lessee, Ashford TRS, and, in turn, upon the management of our properties by Remington Lodging. Distributions to our stockholders will generally be taxable to our stockholders as ordinary income; however, because a portion of our investments will be equity ownership interests in hotels, which will result in depreciation and non-cash charges against our income, a portion of our distributions may constitute a tax-free return of capital. To the extent not inconsistent with maintaining our REIT status, we may maintain accumulated earnings of Ashford TRS in such entity.
Our charter allows us to issue preferred stock with a preference on distributions. We currently have no intention to issue any preferred stock, but if we do, the dividend preference on the preferred stock could limit our ability to make a dividend distribution to our common stockholders.
We anticipate adopting in the future, a dividend reinvestment plan that allows our stockholders that have enrolled in the plan to reinvest their distributions automatically in additional shares of common stock.
14
Summary Selected Financial Information
The following table sets forth summary selected historical operating and financial data for Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. This information represents the historical financial condition and results of operations of entities that own the initial assets.
The following summary selected historical combined financial information as of December 31, 2002 and 2001 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2002 were derived from audited financial statements contained elsewhere in this prospectus. The following summary selected historical combined financial information as of December 31, 2000, was derived from unaudited financial statements. The following summary selected historical combined financial information as of June 30, 2003 and for the six months ended June 30, 2003 and 2002, were derived from unaudited financial statements contained elsewhere in this prospectus. The unaudited historical combined financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, which we consider necessary for a fair presentation of our financial condition and the results of operations as of such dates and for such periods under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
You should read the information below along with
all other financial information and analysis presented in this
prospectus, including the sections captioned
Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations and Ashford
Hospitality Trust, Inc.s combined financial statements and
related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Six Months Ended June 30,
Year Ended December 31,
2003
2002
2002
2001
2000
$
17,858,401
$
18,169,569
$
35,357,781
$
36,215,646
$
29,303,224
14,063,847
13,054,544
27,134,438
27,381,490
20,488,035
2,192,332
2,249,896
4,833,551
4,446,486
3,249,308
2,999,017
3,049,606
6,482,710
7,294,163
4,853,159
19,255,196
18,354,046
38,450,699
39,122,139
28,590,502
$
(1,396,795
)
$
(184,477
)
$
(3,092,918
)
$
(2,906,493
)
$
712,722
$
83,118,083
$
85,246,801
$
88,874,078
$
68,292,242
6,827,530
6,322,368
8,329,486
5,991,418
92,669,265
95,416,446
100,001,305
77,046,232
82,096,150
82,126,150
80,410,792
49,355,734
528,919
621,351
277,810
92,370
$
92,669,265
$
95,416,446
$
100,001,305
$
77,046,232
$
2,638,890
$
1,026,672
$
622,734
$
1,108,150
$
4,870,739
$
(50,484
)
$
(1,023,366
)
$
(1,079,824
)
$
(24,899,286
)
$
(12,778,381
)
$
(1,629,500
)
$
(932,537
)
$
(1,726,457
)
$
24,921,233
$
8,315,129
1,094
1,094
1,094
1,094
906
6
6
6
6
5
$
3,811,403
$
5,132,404
$
8,276,828
$
9,060,687
$
8,976,193
(1) | EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. We believe EBITDA is useful to investors as an indicator of our ability to service debt and pay cash distributions. EBITDA, as calculated by us, may not be comparable to EBITDA reported by other companies that do not define EBITDA exactly as we define the term. EBITDA does not represent cash generated from operating activities determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), and should not be considered as an alternative to operating income or net income determined in accordance with GAAP as an indicator of performance or as an alternative to cash flows from operating activities as an indicator of liquidity. |
(2) | Includes restricted cash. |
Reconciliation of EBITDA
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
Net (loss) income
|
$ | (1,396,795 | ) | $ | (184,477 | ) | $ | (3,092,918 | ) | $ | (2,906,493 | ) | $ | 712,722 | |||||||
Plus depreciation and amortization
|
2,192,332 | 2,249,896 | 4,833,551 | 4,446,486 | 3,249,308 | ||||||||||||||||
Plus interest expense
|
3,015,866 | 3,066,985 | 6,536,195 | 7,520,694 | 5,014,163 | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
EBITDA
|
$ | 3,811,403 | $ | 5,132,404 | $ | 8,276,828 | $ | 9,060,687 | $ | 8,976,193 | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
15
RISK FACTORS
An investment in our common stock involves various risks. You should carefully consider the following risk factors in conjunction with the other information contained in this prospectus before purchasing our common stock. The risks discussed in this prospectus can adversely affect our business, liquidity, operating results, prospects and financial condition. This could cause the market price of our common stock to decline and could cause you to lose all or part of your investment. The risk factors described below are not the only risks that may affect us. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us also may adversely affect our business, liquidity, operating results, prospects and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our Business
We are a blind pool and currently have no operations, and a substantial majority of the net offering proceeds has not been committed toward acquiring any specific assets. |
We were organized in May 2003 and have only nominal capitalization, currently equal to $1,000 in cash. Consequently, we are dependent on the net proceeds of the offering to commence our business operations.
We have no operating history, have identified only six hotel properties, several asset management agreements and no mortgage loans to acquire and have not committed approximately 78.7% of the anticipated net proceeds of this offering to purchasing any specific assets. As a result, before investing, investors will not be able to evaluate the historical financial performance or economic merits of any assets we may later buy with our excess proceeds.
We may be unable to invest the excess proceeds raised in our initial public offering on acceptable terms or at all, which would harm our financial condition and operating results. |
Until we identify a real estate investment, including mortgage loans, consistent with our investment criteria, we intend to invest the portion of the proceeds of our initial public offering not used to repay indebtedness on the contributed properties in money market funds. We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify real estate investments that meet our investment criteria, that we will be successful in completing any investment we identify or that any investment we complete using the proceeds of our initial public offering will produce a return on our investment. Moreover, because we will not have identified these future investments at the time of our initial public offering, we will have broad authority to invest the excess proceeds of our initial public offering in any real estate investments that we may identify in the future.
Conflicts of interest could result in our management acting other than in our stockholders best interest. |
Conflicts of interest relating to Remington Hotel Corporation may lead to management decisions that are not in the stockholders best interest. The Chairman of our board of directors, Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr., serves as the Chairman of the board of directors of Remington Hotel, and our Chief Executive Officer and President, Mr. Montgomery Bennett serves as the Chief Executive Officer and President of Remington Hotel. Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett own 100% of Remington Hotel. After completion of the offering, Remington Lodging, which is also 100% owned by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, will manage our properties and provide related services and continue to provide property management services, fee development services and occasional property identification services for third parties. Additionally, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett will continue to own minority interests in several lodging properties not transferred to our operating partnership in connection with this offering.
Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennetts ownership interests in and management obligations to Remington Hotel and Remington Lodging will present them with conflicts of interest in making management decisions related to the commercial arrangements between us and Remington Hotel and may reduce the time and effort they each spend managing us. Our board of directors has adopted a policy that
16
Holders of units in our operating partnership, including members of our management team, may suffer adverse tax consequences upon our sale of certain properties. Therefore, holders of units, either directly or indirectly, including Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, Brooks, Nunneley and Edelman (or his family members), may have different objectives regarding the appropriate pricing and timing of a propertys sale. These officers and directors of ours may influence us not to sell or refinance certain properties, even if such sale or refinancing might be financially advantageous to our stockholders, or to enter into tax deferred exchanges with the proceeds of such sales when such a reinvestment might not otherwise be in our best interest.
In addition, we have agreed to indemnify the contributors of our five initial properties contributed to us for operating partnership units, including (indirectly) Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, Brooks and Nunneley and Edelman (or his family members), against the income tax they may incur if we dispose of an initial property that they contributed to us in exchange for our operating partnership units. Because of this indemnification, our indemnified management team members may make decisions about selling one of the initial properties that is not in our stockholders best interest. If we were to sell in a taxable transaction all five of the initial properties contributed to us in exchange for operating partnership units immediately after the closing of the offering, our estimated total tax indemnification obligation to our indemnified contributors, including a gross-up payment we would make, would be approximately $17.3 million.
We have entered into a master hotel management agreement and an exclusivity agreement with Remington Lodging. The management agreement describes the terms of Remington Lodgings management of our initial hotels and any future hotels of ours managed by Remington Lodging. If we terminate the management agreement as to any of the initial hotels, or if we terminate as to any future hotel that becomes subject to the management agreement, we will be required to pay Remington Lodging a substantial termination fee. For example, if we were to terminate the management agreement with respect to all six of our initial hotels immediately after this offering in connection with a sale of those hotels, the fee would be approximately $10.6 million. The exclusivity agreement requires us to engage Remington Lodging, unless our independent directors either (i) unanimously vote to hire a different manager or developer, or (ii) by a majority vote, elect not to engage Remington Lodging because they have determined that special circumstances exist or that, based on Remington Lodgings prior performance, another manager or developer could perform the duties materially better. As the sole owners of Remington Lodging, which would receive any development, management and management termination fees payable by us under the management agreement, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett may influence our decisions to sell a hotel or acquire or develop a hotel when it is not in the best interests of our stockholders to do so.
The consideration we pay for the initial assets may exceed their total fair market value because we did not obtain independent appraisals of the initial assets and the negotiations on the related contribution agreements were not arms length negotiations, and because the value of the consideration will depend on the initial public offering price. |
We did not obtain independent appraisals of the initial properties or the asset management and consulting agreements, and the terms of the contribution and sale agreements relating to these properties and other assets were not negotiated in an arms length transaction. The terms of these agreements and the valuation methods used to determine the value of the assets were determined by our management team. Certain of our directors and certain members of our management team specifically, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, Edelman (or his family members), Brooks and Nunneley, will receive, indirectly through their ownership of the partnerships that currently own the initial hotel properties and Ashford Financial Corporation (which is contributing the asset management and consulting agreements), shares of our common stock and limited partnership units in our operating partnership, which are convertible into shares of our common stock. These officers and directors will receive total consideration for the initial
17
In addition, the management agreement between us and Remington Lodging and the exclusivity agreement among us, Remington Hotel, Remington Lodging and Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett were not negotiated in arms length transactions.
We may not realize the full estimated value of the asset management and consulting agreements contributed to us by Ashford Financial Corporation. |
The asset management and consulting agreements contributed to us by Ashford Financial Corporation relate to management and consulting services that Ashford Financial Corporation has agreed to perform for hotel property managers with respect to certain identified hotel properties. Ashford Financial Corporation is 100% owned by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett. The agreements provide for annual payments to us, as the assignee of Ashford Financial Corporation, in consideration for our performance of certain asset management and consulting services. These services relate to 27 hotel properties managed by eight management companies. The exact amount of the consideration due to us is contingent upon the revenue generated by the hotels underlying the asset management and consulting agreements. Initially, the estimated payment to us under these agreements will be approximately $1.2 million per year. Ashford Financial Corporation has guaranteed a minimum payment to us of $1.2 million per year, subject to adjustments based on the consumer price index, for five years beginning on the completion of this offering. If any property underlying any asset management and consulting agreement is sold at any time, we will no longer derive any income from such property, and the amount of income we receive under the applicable asset management and consulting agreement will be decreased. Any sale or related decrease in income, however, will not affect the amount guaranteed by Ashford Financial Corporation under its guaranty. Each of the eight management companies is either owned 100% by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, or is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Remington Hotel Corporation, which is owned 100% by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett. Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett also have a minority ownership interest in the hotel properties benefiting from the services provided pursuant to the asset management and consulting agreements. Although they do not own a controlling interest in such properties, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett may benefit from a future sale of the properties.
Tax indemnification obligations that apply in the event that we sell certain properties could limit our operating flexibility. |
If we dispose of any of the five initial properties that were contributed to us in exchange for units in our operating partnership, we may be obligated to indemnify the contributors, in which Messrs. Archie and Monty Bennett have substantial ownership interests, against the tax consequences of the sale. We have agreed to pay a contributors tax liability if we dispose of a property contributed by the contributor in a taxable transaction before the earlier of:
| 10 years after the contribution of such property, and | |
| the date on which the contributor no longer owns, in the aggregate, at least 25% of the units we issued to the contributor at the time of its contribution of property to our operating partnership. |
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This tax indemnity will be equal to the amount of the federal and state income tax liability the contributor incurs with respect to the gain allocated to the contributor. The terms of the contribution agreements also require us to gross up the tax indemnity payment for the amount of income taxes due as a result of the tax indemnity payment. While the tax indemnities do not contractually limit our ability to conduct our business in the way we desire, we are less likely to sell any of the contributed properties in a taxable transaction during the indemnity period. Instead, we would either hold the property for the entire indemnity period or seek to transfer the property in a tax-deferred like-kind exchange. In addition, a condemnation of one of our properties could trigger our tax indemnification obligations.
If we were to sell in a taxable transaction all five of the initial properties contributed to us in exchange for operating partnership units immediately after the closing of the offering, our estimated total tax indemnification obligation to our indemnified contributors, including the gross-up payment, would be approximately $17.3 million. See Certain Relationships and Related Transactions Contribution of Initial Properties.
In addition, under the tax indemnification agreements, we have agreed for a period of 10 years to use commercially reasonable efforts to maintain non-recourse mortgage indebtedness in the amount of at least $16.0 million, which will allow the contributors to defer recognition of gain in connection with the contribution of the Las Vegas hotel property as part of our formation.
Our executive officers have no experience operating a public company or REIT. |
None of our executive officers has any experience managing a public company or a REIT. This inexperience on the part of our officers could have an adverse effect on our operations.
Because our executive officers will have broad discretion to allocate proceeds, they may acquire mortgage securities or other assets where the investment returns are substantially below expectations or which result in net operating losses. |
Our executive officers will have broad discretion, within the general investment criteria established by our board of directors, to allocate the proceeds of the offering and to determine the timing of investment of such proceeds. Such discretion could result in allocation of proceeds to assets where the investment returns are substantially below expectations or which result in net operating losses, which would materially and adversely affect our business, operations and results.
Hotel franchise requirements could adversely affect distributions to our stockholders. |
We must comply with operating standards and terms and conditions imposed by the franchisors of the hotel brands under which our initial hotels operate as well as any hotels we may acquire in the future. The franchisors periodically inspect their licensed hotels to confirm adherence to their operating standards. The failure of a hotel to maintain standards could result in the loss or cancellation of a franchise license. With respect to operational standards, we rely on our property manager, Remington Lodging, to conform to such standards. The franchisors may also require us to make certain capital improvements to maintain the hotel in accordance with system standards, the cost of which can be substantial. It is possible that a franchisor could condition the continuation of a franchise on the completion of capital improvements that our management or board of directors determines are too expensive or otherwise not economically feasible in light of general economic conditions or the operating results or prospects of the affected hotel. In that event, our management or board of directors may elect to allow the franchise to lapse or be terminated which could result in a change in brand franchising or operation of the hotel as an independent hotel.
In addition, when the term of a franchise expires, the franchisor has no obligation to issue a new franchise. The loss of a franchise could have a material adverse effect on the operations or the underlying value of the affected hotel because of the loss of associated name recognition, marketing support and centralized reservation systems provided by the franchisor. The loss of a franchise could also have a material adverse effect on cash available for distribution to stockholders.
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The events of September 11, 2001, the current U.S. economic recession and the recent military action in Iraq have negatively affected the performance of the initial properties and the hotel industry and may negatively affect our future results of operations and financial condition. |
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, their after-effects (including the prospects for more terror attacks in the U.S.), the U.S.-led military action in Iraq and the general economic climate have substantially reduced business and leisure travel throughout the United States and hotel industry revenue per available room, or RevPAR, generally. We cannot predict the extent to which these factors will continue to directly or indirectly impact the hotel industry or our operating results in the future. Continued lower RevPAR at the initial properties or any acquired property or a property securing a mortgage loan originated or acquired by us could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition, including our ability to remain in compliance with any debt covenants to which we may be or may become subject, our ability to fund capital improvements at our hotels, and our ability to make stockholder distributions necessary to maintain our status as a REIT. Additional terrorist attacks, acts of war or similar events could have further material adverse effects on the hotel industry at large and our operations in particular.
Our investments will be concentrated in particular segments of a single industry. |
Our entire proposed business is hotel related. Our current investment strategy is to acquire or develop mid to upscale hotels, acquire first mortgages on hotel properties, invest in other mortgage-related instruments such as mezzanine loans to hotel owners and operators and participate in hotel sale-leaseback transactions. Continued adverse conditions in the hotel industry will have a material adverse effect on our operating and investment revenues and cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
We rely on Remington Lodging to operate our hotels and for our cash flow. |
For us to continue to qualify as a REIT, third parties must operate our hotels. A REIT may lease its hotels to taxable REIT subsidiaries in which the REIT can own up to a 100% interest. A TRS pays corporate level income tax and may retain any after-tax income. A REIT must satisfy certain conditions to use the TRS structure. One of those conditions is that the TRS must hire, to manage the hotels, an eligible independent contractor (EIC) that is actively engaged in the trade or business of managing hotels for parties other than the REIT. An EIC cannot (i) own more than 35% of the REIT, (ii) be owned more than 35% by persons owning more than 35% of the REIT or (iii) provide any income to the REIT ( i.e. , the EIC cannot pay fees to the REIT and the REIT cannot own any debt or equity securities of the EIC).
Accordingly, while we may lease hotels to a TRS that we own, the TRS must engage a third-party operator to manage the hotels and our ability to direct and control how our hotels are operated is less than if we were able to manage our hotels directly. We have entered into a management agreement with Remington Lodging, which is owned 100% by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, to manage all of the contributed properties and to manage any new lodging properties that we may later acquire. We do not supervise Remington Lodging or its personnel on a day-to-day basis, and we cannot assure you that Remington Lodging will manage our properties in a manner that is consistent with its obligations under the management agreement or our obligations under our hotel franchise agreements, that Remington Lodging will not be negligent in its performance or engage in other criminal or fraudulent activity, or that Remington Lodging will not otherwise default on its management obligations to us. If any of the foregoing occurs, our relationships with the franchisors may be damaged and we may then be in breach of the franchise agreement, and we could incur liabilities resulting from loss or injury to our property or to persons at our properties, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition, as well as our ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
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If we cannot obtain financing, our growth will be limited. |
We are required to distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our taxable income each year to continue to qualify as a REIT. As a result, our retained earnings available to fund acquisitions, development or other capital expenditures are nominal. After investing the proceeds of this offering, we will rely upon the availability of additional debt or equity capital to fund these activities. Our long-term ability to grow through acquisitions or development of hotel-related assets will be limited if we cannot obtain additional financing. Market conditions may make it difficult to obtain financing, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing or that we will be able to obtain it on favorable terms.
Our business strategy depends on our rapid growth and quick investment of the offering proceeds. We may fail to integrate additional investments into our operations or otherwise manage our planned growth, which may adversely affect our operating results. |
Our business plan contemplates a period of rapid growth following the completion of this offering. We cannot assure you that if we in fact experience rapid growth in our investment portfolio we will be able to adapt our management, administrative, accounting and operational systems, or hire and retain sufficient operational staff to integrate these investments into our portfolio and manage any future acquisitions of additional assets without operating disruptions or unanticipated costs. Acquisition of any additional portfolio of properties or mortgages would generate additional operating expenses that we would be required to pay. As we acquire additional assets, we will be subject to the operational risks associated with owning new lodging properties. Our failure to integrate successfully any future acquisitions into our portfolio could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition and our ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
We may be unable to generate sufficient revenue from operations to pay our operating expenses and to pay dividends to our stockholders. |
As a REIT, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our taxable income each year to our stockholders. We intend to distribute to our stockholders all or substantially all of our taxable income each year so as to qualify for the tax benefits accorded to REITs, but our ability to make distributions may be adversely affected by the risk factors described in this prospectus. Our initial properties had cumulative net losses of approximately $3.1 million, $2.9 million and $1.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2002 and 2001, and the six months ended June 30, 2003, respectively. These losses include non-cash expenses for depreciation and amortization of $4.8 million, $4.4 million and $2.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2002 and 2001, and the six months ended June 30, 2003, respectively. We cannot assure you that we will be able to make distributions in the future. In the event of continued or future downturns in our operating results and financial performance or unanticipated capital improvements to our hotels or declines in the value of our mortgage portfolio, we may be unable to declare or pay distributions to our stockholders. The timing and amount of distributions are in the sole discretion of our board of directors, which will consider, among other factors, our financial performance, debt service obligations and applicable debt covenants (if any), and capital expenditure requirements.
We are subject to various risks related to our use of, and dependence on, debt. |
The amount we have to pay on variable rate debt increases as interest rates increase, which may decrease cash available for distribution to stockholders. We cannot assure you that we will be able to meet our debt service obligations. If we do not meet our debt service obligations, we risk the loss of some or all of our assets to foreclosure. Changes in economic conditions or our financial results or prospects could (i) result in higher interest rates on variable rate debt, (ii) reduce the availability of debt financing generally or debt financing at favorable rates, (iii) reduce cash available for distribution to stockholders and (iv) increase the risk that we could be forced to liquidate assets to repay debt, any of which could have a material adverse affect us.
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If we violate covenants in any debt agreements, we could be required to repay all or a portion of our indebtedness before maturity at a time when we might be unable to arrange financing for such repayment on attractive terms, if at all. Violations of certain debt covenants may result in our being unable to borrow unused amounts under a line of credit, even if repayment of some or all borrowings is not required.
In any event, financial covenants under our current or future debt obligations could impair our planned business strategies by limiting our ability to borrow (i) beyond certain amounts or (ii) for certain purposes.
While our initial policy is to limit the leverage on our investments to 60% of gross assets, our board of directors may change this and our other operating policies and strategies at any time without stockholder approval. Our governing instruments do not contain any limitation on our ability to incur indebtedness.
An interest rate mismatch could occur between asset yields and borrowing rates, resulting in decreased yields on our investment portfolio.
Our operating results will depend in part on differences between the income from our assets (net of credit losses) and our borrowing costs. We intend to fund the origination and acquisition of a portion of our assets with borrowings that have interest rates that reset relatively rapidly, such as monthly or quarterly. We anticipate that, in many cases, the income from our assets will respond more slowly to interest rate fluctuations than the cost of our borrowings, creating a mismatch between asset yields and borrowing rates. Consequently, changes in interest rates, particularly short-term interest rates, may influence our net income. Increases in these rates will tend to decrease our net income and market value of our mortgage assets. We will incur operating losses if interest rate fluctuations result in our interest expense exceeding interest income.
We compete with other hotels for guests. We will also face competition for acquisitions of lodging properties and of desirable mortgage investments. |
The upscale and mid-price segments of the hotel business are competitive. Our hotels compete on the basis of location, room rates, quality, service levels, reputation, and reservation systems, among many other factors. New hotels may be constructed and these additions to supply create new competitors, in some cases without corresponding increases in demand for hotel rooms. The result in some cases may be lower revenue, which would result in lower cash available for distribution to stockholders.
We will compete for hotel acquisitions with entities that have similar investment objectives as we do. This competition could limit the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us. It may also increase the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell to us, making it more difficult for us to acquire new properties on attractive terms or on the terms contemplated in our business plan.
We will also compete for mortgage asset investments with numerous public and private real estate investment vehicles, such as mortgage banks, pension funds, other REITs, institutional investors and individuals. Mortgages and other investments are often obtained through a competitive bidding process. In addition, competitors may seek to establish relationships with the financial institutions and other firms from which we intend to purchase such assets. Competition may result in higher prices for mortgage assets, lower yields and a narrower spread of yields over our borrowing costs.
In addition, competition for desirable investments could delay the investment of proceeds from this offering in desirable assets, which may, in turn, negatively affect our ability to pay dividends. There can be no assurance that we will achieve investment results that will allow any specified level of cash distribution.
Many of our competitors are larger than us, may have access to greater capital, marketing and other resources, may have personnel with more experience than our officers, may be able to accept higher levels of debt or otherwise may tolerate more risk than us, may have better relations with hotel franchisors, sellers or lenders and may have other advantages over us in conducting certain business and providing certain services.
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We may engage in hedging transactions, which can limit our gains and increase exposure to losses. |
We may enter into hedging transactions to protect us from the effects of interest rate fluctuations on floating rate debt and also to protect our portfolio of mortgage assets from interest rate and prepayment rate fluctuations. Our hedging transactions may include entering into interest rate swap agreements or interest rate cap or floor agreements, purchasing or selling futures contracts, purchasing put and call options on securities or securities underlying futures contracts, or entering into forward rate agreements. Hedging activities may not have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. No hedging activity can completely insulate us from the risks associated with changes in interest rates and prepayment rates. Moreover, interest rate hedging could fail to protect us or adversely affect us because, among other things:
| Available interest rate hedging may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk for which protection is sought. | |
| The duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the related liability. | |
| The party owing money in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation to pay. | |
| The credit quality of the party owing money on the hedge may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction. | |
| The value of derivatives used for hedging may be adjusted from time to time in accordance with accounting rules to reflect changes in fair value. Downward adjustments, or mark-to-market losses, would reduce our stockholders equity. |
Hedging involves risk and typically involves costs, including transaction costs, that may reduce our overall returns on our investments. These costs increase as the period covered by the hedging increases and during periods of rising and volatile interest rates. These costs will also limit the amount of cash available for distributions to stockholders. We generally intend to hedge as much of the interest rate risk as management determines is in our best interests given the cost of such hedging transactions. The REIT qualification rules may limit our ability to enter into hedging transactions by requiring us to limit our income from qualified hedges. See Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively. If we are unable to hedge effectively because of the REIT rules, we will face greater interest rate exposure than may be commercially prudent.
We may not be able to sell our investments on favorable terms. |
We may decide to sell investments for a variety of reasons. We cannot assure you that we will be able to sell any of our investments on favorable terms, or that our investments will not be sold for a loss.
Risks Related to Hotel Investments
We are subject to general risks associated with operating hotels. |
Our hotels (and the hotels underlying our mortgage and mezzanine loans) are subject to various operating risks common to the hotel industry, many of which are beyond our control, including the following:
| our hotels compete with other hotel properties in their geographic markets and many of our competitors have substantial marketing and financial resources; | |
| over-building in our markets, which adversely affects occupancy and revenues at our hotels; | |
| dependence on business and commercial travelers and tourism; and | |
| adverse effects of general, regional and local economic conditions and increases in energy costs or labor costs and other expenses affecting travel, which may affect travel patterns and reduce the number of business and commercial travelers and tourists. |
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These factors could adversely affect our hotel revenues and expenses, as well as the hotels underlying our mortgage and mezzanine loans, which in turn would adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We may have to make significant capital expenditures to maintain our lodging properties. |
Our hotels have an ongoing need for renovations and other capital improvements, including replacements of furniture, fixtures and equipment. The franchisors of our hotels may also require periodic capital improvements as a condition of keeping the franchise licenses. Generally, we are responsible for the costs of these capital improvements, which gives rise to the following risks:
| cost overruns and delays; | |
| renovations can be disruptive to operations and can displace revenue at the hotels, including revenue lost while rooms under renovation are out of service; | |
| the cost of funding renovations and the possibility that financing for these renovations may not be available on attractive terms; and | |
| the risk that the return on our investment in these capital improvements will not be what we expect. |
If we have insufficient cash flow from operations to fund needed capital expenditures, then we will need to borrow to fund future capital improvements.
The hotel business is seasonal, which will affect our results of operations from quarter to quarter. |
The hotel industry is seasonal in nature. Generally, occupancy rates and hotel revenues are greater in the second and third quarters than in the first and fourth quarters. This seasonality can cause quarterly fluctuations in our revenues.
Our development activities may be more costly than we have anticipated. |
As part of our growth strategy, we may develop additional hotels. Hotel development involves substantial risks, including that:
| actual development costs may exceed our budgeted or contracted amounts; | |
| construction delays may prevent us from opening hotels on schedule; | |
| we may not be able to obtain all necessary zoning, land use, building, occupancy and construction permits; | |
| our developed properties may not achieve our desired revenue or profit goals; | |
| we face intense competition for suitable development sites from competitors with greater financial resources than ours; and | |
| we may incur substantial development costs and then have to abandon a development project before completion. |
Risks Relating to Investments in Mortgages and Mezzanine Loans
Mortgage investments that are not United States government insured and non-investment grade mortgage assets involve risk of loss. |
We intend to originate and acquire lodging-related uninsured and non-investment grade mortgage loans and mortgage assets, including mezzanine loans, as part of our investment strategy. While holding these interests, we will be subject to risks of borrower defaults, bankruptcies, fraud and losses and special hazard losses that are not covered by standard hazard insurance. Also, the costs of financing the mortgage
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We intend to invest in non-recourse loans, which will limit our recovery to the value of the mortgaged property. |
Our mortgage loan assets will generally be non-recourse. With respect to our non-recourse mortgage loan assets, in the event of a borrower default, the specific mortgaged property and other assets, if any, pledged to secure the relevant mortgage loan, may be less than the amount owed under the mortgage loan. As to those mortgage loan assets that provide for recourse against the borrower and its assets generally, we cannot assure you that the recourse will provide a recovery in respect of a defaulted mortgage loan greater than the liquidation value of the mortgaged property securing that mortgage loan.
Interest rate fluctuations will affect the value of our mortgage assets, net income and common stock. |
Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors beyond our control. Interest rate fluctuations can adversely affect our income and value of our common stock in many ways and present a variety of risks including the risk of variances in the yield curve, a mismatch between asset yields and borrowing rates, and changing prepayment rates.
Variances in the yield curve may reduce our net income. The relationship between short-term and longer-term interest rates is often referred to as the yield curve. Short-term interest rates are ordinarily lower than longer-term interest rates. If short-term interest rates rise disproportionately relative to longer-term interest rates (a flattening of the yield curve), our borrowing costs may increase more rapidly than the interest income earned on our assets. Because our assets may bear interest based on longer-term rates than our borrowings, a flattening of the yield curve would tend to decrease our net income and the market value of our mortgage loan assets. Additionally, to the extent cash flows from investments that return scheduled and unscheduled principal are reinvested in mortgage loans, the spread between the yields of the new investments and available borrowing rates may decline, which would likely decrease our net income. It is also possible that short-term interest rates may exceed longer-term interest rates (a yield curve inversion), in which event our borrowing costs may exceed our interest income and we could incur operating losses.
The effect of a mismatch between asset yields and borrowing rates is explained above under Risks Related to our Business An interest rate mismatch could occur between asset yields and borrowing rates, resulting in decreased yields on our investment portfolio. The effect of mortgage prepayments are explained in the risk factor immediately below.
Prepayment rates on our mortgage loans may adversely affect our yields. |
The value of our mortgage loan assets may be affected by prepayment rates on investments. Prepayment rates are influenced by changes in current interest rates and a variety of economic, geographic and other factors beyond our control, and consequently, such prepayment rates cannot be predicted with certainty. To the extent we originate mortgage loans, we expect that such mortgage loans will have a measure of protection from prepayment in the form of prepayment lock-out periods or prepayment penalties. However, this protection may not be available with respect to investments that we acquire but do not originate. In periods of declining mortgage interest rates, prepayments on mortgages generally increase. If general interest rates decline as well, the proceeds of such prepayments received during such periods are likely to be reinvested by us in assets yielding less than the yields on the investments that were prepaid. In addition, the market value of mortgage investments may, because of the risk of prepayment, benefit less from declining interest rates than from other fixed-income securities. Conversely, in periods of
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Before making any investment, we will consider the expected yield of the investment and the factors that may influence the yield actually obtained on such investment. These considerations will affect our decision whether to originate or purchase such an investment and the price offered for such an investment. No assurances can be given that we can make an accurate assessment of the yield to be produced by an investment. Many factors beyond our control are likely to influence the yield on the investments, including, but not limited to, competitive conditions in the local real estate market, local and general economic conditions and the quality of management of the underlying property. Our inability to accurately assess investment yields may result in our purchasing assets that do not perform as well as expected, which may adversely affect the price of our common stock.
Volatility of values of mortgaged properties may adversely affect our mortgage loans. |
Lodging property values and net operating income derived from lodging properties are subject to volatility and may be affected adversely by a number of factors, including the risk factors described in this prospectus relating to general economic conditions, operating lodging properties and owning real estate investments. In the event its net operating income decreases, a borrower may have difficulty paying our mortgage loan, which could result in losses to us. In addition, decreases in property values reduce the value of the collateral and the potential proceeds available to a borrower to repay our mortgage loans, which could also cause us to suffer losses.
Mezzanine loans involve greater risks of loss than senior loans secured by income producing properties. |
We expect to make and acquire mezzanine loans. These types of mortgage loans are considered to involve a higher degree of risk than long-term senior mortgage lending secured by income-producing real property due to a variety of factors, including the loan being entirely unsecured or, if secured, becoming unsecured as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. We may not recover some or all of our investment in these loans. In addition, mezzanine loans may have higher loan-to-value ratios than conventional mortgage loans resulting in less equity in the property and increasing the risk of loss of principal.
We have not established investment criteria limiting geographical concentration of our mortgage investments or requiring a minimum credit quality of borrowers. |
We have not established any limit upon the geographic concentration of properties securing mortgage loans acquired or originated by us or the credit quality of borrowers of uninsured mortgage assets acquired or originated by us. As a result, properties securing our mortgage loans may be overly concentrated in certain geographic areas and the underlying borrowers of our uninsured mortgage assets may have low credit quality. We may experience losses due to geographic concentration or low credit quality.
Risks Related to the Real Estate Industry
Mortgage debt obligations expose us to increased risk of property losses, which could harm our financial condition, cash flow and ability to satisfy our other debt obligations and pay dividends. |
Incurring mortgage debt increases our risk of property losses because defaults on indebtedness secured by properties may result in foreclosure actions initiated by lenders and ultimately our loss of the property securing any loans for which we are in default. For tax purposes, a foreclosure of any of our properties would be treated as a sale of the property for a purchase price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property, we would recognize taxable income on foreclosure but would not receive any cash proceeds. As a result, we may be required to identify and utilize other sources of cash for distributions to our stockholders of that income.
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In addition, our default under any one of our mortgage debt obligations may increase the risk of our default on our other indebtedness. If this occurs, our financial condition, cash flow and ability to satisfy our other debt obligations or ability to pay dividends may be harmed.
Illiquidity of real estate investments could significantly impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in the performance of our properties and harm our financial condition. |
Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, our ability to promptly sell one or more properties or mortgage loans in our portfolio in response to changing economic, financial and investment conditions is limited. The real estate market is affected by many factors that are beyond our control, including:
| adverse changes in national and local economic and market conditions; | |
| changes in interest rates and in the availability, cost and terms of debt financing; | |
| changes in governmental laws and regulations, fiscal policies and zoning and other ordinances and costs of compliance with laws and regulations; | |
| the ongoing need for capital improvements, particularly in older structures; | |
| changes in operating expenses; and | |
| civil unrest, acts of war and natural disasters, including earthquakes and floods, which may result in uninsured and underinsured losses. |
We cannot predict whether we will be able to sell any property or loan for the price or on the terms set by us, or whether any price or other terms offered by a prospective purchaser would be acceptable to us. We also cannot predict the length of time needed to find a willing purchaser and to close the sale of a property or loan. Because we intend to offer more flexible terms on our mortgage loans than some providers of commercial mortgage loans, we may have more difficulty selling or participating our loans to secondary purchasers than would these more traditional lenders.
We may be required to expend funds to correct defects or to make improvements before a property can be sold. We cannot assure you that we will have funds available to correct those defects or to make those improvements. In acquiring a property, we may agree to lock-out provisions that materially restrict us from selling that property for a period of time or impose other restrictions, such as a limitation on the amount of debt that can be placed or repaid on that property. These factors and any others that would impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in the performance of our properties could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition, as well as our ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
The costs of compliance with or liabilities under environmental laws may harm our operating results. |
Our properties (and the properties underlying our mortgage loans) may be subject to environmental liabilities. An owner of real property can face liability for environmental contamination created by the presence or discharge of hazardous substances on the property. We may face liability regardless of:
| our knowledge of the contamination; | |
| the timing of the contamination; | |
| the cause of the contamination; or | |
| the party responsible for the contamination of the property. |
There may be environmental problems associated with our properties of which we are unaware. Some of our properties use, or may have used in the past, underground tanks for the storage of petroleum-based or waste products that could create a potential for release of hazardous substances. If environmental contamination exists on our properties, we could become subject to strict, joint and several liability for the
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The presence of hazardous substances on a property may adversely affect our ability to sell the property and we may incur substantial remediation costs. The discovery of environmental liabilities attached to our properties could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition and our ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
We will seek environmental insurance policies on each of our six initial properties, and we intend to obtain environmental insurance for any other properties that we may acquire. However, if environmental liabilities are discovered during the underwriting of the insurance policies for our initial properties, or any subsequently acquired property, we may be unable to obtain insurance coverage for the liabilities at commercially reasonable rates or at all, and we may experience losses.
Our properties (and the properties underlying our mortgage loans) may contain or develop harmful mold, which could lead to liability for adverse health effects and costs of remediating the problem. |
When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth may occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants. Concern about indoor exposure to mold has been increasing as exposure to mold may cause a variety of adverse health effects and symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. As a result, the presence of significant mold at any of our properties could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold from the affected property. In addition, the presence of significant mold could expose us to liability from our guests, employees of ours or of Remington Lodging and others if property damage or health concerns arise.
Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act and fire, safety and other regulations may require us to make unintended expenditures that adversely impact our operating results. |
All of our properties (and the properties underlying our mortgage loans) are required to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act, or the ADA. The ADA requires that public accommodations such as hotels be made accessible to people with disabilities. Compliance with the ADA requirements could require removal of access barriers and non-compliance could result in imposition of fines by the U.S. government or an award of damages to private litigants, or both. We may be required to expend funds to comply with the provisions of the ADA at our hotels, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition and our ability to make distributions to stockholders. In addition, we are required to operate our properties in compliance with fire and safety regulations, building codes and other land use regulations, as they may be adopted by governmental agencies and bodies and become applicable to our properties. We may be required to make substantial capital expenditures to comply with those requirements and these expenditures could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition, as well as our ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
We may experience uninsured or underinsured losses. |
Upon closing of this offering, we will have (i) property and casualty insurance with respect to our six initial properties, as well as any other property we may acquire before the closing of this offering, and (ii) other insurance, in each case, with loss limits and coverages deemed reasonable by our management (and with the intent to satisfy the requirements of lenders and franchisors). In doing so, we have made decisions with respect to what deductibles, policy limits and terms are reasonable based on managements experience, our risk profile, the loss history of Remington Hotel Corporation and the initial properties, the nature of the initial properties and our businesses, our loss prevention efforts and the cost of insurance.
Various types of catastrophic losses may not be insurable or may not be economically insurable. In the event of a substantial loss, our insurance coverage may not cover the full current market value or replacement cost of our lost investment. Inflation, changes in building codes and ordinances, environmental considerations and other factors might cause insurance proceeds to be insufficient to fully replace or
28
Merrill Lynch Capital, a division of Merrill Lynch Business Financial Services, Inc. and our lender on the Las Vegas Embassy Suites property, requires us to maintain certain insurance coverages, and we anticipate that future lenders will have similar requirements. We believe that we have complied with the insurance maintenance requirements under the current governing loan documents and we intend to comply with any such requirements in any future loan documents. However, a lender may disagree, in which case the lender could obtain additional coverages and seek payment from us, or declare us in default under the loan documents. In the former case, we could spend more for insurance than we otherwise deem reasonable or necessary, or, in the latter case, subject us to a foreclosure on hotels collateralizing one or more loans. In addition, a material casualty to one or more hotels collateralizing loans may result in (i) the insurance company applying to the outstanding loan balance insurance proceeds that otherwise would be available to repair the damage caused by the casualty, which would require us to fund the repairs through other sources, or (ii) the lender foreclosing on the hotels if there is a material loss that is not insured.
Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT
If we do not qualify as a REIT, we will be subject to tax as a regular corporation and face substantial tax liability. |
We expect to operate so as to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. However, qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue Code provisions for which only a limited number of judicial or administrative interpretations exist. Even a technical or inadvertent mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Furthermore, new tax legislation, administrative guidance or court decisions, in each instance potentially with retroactive effect, could make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any tax year, then:
| we would be taxed as a regular domestic corporation, which, among other things, means being unable to deduct distributions to stockholders in computing taxable income and being subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates; | |
| any resulting tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to stockholders; and | |
| unless we were entitled to relief under applicable statutory provisions, we would be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the subsequent four taxable years following the year during which we lost our qualification, and, thus, our cash available for distribution to stockholders would be reduced for each of the years during which we did not qualify as a REIT. |
Even if we remain qualified as a REIT, we may face other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow. |
Even if we remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets. For example:
| We will be required to pay tax on undistributed REIT taxable income. | |
| We may be required to pay the alternative minimum tax on our items of tax preference. |
29
| If we have net income from the disposition of foreclosure property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business or other non-qualifying income from foreclosure property, we must pay tax on that income at the highest corporate rate. | |
| If we sell a property in a prohibited transaction, our gain from the sale would be subject to a 100% penalty tax. A prohibited transaction would be a sale of property, other than a foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. | |
| Our taxable REIT subsidiary, Ashford TRS, is a fully taxable corporation and will be required to pay federal and state taxes on its income. |
Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities. |
To qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our stock. We may be required to make distributions to stockholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively. |
The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code may limit our ability to hedge mortgage securities and related borrowings by requiring us to limit our income in each year from qualified hedges, together with any other income not generated from qualified real estate assets, to no more than 25% of our gross income. In addition, we must limit our aggregate income from nonqualified hedging transactions, from our provision of services and from other non-qualifying sources to no more than 5% of our annual gross income. As a result, we may have to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques. This could result in greater risks associated with changes in interest rates than we would otherwise want to incur. If we were to violate the 25% or 5% limitations, we may have to pay a penalty tax equal to the amount of income in excess of those limitations, multiplied by a fraction intended to reflect our profitability. If we fail to satisfy the REIT gross income tests, unless our failure was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, we could lose our REIT status for federal income tax purposes.
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to liquidate otherwise attractive investments. |
To qualify as a REIT, we must also ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified REIT real estate assets. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer and no more than 20% of the value of our total securities can be represented by securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct such failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter to avoid losing our REIT status and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to borrow to make distributions to stockholders. |
As a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our annual taxable income (subject to certain adjustments) to our stockholders. To the extent that we satisfy the distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we pay out to our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under federal tax laws.
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From time to time, we may generate taxable income greater than our net income for financial reporting purposes due to, among other things, amortization of capitalized purchase premiums, or our taxable income may be greater than our cash flow available for distribution to stockholders. If we do not have other funds available in these situations, we could be required to borrow funds, sell investments at disadvantageous prices or find another alternative source of funds to make distributions sufficient to enable us to pay out enough of our taxable income to satisfy the distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax in a particular year. These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity.
We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the market price of our common stock. |
At any time, the federal income tax laws governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended. Any of those new laws or interpretations may take effect retroactively and could adversely affect us or you as a stockholder. On May 28, 2003, the President signed the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, which we refer to as the Jobs and Growth Tax Act. Effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2002, the Jobs and Growth Tax Act will generally reduce the maximum rate of tax applicable to individuals on dividend income from regular C corporations from 38.6% to 15.0%. This will reduce substantially the so-called double taxation (that is, taxation at both the corporate and stockholder levels) that has generally applied to corporations that are not taxed as REITs. Generally, dividends from REITs will not qualify for the dividend tax reduction because, as a result of the dividends paid deduction to which REITs are entitled, REITs generally do not pay corporate level tax on income that they distribute to stockholders. The implementation of the Jobs and Growth Tax Act could cause individual investors to view stocks of non-REIT corporations as more attractive relative to shares of REITs than was the case previously because the dividends paid by non-REIT corporations would be subject to lower tax rates for the individual. Due to the very recent enactment of this legislation, we cannot predict whether in fact this will occur or whether, if it occurs, what the impact will be on the value of our common shares.
Your investment in our common stock has various federal, state and local income tax risks that could affect the value of your investment. |
Although the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code relevant to your investment in our common stock are generally described in Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status as a REIT, we strongly urge you to consult your own tax advisor concerning the effects of federal, state and local income tax law on an investment in our common stock, because of the complex nature of the tax rules applicable to REITs and their stockholders.
Risk Factors Related to This Offering and Our Corporate Structure
We cannot assure you that a public market for our common stock will develop. |
Prior to the offering, there has not been a public market for our common stock, and we cannot assure you that a regular trading market for the shares of common stock offered hereby will develop or, if developed, that any such market will be sustained. In the absence of a public trading market, an investor may be unable to liquidate an investment in our common stock. The initial public offering price has been determined by us and the underwriter. We cannot assure you that the price at which the shares of common stock will sell in the public market after the closing of the offering will not be lower than the price at which they are sold by the underwriter. While there can be no assurance that a market for the common stock will develop, we intend to apply for listing of our shares of common stock on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol AHT.
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There are no assurances of our ability to make distributions in the future. |
We intend to pay quarterly dividends and to make distributions to our stockholders in amounts such that all or substantially all of our taxable income in each year, subject to certain adjustments, is distributed. This, along with other factors, should enable us to qualify for the tax benefits accorded to a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. However, our ability to pay dividends may be adversely affected by the risk factors described in this prospectus. All distributions will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our earnings, our financial condition, maintenance of our REIT status and such other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. There are no assurances of our ability to pay dividends in the future. In addition, some of our distributions may include a return of capital.
Failure to maintain an exemption from the Investment Company Act would adversely affect our results of operations. |
We believe that we will conduct our business in a manner that allows us to avoid registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, or the 1940 Act. Under Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, entities that are primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate are not treated as investment companies. The SEC staffs position generally requires us to maintain at least 55% of our assets directly in qualifying real estate interests to be able to rely on this exemption. To constitute a qualifying real estate interest under this 55% requirement, a real estate interest must meet various criteria. Mortgage securities that do not represent all of the certificates issued with respect to an underlying pool of mortgages may be treated as securities separate from the underlying mortgage loans and, thus, may not qualify for purposes of the 55% requirement. Our ownership of these mortgage securities, therefore, is limited by the provisions of the 1940 Act and SEC staff interpretive positions. There are no assurances that efforts to pursue our intended investment program will not be adversely affected by operation of these rules.
Our charter does not permit ownership in excess of 9.8% of our capital stock, and attempts to acquire our capital stock in excess of the 9.8% limit without prior approval from our board of directors are void. |
For the purpose of preserving our REIT qualification, our charter prohibits direct or constructive ownership by any person of more than 9.8% of the lesser of the total number or value of the outstanding shares of our common stock or more than 9.8% of the outstanding shares of our preferred stock. Our charters constructive ownership rules are complex and may cause the outstanding stock owned by a group of related individuals or entities to be deemed to be constructively owned by one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% of the outstanding stock by an individual or entity could cause that individual or entity to own constructively in excess of 9.8% of the outstanding stock, and thus be subject to our charters ownership limit. Any attempt to own or transfer shares of our common or preferred stock in excess of the ownership limit without the consent of the board of directors will be void, and could result in the shares being automatically transferred to a charitable trust.
Because provisions contained in Maryland law and our charter may have an anti-takeover effect, investors may be prevented from receiving a control premium for their shares. |
Provisions contained in our charter and Maryland general corporation law may have effects that delay, defer or prevent a takeover attempt, which may prevent stockholders from receiving a control premium for their shares. For example, these provisions may defer or prevent tender offers for our common stock or purchases of large blocks of our common stock, thereby limiting the opportunities for our stockholders to receive a premium for their common stock over then-prevailing market prices. These provisions include the following:
| Ownership limit: The ownership limit in our charter limits related investors, including, among other things, any voting group, from acquiring over 9.8% of our common stock without our permission. |
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| Classification of Preferred stock: Our charter authorizes our board of directors to issue preferred stock in one or more classes and to establish the preferences and rights of any class of preferred stock issued. These actions can be taken without soliciting stockholder approval. The issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of delaying or preventing someone from taking control of us, even if a change in control were in our stockholders best interests. |
Maryland statutory law provides that an act of a director relating to or affecting an acquisition or a potential acquisition of control of a corporation may not be subject to a higher duty or greater scrutiny than is applied to any other act of a director. Hence, directors of a Maryland corporation are not required to act in takeover situations under the same standards as apply in Delaware and other corporate jurisdictions.
Future offerings of debt securities, which would be senior to our common stock upon liquidation, or equity securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders and may be senior to our common stock for the purposes of dividend distributions, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. |
In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by making additional offerings of debt or equity securities, including commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes and classes of preferred stock or common stock. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and shares of preferred stock and lenders with respect to other borrowings will receive a distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Additional equity offerings may dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our common stock, or both. Our preferred stock, if issued, could have a preference on liquidating distributions or a preference on dividend payments that could limit our ability to make a dividend distribution to the holders of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, our stockholders bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting their stock holdings in us.
Common stock eligible for future sale may have adverse effects on our share price. |
We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future sales of common stock, or the availability of common stock for future sales, on the market price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of common stock (including up to (i) 93,149 shares of common stock issuable to Friedman Billings Ramsey upon consummation of this offering, (ii) 5,657,917 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of units of our operating partnership, (iii) 956,500 restricted shares, issued to certain of our directors, executive officers and employees, which, in the case of the executive officers and employees, are subject to continued employment by such officer or employee and (iv) restricted shares issuable to executive officers only if specified performance criteria are identified), or the perception that these sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock.
Each of our directors and executive officers who has received stock grants has entered into lock up agreements with respect to their common stock, restricting the sale of his shares, for 180 days. The underwriters, at any time, may release all or a portion of the common stock subject to the foregoing lock-up provisions. If the restrictions under such agreements are waived, the affected common stock may be available for sale into the market, which could reduce the market price for our common stock.
We also may issue from time to time additional shares of common stock or units of our operating partnership in connection with the acquisition of properties and we may grant additional demand or piggyback registration rights in connection with these issuances. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock or the perception that these sales could occur may adversely affect the prevailing market price for our common stock or may impair our ability to raise capital through a sale of additional equity securities.
33
We depend on key personnel with long-standing business relationships, the loss of whom could threaten our ability to operate our business successfully. |
Our future success depends, to a significant extent, upon the continued services of our management team. In particular, the lodging industry experience of Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, Kessler, Brooks, Kimichik and Nunneley and the extent and nature of the relationships they have developed with hotel franchisors, operators and owners and hotel lending and other financial institutions are critically important to the success of our business. We do not maintain key person life insurance on any of our officers. Although these officers currently have employment agreements with us through 2006 (2007 for Mr. Montgomery Bennett), we cannot assure you of the continued employment of all of our officers. The loss of services of one or more members of our corporate management team could harm our business and our prospects.
Investors in this offering will experience immediate and significant dilution in the book value per share. |
The initial public offering price of our common stock is substantially higher than what our net tangible book value per share will be immediately after this offering. Purchasers of our common stock in this offering will incur immediate dilution of approximately $2.19 in net tangible book value per share of common stock from the price payable for our common stock in this offering.
An increase in market interest rates may have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities. |
One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our securities is our dividend rate as a percentage of our share or unit price, relative to market interest rates. If market interest rates increase, prospective investors may desire a higher dividend or interest rate on our securities or seek securities paying higher dividends or interest. The market price of our common stock likely will be based primarily on the earnings and return that we derive from our investments and income with respect to our properties and our related distributions to stockholders, and not from the market value or underlying appraised value of the properties or investments themselves. As a result, interest rate fluctuations and capital market conditions can affect the market price of our common stock. For instance, if interest rates rise without an increase in our dividend rate, the market price of our common stock could decrease because potential investors may require a higher dividend yield on our common stock as market rates on interest-bearing securities, such as bonds, rise. In addition, rising interest rates would result in increased interest expense on our variable rate debt, thereby adversely affecting cash flow and our ability to service our indebtedness and pay dividends.
Our major policies, including our policies and practices with respect to investments, financing, growth, debt capitalization, REIT qualification and distributions, are determined by our board of directors. Although we have no present intention to do so, our board of directors may amend or revise these and other policies from time to time without a vote of our stockholders. Accordingly, our stockholders will have limited control over changes in our policies and the changes could harm our business, results of operations and share price. |
Although we have adopted a policy pursuant to which we plan to maintain the amount of indebtedness that we incur at no more than 60% of our gross assets, our board may amend or waive this debt policy and our other operating policies at any time without stockholder approval and without notice to stockholders. Changes in our strategy or investment or leverage policy could expose us to greater credit risk and interest rate risk or could result in a more leveraged balance sheet. We cannot predict the effect any changes to our current operating policies and strategies may have on our business, operating results and stock price. However, the effects may be adverse.
34
A WARNING ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
We make forward-looking statements in this prospectus that are subject to risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include information about possible or assumed future results of our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, plans and objectives. Statements regarding the following subjects are forward-looking by their nature:
| our business and investment strategy; | |
| our projected operating results; | |
| completion of any pending transactions; | |
| our ability to obtain future financing arrangements; | |
| our understanding of our competition; | |
| market trends; | |
| projected capital expenditures; | |
| the impact of technology on our operations and business; and | |
| use of the proceeds of this offering. |
The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. These beliefs, assumptions and expectations can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to us. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations may vary materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. You should carefully consider this risk when you make an investment decision concerning our common stock. Additionally, the following factors could cause actual results to vary from our forward-looking statements:
| the factors discussed in this prospectus, including those set forth under the sections titled Risk Factors, Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations and Business and Properties; | |
| general volatility of the capital markets and the market price of our common stock; | |
| changes in our business or investment strategy; | |
| availability, terms and deployment of capital; | |
| availability of qualified personnel; | |
| changes in our industry and the market in which we operate, interest rates or the general economy; and | |
| the degree and nature of our competition. |
When we use the words will likely result, may, anticipate, estimate, should, expect, believe, intend, or similar expressions, we intend to identify forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We are not obligated to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
35
USE OF PROCEEDS
We estimate that the net proceeds of this offering will be approximately $322.75 million, based upon the assumed price per share of common stock of $10 and after deducting the underwriting discount and estimated offering expenses payable by us. If the underwriters over-allotment option is exercised in full, our net proceeds will be approximately $371.58 million. We intend to use the net proceeds from the offering as follows:
| approximately $65.7 million to repay the following indebtedness secured by the initial properties: |
| a loan secured by our Embassy Suites located in Dallas, Texas, our Embassy Suites Dulles Airport located in Herndon, Virginia and our Embassy Suites located in Austin, Texas with a principal amount outstanding of $39.0 million, an interest rate of LIBOR plus 3.4% with a floor on LIBOR of 5%, an exit fee of 1% (which will be paid by certain of the contributors) and a term ending March 1, 2004; | |
| a loan secured by our Radisson Hotel located in Covington, Kentucky with a principal amount outstanding of $9.3 million, but a discounted pay-off amount of $6.0 million, an interest rate of LIBOR plus 3.50% and a term ending November 30, 2003; | |
| a loan secured by our Radisson Hotel MacArthur Airport located in Holtsville, New York, with a principal amount outstanding of $17.8 million, an interest rate of LIBOR plus 3.50% and a term ending January 31, 2004; | |
| a special partnership interest held by Promus Hotels, Inc. in the partnership that owns the Embassy Suites located in Las Vegas, Nevada, with an outstanding investment of $2.9 million subject to a guaranteed annual return of 11%, which return is current and would be the equivalent of an interest rate if such special partnership interest were structured as debt; |
| approximately $3.0 million to pay the cash portion of the acquisition cost related to our acquisition of the Embassy Suites located in Las Vegas, Nevada; and | |
| the remainder to fund the acquisition or origination of lodging-related assets and for general corporate purposes. |
A tabular presentation of our estimated use of
proceeds follows:
Percentage
of Gross
Dollar Amount
Proceeds
(in thousands)
$
350,000
100.00
%
24,500
7.00
2,750
0.79
$
322,750
92.21
%
$
65,700
18.77
%
3,000
0.86
254,050
72.58
$
322,750
92.21
%
27,250
7.79
$
350,000
100.00
%
Pending these uses, we intend to make temporary investments in money market funds.
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CAPITALIZATION
The following table sets forth:
| the historical capitalization of the initial assets, which includes the entities that own the initial properties as of June 30, 2003; and | |
| the pro forma capitalization of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. as of June 30, 2003; and | |
| the pro forma capitalization of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. to give effect to the sale of 35,000,000 shares of common stock in this offering and the sale by us to Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett of 500,000 shares of common stock at an offering price of $10 per share, net of the underwriters discount and application of the net proceeds as described in Use of Proceeds. |
This table should be read in conjunction with the
section captioned Managements Discussion and
Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
and our historical and unaudited pro forma financial information
and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Historical
Pro Forma
Pro Forma
June 30, 2003
Adjustments
June 30, 2003
$
82,096,150
$
(66,096,150
)
(2)
$
16,000,000
528,919
528,919
$
82,625,069
$
(66,096,150
)
$
16,528,919
$
$
367,662
$
367,662
331,420,187
331,420,187
6,407,091
(6,407,091
)
6,407,091
325,380,758
331,787,849
$
89,032,160
$
259,284,608
$
348,316,768
(1) | Includes 35,000,000 shares of common stock issued in the offering, 216,634 shares of common stock to be issued in connection with the contribution of the initial properties into Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. by the contributing entities and 500,000 shares of common stock that Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett will purchase from us at a price equal to the offering price, net of an amount equal to the underwriting discount. Also includes 25,000 shares of common stock to be issued to directors, 931,500 shares of common stock to be issued to officers and employees of the company and 93,149 shares of common stock to be issued to the underwriters as compensation. The actual number of shares of restricted stock to be granted to executive officers and employees will depend upon the number of shares of common stock we sell in this offering and will equal, in the aggregate, 2.25% of the fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding after the completion of this offering (including the exercise of the underwriters over-allotment option, but excluding the 93,149 shares of common stock to be issued to the underwriters as compensation). As a result, the number of shares of restricted stock issued to our executive officers and employees may be increased or decreased on a pro rata basis to reflect 2.25% of the actual fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding after this offering. |
(2) | Includes actual mortgage loan payoffs and the entry for $3.3 million of debt forgiveness. |
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DISTRIBUTION POLICY
We intend to make regular quarterly distributions to our stockholders. To qualify as a REIT, we must distribute to our stockholders an amount at least equal to:
(i) 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined before the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gain, (which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles); plus | |
(ii) 90% of the excess of our net income from foreclosure property over the tax imposed on such income by the Internal Revenue Code; less | |
(iii) any excess non-cash income (as determined under the Internal Revenue Code). See Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status as a REIT. |
Distributions will be authorized by our board of directors and declared by us based upon a number of factors, including actual results of operations, the timing of the investment of the net proceeds of this offering, the amount of funds from operations, our financial condition, debt service requirements, capital expenditure requirements for our properties, our taxable income, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, our operating expenses and other factors our directors deem relevant. Our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders will depend upon our receipt of distributions from our operating partnership, Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, which may depend, in part, upon receipt of lease payments with respect to our properties from Ashford TRS, and, in turn, from Remington Lodgings management of our properties. Distributions to stockholders will generally be taxable to our stockholders as ordinary income; however, because a portion of our investments will be equity ownership interest in hotels, which will result in depreciation and non-cash charges against our income, a portion of our distributions may constitute a tax-free return of capital. To the extent not inconsistent with maintaining our REIT status, we may accumulate earnings of Ashford TRS in such entity. We cannot assure you that we will be able to generate sufficient revenue from operations to pay dividends to our stockholders or that our directors will not change our dividend policy in the future. See Risk Factors.
Our charter allows us to issue preferred stock that could have a preference on distributions, including dividends. We currently have no intention to issue any preferred stock, but if we do, the dividend preference on the preferred stock could limit our ability to make a dividend distribution to our common stockholders.
We anticipate adopting, in the future, a dividend reinvestment plan that allows our stockholders that have enrolled in the plan to reinvest their distributions automatically in additional shares of common stock.
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DILUTION
The initial price per share to the public of the
common stock offered hereby will exceed the pro forma net
tangible book value per share after the offering. Therefore,
purchasers of the common stock in the offering will realize an
immediate dilution in the net tangible book value of their
shares. Pro forma net tangible book value per share is
determined by subtracting our total liabilities from our total
tangible assets and dividing the remainder by the number of
shares of common stock that will be outstanding after the
offering. The following table illustrates the dilution to
purchasers of shares sold in the offering, based on the initial
public offering price of $10 per share.
$
10.00
$
.15
issuance of restricted stock
(2)
$
9.47
$
(.46
)
$
(1.20
)
$
7.81
$
2.19
(1) | Historical net tangible book value per common share is determined by dividing net tangible book value as of June 30, 2003 (net book value of the tangible assets consists of total assets less deferred cost, net of liabilities to be assumed) by the number of common shares of the offering. |
(2) | After deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and other expenses of this offering. |
(3) | Includes issuance of restricted shares as follows: 500,000 shares of stock issued to Archie and Montgomery Bennett, 216,634 shares of stock conveyed to a limited partnership owned by Archie and Montgomery Bennett, 25,000 shares of stock issued to directors, 93,149 shares of stock issued to underwriters, 931,500 shares of stock issued to executives and employees. The actual number of restricted shares issued to our executive officers and employees will be equal, in the aggregate, to 2.25% of the fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding after completion of this offering, excluding the 93,149 shares issued to underwriters. |
(4) | Includes restricted shares of 5,657,917 issued upon the conversion of units of partnership interests in our operating partnership. |
(5) | Based on pro forma net tangible book value attributable to common stockholders of approximately $331.4 million divided by the sum of 35,000,000 shares of our common shares to be outstanding, the issuance of 1,766,283 shares of restricted stock, and the issuance of 5,657,917 common shares upon the conversion of outstanding units of our operating partnership. |
(6) | Dilution is determined by subtracting pro forma net tangible book value per share of our common stock after giving effect to this offering from the initial public offering price paid by a new investor for a common share. |
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OUR COMPANY
We are a Maryland corporation that was formed in May 2003 to take advantage of the existing and developing investment opportunities in the lodging industry. These diverse lodging investment opportunities may result from inefficiencies related to market illiquidity, supply/ demand imbalances and general business cycles. We will initially target specific opportunities created by the current distressed lodging market but will retain the flexibility to invest in the most attractive risk-reward opportunities as they develop in the lodging business cycle. To our knowledge, we will be one of the few publicly traded REITs, if not the only publicly traded REIT, exclusively focused on investing in the hospitality industry at all levels of the capital structure and across all segments where pricing, yield and capital appreciation advantages may exist.
Our current investment strategy is intended to take advantage of strengthening lodging fundamentals. We believe that the U.S. economy is currently at or near the bottom of its current business cycle and that the underlying cash flows of hotels will improve once the industry rebounds from this cyclical low point. We believe that our current investment policies will allow us to participate in future improvements in performance within the lodging industry. However, we also believe that as supply, demand and capital market cycles change, we will be able to quickly shift our investment policies to take advantage of newly-created lodging investment opportunities as they develop. Initially, we do not intend to focus our acquisitions on any specific geographical market. While our initial investment policies are well defined, because we will have approximately $254.1 million of net proceeds for which we have not yet identified specific properties to purchase or investments to make, we will be considered a blind pool. Further, our board of directors may change our investment policies at any time without stockholder approval.
Immediately prior to our formation, all of our senior executive officers were employed by and responsible for the lodging investment activities of Remington Hotel Corporation, a Texas corporation, and its affiliated company, Ashford Financial Corporation, a Texas corporation. Although these officers have no experience operating a public company or a REIT, they have experience in sourcing, underwriting, operating, repositioning, developing, selling and financing a wide variety of lodging investments. As a result, we believe that we have broad-based experience with the full spectrum of issues and business cycles that affect the lodging industry. Our management team has operated effectively across a variety of lodging-related investment types in both growth and recessionary cycles.
We believe that the current hotel market conditions present opportunities to achieve favorable risk-adjusted returns. Immediately following the completion of this offering and the formation transactions, we will own six hotel properties, have approximately $254.1 million of cash available to fund the acquisition or origination of lodging-related assets and for general corporate purposes and, with only $16.0 million of mortgage debt, will be relatively unleveraged. This capital structure provides us with the ability to make significant future investments to take advantage of what we believe are current opportunities in the hotel market. We intend to finance our future acquisitions with the net proceeds of this offering and future borrowings. We are currently seeking a secured line of credit of up to $120 million, which could greatly increase our debt position, and our charter does not contain any limitation on our ability to incur debt.
We intend to be self-advised and own our lodging investments and conduct our business through an operating partnership, Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership. We will own an 86.7% interest in our operating partnership. We also intend to elect to be treated as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, for federal income tax purposes. Because of limitations imposed on REITs in operating hotel properties, Remington Lodging will manage our hotel properties. Remington Lodging is wholly owned by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, who also own 100% of Remington Hotel Corporation, or Remington Hotel, which is one of the largest privately-owned independent hotel management companies in the country and has extensive management experience in the hospitality industry through its management of over $1 billion of hotels in 28 states.
Our initial assets will consist of six hotels, four Embassy Suites and two Radisson Hotels, and eight asset management and consulting agreements. We will acquire all of our initial assets from affiliates,
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Our initial assets were valued based on several factors, including a multiple of expected future earnings, internal rate of return analysis, review of replacement costs and analysis of sales of similar assets. No single factor was given greater weight than any other in determining valuation of these assets. We did not obtain independent appraisals for any of these assets. As a result, such amounts may not reflect fair market value. Moreover, the total number of shares of common stock or units of our limited partnership that we will pay for our initial assets is fixed. Accordingly, the ultimate value of such consideration will fluctuate based on the initial public offering price of our stock. Specifically, if the initial public offering price is greater than the mid-point of our estimated range, the contributors of our initial assets will receive consideration greater than our valuation of the assets.
Our Team
We intend to capitalize on the experience of our senior management in sourcing, underwriting, operating, repositioning, developing, selling and financing lodging-related assets. Our roots in the hotel industry trace back to 1968 when our Chairman, Archie Bennett, Jr., built his first hotel. Since then, Mr. Bennett and certain members of our senior management team have been involved in the investment in, or management of, 190 hotels or mortgage loans secured by hotels, totaling approximately 31,119 rooms in 33 states and in the development of 35 hotels, totaling approximately 9,201 rooms in 11 states.
Historically, our management teams business strategy has been threefold: first, to identify attractive investment opportunities in the lodging industry; second, to match such opportunities with appropriate institutional oriented investors; and third, to manage such investments, including providing development, management and construction services, for the institutional owners.
We believe our managements historical background in the hotel industry will allow us to successfully execute our business strategy. Together with our Chairman, the members of our senior management team have an average of 19 years experience in the hotel industry. With the exception of Mr. Douglas Kessler, our Chief Operating Officer, all members of our senior management team have worked together at Remington Hotel Corporation and affiliated entities since 1992. Our managements experience during that time includes:
| purchasing over $1 billion in hotels and mortgages secured by hotels; | |
| building seven hotels at a cost of $125 million; | |
| managing $1 billion of hotels, ranging from economy to upper up-scale, in 28 states; |
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| effectively asset managing over 145 predominantly non-performing hospitality loans (with a book value of approximately $500 million) acquired from third parties, substantially all of which were either recovered at par or foreclosed upon, with the assets sold for an amount in excess of the initial investment (approximately two-thirds of which we also operated as managers); and | |
| co-investing with major institutional investors, including, among others, G. Soros Realty Inc., Gordon Getty Trust, The Fisher Brothers, Olympus Real Estate Partners and Goldman Sachs Whitehall Real Estate Funds. |
In addition, before Mr. Kessler, our Chief Operating Officer, joined Remington Hotel Corporation in July 2002, he assisted in overseeing the investment management, acquisition, sale and financing of more than $11 billion in real estate assets for Goldman Sachs Whitehall Real Estate Funds, including over $6 billion of lodging-related assets. During his nine years at Whitehall, Mr. Kessler served on the boards or executive committees of several lodging companies, including Westin Hotels and Resorts and Strategic Hotel Capital.
The Chairman of our board of directors, Archie Bennett, Jr., will continue to serve as the Chairman of the board of directors of Remington Hotel Corporation after this offering, and our President and Chief Executive Officer, Montgomery Bennett, will continue to serve as President and Chief Executive Officer of Remington Hotel Corporation. Remington Lodging, which is an affiliate of Remington Hotel and which is owned 100% by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, will provide management and other related services for our hotel properties after the offering. All other members of our senior management team who were employees of Remington Hotel Corporation prior to our formation, will resign from Remington Hotel Corporation at or prior to the closing of this offering.
We intend to invest in a variety of lodging-related assets based upon our evaluation of diverse market conditions. These investments may include: (i) direct hotel investments; (ii) mezzanine financing through origination or through acquisition in secondary markets; (iii) first lien mortgage financing through origination or through acquisition in secondary markets; and (iv) sale-leaseback transactions.
Our strategy is designed to take advantage of current lodging industry conditions and adjust to changes in market conditions over time. In the current market, we believe we can purchase assets at discounts to previous trading ranges or replacement costs and acquire or originate debt positions at higher than recent historical interest rate ranges. Over time, our assessment of market conditions will determine asset reallocation strategies. While we seek to capitalize on the following favorable market fundamentals, conditions beyond our control may have an impact on overall profitability and on the investment returns.
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Market Timing
Even before the events of September 2001, the travel industry had been suffering from an overall decline as a result of a relatively stagnant U.S. economy. The travel industry suffered further after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Revenue per available room, or RevPAR, declined substantially following the attacks according to HVS. As a result, a broad gap exists between the long-term growth trend before the attacks and the current trend line following the events. The following chart depicts this historical anomaly in RevPAR and illustrates the current industry slump and the opportunity for significant RevPAR growth if the gap narrows and lodging fundamentals improve.
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We believe that the number of hotel rooms in a given market is an important factor in determining the viability of a hotel investment in that market. To maintain revenue levels, an increase in room supply should be matched with a corresponding increase in room demand. Historically, the supply of hotel rooms typically lags behind changes in the demand for hotel rooms because of the lead time necessary to construct new hotels. As noted in the chart below, according to Smith Travel, growth in the supply of hotel rooms has been declining since 1998, when year over year growth reached approximately 4%. Year-over-year growth in room supply dropped below 2% in 2001 and 2002. Thus, growth in new room supply has been and, we believe, will continue to be, below the historical growth average of approximately 3% per year. Based on our experience, we believe decreases in growth of new room supply are typically followed by increases in hotel values. On a per room basis, hotel values, as measured by HVS, declined by 10% in 2001 and an estimated 3% in 2002. Consequently, we believe that there is an opportunity to acquire assets at reduced prices at a point in the cycle in advance of potential increases in hotel values.
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Hotel Room Demand
An increase in the demand for hotel rooms generally leads to an increase in income for hotels. When the growth in hotel room demand exceeds the growth in room supply, revenues are likely to increase as occupancy or room rates increase. According to Smith Travel Research, a leading market research firm for the lodging industry, hotel occupancy in the United States was 59%, in 2002, the lowest level in 31 years, and well below the average of 65% from 1975 to 2001. As shown by the chart below, historically the growth in hotel room demand has correlated directly with the growth in the United States gross domestic product, indicating that corporate and leisure travel move similarly with the economy. This historical correlation broke down in 2001 when gross domestic product grew approximately 1% while hotel room demand declined approximately 4%. We believe this deviation from historical trends primarily reflects the impact of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and the threat of additional terrorism, and clearly indicates that hotels were disproportionately affected compared to the overall economy. As the U.S. economy recovers and business and leisure travel improves, we believe this correlation will return to normal levels. Combined with lower than average new supply, as noted above, we believe that conditions exist for RevPAR growth to accelerate faster than gross domestic product growth.
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Hotel Transaction Volume |
The following chart according to HVS shows that the number of hotel properties sold on an annual basis has decreased significantly since 1998 when total sales for hotels (with sales prices over $10 million) equaled $10.7 billion compared to the 2002 total of just over $2 billion. We believe this decline was due to a widening of the bid-ask spread between buyers and sellers that developed as hotel operating performance declined in response to the slowing economy and that during this period, the gap between what a buyer was willing to pay and what a seller was willing to accept for a hotel property increased. Because of the prolonged nature of the stagnant economy, we believe that sellers of lodging assets are being forced to adjust their pricing expectations. This pricing realization coupled with continued cash flow deficiencies and the current lack of capital being invested in the lodging sector by traditional providers should result in an increase in the number of hotels being offered for sale. We believe that the pricing spread will narrow and the transaction volume at discounted values will increase. With increasing transaction volume, we expect opportunities for acquiring assets at attractive prices and placing hotel debt capital (both for first mortgages and mezzanine loans) will increase in line with our investment strategies.
Capital Markets |
Even though current market conditions are depressed and delinquencies are rising, new debt origination and acquisition opportunities continue to be available as hotel owners are faced with refinancing issues, defaults and opportunities to capitalize on historically low interest rates. As pools of commercial mortgage-backed security loans mature, hotel owners are faced with refinancing based on lower asset values than those in the mid-to-late 1990s, which provide us an opportunity to offer mezzanine financing to these borrowers at loan-to-value levels previously held by the first mortgage holders. As pools of commercial mortgage-backed security loans continue to default, we will seek to acquire these loan pools at prices that are at discounts to par value.
Our Business Strategy
The following is a discussion of our business strategy and related investment policies. Our investment policies may be amended or revised from time to time at the discretion of our board of directors, without a vote of our stockholders. Any change to any of these policies by our board of directors, however, would be made only after a review and analysis of that change, in light of then-existing business and other circumstances, and then only if, in the exercise of its business judgment, our board of directors believes that it is advisable to do so in our best interests. We cannot assure you that our investment objectives will be attained.
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We will implement an asset allocation strategy aimed at maximizing stockholder value by providing attractive risk-adjusted returns throughout the business cycles of the lodging industry. We intend to selectively invest capital in a variety of lodging-related assets based on our evaluation of diverse market conditions. By investing across diversified lodging assets at different levels of a given hotels capital structure, we plan to take advantage of changes in the capital markets.
Our business strategy of combining lodging-related equity and debt investments seeks to:
| maximize economic benefits from an industry that has suffered significant reductions in performance and is poised for a strong recovery; | |
| capitalize on both current yield and appreciation, while simultaneously offering diversification of types of assets within the hospitality industry; | |
| vary investment concentrations across an array of hospitality assets to take advantage of market cycles for each asset class; and | |
| offer an attractive liquidity alternative to asset sales (through pricing, structure and tax deferral) and traditional financing (due to rate, structure, loan-to-value and asset class). |
Our investment strategy will target limited and full service hotels in primary, secondary and resort markets throughout the United States. To take full advantage of current and future investment opportunities in the lodging industry, we will invest according to the asset allocation policies described below. Due to changes in market conditions we will continually evaluate the appropriateness of our investment policies and the board of directors may change any or all of these policies at any time, thereby providing us with flexibility in our asset allocation strategy. In addition to our investment activities, we will also perform certain asset management and consulting services for other management companies affiliated with Remington Hotel.
Investments in Real Estate or Interests in Real Estate |
Direct Hotel Investments. We intend to acquire existing hotels and, under appropriate market conditions, to develop new hotels. Our direct hotel acquisition strategy will seek to achieve both current income and income from appreciation. We expect to acquire hotels that either offer a high return on investment or have the opportunity to increase in value through brand repositioning, market based recovery or improved management practices. Our direct hotel investments will target mid to upscale, limited and full service hotels in primary, secondary and resort markets throughout the United States. We believe that values for, and operating performances of, lodging properties are currently below historical levels, making this an attractive time for acquisitions.
Sale-Leaseback Transactions. We intend to purchase hotels and lease them back to their existing hotel owners. Our sale-leaseback policy will target hotel owners that want the ability to realize the value of their investments while maintaining operating control of their hotels. We will seek to structure the transactions as net leases with participation features, terms ranging up to 20 years plus extension options, and with the operating responsibility for the property assumed by the lessee. We believe these transactions will provide us current income, with growth through contractual rental increases or cash flow participations.
As with our direct hotel investments, we will seek opportunities on limited and full service hotels in primary, secondary and resort markets throughout the United States. We will consider both major franchises and select independents. All terms of our sale-leaseback transactions will be subject to the acceptable creditworthiness of the prospective lessee. We expect to receive a base lease payment that provides an adequate risk-adjusted return, with growth based on contractual rent growth or cash flow participations.
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Investments in Financial Assets |
Mezzanine Financing. We intend to acquire or originate subordinated loans, also known as mezzanine loans, secured by junior mortgages on hotels or pledges of equity interests in entities owning hotels. These mezzanine loans may be secured by individual assets as well as cross-collateralized portfolios of assets. As a result of the experience of our executives in operating hotels, we believe that our underwriting criteria and experience in valuing hotel assets enable us to underwrite our debt investments on values and at levels where we believe we could profitably operate the collateral hotel if we were required to foreclose. Although these types of loans generally have greater repayment risks than first mortgages due to the subordinated nature of such loans, we believe that there currently exists a strong need for lodging mezzanine loans. We believe that the recent slowdown in the travel industry has caused the value of hotel properties to decline below the values at which they were acquired or last refinanced. This decline in market value, coupled with more stringent underwriting criteria by senior hotel lenders, has caused a gap to develop in the loan-to-value ratio of these properties, making it increasingly difficult for owners to refinance their properties. We believe that mezzanine capital provides a solution for these owners by providing loans to cover the loan-to-value shortfalls. We expect this asset class to provide us with our attractive yields and, potentially, allow us to participate in the improving economics of the underlying hotel. In addition, subject to regulatory compliance, we may acquire or originate corporate-level mezzanine loans on an unsecured basis.
These types of mortgage loans are considered to involve a higher degree of risk than long-term senior mortgage lending secured by income-producing real property due to a variety of factors, including the loan being entirely unsecured or, if secured, becoming unsecured as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. If a property that secures a mezzanine financing is foreclosed by the senior lender, we may not recover some or all of our investment in these loans.
First Mortgage Financing. We intend to acquire, potentially at a discount to par, or originate loans secured by first priority mortgages on hotels. We may be subject to certain state-imposed licensing regulations related to commercial mortgage lenders, with which we intend to comply. However, because we are not a bank or a federally chartered lending institution, we are not subject to the state and federal regulatory criteria imposed on such entities. Also, because we do not intend to securitize our assets, we expect to be able to offer more flexible terms than commercial lenders who contribute loans to securitized mortgage pools. We anticipate that this asset class will provide us with stable, attractive current yields.
Asset Allocation
Our initial asset allocation strategy will target investment opportunities presented by todays distressed lodging market, which has been characterized by substantial reductions in performance and value of hotel properties. These conditions present significant opportunities for attractive risk-adjusted debt and equity investments. We believe, however, that the significant competitive advantage of our asset allocation strategy is its flexibility, which allows us to reallocate our investments to take advantage of changing opportunities in the lodging market. We intend to evaluate our portfolio on a regular basis to determine if it continues to satisfy our investment criteria. Subject to certain restrictions applicable to REITs, we may sell investments opportunistically. Our decision to sell a hotel often will be predicated upon, among other things: the projected cash flow; size of the hotel; strength of the franchise; property condition and related costs to renovate the property; strength of market demand; projected supply of hotel rooms in the market; probability of increased valuation; and geographic profile of the hotel. Our decision to sell other lodging-related assets will depend upon, among other things, managements forecast and review of the performance of our overall portfolio and managements assessment of changing conditions in the investment and capital markets. We expect our initial asset allocation, once our net proceeds are fully invested, to be approximately 50% to 60% in direct hotel investments, 20% to 30% in mezzanine financing, 5% to 10% in first mortgage financing and 5% to 10% in sale-leaseback transactions.
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Operating Procedures |
In implementing our business strategy through investments that satisfy the applicable investment policies described above, we will consider each of the following:
Asset Review. In making future hotel investment decisions, we will consider the following criteria, although no single criteria by itself will be determinative:
| Number of Rooms We anticipate acquiring or investing in hotels with at least 150 rooms. | |
| Ownership Structure We prefer properties with a fee simple title. | |
| Management We prefer that the property is unencumbered by long-term management contracts. | |
| Franchise Affiliations We will consider both major franchises as well as independents. | |
| Competition We intend to seek properties in areas that lack a substantial new supply of hotel rooms, appear resilient to down markets and either have an existing broad demand or a growing demand base. | |
| Physical Condition The condition of the property that is acceptable to us will depend on the pricing structure. Major product improvement plans or renovations are acceptable if the pricing adequately reflects such renovations. | |
| Available Financing To the extent we utilize financing in our investments, we will seek non-recourse financing. | |
| Amenities We prefer properties that have amenities (food and beverage, meeting space, fitness equipment, parking, etc.) consistent with the needs of its targeted customer. | |
| Operating Performance We intend to seek hotels that have shown a solid operating performance or alternatively seek assets where strategic changes in operations or its market positioning will generate improved revenue and operating margins. | |
| New Supply We will invest in markets where the effects of future growth in new rooms are understood and factored in value considerations. | |
| Room Demand Generators We will seek hotels that have a diversified base of room demand generators or alternatively seek to reposition hotels to capitalize on shifting the hotels guest mix in ways to improve operating performance. |
Underwriting Review. After we identify a potential investment, a due diligence team, consisting of in-house and third parties, will conduct detailed due diligence to assess the potential investment. This due diligence team will follow underwriting guidelines and review a list of property-level issues, including:
| property financials; | |
| property condition; | |
| environmental issues; | |
| ADA compliance; | |
| title surveys; | |
| competitive position; | |
| brand; | |
| market assessment; | |
| advance booking reports; and | |
| marketing plans. |
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Market Assessments. Our market assessment analysis will entail in-depth evaluation of macro and micro market forces affecting the lodging industry in a given market and the specific sub-market. We will process data obtained from numerous industry sources that focus on new supply, changes in demand patterns, brand expansion plans, performance of key corporations, government initiatives and essential hotel performance data (e.g., average daily rate, or ADR, occupancy and RevPAR). We will analyze this information to make near-term and long-term investment and sales decisions within each market and further within specific sub-markets.
Capital Markets Evaluation. We will monitor the capital markets to determine trends in lodging investment patterns and debt-to-equity pricing. We will maintain a debt and equity transaction database encompassing recently closed transactions and suggested pricing for new transactions. This information will assist us in the formulation of competitive pricing trends and may serve as a good indicator of when liquidity gaps or pricing inefficiencies may exist in the market. We intend to use this pricing knowledge to optimally allocate our assets across our four targeted lodging-related investment classes to maximize our risk-adjusted returns.
Value Optimization Strategies. We will regularly evaluate the incremental performance and resulting investment actions for each asset in our portfolio as part of our budget review process. Because of our fluid asset allocation strategy, it will be imperative that the relative merits of holding a particular property or investment demonstrate benefits in terms of accretion and portfolio diversification. Our objective in such an evaluation is to confirm that an existing asset adds to stockholder value. The methodology consists of a re-buy analysis that determines if continuing to hold a particular investment, using forward-looking market growth assumptions, is a valid strategy. By consistently applying this policy across all investments, we seek to maximize our investment returns by reallocating funds into more productive asset classes.
Asset Management and Consulting Services |
To comply with the REIT rules and regulations, Remington Lodging will perform the day-to-day management activities related to the operations of our properties. However, we will provide certain asset management services to other entities affiliated with Remington Hotel. Specifically, our initial assets will include eight asset management and consulting agreements under which we will provide various services to eight identified, property managers affiliated with Remington Hotel in exchange for a fee. In performing these services, we will either provide or supervise specific asset management services, including risk management and insurance procurement; assistance with preparation of tax returns and monitoring of the payment of taxes; negotiation of hotel franchise agreements and monitoring compliance with franchise requirements; negotiation of property financings and monitoring compliance with loan covenants; negotiation and closing of equipment leases; property litigation management; assistance with preparation of annual operating and capital budgets for the hotels; and monitoring compliance with the management agreements. We will also provide additional services to these property managers such as market and feasibility analysis, capital improvement assistance, financial planning and franchise support. To the extent permitted by the REIT rules, we will perform similar functions with respect to our own properties.
Financing |
We are currently in negotiations with a financial institution regarding the provision of an approximate $120 million secured line of credit. If we are unable to obtain debt financing, our ability to finance our business strategy would be adversely affected. In addition, we may selectively pursue mortgage financing on individual properties and our mortgage investments. Our initial policy is to limit consolidated indebtedness to no more than 60% of the aggregate purchase price of hotels and debt instruments in which we have invested. However, our board of directors may change the financing policy at any time without the approval of our stockholders.
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Internal Growth Strategy |
Our internal growth strategy is derived from appreciation in our hotel assets or pools of hotel assets and the improving credit of the collateral underlying our mortgage loans. Property appreciation is achieved through our ability to identify underperforming, undermanaged or mispriced hotels and realizing cash flows above our original yields. We feel that as the collateral underlying our mortgage loans improves, the credit and therefore the value of the loan will be enhanced.
Our Operating Partnership
We have organized Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, our operating partnership, as a limited partnership under the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act. Ashford OP General Partner LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of ours, serves as the sole general partner of our operating partnership, and upon completion of this offering, Ashford OP Limited Partner LLC, another of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, will own an 86.66% limited partnership interest in our operating partnership. The remaining 13.34% limited partnership interest in our operating partnership initially will be owned by (i) certain of our officers and directors (collectively, approximately 12.98% interest), as limited partners, and (ii) two employees of Remington Hotel Corporation (collectively, approximately 0.36% interest). Limited partners in our operating partnership will receive partnership units representing interests in the partnership in exchange for certain assets contributed to us as part of the formation transactions. Beginning one year after the completion of the offering, the partnership units will be redeemable, at the option of the holder, for cash, or at our election, our common stock, generally, on a one-for-one basis.
Our operating partnership was formed in contemplation of this offering and has no prior history. Upon the completion of this offering, our operating partnership will conduct substantially all of our business as described in this prospectus.
Our Taxable REIT Subsidiary
Ashford TRS Corporation, our taxable REIT subsidiary, was incorporated as a Delaware corporation. Following completion of this offering, Ashford TRS will lease each of our properties from us and enter into a management agreement with Remington Lodging, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Remington Hotel Corporation, for the management of the properties. Neither we nor our operating partnership can undertake the daily management activities directly under applicable REIT tax rules. Ashford TRS will pay income taxes at regular corporate rates on its taxable income.
Legal Proceedings
We are not involved in any material litigation nor, to our knowledge, is any material litigation threatened against us.
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BUSINESS AND PROPERTIES
Our initial properties will include six hotels,
the Embassy Suites located in Austin, Texas, the Radisson Hotel
Cincinnati Riverfront located in Covington, Kentucky, the
Embassy Suites located in Dallas, Texas, the Embassy
Suites-Dulles Airport located in Herndon, Virginia, the Radisson
Hotel MacArthur Airport located in Holtsville, New York, and the
Embassy Suites located in Las Vegas, Nevada. We will own the
initial hotels in fee simple except for the Radisson Hotel
Cincinnati Riverfront, which is owned part in fee simple and
part pursuant to a ground lease which expires in 2070 (including
all extensions). These properties will be held for investment
purposes and operated by our manager. We have no present plans
for major improvements on these properties. Presented below is
certain descriptive information regarding these initial hotels,
each of which is currently managed by an affiliate of Remington
Hotel Corporation and owned by a partnership in which one or
more affiliates of Remington Hotel Corporation own interests. We
believe that each of these properties is adequately covered by
insurance.
Twelve Months Ended December 31,
2002
Revenue
per
Average
Average
Available
Hotel Property
Location
Year Built
Rooms
Occupancy
(1)
Daily Rate
(2)
Room
(3)
Austin, TX
1998
150
72.4
%
$
117.01
$
84.72
Dallas, TX
1998
150
66.8
122.97
82.14
Herndon, VA
1998
150
73.9
132.36
97.81
Las Vegas, NV
1999
220
78.7
109.39
86.09
Covington, KY
1972
(4)
236
53.4
67.63
36.10
Holtsville, NY
1989
(5)
188
54.8
106.78
58.53
Total/ Weighted Average
1,094
66.0
%
$
108.29
$
71.45
(1) | Average occupancy represents the number of occupied rooms in the applicable period divided by the product of the total number of rooms and 365 days in the period. |
(2) | Average daily rate represents the total room revenue for the applicable period divided by the number of occupied rooms. |
(3) | Revenue per available room, or RevPAR, represents the total room revenue per total available rooms for the applicable period and is calculated by multiplying average occupancy by the average daily rate. |
(4) | Acquired in 1999 and renovation completed in 2000. |
(5) | Acquired in 2000 and renovation completed in 2001. |
Embassy Suites, Austin, Texas. The Embassy Suites Hotel Austin, Texas features 150 all-suite guestrooms, one restaurant and lounge, 2,800 square feet of meeting space, one heated indoor pool and jacuzzi, and exercise facilities. The hotel is six stories high, has three elevators, fire safety sprinklers and 169 surface parking spaces. The hotel is currently managed by an affiliate of Remington Hotel Corporation under a license agreement with Promus Hotels, Inc.
The majority of demand for the hotel is commercial in nature as the hotel is located in the Arboretum Shopping and Business District, an area with varied commercial uses. The hotel is located between two major highways (the MoPac Expressway and Capital of Texas Highway) in the Northwest portion of the city of Austin. Competitors include the Renaissance Hotel, Courtyard by Marriott Northwest, Embassy Suites Northwest, Residence Inn by Marriott Northwest and Holiday Inn Northwest. Major demand generators in the area are Apple, IBM, Applied Materials, Motorola, Emerson Electric and Dell Computers.
Embassy Suites, Dallas, Texas. The Embassy Suites Hotel Dallas features 150 all-suite guestrooms, one restaurant and lounge, 2,800 square feet of meeting space, one heated indoor pool and jacuzzi, and exercise facilities. The hotel is six stories high, has three elevators, fire safety sprinklers and 174 surface
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Most demand for the hotel is commercial in nature as the hotel is located in an area with varied commercial uses and high-end retail outlets known as the Dallas Galleria. The hotel is located near two major highways (I-635/ LBJ Freeway and the North Dallas Tollway) in the northern section of the city of Dallas. Competitors include the Westin Galleria Hotel, the Marriott Quorum Hotel, the Hotel Intercontinental, the Hilton Inn & Suites, and the Wyndham Hotel. Major demand generators in the area are Accenture, AT&T, Cap Gemini, JP Morgan, Tenet Healthcare and Kinkos.
Embassy Suites-Dulles Airport, Herndon, Virginia. The Embassy Suites Hotel Dulles Airport features 150 all-suite guestrooms, one restaurant and lounge, 2,800 square feet of meeting space, one heated indoor pool and jacuzzi, and exercise facilities. The hotel is six stories high, has three elevators, fire safety sprinklers and 167 surface parking spaces. The hotel is currently managed by an affiliate of Remington Hotel Corporation under a license agreement with Promus Hotels, Inc.
The hotel is located in the Dulles/ Herndon Corridor, twenty-one miles from downtown Washington, D.C., three miles from Dulles International Airport and near numerous business parks and retail centers. The hotel is located near the Dulles Tollroad (Rte. 267). Competitors include Hilton Hotel, Marriott Suites, Homewood Suites, Hyatt and Summerfield Suites. Major demand generators in the area are the Dulles International Airport, Northrop Grumman, Sprint Telecommunications, Computer Associates, Cisco Systems and AOL Time Warner.
Embassy Suites, Las Vegas, Nevada. The Embassy Suites Hotel, Las Vegas features 220 all-suite guestrooms, one restaurant and lounge, 6,000 square feet of meeting space, one heated outdoor pool and jacuzzi, and exercise facilities. The hotel is six stories high, has three elevators, fire safety sprinklers and 180 surface parking spaces. The hotel is currently managed by an affiliate of Remington Hotel Corporation under a license agreement with Promus Hotels, Inc.
The majority of demand for the hotel is both commercial and leisure in nature as the hotel is located in a varied commercial and entertainment area and is centrally located between the McCarran Airport, the University of Las Vegas (UNLV) and the Las Vegas Convention Center. The hotel is located on Swenson Street near Paradise Road. Competitors include Courtyard by Marriott Convention Center, Marriott Suites, Residence Inn Convention Center and Crowne Plaza. Major demand generators in the area are Bechtel, Sprint Telecommunications, Boeing, Citigroup, KPMG, Ford Motor Company, UNLV and PricewaterhouseCoopers.
The Embassy Suites Las Vegas is subject to a mortgage loan having an outstanding balance as of June 30, 2003, of approximately $16.0 million, monthly interest-only payments of $73,333, effective interest rate of the greater of LIBOR plus 3.5%, or 5.5%, and monthly installments of principal of $20,000 commencing January 1, 2005. Prepayment of the loan following January 1, 2003 is subject to an exit fee of $160,000. The loan matures on December 31, 2006 unless the one-year extension option is exercised by the payment of an extension fee of $80,000 and certain conditions are met.
Radisson Hotel Cincinnati Riverfront, Covington, Kentucky. The Radisson Hotel Cincinnati Riverfront features 236 guestrooms, a revolving river view restaurant on the 18th floor, a casual first-floor dining area and lobby bar, over 10,000 square feet of meeting space, one indoor pool with a retractable roof, a fitness center and a tanning salon. The hotel is 18 stories high, has four elevators, fire safety sprinklers and 120 parking spaces in a two-level underground parking garage. The hotel is currently managed by an affiliate of Remington Hotel Corporation under a license agreement with Radisson Hotels International, Inc.
The majority of demand for the hotel is both commercial and group in nature as the hotel is located in the heart of the riverfront area in Covington, Kentucky, which houses a diversified business and residential community. Competitors include the Marriott Rivercenter Hotel, Courtyard by Marriott, Embassy Suites, Hampton Inn and Holiday Inn. Major demand generators in the area are Procter and
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Radisson Hotel MacArthur Airport, Holtsville, New York. The Radisson Hotel MacArthur Airport features 188 guestrooms, one restaurant and lounge, 5,000 square feet of meeting space, one heated indoor pool and jacuzzi, and exercise facilities. The hotel is three stories high, has three elevators, fire safety sprinklers and approximately 200 surface parking spaces. The hotel is currently managed by an affiliate of Remington Hotel Corporation under a license agreement with Radisson Hotels International, Inc.
The majority of demand for the hotel is both commercial and group in nature as the hotel is located in an area with varied commercial uses and residential neighborhoods within five miles of the Long Island MacArthur Airport (LIMA), a major regional hub servicing major commercial flights for the greater New York metropolitan area and Long Island. The hotel is located on the South Service Road of the Long Island Expressway (Route 495) at Exit 63. Competitors include the Marriott Hotel, the Wyndham Windwatch, the Holiday Inn and the Holiday Inn Express. Major demand generators in the area are LIMA, Computer Associates, Forest Laboratories, Symbol Technologies, Brookhaven National Laboratory and Stony Brook University.
Asset Management and Consulting Agreements
In connection with the consummation of this offering and the completion of the formation transactions, in exchange for 1,025,000 limited partnership interest units in our operating partnership, valued at $10.25 million, Ashford Financial Corporation will contribute to us eight asset management and consulting agreements between Ashford Financial and eight hotel management companies. Under these eight agreements, Ashford Financial provides asset management and consulting services to 27 hotels managed under contract with the eight management companies. After the contribution, we will take Ashford Financials interest under the contributed agreements and will perform the services instead of Ashford Financial. Each of the eight management companies is either a wholly owned subsidiary of Remington Hotel, which is owned 100% by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, or is 100% owned by one or both of the Bennetts. Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett also have a minority ownership interest in the underlying 27 hotels for which the asset management and consulting services are to be provided and own 100% of Ashford Financial Corporation.
Services
For two of the hotels subject to the asset management and consulting agreements, we will directly provide specific asset management services, including the following:
| risk management and insurance procurement; | |
| assistance with preparation of tax returns and monitoring of the payment of taxes; | |
| negotiation of hotel franchise agreements and monitoring compliance with franchise requirements; | |
| negotiation of property financings and monitoring compliance with loan covenants; | |
| negotiation and closing of equipment leases; | |
| property litigation management; | |
| assistance with preparation of annual operating and capital budgets for the hotels; and | |
| monitoring compliance with the management agreements. |
For the remaining 25 properties, we will supervise the performance of these same services, which will be provided directly by third parties or hotel employees. For all of the properties, we will provide additional services such as market and feasibility analysis, capital improvement assistance, financial planning and franchise support.
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Term
The eight management companies provide services to the hotels pursuant to a separate management agreement with each of the 27 hotels. The term of each of the eight asset management and consulting agreements being contributed to our operating partnership will expire when all of the underlying management agreements expire (including all extension periods) or are terminated, unless such asset management and consulting agreement is earlier terminated pursuant to an uncured event of default. One of the management agreements expires in 2007, seven expire in 2008, seven expire in 2009, one expires in 2010, two expire in 2011, and the balance expire in 2020 or later, exercisable at the discretion of the manager. The management agreements generally have at least two renewal terms of five years each. Each of the management companies has agreed to exercise its renewal rights if it is commercially reasonable to do so.
Consulting Fee
In exchange for performing the asset management
and consulting services, we will be entitled, as the assignee of
Ashford Financial Corporation, to annual payments equal to 25.8%
of the total amount of base and incentive fees payable to the
management companies pursuant to the underlying management
agreements. The remaining 74.2% of the property management fee
will be payable to the actual property managers as compensation
for managing the day-to-day operations of the related hotel,
which services will not be provided by our company. These
payments depend on revenue generated by the underlying hotels
for which the asset management and consulting services will be
provided, and, as a result, we cannot make any assurance that
any particular amount of revenue, if any, will be generated
pursuant to the contributed agreements, except as described
below under Guaranteed Minimum Fee. The
following table sets forth the estimated initial annual revenue,
by property, expected to be generated by the asset management
and consulting agreements.
Expiration Date of
Estimated
Manager
Management Agreement
(1)
Property
Revenue
(2)
October 26, 2020
Alexandria Sheraton
$
30,500
October 11, 2009
Annapolis Historic
45,500
October 26, 2020
Beverly Hills Ramada
58,000
June 3, 2011
Coral Gables Holiday Inn
27,600
October 26, 2020
Ft. Worth Radisson
107,200
May 31, 2011
Key West Crowne Plaza
61,000
October 26, 2020
Woburn Radisson
22,400
October 26, 2020
Indy Airport Radisson
41,100
October 26, 2020
Indy Circle Radisson
85,300
April 26, 2008
Hyannis Ramada
24,000
October 25, 2020
Houston Embassy
65,000
May 6, 2009
Commack Howard Johnson
16,300
October 6, 2008
Dallas Best Western
12,400
March 3, 2008
Falmouth Square Inn
21,000
March 1, 2009
Gull Wings Suites
21,900
October 26, 2020
Milford Radisson
35,500
March 17, 2008
Rockland Radisson
25,600
May 16, 2009
Saddlebrook Radisson
26,300
September 1, 2009
St. Petersburg Hilton
72,500
November 30, 2007
Warner Robins Ramada
9,000
May 13, 2009
Westbury Howard Johnson
15,700
May 2, 2009
Woburn Four Points
12,300
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Expiration Date of
Estimated
Manager
Management Agreement
(1)
Property
Revenue
(2)
May 31, 2010
West Palm Beach Embassy Suites
49,500
July 13, 2008
Minnetonka Sheraton
41,500
October 26, 2020
Nassau Bay Hilton
64,400
January 31, 2008
Sheraton Orlando
177,000
December 31, 2008
Ventura Marriott
31,500
TOTAL
$
1,200,000
(1) | These expiration dates represent the initial expiration dates without giving effect to any extensions. See Term. |
(2) | Calculated as 25.8% of the trailing 12-months actual management fee through June 30, 2003. |
As shown above, initially, the estimated payment to us under the asset management and consulting agreements will be approximately $1.2 million per year. If any covered property is sold at any time or upon expiration of the underlying management agreement, we will no longer derive any income from such property, thereby reducing the income we receive under the applicable asset management and consulting agreement. Any such sale or expiration of a management agreement will have no effect on the guaranteed minimum fee described below.
Guaranteed Minimum Fee
Pursuant to a written guaranty agreement executed by Ashford Financial Corporation for our benefit, Ashford Financial Corporation has guaranteed that we will be paid a minimum of $1.2 million per year for each of the first five years, in consulting fees under all of the asset management and consulting agreements, for a total guarantee of $6.0 million. We will be entitled to this guaranteed minimum amount even if, during the five-year period, any of the 27 hotel properties is sold or if the hotels fail to generate sufficient revenue to result in at least $1.2 million in fees to us per year. The minimum guaranteed amount will be subject to annual adjustments based on the consumer price index. This guaranty will be secured by the 1,025,000 units of limited partnership interest in Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership that we issued to Ashford Financial Corporation as consideration for its contribution to us of the eight asset management and consulting agreements. A pro rata portion of the units will be released from the pledge each year over the five-year term of the guaranty, provided the guaranteed minimum fee has been paid.
Assignment
The asset management and consulting agreements may not be assigned by either the management companies or by us, as assignee of Ashford Financial Corporation, without the prior consent of the other, except that we may, without consent, assign the agreements to Ashford TRS or, solely to satisfy the REIT requirements and maintain our REIT status, a third party.
Substitution of Management Agreement
During the first five years following this offering, if any of the covered hotel properties is sold, the management company has the right, in its sole election, to substitute a new management agreement.
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Events of Default
Each of the following is an event of default under the asset management and consulting agreements:
| Our operating partnership or the management company experiences certain bankruptcy-related events. | |
| The management company fails to make any payment due under an asset management and consulting agreement, subject to a 10-day grace period. | |
| Our operating partnership or the management company does not observe or perform any other term of the asset management and consulting agreement, subject to a 30-day grace period that can be extended to a maximum of 120 days. |
If an event of default occurs and continues beyond any grace period, the non-defaulting party will have the option of terminating the applicable asset management and consulting agreement. If an asset management and consulting agreement is terminated as a result of an event of default, we will be entitled to receive any consulting fees earned and accrued through the date of termination. We will still be entitled under the guaranty agreement to a guaranty of the minimum annual $1.2 million consulting fees if an asset management and consulting agreement is terminated because of our default or the default of the management company.
Leases
Each of our initial hotels will be owned by our operating partnership and leased to Ashford TRS, our taxable REIT subsidiary, pursuant to a percentage lease. Additionally, we intend to lease all hotels we acquire in the future, other than pursuant to sale-leaseback transactions with unrelated third parties, to Ashford TRS, pursuant to the terms of percentage leases that are generally similar to the terms of the existing percentage leases. Our management team will negotiate the terms and provisions of each future lease, considering such things as the purchase price paid for the hotel, then current economic conditions and any other factors deemed relevant at the time.
Term
The leases for each of the initial hotels will have a non-cancelable term of five years. The leases may be terminated earlier than the stated term if certain events occur, including specified damages to the related hotel, a condemnation of the related hotel or the sale of the related hotel, or an event of default which is not cured within any applicable cure or grace periods.
Amounts Payable Under Leases
The leases generally provide for Ashford TRS to pay in each calendar month the base rent plus, in each calendar quarter, percentage rent, if any. The percentage rent for each hotel equals the sum of (i) a percentage of gross revenues up to a specified threshold, (ii) a percentage of gross revenues in excess of the specified threshold but less than a second incentive threshold, and (iii) a percentage of gross revenues in excess of the second incentive threshold.
Maintenance and Modifications
The operating partnership will be required to establish and fund, in respect of each fiscal year during the terms of the leases, a reserve account, in the amount of at least 4% of gross revenues per quarter for the replacement and refurbishment of furniture, fixtures and equipment and other capital improvements to be made as required under the applicable hotel management agreement. To the extent that amount is not used in a particular quarter, the unused amount will be carried forward, cumulatively, to future quarters. Ashford TRS is responsible for all routine repair and maintenance of the hotels, and the operating partnership will be responsible for non-routine capital expenditures. Any capital improvements to the hotels will be made pursuant to the capital improvement budget as approved by us.
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Ashford TRS, at its own expense, may make routine additions, modifications or improvements to the hotels, so long as any such additions, modifications or improvements do not significantly alter the character or purposes of the hotels or significantly detract from the value or operating efficiencies of the hotels. Any such additions, modifications or improvements will be subject to the terms and provisions of the leases and will become our property upon the termination of the related lease. We will own substantially all personal property (other than inventory, linens and other nondepreciable personal property) not affixed to, or deemed a part of, the real estate or improvements on the initial hotels, unless ownership of such personal property would cause the rent under a lease not to qualify as rents from real property for REIT income test purposes. See Federal Income Tax Consequences Requirements for Qualification Income Tests.
Insurance and Property Taxes
We will pay for real estate and personal property taxes on the hotels (except to the extent that personal property associated with the hotels is owned by Ashford TRS). We will pay for property and casualty insurance relating to the hotel properties and any personal property owned by us. Ashford TRS as the lessee, will pay for all insurance on its personal property, business interruption, comprehensive general public liability, workers compensation, vehicle, and other appropriate and customary insurance. Ashford TRS must name us as an additional insured on any policies it carries. Pursuant to the terms of the management agreement, Remington Lodging will be responsible for acquiring all insurance to be carried by Ashford TRS on behalf of Ashford TRS and will be reimbursed for all related costs by Ashford TRS.
Assignment and Subleasing
Ashford TRS will not be permitted to sublet any part of the hotels or assign its interest under any of the leases without our prior written consent. No assignment or subletting will release Ashford TRS from any of its obligations under the leases.
Damage to Hotels
If any of our insured hotels is destroyed or damaged, whether or not such destruction or damage prevents use of the property as a hotel, Ashford TRS will have the obligation, but only to the extent of insurance proceeds that are made available, to restore the hotel. If the insurance proceeds are not sufficient to restore the hotel, Ashford TRS or we have the right to terminate the lease upon written notice. In that event, neither we nor Ashford TRS will have any further liabilities or obligations under the lease, except that, if we terminate the lease, we have to pay Ashford TRS the fair market value of its leasehold interest in the remaining term of the lease. We will keep all insurance proceeds received as a result of such destruction or damage. If the lease is terminated by Ashford TRS, we have the right to reject the termination of the lease by Ashford TRS and to require Ashford TRS to restore the hotel, provided we agree to pay for all restoration costs in excess of available insurance proceeds. In that event, the related lease will not terminate and we will pay all insurance proceeds to Ashford TRS. If the cost of restoration exceeds the amount of insurance proceeds, we will contribute any excess amounts necessary to complete the restoration to Ashford TRS before requiring the work to begin.
In the event of damage to or destruction of any uninsured hotel, we will have the option to either (i) restore the property, at our cost and expense, in which case the lease will not terminate, or (ii) terminate the lease. If the lease is terminated, neither we nor Ashford TRS will have any further liabilities or obligations under the lease, except that, if we terminate the lease, we have to pay Ashford TRS the fair market value of its leasehold interest in the remaining term of the lease. If the lease remains in effect and the damage does not result in a reduction of gross revenues at the hotel, Ashford TRSs obligation to pay rent will be unabated. If, however, the lease remains in effect but the damage does result in a reduction of gross revenues at the hotel, Ashford TRS will be entitled to a certain amount of rent abatement while the hotel is being repaired. We will keep all proceeds from loss of income insurance.
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Condemnation
If any of our initial hotels is subject to a total condemnation or a partial taking that prevents use of the property as a hotel, we and Ashford TRS each have the option to terminate the related lease. We will share in the condemnation award with Ashford TRS in accordance with the provisions of the related lease. If any partial taking of a hotel does not prevent use of the property as a hotel, Ashford TRS is obligated to restore the untaken portion of the hotel to a complete architectural unit but only to the extent of any available condemnation award. If the condemnation award is not sufficient to restore the hotel, Ashford TRS or we have the right to terminate the lease upon written notice. If the lease is terminated by Ashford TRS, we have the right to reject the termination of the lease by Ashford TRS and to require Ashford TRS to restore the hotel, provided we agree to pay for all restoration costs in excess of the available condemnation award. We will contribute the cost of such restoration to Ashford TRS. If a partial taking occurs, the base rent will be abated to some extent, taking into consideration, among other factors, the number of usable rooms, the amount of square footage, or the revenues affected by the partial taking.
Events of Default
Events of Default under the leases include:
| Ashford TRS fails to pay rent or other amounts due under the lease, provided that Ashford TRS has a 10-day grace period after receiving a written notice from us that such amounts are due and payable before an event of default would occur. | |
| Ashford TRS does not observe or perform any other term of a lease, provided that Ashford TRS has a 30 day grace period after receiving a written notice from us that a term of the lease has been violated before an event of default of default would occur. There are certain instances in which the 30-day grace period can be extended to a maximum of 120 days. | |
| Ashford TRS is the subject of a bankruptcy, reorganization, insolvency, liquidation or dissolution event that is not discharged within 90 days. | |
| Ashford TRS voluntarily ceases operations of the hotels for a period of more than 30 days except as a result of damage, destruction, condemnation, or certain specified unavoidable delays. | |
| The franchise license for the related hotel is terminated by the franchisor because of any action or failure to act by Ashford TRS. |
If an event of default occurs and continues beyond any grace period, we will have the option of terminating the related lease. If we decide to terminate a lease, we must give Ashford TRS 10 days written notice. Unless the event of default is cured before the termination date we specify in the termination notice, the lease will terminate on the specified termination notice. In that event, Ashford TRS will be required to surrender possession of the related hotel.
Termination of Leases
Our operating partnership has the right to terminate any lease with 30 days notice to Ashford TRS. If we elect to terminate a lease, we must either:
| pay Ashford TRS the fair market value of its leasehold interest in the remaining term of the lease; or | |
| offer to lease to Ashford TRS one or more substitute hotels on terms that will create a leasehold interest in such hotels with a fair market value equal to or greater than the fair market value of their remaining leasehold interest under the terminated lease. |
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Breach by Us
If we breach any of the leases, we will have 30 days from the time we receive written notice of the breach from Ashford TRS to cure the breach. This cure period may be extended in the event of certain specified, unavoidable delays.
Management Agreement
Pursuant to the terms of a management agreement, we intend to engage Remington Lodging, which is owned by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett and is an affiliate of Remington Hotel Corporation, as the property manager for our six initial hotels and for any future hotels that we lease to Ashford TRS. We and Remington Lodging will execute the management agreement at the closing of our initial public offering, but for the purposes of this section, we have assumed that the management agreement has already been executed.
Term
The management agreement provides, as to each initial or future hotel, for an initial term of 10 years. The term may be renewed by Remington Lodging, at its option, subject to certain performance tests, for three successive periods of seven years each and, thereafter, a final term of four years, provided that at the time the option to renew is exercised, Remington Lodging is not then in default under the management agreement. If at the time of the exercise of any renewal period, Remington Lodging is in default, then the exercise of the renewal option will be conditional on timely cure of such default, and if such default is not timely cured, then Ashford TRS may terminate the management agreement. If Remington Lodging desires to exercise any option to renew, it must give Ashford TRS written notice of its election to renew the management agreement no less than 90 days before the expiration of the then current term of the management agreement.
Amounts Payable under the Management Agreement
Remington Lodging will receive a base management fee, and if the hotels meet and exceed certain thresholds, an additional incentive management fee. The base management fee for each hotel will be due monthly and will be equal to the greater of:
| $10,000 (increased annually based on consumer price index adjustments); and | |
| 3% of the gross revenues associated with that hotel for the related month. |
The incentive management fee, if any, for each hotel will be due annually in arrears within 90 days of the end of the fiscal year and will be equal to the lesser of (i) 1% of gross revenues and (ii) the amount by which the actual gross operating profit exceeds the target gross operating profit as set forth in the annual operating budget approved for the applicable fiscal year. If, however, based on actual operations and revised forecasts from time to time, it is reasonably anticipated that the incentive fee will be earned, Ashford TRS will consider payment of the incentive fee pro-rata on a quarterly basis.
The incentive fee is designed to encourage Remington Lodging to generate higher gross operating profit at each hotel by increasing the fee due to Remington Lodging when the hotels generate gross operating profit above certain threshold levels. Any increased revenues will generate increased lease payments under the percentage leases and should thereby benefit our stockholders.
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Early Termination
The management agreement may be terminated as to one or more of the hotels earlier than the stated term if certain events occur, including:
| a sale of a hotel or a substitution of the hotel; | |
| the failure of Remington Lodging to satisfy certain performance standards with respect to any of the future hotels or, after the initial 10-year term, the six initial hotels; | |
| for the convenience of Ashford TRS; | |
| in the event of a casualty to, condemnation of, or force majeure involving a hotel; or | |
| upon a default by Remington Lodging or us that is not cured prior to the expiration of any applicable cure periods. |
Termination Fees
In certain cases of early termination of the management agreement with respect to one or more of the hotels, we must pay Remington Lodging termination fees, plus any amounts otherwise due to Remington Lodging pursuant to the terms of the management agreement. We will be obligated to pay termination fees in the circumstances described below, provided that Remington Lodging is not then in default, subject to certain cure and grace periods.
Sale of a Hotel. |
| Sale of an Initial Hotel If any of the initial hotels is sold prior to the expiration of the initial 10-year term, the management agreement will terminate with respect to the hotels and we must pay a termination fee equal to the product obtained by multiplying (i) the aggregate management fees (both base fees and incentive fees) estimated to be paid to Remington Lodging with respect to the sold hotels pursuant to the then current annual operating budget (but in no event less than the management fees for the preceding full fiscal year) by (ii) the years then remaining under the initial 10-year term. Ashford TRS does not have to pay any termination fees in connection with a sale of an initial hotel that occurs after the initial 10-year term. In addition, we have the right, without incurring any termination fee, to substitute a hotel for any of the initial hotels under the management agreement. The substitute hotel must be reasonably equivalent in terms of size, number of rooms, quality of the franchise, market type and gross revenues. | |
| Sale of a Future Hotel If any of the future hotels is sold during the first 12 months of the date such hotels become subject to the management agreement, Ashford TRS may terminate the management agreement with respect to such sold hotel, provided that we pay to Remington Lodging, an amount equal to the management fee (both base fees and incentive fees) estimated to be paid to Remington Lodging with respect to the applicable hotels pursuant to the then current annual operating budget for the balance of the first year of the 10-year base term. If any of the future hotels is sold at any time after the first year of the 10-year base term and Ashford TRS terminates the management agreement with respect to those hotels, Ashford TRS will have no obligation to pay any termination fees. |
Casualty. |
| Casualty of an Initial Hotel If any of the initial hotels are damaged and Ashford TRS elects for any reason not to rebuild the damaged hotel, we must pay a termination fee to Remington Lodging equal to the termination fee that would be owed if the hotel had been sold. | |
| Casualty of a Future Hotel If any of the future hotels is the subject of a casualty and Ashford TRS elects not to rebuild, then we must pay to Remington Lodging the termination fee, if any, that would be owed if the hotel had been sold. However, after the first year of the initial 10-year term |
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for a future hotel, if the future hotel is the subject of a casualty and Ashford TRS elects not to rebuild the hotel even though sufficient casualty insurance proceeds are available to do so, then we must pay to Remington Lodging a termination fee equal to the product obtained by multiplying (i) 65% of the aggregate management fees (both base fees and incentive fees) estimated to be paid to Remington Lodging with respect to the applicable hotels pursuant to the then current annual operating budget (but in no event less than the management fees for the preceding full fiscal year) by (ii) nine. |
Condemnation or Force Majeure. In the event of a condemnation of or force majeure events to any of the hotels, Ashford TRS has no obligation to pay any termination fees if the management agreement terminates as to those hotels.
Failure to Satisfy Performance Test. |
| Future Hotels If any of the future hotels fail to satisfy a certain performance test, Ashford TRS may terminate the management agreement with respect to such future hotel, and in such case, we must pay to Remington Lodging an amount equal to 60% of the product obtained by multiplying (i) 65% of the aggregate management fees (both base fees and incentive fees) estimated to be paid to Remington Lodging with respect to the applicable future hotel pursuant to the then current annual operating budget (but in no event less than the management fees for the preceding full fiscal year) by (ii) nine. Remington Lodging will have failed the performance test with respect to a particular hotel if during any fiscal year during the term (i) such hotels gross operating profit margin for such fiscal year is less than 75% of the average gross operating profit margins of comparable hotels in similar markets and geographical locations, as reasonably determined by Remington Lodging and us, and (ii) such hotels RevPAR yield penetration is less than 80% of the RevPAR yield penetration of a pre-identified competitive set (subject to adjustment from time to time) of hotels (which includes the hotel). Upon a performance test failure, Ashford TRS must give Remington Lodging two years to cure. If, within the first year, the performance test failure has not been cured, then we may, in order not to waive any such failure, require Remington Lodging to engage a nationally-recognized consultant with significant hotel lodging experience reasonably acceptable to both of us, to make a determination as to whether or not another management company could have managed the hotel in a materially more efficient manner. If the consultants determination is in the affirmative, then Remington Lodging must engage such consultant to assist with the cure of such performance failure during the second year of the cure period. If the consultants determination is in the negative, then Remington Lodging will be deemed not to be in default under the performance test. The cost of such consultant will be shared by Ashford TRS and Remington Lodging equally. If Remington Lodging fails the performance test during the second year of the cure period and the consultant again makes a finding that another manager could manage materially better than Remington Lodging, then Ashford TRS has the right to terminate the management agreement with respect to such hotel and to pay to Remington Lodging the termination fee described above. Further, if any of the future hotels are within a cure period due to a failure of the performance test, an exercise of a renewal option shall be conditioned upon timely cure of the performance test failure, and if the performance failure is not timely cured, Ashford TRS may elect to terminate the management agreement without paying any termination fee. | |
| Initial Hotels The initial hotels are not subject to the performance test until after the initial 10-year term of the management agreement. |
For Convenience. With respect to any of the hotels, if Ashford TRS elects for convenience to terminate the management agreement with respect to such hotel, at any time, including during any renewal term, we must pay a termination fee to Remington Lodging, equal to the product of (i) 65% of the aggregate management fees (both base fees and incentive fees) estimated to be paid to Remington Lodging with respect to the applicable hotels pursuant to the then current annual operating budget (but in no event less than the management fees for the preceding full fiscal year) and (ii) nine.
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New Manager; Mutual Exclusivity Agreement
Pursuant to the mutual exclusivity agreement between Remington Hotel, Remington Lodging and us, we have agreed to engage Remington Lodging for the management, development, construction, project management and certain other services in connection with any future hotels acquired by us unless our independent directors either (i) unanimously vote to engage another manager or developer, or (ii) based on special circumstances or past performance, by a majority vote elect not to engage Remington Lodging because they have determined that it would be in our best interest not to engage Remington Lodging or that another manager or developer could perform the duties materially better. If the management agreement terminates as to all of the hotels covered in connection with a default under the management agreement, the mutual exclusivity agreement will also terminate. See Mutual Exclusivity Agreement.
Maintenance and Modifications
Remington Lodging must maintain each hotel in good repair and condition and make such routine maintenance, repairs and minor alterations as it deems reasonably necessary. The cost of all such maintenance, repairs and alterations will be paid by Ashford TRS.
Insurance
Remington Lodging is responsible for maintaining and paying for all workers compensation, employers liability, and other appropriate and customary insurance related to its operations as a property manager, the cost of which is the responsibility of Ashford TRS.
Assignment and Subleasing
Neither Remington Lodging nor Ashford TRS may assign its rights and obligations under the management agreement without the other partys prior written consent. However, Remington Lodging may assign its rights and obligations to an affiliate of Remington Lodging that satisfies the eligible independent contractor requirements and is controlled by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett or their respective family partnership or trusts, the sole members of which are at all times lineal descendants of Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett (including step children) and spouses. Control means (i) the possession of a majority of the capital stock and voting power of such affiliate, directly or indirectly, or (ii) the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of such affiliate in the capacity of chief executive officer, president, chairman, or other similar capacity where they are actively engaged or involved in providing such direction or control and spend a substantial amount of time managing such affiliate. No assignment will release Remington Lodging from any of its obligations under the management agreement.
Damage to Hotels
If any of our insured properties is destroyed or damaged, Ashford TRS is obligated, subject to the requirements of the underlying lease, to repair or replace the damaged or destroyed portion of the hotel to the same condition as existed prior to such damage or destruction. If the lease relating to such damaged hotel is terminated pursuant to the terms of the lease, Ashford TRS has the right to terminate the management agreement with respect to such damaged hotel. In the event of a termination, neither Ashford TRS nor Remington Lodging will have any further liabilities or obligations under the management agreement with respect to such damaged hotel, except that we may be obligated to pay to Remington Lodging a termination fee, as described above. If the management agreement remains in effect with respect to such damaged hotel, and the damage does not result in a reduction of gross revenues at the hotel, our obligation to pay management fees will be unabated. If, however, the management agreement remains in effect with respect to such damaged hotel, but the damage does result in a reduction of gross revenues at the hotel, we will be entitled to partial abatement of the management fees while the hotel is being repaired.
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Condemnation of a Property or Force Majeure
If any of our hotels is subject to a total condemnation or a partial taking that prevents use of the property as a hotel, the management agreement, with respect to such condemned hotel, will terminate, subject to the requirements of the applicable lease. In the event of termination, neither Ashford TRS nor Remington Lodging will have any further liabilities or obligations under the management agreement with respect to such hotel. If any partial taking of a property does not prevent use of the property as a hotel, we must restore the untaken portion of the property to a complete architectural unit. If there is an event of force majeure or any other cause beyond the control of Remington Lodging that directly involves a hotel and has a significant adverse effect upon the continued operations of that hotel, then the management agreement may be terminated by Ashford TRS. In the event of a termination, neither Ashford TRS nor Remington Lodging will have any further liabilities or obligations under the management agreement with respect to such hotel.
Annual Operating Budget
The management agreement provides that not less than 45 days prior to the beginning of each fiscal year during the term of the management agreement, Remington Lodging will submit to Ashford TRS for each of the hotels, an annual operating budget setting forth in detail an estimated profit and loss statement for the next 12 months (or for the balance of the fiscal year in the event of a partial first fiscal year), including a schedule of hotel room rentals and other rentals and a marketing and business plan for each of the hotels. The budget is subject to Ashford TRS approval, which may not be unreasonably withheld. The budget may be revised from time to time, taking into account such circumstances as Ashford TRS deems appropriate or as business and operating conditions shall demand, subject to the reasonable approval of Remington Lodging.
Capital Improvement Budget
Remington Lodging must prepare a capital improvement budget of the expenditures necessary for replacement of furniture, fixtures and equipment and building repairs for the hotels during the following fiscal year and provide such budget to Ashford TRS for approval, which approval may not be unreasonably withheld, at the same time Remington Lodging submits the proposed annual operating budget for approval. Remington Lodging will, in accordance with the capital improvement budget, make such substitutions and replacements of or renewals to furniture, fixtures and equipment and non-routine repairs and maintenance as it deems necessary to maintain our hotels. Remington Lodging may not make any other expenditures without Ashford TRS approval, except expenditures which are required by reason of any (i) emergency, (ii) applicable legal requirements, (iii) the terms of any franchise agreement or (iv) are otherwise required for the continued safe and orderly operation of our hotels. The cost of all such changes, repairs, alterations, improvements, renewals, or replacements will be paid from the capital improvement reserve or other monies advanced by Ashford TRS.
Service and Project Management Fees
Ashford TRS has agreed to pay Remington Lodging a project management fee equal to 4% of the total project costs associated with the implementation of the approved capital improvement budget or renovation project for a hotel until such time that the capital improvement budget and renovation project costs involve expenditures in excess of 5% of gross revenues of such hotel, whereupon the project management fee will be 3% of total project costs in excess of the 5% of gross revenue threshold. In addition, Ashford TRS has agreed to pay Remington Lodging additional fees at then-current market rates for other services beyond managing the hotels or implementing the capital improvement budget. These other services include: (i) construction management, (ii) interior design assistance involved in implementing the capital improvement budget, (iii) managing architects and preparing drawings applicable to the implementation of the capital improvement budget and reviewing plans, drawings, shop drawings and other matters necessary for the proper implementation of the capital improvement budget, (iv) purchasing services, (v) managing freight selection and shipping processes, (vi) the warehousing of
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The fees for the additional services will be consistent with the approved capital improvement budget and will be deemed approved by Ashford TRS unless a majority of our independent directors determine that such fees for the additional services are not in line with market rates for similar services. In the event that the majority of our independent directors determine that the fees for the additional services are not market, Ashford TRS and Remington Lodging will engage a consultant reasonably satisfactory to both parties to provide then current market information with respect to the proposed fees and a written recommendation as to whether such fees are market rates or not. If the consultant determines that such fees as proposed by Remington Lodging are market, then we agree to pay any consultant fees incurred by such consultant in making the determination. If the consultants recommendation does not support the fees as proposed by Remington Lodging, then Remington Lodging agrees to pay the consultants fees incurred in connection with the determination and may, at its election, perform such service for fees consistent with the market research and recommendation of the consultant.
Indemnity Provisions
Remington Lodging has agreed to indemnify Ashford TRS against all damages not covered by insurance that arise from (i) the fraud, willful misconduct or gross negligence of Remington Lodging; (ii) employee claims based on a substantial violation by Remington Lodging of employment laws or that are a direct result of the corporate policies of Remington Lodging; (iii) the knowing or reckless placing, discharge, leakage, use or storage of hazardous materials in violation of applicable environmental laws on or in any of our hotels by Remington Lodging; or (iv) the breach by Remington Lodging of the management agreement, including action taken by Remington Lodging beyond the scope of its authority under the management agreement, which is not cured.
Except to the extent indemnified by Remington Lodging as described in the preceding paragraph, Ashford TRS has agreed to indemnify Remington Lodging against all damages not covered by insurance and that arise from (i) the performance of Remington Lodgings services under the management agreement; (ii) the condition or use of our hotels; (iii) certain liabilities to which Remington Lodging is subjected pursuant to the WARN Act in connection with the termination of the management agreement; or (iv) any claims made by an employee of Remington Lodging against Remington Lodging or Ashford TRS that are based on a violation or alleged violation of the employment laws.
Events of Default
Events of default under the management agreement include:
| Ashford TRS or Remington Lodging experiences a bankruptcy-related event that is not discharged within 90 days. | |
| Ashford TRS or Remington Lodging fails to make any payment due under the management agreement, subject to a 10-day grace period. | |
| Ashford TRS or Remington Lodging fails to observe or perform any other term of the management agreement, subject to a 30-day grace period. There are certain instances in which the 30-day grace period extends to 120 days. | |
| Remington Lodging does not qualify as an eligible independent contractor as such term is defined in Section 856(d)(9) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. |
If an event of default occurs and continues beyond any grace period, the non-defaulting party will have the option of terminating the management agreement, on 30 days notice to the other party. If the event of default relates solely to one or more, but not all, of the hotels, then the management agreement may only be terminated with respect to the hotels to which the event of default relates.
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Mutual Exclusivity Agreement
We and Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, our operating partnership, will enter into a mutual exclusivity agreement with Remington Lodging, Remington Hotel and Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett regarding lodging investment opportunities any of us identifies in the future. Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett are the sole owners of Remington Hotel and Remington Lodging. The following summary assumes that we have already entered into the mutual exclusivity agreement. We will sign the agreement at the closing of the offering described in this prospectus.
Term
The initial term of the mutual exclusivity agreement will be 10 years. This term will automatically extend for three additional renewal periods of seven years each and a final renewal period of four years, for a total of up to 25 additional years. The agreement may be sooner terminated because of:
| an event of default (see Events of Default), | |
| a partys early termination rights (see Early Termination), or | |
| a termination of the management agreement between Ashford TRS and Remington Lodging because of an event of default under the management agreement with respect to all properties (see Relationship with Management Agreement). |
Our Exclusivity Rights
Remington Lodging, Remington Hotel and Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett have granted us a first right of refusal to pursue all lodging investment opportunities identified by Remington Lodging or Remington Hotel or their affiliates (including the Bennetts), including opportunities to buy hotel properties, to buy land and build hotels, to buy existing loans on hotel properties, to make loans on hotel properties, or to otherwise invest in hotel properties. If investment opportunities are identified, Remington Hotel, Remington Lodging, or the Bennetts, as the case may be, will not pursue those opportunities (except as described below) and will give us a written notice and description of the investment opportunity, and we will have 10 business days to either accept or reject the investment opportunity. If we reject the opportunity, Remington Lodging or Remington Hotel or its respective affiliates may then pursue such investment opportunity on the same terms as offered to us. If the terms of such investment opportunity materially change, then Remington Lodging or Remington Hotel must offer the revised investment opportunity to us, whereupon we will have 10 business days to either accept or reject the opportunity on the revised terms.
Reimbursement of Costs
If we accept an investment opportunity from Remington Lodging or Remington Hotel, we will be obligated to reimburse Remington Lodging or Remington Hotel for the actual out-of-pocket and third-party expenses in connection with such investment opportunity, including any earnest money deposits, but excluding any finders fees, brokerage fee, development fee, management fee or other compensation to Remington Lodging, Remington Hotel or their affiliates. Remington Lodging or Remington Hotel must submit to us an accounting of the costs in reasonable detail.
Exclusivity Rights of Remington Lodging
If we elect to pursue an investment opportunity that consists of buying a hotel property or buying land for the purpose of building a hotel property, or constructing hotel improvements, we will hire Remington Lodging to manage the hotel, build the hotel, construct the improvements or provide project management or other services unless our independent directors either (i) unanimously elect not to engage Remington Lodging, or (ii) by a majority vote, elect not to engage Remington Lodging because they have determined (A) special circumstances exist such that it would be in our best interest not to engage Remington Lodging for the particular hotel, or (B) based on the prior performance of Remington Lodging, another
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Excluded Investment Opportunities
The following are excluded from the mutual exclusivity agreement and are not subject to any exclusivity rights or right of first refusal:
| With respect to Remington, an investment opportunity where our independent directors have unanimously voted not to engage Remington Lodging as the manager or developer. | |
| With respect to Remington, an investment opportunity where our independent directors, by a majority vote, have elected not to engage Remington Lodging as the manager or developer based on their determination that special circumstances exist such that it would be in our best interest not to engage Remington Lodging with respect to the particular hotel. | |
| With respect to Remington, an investment opportunity where our independent directors, by a majority vote, have elected not to engage Remington Lodging as the manager or developer because they have determined that another manager or developer could perform the management or development duties materially better than Remington Lodging for the particular hotel, based on Remington Lodgings prior performance. | |
| Existing hotel investments of Remington Lodging, Remington Hotel, or affiliates with any of their existing joint venture partners or property owners. | |
| Existing bona fide arms length third party management arrangements (or arrangements for other services such as project management) of Remington Lodging, Remington Hotel, or any of their affiliates with third parties other than us and our affiliates. | |
| Like-kind exchanges that may be made pursuant to existing contractual obligations by any of the existing joint ventures in which Remington Lodging, Remington Hotel, or their affiliates have an ownership interest. |
Management or Development
If we hire Remington Lodging to manage a hotel or construct hotel improvements, it will be pursuant to the terms of the management agreement between us and Remington Lodging. If we hire Remington Lodging to develop a hotel, the terms of the development will be pursuant to a form of development agreement that has been approved by us.
Events of Default
Each of the following is a default under the mutual exclusivity agreement:
| we, Remington Lodging or Remington Hotel experience a bankruptcy-related event; | |
| we fail to reimburse Remington Lodging or Remington Hotel as described under Reimbursement of Costs, subject to a 30-day cure period; | |
| we, Remington Lodging or Remington Hotel does not observe or perform any other term of the agreement, subject to a 30-day cure period (up to a maximum of 120 days in certain instances); and | |
| Remington Lodging, Remington Hotel or an affiliate defaults under the terms of any document that evidences the investment opportunity accepted by us, subject to any cure periods provided in such document. |
If a default occurs, the non-defaulting party will have the option of terminating the mutual exclusivity agreement and pursuing its rights and remedies under applicable law.
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Early Termination
Remington Lodging and Remington Hotel have the right to terminate the exclusivity rights granted to us if:
| Montgomery Bennett is removed as our Chief Executive Officer without cause, resigns for good reason, or his employment agreement is not renewed or there is a change in control of us and Mr. Bennett resigns within 12 months after the change in control, except, in all such cases, because of his death; | |
| Archie Bennett, Jr. is removed as one of our directors without cause, is not renominated to serve as Chairman or resigns for good reason, or there is a change in control of us and Mr. Bennett resigns within 12 months after the change in control, except, in all such cases, because of his death; | |
| upon expiration of the non-competition restrictions contained in the employment agreement of Montgomery Bennett, which apply if Montgomery Bennett has resigned without good reason as our Chief Executive Officer, if his employment agreement is not renewed, or if we terminate his employment for cause, if we have not then already terminated the exclusivity rights granted to Remington Lodging and Remington Hotel as a result of his resignation or our termination of his employment for cause; | |
| subject to each partys obligation to act in good faith, Montgomery Bennett is no longer our Chief Executive Officer and is subject to the non-competition restrictions in his employment agreement, and our independent directors, three times in a calendar year, in any combination set forth below: |
| elect not to pursue an investment opportunity presented to us by Remington Lodging, Remington Hotel or their affiliates; | |
| elect not to engage Remington Lodging with respect to a management or development opportunity we have elected to pursue; or | |
| fail to close on an investment opportunity presented to us by Remington Lodging, Remington Hotel or their affiliates (and accepted by us), and the failure to close is caused by us and not the third party selling the investment opportunity; or |
| we terminate the Remington exclusivity rights because (i) Montgomery Bennett resigns as our Chief Executive Officer without good reason or we terminate his employment for cause, (ii) Remington Lodging or Remington Hotel is no longer controlled by Archie Bennett, Jr. or Montgomery Bennett or their respective family partnership or trusts (as described below in the third bullet point describing our termination rights) or (iii) we experience a change in control and terminate the management agreement with Remington Lodging. |
We may terminate the exclusivity rights granted to Remington Lodging if:
| Remington Lodging fails to qualify as an eligible independent contractor as defined in Section 856(d)(9) of the Internal Revenue Code; | |
| Montgomery Bennett resigns as our Chief Executive Officer without good reason or if we terminate his employment for cause; | |
| if either Remington Lodging or Remington Hotel is no longer controlled by Archie Bennett, Jr. or Montgomery Bennett or their respective family partnership or trusts, the sole members of which are at all times lineal descendants of Archie Bennett, Jr. or Montgomery Bennett (including step children) and spouses. Control means (i) the possession, directly or indirectly, of a majority of the capital stock and voting power of Remington Lodging and Remington Hotel, or (ii) the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of Remington Lodging and Remington Hotel by serving as chief executive officer, president, chairman or similar position and spending a substantial amount of time managing Remington Lodging and Remington Hotel; |
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| if we experience a change in control and terminate the management agreement between us and Remington Lodging and have paid the termination fee owing to Remington Lodging under the management agreement in the event of our termination for convenience; or | |
| if Remington Lodging or Remington Hotel terminates the exclusivity rights granted to us pursuant to an early termination right that they have. |
Cause and good reason for Montgomery Bennett and Archie Bennett, Jr., respectively, are defined in the employment agreement of Montgomery Bennett and the non-competition agreement of Archie Bennett, Jr.
Assignment
The mutual exclusivity agreement may not be assigned by Remington Lodging, Remington Hotel, the Bennetts, or us without the prior written consent of the other parties.
Relationship with Management Agreement
The rights provided to us and to Remington Lodging and Remington Hotel in the exclusivity agreement may be terminated if the management agreement between us and Remington Lodging terminates in its entirety because of an event of default as to all of the managed properties. A termination of Remington Lodgings management rights with respect to one or more hotels (but not all hotels) does not terminate the mutual exclusivity agreement. A termination of the mutual exclusivity agreement does not terminate the management agreement either in part or in whole, and the management agreement would continue in accordance with its terms as to the hotels it covers, despite a termination of the mutual exclusivity agreement.
Franchise Licenses
Embassy Suites is a registered trademark of Promus Hotels, Inc., and Radisson is a registered trademark of Radisson Hotels International, Inc. The registered owners of the trademarks have approved the change of the franchise licenses to our company, either through a transfer of the existing license or through the issuance of a new license. Based on this approval, we expect the registered owners to confirm our operating partnership or the subsidiary entity that owns the applicable property as a licensee in good standing upon the completion of the license transfer or upon the issuance of a new license, which will occur in each case upon completion of this offering.
We anticipate that most of the additional hotels we acquire will be operated under franchise licenses. We believe that the publics perception of quality associated with a franchisor is an important feature in the operation of a hotel. Franchisors provide a variety of benefits for franchisees, which include national advertising, publicity and other marketing programs designed to increase brand awareness, training of personnel, continuous review of quality standards and centralized reservation systems.
Remington Lodging must operate each hotel pursuant to the terms of the related franchise agreement, and Remington Lodging must use its best efforts to maintain the right to operate each hotel as such. In the event of termination of the related franchise agreement, Remington Lodging must operate the hotel under such other franchise agreement, if any, as we enter into or obtain as franchisee.
The franchise licenses generally specify certain management, operational, record keeping, accounting, reporting and marketing standards and procedures with which the franchisee must comply. Under the franchise licenses the franchisee must comply with the franchisors standards and requirements with respect to:
| training of operational personnel; | |
| safety; | |
| maintaining specified insurance; |
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| the types of services and products ancillary to guest room services that may be provided; | |
| display of signage; and | |
| the type, quality and age of furniture, fixtures and equipment included in guest rooms, lobbies and other common areas. |
Additionally, as the franchisee we are required to pay the franchise fees described below.
The following table sets forth certain
information in connection with the existing franchise licenses
for the initial properties:
Expiration
Property
Franchise Fee
(1)
Marketing/Reservation Fee
(1)
Date
4.0%
3.5%
07/12/2017
4.0%
3.5%
01/22/2018
4.0%
3.5%
06/26/2017
4.0%
3.5%
04/06/2018
3.0% (10/1/02 - 3/31/04)
3.75% (10/1/02 - 3/31/04)
12/31/2021
3.5% (4/1/04 - 3/31/06)
3.75% (4/1/04 - 3/31/06)
4.0% (4/1/06 and thereafter)
3.75% (4/1/06 and thereafter)
3.0% (10/1/02 - 1/31/04
3.75% (10/1/02 - 1/31/04
12/31/2022
3.5% (2/1/04 - 1/31/06)
3.75% (2/1/04 - 1/31/06
4.0% (2/1/06 and thereafter)
3.75% (2/1/06 and thereafter)
(1) | Percentage of room revenues payable to the franchisor. |
Embassy Suites is a registered trademark of Promus Hotels, Inc. Promus Hotels, Inc. has not endorsed or approved this offering. A grant of an Embassy Suites license for certain of the initial properties is not intended and should not be interpreted as an express or implied approval or endorsement by Promus Hotels, Inc. or any of its affiliates, subsidiaries or divisions of us, our operating partnership or our common stock.
Radisson is a registered trademark of Radisson Hotels International, Inc. Radisson Hotels International, Inc. has not endorsed or approved this offering. A grant of a Radisson license for certain of the initial properties is not intended and should not be interpreted as an express or implied approval or endorsement by Radisson Hotels International, Inc. or any of its affiliates, subsidiaries or divisions of us, our operating partnership or our common stock.
Employees
Eight employees of Remington Hotel Corporation, including Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett and Messrs. Kessler and Nunneley, and three employees of Ashford Financial Corporation, including Messrs. Kimichik and Brooks, will become our employees. We intend to be self-advised, so we will utilize the services of our employees rather than retain an advisor.
Environmental Matters
Under various federal, state and local laws and regulations, an owner or operator of real estate may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of certain hazardous or toxic substances on such property. These laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of hazardous or toxic substances. Furthermore, a person that arranges for the disposal of a hazardous substance or transports a hazardous substance for disposal or treatment from property owned by another may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous substances released into the environment at that property. The costs of remediation or removal of such substances may be substantial, and the presence of such substances, or the failure to promptly remediate such substances, may adversely
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Recent Phase I environmental assessments have been obtained on each of the initial properties. The Phase I environmental assessments were intended to identify potential environmental contamination for which our properties may be responsible. The Phase I environmental assessments included:
| historical reviews of the initial properties, | |
| reviews of certain public records, | |
| preliminary investigations of the sites and surrounding properties, | |
| screening for the presence of hazardous substances, toxic substances and underground storage tanks, and | |
| the preparation and issuance of a written report. |
The Phase I environmental assessments did not include invasive procedures, such as soil sampling or ground water analysis.
The Phase I environmental assessments have not revealed any environmental liability that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, assets, results of operations or liquidity, and we are not aware of any such liability. However, it is possible that these environmental assessments did not reveal all environmental liabilities. There may be material environmental liabilities of which we are unaware, including environmental liabilities that may have arisen since the Phase I assessments were completed or updated. No assurances can be given that (i) future laws, ordinances or regulations will not impose any material environmental liability, or (ii) the current environmental condition of our properties will not be affected by the condition of properties in the vicinity of our properties (such as the presence of leaking underground storage tanks) or by third parties unrelated to the us.
We believe that the initial properties are in compliance in all material respects with all federal, state and local ordinances and regulations regarding hazardous or toxic substances and other environmental matters. Neither we nor, to our knowledge, any of the current owners of the initial properties have been notified by any governmental authority of any material noncompliance, liability or claim relating to hazardous or toxic substances or other environmental matter in connection with any of the initial properties.
Insurance
We will maintain comprehensive insurance, including liability, fire, workers compensation, extended coverage, rental loss and, when available on reasonable commercial terms, flood and earthquake insurance, with policy specifications, limits and deductibles customarily carried for similar properties. We will not maintain terrorism insurance on our properties. We do intend, however, to obtain environmental insurance on our initial properties. Certain types of losses, however (for example, matters of a catastrophic nature such as acts of war or earthquakes, or substantial known environmental liabilities), are either uninsurable or require such substantial premiums that the cost of maintaining such insurance is economically infeasible. Certain types of losses, such as those arising from subsidence activity, are insurable only to the extent that certain standard policy exceptions to insurability are waived by agreement with the insurer. See Risk Factors Real Estate Investment Risks Uninsured and Underinsured Losses. We believe, however, that the initial properties are adequately insured, consistent with industry standards.
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Depreciation
We will use the carryover basis for determining the tax basis for each of our initial properties contributed in exchange for units of partnership interests in our operating partnership. For federal income tax purposes, we intend to depreciate all depreciable hotel property over the same remaining useful lives and using the same methods currently used by the owners of the properties. Depreciation with respect to the real property components of our properties (other than land) generally will be computed using the straight-line method over a useful life of 15-39 years, for a depreciation rate ranging from 2.56% to 6.67% per year.
Our operating partnerships tax depreciation deductions will be allocated among the partners in accordance with their respective interests in our operating partnership (except to the extent that the partnership is required under Internal Revenue Code section 704(c) to use a method for allocating depreciation deductions that results in us receiving a disproportionately larger share of the deductions). Because the initial basis in our properties contributed in exchange for operating partnership units will be less than the fair market value of those properties on the date of contribution, our depreciation deductions may be less than they otherwise would have been if our operating partnership had purchased those initial properties for cash or shares of our common stock.
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SELECTED FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The following table sets forth selected historical operating and financial data for Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. This information represents the historical financial condition and results of operations of entities that own the initial assets.
The following selected historical combined financial information as of December 31, 2002 and 2001 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2002 were derived from audited financial statements contained elsewhere in this prospectus. The following selected historical combined financial information as of December 31, 2000, 1999 and 1998 and for each of the years ending December 31, 1999 and 1998 were derived from unaudited financial statements. The following selected historical combined financial information as of June 30, 2003 and for the six months ended June 30, 2003 and 2002, were derived from unaudited financial statements contained elsewhere in this prospectus. The unaudited historical combined financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, which we consider necessary for a fair presentation of our financial condition and the results of operations as of such dates and for such periods under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
You should read the information below along with
all other financial information and analysis presented in this
prospectus, including the sections captioned
Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations and Ashford
Hospitality Trust, Inc.s combined financial statements and
related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Six Months Ended June 30,
Year Ended December 31,
2003
2002
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
$
14,590,287
$
14,624,736
$
28,529,640
$
29,165,515
$
24,654,910
$
17,420,118
$
4,684,912
2,797,012
2,941,784
5,698,029
5,691,902
3,178,314
1,911,786
429,823
471,102
603,049
1,130,112
1,358,229
1,470,000
800,664
306,802
$
17,858,401
$
18,169,569
$
35,357,781
$
36,215,646
$
29,303,224
$
20,132,568
$
5,421,537
$
3,366,255
$
3,207,361
$
6,461,721
$
6,260,660
$
5,763,985
$
4,729,894
$
1,135,559
2,113,005
2,058,107
4,183,371
4,477,315
2,473,295
1,725,270
507,050
370,117
323,103
621,693
608,350
661,351
508,164
126,563
4,443,590
3,872,149
8,702,894
8,624,169
5,978,140
4,442,853
1,871,159
535,730
545,082
1,059,867
1,463,900
1,308,966
907,612
243,969
1,224,659
1,150,466
2,437,482
2,197,404
1,558,545
1,096,857
370,864
2,192,332
2,249,896
4,833,551
4,446,486
3,249,308
2,738,428
845,494
2,010,491
1,898,276
3,667,410
3,749,692
2,743,753
2,453,805
923,745
$
16,256,179
$
15,304,440
$
31,967,989
$
31,827,976
$
23,737,343
$
18,602,883
$
6,024,403
1,602,222
2,865,129
3,389,792
4,387,670
5,565,881
1,529,685
(602,866
)
16,849
17,379
53,485
226,531
161,004
9,075
8,100
3,015,866
3,066,985
6,536,195
7,520,694
5,014,163
3,417,233
1,100,853
$
(1,396,795
)
$
(184,477
)
$
(3,092,918
)
$
(2,906,493
)
$
712,722
$
(1,878,473
)
$
(1,695,619
)
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Six Months Ended June 30,
Year Ended December 31,
2003
2002
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
$
83,118,083
$
85,246,801
$
88,874,078
$
68,292,242
$
58,710,746
$
37,681,678
6,827,530
6,322,368
8,329,486
5,991,418
5,381,569
2,472,921
92,669,265
95,416,446
100,001,305
77,046,232
66,843,976
41,541,202
82,096,150
82,126,150
80,410,792
49,355,734
39,653,655
23,297,291
528,919
621,351
277,810
92,370
86,262,174
86,105,492
84,684,368
53,836,084
43,438,808
27,207,298
$
92,669,265
$
95,416,446
$
100,001,305
$
77,046,232
$
66,843,976
$
41,541,202
$
2,638,890
$
1,026,672
$
622,734
$
1,108,150
$
4,870,739
$
(628,153
)
$
1,775,645
$
(50,484
)
$
(1,023,366
)
$
(1,079,824
)
$
(24,899,286
)
$
(12,778,381
)
$
(23,744,316
)
$
(38,635,332
)
$
(1,629,500
)
$
(932,537
)
$
(1,726,457
)
$
24,921,233
$
8,315,129
$
26,303,213
$
38,543,720
1,094
1,094
1,094
1,094
906
670
450
6
6
6
6
5
4
3
$
3,811,403
$
5,132,404
$
8,276,828
$
9,060,687
$
8,976,193
$
4,277,188
$
250,728
(1) | EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. We believe EBITDA is useful to investors as an indicator of our ability to service debt and pay cash distributions. EBITDA, as calculated by us, may not be comparable to EBITDA reported by other companies that do not define EBITDA exactly as we define the term. EBITDA does not represent cash generated from operating activities determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), and should not be considered as an alternative to operating income or net income determined in accordance with GAAP as an indicator of performance or as an alternative to cash flows from operating activities as an indicator of liquidity. |
(2) | Includes restricted cash. |
Reconciliation of EBITDA
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net (loss) income
|
$ | (1,396,795 | ) | $ | (184,477 | ) | $ | (3,092,918 | ) | $ | (2,906,493 | ) | $ | 712,722 | $ | (1,878,473 | ) | $ | (1,695,619 | ) | |||||||||
Plus depreciation and amortization
|
2,192,332 | 2,249,896 | 4,833,551 | 4,446,486 | 3,249,308 | 2,738,428 | 845,494 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Plus interest expense
|
3,015,866 | 3,066,985 | 6,536,195 | 7,520,694 | 5,014,163 | 3,417,233 | 1,100,853 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
EBITDA
|
$ | 3,811,403 | $ | 5,132,404 | $ | 8,276,828 | $ | 9,060,687 | $ | 8,976,193 | $ | 4,277,188 | $ | 250,728 | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
74
UNAUDITED PRO FORMA FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The following unaudited pro forma combined financial information sets forth:
| The combined balance sheets of the entities to be contributed in the formation transactions, which are deemed to be our predecessor for accounting purposes, for the six months ended June 30, 2003. | |
| Pro forma adjustments and eliminations to give effect to the completion of the formation transactions and this offering as of the balance sheet date June 30, 2003. | |
| Pro forma, as adjusted, unaudited consolidated statements of operations of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. for the six months ended June 30, 2003 and the year ended December 31, 2002 to give effect to the completion of the formation transactions and this offering as of January 1, 2002. |
You should read the information below along with all other financial information and analysis presented in this prospectus, including the section captioned Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation and the predecessors historical combined financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The unaudited pro forma combined financial information is presented for information purposes only, and we do not expect that this information will reflect our future results of operations or our financial position. The unaudited pro forma adjustments and eliminations are based upon assumptions that we believe are reasonable. The unaudited pro forma financial information assumes that the formation transactions and this offering were completed as of the balance sheet date for purposes of the unaudited pro forma consolidated balance sheet, and as of January 1st of the period for purposes of the unaudited pro forma consolidated statements of operation. Purchase accounting has not been applied to the contributed entities as they are under common ownership and control; the minority interest partners of the predecessor are considered part of the control group, as each minority interest partner is either a member of management of the predecessor or a director of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc.
75
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC.
Unaudited
Historical
Pro Forma
Pro Forma
June 30,
Adjustments and
June 30,
2003
Eliminations
2003
ASSETS
$
101,187,622
$
8,741,543
(17)
$
109,929,165
(18,069,539
)
(18,069,539
)
83,118,083
8,741,543
91,859,626
3,927,720
350,000,000
(1)
257,665,205
4,650,000
(2)
(3,638,016
)
(3)
(27,250,000
)
(4)
(3,000,000
)
(9)
(66,096,150
)
(13)
2,554,984
(14)
(2,933,333
)
(16)
(550,000
)
(18)
2,899,810
(2,554,984
)
(14)
344,826
1,070,296
1,070,296
191,112
191,112
1,001,045
(639,436
)
(15)
361,609
416,369
416,369
44,830
44,830
$
92,669,265
$
259,284,608
$
351,953,873
LIABILITIES AND OWNERS EQUITY
$
82,096,150
$
(66,096,150
)
(13)
$
16,000,000
528,919
528,919
1,240,448
1,240,448
531,111
531,111
228,209
228,209
361,846
361,846
426,379
426,379
452,610
452,610
273,000
273,000
123,502
123,502
$
86,262,174
$
(66,096,150
)
$
20,166,024
60,093,592
(8)
0
(64,274,995
)
(8)
(528,919
)
(8)
(3,000,000
)
(9)
361,609
(10)
(2,933,333
)
(16)
8,741,543
(17)
(1,403,083
)
(19)
2,943,586
(20)
6,407,091
(4,363,032
)
(3)
0
4,710,322
(8)
(361,609
)
(10)
(5,203,336
)
(11)
(550,000
)
(18)
(639,436
)
(15)
0
350,000
(1)
367,662
5,000
(2)
250
(5)
9,315
(6)
931
(7)
2,166
(12)
0
349,650,000
(1)
331,420,187
4,645,000
(2)
725,016
(3)
(27,250,000
)
(4)
(250
)
(5)
(9,315
)
(6)
(931
)
(7)
23,024,491
(11)
(17,821,155
)
(11)
(2,166
)
(12)
1,403,083
(19)
(2,943,586
)
(20)
$
6,407,091
$
325,380,758
$
331,787,849
$
92,669,265
$
259,284,608
$
351,953,873
76
Adjustment Notes:
(1) | Reflects the sale of 35,000,000 shares of common stock of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., par value of $.01 at the initial price of $10. | |
(2) | Reflects the sale of 500,000 restricted shares of common stock of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., par value of $.01, to Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett at the initial price of $10 less the underwriters discount of 7%. | |
(3) | Reflects the payment of net working capital to Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett of $3,638,016 (net of fixed asset commitments of $725,016) as of June 30, 2003. | |
(4) | Reflects the payment of $27,250,000 of underwriting costs of the offering, consisting of $24,500,000 of underwriters discount and $2,750,000 of underwriting expense. | |
(5) | Reflects the issuance of 25,000 shares of common stock of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., par value of $.01, to company directors. The pro forma balance sheet reflects only the par value in shares of common stock. | |
(6) | Reflects the issuance of 931,500 restricted shares of common stock of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., par value of $.01, to company employees and employees of affiliates based upon the assumed sale of 35.0 million shares of common stock in this offering. The pro forma income statement will reflect the transaction at the initial price of $10. The transaction has been reported in the pro forma balance sheet solely at par value through additional paid-in capital. | |
(7) | Reflects the issuance of 93,149 shares of common stock of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., par value of $.01, to the underwriters based upon the assumed sale of 35.0 million shares of common stock in this offering. The pro forma balance sheet reflects only the par value in shares of common stock. | |
(8) | To record the minority interest resulting from the contributed assets to Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership in exchange for 4,632,917 units as follows: |
June 30, 2003 | ||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
Minority | Minority | Minority | Minority | |||||||||||||
Interest Net | Interest | Interest Lease | Interest | |||||||||||||
Cost | Debt | Payables | Net | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
Austin Embassy
|
$ | 9,744,288 | $ | 12,400,000 | ||||||||||||
Dallas Embassy
|
9,587,988 | 12,560,000 | ||||||||||||||
Dulles Embassy
|
10,337,802 | 14,040,000 | ||||||||||||||
Las Vegas
|
18,995,369 | 16,000,000 | ||||||||||||||
Covington
|
11,428,145 | 9,274,995 | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
Net initial contributed assets
|
$ | 60,093,592 | $ | 64,274,995 | $ | 528,919 | $ | (4,710,322 | ) | |||||||
|
|
|
|
(9) | Reflects additional consideration of $3,000,000 paid in cash for Las Vegas property transferred to Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership. |
(10) | Reflects reclass of owners equity to minority interest reflecting additional contributed asset of deferred loan costs relating to the continuing loan on the Las Vegas property. |
(11) | To record the equity resulting from the contributed assets to Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. in exchange for 216,634 shares of common stock, par value of $.01, as follows: |
June 30, 2003 | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
Owners | Owners | Owners | ||||||||||
Equity Net | Equity | Equity | ||||||||||
Cost | Debt | Net | ||||||||||
|
|
|
||||||||||
Holtsville
|
$ | 23,024,491 | $ | 17,821,155 | $ | 5,203,336 | ||||||
|
|
|
(12) | Reflects reclass of 216,634 shares of common stock of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., par value of $.01, from paid-in capital to capital stock from the contribution of the Holtsville property. |
(13) | Reflects mortgage loans payoffs and debt forgiveness as follows: |
June 30, | ||||
2003 | ||||
|
||||
Austin Embassy
|
$ | 12,400,000 | ||
Dallas Embassy
|
12,560,000 | |||
Dulles Embassy
|
14,040,000 | |||
Covington
|
9,274,995 | |||
Holtsville
|
17,821,155 | |||
|
||||
Total mortgage loans payoffs
|
$ | 66,096,150 | ||
|
77
(14) | Reflects adjustment of restricted cash balance due to mortgage loans payoffs. |
(15) | Reflects an adjustment to write down deferred loan costs due to mortgage loans payoffs. |
(16) | Reflects an adjustment for the redemption of Special Limited Partner. Promus, a Special Limited Partner to the Initial Limited Partnerships, is an affiliate of Embassy Suites. Promus agreed to contribute approximately $2 million of equity as Special Limited Partner to each of the developments under the master construction agreement with Nomura. Under the agreement, Promus is allocated an amount equivalent to a guaranteed 8% annual return during the one-year period beginning on the date the respective contribution was made, and an 11% return thereafter. The Special Limited Partner interest was redeemed by the Partnerships of Austin, Dallas, and Dulles upon closing a $39,000,000 mortgage loan in February of 2001. With respect to Las Vegas, the Special Limited Partner interest of $2.9 million continues to accrue a return of 11%. |
(17) | Reflects an adjustment to record the step-up of the historical net carrying value resulting from the acquisition of the minority partner interests. The 15.5% minority interest step-up is calculated as follows: |
Gross Asset | Net Carrying | 15.5% Minority | ||||||||||||||
Value | Value | Excess | Step-Up | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
Austin Embassy
|
$ | 22,037,500 | $ | 9,744,288 | $ | 12,293,212 | $ | 1,905,448 | ||||||||
Dallas Embassy
|
19,218,750 | 9,587,988 | 9,630,762 | 1,492,768 | ||||||||||||
Dulles Embassy
|
27,418,750 | 10,337,802 | 17,080,948 | 2,647,547 | ||||||||||||
Las Vegas Embassy
|
36,387,500 | 18,995,369 | 17,392,131 | 2,695,780 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
Totals
|
$ | 105,062,500 | $ | 48,665,447 | $ | 56,397,053 | $ | 8,741,543 | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
(18) | Reflects a reduction in purchased working capital from a 1% exit fee on the payoff of the $39,000,000 GMAC loan for the Austin Embassy, Dallas Embassy and Dulles Embassy properties and the $16,000,000 Merrill Lynch loan for the Las Vegas Embassy. |
(19) | Reflects an adjustment to record as a distribution the excess of cash consideration received over net book value for the Las Vegas Embassy as follows: |
(20) | Reflects the elimination of negative minority interest. The elimination is made in accordance with EITF 94-2, Treatment of Minority Interest in Certain Real Estate Investments , as the net equity of the operating partnership is less than zero (after contributions of the properties) and therefore the initial minority interest is zero. |
78
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC.
Unaudited
Historical
Pro Forma
Historical
Pro Forma
June 30,
Pro Forma
June 30,
December 31,
Pro Forma
December 31,
2003
Adjustments
2003
2002
Adjustments
2002
$
14,590,287
$
14,590,287
$
28,529,640
$
28,529,640
2,797,012
2,797,012
5,698,029
5,698,029
471,102
471,102
1,130,112
1,130,112
17,858,401
17,858,401
35,357,781
35,357,781
3,366,255
3,366,255
6,461,721
6,461,721
2,113,005
2,113,005
4,183,371
4,183,371
370,117
370,117
621,693
621,693
4,443,590
1,552,500
(4)
5,996,090
8,702,894
3,105,000
(4)
11,807,894
535,730
535,730
1,059,867
1,059,867
1,224,659
1,224,659
2,437,482
2,437,482
2,192,332
175,689
(6)
2,368,021
4,833,551
342,743
(6)
5,176,294
2,010,491
1,980,837
(5)
3,991,328
3,667,410
3,961,674
(5)
7,629,084
16,256,179
3,709,026
19,965,205
31,967,989
7,409,417
39,377,406
1,602,222
(3,709,026
)
(2,106,804
)
3,389,792
(7,409,417
)
(4,019,625
)
16,849
16,849
53,485
53,485
3,015,866
(2,306,050
)
(1)
496,816
6,536,195
(4,759,515
)
(1)
1,350,682
(213,000
)
(2)
(425,998
)
(2)
(1,396,795
)
(1,189,976
)
(2,586,771
)
(3,092,918
)
(2,223,904
)
(5,316,822
)
(3)
(3)
(8)
(8)
$
(1,396,795
)
$
(1,189,976
)
$
(2,586,771
)
$
(3,092,918
)
$
(2,223,904
)
$
(5,316,822
)
$
(0.07
)
$
(0.14
)
36,766,283
(7)
36,766,283
(7)
(1) | Adjustment to interest expense due to mortgage notes payoffs |
June 30, | December 31, | |||||||
2003 | 2002 | |||||||
|
|
|||||||
Austin Embassy
|
$ | 523,694 | $ | 1,056,067 | ||||
Dallas Embassy
|
530,450 | 1,069,693 | ||||||
Dulles Embassy
|
592,956 | 1,195,740 | ||||||
Covington
|
224,994 | 499,849 | ||||||
Holtsville
|
433,956 | 938,166 | ||||||
|
|
|||||||
$ | 2,306,050 | $ | 4,759,515 | |||||
|
|
79
(2) | Elimination of deferred loan cost amortization due to payoff of mortgage notes payable |
June 30, | December 31, | |||||||
2003 | 2002 | |||||||
|
|
|||||||
Austin Embassy
|
$ | 46,120 | $ | 92,241 | ||||
Dallas Embassy
|
46,407 | 92,814 | ||||||
Dulles Embassy
|
49,686 | 99,371 | ||||||
Covington
|
19,130 | 38,259 | ||||||
Holtsville
|
51,657 | 103,313 | ||||||
|
|
|||||||
$ | 213,000 | $ | 425,998 | |||||
|
|
(3) | Income tax expense on a pro forma basis of the taxable REIT subsidiary is not significant. | |
(4) | Adjustment represents restricted shares issued to officers, employees and employees of affiliates vesting one-third annually. Pro forma compensation expense is calculated as follows: |
December 31, 2002 931,500 shares valued at $10 per share offering price for total compensation expense of $9,315,000, of which one-third vests annually for pro forma compensation expense of $3,105,000 for the year.
June 30, 2003 931,500 shares valued at $10 per share offering price for total compensation expense of $9,315,000, of which one-third vests annually for pro forma compensation expense of $1,552,500.
(5) | Entry made to record additional general and administrative expenses associated with the operations of the company. Amount includes projected compensation and benefit expenses for the eight employees of Remington and three employees of Ashford, along with a provision for overhead and administration expense calculated on a historical cost basis, along with property level general and administrative expenses. | |
(6) | Entry made to record additional depreciation expense resulting from step-up of net carrying value due to acquisition of minority interests. | |
(7) | The shares used in the basic calculation include: |
Initial shares
|
35,000,000 | |||
Shares of restricted stock issuable to Archie and
Montgomery Bennett
|
500,000 | |||
Shares of restricted stock conveyed to a limited
partnership owned by Archie and Montgomery Bennett
|
216,634 | |||
Stock issuable to our directors
|
25,000 | |||
Stock issuable to our underwriters
|
93,149 | |||
Restricted stock issuable to executives and
employees
|
931,500 | |||
|
||||
Total basic and diluted shares
|
36,766,283 | |||
|
Shares issuable upon conversion of 5,657,917 units of partnership interest in our operating partnership have not been included in the calculation of diluted shares, as it would be anti-dilutive. |
(8) | The Minority Interests have not been allocated any of the pro forma loss as, in accordance with EITF 94-2, Treatment of Minority Interests in Certain Real Estate Investments , any losses in excess of the minority interest balance should be charged against the majority interest. |
Nonrecurring items not reflected in the pro forma statements of operations:
(9) | Elimination of unamortized deferred loan costs due to payoff of mortgage notes payable, which is nonrecurring and therefore excluded from the pro forma statements of operations. |
January 1, | January 1, | |||||||
2003 | 2002 | |||||||
|
|
|||||||
Austin Embassy
|
$ | 99,928 | $ | 192,168 | ||||
Dallas Embassy
|
100,548 | 193,362 | ||||||
Dulles Embassy
|
107,652 | 207,024 | ||||||
Covington
|
33,476 | 71,735 | ||||||
Holtsville
|
111,923 | 215,236 | ||||||
|
|
|||||||
$ | 453,527 | $ | 879,525 | |||||
|
|
80
(10) | On May 13, 2003, the company entered into an agreement to amend the mortgage loans payable related to Covington and Holtsville that will extend the original terms through November 1, 2004. In addition, if the Covington and Holtsville related loans are both paid in full prior to November 1, 2003, the lender will discount the principal of the Covington related loan to $6,000,000 which is a reduction of $3,274,995. The agreement is subject to the parties entering into a definitive written modification document. The company believes the agreement is a commitment by the lender subject to normal commercial loan documentation. The $3,274,995 adjustment from forgiveness of Covington debt has not been included in the pro forma statements of operations as the adjustment is nonrecurring. |
(11) | Compensatory shares of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. will be granted to directors calculated as follows: 25,000 shares times $10 per share offering price which vests over six months for total compensation expense of $250,000 for the year ended December 31, 2002 and $250,000 for the period ended June 30, 2003. No adjustment has been recorded in the pro forma statements of operations as it is nonrecurring. |
81
MANAGEMENTS DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
You should read the following discussion and analysis of financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources in conjunction with our combined historical financial statements and the related notes. The notes to the combined financial statements provide information about us and the basis of presentation used in this prospectus.
Overview
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. is a newly-formed, self-advised real estate investment trust, or REIT, which was organized to take advantage of the existing and developing investment opportunities in the lodging industry. Immediately prior to our formation, all of our senior executive officers were employed by and were responsible for the lodging-related investment activities of Remington Hotel Corporation and its related company, Ashford Financial Corporation. Immediately following this offering we will own six hotel properties and intend to use the net proceeds to acquire additional hotels and provide structured financing to owners of lodging properties, including senior and junior loans and sale-leaseback transactions.
The discussion below relates to the financial condition and results of operation of the six initial properties on a combined basis. For accounting purposes, the entities that previously owned the initial properties are deemed our predecessor. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The combined historical financial statements presented herein were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
For us to qualify as a REIT, we cannot operate hotels. Therefore, our operating partnership will lease our hotel properties to our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary Ashford TRS Corporation. Ashford TRS will be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary for federal income tax purposes. Our operating partnerships and therefore our principal source of funds will be dependent primarily on Ashford TRSs ability to generate cash flow from the operation of the hotels.
The Embassy Suites hotels that are part of the initial properties were originally developed in a joint venture with Nomura Asset Capital Corporation. Through a negotiated buyout, Nomura Asset Capital Corporation was redeemed out of the various partnerships effective August 2000 for the Embassy Suites hotels in Austin, Dallas and Dulles and effective in December 2002 for the Embassy Suites hotel in Las Vegas.
The following non-recurring items associated with the consummation of the formation transactions will affect future results of operations:
| As a result of the pay-off of existing debt obligations, future loan cost amortization expense will decline. | |
| Because of the Covington debt forgiveness, as described in Note 8 on page F-17, future interest expense will be less. |
Furthermore, we may recognize additional revenue from the payments under the management and consulting agreements which we estimate to be approximately $1.2 million per year.
Results of Operations of the Initial Properties
Results of operations are best explained by three key performance indicators: occupancy, average daily rate or ADR, and net revenue per available room or RevPAR. Increases in RevPAR attributable to increases in occupancy are accompanied by increases in most categories of variable operating costs. Increases in RevPAR attributable to increases in ADR are accompanied by increases in limited categories of operating costs, such as management fees and franchise fees.
82
Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2003 with the Six Months Ended June 30, 2002
Revenue. Total revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2003, decreased $311,168 or 1.71% from the six months ended June 30, 2002. Room revenues on an aggregate basis for the six months ended June 30, 2003, decreased $34,449, or 0.24% from the six months ended June 30, 2002. Individually, the Dallas Embassy Suites experienced a 15.9% decline in room revenues from the six-month period ended June 30, 2003 compared to the same period in 2002 as a result of decreased room demand due to a downturn in the North Dallas area economy, which is heavily dependent upon businesses in the high-tech and telecom sectors, and increased room supply in its competitive marketplace. The 15.9% decline in room revenue was made up of a decline in average daily rate of 10.3% and a decline in occupancy of 6.2%. The Dulles Embassy Suites experienced an increase in room revenue of 9.9% during the same period due to an improvement in the Dulles airport area marketplace that had suffered a downturn in business following the September 11, 2001 terrorist events. Food and beverage revenue on an aggregate basis declined $144,772 or 4.92% from the six months ended June 30, 2002 compared to the same period in 2003. Food and beverage revenue at the Covington property declined by $74,871 or 6.48% from the period ending June 30, 2003 compared to the same period in 2002, due to a change in the mix of business customer more toward airline crews coming into the Cincinnati/ Northern Kentucky airport, who utilize food and beverage facilities to a lesser extent than other business travelers. The food and beverage revenue at the Dulles Embassy Suites also declined by $42,811 or 17.24%, due to a decline in banquet revenues that were higher than usual in 2002, and did not reoccur in 2003. The $311,168 decrease in total revenue in the first six months of 2003 was due in part to a decline in telephone revenue. Telephone revenues declined by $151,304 due to changes in customer usage away from in-room phones and toward cellular phones.
Expenses. Total hotel operating expenses increased $822,896 or 8.22% from the six months ended June 30, 2002 to the same period in 2003. Of this total increase, room expenses increased $184,200 or 5.79% primarily due to increased payroll costs; food and beverage expenses increased $54,901 or 2.67% due to increased food and payroll costs; repair and maintenance expense increased $140,276, or 12.61% due to capital improvements at the Dallas and Austin properties; ownership expenses increased $207,626 primarily due to higher than usual professional and legal fees and utility refunds; and energy costs increased $108,374 or 14.03% due to the following reasons:
| An 18% increase in energy costs at the Austin Embassy Suites with no significant change in rate primarily due to problems with the property energy management system that caused the air conditioning to run inefficiently. | |
| A 19% increase in energy costs at the Covington property driven primarily by increased usage due to increased occupancy. | |
| A 46% increase in energy costs at the Holtsville property driven by an increase in utility costs as well as a much colder winter period in 2003 vs. the same period in 2002. |
Other operating expenses increased by $128,843, or 2%, from June 30, 2002 compared to the same period in 2003. Of this total, insurance cost increased by $85,243 or 21.9% due to the increased cost of insurance after the terrorist events of September 11, 2001, and general and administrative expenses increased by $112,215 or 5.91% due to increased payroll costs at the hotels.
Operating income declined $1,262,907 from the six months ended June 30, 2002 to the same period in 2003 due to the cumulative effect of a $311,168 decline in revenues and increased payroll and operating costs.
Net loss increased by $1,212,316 from $184,477 for the six months ended June 30, 2002 to $1,396,793 for the same period in 2003.
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Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2002 to Year Ended December 31, 2001
Revenue. Room revenues decreased $635,875, or 2.2% from 2001 to 2002. In spite of the 5.2% decline in market RevPAR for all the properties combined, the Embassy Suites hotels in Dallas, Austin, Dulles and Las Vegas and the hotel in Covington all continued to experience positive market yield penetration with the Embassy Suites hotel in Las Vegas experiencing the largest market yield increase of over 11.4%. Market yield penetration is a percentage of a propertys RevPAR (average daily rate or ADR multiplied by occupancy rate) to the RevPAR of a particular competitive set. A competitive set consists of properties that compete for business directly with a particular property. The competitive set properties have similar physical facilities, locations and room rates and compete for the same customers. Overall our occupancy increased by 7.3% from 61.5% for the year ended December 31, 2001 to 66% for the same period in 2002. The hotel in Covington experienced the largest gain increasing occupancy 41% from 2001 to 2002. The only occupancy decline occurred at the hotel in Holtsville declining over 8% mainly due to construction activity during 2002. Our average daily rate declined by 9.7% from $119.94 for the year ended December 31, 2001 to $108.29 for the same period in 2002. All the hotels except Las Vegas experienced declines in average daily rates. Food and beverage revenue stayed almost constant growing $6,127 from 2001 to 2002. Total revenues decreased $857,865, or 2.4%, from 2001 to 2002. Almost $300,000 of the revenue decline was due to energy surcharges that were eliminated due to franchise limitations. The decreasing hotel revenues at the Austin Embassy Suites, Dallas Embassy Suites, Dulles Embassy Suites and the Holtsville Radisson can be attributed to the general softening in the economy and the continued impact on the travel industry from the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
Expenses. Hotel operating expenses declined by $404,848 or 1.9% from 2001 to 2002 due to effective cost controls in the food and beverage area as well as a reduction in the management fee in the Embassy Suites properties from 4.5% to 3%. Included in the hotel operating expenses were sales and marketing expenses which increased 12.2% from December 31, 2001 to December 31, 2002 as a result of additional staffing at the Holtsville property and the Covington property in order to drive revenues.
Total operating expenses increased by $140,013 or 0.4% from the year ended December 31, 2001 to December 31, 2002. The majority of this increase was due to an increase in depreciation of $387,065 from the year ended December 31, 2001 to December 31, 2002 resulting from the purchase of the Holtsville property in November of 2000 and the purchase of the Covington property in January of 2001; an increase of $363,724 or 60.3% for insurance costs for the same periods due to the increasing costs of insurance; and the write-off of an insurance claim that occurred at the Las Vegas Embassy Suites hotel in August 2000. Property taxes actually declined by $123,646 or 7.8% for the same period mainly due to the successful property tax appeal for the Austin Embassy Suites hotel where the valuation declined by around $5.5 million.
Operating income declined by $997,878 from $4.4 million in 2001 to $3.4 million in 2002.
Interest expense declined by $984,499 from December 31, 2001 to December 31, 2002 due to a reduction in interest rates.
Net loss increased from $2.906 million to $3.093 million from 2001 to 2002.
Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2001 to Year Ended December 31, 2000
Revenue. Room revenues increased $4.5 million, or 18.3% from 2000 to 2001. Food and beverage revenue grew $2.5 million or 79%. These revenue increases were primarily driven by the acquisition of the Holtsville MacArthur property in January 2001 and the acquisition of the Radisson Covington property in November 2000. Comparing all of the properties exclusive of the new acquisitions in Holtsville and Covington, room revenues declined $2.9 million or 11.7% from 2000 to 2001. Overall occupancy on all the properties exclusive of Holtsville and Covington declined 14% from 81.8% for the year ended December 31, 2000 to 70.3% for the year ended December 31, 2001. Average daily rate for all the properties exclusive of Holtsville and Covington increased 2.9% from $121.80 for the year ended December 31, 2000 to $125.35 for the year ended December 31, 2001. The revenue declines for the period
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Expenses. Hotel operating expenses grew by $5.2 million or 32.4% from 2000 to 2001 primarily because of the acquisition of the Holtsville MacArthur property in January 2001 and the Radisson Covington property in November 2000. Exclusive of these two hotels, hotel operating expenses declined by $1.6 million or 10% from 2000 to 2001 due to the cost cutting on variable costs associated with declining revenues. Energy costs continued to increase from December 31, 2000 to December 31, 2001 increasing 13.1% due to the increase in utility rates.
Total operating expenses increased from $23.7 million to $31.8 million or 34.1% because of the acquisition of the Holtsville and Covington properties. Total operating expenses exclusive of Holtsville and Covington declined by $1.5 million or 6.6% because of the reduction of variable costs undertaken due to a reduction in revenues. Most of the operating expense reductions occurred as reductions of general administrative cuts at the Dallas Embassy Suites and the Austin Embassy Suites hotels. Operating income declined from $5.6 million in 2000 to $4.4 million in 2001.
Interest expense increased from $5.0 million to $7.5 million from December 31, 2000 to December 31, 2001 due to the additional debt on the Holtsville MacArthur property and the Radisson Covington property, and increased amortization of deferred financing costs.
Net income declined from a profit of $712,722 to a net loss of $2.9 million from 2000 to 2001.
Our principal source of funds to meet our cash requirements, including distributions to stockholders, will be our share of operating partnerships cash flow. The partnerships principal sources of revenue will include (i) cash flow from hotel operations; (ii) interest income from mortgages we own; and (iii) rental income from third parties in sale-leaseback transactions.
Our principal source of cash to meet our cash requirements, including dividends to stockholders, is our share of the operating partnerships cash flow from the operations of the hotels. Cash flow from hotel operations is subject to all operating risks common to the hotel industry, including:
| Competition for guests from other hotels; | |
| Adverse effects of general and local economic conditions; | |
| Dependence on demand from business and leisure travelers, which may fluctuate and be seasonal; | |
| Increases in energy costs, airline fares, and other expenses related to travel, which may deter traveling; | |
| Increases in operating costs related to inflation and other factors, including wages, benefits, insurance and energy; | |
| Overbuilding in the hotel industry, especially in particular markets; and | |
| Actual or threatened acts of terrorism and actions taken against terrorists that cause public concern about travel safety. |
Upon the consummation of the offering and application of the net proceeds from the offering, we expect to have approximately $254.1 million to invest in lodging-related assets and for general corporate purposes and will have approximately $16.0 million of outstanding mortgage debt arising from our assumption of existing debt on the Las Vegas Embassy Suites. We intend to acquire and, in the appropriate market conditions, develop additional hotels and provide structured financings to owners of
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We are currently in negotiations with several financial institutions to obtain an approximate $120 million secured credit facility prior to completion of this offering. No assurances can be given that we will obtain such credit facility or if we do what the amount and terms will be. Our failure to obtain such a facility for favorable terms could adversely impact our ability to execute on our business strategy.
We will acquire or develop additional hotels and invest in structured financings only as suitable opportunities arise, and we will not undertake such investments unless adequate sources of financing are available. Funds for future hotel-related investments are expected to be derived, in whole or in part, from future borrowings under a credit facility or other borrowings or from the proceeds of additional issuances of common stock or other securities. We have no agreement or understanding to invest in any properties other than the initial hotels, and there can be no assurance that we will successfully make additional investments. See Our Business Strategies Investments in Real Estate or Interests in Real Estate.
The downturn in the national economy, the aftermath of the terrorist attacks against the United States and the impact of the war in Iraq have had a negative impact upon our operating cash flows. We expect the negative impact to continue through the second quarter of 2003.
Inflation
Our revenues initially will be based on the property leases, which will result in changes in our revenues resulting from changes in the underlying initial property revenues. Therefore, we initially will be relying entirely on the performance of the initial properties and the ability of Remington Lodging & Hospitality, L.P., the manager of the properties on behalf of Ashford TRS, to increase revenues to keep pace with inflation. Operators of hotels can change room rates quickly, but competitive pressures may limit the ability to raise rates faster than inflation.
Seasonality
The initial properties operations historically have been seasonal. Three of the initial properties maintain higher occupancy rates during the summer months. The two hotels located in Texas and the hotel located in Las Vegas experience their highest occupancy in the late winter and spring months. This seasonality pattern can be expected to cause fluctuations in our quarterly lease revenue under the percentage leases. We anticipate that our cash flow from the operation of the properties will be sufficient to enable us to make quarterly distributions to maintain our REIT status. To the extent that cash flow from operations is insufficient during any quarter, because of temporary or seasonal fluctuations in lease revenue, we expect to utilize other cash on hand or borrowings to make those distributions. See Our Business Strategy Financing Strategy.) We cannot make any assurances we will make distributions in the future.
The critical accounting policies which we believe are the most significant to fully understand and evaluate our reported financial results are described below:
Hotel properties are stated at cost, net of any impairment charges, and are depreciated using the straight-line method over an estimated useful life of 15-39 years for building and 3-5 years for furniture and equipment.
We review our hotel properties for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of the hotel properties may not be recoverable. Events or circumstances that may cause us to perform our review include, but are not limited to, adverse changes in the demand for lodging at our
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There were no charges for impairment recorded in 2002.
We estimate the fair market values of our properties through cash flow analysis taking into account each propertys expected cash flow generated from operations, holding period and ultimate proceeds from disposition. In projecting the expected cash flows from operations of the asset, we base our estimates on future projected earnings before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization and deduct expected capital expenditure requirements. We then apply growth assumptions to project these amounts over the expected holding period of the asset. Our growth assumptions are based on estimated changes in room rates and expenses and the demand for lodging at our properties, as impacted by local and national economic conditions and estimated or known future new hotel supply. The estimated proceeds from disposition are judgmentally determined based on a combination of anticipated cash flow in the year of disposition, terminal capitalization rate, ration of selling price to gross hotel revenues and selling price per room.
If actual conditions differ from those in our assumptions, the actual results of each assets future operations and fair market value could be significantly different from the estimated results and value used in our analysis.
Revenue Recognition
Hotel revenues including room, food, beverage and other hotel revenues are recognized as the related services are delivered. Ongoing credit evaluations are performed and an allowance for potential credit losses is provided against the portion of accounts receivable that is estimated to be uncollectible.
New Accounting Pronouncements
Effective January 1, 2002, the Company adopted SFAS No. 141, Business Combinations, which requires all business combinations be accounted for using the purchase method of accounting, and SFAS No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, which changes the accounting for goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives from an amortization approach to an impairment-only approach. The adoption of SFAS No. 141 and No. 142 on January 1, 2002 did not have an effect on the Companys financial statements.
In August 2001, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued SFAS No. 144, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets. The provisions of SFAS No. 144 are effective as of January 1, 2002. SFAS No. 144 supersedes SFAS No. 121, Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets for Long-Lived Assets to Be Disposed Of. SFAS No. 144 also established a single accounting model for long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale. The statement did not have a material effect on financial condition or results of operations for 2002.
In April 2002, the FASB issued Statement No. 145, Rescission of FASB Statements No. 4, 44 and 64, Amendment of FASB Statement No. 13, and Technical Corrections. Included in SFAS No. 145 is a requirement that all gains and losses related to extinguishments of debt other than extinguishments of debt items meeting the criteria in APB Opinion No. 30, Reporting the Results of Operations Reporting the Effects of Disposal of a Segment of a Business, and Extraordinary, Unusual and Infrequently Occurring Events and Transaction (APB Opinion 30) not be treated as extraordinary items. Any gains or losses on extinguishments of debt formerly classified as extraordinary and not meeting the criteria for extraordinary classifications as defined in APB Opinion 30 shall be reclassified. The Company has elected to early adopt Statement No. 145, which results in the classification of the expense resulting from early extinguishment of mortgage loans payable in the amounts of $13,000 and $716,000 in the years ended December 31, 2002, and 2001, respectively.
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In November 2002, the FASB issued Interpretation No. 45, Guarantors Accounting and Disclosure Requirements for Guarantees, Including Indirect Guarantees of Indebtedness of Others, which addresses the disclosure to be made by a guarantor in its interim and annual financial statements about its obligations under guarantees. Interpretation No. 45 also requires the recognition of a liability by a guarantor at the inception of certain guarantees. Interpretation No. 45 requires the guarantor to recognize a liability for the non-contingent component of the guarantee, this is the obligation to stand ready to perform in the event that specified triggering events or conditions occur. The initial measurement of this liability is the fair value of the guarantee at inception. The recognition of the liability is required even if it is not probable that payments will be required under the guarantee or if the guarantee was issued with a premium payment or as part of a transaction with multiple elements. To date, the Company has not entered into any guarantees and will apply the recognition and measurement provisions for all guarantees entered into after January 1, 2003.
In December 2002, the FASB issued Statement No. 148, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation-Transition and Disclosure an amendment of FASB Statement No. 123. Statement No. 148 amends FASB Statement No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation, to provide alternative methods of transition for a voluntary change to the fair value based method of accounting for stock-based employee compensation. In addition, Statement No. 148 amends the disclosure requirements of Statement No. 123 to require prominent disclosures in both annual and interim financial statements about the method of accounting for stock-based employee compensation and the effect of the method used on reported results. In addition, to address concerns raised by some constituents about the lack of comparability caused by multiple transition methods, Statement No. 148 does not permit the use of the Statement No. 123 prospective method of transition for changes to the fair value based method made in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2003.
On April 22, 2003, the FASB reached a decision to require all companies to expense the value of employee stock options. The FASB is committed to work with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in order to achieve maximum convergence on stock based compensation accounting. This will affect the timing of the FASBs project on accounting for stock based compensation. The FASB plans to issue an exposure draft later this year that could become effective in 2004. Until then, the provisions of SFAS 123 remain in effect. To date, the Company has no stock-based compensation subject to Statement No. 123. After December 31, 2002, the Company intends to use the intrinsic value method provided by Statement No. 123.
In January 2003, the FASB issued Interpretation No. 46, Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities, which addresses consolidation by business enterprises of variable interest entities. In general, a variable interest entity is a corporate, partnership, trust, or any other legal structure used for business purposes that either (a) does not have equity investors with voting rights or (b) has equity investors that do not provide sufficient financial resources for the entity to support its activities. A variable interest entity often holds financial assets, including loans or receivables, real estate or other property. A variable interest entity may be essentially passive or it may engage in research and development or other activities on behalf of another company. The objective of Interpretation No. 46 is not to restrict the use of variable interest entities but to improve financial reporting by companies involved with variable interest entities. Until now, a company generally has included another entity in its consolidated financial statements only if it controlled the entity through voting interests. Interpretation No. 46 changes that by requiring a variable interest entity to be consolidated by a company if that company is subject to a majority of the risk of loss from the variable interest entitys activities or is entitled to receive a majority of the entitys residual returns of both. The consolidation requirements of Interpretation No. 46 apply immediately to variable interest entities created after January 31, 2003. The consolidation requirements apply to older entities in the first fiscal year or interim period beginning after June 15, 2003. Certain of the disclosure requirements apply in all financial statements issued after January 31, 2003, regardless of when the variable interest entity was established. Adoption is not expected to have a material effect on the Companys financial condition of results of operation.
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Commitments
The following table outlines the timing of
payment requirements related to our commitments as of
June 30, 2003:
Maturities due by Period (in
thousands)
Less than
After
1 Year
2-3 Years
4-5 Years
5 Years
Total
$
66,096
$
360
$
15,640
$
0
$
82,096
$
151
$
275
$
103
$
0
$
529
(1) | Represents mortgage indebtedness outstanding at June 30, 2003. In connection with the consummation of the formation transactions we will prepay all mortgage indebtedness other than that maturing in years four to five. |
Financial Instruments Sensitivity Analysis
The analysis below presents the sensitivity of the market value of our financial instruments to selected changes in market interest rates. All derivative instruments are entered into for hedging purposes.
As of June 30, 2003, our debt included a $39 million fixed rate mortgage with an interest rate of 8.4% and $43.1 million in floating rate mortgages (bearing interest at LIBOR plus 350 basis points or in certain circumstances, the greater of 550 basis points or LIBOR plus 350 basis points). In January 2001 and February 2001, we entered into interest rate cap agreements to limit the impact of interest rate changes on our variable rate debt. One of these agreements has a notional amount (the stated amount in the interest rate cap agreement on which the interest payments are based) of $9.3 million which effectively caps LIBOR at 8.75% through maturity at November 30, 2003 and the other has a notional amount of $18 million which effectively caps LIBOR at 7.5% through maturity at January 31, 2004. The impact of the interest rate cap is recorded as a component of interest expense.
Changes in market interest rates have different impacts on the fixed and variable portions of our debt. A change in market interest rates on the fixed portion of our debt impacts the fair value of the debt, but has no impact on interest incurred or cash flows. A change in market interest rates on the variable portion of our debt impacts the interest incurred and cash flows, but does not impact the fair value of the debt. The sensitivity analysis related to our fixed debt assumes an immediate 100 basis point move in interest rates from their factual June 30, 2003 levels, with all other variables held constant. A 100 point increase in market interest rates would result in a decrease in the fair value of our fixed rate debt by $370,848 at June 30, 2003. A 100 point decrease in market interest rates would result in an increase in the fair market value of our fixed rate debt by $374,807 at June 30, 2003. Based on our floating-rate debt outstanding as of June 30, 2003, a 100 point increase in interest rates would result in an additional $430,961 in interest expense on an annualized basis as of June 30, 2003. A 100 basis point decrease would reduce interest expense by $430,961 on an annualized basis as of June 30, 2003.
Cash Distribution Policy
We will elect to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code commencing as of our taxable year ending December 31, 2003. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including the requirement that we distribute currently at least 90% of our ordinary taxable income to our stockholders. It is our intention to comply with these requirements and maintain our REIT status. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to corporate federal, state or local income taxes on taxable income we distribute currently (in accordance with the Internal Revenue Code and applicable regulations) to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal, state and local income taxes at regular corporate rates and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for subsequent tax years. Even if we qualify for federal taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain state and local taxes on our income and to federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed taxable income, i.e. taxable income not distributed in the amounts and in the time frames prescribed by the Internal Revenue Code and applicable regulations thereunder.
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It is our intention to pay to our stockholders within the time periods prescribed by the Internal Revenue Code no less than 90% of our annual taxable income, including gains from the sale of real estate and recognized gains on sale of securities. It will continue to be our policy to make sufficient cash distributions to stockholders in order for us to maintain our REIT status under the Internal Revenue Code.
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MANAGEMENT
Directors and Executive Officers
Initially, the board of directors will consist of seven members, five of whom are independent directors as described below under Corporate Governance Board of Directors and Committees. All of the directors will serve one year terms, expiring at the first annual meeting of stockholders (2004). The following table sets forth certain information regarding our executive officers and directors and those persons who have agreed to become directors immediately after consummation of this offering:
Name | Age | Position | ||||
|
|
|
||||
Archie Bennett, Jr.
|
65 | Chairman of the Board of Directors | ||||
Montgomery J. Bennett
|
37 | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director | ||||
Douglas A. Kessler
|
42 | Chief Operating Officer | ||||
David A. Brooks
|
44 | Chief Legal Officer and Secretary | ||||
David J. Kimichik
|
43 | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer | ||||
Mark L. Nunneley
|
45 | Chief Accounting Officer | ||||
Martin L. Edelman*
|
60 | Director | ||||
W.D. Minami*
|
46 | Director | ||||
W. Michael Murphy*
|
57 | Director | ||||
Philip S. Payne*
|
52 | Director | ||||
Charles P. Toppino*
|
44 | Director |
* | These five individuals have agreed to become directors upon completion of this offering, and are considered to be independent directors. |
Archie Bennett, Jr. will serve as the Chairman of our board of directors. Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr. is the father of Mr. Montgomery J. Bennett, who will serve as our President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr. served as the Chairman of the board of directors of Remington Hotel Corporation since its formation in 1992. He will continue to serve in this capacity after the consummation of the offering. Mr. Bennett started in the hotel industry in 1968 with the development and management of the Holiday Inn in Galveston, Texas. Since that time, he has been involved with hundreds of hotel properties, the value of which exceeds $1 billion. He is a frequent speaker at industry conferences and is a recognized authority on the subjects of hotel development, acquisitions, sales, and management. He has been featured in national business and industry publications including National Real Estate Investor, Hotel/ Motel Management, Lodging Hospitality and Commercial Real Estate News . Mr. Bennett was a founding member of Industry Real Estate Finance Advisory Council (IREFAC) of the American Hotel & Motel Association and served as its chairman on two separate occasions.
Montgomery J. Bennett will serve as our President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Bennett is the son of Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr. Mr. Montgomery Bennett also will continue to serve as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Remington Hotel Corporation. Mr. Bennett joined Remington Hotel Corporation in 1992 and has served as its President since 1997. He has served in several key positions at Remington Hotel Corporation such as Executive Vice President, Director of Information Systems, General Manager, and Operations Director. He is extensively involved in the hotel industry, serving on the Urban Land Institutes Hotel Council, Hilton Hotel Corporations Embassy Suites Franchise Advisory Council, Radisson Franchise Advisory Board, and the American Hotel & Lodging Associations Industry Real Estate Finance Advisory Council (IREFAC). Mr. Bennett earned his Masters degree in Business Administration from the Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University in 1989 and his Bachelor of Science degree with distinction from the School of Hotel Administration in 1988. He is a life member of the Cornell Hotel Society.
Douglas A. Kessler will serve as our Chief Operating Officer and Head of Acquisitions. Since July of 2002, Mr. Kessler served as the managing director/ chief investment officer of Remington Hotel
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David A. Brooks will serve as our Chief Legal Officer and Head of Transactions. He has served as Executive Vice President and General Counsel for Remington Hotel Corporation and Ashford Financial Corporation since January of 1992. In such capacity, Mr. Brooks has been responsible for the management and oversight of the asset management department, the acquisition group, financing, development and the legal affairs of the companies. Prior to joining Remington Hotel Corporation, Mr. Brooks served as a partner with the law firm of Sheinfeld, Maley & Kay. Mr. Brooks earned his Bachelor of Business Administration in Accounting from the University of North Texas in 1981, his Juris Doctorate from the University of Houston in 1984 and his CPA from the State of Texas in 1984.
David J. Kimichik will serve as our Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Kimichik has been associated with the Remington Hotel Corporation principals for the past 20 years and has been President of Ashford Financial Corporation since 1992. Mr. Kimichik previously served as Executive Vice President of Mariner Hotel Corporation, an affiliate of Remington Hotel Corporation, in which capacity he administered all corporate activities, including business development, financial management and operations. Since his involvement with Ashford Financial Corporation, Mr. Kimichik has played an integral role in the acquisition of 160 hotel assets and mortgage loans secured by hotel assets with book values in excess of $800 million. Mr. Kimichik earned his Bachelor of Science degree in Hotel Administration from Cornell University in 1982.
Mark L. Nunneley will serve as our Chief Accounting Officer. Since 1992, Mr. Nunneley has served as Chief Financial Officer of Remington Hotel Corporation. He previously served as a tax consultant at Arthur Andersen & Company and as a tax manager at Deloitte & Touche. During his career, he has been responsible for the preparation, consultation and review of federal and state income tax, franchise and sales and use tax returns for hundreds of partnerships, corporations and individuals. Mr. Nunneley is a certified public accountant and is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Texas Society of CPAs and Dallas Chapter of AICPAs. He earned his Master of Science in Accounting from the University of Houston in 1981 and his Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from Pepperdine University in 1979.
Martin L. Edelman has agreed to serve as a director immediately after consummation of this offering. Since 2000, Mr. Edelman has served as of counsel to Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker LLP, specializing primarily in real estate and corporate transactions. From 1972 to 2000, Mr. Edelman served as a partner at Battle Fowler LLP. The focus of Mr. Edelmans practice has been complex negotiations involving acquisitions, dispositions and financing. He was involved in the legal development of participating mortgages, institutional joint ventures in real estate and joint ventures between U.S. financial sources and European real estate companies and other financial structures. Mr. Edelman has been a real estate advisor to Quantum Realty Partners/ Soros Real Estate Partners and is one of the managing partners of GSR Hotel Portfolio and Grupo Chartwell de Mexico, privately-owned hotel companies. He is a director of Cendant Incorporated, Arcadia Realty, and Capital Trust. Mr. Edelman earned his B.A. from Princeton University in 1963 and his law degree from Columbia University School of Law in 1966. Mr. Edelman served as an Officer in the United States Army from 1966 through 1969.
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W.D. Minami has agreed to serve as a director immediately after consummation of this offering. Mr. Minami is currently pursuing private investment opportunities. From 2001 until 2002, Mr. Minami served as President of Charles E. Smith Residential. In this capacity, Mr. Minami was responsible for the development, construction, acquisition and property management of over 22,000 high-rise apartments in five major U.S. markets. He resigned from this position after completing the transition and integration of Charles E. Smith from an independent public company to a division of Archstone-Smith, a NYSE-listed apartment company. From 1997 to 2001, Mr. Minami worked for Charles E. Smith Residential Realty Inc., a NYSE-listed real estate investment trust, initially as Chief Financial Officer, then as Chief Operating Officer, and beginning in 2001, as President. Prior to 1997, Mr. Minami served in various financial service capacities for numerous entities, including Ascent Entertainment Group, Comsat Corporation, Oxford Realty Services Corporation and Satellite Business Systems. Mr. Minami earned his Masters of Business Administration in Finance from the University of Chicago in 1980 and his Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics, with honors, from Grinnell College in 1978.
W. Michael Murphy has agreed to serve as a director immediately after consummation of this offering. Mr. Murphy is currently performing advisory services for various hospitality companies. From 1998 to 2002 Mr. Murphy served as the Senior Vice President and Chief Development Officer of ResortQuest International, Inc., a public, NYSE-listed company and the leading provider of resort rental management services with offerings in over 40 leisure locations. At ResortQuest, Mr. Murphy was responsible for merger and acquisition activity. Prior to joining ResortQuest, from 1995 to 1997, Mr. Murphy was President of Footprints International, a company involved in the planning and development of environmentally friendly hotel properties. From 1994 to 1996, he was a Senior Managing Director of Geller & Co., a Chicago-based hotel advisory and asset management firm. Mr. Murphy earned his Bachelor of Science degree in English and Philosophy in 1967 from Memphis State University and earned a Masters of Science in English in 1969 from University of Iowa. Mr. Murphy has twice been Co- Chairman of the Industry Real Estate Finance Advisory Council (IREFAC) of the American Hotel and Lodging Association.
Philip S. Payne has agreed to serve as a director immediately after consummation of this offering. Mr. Payne is currently director, executive vice president, treasurer and chief financial officer of BNP Residential Properties, Inc., an AMEX-listed real estate investment trust. Mr. Payne joined BT Venture Corporation, which was subsequently purchased by BNP Residential Properties, Inc., in 1990 as Vice President of Capital Market Activities and became Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in January 1993. He was named Treasurer in April 1995 and a director in December 1997. From 1987 to 1990 he was a principal in Payne Knowles Investment Group, a financial planning firm. From 1983 to 1987 he was a registered representative with Legg Mason Wood Walker, Incorporated. From 1978 to 1983, Mr. Payne practiced law, and he currently maintains his license to practice law in Virginia. He received a B.S. degree from the College of William and Mary in 1973 and a J.D. degree in 1978 from the same institution. Mr. Payne serves on the board of directors of the National Multi Housing Council, is a member of the Urban Land Institute.
Charles P. Toppino has agreed to serve as a director immediately after consummation of this offering. Since 1992, Mr. Toppino has served as the Executive Vice President, founder and principal of Secured Capital Corp., a real estate investment bank with offices in Los Angeles, New York, Paris and Tokyo. Secured Capital has two main lines of business: U.S. investment banking and sales and international real estate investment activities. Mr. Toppinos primary responsibilities include overseeing the firms secondary market loan sale business and the day-to-day management of the firm. In the U.S., Secured Capital specializes in the sale and financing of commercial, multi-family and hospitality real estate, and the sale of mortgage assets and the private placement of capital for real estate operating companies.
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Corporate Governance Board of Directors and Committees
Our business is managed through the oversight and direction of our board of directors. At least a majority of our board of directors will be independent, with independence being defined in the manner established by our board of directors and in a manner consistent with listing standards established by the New York Stock Exchange, and will be nominated by our nominating/ corporate governance committee. These nominations must be submitted to and approved by our corporate governance/ nominating committee, and satisfy the standards established by that committee for membership on our board.
Upon completion of this offering, our board will consist of seven directors, with two insiders and five independent directors. The directors are regularly kept informed about our business at meetings of the board and its committees and through supplemental reports and communications. Our non-management, independent directors expect to meet regularly in executive sessions without the presence of any corporate officers. Our board seeks to maintain high corporate governance standards.
The board has established three committees whose principal functions are briefly described below.
Audit Committee
Our board of directors has established an audit committee, which will be composed of three independent directors, Messrs. Payne, Minami and Murphy. Mr. Payne will serve as the chairperson of the audit committee and, along with Mr. Minami, will satisfy the financial expert requirements set forth by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The audit committee assists the board in overseeing (i) our accounting and financial reporting processes; (ii) the integrity and audits of our financial statements; (iii) our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements; (iv) the qualifications and independence of our independent auditors; and (v) the performance of our internal and independent auditors. The audit committee also:
| has sole authority to appoint or replace our independent auditors; | |
| has sole authority to approve in advance all audit and non-audit engagement fees, scope and terms with our independent auditors; | |
| monitors compliance of our employees with our standards of business conduct and conflict of interest policies; and | |
| meets at least quarterly with our senior executive officers, internal audit staff and our independent auditors in separate executive sessions. |
The specific functions and responsibilities of the audit committee are set forth in the audit committee charter. Our board of directors has determined that at least one member of our audit committee will qualify as an audit committee financial expert under the current Securities and Exchange Commission regulations and the other members of our audit committee will satisfy the financial literacy requirements for audit committee members under the New York Stock Exchange proposed rules.
Compensation Committee
Our board of directors has established a compensation committee, which will be composed of three independent directors, Messrs. Murphy, Payne and Toppino. Mr. Murphy will serve as the chairperson of the compensation committee. The principal functions of the compensation committee are to:
| evaluate the performance of our senior executives; | |
| review and approve the senior executive compensation plans, policies and programs; | |
| consider the design and competitiveness of our compensation plans; | |
| administer and implement changes to our stock plan under the terms of the plans; and | |
| produce an annual report on executive compensation for inclusion in our proxy statement. |
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The committee also reviews and approves corporate goals and objectives relevant to chief executive officer compensation, evaluates the chief executive officers performance in light of those goals and objectives, and establishes the chief executive officers compensation levels based on its evaluation. The committee has the authority to retain and terminate any compensation consultant to be used to assist in the evaluation of chief executive officer or senior executive compensation.
Nominating/ Corporate Governance Committee
Our board of directors has established a nominating/ corporate governance committee, which will be composed of two independent directors, Messrs. Edelman and Murphy. Mr. Edelman will serve as the chairperson of the nominating/ corporate governance committee. The nominating/ corporate governance committee is responsible for seeking, considering and recommending to the board qualified candidates for election as directors and recommending a slate of nominees for election as directors at the annual meeting. It also periodically prepares and submits to the board for adoption the committees selection criteria for director nominees. It reviews and makes recommendations on matters involving general operation of the board and our corporate governance, and it annually recommends to the board nominees for each committee of the board. In addition, the committee annually facilitates the assessment of the board of directors performance as a whole and of the individual directors and reports thereon to the board. The committee has the sole authority to retain and terminate any search firm to be used to identify director candidates. Stockholders wishing to recommend director candidates for consideration by the committee can do so by writing to our secretary at our corporate headquarters in Dallas, Texas, giving the candidates name, biographical data and qualifications. The secretary will, in turn, deliver any stockholder recommendations for director candidates prepared in accordance with our bylaws to the nominating/ corporate governance committee. Any such recommendation must be accompanied by a written statement from the individual of his or her consent to be named as a candidate and, if nominated and elected, to serve as director.
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
The members of the compensation committee of the board of directors will be independent directors. Upon completion of this offering, none of these directors, or any of our executive officers will serve as a member of a board of directors or any compensation committee of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving as a member of our board.
Director Compensation
Each of our independent directors who does not serve as the chairman of one of our committees will be paid a directors fee of $20,000 per year. Each director who serves as a committee chairman, other than our audit committee chairman, will be paid a directors fee of $25,000. The director who serves as our audit committee chairman will be paid a directors fee of $35,000 per year. Each director will also be paid of fee of $2,000 for each board or committee meeting that he or she attends, except that the chairman of each committee will be paid a fee of $3,000 for each committee meeting that he or she attends. Each director will also be paid a fee of $500 for each telephone board or committee meeting that he or she attends. In addition, we will reimburse all directors for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with their services on the board of directors.
Our 2003 stock plan provides for grants of restricted stock to independent directors on and after the consummation of this offering. As an inducement to the directors to agree to serve on our board, on the date of the closing of the offering, each of our independent directors will receive restricted stock grants of 5,000 shares of our common stock, which shares will fully vest 180 days from the date of issuance. Similarly, each independent director who is initially elected to our board of directors after this offering will receive restricted stock grants of 5,000 shares of our common stock on the date of such initial election. These restricted stock grants will be fully vested immediately.
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On the date of the first meeting of the board of directors following each annual meeting of stockholders at which an independent director is reelected to our board of directors, such independent director will receive additional restricted stock grants of 2,000 shares of our common stock. These restricted stock grants will be fully vested immediately.
Executive Compensation
Set forth below are the initial annual cash compensation and restricted stock grants to be paid to our Chairman of the Board and our four other most highly compensated executive officers:
Long-Term | ||||||||||||
Annual Compensation (1) | Compensation | |||||||||||
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Restricted Stock | ||||||||||||
Name and Position | Salary | Bonus | Granted (2) | |||||||||
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Archie Bennett, Jr., Chairman
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$ | 200,000 | (3) | $ | 0 | $ | 2,988,850 | |||||
Montgomery Bennett, President and
Chief Executive Officer |
425,000 | 318,750 | (4) | 2,988,850 | ||||||||
Douglas Kessler, Chief Operating Officer
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300,000 | 150,000 | (5) | 1,422,000 | ||||||||
David Brooks, Chief Legal Officer
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260,000 | 78,000 | (6) | 516,000 | ||||||||
David Kimichik, Chief Financial Officer
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260,000 | 78,000 | (7) | 969,000 |
(1) | Amounts given are annualized projections for the year ending December 31, 2003 based on employment agreements which will become effective upon consummation of this offering. |
(2) | Shares of restricted common stock will be issued upon the consummation of this offering and will vest 1/3 annually beginning with the first anniversary of the consummation of this offering. The actual number of shares of restricted common stock issued to executives and employees will be equal, in the aggregate, to 2.25% of the fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding after completion of this offering, excluding the 93,149 shares issued to underwriters. |
(3) | The amount paid to Mr. Archie Bennett represents a directors fee and, at the discretion of the compensation committee, $25,000 of such amount may be paid to Mr. Bennett in the form of shares of common stock. |
(4) | Mr. Montgomery Bennett is eligible for an additional bonus of up to $212,500 at the discretion of our board. |
(5) | Mr. Kessler is eligible for an additional bonus of up to $150,000 at the discretion of our board. |
(6) | Mr. Brooks is eligible for an additional bonus of up to $156,000 at the discretion of our board. |
(7) | Mr. Kimichik is eligible for an additional bonus of up to $156,000 at the discretion of our board. |
Employment Agreements
We will enter into employment agreements, effective as of the consummation of this offering, with each of Messrs. Montgomery Bennett, Kessler, Brooks and Kimichik. The employment agreements provide for Mr. Bennett to serve as our President and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Kessler to serve as our Chief Operating Officer, Mr. Brooks to serve as our Chief Legal Officer and Secretary and Mr. Kimichik to serve as our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer. These employment agreements require Messrs. Kessler, Brooks and Kimichik to devote substantially full-time attention and time to our affairs, but also permit them to devote time to their outside business interests consistent with past practice. Mr. Bennetts employment agreement will allow him to continue to act as Chief Executive Officer and President of Remington Hotel and to act as an executive officer of the general partner of Remington Lodging, provided his duties for Remington Hotel and Remington Lodging do not materially interfere with his duties to us.
Each of the employment agreements has an initial term ending December 31, 2006 (December 31, 2007 in the case of Mr. Bennett) and is subject to automatic one-year renewals at the end of the initial term, unless either party provides at least six months notice of non-renewal.
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The employment agreements provide for:
| an annual base salary of $425,000 for Mr. Bennett, $300,000 for Mr. Kessler, $260,000 for Mr. Brooks and $260,000 for Mr. Kimichik, subject to increase in accordance with our normal executive compensation practices; | |
| eligibility for annual cash performance bonuses under our incentive bonus plans; | |
| directors and officers liability insurance coverage; | |
| participation in other incentive, savings and retirement plans applicable generally to our senior executives; and | |
| medical and other group welfare plan coverage and fringe benefits provided to our senior executives. |
Mr. Bennetts annual bonus will range from 75% to 125% of his base salary, and will be at least 75% of his base salary for the first three years of his employment term. Mr. Kesslers annual bonus will range from 50% to 100% of his base salary, and will be at least 50% of his base salary for the first three years of his employment term. Mr. Brooks annual bonus will range from 30% to 90% of his base salary, and will be at least 30% of his base salary for the first three years of his employment term. Mr. Kimichiks annual bonus will range from 30% to 90% of his base salary, and will be at least 30% of his base salary for the first three years of his employment term.
In addition, subject to our adoption and our stockholders approval of our incentive award plan, upon the consummation of this offering:
| Mr. Bennett will be granted 298,885 shares of our common stock (valued at $3.0 million, at the initial public offering price of our common stock); | |
| Mr. Kessler will be granted 142,200 shares of our common stock (valued at $1.4 million, at the initial public offering price of our common stock); | |
| Mr. Brooks will be granted 51,600 shares of our common stock (valued at $516,000, at the initial public offering price of our common stock); and | |
| Mr. Kimichik will be granted 96,900 shares of our common stock (valued at $969,000, at the initial public offering price of our common stock). |
The restricted stock granted to each of our executive officers will vest in equal annual installments on each of the first three anniversaries of the consummation of this offering. The actual number of shares of restricted stock granted to these four executive officers will be equal, in the aggregate, to 1.4% of the fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding after completion of this offering, excluding the 93,149 shares issued to the underwriters.
The employment agreements provide that, if an executives employment is terminated by the executive for good reason or after a change of control (each as defined in the applicable employment agreement), or by us without cause during the initial term of his employment agreement, the executive will be entitled to accrued and unpaid salary to the date of such termination and any unpaid incentive bonus from the prior year plus the following severance payments and benefits, subject to his execution and non-revocation of a general release of claims:
| a lump-sum cash payment equal to two times (three times in the case of Mr. Bennett) of the sum of his then-current annual base salary plus average bonus over the prior three years; | |
| pro-rated payment of the incentive bonus; | |
| all restricted stock held by such executive will become fully vested; and | |
| health benefits for one year (18 months in the case of Mr. Bennett) following the executives termination of employment at the same cost to the executive as in effect immediately preceding |
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such termination, subject to reduction to the extent that the executive receives comparable benefits from a subsequent employer. |
If the executive is terminated by us without cause after the initial term of his employment agreement or we do not renew his agreement, then the executive will receive all of the benefits above except that his lump sum cash payment will be equal to one times the sum of his then-current annual base salary plus his average bonus over the prior three years.
In addition, if the severance payment to any executive is deemed to be a golden parachute payment under § 280G of the Internal Revenue Code, then such executive would also be entitled to a tax gross-up payment to cover his excise tax liability under § 280G.
Each employment agreement also provides that the executive or his estate will be entitled to certain severance benefits in the event of his death or disability.
Mr. Bennetts employment agreement also contains standard confidentiality, non-compete and non-solicitation provisions. The confidentiality provisions will apply during the term of the employment agreement and for a period of two years thereafter. The non-compete and non-solicitation provisions will apply during the term of his employment agreement, and if Mr. Bennett resigns without cause, for a period of one year thereafter, or if Mr. Bennett is removed for cause (as defined in his employment agreement), for a period of 18 months thereafter. In the case of Mr. Bennetts resignation without cause, in consideration for his non-compete, Mr. Bennett will receive a cash payment, to be paid in equal monthly installments during the one-year non-compete period, equal to the sum of his then-current annual base salary plus average bonus over the prior three years. Mr. Bennetts non-compete period will terminate if Remington Lodging terminates our exclusivity rights under the mutual exclusivity agreement between Remington Lodging and us.
The other executives employment agreements also contain standard confidentiality, non-compete and non-solicitation provisions. The non-compete and non-solicitation provisions apply during the terms of their employment agreement, and if any of them resigns without cause during the initial three-year term of his agreement, for a period of one year thereafter. In the case of such executives resignation without cause, in consideration for his non-compete, he will receive a cash payment, to be paid in equal monthly installments during the one-year non-compete period, equal to the sum of his then-current annual base salary, plus average bonus over the prior three years. In the event either Mr. Kessler, Mr. Brooks or Mr. Kimichiks employment is terminated for cause (as defined in the respective employment agreement), or he resigns without cause after the initial three-year term of his employment agreement, he will not be subject to a non-compete and will not be entitled to any cash payment other than accrued and unpaid base salary to the date of his separation from us.
Non-Compete Agreement
We will enter into a non-compete agreement, effective as of the consummation of this offering, with Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr. The non-compete agreement provides for Mr. Bennett to serve as our Chairman. The non-compete agreement has an initial term ending December 31, 2006 and is subject to automatic one-year extensions thereafter, in each case, unless either party provides at least six months notice of non-renewal. Mr. Bennetts non-compete agreement will allow him to continue to act as Chairman of Remington Hotel and Remington Lodging provided his duties for Remington Hotel do not materially interfere with his duties to us.
The non-compete agreement provides for:
| an annual directors fee of $200,000, of which $25,000 may be paid in the form of shares of our common stock, at the discretion of our compensation committee; | |
| directors and officers liability insurance coverage; and |
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| participation in other incentive, savings and retirement plans, in the discretion of our compensation committee. |
In addition, upon the consummation of this offering Mr. Bennett will be granted 298,885 shares of our common stock (valued at $3.0 million, at the initial public offering price of our common stock). The restricted stock granted to Mr. Bennett will vest in equal annual installments on each of the first three anniversaries of the consummation of this offering. The actual number of shares of restricted stock granted to Mr. Bennett will be equal to 0.71% of the fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding after completion of this offering, excluding the 93,149 shares issued to the underwriters.
The non-compete agreement provides that, if Mr. Bennett is removed as Chairman without cause or is not re-nominated to serve as Chairman during the initial term of the agreement or terminates his directorship for good reason or after a change of control (defined in the non-compete agreement), Mr. Bennett will be entitled to the following severance payments and benefits, subject to his execution and non-revocation of a general release of claims:
| a lump-sum cash payment equal to two times of the sum of his then-current annual directors fee plus average bonus over the prior three years; | |
| all restricted stock held by him will become fully vested; and | |
| health benefits for 18 months following his leaving the board at the same cost to him as in effect immediately preceding such termination, subject to reduction to the extent that he receives comparable benefits from a subsequent company. |
If Mr. Bennett is removed as Chairman without cause after the initial term of his non-compete agreement, or if we do not renew his agreement, then Mr. Bennett will receive all of the benefits described above except that his lump sum cash payment will be equal to one times the sum of his then-current annual directors fee plus his average bonus over the prior three years.
In addition, if the severance payment to Mr. Bennett is deemed to be a golden parachute payment under § 280G of the Internal Revenue Code, then Mr. Bennett would also be entitled to a tax gross-up payment to cover his excise tax liability under § 280G.
The non-compete agreement provides that Mr. Bennett or his estate will be entitled to certain severance benefits in the event of his death or disability.
The non-compete agreement also contains standard confidentiality provisions and non-compete and non-solicitation provisions. The confidentiality provisions will apply during the term of the non-compete agreement and for a period of two years thereafter. The non-compete and non-solicitation provisions will apply during the term of the non-compete agreement and for a one year period thereafter if Mr. Bennett resigns without cause or is removed for cause (as defined in his non-compete agreement). In the case of Mr. Bennetts resignation without cause, in consideration for his non-compete, he will receive a cash payment equal to the sum of his then-current annual directors fee plus average bonus over the prior three years. Mr. Bennetts non-compete period will terminate if Remington Lodging terminates our exclusivity rights under the mutual exclusivity agreement between Remington Lodging and us.
The Stock Plan
We have established a stock plan for the purpose of encouraging our employees, non-employee directors and other persons who provide advisory or consulting services to us (i) to acquire or increase their equity interests in our company to give an added incentive to work toward its growth and success, and (ii) to allow us to compete for services of the individuals needed for the growth and success of the company. The stock plan authorizes (i) the purchase of common stock for cash at a purchase price to be
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| nonqualified stock options to purchase common stock; | |
| incentive options to purchase common stock; | |
| unrestricted stock; | |
| restricted stock; | |
| phantom stock; | |
| stock appreciation rights; and | |
| other stock or performance-based awards. |
As of the date of this prospectus, there were approximately 11 officers, directors and employees of ours eligible to participate in the stock plan.
The aggregate number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the stock plan may not exceed 5% of the fully-diluted shares of our outstanding common stock as of the date that is 45 days after the consummation of the initial public offering, and no more than 450,000 shares may be granted during any one calendar year to any one participant. In the event that any of the outstanding shares of our common stock are changed into or exchanged for a different number or kind of our shares or securities by reason of a merger, consolidation, recapitalization, reclassification, stock split, stock dividend, combination of shares or the like, the plans share authorization limits and restrictions will be adjusted proportionately, and the compensation committee may adjust awards to preserve the benefits or potential benefits of outstanding awards. If an outstanding award expires or terminates before the end of the period during which awards may be granted, the unissued, underlying shares will be available for other awards under the stock plan.
The stock plan shall be administered by the compensation committee of our board of directors. With respect to any grant or award to any individual covered by Section 162(m) of the U.S. tax code which is intended to be performance-based compensation, the compensation committee will consist solely of two or more outside directors as described in such Section 162(m) of the U.S. tax code.
The compensation committee will select the participants who are granted any award, and employees, non-employee directors and other persons who provide advisory or consulting services to us are eligible, except that only employees are eligible to receive an award of an incentive stock option.
Under Section 162(m) of the U.S. tax code, a public company may not deduct compensation in excess of $1 million paid to any of its chief executive officer and the four next most highly paid executive officers. The stock plan is designed so that awards may comply with the performance-based compensation exception to Section 162(m). The grant of awards that are conditioned on the performance goals described in the stock plan will be excluded from the calculation of annual compensation for purposes of Section 162(m) and will be fully deductible.
The compensation committee may condition any award upon the achievement of any one or more performance goals established solely on the basis of one or more of the following business criteria:
| operating income; | |
| return on net assets; | |
| return on assets; | |
| return on investment; | |
| return on equity; | |
| pretax earnings; |
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| pretax earnings before interest, depreciation, and amortization; | |
| pretax operating earnings after interest expense and before incentives, service fees, and extraordinary or special items; | |
| total stockholder return; | |
| earnings per share; | |
| increase in revenues; | |
| increase in cash flow; | |
| increase in cash flow return; | |
| economic value added; | |
| gross margin; | |
| net income; | |
| debt reduction; or | |
| any of the above goals determined on an absolute or relative basis or as compared to the performance of a published or special index. |
After the end of the performance period (which shall not be less than one or more than three years), the compensation committee may not increase any performance award designed to comply with Section 162(m) of the U.S. tax code. If an award is made on such basis, the compensation committee must establish goals not later than 90 days after the beginning of the period for which such performance goal relates. Any payment of an award based upon performance goals will be conditioned on the written certification of the compensation committee in each case that the performance goals and any other material conditions were satisfied.
The stock plan provides for the grant of (i) options intended to qualify as incentive stock options under Section 422 of the U.S. tax code and (ii) options that are not intended to so qualify. The principal difference between incentive stock options and other options is that a participant generally will not recognize ordinary income at the time an incentive stock option is granted or exercised, but rather at the time the participant disposes of the shares acquired under the incentive stock option. In contrast, the exercise of an option that is not an incentive stock option generally is a taxable event that requires the participant to recognize ordinary income equal to the difference between the shares fair market value and the option price. The employer will not be entitled to a federal income tax deduction with respect to incentive stock options except in the case of certain dispositions of shares acquired under the options. The employer may claim a federal income tax deduction on account of the exercise of an option that is not an incentive stock option equal to the amount of ordinary income recognized by the participant. Options may be exercised in accordance with requirements set by the compensation committee. The maximum period in which an option may be exercised will be fixed by the compensation committee but cannot exceed 10 years. Options generally will be nontransferable except in the event of the participants death, but the compensation committee may allow the transfer of options to members of the participants immediate family, a family trust or a family partnership.
Consistent with the terms of the stock plan, the compensation committee will prescribe the terms of each award of any incentive stock option. No participant may be granted incentive stock options that are first exercisable in a calendar year for shares of common stock having a total fair market value (determined as of the option grant), exceeding $100,000. The exercise price for each incentive stock option cannot be less than each such option shares fair market value on the date the incentive stock option is granted; provided that a grant of an incentive stock option to any employee who is a ten percent (10%) stockholder shall have an exercise price of not less than 110% of the such incentive stock option shares fair market value on the date the incentive stock option is granted. No reload stock option (the right to receive a new option to purchase a share upon the exercise and payment of the exercise price for
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Consistent with the terms of the stock plan, the compensation committee will prescribe the terms of each award of a nonqualified option. The option price for each nonqualified option cannot be less than each such option shares fair market value on the date the nonqualified option is granted. The option price may be paid in cash or, with the compensation committees consent, by surrendering common stock, a combination of cash and common stock or in installments.
Unless the compensation committee provides otherwise, all grants of restricted stock will be subject to vesting, meaning that we will have the right to repurchase the stock for the amount paid, if any, by the participant. Unless the compensation committee provides otherwise, this repurchase right will lapse ( i.e. , the shares will vest) with respect to one-third of the restricted stock on the first anniversary of the date of grant and on each of the following two anniversaries of the date of grant, provided the participant remains in our service as an employee, director or consultant. Any unvested shares will vest if we terminate the participants service without cause, or the participant terminates his or her service with us for good reason. In addition, any unvested shares will vest if the participants service is terminated for any reason within one year of a change in control or due to death or disability of the participant.
A stock appreciation right will be exercisable at such times and subject to such conditions as may be established by the compensation committee. The amount payable upon the exercise of a stock appreciation right may be settled in cash, by the issuance of common stock or a combination of cash and common stock.
Consistent with the terms of the stock plan, the compensation committee will establish the terms of awards of bonus stock, phantom stock, options, stock appreciation rights and other stock or performance-based awards. These awards may also be subject to vesting requirements as determined by the compensation committee, which may include completion of a period of service or attainment of performance objectives. Awards may also vest upon termination without cause or by the participant with good reason, termination in connection with a change in control, death, disability or such other events as the compensation committee shall determine.
The board of directors may amend or terminate the stock plan at any time, but an amendment will not become effective without the approval of our stockholders if it increases the number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the stock plan (other than changes to reflect certain corporate transactions and changes in capitalization) or otherwise materially revises the terms of the stock plan. No amendment or termination of the stock plan will affect a participants rights under outstanding awards without the participants consent. If not sooner terminated as described above, the stock plan will terminate on the third anniversary of the date of approval by our shareholders, and no new awards may be granted after the termination date. Awards made before the plans termination will continue in accordance with their terms.
Restricted Stock Grants
On the effective date of this offering, 931,500 shares of restricted stock will be granted to our executive officers (Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, Kessler, Brooks and Kimichik) as described under Executive Compensation, to our Chief Accounting Officer and to other employees at the discretion of our board as described under The Stock Plan. The actual number of shares of restricted stock to be granted to executive officers and employees will depend upon the number of shares of common stock we sell in this offering and will equal, in the aggregate, 2.25% of the fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding after the completion of this offering (including the exercise of the underwriters over-allotment option, but excluding the 93,149 shares of common stock to be issued to the underwriters as compensation). As a result, the number of shares of restricted stock issued to our executive officers and employees may be increased or decreased on a pro rata basis to reflect 2.25% of the actual fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding after this offering.
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POLICIES AND OBJECTIVES WITH RESPECT TO CERTAIN ACTIVITIES
The following is a discussion of our policies with respect to certain activities, including financing matters and conflicts of interest. These policies may be amended or revised from time to time at the discretion of our board of directors, without a vote of our stockholders. Any change to any of these policies by our board of directors, however, would be made only after a review and analysis of that change, in light of then-existing business and other circumstances, and then only if, in the exercise of its business judgment, our board of directors believes that it is advisable to do so in our and our stockholders best interests.
Disposition Policy
Although we have no current plans to dispose of properties or other assets within our portfolio, we will evaluate our asset portfolio on a regular basis to determine if it continues to satisfy our investment criteria. Subject to certain restrictions applicable to REITs, we may sell investments opportunistically and use the proceeds of any such sale for debt reduction or additional acquisitions. We will utilize several criteria to determine the long-term potential of our investments. Investments will be identified for sale based upon managements forecast of the strength of the related cash flows as well as their value to our overall portfolio. Our decision to sell an investment often will be predicated upon the projected cash flow, size of the hotel, strength of the franchise, property condition and related costs to renovate the property, strength of market demand, projected supply of hotel rooms in the market, probability of increased valuation and geographic profile of the hotel. We may also acquire and sell other lodging-related assets opportunistically based upon managements forecast and review of the performance of our overall portfolio and managements assessment of changing conditions in the investment and capital markets. See Risk Factors Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT Our disposal of properties may have negative implications, including unfavorable tax consequences.
Financing Policies
Initially, we will have only $16.0 million of outstanding mortgage debt and approximately $254.1 million in cash available to invest in lodging-related assets and for general corporate purposes. We intend to use our borrowing power to leverage future investments; however, we do not intend to exceed 60% leverage on our investments, on a gross assets basis. When evaluating our future level of indebtedness and when making decisions regarding the incurrence of indebtedness, our board of directors will consider a number of factors, including:
| the purchase price of our investments to be acquired with debt financing; | |
| the estimated market value of our investments upon refinancing; and | |
| the ability of particular investments, and our company as a whole, to generate cash flow to cover expected debt service. |
We may incur debt in the form of purchase money obligations to the sellers of properties, or in the form of publicly or privately placed debt instruments or financing from banks, institutional investors, or other lenders. Any such indebtedness may be unsecured or may be secured by mortgages or other interests in our properties or mortgage loans. This indebtedness may be recourse, non-recourse or cross-collateralized and, if recourse, that recourse may include our general assets and, if non-recourse, may be limited to the particular investment to which the indebtedness relates. In addition, we may invest in properties or loans subject to existing loans secured by mortgages or similar liens on the properties, or may
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| purchase additional interests in partnerships or joint ventures in which we participate; | |
| refinance existing indebtedness; | |
| finance the origination or purchase of mortgage investments; or | |
| finance acquisitions, expansion or redevelopment of existing properties or development of new properties. |
We may also incur indebtedness for other purposes when, in the opinion of our board of directors, it is advisable to do so. In addition, we may need to borrow to meet the taxable income distribution requirements under the Internal Revenue Code if we do not have sufficient cash available to meet those distribution requirements.
Equity Capital Policies
Subject to applicable law and the requirements for listed companies on the New York Stock Exchange, our board of directors has the authority, without further stockholder approval, to issue additional authorized common stock and preferred stock or otherwise raise capital, including through the issuance of senior securities, in any manner and on the terms and for the consideration it deems appropriate, including in exchange for property. Existing stockholders will have no preemptive right to additional shares issued in any offering, and any offering might cause a dilution of investment. See Description of Capital Stock. We may in the future issue common stock in connection with acquisitions. We also may issue units of partnership interest in our operating partnership in connection with acquisitions of property.
We may, under certain circumstances, purchase common stock in the open market or in private transactions with our stockholders, if those purchases are approved by our board of directors. Our board of directors has no present intention of causing us to repurchase any shares, and any action would only be taken in conformity with applicable federal and state laws and the applicable requirements for qualifying as a REIT, for so long as the board of directors concludes that we should remain a REIT.
In the future we may institute a dividend reinvestment plan, or DRIP, and a related stock purchase plan which would allow our stockholders to acquire additional common stock by automatically reinvesting their cash dividends. Shares would be acquired pursuant to the plan at a price equal to the then prevailing market price, without payment of brokerage commissions or service charges. Stockholders who do not participate in the plan will continue to receive cash dividends as declared.
Conflict of Interest Policy
We will be subject to certain conflicts of interest resulting from our relationship with Remington Hotel, Remington Lodging and Ashford Financial, all of which are ultimately owned by Archie Bennett, Jr., our Chairman, and his son, Montgomery Bennett, our President and Chief Executive Officer. In addition to their ownership interest, Archie Bennett, Jr., will be the chairman of Remington Hotels board of directors and Montgomery Bennett will be its President, Chief Executive Officer and director. We intend to enter into numerous transactions with Remington Hotel, Remington Lodging, and Ashford Financial, including the following:
| We will engage Remington Lodging as the property manager for all of our initial hotel properties. Subject to the right of our independent directors to hire a third-party manager under certain circumstances, we will also engage Remington Lodging as the property manager for any future hotel properties that we may acquire. |
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| Subject to certain limited exceptions, we will have the right of first refusal to purchase any investments identified by Remington Hotel that satisfy our investment criteria. | |
| Subject to the right of our independent directors to hire a third-party manager under certain circumstances, we will hire Remington Hotel, on a fee basis, for any future development of new properties and for providing project management and other services. | |
| Remington Hotel Corporation may from time to time provide other services on the hotels it manages for a fee, subject to the determination by a majority of our independent directors that the fees charged by Remington Hotel Corporation are not comparable to then-current market rates for such services. | |
| Ashford Financial will assign to us eight asset management and consulting agreements, pursuant to which we will provide asset management and consulting services to hotels under management contracts with management companies owned by Remington Hotel or Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett. Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett also own minority interests in the hotels receiving the asset management and consulting services. |
Please refer to the more detailed description of our agreements with Remington Hotel, Remington Lodging and Ashford Financial contained in Business and Properties Our Asset Management and Consulting Agreements, Management Agreement and Mutual Exclusivity Agreement. Please also see Risk Factors Conflict of Interests Risks.
Because we could be subject to various conflicts of interest arising from our relationship with Remington Hotel and other parties, to mitigate any potential conflicts of interest, our charter contains a requirement that any transaction or agreement involving us, our wholly-owned subsidiaries or our operating partnership and a director or officer or an affiliate of any director or officer will require the approval of a majority of the disinterested directors. Additionally, our board of directors has adopted a policy that requires all management decisions related to the management agreement with Remington Lodging and all decisions with respect to enforcement of the contribution or sale agreements related to the initial properties to be approved by a majority of the independent directors, except as specifically provided otherwise in the management agreement.
The Maryland General Corporate Law, or MGCL, provides that a contract or other transaction between a corporation and any of that corporations directors and any other entity in which that director is also a director or has a material financial interest is not void or voidable solely on the grounds of the common directorship or interest, the fact that the director was present at the meeting at which the contract or transaction is approved or the fact that the directors vote was counted in favor of the contract or transaction, if:
| the fact of the common directorship or interest is disclosed to the board or a committee of the board, and the board or that committee authorizes the contract or transaction by the affirmative vote of a majority of the disinterested directors, even if the disinterested directors constitute less than a quorum; | |
| the fact of the common directorship or interest is disclosed to stockholders entitled to vote on the contract or transaction, and the contract or transaction is approved by a majority of the votes cast by the stockholders entitled to vote on the matter, other than votes of shares owned of record or beneficially by the interested director, corporation, firm or other entity; or | |
| the contract or transaction is fair and reasonable to the corporation. |
We cannot assure you that our rights under the mutual exclusivity agreement, our conflicts of interest policies or code of ethics or the MGCL will successfully eliminate conflicts of interest.
105
Reporting Policies
Generally speaking, we intend to make available to our stockholders certified annual financial statements and annual reports. After this offering, we will become subject to the information reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Pursuant to these requirements, we will file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information, including audited financial statements, with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND TRANSACTIONS
Contribution of Initial Properties
Three of our directors, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett and Mr. Edelman (or members of his family), and two of our executive officers, Messrs. Brooks and Nunneley, and two employees of Remington Hotel Corporation, Mr. Mark Sharkey and Ms. Mary Villarreal, indirectly own 100% of the interests in the entities that own the initial assets. Before the initial filing of this registration statement, these entities irrevocably committed, pursuant to written contribution and sale agreements, to contribute or sell the initial assets to us.
Simultaneously with the completion of the offering, the entities that own four of the initial properties will contribute such initial properties to our operating partnership in exchange for 3,187,500 limited partnership units, valued at $31.9 million. One additional limited partnership will contribute a hotel property to us in exchange for 1,445,417 limited partnership units, valued at $14.5 million and $3.0 million in cash. Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett have each entered into binding subscription agreements to purchase 250,000 shares of our common stock at the offering price less underwriting discounts. Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett each intend to use their respective portion of the cash consideration to partially satisfy their respective obligations to purchase such shares. The entities that own the remaining initial property will sell such initial property to our operating partnership in exchange for 216,634 shares of our common stock, valued at $2.2 million. Additionally, the entity that owns the asset management and consulting agreements will contribute such agreements to our operating partnership in exchange for 1,025,000 units of limited partnership interest in our operating partnership, valued at $10.25 million.
For purposes of determining the amount of consideration we will deliver in exchange for the initial assets, we valued the assets based on several factors, including a multiple of expected future earnings, internal rate of return analysis, replacement costs and analysis of sales of similar assets. No single factor was given greater weight than any other. Our valuations may not reflect the fair market values of the initial assets; however, our management believes that the total fair value of all consideration given in connection with our formation transactions (including the assumption of liabilities) is equal to the fair value of the assets acquired, assuming the common stock sold in this offering is sold at the mid-point of the range of prices indicated on the front cover of this prospectus.
The cash amount, the number of operating partnership units and the number of shares we will pay for our initial assets are fixed, except that we may, in our sole discretion, elect to decrease the number of shares and operating partnership units if we determine that after this offering, we will not have received sufficient funds to consummate the transactions contemplated to occur in connection with our formation. The contributing entities have no right under the contribution and sale agreements to change their investment decision or to require us to deliver more cash or a greater number of operating partnership units or shares of our common stock. However, the value of the units and the shares will ultimately depend on the initial public price of our common stock. Specifically, if the initial public offering price is greater than the mid-point of our estimated range indicated on the cover of this prospectus, then the value of the units and shares we will issue to the contributors will be correspondingly greater, and in excess of the values we attributed to the initial assets.
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Each of the contribution and sale agreements contains representations and warranties concerning the ownership and operation of the initial assets and other customary matters. Each contributing or selling entity has agreed to indemnify our operating partnership against breaches of the representations and warranties made by such entity in the related contribution agreement. The amount of such indemnification claims by us is limited with respect to each entity that owns the initial assets to the amount of the purchase price paid to such entity in the contribution or sale agreement, and, except with respect to the entity that will contribute the asset management and consulting agreements, our operating partnership is not entitled to indemnity until the aggregate of indemnifiable losses exceeds $200,000 per property. In addition, the indemnification obligations of the contributing or selling entities will survive the closing of the transactions contemplated by the related agreement for a period of 12 months and, except for the indemnification by the entity that will contribute the asset management and consulting agreements, will be secured by a pledge of the shares or partnership units we issue in exchange for the initial properties.
The obligations of the contributing and selling entities under the contribution and sale agreements to transfer the initial assets to us are conditioned upon completion of this offering and payment of the consideration described above and other customary conditions beyond the control of the contributing and selling entities, but are otherwise unconditional with respect to the obligations of the contributing and selling entities and our operating partnership.
Each of our directors and executive officers and
the two employees of Remington Hotel Corporation who,
collectively, beneficially own 100% of the contributing and
selling entities, are listed below, along with (i) the
related interest being conveyed or sold to our operating
partnership (through such persons direct or indirect
ownership in the entities that own the initial assets) and
(ii) the approximate number of partnership units or shares
of common stock to be issued or cash to be paid in exchange for
such initial assets.
Number of
Shares of
Common
Number of
Stock to
Units to be
be
Cash
Value of
Profits to
Contributor
Contributed Interest
Received
Received
Payments
Consideration
Contributor
407,184
$
4,071,840
$
3,756,133
279,642
2,796,420
2,490,185
566,942
5,669,420
5,939,337
610,689
$1,500,000
7,606,890
5,240,019
110,000
1,100,000
(2,327,475
)
108,317
1,083,170
(2,459,960
)
512,500
5,125,000
5,125,000
2,486,957
108,317
$1,500,000
$
27,452,740
$
17,763,238
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Number of
Shares of
Common
Number of
Stock to
Units to be
be
Cash
Value of
Profits to
Contributor
Contributed Interest
Received
Received
Payments
Consideration
Contributor
407,184
$
4,071,840
$
3,756,133
279,642
2,796,420
2,490,185
566,942
5,669,420
5,939,337
610,689
$1,500,000
7,606,890
5,240,019
110,000
1,100,000
(2,327,475
)
108,317
1,083,170
(2,459,960
)
512,500
5,125,000
5,125,000
2,486,957
108,317
$1,500,000
$
27,452,740
$
17,763,238
48,188
$
481,880
$
481,880
33,094
330,940
330,940
67,094
670,940
670,940
72,271
722,710
722,710
220,647
$
2,206,470
$
2,206,470
48,188
$
481,880
$
481,880
33,094
330,940
330,940
67,094
670,940
670,940
72,271
722,710
722,710
220,647
$
2,206,470
$
2,206,470
19,275
$
192,750
$
192,750
13,237
132,370
132,370
26,837
268,370
268,370
28,908
289,080
289,080
88,257
$
882,570
$
882,570
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Number of | ||||||||||||||||||||
Shares of | ||||||||||||||||||||
Common | ||||||||||||||||||||
Number of | Stock to | |||||||||||||||||||
Units to be | be | Cash | Value of | Profits to | ||||||||||||||||
Contributor | Contributed Interest | Received | Received | Payments | Consideration | Contributor | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
Mark Sharkey
|
2.50% interest in Austin Embassy Suites
|
24,094 | $ | 240,940 | $ | 240,940 | ||||||||||||||
2.50% interest in Dallas Embassy Suites
|
16,547 | 165,470 | 165,470 | |||||||||||||||||
2.50% interest in Dulles Embassy Suites
|
33,547 | 335,470 | 335,470 | |||||||||||||||||
2.50% interest in Las Vegas Embassy Suites
|
36,135 | 361,350 | 361,350 | |||||||||||||||||
Total
|
110,323 |
$ |
1,103,230 |
$ |
1,103,230 | |||||||||||||||
1.00% interest in Austin Embassy
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
Mary Villarreal
|
Suites 1.00% interest in Dallas Embassy
|
9,637 | $ | 96,370 | $ | 96,370 | ||||||||||||||
Suites 1.00% interest in Dulles Embassy
|
6,619 | 66,190 | 66,190 | |||||||||||||||||
Suites 1.00% interest in Las Vegas
|
13,419 | 134,190 | 134,190 | |||||||||||||||||
Embassy Suites
|
14,454 | 144,540 | 144,540 | |||||||||||||||||
Total
|
44,129 |
$ |
441,290 |
$ |
441,290 | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
Under the terms of the applicable tax indemnification agreements, we will be required to pay the contributors tax liability in the event we reduce the indebtedness related to one of our initial hotels or if we dispose of any of the contributed properties in a taxable disposition prior to the earlier of:
| ten years after the contribution of the related property, and | |
| the date on which the contributor no longer owns, in the aggregate, at least 25% of the units issued to such contributor at the time of their contribution of property to our operating partnership. |
The tax indemnity will be equal to the amount of the federal and state income tax liability incurred by the contributor (using an assumed combined federal and state income tax rate at the then-highest applicable marginal rate for such contributor) with respect to the gain allocated to the contributor under Section 704(c) of the Internal Revenue Code.
The terms of the tax indemnification agreements require us to gross up the tax indemnity payment for the amount of income taxes due as a result of the tax indemnity payment. No tax indemnity payment will be due if we dispose of the contributed property in a tax-deferred transaction, such as a like-kind exchange under Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code. The tax indemnification agreements also require us for a period of 10 years to use our commercially reasonable efforts to maintain non-recourse indebtedness in the amount of at least $16.0 million, which will allow the contributors to defer recognition of gain in connection with the contribution of the Las Vegas property.
Other Benefits to Related Parties
Person Receiving the Benefit | Nature and Amount of Benefit | |
Archie Bennett, Jr., our Chairman | Pursuant to a non-compete agreement, Mr. Archie Bennett will receive an annual directors fee equal to $200,000, of which $25,000 may be paid in the form of shares of common stock, at the discretion of our compensation committee. In connection with the acquisition of our initial assets, Mr. Bennett will receive 2,486,957 shares of limited partnership units in our operating |
109
partnership, 108,317 shares of common stock and $1.5 million in cash consideration. Mr. Bennett intends to use the cash consideration received to purchase shares of our common stock. Additionally, upon the consummation of this offering, Mr. Bennett will receive 298,885 shares of restricted stock, which will vest in cumulative equal annual installments on each of the first three anniversaries of the consummation of this offering. The actual number of shares of restricted stock granted to Mr. Bennett will be equal to 0.71% of the fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding after completion of this offering, excluding the 93,149 shares issued to underwriters. Mr. Bennett will also be eligible to participate in our stock incentive plan. See Management Director Compensation. | ||
Mr. Bennett beneficially owns a 50% interest in Remington Lodging & Hospitality, L.P., our hotel manager, and will benefit from the payment of management fees and project management fees by us to Remington Lodging. Management fees will include a monthly base management fee for each hotel property equal to the greater of (i) $10,000 (increased annually based on consumer price index) and (ii) 3% of the gross monthly revenues as well as an annual incentive management fee equal to the lesser of (i) 1% of gross annual revenues and (ii) the amount by which the actual gross operating profit exceeds the target gross operating profit in the annual operating budget. Annual project management fees will equal 4% of the total project costs associated with the implementation of the capital improvement budget of a hotel until the total project costs incurred equal 5% of gross revenues of the applicable hotel, and then 3% of project costs for expenditures in excess of the 5% of gross revenue threshold. The actual amount of management fees for the initial six properties for the 12 months ended June 30, 2002, assuming the management agreement had been in place during such period, would have been equal to $1.1 million. The total actual amount for the twelve months ended June 30, 2003 paid under the existing management agreements, which will be terminated upon the consummation of this offering, is the same as the total assuming the new management agreement was in place during such period. The actual amount of project management fees for the same period, under the same assumptions, would have been $20,771. See The Management Agreement Amounts Payable under the Management Agreement. | ||
In connection with the contribution of three of our initial properties, we will pay off from the proceeds of this offering, approximately $39.0 million of debt owed by the contributing partnerships to GMAC Commercial Mortgage Corp. As a result of the payment of this debt, all loan and security documents executed in connection with this debt will be released, including certain guaranty and indemnification agreements executed by the contributing partnerships and Lismore Associates, L.P. Mr. Bennett beneficially owns a 42.25% interest in each of the three contributing partnerships and an approximate 44% beneficial interest in Lismore Associates. Accordingly, he is indirectly |
110
benefiting from the release of any continuing
obligations under the guaranty and indemnity agreements.
In connection with the contribution of one of our
initial properties, we will pay off, from the proceeds of this
offering, approximately $6.0 million of debt owed by the
contributing partnership to Heller Financial, Inc. The debt is
secured by the contributed property. As a result of the payment
of this debt, all loan and security documents executed in
connection with this debt will be released, including certain
guaranty and indemnification agreements executed by the
contributing partnership, its general partner and Remington
Hotel Corporation as well as a letter of credit, in the amount
of $400,000 issued by The Chase Manhattan Bank to Heller
Financial for the account of Remington Hotel Corporation.
Mr. Bennett beneficially owns a 50% partnership interest in
this contributing partnership and a 50% beneficial interest in
Remington Hotel Corporation. Accordingly, he is indirectly
benefiting from the release of any continuing obligations under
the guaranty and indemnity agreements as well as from the
termination of the letter of credit.
In connection with the contribution of one of our
initial properties, we will assume $16.0 million of
mortgage debt owed by the contributing partnership to Merrill
Lynch Capital, a division of Merrill Lynch Business Financial
Services, Inc. As a result of the assumption of this debt by us,
a guaranty agreement executed by Remington Hotel in favor of
Merrill Lynch Capital will be released. Mr. Bennett
beneficially owns a 50% interest in Remington Hotel Corporation.
Accordingly, he is indirectly benefiting from the release of any
continuing obligations under the guaranty.
In connection with the acquisition of one of our
initial properties, we will pay off, from the proceeds of this
offering, approximately $17.8 million of debt owed by this
partnership to Heller Financial, Inc. As a result of the payment
of this debt, all loan and security documents executed in
connection with this debt will be released, including certain
guaranty and indemnification agreements executed by the
contributing partnership, its general partner and Remington
Hotel Corporation. Mr. Bennett beneficially owns a 50%
partnership interest in this contributing partnership and a 50%
beneficial interest in Remington Hotel Corporation. Accordingly,
he is indirectly benefiting from the release of any continuing
obligations under the guaranty and indemnity agreements.
Montgomery J. Bennett, our Chief Executive
Officer and President
Pursuant to an employment agreement,
Mr. Montgomery Bennett will receive an annual salary equal
to $425,000 and an annual bonus of up to $531,250, $318,750 of
which is a guaranteed bonus and $212,500 of which is payable at
the discretion of our board of director. In connection with the
acquisition of our initial assets, Mr. Bennett will receive
2,486,957 shares of limited partnership units in our
operating partnership, 108,317 shares of common stock and
$1.5 million in
111
cash consideration. Mr. Bennett intends to use the cash consideration received to purchase shares of our common stock. Additionally, upon the consummation of this offering, Mr. Bennett will receive 298,885 shares of restricted stock, which will vest in cumulative equal annual installments of the first three anniversaries of the consummation of this offering. The actual number of shares of restricted stock granted to Mr. Bennett will be equal to 0.71% of the fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding after completion of this offering, excluding the 93,149 shares issued to the underwriters. Mr. Bennett will also be eligible to participate in our stock incentive plan. See Management Executive Compensation. | ||
Mr. Bennett beneficially owns a 50% interest in Remington Lodging & Hospitality, L.P., our hotel manager, and will benefit from the payment of management fees and project management fees by us to Remington Lodging. Management fees will include a monthly base management fee for each hotel property equal to the greater of (i) $10,000 (increased annually based on consumer price index) and (ii) 3% of the gross monthly revenues as well as an annual incentive management fee equal to the lesser of (i) 1% of gross annual revenues and (ii) the amount by which the actual gross operating profit exceeds the target gross operating profit in the annual operating budget. Annual project management fees will equal 4% of the total project costs associated with the implementation of the capital improvement budget of a hotel until the total project costs incurred equal 5% of gross revenues of the applicable hotel, and then 3% of project costs for expenditures in excess of the 5% of gross revenue threshold. The actual amount of management fees for the initial six properties for the 12 months ended June 30, 2002, assuming the management agreement had been in place during such period, would have been equal to $1.1 million. The total actual amount for the twelve months ended June 30, 2003 paid under the existing management agreements, which will be terminated upon the consummation of this offering, is the same as the total assuming the new management agreement was in place during such period. The actual amount of project management fees for the same period, under the same assumptions, would have been $20,771. See The Management Agreement Amounts Payable under the Management Agreement. | ||
In connection with the contribution of three of our initial properties, we will pay off, from the proceeds of this offering, approximately $39.0 million of debt owed by the contributing partnerships to GMAC Commercial Mortgage Corp. As a result of the payment of this debt, all loan and security documents executed in connection with this debt will be released, including certain guaranty and indemnification agreements executed by the contributing partnerships and Lismore Associates, L.P. Mr. Bennett beneficially owns a 42.25% interest in each of the three contributing partnerships and an approximate 44% beneficial interest in Lismore Associates. Accordingly, he is indirectly |
112
benefiting from the release of any continuing obligations under the guaranty and indemnity agreements. | ||
In connection with the contribution of one of our initial properties, we will pay off, from the proceeds of this offering, approximately $6.0 million of debt owed by this partnership to Heller Financial, Inc. As a result of the payment of this debt, all loan and security documents executed in connection with this debt will be released, including certain guaranty and indemnification agreements executed by the contributing partnership, its general partner and Remington Hotel Corporation as well as a letter of credit, in the amount of $400,000 issued by The Chase Manhattan Bank to Heller Financial for the account of Remington Hotel Corporation. Mr. Bennett beneficially owns a 50% partnership interest in this contributing partnership and a 50% beneficial interest in Remington Hotel Corporation. Accordingly, he is indirectly benefiting from the release of any continuing obligations under the guaranty and indemnity agreements as well as from the termination of the letter of credit. | ||
In connection with the contribution of one of our initial properties, we will assume $16.0 million of mortgage debt owed by the contributing partnership to Merrill Lynch Capital, a division of Merrill Lynch Business Financial Services, Inc. As a result of the assumption of this debt by us, a guaranty agreement executed by Remington Hotel in favor of Merrill Lynch Capital will be released. Mr. Bennett beneficially owns a 50% partnership interest in Remington Hotel Corporation. Accordingly, he is indirectly benefiting from the release of any continuing obligations under the guaranty. | ||
In connection with the acquisition of one of our initial properties, we will pay off, from the proceeds of this offering, approximately $17.8 million of debt owed by this partnership to Heller Financial, Inc. As a result of the payment of this debt, all loan and security documents executed in connection with this debt will be released, including certain guaranty and indemnification agreements executed by the contributing partnership, its general partner and Remington Hotel Corporation. Mr. Bennett beneficially owns a 50% partnership interest in this contributing partnership and a 50% beneficial interest in Remington Hotel Corporation. Accordingly, he is indirectly benefiting from the release of any continuing obligations under the guaranty and indemnity agreements. |
Related Party Management Services
Our operating partnership will enter into a management agreement with Remington Lodging, pursuant to which Remington Lodging will operate and manage each of our six initial hotels. We also intend for Remington Lodging to manage all of our future hotels, subject to our ability to hire a third party and not Remington Lodging upon the unanimous election of our independent directors. Remington Lodging is an affiliate of Remington Hotel, both of which are owned 100% by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett. See Business and Properties Management Agreement. The fees due to Remington Lodging under the management agreement will include management fees, project management fees and other fees. The actual
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We and our operating partnership will enter into a mutual exclusivity agreement with Remington Lodging and Remington Hotel and Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, pursuant to which we will have a first right of refusal to purchase lodging investments identified by them. We also will agree to hire Remington Lodging for the management or construction of any hotel part of an investment we elect to pursue, unless either all of our independent directors elect not to do so or a majority of our independent directors elect not to do so based on a determination that special circumstances exist or that another manager or developer could perform materially better than Remington Lodging. See Business and Properties Mutual Exclusivity Agreement.
Our operating partnership will perform certain asset management and consulting services related to 27 hotel properties for eight management companies, each of which is either owned 100% by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett or is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Remington Hotel. We will provide these services pursuant to asset management and consulting agreements between these eight management companies and Ashford Financial Corporation that have been contributed to our operating partnership in exchange for 1,025,000 units of limited partnership interest valued at $10.25 million. Ashford Financial is entirely owned by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett. In exchange for performing the asset management and consulting services, we will be entitled to receive annual payments that are contingent upon the revenue generated by the hotels receiving the services. Ashford Financial has guaranteed a total minimum payment to us of $1.2 million per year under all of the asset management and consulting agreements, for five years from our initial public offering. Ashford Financials guaranty is secured by a pledge of the 1,025,000 units issued in exchange for the asset management and consulting agreements. A pro rata portion of the units will be released from the pledge each year over the five year term of the guaranty, provided that the guaranteed minimum fee has been paid. If a hotel underlying the asset management and consulting agreements is sold, we will no longer derive any income from such hotel. Any such sale or related decrease in income, however, will not affect the amount guaranteed by Ashford Financial under its guaranty and pledge. Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett have an ownership interest in the properties underlying the asset management and consulting agreements. See Business and Properties Our Asset Management and Consulting Agreements.
During the period January 1, 2002 through May 5, 2003 Mr. Martin Edelman, one of our directors, received $255,000 from Ashford Financial Corporation and $108,819 from Remington Hotel, in each case for legal, financial and investment advisory services rendered to certain limited partnerships of which Remington Hotel or its affiliates were limited partners. No further payments for such services, to Mr. Edelman, from Ashford Financial, Remington Hotel or any other entity controlled by Messrs. Archie or Montgomery Bennett, or from us, is envisioned, other than as described under Management Director Compensation. Additionally, the wife of Mr. David Kimichik, our Chief Financial Officer, is a partner at Andrews & Kurth L.L.P., and Andrews & Kurth L.L.P. has represented us in connection with this offering.
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PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS
The following table sets forth certain
information regarding the ownership of our common stock,
assuming the completion of the offering, by (i) each of our
directors, (ii) each of our executive officers,
(iii) all of our directors and executive officers as a
group and (iv) each holder of five percent or more of our
common stock. Unless otherwise indicated, all shares are owned
directly and the indicated person has sole voting and investment
power.
Number of
Shares
Beneficially
Percent of
Name of Stockholder
Owned
(1)
Class
(2)
3,144,159
8.14%
3,144,159
8.14%
225,647
0.63%
5,000
0.01%
5,000
0.01%
5,000
0.01%
5,000
0.01%
142,200
0.40%
272,247
0.75%
96,900
0.27%
7,045,312
16.67%
(1) | Assumes that all units of our operating partnership held by such person or group of persons are redeemed for common stock (regardless of when such units are redeemable) and includes restricted stock grants that vest in equal annual installments on each of the first three anniversaries of the consummation of this offering. The actual number of restricted stock grants to executive officers and employees will equal, in the aggregate, 2.25% of the fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding after completion of this offering, excluding the 93,149 shares issued to underwriters. As a result, the actual number of restricted stock grants to executive officers and employees may be increased or decreased on a pro rata basis depending upon the actual number of shares of common stock sold in this offering. |
(2) | The total number of shares outstanding used in calculating the percentage assumes that none of the operating partnership units or options held by other persons are redeemed for common stock or exercised for common stock. |
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
General
We were formed under the laws of the State of Maryland. Rights of our stockholders are governed by the Maryland General Corporation Law, or MGCL, our charter and our bylaws. The following is a summary of the material provisions of our capital stock. Copies of our charter and bylaws are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. See Where You Can Find More Information.
Authorized Stock
Our charter provides that we may issue up to 200 million shares of voting common stock, par value $.01 per share, and 50 million shares of preferred stock, par value $.01 per share. Upon completion of this offering, there will be 36,766,283 shares of common stock issued and outstanding and no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding.
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Common Stock
All shares of our common stock offered hereby will be duly authorized, fully paid and nonassessable. Subject to the preferential rights of any other class or series of stock and to the provisions of the charter regarding the restrictions on transfer of stock, holders of shares of our common stock are entitled to receive dividends on such stock when, as and if authorized by our board of directors out of funds legally available therefor and declared by us and to share ratably in the assets of our company legally available for distribution to our stockholders in the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up after payment of or adequate provision for all known debts and liabilities of our company, including the preferential rights on dissolution of any class or classes of preferred stock.
Subject to the provisions of our charter regarding the restrictions on transfer of stock, each outstanding share of our common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, including the election of directors and, except as provided with respect to any other class or series of stock, the holders of such shares will possess the exclusive voting power. There is no cumulative voting in the election of our board of directors, which means that the holders of a plurality of the outstanding shares of our common stock can elect all of the directors then standing for election and the holders of the remaining shares will not be able to elect any directors.
Holders of shares of our common stock have no preference, conversion, exchange, sinking fund, redemption or appraisal rights and have no preemptive rights to subscribe for any securities of our company. Subject to the provisions of the charter regarding the restrictions on transfer of stock, shares of our common stock will have equal dividend, liquidation and other rights.
Under the MGCL, a Maryland corporation generally cannot dissolve, amend its charter, merge, consolidate, transfer all or substantially all of its assets, engage in a statutory share exchange or engage in similar transactions outside the ordinary course of business unless declared advisable by the board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of stockholders holding at least two-thirds of the shares entitled to vote on the matter unless a lesser percentage (but not less than a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter) is set forth in the corporations charter. Our charter does not provide for a lesser percentage for these matters. However, Maryland law permits a corporation to transfer all or substantially all of its assets without the approval of the stockholders of the corporation to one or more persons if all of the equity interests of the person or persons are owned, directly or indirectly, by the corporation. Because operating assets may be held by a corporations subsidiaries, as in our situation, this may mean that a subsidiary of a corporation can transfer all of its assets without a vote of the corporations stockholders.
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to reclassify any unissued shares of our common stock into other classes or series of classes of stock and to establish the number of shares in each class or series and to set the preferences, conversion and other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications or terms or conditions of redemption for each such class or series.
Preferred Stock
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to classify any unissued shares of preferred stock and to reclassify any previously classified but unissued shares of any series. Prior to issuance of shares of each series, our board of directors is required by the MGCL and our charter to set the terms, preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption for each such series. Thus, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock with terms and conditions which could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a transaction or a change of control of our company that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interest. As of the date hereof, no shares of preferred stock are outstanding and we have no current plans to issue any preferred stock.
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Power to Increase Authorized Stock and Issue Additional Shares of Our
We believe that the power of our board of directors, without stockholder approval, to increase the number of authorized shares of stock, issue additional authorized but unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to classify or reclassify unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and thereafter to cause us to issue such classified or reclassified shares of stock will provide us with flexibility in structuring possible future financings and acquisitions and in meeting other needs which might arise. The additional classes or series, as well as the common stock, will be available for issuance without further action by our stockholders, unless stockholder consent is required by applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange or automated quotation system on which our securities may be listed or traded. Although our board of directors does not intend to do so, it could authorize us to issue a class or series that could, depending upon the terms of the particular class or series, delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control of our company that might involve a premium price for our stockholder or otherwise be in their best interest.
Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer
In order for us to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code or Code, not more than 50% of the value of the outstanding shares of our stock may be owned, actually or constructively, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Code to include certain entities) during the last half of a taxable year (other than the first year for which an election to be a REIT has been made by us). In addition, if we, or one or more owners (actually or constructively) of 10% or more of us, actually or constructively owns 10% or more of a tenant of ours (or a tenant of any partnership in which we are a partner), the rent received by us (either directly or through any such partnership) from such tenant will not be qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests of the Code. Our stock must also be beneficially owned by 100 or more persons during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year (other than the first year for which an election to be a REIT has been made by us).
Our charter contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our capital stock that are intended to assist us in complying with these requirements and continuing to qualify as a REIT. The relevant sections of our charter provide that, subject to the exceptions described below, no person or persons acting as a group may own, or be deemed to own by virtue of the attribution provisions of the Code, more than (i) 9.8% of the lesser of the number or value of shares of our common stock outstanding or (ii) 9.8% of the lesser of the number or value of the issued and outstanding preferred or other shares of any class or series of our stock. We refer to this restriction as the ownership limit.
The ownership attribution rules under the Code are complex and may cause stock owned actually or constructively by a group of related individuals and/or entities to be owned constructively by one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% of our common stock (or the acquisition of an interest in an entity that owns, actually or constructively, our common stock) by an individual or entity, could, nevertheless cause that individual or entity, or another individual or entity, to own constructively in excess of 9.8% of our outstanding common stock and thereby subject the common stock to the ownership limit.
Our board of directors may, in its sole discretion, waive the ownership limit with respect to one or more stockholders who would not be treated as individuals for purposes of the Code if it determines that such ownership will not cause any individuals beneficial ownership of shares of our capital stock to violate the ownership limit and that any exemption from the ownership limit will not jeopardize our status as a REIT (for example, by causing any tenant of ours to be considered a related party tenant for purposes of the REIT qualification rules).
As a condition of our waiver, our board of directors may require an opinion of counsel or IRS ruling satisfactory to our board of directors, and/or representations or undertakings from the applicant with respect to preserving our REIT status.
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In connection with the waiver of the ownership limit or at any other time, our board of directors may decrease the ownership limit for all other persons and entities; provided, however, that the decreased ownership limit will not be effective for any person or entity whose percentage ownership in our capital stock is in excess of such decreased ownership limit until such time as such person or entitys percentage of our capital stock equals or falls below the decreased ownership limit, but any further acquisition of our capital stock in excess of such percentage ownership of our capital stock will be in violation of the ownership limit. Additionally, the new ownership limit may not allow five or fewer individuals (as defined for purposes of the REIT ownership restrictions under the Code) to beneficially own more than 49.5% of the value of our outstanding capital stock.
Our charter provisions further prohibit:
| any person from actually or constructively owning shares of our capital stock that would result in us being closely held under Section 856(h) of the Code or otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT; and | |
| any person from transferring shares of our capital stock if such transfer would result in shares of our stock being beneficially owned by fewer than 100 persons (determined without reference to any rules of attribution). |
Any person who acquires or attempts or intends to acquire beneficial or constructive ownership of shares of our common stock that will or may violate any of the foregoing restrictions on transferability and ownership will be required to give notice immediately to us and provide us with such other information as we may request in order to determine the effect of such transfer on our status as a REIT. The foregoing provisions on transferability and ownership will not apply if our board of directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests to attempt to qualify, or to continue to qualify, as a REIT.
Pursuant to our charter, if any purported transfer of our capital stock or any other event would otherwise result in any person violating the ownership limits or the other restrictions in our charter, then any such purported transfer will be void and of no force or effect with respect to the purported transferee or owner (collectively referred to hereinafter as the purported owner) as to that number of shares in excess of the ownership limit (rounded up to the nearest whole share). The number of shares in excess of the ownership limit will be automatically transferred to, and held by, a trust for the exclusive benefit of one or more charitable organizations selected by us. The trustee of the trust will be designated by us and must be unaffiliated with us and with any purported owner. The automatic transfer will be effective as of the close of business on the business day prior to the date of the violative transfer or other event that results in a transfer to the trust. Any dividend or other distribution paid to the purported owner, prior to our discovery that the shares had been automatically transferred to a trust as described above, must be repaid to the trustee upon demand for distribution to the beneficiary of the trust and all dividends and other distributions paid by us with respect to such excess shares prior to the sale by the trustee of such shares shall be paid to the trustee for the beneficiary. If the transfer to the trust as described above is not automatically effective, for any reason, to prevent violation of the applicable ownership limit, then our charter provides that the transfer of the excess shares will be void. Subject to Maryland law, effective as of the date that such excess shares have been transferred to the trust, the trustee shall have the authority (at the trustees sole discretion and subject to applicable law) (i) to rescind as void any vote cast by a purported owner prior to our discovery that such shares have been transferred to the trust and (ii) to recast such vote in accordance with the desires of the trustee acting for the benefit of the beneficiary of the trust, provided that if we have already taken irreversible action, then the trustee shall not have the authority to rescind and recast such vote.
Shares of our capital stock transferred to the trustee are deemed offered for sale to us, or our designee, at a price per share equal to the lesser of (i) the price paid by the purported owner for the shares (or, if the event which resulted in the transfer to the trust did not involve a purchase of such shares of our capital stock at market price, the market price on the day of the event which resulted in the transfer of such shares of our capital stock to the trust) and (ii) the market price on the date we, or our designee, accepts such offer. We have the right to accept such offer until the trustee has sold the shares of
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If we do not buy the shares, the trustee must, within 20 days of receiving notice from us of the transfer of shares to the trust, sell the shares to a person or entity designated by the trustee who could own the shares without violating the ownership limits. After that, the trustee must distribute to the purported owner an amount equal to the lesser of (i) the net price paid by the purported owner for the shares (or, if the event which resulted in the transfer to the trust did not involve a purchase of such shares at market price, the market price on the day of the event which resulted in the transfer of such shares of our capital stock to the trust) and (ii) the net sales proceeds received by the trust for the shares. Any proceeds in excess of the amount distributable to the purported owner will be distributed to the beneficiary.
Our charter also provides that Benefit Plan Investors (as defined in our charter) may not hold, individually or in the aggregate, 25% or more of the value of any class or series of shares of our capital stock to the extent such class or series does not constitute Publicly Offered Securities (as defined in our charter).
All persons who own, directly or by virtue of the attribution provisions of the Code, more than 5% (or such other percentage as provided in the regulations promulgated under the Code) of the lesser of the number or value of the shares of our outstanding capital stock must give written notice to us within 30 days after the end of each calendar year. In addition, each stockholder will, upon demand, be required to disclose to us in writing such information with respect to the direct, indirect and constructive ownership of shares of our stock as our board of directors deems reasonably necessary to comply with the provisions of the Code applicable to a REIT, to comply with the requirements or any taxing authority or governmental agency or to determine any such compliance.
All certificates representing shares of our capital stock bear a legend referring to the restrictions described above.
These ownership limits could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control of our company that might involve a premium price over the then prevailing market price for the holders of some, or a majority, of our outstanding shares of common stock or which such holders might believe to be otherwise in their best interest.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock and preferred stock is Equiserve Trust Company, N.A.
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MATERIAL PROVISIONS OF MARYLAND LAW AND OF OUR
The following is a summary of certain provisions of Maryland law and of our charter and bylaws. Copies of our charter and bylaws are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. See Where You Can Find More Information.
The Board of Directors
Our bylaws provide that the number of directors of our company may be established by our board of directors but may not be fewer than the minimum number permitted under the MGCL (generally, three) nor more than 15. Any vacancy will be filled, at any regular meeting or at any special meeting called for that purpose, by a majority of the remaining directors.
Pursuant to our charter, each member of our board of directors will serve one year terms, with each members initial term expiring in 2004. Holders of shares of our common stock will have no right to cumulative voting in the election of directors. Consequently, at each annual meeting of stockholders at which our board of directors is elected, the holders of a plurality of the shares of our common stock will be able to elect all of the members of our board of directors.
Business Combinations
Maryland law prohibits business combinations between a corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, statutory share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, certain transfers of assets, certain stock issuances and transfers, liquidation plans and reclassifications involving interested stockholders and their affiliates as asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. Maryland law defines an interested stockholder as:
| any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our voting stock; or | |
| an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of the then-outstanding voting stock of the corporation. |
A person is not an interested stockholder if the board of directors approves in advance the transaction by which the person otherwise would have become an interested stockholder. However, in approving the transaction, the board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board of directors.
After the five year prohibition, any business combination between a corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:
| 80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of the then outstanding shares of common stock; and | |
| two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of the common stock other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected or shares held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder. |
These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if the common stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares.
The statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including business combinations that are approved by the board of directors before the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder.
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Our charter includes a provision excluding the corporation from these provisions of the MGCL and, consequently, the five-year prohibition and the super-majority vote requirements will not apply to business combinations between us and any interested stockholder of ours unless we later amend our charter, with stockholder approval, to modify or eliminate this provision. We believe that our ownership restrictions will substantially reduce the risk that a stockholder would become an interested stockholder within the meaning of the Maryland business combination statute.
Control Share Acquisitions
The MGCL provides that control shares of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share acquisition have no voting rights except to the extent approved at a special meeting by the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding shares of stock in a corporation in respect of which any of the following persons is entitled to exercise or direct the exercise of the voting power of shares of stock of the corporation in the election of directors: (i) a person who makes or proposes to make a control share acquisition, (ii) an officer of the corporation or (iii) an employee of the corporation who is also a director of the corporation. Control shares are voting shares of stock which, if aggregated with all other such shares of stock previously acquired by the acquiror or in respect of which the acquiror is able to exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquiror to exercise voting power in electing directors within one of the following ranges of voting power: (i) one-tenth or more but less than one-third, (ii) one-third or more but less than a majority, or (iii) a majority or more of all voting power. Control shares do not include shares the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained stockholder approval. A control share acquisition means the acquisition of control shares, subject to certain exceptions.
A person who has made or proposes to make a control share acquisition, upon satisfaction of certain conditions (including an undertaking to pay expenses), may compel our board of directors to call a special meeting of stockholders to be held within 50 days of demand to consider the voting rights of the shares. If no request for a meeting is made, the corporation may itself present the question at any stockholders meeting.
If voting rights are not approved at the meeting or if the acquiring person does not deliver an acquiring person statement as required by the statute, then, subject to certain conditions and limitations, the corporation may redeem any or all of the control shares (except those for which voting rights have previously been approved) for fair value determined, without regard to the absence of voting rights for the control shares, as of the date of the last control share acquisition by the acquiror or of any meeting of stockholders at which the voting rights of such shares are considered and not approved. If voting rights for control shares are approved at a stockholders meeting and the acquiror becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to vote, all other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares as determined for purposes of such appraisal rights may not be less than the highest price per share paid by the acquiror in the control share acquisition.
The control share acquisition statute does not apply (a) to shares acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange if the corporation is a party to the transaction or (b) to acquisitions approved or exempted by the charter or bylaws of the corporation.
Our charter contains a provision exempting from the control share acquisition statute any and all acquisitions by any person of our common stock and, consequently, the applicability of the control share acquisitions unless we later amend our charter, with stockholder approval, to modify or eliminate this provision. We believe that our ownership restrictions will substantially reduce the risk that a stockholder would become an interested stockholder within the meaning or the Maryland business combination statute.
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Amendment to Our Charter
Our charter may be amended only if declared advisable by the board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
Dissolution of Our Company
The dissolution of our company must be declared advisable by the board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of not less than two-thirds of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
Advance Notice of Director Nominations and New Business
Our bylaws provide that:
| with respect to an annual meeting of stockholders, the only business to be considered and the only proposals to be acted upon will be those properly brought before the annual meeting: |
- | pursuant to our notice of the meeting; | |
- | by, or at the direction of, a majority of our board of directors; or | |
- | by a stockholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting and has complied with the advance notice procedures set forth in our bylaws; |
| with respect to special meetings of stockholders, only the business specified in our companys notice of meeting may be brought before the meeting of stockholders unless otherwise provided by law; and | |
| nominations of persons for election to our board of directors at any annual or special meeting of stockholders may be made only: |
- | by, or at the direction of, our board of directors; or | |
- | by a stockholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting and has complied with the advance notice provisions set forth in our bylaws. |
Anti-Takeover Effect of Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and of Our Charter and Bylaws
The advance notice provisions of our bylaws could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control of our company that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interest. Likewise, if our companys charter were to be amended to avail the corporation of the business combination provisions of the MGCL or if the provision in the charter opting out of the control share acquisition provisions of the MGCL were rescinded, these provisions of the MGCL could have similar anti-takeover effects.
Indemnification and Limitation of Directors and Officers Liability
Our charter and the partnership agreement provide for indemnification of our officers and directors against liabilities to the fullest extent permitted by the MGCL, as amended from time to time.
The MGCL permits a corporation to indemnify a director or officer who has been successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made a party by reason of his or her service in that capacity. The MGCL permits a corporation to indemnify its present and former directors and officers, among others, against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable
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| an act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and: |
- | was committed in bad faith; or | |
- | was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty; |
| the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services; or | |
| in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. |
However, under the MGCL, a Maryland corporation may not indemnify for an adverse judgment in a suit by or in the right of the corporation (other than for expenses incurred in a successful defense of such an action) or for a judgment of liability on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received. In addition, the MGCL permits a corporation to advance reasonable expenses to a director or officer upon the corporations receipt of:
| a written affirmation by the director or officer of his good faith belief that he has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the corporation; and | |
| a written undertaking by the director or on the directors behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the corporation if it is ultimately determined that the director did not meet the standard of conduct. |
The MGCL permits a Maryland corporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the liability of its directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages except for liability resulting from actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or active and deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment as being material to the cause of action. Our charter contains such a provision which eliminates such liability to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law.
Our bylaws obligate us, to the fullest extent permitted by Maryland law in effect from time to time, to indemnify and, without requiring a preliminary determination of the ultimate entitlement to indemnification, pay or reimburse reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding to:
| any present or former director or officer who is made a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity; or | |
| any individual who, while a director or officer of our company and at our request, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or any other enterprise as a director, officer, partner or trustee and who is made a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity. |
Our bylaws also obligate us to indemnify and advance expenses to any person who served a predecessor of ours in any of the capacities described in second and third bullet points above and to any employee or agent of our company or a predecessor of our company.
The partnership agreement of our operating partnership provides that we, as general partner, and our officers and directors are indemnified to the fullest extent permitted by law. See Description of the Partnership Agreement Indemnification and Limitation of Liability.
Insofar as the foregoing provisions permit indemnification of directors, officers or persons controlling us for liability arising under the Securities Act, we have been informed that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission, this indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
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SHARES AVAILABLE FOR FUTURE SALE
General
Upon the completion of this offering, we will have 36,766,283 shares of common stock outstanding and approximately 5,657,917 shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon redemption of operating partnership units, or redemption shares. Our common stock issued in this offering will be freely tradeable by persons other than our affiliates, subject to certain limitations on ownership set forth in our governing documents. See Description of Shares of Capital Stock Restrictions on Transfer.
Redemption/Exchange Rights
Pursuant to the partnership agreement of our operating partnership, the individuals that own the limited partnership units will have the right to redeem their units. When a limited partner exercises this right, the partnership must redeem their partnership units in exchange for cash or, at our option, common stock, on a one-for-one basis. These redemption rights generally may be exercised by the limited partners at any time after one year following the acquisition of the initial properties. See The Partnership Agreement Redemption Rights. Any amendment to the Partnership Agreement that would affect these redemption rights would require our consent as general partner and the consent of limited partners holding more than 50% of the units held by limited partners (excluding us).
Rule 144
Any of the 5,657,917 redemption shares, if and when issued, all of the 500,000 shares of our common stock privately sold to Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, the 93,149 shares issued to the underwriter and the 216,634 shares of stock we issued in exchange for one of our initial properties will be restricted securities under the meaning of Rule 144 of the Securities Act of 1933. These shares may not be sold in the absence of registration under the Securities Act unless an exemption from registration is available, including exemptions contained in Rule 144.
In general, under Rule 144 as currently in effect, if one year has elapsed since the date of acquisition of restricted shares from us or any of our affiliates, the holder of such restricted shares can sell such shares; provided that the number of shares sold by such person within any three-month period cannot exceed the greater of:
| 1% of the total number of shares of our common stock then outstanding, or | |
| the average weekly trading volume of our common stock during the four calendar weeks preceding the date on which notice of the sale is filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission |
Sales under Rule 144 also are subject to certain manner of sale provisions, notice requirements and the availability of current public information about us. If two years have elapsed since the date of acquisition of restricted shares from us or any of our affiliates and the holder is not one of our affiliates at any time during the three months preceding the proposed sale, such person can sell such shares in the public market under Rule 144(k) without regard to the volume limitations, manner of sale provisions, public information requirements or notice requirements.
Registration Rights
Provided that we are then eligible to use Form S-3, we have agreed to file a shelf registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the first anniversary of the closing of this offering, and thereafter use our efforts to have the registration statement declared effective, covering the continuous resale of (i) the 500,000 shares we privately sold to Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, (ii) the 5,657,917 shares of common stock issuable to our limited partners upon redemption of units in our operating partnership issued in exchange for five of our initial properties, (iii) the 216,634 shares of restricted stock we issued in exchange for one of our initial properties and (iv) the 93,149 shares issued to
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Registration rights may be granted to future sellers of properties to our operating partnership who may receive, in lieu of cash, common stock, units or other securities convertible into common stock.
Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. Listing of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange is expected to be effective upon the completion of this offering. No prediction can be made as to the effect, if any, that future sales of shares, or the availability of shares for future sale, will have on the market price prevailing from time to time. Sales of substantial amounts of common stock, or the perception that such sales could occur, may affect adversely prevailing market prices of the common stock. See Risk Factors Market for Common Stock and Partnership Agreement Transferability of Interests.
Lock-Up Agreements
For a description of certain restrictions on transfers of our common stock held by certain of our stockholders, see Underwriting.
PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT
Management
Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, our operating partnership, has been organized as a Delaware limited partnership. One of our wholly-owned subsidiaries is the sole general partner of this partnership, and one of our subsidiaries holds limited partnership units in this partnership. Upon completion of this offering, we will own, through wholly-owned subsidiaries, approximately 86.7% of the partnership interests in our operating partnership. In the future, we may issue additional interests in our operating partnership to third parties.
Pursuant to the partnership agreement of the operating partnership, we, as the sole general partner, generally have full, exclusive and complete responsibility and discretion in the management, operation and control of the partnership, including the ability to cause the partnership to enter into certain major transactions, including acquisitions, developments and dispositions of properties, borrowings and refinancings of existing indebtedness. No limited partner may take part in the operation, management or control of the business of the operating partnership by virtue of being a holder of limited partnership units.
Our subsidiary may not be removed as general partner of the partnership. Upon the bankruptcy or dissolution of the general partner, the general partner shall be deemed to be removed automatically.
The limited partners of our operating partnership have agreed that in the event of a conflict in the fiduciary duties owed (i) by us to our stockholders and (ii) by us, as general partner of the operating partnership, to those limited partners, we may act in the best interests of our stockholders without violating
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Transferability of Interests
General Partner. The partnership agreement provides that we may not transfer our interest as a general partner (including by sale, disposition, merger or consolidation) except:
| in connection with a merger of the operating partnership, a sale of substantially all of the assets of the operating partnership or other transaction in which the limited partners receive a certain amount of cash, securities or property; or | |
| in connection with a merger of us or the general partner into another entity, if the surviving entity contributes substantially all its assets to the operating partnership and assumes the duties of the general partner under the operating partnership agreement. |
Limited Partner. The partnership agreement prohibits the sale, assignment, transfer, pledge or disposition of all or any portion of the limited partnership units without our consent, which we may give or withhold in our sole discretion. However, an individual partner may donate his units to his immediate family or a trust wholly owned by his immediate family, without our consent. In addition, the partnerships contributing our initial hotel properties to us in exchange for units in our operating partnership may transfer those units to their partners, without our consent. The partnership agreement contains other restrictions on transfer if, among other things that transfer:
| would cause us to fail to comply with the REIT rules under the Internal Revenue Code, or | |
| would cause us to become a publicly-traded partnership under the Internal Revenue Code. |
Capital Contributions
Through a wholly-owned subsidiary, we will contribute to the partnership all the net proceeds of the initial offering as our initial capital contribution in exchange for approximately an 86.7% limited partnership interest. Some of our directors, executive officers and their affiliates will contribute properties and assets to the partnership and become limited partners and, together with other limited partners, initially will own the remaining 13.3% limited partnership interest.
The partnership agreement provides that if the partnership requires additional funds at any time in excess of funds available to the partnership from borrowing or capital contributions, we may borrow such funds from a financial institution or other lender and lend such funds to the partnership. Under the partnership agreement, we are obligated to contribute the proceeds of any offering of stock as additional capital to the partnership. The operating partnership is authorized to cause the partnership to issue partnership interests for less than fair market value if we conclude in good faith that such issuance is in both the partnerships and our best interests.
The partnership agreement provides that we may make additional capital contributions, including properties, to the partnership in exchange for additional partnership units. If we contribute additional capital to the partnership and receive additional partnership interests for such capital contribution, our percentage interests will be increased on a proportionate basis based on the amount of such additional capital contributions and the value of the partnership at the time of such contributions. Conversely, the percentage interests of the other limited partners will be decreased on a proportionate basis. In addition, if we contribute additional capital to the partnership and receive additional partnership interests for such capital contribution, the capital accounts of the partners will be adjusted upward or downward to reflect any unrealized gain or loss attributable to our properties as if there were an actual sale of such properties at the fair market value thereof. Limited partners have no preemptive right to make additional capital contributions.
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The operating partnership could issue preferred partnership interests in connection with acquisitions of property or otherwise. Any such preferred partnership interests would have priority over common partnership interests with respect to distributions from the partnership, including the partnership interests that our wholly-owned subsidiaries own.
Redemption Rights
Under the partnership agreement, we have granted to each limited partner (other than our subsidiary) the right to redeem their limited partnership units. This right may be exercised at the election of that limited partner by giving us written notice, subject to some limitations. The purchase price for the limited partnership units to be redeemed will equal the fair market value of our common stock. The purchase price for the limited partnership units may be paid in cash, or, in our discretion, by the issuance by us of a number of shares of our common stock equal to the number of limited partnership units with respect to which the rights are being exercised. However, no limited partner will be entitled to exercise its redemption rights to the extent that the issuance of common stock to the redeeming partner would be prohibited under our charter or, if after giving effect to such exercise, would cause any person to own, actually or constructively, more than 9.8% of our common stock, unless such ownership limit is waived by us in our sole discretion.
In all cases, however, no limited partner may exercise the redemption right for fewer than 1,000 partnership units or, if a limited partner holds fewer than 1,000 partnership units, all of the partnership units held by such limited partner.
Upon completion of this offering, the aggregate number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the redemption rights will be approximately 5,657,917. The number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the redemption rights will be adjusted to account for share splits, mergers, consolidations or similar pro rata share transactions.
Operations
The partnership agreement requires the partnership to be operated in a manner that enables us to satisfy the requirements for being classified as a REIT, to minimize any excise tax liability imposed by the Internal Revenue Code and to ensure that the partnership will not be classified as a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation under Section 7704 of the Code.
In addition to the administrative and operating costs and expenses incurred by the partnership, the partnership will pay all of our administrative costs and expenses. These expenses will be treated as expenses of the partnership and will generally include:
| all expenses relating to our continuity of existence; | |
| all expenses relating to offerings and registration of securities; | |
| all expenses associated with the preparation and filing of any of our periodic reports under federal, state or local laws or regulations; | |
| all expenses associated with our compliance with laws, rules and regulations promulgated by any regulatory body; and | |
| all of our other operating or administrative costs incurred in the ordinary course of its business on behalf of the partnership. |
Distributions
The partnership agreement provides that the partnership will make cash distributions in amounts and at such times as determined by us in our sole discretion, to us and other limited partners in accordance with the respective percentage interests of the partners in the partnership.
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Upon liquidation of the partnership, after payment of, or adequate provisions for, debts and obligations of the partnership, including any partner loans, any remaining assets of the partnership will be distributed to us and the other limited partners with positive capital accounts in accordance with the respective positive capital account balances of the partners.
Allocations
Profits and losses of the partnership (including depreciation and amortization deductions) for each fiscal year generally are allocated to us and the other limited partners in accordance with the respective percentage interests of the partners in the partnership. All of the foregoing allocations are subject to compliance with the provisions of Internal Revenue Code sections 704(b) and 704(c) and treasury regulations promulgated thereunder. The partnership will use the traditional method under Internal Revenue Code section 704(c) for allocating items with respect to which the fair market value at the time of contribution differs from the adjusted tax basis at the time of contribution for the initial hotels.
Amendments
Generally, we, as the general partner of the operating partnership, may amend the partnership agreement without the consent of any limited partner to clarify the partnership agreement, to make changes of an inconsequential nature, to reflect the admission, substitution or withdrawal of limited partners, to reflect the issuance of additional partnership interests or if, in the opinion of counsel, necessary or appropriate to satisfy the Code with respect to partnerships or REITs or federal or state securities laws. However, any amendment which alters or changes the distribution or redemption rights of a limited partner (other than a change to reflect the seniority of any distribution or liquidation rights of any preferred units issued in accordance with the partnership agreement), changes the method for allocating profits and losses, imposes any obligation on the limited partners to make additional capital contributions or adversely affects the limited liability of the limited partners requires the consent of holders of 66 2/3% of the limited partnership units, excluding our indirect ownership of limited partnership units. Other amendments require approval of the general partner and holders of 50% of the limited partnership units.
In addition, the operating partnership may be amended, without the consent of any limited partner, in the event that we or any of our subsidiaries engages in a merger or consolidation with another entity and immediately after such transaction the surviving entity contributes to the operating partnership substantially all of the assets of such surviving entity and the surviving entity agrees to assume our subsidiarys obligation as general partner of the partnership. In such case, the surviving entity will amend the operating partnership agreement to arrive at a new method for calculating the amount a limited partner is to receive upon redemption or conversion of a partnership unit (such method to approximate the existing method as much as possible).
Exculpation and Indemnification of the General Partner
The partnership agreement of our operating partnership provides that neither the general partner, nor any of its directors and officers will be liable to the partnership or to any of its partners as a result of errors in judgment or mistakes of fact or law or of any act or omission, if the general partner acted in good faith.
In addition, the partnership agreement requires our operating partnership to indemnify and hold the general partner and its directors, officers and any other person it designates, harmless from and against any and all claims arising from operations of the operating partnership in which any such indemnitee may be involved, or is threatened to be involved, as a party or otherwise, unless it is established that:
| the act or omission of the indemnitee was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and was committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty, | |
| the indemnitee actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services, or |
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| in the case of any criminal proceeding, the indemnitee had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. |
No indemnitee may subject any partner of our operating partnership to personal liability with respect to this indemnification obligation as this indemnification obligation will be satisfied solely out of the assets of the partnership.
Term
The partnership will continue until December 31, 2053, unless dissolved upon:
| the general partners bankruptcy or dissolution or withdrawal (unless the limited partners elect to continue the partnership); | |
| the passage of 90 days after the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all the assets of the partnership; | |
| the redemption of all partnership units (other than those held by us, if any); or | |
| an election by us in our capacity as the sole owner of the general partner. |
Tax Matters
The general partner is the tax matters partner of the operating partnership and, as such, we have the authority to make tax elections under the Internal Revenue Code on behalf of the partnership. The net income or net loss of the operating partnership will generally be allocated to us and the limited partners in accordance with our respective percentage interests in the partnership, subject to compliance with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code.
FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF OUR STATUS AS A REIT
The following discussion is a summary of the material federal income tax considerations that may be relevant to a prospective holder of common stock, and, unless otherwise noted in the following discussion, expresses the opinion of Andrews & Kurth L.L.P. insofar as it relates to matters of United States federal income tax law and legal conclusions with respect to those matters. The discussion does not address all aspects of taxation that may be relevant to particular stockholders in light of their personal investment or tax circumstances, or to certain types of stockholders that are subject to special treatment under the federal income tax laws, such as insurance companies, financial institutions or broker-dealers, tax-exempt organizations, foreign corporations, and persons who are not citizens or residents of the United States (except to the limited extent discussed in Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders).
The statements of law in this discussion and the opinion of Andrews & Kurth L.L.P. are based on current provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, existing temporary and final Treasury regulations thereunder, and current administrative rulings and court decisions. No assurance can be given that future legislative, judicial, or administrative actions or decisions, which may be retroactive in effect, will not affect the accuracy of any statements in this prospectus with respect to the transactions entered into or contemplated prior to the effective date of such changes.
We urge you to consult your own tax advisor regarding the specific tax consequences to you of ownership of our common stock and of our election to be taxed as a REIT. Specifically, you should consult your own tax advisor regarding the federal, state, local, foreign, and other tax consequences of such ownership and election and regarding potential changes in applicable tax laws.
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Taxation of Our Company
We intend to elect to be taxed as a REIT under the federal income tax laws commencing with our short taxable year ending December 31, 2003. We believe that, commencing with such taxable year, we will be organized and will operate in such a manner as to qualify for taxation as a REIT under the Code, and we intend to continue to operate in such a manner, but no assurance can be given that we will operate in a manner so as to continue to qualify as a REIT. This section discusses the laws governing the federal income tax treatment of a REIT and its stockholders. These laws are highly technical and complex.
Andrews & Kurth L.L.P. has acted as our counsel in connection with the offering and our election to be taxed as a REIT. In the opinion of Andrews & Kurth L.L.P., commencing with our short year ending December 31, 2003, and assuming that we make the appropriate elections and other procedural steps described in this discussion of Federal Income Tax Consequences of our Status as a REIT in a timely fashion, we will be organized in conformity with the requirements for qualification as a REIT, and our proposed method of operation will enable us to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code. Investors should be aware that Andrews & Kurth L.L.P.s opinion is based upon customary assumptions, is conditioned upon certain representations made by us as to factual matters, including representations regarding the nature of our properties and the future conduct of our business, and is not binding upon the Internal Revenue Service or any court. In addition, Andrews & Kurth L.L.P.s opinion is based on existing federal income tax law governing qualification as a REIT, which is subject to change either prospectively or retroactively. Moreover, our continued qualification and taxation as a REIT depend upon our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual annual operating results, certain qualification tests set forth in the federal tax laws. Those qualification tests involve the percentage of income that we earn from specified sources, the percentage of our assets that falls within specified categories, the diversity of our share ownership, and the percentage of our earnings that we distribute. While Andrews & Kurth L.L.P. has reviewed those matters in connection with the foregoing opinion, Andrews & Kurth L.L.P. will not review our compliance with those tests on a continuing basis. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the actual results of our operation for any particular taxable year will satisfy such requirements. For a discussion of the tax consequences of our failure to qualify as a REIT, see Failure to Qualify.
If we qualify as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on the taxable income that we distribute to our stockholders. The benefit of that tax treatment is that it avoids the double taxation, or taxation at both the corporate and stockholder levels, that generally results from owning stock in a corporation. However, we will be subject to federal tax in the following circumstances:
| We will pay federal income tax on taxable income, including net capital gain, that we do not distribute to our stockholders during, or within a specified time period after, the calendar year in which the income is earned. | |
| Under certain circumstances, we may be subject to the alternative minimum tax on items of tax preference. | |
| We will pay income tax at the highest corporate rate on (1) net income from the sale or other disposition of property acquired through foreclosure (foreclosure property) that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business and (2) other non-qualifying income from foreclosure property. | |
| We will pay a 100% tax on net income from sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. | |
| If we fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test, as described below under Requirements for Qualification Income Tests, and nonetheless continue to qualify as a REIT because we meet other requirements, we will pay a 100% tax on (1) the gross income attributable to the greater of the amounts by which we fail the 75% and 95% gross income tests, multiplied by (2) a fraction intended to reflect our profitability. |
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| If we fail to distribute during a calendar year at least the sum of (1) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year, (2) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for such year, and (3) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we will pay a 4% excise tax on the excess of this required distribution over the amount we actually distributed. | |
| We may elect to retain and pay income tax on our net long-term capital gain. In that case, a U.S. stockholder would be taxed on its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term capital gain (to the extent that a timely designation of such gain is made by us to the stockholder) and would receive a credit or refund for its proportionate share of the tax we paid. | |
| If we acquire any asset from a C corporation, or a corporation that generally is subject to full corporate-level tax, in a merger or other transaction in which we acquire a basis in the asset that is determined by reference to the C corporations basis in the asset, we will pay tax at the highest regular corporate rate applicable if we recognize gain on the sale or disposition of such asset during the 10-year period after we acquire such asset. The amount of gain on which we will pay tax generally is the lesser of: |
| the amount of gain that we recognize at the time of the sale or disposition; and | |
| the amount of gain that we would have recognized if we had sold the asset at the time we acquired the asset. |
Pursuant to recently finalized Treasury regulations, as of January 2, 2003, it is not necessary to make an election under applicable Treasury regulations in order to defer recognition of built-in gain associated with assets acquired from a C corporation. |
| We will incur a 100% excise tax on transactions with a taxable REIT subsidiary that are not conducted on an arms-length basis. |
Requirements for Qualification
A REIT is a corporation, trust, or association that meets the following requirements:
1. it is managed by one or more trustees or directors;
2. its beneficial ownership is evidenced by transferable shares or by transferable certificates of beneficial interest;
3. it would be taxable as a domestic corporation but for the REIT provisions of the federal income tax laws;
4. it is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company subject to special provisions of the federal income tax laws;
5. at least 100 persons are beneficial owners of its shares or ownership certificates;
6. no more than 50% in value of its outstanding shares or ownership certificates is owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals, as defined in the federal income tax laws to include certain entities, during the last half of each taxable year;
7. it elects to be a REIT, or has made such election for a previous taxable year, and satisfies all relevant filing and other administrative requirements established by the Internal Revenue Service that must be met to elect and maintain REIT status;
8. it uses a calendar year for federal income tax purposes and complies with the recordkeeping requirements of the federal income tax laws; and
9. it meets certain other qualification tests, described below, regarding the nature of its income and assets and the amount of its distributions.
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We must meet requirements 1 through 4 during our entire taxable year and must meet requirement 5 during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a taxable year of less than 12 months. If we comply with all the requirements for ascertaining the ownership of our outstanding shares in a taxable year and have no reason to know that we violated requirement 6, we will be deemed to have satisfied requirement 6 for such taxable year. For purposes of determining share ownership under requirement 6, an individual generally includes a supplemental unemployment compensation benefits plan, a private foundation, or a portion of a trust permanently set aside or used exclusively for charitable purposes. An individual, however, generally does not include a trust that is a qualified employee pension or profit sharing trust under the federal income tax laws, and beneficiaries of such a trust will be treated as holding shares of our common stock in proportion to their actuarial interests in the trust for purposes of requirement 6. We do not have to satisfy requirements 5 and 6 for our taxable year ending December 31, 2003.
After the issuance of common stock pursuant to this prospectus, we will have issued sufficient common stock with enough diversity of ownership to satisfy requirements 5 and 6 set forth above. In addition, our charter restricts the ownership and transfer of the common stock so that we should continue to satisfy requirements 5 and 6. The provisions of our charter restricting the ownership and transfer of the common stock are described in Descriptions of Capital Stock Restrictions on Transfer.
A corporation that is a qualified REIT subsidiary is not treated as a corporation separate from its parent REIT. All assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit of a qualified REIT subsidiary are treated as assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit of the REIT. A qualified REIT subsidiary is a corporation, other than a taxable REIT subsidiary (TRS), all of the capital stock of which is owned by the REIT. Thus, in applying the requirements described in this section, any qualified REIT subsidiary that we own will be ignored, and all assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit of that subsidiary will be treated as our assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit. Similarly, any wholly-owned limited liability company that we own will be disregarded, and all assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of such limited liability company will be treated as ours.
In the case of a REIT that is a partner in a partnership, the REIT is treated as owning its proportionate share of the assets of the partnership and as earning its allocable share of the gross income of the partnership for purposes of the applicable REIT qualification tests. Thus, our proportionate share of the assets, liabilities, and items of income of our operating partnership and of any other partnership, joint venture, or limited liability company that is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes in which we own or will acquire an interest, directly or indirectly (in the aggregate, the Partnerships), are treated as our assets and gross income for purposes of applying the various REIT qualification requirements.
Subject to restrictions on the value of TRS securities held by the REIT, a REIT is permitted to own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs. A TRS is a fully taxable corporation. A TRS may not directly or indirectly operate or manage any hotels or health care facilities or provide rights to any brand name under which any hotel or health care facility is operated but is permitted to lease hotels from a related REIT as long as the hotels are operated on behalf of the TRS by an eligible independent contractor. We formed and made or will make a timely election with respect to one TRS, Ashford TRS Corporation, which, upon the completion of this offering, will lease each of our initial properties. Additionally, we may form or acquire one or more additional TRSs in the future. See Taxable REIT Subsidiaries.
Income Tests
We must satisfy two gross income tests annually to maintain our qualification as a REIT. First, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year must consist of defined types of income that we derive, directly or indirectly, from investments relating to real property or mortgages on real property or
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| rents from real property; | |
| interest on debt secured by mortgages on real property or on interests in real property; | |
| dividends and gain from the sale of shares in other REITs; and | |
| gain from the sale of real estate assets. |
Second, in general, at least 95% of our gross income for each taxable year must consist of income that is qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, other types of dividends and interest, gain from the sale or disposition of stock or securities, income from certain hedging transactions, or any combination of the foregoing. Gross income from our sale of any property that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business is excluded from both income tests. The following paragraphs discuss the specific application of the gross income tests to us.
Rents from Real Property. Rent that we receive from real property that we own and lease to tenants will qualify as rents from real property, which is qualifying income for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests, only if the following conditions are met:
| First, the rent must not be based, in whole or in part, on the income or profits of any person, but may be based on a fixed percentage or percentages of gross receipts or gross sales. | |
| Second, neither we nor a direct or indirect owner of 10% or more of our shares of common stock may own, actually or constructively, 10% or more of a tenant other than a TRS, from whom we receive rent. | |
| Third, if the rent attributable to personal property leased in connection with a lease of real property exceeds 15% of the total rent received under the lease, then the portion of rent attributable to that personal property will not qualify as rents from real property. | |
| Fourth, we generally must not operate or manage our real property or furnish or render services to our tenants, other than through an independent contractor who is adequately compensated, from whom we do not derive revenue, and who does not, directly or through its stockholders, own more than 35% of our shares of common stock, taking into consideration the applicable ownership attribution rules. However, we need not provide services through an independent contractor, but instead may provide services directly to our tenants, if the services are usually or customarily rendered in the geographic area in connection with the rental of space for occupancy only and are not considered to be provided for the tenants convenience. In addition, we may provide a minimal amount of non-customary services to the tenants of a property, other than through an independent contractor, as long as our income from the services (valued at not less than 150% of our direct cost of performing such services) does not exceed 1% of our income from the related property. Furthermore, we may own up to 100% of the stock of a TRS, which may provide customary and noncustomary services to our tenants without tainting our rental income from the related properties. See Taxable REIT Subsidiaries. |
Pursuant to percentage leases, Ashford TRS will lease each of our initial properties. The percentage leases provide that Ashford TRS is obligated to pay to the Partnerships (1) the greater of a minimum base rent or percentage rent based on gross revenue and (2) additional charges or other expenses, as defined in the leases. Percentage rent is calculated by multiplying fixed percentages by room revenues for each of the hotels. Both base rent and the thresholds in the percentage rent formulas will be adjusted for inflation.
In order for the base rent, percentage rent, and additional charges to constitute rents from real property, the percentage leases must be respected as true leases for federal income tax purposes and not treated as service contracts, joint ventures, or some other type of arrangement. The determination of whether the percentage leases are true leases depends on an analysis of all the surrounding facts and
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| the intent of the parties; | |
| the form of the agreement; | |
| the degree of control over the property that is retained by the property owner, or whether the lessee has substantial control over the operation of the property or is required simply to use its best efforts to perform its obligations under the agreement; and | |
| the extent to which the property owner retains the risk of loss with respect to the property, or whether the lessee bears the risk of increases in operating expenses or the risk of damage to the property or the potential for economic gain or appreciation with respect to the property. |
In addition, federal income tax law provides that a contract that purports to be a service contract or a partnership agreement will be treated instead as a lease of property if the contract is properly treated as such, taking into account all relevant factors, including whether or not:
| the service recipient is in physical possession of the property; | |
| the service recipient controls the property; | |
| the service recipient has a significant economic or possessory interest in the property, or whether the propertys use is likely to be dedicated to the service recipient for a substantial portion of the useful life of the property, the recipient shares the risk that the property will decline in value, the recipient shares in any appreciation in the value of the property, the recipient shares in savings in the propertys operating costs, or the recipient bears the risk of damage to or loss of the property; | |
| the service provider bears the risk of substantially diminished receipts or substantially increased expenditures if there is nonperformance under the contract; | |
| the service provider uses the property concurrently to provide significant services to entities unrelated to the service recipient; and | |
| the total contract price substantially exceeds the rental value of the property for the contract period. |
Since the determination whether a service contract should be treated as a lease is inherently factual, the presence or absence of any single factor will not be dispositive in every case.
We believe that the percentage leases will be treated as true leases for federal income tax purposes. Such belief is based, in part, on the following facts:
| the Partnerships, on the one hand, and Ashford TRS, on the other hand, intend for their relationship to be that of a lessor and lessee and such relationship is documented by lease agreements; | |
| Ashford TRS has the right to the exclusive possession, use, and quiet enjoyment of the hotels during the term of the percentage leases; | |
| Ashford TRS bears the cost of, and is responsible for, day-to-day maintenance and repair of the hotels and generally dictates how the hotels are operated, maintained, and improved; | |
| Ashford TRS bears all of the costs and expenses of operating the hotels, including the cost of any inventory used in their operation, during the term of the percentage leases, other than real estate; | |
| Ashford TRS benefits from any savings in the costs of operating the hotels during the term of the percentage leases; | |
| Ashford TRS generally has indemnified the Partnerships against all liabilities imposed on the Partnerships during the term of the percentage leases by reason of (1) injury to persons or damage to property occurring at the hotels, (2) Ashford TRS use, management, maintenance, or repair of |
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the hotels, (3) any environmental liability caused by acts or grossly negligent failures to act of Ashford TRS, (4) taxes and assessments in respect of the hotels that are the obligations of Ashford TRS, or (5) any breach of the percentage leases or of any sublease of a hotel by Ashford TRS; | ||
| Ashford TRS is obligated to pay substantial fixed rent for the period of use of the hotels; | |
| Ashford TRS stands to incur substantial losses or reap substantial gains depending on how successfully it operate the hotels; | |
| the Partnerships cannot use the hotels concurrently to provide significant services to entities unrelated to Ashford TRS; and | |
| the total contract price under the percentage leases does not substantially exceed the rental value of the hotels for the term of the percentage leases. |
Investors should be aware that there are no controlling Treasury regulations, published rulings, or judicial decisions involving leases with terms substantially the same as the percentage leases that discuss whether such leases constitute true leases for federal income tax purposes. If the percentage leases are characterized as service contracts or partnership agreements, rather than as true leases, part or all of the payments that the Partnerships receive from Ashford TRS may not be considered rent or may not otherwise satisfy the various requirements for qualification as rents from real property. In that case, we likely would not be able to satisfy either the 75% or 95% gross income test and, as a result, would lose our REIT status.
As described above, in order for the rent received by us to constitute rents from real property, several other requirements must be satisfied. One requirement is that the percentage rent must not be based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. The percentage rent, however, will qualify as rents from real property if it is based on percentages of gross receipts or gross sales and the percentages:
| are fixed at the time the percentage leases are entered into; | |
| are not renegotiated during the term of the percentage leases in a manner that has the effect of basing percentage rent on income or profits; and | |
| conform with normal business practice. |
More generally, the percentage rent will not qualify as rents from real property if, considering the percentage leases and all the surrounding circumstances, the arrangement does not conform with normal business practice, but is in reality used as a means of basing the percentage rent on income or profits. Since the percentage rent is based on fixed percentages of the gross revenues from the hotels that are established in the percentage leases, and we have represented to Andrews & Kurth L.L.P. that the percentages (1) will not be renegotiated during the terms of the percentage leases in a manner that has the effect of basing the percentage rent on income or profits and (2) conform with normal business practice, the percentage rent should not be considered based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. Furthermore, we have represented to Andrews & Kurth L.L.P. that, with respect to other hotel properties that we acquire in the future, we will not charge rent for any property that is based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person, except by reason of being based on a fixed percentage of gross revenues, as described above.
Another requirement for qualification of our rent as rents from real property is that we must not own, actually or constructively, 10% or more of the stock of any corporate lessee or 10% or more of the assets or net profits of any non-corporate lessee (a related party tenant). This rule, however, does not apply to rents for hotels leased to a TRS if an eligible independent contractor operates the hotel for the TRS.
A third requirement for qualification of our rent as rents from real property is that the rent attributable to the personal property leased in connection with the lease of a hotel must not be greater than 15% of the total rent received under the lease. The rent attributable to the personal property
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A fourth requirement for qualification of our rent as rents from real property is that, other than within the 1% de minimis exception described above (i.e., we may provide a minimal amount of non-customary services to the tenants of a property, other than through an independent contractor, as long as our income from the services does not exceed 1% of our income from the related property) and other than through a TRS, we cannot furnish or render noncustomary services to the tenants of our hotels, or manage or operate our hotels, other than through an independent contractor who is adequately compensated and from whom we do not derive or receive any income. Provided that the percentage leases are respected as true leases, we should satisfy that requirement, because the Partnerships will not perform any services other than customary services for Ashford TRS. Furthermore, we have represented that, with respect to other hotel properties that we acquire in the future, we will not perform noncustomary services for Ashford TRS.
If a portion of our rent from a hotel does not qualify as rents from real property because the rent attributable to personal property exceeds 15% of the total rent for a taxable year, the portion of the rent that is attributable to personal property will not be qualifying income for purposes of either the 75% or 95% gross income test. Thus, if such rent attributable to personal property, plus any other income that is nonqualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test, during a taxable year exceeds 5% of our gross income during the year, we would lose our REIT status. If, however, the rent from a particular hotel does not qualify as rents from real property because either (1) the percentage rent is considered based on the income or profits of the related lessee, (2) the lessee is a related party tenant other than a TRS, or (3) we furnish noncustomary services to the tenants of the hotel, or manage or operate the hotel, other than through a qualifying independent contractor or a TRS, none of the rent from that hotel would qualify as rents from real property. In that case, we likely would be unable to satisfy either the 75% or 95% gross income test and, as a result, would lose our REIT status.
In addition to the rent, the TRS is required to pay to the Partnerships certain additional charges. To the extent that such additional charges represent either (1) reimbursements of amounts that the Partnerships are obligated to pay to third parties or (2) penalties for nonpayment or late payment of such amounts, such charges should qualify as rents from real property. However, to the extent that such charges represent interest that is accrued on the late payment of the rent or additional charges, such charges will not qualify as rents from real property, but instead should be treated as interest that qualifies for the 95% gross income test.
Interest
The term interest generally does not include any amount received or accrued, directly or indirectly, if the determination of such amount depends in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. However, an amount received or accrued generally will not be excluded from the term interest solely by reason of being based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales. Furthermore, to the extent that interest from a loan that is based on the residual cash proceeds from the sale of the property securing the loan constitutes a shared appreciation provision, income attributable to such participation feature will be treated as gain from the sale of the secured property.
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Prohibited Transactions
A REIT will incur a 100% tax on the net income derived from any sale or other disposition of property, other than foreclosure property, that the REIT holds primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. Whether a REIT holds an asset primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business depends on the facts and circumstances in effect from time to time, including those related to a particular asset. We believe that none of the assets owned by the Partnerships is held for sale to customers and that a sale of any such asset would not be in the ordinary course of the owning entitys business. We will attempt to comply with the terms of safe-harbor provisions in the federal income tax laws prescribing when an asset sale will not be characterized as a prohibited transaction. We cannot provide assurance, however, that we can comply with such safe-harbor provisions or that the Partnerships will avoid owning property that may be characterized as property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.
Foreclosure Property
We will be subject to tax at the maximum corporate rate on any income from foreclosure property, other than income that would be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, less expenses directly connected with the production of such income. However, gross income from such foreclosure property will qualify for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests. Foreclosure property is any real property, including interests in real property, and any personal property incident to such real property:
| that is acquired by a REIT as the result of such REIT having bid in such property at foreclosure, or having otherwise reduced such property to ownership or possession by agreement or process of law, after there was a default or default was imminent on a lease of such property or on an indebtedness that such property secured; and | |
| for which such REIT makes a proper election to treat such property as foreclosure property. |
However, a REIT will not be considered to have foreclosed on a property where the REIT takes control of the property as a mortgagee-in-possession and cannot receive any profit or sustain any loss except as a creditor of the mortgagor. Property generally ceases to be foreclosure property with respect to a REIT at the end of the third taxable year following the taxable year in which the REIT acquired such property, or longer if an extension is granted by the Secretary of the Treasury. The foregoing grace period is terminated and foreclosure property ceases to be foreclosure property on the first day:
| on which a lease is entered into with respect to such property that, by its terms, will give rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test or any amount is received or accrued, directly or indirectly, pursuant to a lease entered into on or after such day that will give rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test; | |
| on which any construction takes place on such property, other than completion of a building, or any other improvement, where more than 10% of the construction of such building or other improvement was completed before default became imminent; or | |
| which is more than 90 days after the day on which such property was acquired by the REIT and the property is used in a trade or business which is conducted by the REIT, other than through an independent contractor from whom the REIT itself does not derive or receive any income. |
As a result of the rules with respect to foreclosure property, if a lessee defaults on its obligations under a percentage lease, we terminate the lessees leasehold interest, and we are unable to find a replacement lessee for the hotel within 90 days of such foreclosure, gross income from hotel operations conducted by us from such hotel would cease to qualify for the 75% and 95% gross income tests unless we are able to hire an independent contractor to manage and operate the hotel. In such event, we might be unable to satisfy the 75% and 95% gross income tests and, thus, might fail to qualify as a REIT.
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Hedging Transactions
From time to time, we may enter into hedging transactions with respect to one or more of our assets or liabilities. Our hedging activities may include entering into interest rate swaps, caps, and floors, options to purchase such items, and futures and forward contracts. To the extent that we enter into an interest rate swap or cap contract, option, futures contract, forward rate agreement, or any similar financial instrument to hedge our indebtedness incurred to acquire or carry real estate assets, any periodic income or gain from the disposition of such contract should be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test, but not the 75% gross income test. To the extent that we hedge with other types of financial instruments, or in other situations, it is not entirely clear how the income from those transactions will be treated for purposes of the gross income tests. We intend to structure any hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize our status as a REIT. The REIT income and asset rules may limit our ability to hedge loans or securities acquired as investments.
Failure to Satisfy Gross Income Tests
If we fail to satisfy one or both of the gross income tests for any taxable year, we nevertheless may qualify as a REIT for such year if we qualify for relief under certain provisions of the federal income tax laws. Those relief provisions generally will be available if:
| our failure to meet such tests is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect; | |
| we attach a schedule of the sources of our income to our tax return; and | |
| any incorrect information on the schedule was not due to fraud with intent to evade tax. |
We cannot predict, however, whether in all circumstances we would qualify for the relief provisions. In addition, as discussed above in Taxation of our Company, even if the relief provisions apply, we would incur a 100% tax on the gross income attributable to the greater of the amounts by which we fail the 75% and 95% gross income tests, multiplied by a fraction intended to reflect our profitability.
Asset Tests
To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we also must satisfy the following asset tests at the close of each quarter of each taxable year:
| First, at least 75% of the value of our total assets must consist of: | |
| cash or cash items, including certain receivables; | |
| government securities; | |
| interests in real property, including leaseholds and options to acquire real property and leaseholds; | |
| interests in mortgages on real property; | |
| stock in other REITs; and | |
| investments in stock or debt instruments during the one-year period following our receipt of new capital that we raise through equity offerings or offerings of debt with at least a five-year term. | |
| Second, of our investments not included in the 75% asset class, the value of our interest in any one issuers securities may not exceed 5% of the value of our total assets. | |
| Third, we may not own more than 10% of the voting power or value of any one issuers outstanding securities. | |
| Fourth, no more than 20% of the value of our total assets may consist of the securities of one or more TRSs. |
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For purposes of the second and third asset tests, the term securities does not include stock in another REIT, equity or debt securities of a qualified REIT subsidiary or TRS, or equity interests in a partnership. The 10% value test does not take into account straight debt issued by an individual or any entity if we hold no other securities issued by such entity, or by a partnership if we own at least a 20% profits interest in the partnership.
If we should fail to satisfy the asset tests at the end of a calendar quarter, we would not lose our REIT status if (1) we satisfied the asset tests at the close of the preceding calendar quarter and (2) the discrepancy between the value of our assets and the asset test requirements arose from changes in the market values of our assets and was not wholly or partly caused by the acquisition of one or more non-qualifying assets. If we did not satisfy the condition described in clause (2) of the preceding sentence, we still could avoid disqualification as a REIT by eliminating any discrepancy within 30 days after the close of the calendar quarter in which the discrepancy arose.
Distribution Requirements
Each taxable year, we must distribute dividends, other than capital gain dividends and deemed distributions of retained capital gain, to our stockholders in an aggregate amount at least equal to:
| the sum of (1) 90% of our REIT taxable income, computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and our net capital gain or loss, and (2) 90% of our after-tax net income, if any, from foreclosure property; minus | |
| the sum of certain items of non-cash income. |
We must pay such distributions in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following taxable year if we declare the distribution before we timely file our federal income tax return for such year and pay the distribution on or before the first regular dividend payment date after such declaration.
We will pay federal income tax on taxable income, including net capital gain, that we do not distribute to our stockholders. Furthermore, if we fail to distribute during a calendar year, or by the end of January following such calendar year in the case of distributions with declaration and record dates falling in the last three months of the calendar year, at least the sum of:
| 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year; | |
| 95% of our REIT capital gain income for such year; and | |
| any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, |
we will incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the amounts we actually distributed. We may elect to retain and pay income tax on the net long-term capital gain we receive in a taxable year. See Taxation of Taxable U.S. Stockholders. If we so elect, we will be treated as having distributed any such retained amount for purposes of the 4% excise tax described above. We intend to make timely distributions sufficient to satisfy the annual distribution requirements.
It is possible that, from time to time, we may experience timing differences between (1) the actual receipt of income and actual payment of deductible expenses and (2) the inclusion of that income and deduction of such expenses in arriving at our REIT taxable income. For example, under some of the percentage leases, the percentage rent is not due until after the end of the calendar quarter. In that case, we still would be required to recognize as income the excess of the percentage rent over the base rent paid by the lessee in the calendar quarter to which such excess relates. In addition, we may not deduct recognized capital losses from our REIT taxable income. Further, it is possible that, from time to time, we may be allocated a share of net capital gain attributable to the sale of depreciated property that exceeds our allocable share of cash attributable to that sale. As a result of the foregoing, we may have less cash than is necessary to distribute all of our taxable income and thereby avoid corporate income tax and the excise tax imposed on certain undistributed income. In such a situation, we may need to borrow funds or issue additional common or preferred shares.
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Under certain circumstances, we may be able to correct a failure to meet the distribution requirement for a year by paying deficiency dividends to our stockholders in a later year. We may include such deficiency dividends in our deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year. Although we may be able to avoid income tax on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends, we will be required to pay interest to the Internal Revenue Service based upon the amount of any deduction we take for deficiency dividends.
Recordkeeping Requirements
To avoid a monetary penalty, we must request on an annual basis information from our stockholders designed to disclose the actual ownership of our outstanding shares of common stock. We intend to comply with such requirements.
Failure to Qualify
If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and no relief provision applied, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and any applicable alternative minimum tax. In calculating our taxable income in a year in which we failed to qualify as a REIT, we would not be able to deduct amounts paid out to stockholders. In fact, we would not be required to distribute any amounts to stockholders in such year. In such event, to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, all distributions to stockholders would be taxable as ordinary income. Subject to certain limitations of the federal income tax laws, corporate stockholders might be eligible for the dividends received deduction. Unless we qualified for relief under specific statutory provisions, we also would be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we ceased to qualify as a REIT. We cannot predict whether in all circumstances we would qualify for such statutory relief.
Taxation of Taxable U.S. Stockholders
As used herein, the term U.S. stockholder means a holder of our common stock that for U.S. federal income tax purposes is:
| a citizen or resident of the United States; | |
| a corporation or partnership (including an entity treated as a corporation or partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or of a political subdivision thereof; | |
| an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or | |
| any trust if (1) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of such trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) it has a valid election in place to be treated as a U.S. person. |
As long as we qualify as a REIT, (1) a taxable U.S. stockholder must take into account distributions that are made out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits and that we do not designate as capital gain dividends or retained long-term capital gain as ordinary income, and (2) a U.S. stockholder will not qualify for the dividends received deduction generally available to corporations.
A U.S. stockholder generally will recognize distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends as long-term capital gain without regard to the period for which the U.S. stockholder has held our common stock. We generally will designate our capital gain dividends as either 15% or 25% rate distributions. A corporate U.S. stockholder, however, may be required to treat up to 20% of certain capital gain dividends as ordinary income.
We may elect to retain and pay income tax on the net long-term capital gain that we receive in a taxable year. In that case, a U.S. stockholder would be taxed on its proportionate share of our
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To the extent that we make a distribution in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, such distribution will not be taxable to a U.S. stockholder to the extent that it does not exceed the adjusted tax basis of the U.S. stockholders common stock. Instead, such distribution will reduce the adjusted tax basis of such common stock. To the extent that we make a distribution in excess of both our current and accumulated earnings and profits and the U.S. stockholders adjusted tax basis in its common stock, such stockholder will recognize long-term capital gain, or short-term capital gain if the common stock has been held for one year or less, assuming the common stock is a capital asset in the hands of the U.S. stockholder. In addition, if we declare a distribution in October, November, or December of any year that is payable to a U.S. stockholder of record on a specified date in any such month, such distribution shall be treated as both paid by us and received by the U.S. stockholder on December 31 of such year, provided that we actually pay the distribution during January of the following calendar year.
Stockholders may not include in their individual income tax returns any of our net operating losses or capital losses. Instead, we would carry over such losses for potential offset against our future income generally. Taxable distributions from us and gain from the disposition of our common stock will not be treated as passive activity income, and, therefore, stockholders generally will not be able to apply any passive activity losses, such as losses from certain types of limited partnerships in which the stockholder is a limited partner, against such income. In addition, taxable distributions from us and gain from the disposition of the common stock generally will be treated as investment income for purposes of the investment interest limitations. We will notify stockholders after the close of our taxable year as to the portions of the distributions attributable to that year that constitute ordinary income, return of capital, and capital gain.
Taxation of U.S. Stockholders on the Disposition of Common Stock
In general, a U.S. stockholder who is not a dealer in securities must treat any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of our common stock as long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. stockholder has held the common stock for more than one year and otherwise as short-term capital gain or loss. However, a U.S. stockholder must treat any loss upon a sale or exchange of common stock held by such stockholder for six months or less as a long-term capital loss to the extent of any actual or deemed distributions from us that such U.S. stockholder previously has characterized as long-term capital gain. All or a portion of any loss that a U.S. stockholder realizes upon a taxable disposition of the common stock may be disallowed if the U.S. stockholder purchases other common stock within 30 days before or after the disposition.
Capital Gains and Losses
A taxpayer generally must hold a capital asset for more than one year for gain or loss derived from its sale or exchange to be treated as long-term capital gain or loss. The highest marginal individual income tax rate is 35%. The maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain applicable to non-corporate taxpayers is 15% for sales and exchanges of assets held for more than one year. The maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain from the sale or exchange of section 1250 property, or depreciable real property, is 25% to the extent that such gain would have been treated as ordinary income if the property were section 1245 property. With respect to distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends and any retained capital gain that we are deemed to distribute, we generally may designate whether such a distribution is taxable to our non-corporate stockholders at a 15% or 25% rate. Thus, the tax rate differential between capital gain and ordinary income for non-corporate taxpayers may be significant. In addition, the characterization of income as capital gain or ordinary income may affect the deductibility of capital losses. A non-corporate taxpayer may deduct capital losses not offset by capital gains against its ordinary income only up to a
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Information Reporting Requirements and Backup Withholding
We will report to our stockholders and to the Internal Revenue Service the amount of distributions we pay during each calendar year and the amount of tax we withhold, if any. Under the backup withholding rules, a stockholder may be subject to backup withholding at the rate of 28% with respect to distributions unless such holder:
| is a corporation or comes within certain other exempt categories and, when required, demonstrates this fact; or | |
| provides a taxpayer identification number, certifies as to no loss of exemption from backup withholding, and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules. |
A stockholder who does not provide us with its correct taxpayer identification number also may be subject to penalties imposed by the Internal Revenue Service. Any amount paid as backup withholding will be creditable against the stockholders income tax liability. In addition, we may be required to withhold a portion of capital gain distributions to any stockholders who fail to certify their non-foreign status to us. See Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders.
Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders
Tax-exempt entities, including qualified employee pension and profit sharing trusts and individual retirement accounts, generally are exempt from federal income taxation. However, they are subject to taxation on their unrelated business taxable income. While many investments in real estate generate unrelated business taxable income, the Internal Revenue Service has issued a published ruling that dividend distributions from a REIT to an exempt employee pension trust do not constitute unrelated business taxable income, provided that the exempt employee pension trust does not otherwise use the shares of the REIT in an unrelated trade or business of the pension trust. Based on that ruling, amounts that we distribute to tax-exempt stockholders generally should not constitute unrelated business taxable income. However, if a tax-exempt stockholder were to finance its acquisition of our common stock with debt, a portion of the income that it receives from us would constitute unrelated business taxable income pursuant to the debt-financed property rules. Furthermore, social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations, supplemental unemployment benefit trusts, and qualified group legal services plans that are exempt from taxation under special provisions of the federal income tax laws are subject to different unrelated business taxable income rules, which generally will require them to characterize distributions that they receive from us as unrelated business taxable income. Finally, if we are a pension-held REIT, a qualified employee pension or profit sharing trust that owns more than 10% of our shares of common stock is required to treat a percentage of the dividends that it receives from us as unrelated business taxable income. That percentage is equal to the gross income that we derive from an unrelated trade or business, determined as if we were a pension trust, divided by our total gross income for the year in which we pay the dividends. That rule applies to a pension trust holding more than 10% of our shares of common stock only if:
| the percentage of our dividends that the tax-exempt trust would be required to treat as unrelated business taxable income is at least 5%; | |
| we qualify as a REIT by reason of the modification of the rule requiring that no more than 50% of our common stock be owned by five or fewer individuals that allows the beneficiaries of the pension |
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trust to be treated as holding our common stock in proportion to their actuarial interests in the pension trust (see Requirements for Qualification above); and | ||
| either (1) one pension trust owns more than 25% of the value of our common stock or (2) a group of pension trusts individually holding more than 10% of the value of our common stock collectively owns more than 50% of the value of our common stock. |
The ownership and transfer restrictions in our charter reduce the risk that we may become a pension-held REIT.
Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders
The rules governing U.S. federal income taxation of nonresident alien individuals, foreign corporations, foreign partnerships, and other foreign stockholders (collectively, non-U.S. stockholders) are complex. This section is only a summary of such rules. We urge non-U.S. stockholders to consult their own tax advisors to determine the impact of federal, state, and local income tax laws on ownership of our common stock, including any reporting requirements.
A non-U.S. stockholder that receives a distribution that is not attributable to gain from our sale or exchange of U.S. real property interests, as defined below, and that we do not designate as a capital gain dividend will recognize ordinary income to the extent that we pay such distribution out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. A withholding tax equal to 30% of the gross amount of the distribution ordinarily will apply to such distribution unless an applicable tax treaty reduces or eliminates the tax. However, if a distribution is treated as effectively connected with the non-U.S. stockholders conduct of a U.S. trade or business, the non-U.S. stockholder generally will be subject to federal income tax on the distribution at graduated rates, in the same manner as U.S. stockholders are taxed with respect to such distributions. A non-U.S. stockholder that is a corporation also may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax with respect to the distribution. We plan to withhold U.S. income tax at the rate of 30% on the gross amount of any such distribution paid to a non-U.S. stockholder unless either:
| a lower treaty rate applies and the non-U.S. stockholder files an IRS Form W-8BEN evidencing eligibility for that reduced rate with us; or | |
| the non-U.S. stockholder files an IRS Form W-8ECI with us claiming that the distribution is effectively connected income. |
A non-U.S. stockholder will not incur tax on a distribution in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits if the excess portion of such distribution does not exceed the adjusted basis of its common stock. Instead, the excess portion of such distribution will reduce the adjusted basis of such common stock. A non-U.S. stockholder will be subject to tax on a distribution that exceeds both our current and accumulated earnings and profits and the adjusted basis of its common stock, if the non-U.S. stockholder otherwise would be subject to tax on gain from the sale or disposition of its common stock, as described below. Because we generally cannot determine at the time we make a distribution whether or not the distribution will exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits, we normally will withhold tax on the entire amount of any distribution at the same rate as we would withhold on a dividend. However, a non-U.S. stockholder may obtain a refund of amounts that we withhold if we later determine that a distribution in fact exceeded our current and accumulated earnings and profits.
We must withhold 10% of any distribution that exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits. Consequently, although we intend to withhold at a rate of 30% on the entire amount of any distribution, to the extent that we do not do so, we will withhold at a rate of 10% on any portion of a distribution not subject to withholding at a rate of 30%.
For any year in which we qualify as a REIT, a non-U.S. stockholder will incur tax on distributions that are attributable to gain from our sale or exchange of U.S. real property interests under special provisions of the federal income tax laws referred to as FIRPTA. The term U.S. real property interests includes certain interests in real property and stock in corporations at least 50% of whose assets consists of
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A non-U.S. stockholder generally will not incur tax under FIRPTA with respect to gain realized upon a disposition of our common stock as long as at all times non-U.S. persons hold, directly or indirectly, less than 50% in value of our common stock. We cannot assure you that that test will be met. However, a non-U.S. stockholder that owned, actually or constructively, 5% or less of our common stock at all times during a specified testing period will not incur tax under FIRPTA with respect to any such gain if the common stock is regularly traded on an established securities market. To the extent that our common stock will be regularly traded on an established securities market, a non-U.S. stockholder will not incur tax under FIRPTA unless it owns more than 5% of our common stock. If the gain on the sale of the common stock were taxed under FIRPTA, a non-U.S. stockholder would be taxed in the same manner as U.S. stockholders with respect to such gain, subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien individuals. Furthermore, a non-U.S. stockholder will incur tax on gain not subject to FIRPTA if (1) the gain is effectively connected with the non-U.S. stockholders U.S. trade or business, in which case the non-U.S. stockholder will be subject to the same treatment as U.S. stockholders with respect to such gain, or (2) the non-U.S. stockholder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the U.S. for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a tax home in the United States, in which case the non-U.S. stockholder will incur a 30% tax on his capital gains.
Changes in Federal Income Tax Laws
On May 28, 2003, President Bush signed into law the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. Pursuant to this law, corporate dividends received by an individual are generally taxed at the reduced capital gains rates. Ordinary dividends received from a REIT are not eligible for the reduced rates. Only REIT dividends attributable to income taxed at the REIT level are eligible for the reduced rates. This law may cause some investments in corporations to be more attractive to individual investors when compared to an investment in our common stock and could materially affect the value of our common stock.
Other Tax Consequences
Tax Aspects of Our Investments in the Partnerships
The following discussion summarizes certain federal income tax considerations applicable to our direct or indirect investments in our operating partnership and subsidiary partnerships, limited liability companies, and joint ventures (each individually a Partnership and, collectively, the Partnerships). The discussion does not cover state or local tax laws or any federal tax laws other than income tax laws.
Classification as Partnerships. We are entitled to include in our income our distributive share of each Partnerships income and to deduct our distributive share of each Partnerships losses only if such Partnership is classified for federal income tax purposes as a partnership (or an entity that is disregarded for federal income tax purposes if the entity has only one owner or member), rather than as a corporation
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| is treated as a partnership under Treasury regulations, effective January 1, 1997, relating to entity classification (the check-the-box regulations); and | |
| is not a publicly traded partnership. |
Under the check-the-box regulations, an unincorporated entity with at least two owners or members may elect to be classified either as an association taxable as a corporation or as a partnership. If such an entity fails to make an election, it generally will be treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. Each Partnership intends to be classified as a partnership (or an entity that is disregarded for federal income tax purposes if the entity has only one owner or member) for federal income tax purposes, and no Partnership will elect to be treated as an association taxable as a corporation under the check-the-box regulations.
A publicly traded partnership is a partnership whose interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof. A publicly traded partnership will not, however, be treated as a corporation for any taxable year if 90% or more of the partnerships gross income for such year consists of certain passive-type income, including real property rents (which includes rents that would be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, with certain modifications that make it easier for the rents to qualify for the 90% passive income exception), gains from the sale or other disposition of real property, interest, and dividends (the 90% passive income exception).
Treasury regulations (the PTP regulations) provide limited safe harbors from the definition of a publicly traded partnership. Pursuant to one of those safe harbors (the private placement exclusion), interests in a partnership will not be treated as readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof if (1) all interests in the partnership were issued in a transaction or transactions that were not required to be registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and (2) the partnership does not have more than 100 partners at any time during the partnerships taxable year. In determining the number of partners in a partnership, a person owning an interest in a partnership, grantor trust, or S corporation that owns an interest in the partnership is treated as a partner in such partnership only if (1) substantially all of the value of the owners interest in the entity is attributable to the entitys direct or indirect interest in the partnership and (2) a principal purpose of the use of the entity is to permit the partnership to satisfy the 100-partner limitation. Each Partnership qualifies for the private placement exclusion.
We have not requested, and do not intend to request, a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service that the Partnerships will be classified as partnerships (or disregarded entities, if the entity has only one owner or member) for federal income tax purposes. If for any reason a Partnership were taxable as a corporation, rather than as a partnership, for federal income tax purposes, we likely would not be able to qualify as a REIT. See Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status as a REIT Requirements for Qualification Income Tests and Requirements for Qualification Asset Tests. In addition, any change in a Partnerships status for tax purposes might be treated as a taxable event, in which case we might incur tax liability without any related cash distribution. See Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status as a REIT Requirements for Qualification Distribution Requirements. Further, items of income and deduction of such Partnership would not pass through to its partners, and its partners would be treated as stockholders for tax purposes. Consequently, such Partnership would be required to pay income tax at corporate rates on its net income, and distributions to its partners would constitute dividends that would not be deductible in computing such Partnerships taxable income.
145
Income Taxation of the Partnerships and Their Partners
Partners, Not the Partnerships, Subject to Tax. A partnership is not a taxable entity for federal income tax purposes. Rather, we are required to take into account our allocable share of each Partnerships income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits for any taxable year of such Partnership ending within or with our taxable year, without regard to whether we have received or will receive any distribution from such Partnership.
Partnership Allocations. Although a partnership agreement generally will determine the allocation of income and losses among partners, such allocations will be disregarded for tax purposes if they do not comply with the provisions of the federal income tax laws governing partnership allocations. If an allocation is not recognized for federal income tax purposes, the item subject to the allocation will be reallocated in accordance with the partners interests in the partnership, which will be determined by taking into account all of the facts and circumstances relating to the economic arrangement of the partners with respect to such item. Each Partnerships allocations of taxable income, gain, and loss are intended to comply with the requirements of the federal income tax laws governing partnership allocations.
Tax Allocations With Respect to Contributed Properties. Income, gain, loss, and deduction attributable to appreciated or depreciated property that is contributed to a partnership in exchange for an interest in the partnership must be allocated in a manner such that the contributing partner is charged with, or benefits from, respectively, the unrealized gain or unrealized loss associated with the property at the time of the contribution. The amount of such unrealized gain or unrealized loss (built-in gain or built-in loss) is generally equal to the difference between the fair market value of the contributed property at the time of contribution and the adjusted tax basis of such property at the time of contribution (a book-tax difference). Such allocations are solely for federal income tax purposes and do not affect the book capital accounts or other economic or legal arrangements among the partners. The U.S. Treasury Department has issued regulations requiring partnerships to use a reasonable method for allocating items with respect to which there is a book-tax difference and outlining several reasonable allocation methods.
Under our operating partnerships partnership agreement, depreciation or amortization deductions of the operating partnership generally will be allocated among the partners in accordance with their respective interests in the operating partnership, except to the extent that the operating partnership is required under the federal income tax laws governing partnership allocations to use a method for allocating tax depreciation deductions attributable to contributed properties that results in our receiving a disproportionate share of such deductions. In addition, gain or loss on the sale of a property that has been contributed, in whole or in part, to the operating partnership will be specially allocated to the contributing partners to the extent of any built-in or loss gain with respect to such property for federal income tax purposes.
Basis in Partnership Interest. Our adjusted tax basis in our partnership interest in the operating partnership generally is equal to:
| the amount of cash and the basis of any other property contributed by us to the operating partnership; | |
| increased by our allocable share of the operating partnerships income and our allocable share of indebtedness of the operating partnership; and | |
| reduced, but not below zero, by our allocable share of the operating partnerships loss and the amount of cash distributed to us, and by constructive distributions resulting from a reduction in our share of indebtedness of the operating partnership. |
If the allocation of our distributive share of the operating partnerships loss would reduce the adjusted tax basis of our partnership interest in the operating partnership below zero, the recognition of such loss will be deferred until such time as the recognition of such loss would not reduce our adjusted tax basis below zero. To the extent that the operating partnerships distributions, or any decrease in our share of the indebtedness of the operating partnership, which is considered a constructive cash distribution to the
146
Depreciation Deductions Available to the Operating Partnership. To the extent that the operating partnership acquires its hotels in exchange for cash, its initial basis in such hotels for federal income tax purposes generally was or will be equal to the purchase price paid by the operating partnership. The operating partnership depreciates such depreciable hotel property under either the modified accelerated cost recovery system of depreciation (MACRS) or the alternative depreciation system of depreciation (ADS). The operating partnership uses MACRS for furnishings and equipment. Under MACRS, the operating partnership generally depreciates such furnishings and equipment over a seven-year recovery period using a 200% declining balance method and a half-year convention. If, however, the operating partnership places more than 40% of its furnishings and equipment in service during the last three months of a taxable year, a mid-quarter depreciation convention must be used for the furnishings and equipment placed in service during that year. The operating partnership use ADS for buildings and improvements. Under ADS, the operating partnership generally depreciates such buildings and improvements over a 40-year recovery period using a straight-line method and a mid-month convention.
To the extent that the operating partnership acquires hotels in exchange for its units of limited partnership interest, its initial basis in each hotel for federal income tax purposes should be the same as the transferors basis in that hotel on the date of acquisition. Although the law is not entirely clear, the operating partnership generally depreciates such depreciable property for federal income tax purposes over the same remaining useful lives and under the same methods used by the transferors. The operating partnerships tax depreciation deductions are allocated among the partners in accordance with their respective interests in the operating partnership, except to the extent that the operating partnership is required under the federal income tax laws to use a method for allocating depreciation deductions attributable to the hotels or other contributed properties that results in our receiving a disproportionately large share of such deductions.
Sale of a Partnerships Property
Generally, any gain realized by us or a Partnership on the sale of property held for more than one year will be long-term capital gain, except for any portion of such gain that is treated as depreciation or cost recovery recapture. Any gain or loss recognized by a Partnership on the disposition of contributed properties will be allocated first to the partners who contributed such properties to the extent of their built-in gain or loss on those properties for federal income tax purposes. The partners built-in gain or loss on such contributed properties will equal the difference between the partners proportionate share of the book value of those properties and the partners tax basis allocable to those properties at the time of the contribution. Any remaining gain or loss recognized by the Partnership on the disposition of the contributed properties, and any gain or loss recognized by the Partnership on the disposition of the other properties, will be allocated among the partners in accordance with their respective percentage interests in the Partnership.
Our share of any gain realized by a Partnership on the sale of any property held by the Partnership as inventory or other property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of the Partnerships trade or business will be treated as income from a prohibited transaction that is subject to a 100% penalty tax. Such prohibited transaction income also may have an adverse effect upon our ability to satisfy the income tests for REIT status. See Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status as a REIT Requirements for Qualification Income Tests. We, however, do not presently intend to acquire or hold or to allow any Partnership to acquire or hold any property that represents inventory or other property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our or such Partnerships trade or business.
147
Taxable REIT Subsidiaries
As described above, we will own 100% of the stock of our TRS, Ashford TRS Corporation. A TRS is a fully taxable corporation for which a TRS election is properly made. A TRS may lease hotels from us under certain circumstances, provide services to our tenants, and perform activities unrelated to our tenants, such as third-party management, development, and other independent business activities. A corporation of which a TRS directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated as a TRS. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of our assets may consist of securities of one or more TRSs, and no more than 25% of the value of our assets may consist of the securities of TRSs and other assets that are not qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test.
A TRS may not directly or indirectly operate or manage any hotels or health care facilities or provide rights to any brand name under which any hotel or health care facility is operated. However, rents received by us from a TRS pursuant to a hotel lease will qualify as rents from real property as long as the hotel is operated on behalf of the TRS by a person who satisfies the following requirements:
| such person is, or is related to a person who is, actively engaged in the trade or business of operating qualified lodging facilities for any person unrelated to us and the TRS; | |
| such person does not own, directly or indirectly, more than 35% of our common stock; | |
| no more than 35% of such person is owned, directly or indirectly, by one or more persons owning 35% or more of our common stock; and | |
| we do not directly or indirectly derive any income from such person. |
A qualified lodging facility is a hotel, motel, or other establishment more than one-half of the dwelling units in which are used on a transient basis, unless wagering activities are conducted at or in connection with such facility by any person who is engaged in the business of accepting wagers and who is legally authorized to engage in such business at or in connection with such facility. A qualified lodging facility includes customary amenities and facilities operated as part of, or associated with, the lodging facility as long as such amenities and facilities are customary for other properties of a comparable size and class owned by other unrelated owners.
The TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to us to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. Further, the rules impose a 100% excise tax on transactions between a TRS and us or our tenants that are not conducted on an arms-length basis.
We have formed and made a timely election with respect to Ashford TRS Corporation, which, upon completion of this offering, will lease each of our initial properties. Additionally, we may form or acquire additional TRSs in the future.
State and Local Taxes
We and/or you may be subject to state and local tax in various states and localities, including those states and localities in which we or you transact business, own property, or reside. The state and local tax treatment in such jurisdictions may differ from the federal income tax treatment described above. Consequently, you should consult your own tax advisor regarding the effect of state and local tax laws upon an investment in our common stock.
148
UNDERWRITING
Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc., Legg
Mason Wood Walker, Incorporated and Credit Lyonnais Securities
(USA) Inc. are acting as the underwriters. This offering is
being made on a firm commitment basis. Subject to the terms and
conditions contained in the underwriting agreement, we have
agreed to sell to the underwriters, and the underwriters have
severally agreed to purchase from us, the shares offered by this
prospectus in the amounts set forth below:
Number of
Underwriters
Shares
The underwriters are obligated to take and pay for all shares of our common stock offered (other than those covered by the over-allotment option described below) if any of the shares are taken.
We have granted the underwriters an option exercisable for 30 days after the date of this prospectus to purchase up to 5,250,000 additional shares of common stock to cover over-allotments, if any, at the public offering price less the underwriting discounts and commissions set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. If the underwriters exercise this option, the underwriters will have a firm commitment, subject to certain conditions, to purchase all of the shares for which the option is exercised.
The following table shows the amount per share
and total underwriting discounts and commissions we will pay to
the underwriters. The amounts are shown assuming both no
exercise and full exercise of the underwriters option to
purchase up to 5,250,000 additional shares of our common stock
to cover over-allotments.
Total
Per
No
Full
Share
Exercise
Exercise
In connection with the closing of this offering, we have agreed to issue to Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc., as partial consideration for its services in connection with this offering, .225% of our fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding upon completion of this offering, excluding the restricted shares to be issued to our executive officers. The securities to be acquired by Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc. and its related persons will be restricted from sale, transfer, assignment or hypothecation for a period of one year from the effective date of the offering, except to officers or partners (but not directors) of Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc. and members of the selling group and their officers and partners. We have also agreed to reimburse Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc. for certain expenses in connection with this offering, which we estimate to be approximately $200,000. Other than the underwriting discounts and commissions, the shares of common stock and up to $200,000 of expense reimbursement described above, there are no other items of compensation being received by the underwriters or related persons in the offering. In no event shall the total aggregate underwriting compensation exceed 9.5% of gross offering proceeds in the aggregate, except for bona fide due diligence expenses not to exceed 0.5% of gross offering proceeds in the aggregate. In addition to the items of compensation to be paid to the underwriters in connection with this offering, until September 11, 2004, we have appointed Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc. to act as lead underwriter or placement agent in connection with any public or private offering of our equity securities and to act as our financial advisor in connection with any purchase or sale of stock, merger, corporate acquisition, business combination or other strategic combination in which we may engage.
149
Each of our officers and directors has agreed with the underwriters, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions, not to sell any shares of common stock or any securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of common stock owned by such officer or director, including any interests in the operating partnership, without the prior written consent of the underwriters. We have also agreed with the underwriters, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions, not to sell or issue any shares of our common stock or any securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of our common stock, or file any registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (except a registration statement on Form S-8 relating to our stock plan), without the prior written consent of the underwriters, except that we may make grants of stock options or restricted stock under our stock plan and issue shares upon exercise of those options and we may issue shares of our common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of our common stock in connection with acquisitions of real property and acquisitions of loans with respect to real property. However, the underwriters may, in their sole discretion and at any time without notice, release all or any portion of the securities subject to these agreements.
The underwriters propose to offer our common stock directly to the public at $ per share and to certain dealers at this price less a concession not in excess of $ per share. The underwriters may allow, and the dealers may re-allow, a concession not in excess of $ per share to certain other dealers. In connection with this offering, we expect to incur expenses of approximately $2,750,000.
At our request, the underwriters have reserved up to 3% of the common stock being offered by this prospectus for sale to our directors, employees, business associates and related persons at the public offering price, less an amount equal to the underwriting discount. The sales will be made by the underwriters through a directed share program. We do not know if these persons will choose to purchase all or any portion of this reserved common stock, but any purchases they do make will reduce the number of shares available to the general public. These persons must commit to purchase no later than the close of business on the day following the date of this prospectus. Any directors, employees or other persons purchasing such reserved common stock will be prohibited from selling such stock for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus. The common stock issued in connection with the directed share program will be issued as part of the underwritten offer.
We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or to contribute to payments the underwriters may be required to make in respect of those liabilities.
In connection with this offering, the underwriters may engage in activities that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of our common stock, including:
| short sales; | |
| syndicate covering transactions; | |
| imposition of penalty bids; and | |
| purchases to cover positions created by short sales. |
Stabilizing transactions consist of bids or purchases made for the purpose of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of our common stock while this offering is in progress. Stabilizing transactions may include making short sales of our common stock, which involves the sale by the underwriters of a greater number of common stock than they are required to purchase in this offering, and purchasing common stock from us or in the open market to cover positions created by short sales. Short sales may be covered shorts, which are short positions in an amount not greater than the underwriters over-allotment option referred to above, or may be naked shorts, which are short positions in excess of that amount.
The underwriters may close out any covered short position either by exercising their over-allotment option, in whole or in part, or by purchasing shares in the open market. In making this determination, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open
150
A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of the common stock in the open market that could adversely affect investors who purchased in this offering. To the extent that the underwriters create a naked short position, they will purchase shares in the open market to cover the position.
The underwriters also may impose a penalty bid on selling group members. This means that if the underwriters purchase shares in the open market in stabilizing transactions or to cover short sales, the underwriters can require the selling group members that sold those shares as part of this offering to repay the selling concession received by them.
As a result of these activities, the price of our common stock may be higher than the price that otherwise might exist in the open market. If the underwriters commence these activities, they may discontinue them at any time. The underwriters may carry out these transactions on the New York Stock Exchange, in the over-the-counter market or otherwise.
The underwriters or their affiliates may provide us with investment banking, financial advisory, or commercial banking services in the future, for which they may receive customary compensation.
The underwriters may confirm sales of the common stock offered by this prospectus to accounts over which they exercise discretionary authority but do not expect those sales to exceed 5% of the total common stock offered by this prospectus.
We have applied and expect to list the shares of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange, subject to approval and official notice of issuance, under the symbol AHT. In connection with the listing of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange, the underwriters will undertake to sell round lots of 100 shares or more to a minimum of 2,000 beneficial owners.
Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. Consequently, the initial public offering price for our common stock has been determined by negotiations among us and the underwriters. Among the primary factors considered in determining the initial public offering price were:
| prevailing market conditions; | |
| our capital structure; | |
| the present stage of our development; | |
| the value and historical performance of the contributed properties; | |
| the market capitalization and stage of development of other companies that we and the underwriters believe to be comparable to us; and | |
| estimates of our business potential and earning prospects. |
A prospectus in electronic format may be available on the Internet sites or through other online services maintained by one or more of the underwriters and selling group members participating in this offering, or by their affiliates. In those cases, prospective investors may view offering terms online and, depending upon the underwriter or the selling group member, prospective investors may be allowed to place orders online. The underwriters may agree with us to allocate a specific number of shares for sale to online brokerage account holders. Any such allocation for online distributions will be made by the underwriters on the same basis as other allocations.
Other than the prospectus in electronic format, the information on any underwriters or selling group members web site and any information contained in any other web site maintained by any underwriter or selling group member is not part of the prospectus or the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, has not been approved or endorsed by us or any underwriter or selling group member in its capacity as underwriter or selling group member and should not be relied upon by investors.
151
EXPERTS
The combined balance sheets as of December 31, 2002 and 2001, and the related combined statements of operations, owners equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2002 and related schedule, have been included in this prospectus and in the registration statement in reliance upon the reports of Ernst & Young LLP, independent accountants, appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.
REPORTS TO STOCKHOLDERS
We will furnish our stockholders with annual reports containing consolidated financial statements audited by our independent certified public accountants and with quarterly reports containing unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for each of the first three quarters of each fiscal year.
LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters in connection with this offering will be passed upon for us by Andrews & Kurth L.L.P., Dallas, Texas. In addition, the description of federal income tax consequences contained in the section of the prospectus entitled Federal Income Tax Consequences of our Status as a REIT is based on the opinion of Andrews & Kurth L.L.P. Certain Maryland law matters in connection with this offering will be passed upon for us by Hogan & Hartson L.L.P., Baltimore, Maryland. Certain legal matters related to this offering will be passed upon for the underwriters by Alston & Bird LLP, Raleigh, North Carolina. Andrews & Kurth L.L.P. and Alston & Bird LLP will rely on the opinion of Hogan & Hartson L.L.P., Baltimore, Maryland as to all matters of Maryland law.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission a registration statement on Form S-11, including exhibits, schedules and amendments filed with this registration statement, under the Securities Act with respect to our common stock to be sold in this offering. This prospectus does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement and exhibits and schedules to the registration statement. For further information with respect to our company and our common stock to be sold in this offering, reference is made to the registration statement, including the exhibits and schedules to the registration statement. Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents of any contract or other document referred to in this prospectus are not necessarily complete and, where that contract is an exhibit to the registration statement, each statement is qualified in all respects by reference to the exhibit to which the reference relates. Copies of the registration statement, including the exhibits and schedules to the registration statement, may be examined without charge at the public reference room of the Securities and Exchange Commission, 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Room 1024, Washington, DC 20549. Information about the operation of the public reference room may be obtained by calling the Securities and Exchange Commission at 1-800-SEC-0300. Copies of all or a portion of the registration statement can be obtained from the public reference room of the Securities and Exchange Commission upon payment of prescribed fees. Our Securities and Exchange Commission filings, including our registration statement, are also available to you on the Securities and Exchange Commissions Web site at www.sec.gov .
AS A RESULT OF THIS OFFERING, WE WILL BECOME SUBJECT TO THE INFORMATION AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED, AND WILL FILE PERIODIC REPORTS AND PROXY STATEMENTS AND WILL MAKE AVAILABLE TO OUR STOCKHOLDERS ANNUAL REPORTS CONTAINING AUDITED FINANCIAL INFORMATION FOR EACH YEAR AND QUARTERLY REPORTS FOR THE FIRST THREE QUARTERS OF EACH FISCAL YEAR CONTAINING UNAUDITED INTERIM FINANCIAL INFORMATION.
152
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Independent Auditors Report
|
F-2 | |||
Combined Balance Sheets
|
F-3 | |||
Combined Statements of Operations
|
F-4 | |||
Combined Statements of Owners Equity
|
F-5 | |||
Combined Statements of Cash Flow
|
F-6 | |||
Notes to Combined Financial Statements
|
F-7 | |||
Schedule III Real Estate and
Accumulated Depreciation
|
F-18 |
F-1
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS REPORT
We have audited the accompanying combined balance
sheets of the Company, as defined in Note 1, as of
December 31, 2002 and 2001, and the related combined
statements of operations, owners equity, and cash flows
for each of the three years in the period ended
December 31, 2002. Our audits also included the
accompanying financial statement Schedule III
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation. These financial
statements and schedule are the responsibility of the
Companys management. Our responsibility is to express an
opinion on these financial statements and schedule based on our
audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with
auditing standards generally accepted in the United States.
Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to
obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial
statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes
examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and
disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes
assessing the accounting principles used and significant
estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall
financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits
provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred
to above present fairly, in all material respects, the combined
financial position of the Company at December 31, 2002 and
2001, and the combined results of their operations and their
cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended
December 31, 2002, in conformity with accounting principles
generally accepted in the United States. Also, in our opinion,
the related financial statement schedule, when considered in
relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole,
presents fairly in all material respects the information set
forth therein.
Dallas, Texas
F-2
/s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP
Table of Contents
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC.
PREDECESSOR COMBINED BALANCE SHEETS
December 31,
December 31,
June 30, 2003
2002
2001
(unaudited)
ASSETS
$
83,118,083
$
85,246,801
$
88,874,078
3,927,720
2,968,814
5,152,361
2,899,810
3,353,554
3,177,125
1,070,296
1,226,152
854,599
191,112
210,620
200,133
1,001,045
1,278,832
1,353,957
416,369
772,008
316,945
44,830
44,572
72,107
315,093
$
92,669,265
$
95,416,446
$
100,001,305
LIABILITIES AND OWNERS EQUITY
$
82,096,150
$
82,126,150
$
80,410,792
528,919
621,351
277,810
1,240,448
1,053,632
1,415,677
531,111
366,974
415,624
228,209
202,967
164,879
361,846
293,804
299,785
426,379
638,025
818,438
452,610
411,594
408,688
273,000
301,388
332,720
123,502
89,607
139,955
86,262,174
86,105,492
84,684,368
6,407,091
9,310,954
15,316,937
$
92,669,265
$
95,416,446
$
100,001,305
See notes to combined financial statements
F-3
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC.
PREDECESSOR COMBINED STATEMENTS OF
OPERATIONS
Six Months Ended June 30,
Year Ended December 31,
2003
2002
2002
2001
2000
(unaudited)
(unaudited)
$
14,590,287
$
14,624,736
$
28,529,640
$
29,165,515
$
24,654,910
2,797,012
2,941,784
5,698,029
5,691,902
3,178,314
471,102
603,049
1,130,112
1,358,229
1,470,000
17,858,401
18,169,569
35,357,781
36,215,646
29,303,224
3,366,255
3,207,361
6,461,721
6,260,660
5,763,985
2,113,005
2,058,107
4,183,371
4,477,315
2,473,295
370,117
323,103
621,693
608,350
661,351
4,443,590
3,872,149
8,702,894
8,624,169
5,978,140
535,730
545,082
1,059,867
1,463,900
1,308,966
1,224,659
1,150,466
2,437,482
2,197,404
1,558,545
2,192,332
2,249,896
4,833,551
4,446,486
3,249,308
2,010,491
1,898,276
3,667,410
3,749,692
2,743,753
16,256,179
15,304,440
31,967,989
31,827,976
23,737,343
1,602,222
2,865,129
3,389,792
4,387,670
5,565,881
16,849
17,379
53,485
226,531
161,004
3,015,866
3,066,985
6,536,195
7,520,694
5,014,163
$
(1,396,795
)
$
(184,477
)
$
(3,092,918
)
$
(2,906,493
)
$
712,722
See notes to combined financial statements
F-4
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC.
PREDECESSOR COMBINED STATEMENTS OF
OWNERS EQUITY
Special
Owners
Limited
Equity
Partner
Total
$
14,471,835
$
8,933,333
$
23,405,168
4,843,368
4,843,368
(263,371
)
(1,009,539
)
(1,272,910
)
(4,478,200
)
(4,478,200
)
(296,817
)
1,009,539
712,722
14,276,815
8,933,333
23,210,148
10,732,419
10,732,419
(9,342,229
)
(6,376,908
)
(15,719,137
)
(3,283,401
)
376,908
(2,906,493
)
12,383,604
2,933,333
15,316,937
2,191,675
2,191,675
(2,307,073
)
(322,667
)
(2,629,740
)
(2,475,000
)
(2,475,000
)
(3,415,585
)
322,667
(3,092,918
)
6,377,621
2,933,333
9,310,954
215,000
215,000
(1,562,061
)
(160,007
)
(1,722,068
)
(1,556,802
)
160,007
(1,396,795
)
$
3,473,758
$
2,933,333
$
6,407,091
See notes to combined financial statements
F-5
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC.
PREDECESSOR COMBINED STATEMENTS OF CASH
FLOW
Six Months Ended June 30,
Year Ended December 31,
2003
2002
2002
2001
2000
(unaudited)
(unaudited)
$
(1,396,793
)
$
(184,477
)
$
(3,092,918
)
$
(2,906,493
)
$
712,722
2,192,332
2,249,896
4,833,551
4,446,486
3,249,308
264,659
249,136
820,966
1,204,896
727,681
175,364
(290,646
)
(382,040
)
115,985
(196,219
)
670,471
60,281
(742,621
)
(177,179
)
28,238
453,744
(275,969
)
(176,429
)
(1,207,971
)
(202,361
)
279,113
(781,549
)
(637,775
)
(367,574
)
551,370
$
2,638,890
$
1,026,672
$
622,734
$
1,108,150
$
4,870,739
$
(50,484
)
$
(1,023,366
)
$
(1,079,824
)
$
(24,899,286
)
$
(12,778,381
)
$
(50,484
)
$
(1,023,366
)
$
(1,079,824
)
$
(24,899,286
)
$
(12,778,381
)
$
(1,722,068
)
$
(2,134,198
)
$
(5,104,740
)
$
(15,719,137
)
$
(5,751,110
)
215,000
2,191,675
10,732,419
4,843,368
(122,432
)
1,201,661
2,058,899
31,215,859
9,819,090
(872,291
)
(1,307,908
)
(596,219
)
$
(1,629,500
)
$
(932,537
)
$
(1,726,457
)
$
24,921,233
$
8,315,129
958,906
(929,231
)
(2,183,547
)
1,130,097
407,487
2,968,814
5,152,361
5,152,361
4,022,264
3,614,777
$
3,927,720
$
4,223,130
$
2,968,814
$
5,152,361
$
4,022,264
$
2,751,207
$
2,773,242
$
5,715,230
$
5,242,238
$
4,190,387
See notes to combined financial statements
F-6
NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS
PREDECESSOR FOR ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST,
INC.
These combined financial statements include the
accounts of Remington Suites Austin, L.P. and Austin Embassy
Beverage, Inc. (Austin), Remington Suites Dallas,
L.P. and Dallas Embassy Beverage, Inc. (Dallas),
Remington Suites Dulles, L.P. and Dulles Embassy Beverage, Inc.
(Dulles), Remington Suites Las Vegas, L.P.
(Las Vegas), Remington Covington Hotel, L.P.
(Covington), Chicago Illinois Hotel L.P.
(Midway), and Remington Long Island Hotel, L.P.
(Holtsville), collectively the Company.
The beverage companies related to Austin, Dallas and Dulles,
which are owned and controlled 100% by Messrs. Archie and
Montgomery Bennett, are separate corporations formed for the
purpose of operating the food and beverage services of the
respective hotels.
All General Partners are owned and controlled
100% by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett. The General
Partners and Limited Partners participate pro rata in
contributions and distributions. The Special Limited Partner
receives a specified return on its investment. The General
Partners, Limited Partners, the Special Limited Partner and
shareholders are collectively referred to as Owners.
Austin, Dallas, Dulles and Las Vegas are
approximately 84.5% owned and controlled by Messrs. Archie
and Montgomery Bennett, approximately 7% owned by Mr. David
Brooks and Mr. Mark Nunneley, and approximately 8.5% owned
by three other individuals.
Covington, Midway and Holtsville are owned and
controlled 100% by Messrs Archie and Montgomery Bennett.
Covington was formed on November 21, 2000
for the purpose of purchasing, owning, and operating the
236-room, full-service hotel, known as the Covington Radisson.
Midway, a related entity to Covington through common ownership
and control, was formed on June 1, 1995. Covington and
Midway, on a combined basis, own and operate the hotel. The
hotel was acquired on November 31, 2000.
Holtsville was formed on January 19, 2001,
for the purpose of purchasing, owning, and operating a 188-room,
full-service hotel in Holtsville, New York, formerly known as
the Best Western at Holtsville. The property was acquired on
January 24, 2001.
Austin was formed on July 31, 1997 for the
purpose of constructing, owning, and operating a 150-room
full-service hotel in Austin, Texas under the Embassy
Suites brand name. The hotel commenced operations on
August 11, 1998.
Dallas was formed on January 9, 1997 for the
purpose of constructing, owning, and operating a 150-room
full-service hotel in Dallas, Texas under the Embassy
Suites brand name. The hotel commenced operations on
January 22, 1998.
Dulles was formed on August 27, 1997 for the
purpose of constructing, owning, and operating a 150-room
full-service hotel in Washington, D.C. under the
Embassy Suites brand name. The hotel commenced
operations on December 10, 1998.
F-7
PREDECESSOR FOR ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST,
INC.
Las Vegas was formed on May 31, 1997 for the
purpose of constructing, owning, and operating a 220-room
full-service hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada under the Embassy
Suites brand name. The hotel commenced operations on
May 12, 1999.
Revenues include room, food, beverage and other
hotel revenues such as long-distance telephone service, laundry
and space rentals. Revenues are recognized as the related
services are delivered.
The accompanying combined financial statements
reflect the total activity of the Company and are presented on a
combined basis as a result of common ownership and control.
All significant interaffiliate accounts and
transactions among the combined entities have been eliminated in
the combined financial statements.
The accompanying unaudited combined financial
statements as of June 30, 2003 and for the six months ended
June 30, 2003 and 2002, have been prepared in accordance
with generally accepted accounting principles for interim
financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of
the information and footnotes required by generally accepted
accounting principles for complete financial statements. In the
opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal
recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation
have been included. Operating results for the six month period
ended June 30, 2003 are not necessarily indicative of the
results that may be expected for the year ended
December 31, 2003.
The preparation of combined financial statements
in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in
the United States requires management to make estimates and
assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and
liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities
at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts
of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual
results could differ from those estimates.
Hotel properties are stated at cost, net of any
impairment charges, and are depreciated using the straight-line
method over estimated useful lives ranging from 15 to
39 years for buildings and improvements and 3 to
5 years for furniture, fixtures and equipment. Improvements
and additions which extend the life of the property are
capitalized.
F-8
PREDECESSOR FOR ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST,
INC.
Investment in hotel properties consists of the
following:
The Company reviews each of the hotel properties
for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances
indicate the carrying value of the hotel properties may not be
recoverable. Events or circumstances that may cause a review
include, but are not limited to, adverse changes in the demand
for lodging at the properties due to declining national or local
economic conditions and/or new hotel construction in the market
where the hotels are located. When such conditions exist,
management performs an analysis to determine if the estimated
undiscounted future cash flows from operations and the proceeds
from the ultimate disposition of a hotel property exceed its
carrying value. If the estimated undiscounted future cash flows
are less than the carrying amount of the asset, an adjustment to
reduce the carrying amount to the related hotel propertys
estimated fair market value is recorded and an impairment loss
recognized.
Fair market values of hotel properties are
estimated through a discounted cash flow analysis taking into
account each propertys expected cash flow generated from
operations, holding period and ultimate proceeds from
disposition. In projecting the expected cash flows from
operations of the asset, the estimates are based on future
projected earnings before interest expense, income taxes,
depreciation and amortization, and after deducting expected
capital expenditure requirements. Growth assumptions are applied
to project these amounts over the expected holding period of the
asset. The growth assumptions are based on estimated
inflationary increases in room rates and expenses and the demand
for lodging at the properties, as impacted by local and national
economic conditions and estimated or known future new hotel
supply. The estimated proceeds from disposition are judgmentally
determined based on a combination of anticipated cash flow in
the year of disposition, capitalization rates, ratio of selling
price to gross hotel revenues and selling price per room.
If actual conditions differ from the assumptions,
the actual results of each assets future operations and
fair market value could be significantly different form the
estimated results and value used in the analysis.
The Company has not recognized any impairment
charges to date. There were no properties held for sale as of
December 31, 2002 and 2001, or June 30, 2003 as
defined within the provisions of Statement of Financial
Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 144
Accounting for the Impairment of Disposal of Long-Lived
Assets.
Cash and cash equivalents are defined as cash on
hand and in banks plus short-term investments with a maturity of
three months or less when purchased.
F-9
PREDECESSOR FOR ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST,
INC.
Restricted cash consists of cash held in escrow
reserves required by lenders that relate to the payment of
capital expenditures, insurance, and real estate taxes.
Accounts receivable consists primarily of meeting
and banquet room rental and hotel guest receivables. The Company
generally does not require collateral or a significant allowance
for uncollectable balances.
Inventories consist primarily of food, beverages
and gift store merchandise, and are stated at the lower of cost
or market value. Cost is determined using the first-in,
first-out method.
Included in deferred costs are the following:
Deferred loan costs are recorded at cost and
amortized using the straight-line method over the terms of the
related mortgage notes payable, which approximate the effective
interest method. Franchise fees are amortized on a straight-line
basis over the terms of the related franchise agreements.
Accumulated amortization of deferred charges includes the
following:
Due to/from Affiliate represents current
receivables and payables resulting from transactions related to
hotel management and project management with affiliated
entities. Due from Affiliates results primarily from advances of
management fees. Due to Affiliates results primarily from
accrual of hotel management and project management fees to be
paid in subsequent periods. Due to and Due from Affiliates are
generally settled within a period not to exceed one year.
F-10
PREDECESSOR FOR ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST,
INC.
Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and
were approximately $142,769, $98,933 and $97,100, for the years
ended December 31, 2002, 2001, and 2000, respectively, and
$33,404 and $69,446 for the six months ended June 30, 2003
(unaudited) and June 30, 2002 (unaudited), respectively.
Advertising costs are included in indirect expenses in the
accompanying combined statements of operations.
No provision for income taxes is included in the
accompanying combined financial statements, as each partner is
individually responsible for reporting its respective share of
partnership taxable income or loss.
Indirect expenses include sales and marketing,
repairs and maintenance, franchise fees, and utility costs.
The carrying values of financial instruments such
as cash, restricted cash, accounts receivables and accounts
payable approximate their fair values due to the short-term
nature of these instruments.
Effective January 1, 2002, the Company
adopted SFAS No. 141, Business
Combinations, which requires all business combinations be
accounted for using the purchase method of accounting, and
SFAS No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible
Assets, which changes the accounting for goodwill and
intangible assets with indefinite useful lives from an
amortization approach to an impairment-only approach. The
adoption of SFAS No. 141 and No. 142 on
January 1, 2002 did not have an effect on the
Companys financial statements.
In August 2001, the Financial Accounting
Standards Board (FASB) issued
SFAS No. 144, Accounting for the Impairment or
Disposal of Long-Lived Assets. The provisions of
SFAS No. 144 are effective as of January 1, 2002.
SFAS No. 144 supersedes SFAS No. 121,
Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets for
Long-Lived Assets to Be Disposed Of.
SFAS No. 144 also established a single accounting
model for long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale. The
statement did not have a material effect on financial condition
or results of operations for 2002.
In April 2002, the FASB issued Statement
No. 145, Rescission of FASB Statements No. 4, 44
and 64, Amendment of FASB Statement No. 13, and Technical
Corrections. Included in SFAS No. 145 is a
requirement that all gains and losses related to extinguishments
of debt other than extinguishments of debt items meeting the
criteria in APB Opinion No. 30, Reporting the Results
of Operations Reporting the Effects of Disposal of a
Segment of a Business, and Extraordinary, Unusual and
Infrequently Occurring Events and Transaction ( APB
Opinion 30) not be treated as extraordinary items.
Any gains or losses on extinguishments of debt formerly
classified as extraordinary and not meeting the criteria for
extraordinary classifications as defined in APB Opinion 30
shall be reclassified. The Company has elected to early adopt
Statement No. 145, which results in the classification
of the expense resulting from early extinguishment of mortgage
loans payable in the amounts of $13,000 and $716,000 in the
years ended December 31, 2002, and 2001, respectively.
In November 2002, the FASB issued Interpretation
No. 45, Guarantors Accounting and Disclosure
Requirements for Guarantees, Including Indirect Guarantees of
Indebtedness of Others, which addresses
F-11
PREDECESSOR FOR ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST,
INC.
the disclosure to be made by a guarantor in its
interim and annual financial statements about its obligations
under guarantees. Interpretation No. 45 also requires the
recognition of a liability by a guarantor at the inception of
certain guarantees. Interpretation No. 45 requires the
guarantor to recognize a liability for the non-contingent
component of the guarantee, this is the obligation to stand
ready to perform in the event that specified triggering events
or conditions occur. The initial measurement of this liability
is the fair value of the guarantee at inception. The recognition
of the liability is required even if it is not probable that
payments will be required under the guarantee or if the
guarantee was issued with a premium payment or as part of a
transaction with multiple elements. To date, the Company has not
entered into any guarantees and will apply the recognition and
measurement provisions for all guarantees entered into after
January 1, 2003.
In December 2002, the FASB issued Statement
No. 148, Accounting for Stock-Based
Compensation-Transition and Disclosure an amendment
of FASB Statement No. 123. Statement No. 148
amends FASB Statement No. 123, Accounting for
Stock-Based Compensation, to provide alternative methods
of transition for a voluntary change to the fair value based
method of accounting for stock-based employee compensation. In
addition, Statement No. 148 amends the disclosure
requirements of Statement No. 123 to require prominent
disclosures in both annual and interim financial statements
about the method of accounting for stock-based employee
compensation and the effect of the method used on reported
results. In addition, to address concerns raised by some
constituents about the lack of comparability caused by multiple
transition methods, Statement No. 148 does not permit the
use of the Statement No. 123 prospective method of
transition for changes to the fair value based method made in
fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2003.
On April 22, 2003, the FASB reached a
decision to require all companies to expense the value of
employee stock options. The FASB is committed to work with the
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in
order to achieve maximum convergence on stock based compensation
accounting. This will affect the timing of the FASBs
project on accounting for stock based compensation. The FASB
plans to issue an exposure draft later this year that could
become effective in 2004. Until then, the provisions of
SFAS 123 remain in effect. To date, the Company has no
stock-based compensation subject to Statement No. 123.
After December 31, 2002, the Company intends to use the
intrinsic value method provided by Statement No. 123.
In January 2003, the FASB issued Interpretation
No. 46, Consolidation of Variable Interest
Entities, which addresses consolidation by business
enterprises of variable interest entities. In general, a
variable interest entity is a corporate, partnership, trust, or
any other legal structure used for business purposes that either
(a) does not have equity investors with voting rights or
(b) has equity investors that do not provide sufficient
financial resources for the entity to support its activities. A
variable interest entity often holds financial assets, including
loans or receivables, real estate or other property. A variable
interest entity may be essentially passive or it may engage in
research and development or other activities on behalf of
another company. The objective of Interpretation No. 46 is
not to restrict the use of variable interest entities but to
improve financial reporting by companies involved with variable
interest entities. Until now, a company generally has included
another entity in its consolidated financial statements only if
it controlled the entity through voting interests.
Interpretation No. 46 changes that by requiring a variable
interest entity to be consolidated by a company if that company
is subject to a majority of the risk of loss from the variable
interest entitys activities or is entitled to receive a
majority of the entitys residual returns of both. The
consolidation requirements of Interpretation No. 46 apply
immediately to variable interest entities created after
January 31, 2003. The consolidation requirements apply to
older entities in the first fiscal year or interim period
beginning after June 15, 2003. Certain of the disclosure
requirements apply in all financial statements issued after
January 31, 2003, regardless of when the variable interest
entity was established. Adoption is not expected to have a
material effect on the Companys financial condition of
results of operations.
F-12
PREDECESSOR FOR ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST,
INC.
The Company financed the purchase and
construction of its hotel investments with the proceeds from
mortgage notes payable, which are summarized as follows:
The $9,274,995 mortgage note payable on Covington
matures on November 30, 2003. The $17,851,155 mortgage note
payable on Holtsville matures on January 31, 2004.
Management intends to obtain new financing or other arrangements
to enable the Company to extend or payoff the notes. These
maturities when combined with the maturity of the $39,000,000
mortgage note payable require a significant amount of new
financing or liquidity in the near future. The combined
financial statements do not reflect any adjustments to reflect
the possible future effects on the recoverability and the
classification of assets and liabilities if the efforts to
refinance or pay off the notes are unsuccessful.
F-13
PREDECESSOR FOR ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST,
INC.
The following table summarizes the carrying value
of assets collateralizing mortgage notes payable.
Carrying Value of Assets Collateralizing
Mortgage Notes Payable
Maturities of mortgage notes payable are as
follows:
In February 2001, the Company entered into an
interest rate cap agreement with Chase Manhattan Bank with a
notional principal amount of $9,275,000 at December 31,
2002 and 2001. The agreement establishes a maximum interest rate
of 8.75% through initial maturity of the loan. The
Companys participation in the transaction has been
designed for hedging purposes, and derivative instruments are
not held or issued for trading purposes. The derivatives
fair value as of December 31, 2002 and 2001 was immaterial.
In January 2001, the Company entered into an
interest rate cap agreement with Chase Manhattan Bank with a
notional principal amount of $18,000,000 at December 31,
2002 and 2001. The agreement establishes a maximum interest rate
of 7.5% through initial maturity of the loan. The Companys
participation in the transaction has been designed for hedging
purposes, and derivative instruments are not held or issued for
trading purposes. The derivatives fair value as of
December 31, 2002 and 2001 was immaterial.
The $39,000,000 mortgage loan payable provides
for a one-year extension option subject to certain performance
criteria being met as of March 1, 2004, the date of
maturity. The Company has calculated the performance criteria
based on its estimates of the future performance of the
properties through March 1, 2004 and believes such
performance criteria will be met. The Company intends either to
pay-off the note at or prior to maturity, or to exercise the
extension option at maturity.
Under agreements with an affiliate, the Company
is obligated to pay the affiliate management fees of 3%-4.5% of
gross revenues, as defined by the agreements, and to reimburse
the affiliate for certain accounting and administrative
expenses. Under the existing management agreements, the Company
is
F-14
PREDECESSOR FOR ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST,
INC.
obligated to pay a fee equal to 8% of all
invoiced third-party costs of the expenditures necessary for
replacement of furniture, fixtures and equipment and building
repairs.
The following amounts were paid under these
agreements with the affiliate of the Company:
The following amounts were paid to the Special
Limited Partner:
Following the redemption of its interest,
payments made to the Special Limited Partner (see Note 6)
are no longer considered to be related party transactions.
Under the existing franchise agreements, the
Company is obligated to pay the franchisors royalty fees between
3% and 4% of gross room revenue, and fees for marketing,
reservations and other related activities aggregating between
2.75% and 3.75% of gross room revenue.
Under the existing mortgage loan agreements, the
Company is obligated to escrow payments for insurance and real
estate taxes. In addition, the Company is obligated to escrow
between 2% and 8% of gross revenue for capital improvements.
Under the existing management agreements, the
Company is obligated to pay management fees of 3% of gross
revenues.
Included in investment in hotel properties at
December 31, 2002, 2001, and June 30, 2003
(unaudited), is equipment totaling $791,394, $786,237, and
$791,394, respectively, under capital leases payable. The
related annual interest rates range from 10% to 11.5% through
the lease terms, which expire between 2004 and 2006. The leased
equipment, with carrying values of $527,092, $645,343, and
$442,752
F-15
PREDECESSOR FOR ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST,
INC.
at December 31, 2002, 2001, and
June 30, 2003 (unaudited), respectively, collateralize
these leases and are amortized over the related useful lives
that range from 5 to 15 years.
Amortization expense relating to these leases
amounted to $168,649, $86,937, and $9,244 for the years ended
December 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000, respectively.
Amortization amounted to $84,340 for the six months ended
June 30, 2003 and 2002 (unaudited).
The following represents future minimum lease
payments due under noncancelable capital leases:
Pursuant to a master construction agreement with
Nomura, which contemplated the development of twelve hotels
under the Embassy Suites brand name, the Company
developed the Dallas, Austin, Dulles and Las Vegas hotels
(Initial Limited Partnerships). Nomura was a 67%
limited partner in the Initial Limited Partnerships. Subsequent
to the development of the Austin, Dallas, Dulles and Las Vegas
hotels, Nomura informed the Company that it would not fund any
further construction loans. Through a negotiated buyout, Nomura
Asset Capital Corporation was redeemed out of the various
partnerships. The redemptions occurred upon the closing of a
$39,000,000 mortgage loan in February 2001 for Austin, Dallas,
and Dulles, and upon closing of a $16,000,000 mortgage loan for
Las Vegas in December 2002.
Promus, a Special Limited Partner to the Initial
Limited Partnerships, is an affiliate of Embassy Suites. Promus
agreed to contribute approximately $2 million of equity as
Special Limited Partner to each of the developments under the
master construction agreement with Nomura. Under the agreement,
Promus is allocated income and receives a cash distribution
equal to a guaranteed 8% annual return during the one-year
period beginning on the date the respective contribution was
made, and an 11% return thereafter. The Special Limited Partner
interest was redeemed by Austin, Dallas, and Dulles upon closing
a $39,000,000 mortgage loan in February of 2001. With respect to
Las Vegas, the Special Limited Partner continues its investment
of $2.9 million.
F-16
PREDECESSOR FOR ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST,
INC.
In accordance with the partnership agreements,
income is first adjusted to the extent of distributions paid or
payable to the Special Limited Partner, after which the
remaining net income or loss is allocated to the partners in
proportion to their respective percentage interests. Following
the return of its initial capital contribution to the Special
Limited Partner, income and losses are allocated in full to the
partners in proportion to their respective percentage interests.
With respect to Austin, Dallas, Dulles and Las Vegas, income and
loss is allocated to Messrs Archie and Montgomery Bennett until
a 10% return is realized, as defined by the related partnership
agreement; once the 10% return is realized, income and losses
are allocated in full to the partners in proportion to their
respective percentage interest.
The Monthly Net Cash Flow, as defined by the
Partnership agreements, of the Partnerships are to be
distributed first to the Special Limited Partner for its return
on contribution and then to the partners in proportion to their
respective percentage interests. Following the return of its
initial capital contribution to the Special Limited Partner, the
Monthly Net Cash Flow is distributed in full to the partners in
proportion to their respective percentage interests. With
respect to Austin, Dallas, Dulles and Las Vegas, Net Cash
Flow is allocated to Messrs Archie and Montgomery Bennett until
a 10% return is realized, as defined by the related partnership
agreement; once the 10% return is realized, Net Cash Flow is
distributed in full to the partners in proportion to their
respective percentage interests.
The Company operates one business segment, hotel
ownership. There were no intracompany transactions among the
hotels. The following table presents revenues, net income and
long-lived assets at each of the geographical areas in which the
Company operates.
On May 13, 2003, the Company entered into an
agreement to amend the mortgage loans payable related to
Covington and Holtsville that will extend the original terms
through November 1, 2004. In addition, if the Covington and
Holtsville related loans are both paid in full prior to
November 1, 2003, the lender will discount the principal
balance of the Covington related loan to $6,000,000 which is a
reduction of $3,274,995. The agreement is subject to the parties
entering into a definitive written modification document. The
Company believes the agreement is a commitment by the Lender
subject to normal commercial loan documentation.
F-17
SCHEDULE III REAL ESTATE AND
ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
[Additional columns below]
[Continued from above table, first column(s) repeated]
1.
Organization and Nature of Business
Covington
Holtsville
Austin
Dallas
Dulles
Table of Contents
Las Vegas
2.
Summary of Significant Accounting
Policies
(a)
Revenue Recognition
(b)
Principles of combination
(c)
Use of estimates
(d)
Investment in hotel
properties
Table of Contents
December 31,
June 30,
2002
2001
2003
(unaudited)
$
15,509,355
$
15,509,355
$
15,509,355
70,228,361
69,770,596
70,210,802
15,399,422
14,777,363
15,467,465
101,137,138
100,057,314
101,187,622
(15,890,337
)
(11,183,236
)
(18,069,539
)
$
85,246,801
$
88,874,078
$
83,118,083
(e)
Cash and cash equivalents
Table of Contents
(f)
Restricted cash
(g)
Accounts receivable
(h)
Inventories
(i)
Deferred Costs, Net
December 31,
June 30,
2002
2001
2003
(unaudited)
$
1,691,262
$
1,440,393
$
1,691,262
510,000
510,000
510,000
2,201,262
1,950,393
2,201,262
(922,430
)
(596,436
)
(1,200,217
)
$
1,278,832
$
1,353,957
$
1,001,045
December 31,
June 30,
2002
2001
2003
(unaudited)
$
(824,467
)
$
(524,732
)
$
(1,089,125
)
(97,963
)
(71,704
)
(111,092
)
$
(922,430
)
$
(596,436
)
$
(1,200,217
)
(j)
Due to/from Affiliate
Table of Contents
(k)
Advertising Costs
(l)
Income Taxes
(m)
Indirect Expenses
(n)
Fair Value of Financial
Instruments
(o)
New Accounting Pronouncements
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
3.
Mortgage Notes Payable
December 31,
December 31,
2001
2002
June 30, 2003
(unaudited)
$
39,000,000
$
39,000,000
$
39,000,000
$
9,161,125
$
9,274,995
$
9,274,995
$
15,578,811
$
$
$
$
16,000,000
$
16,000,000
$
16,670,856
$
17,851,155
$
17,821,155
Table of Contents
December 31,
December 31,
June 30,
2001
2002
2003
10,749,219
10,062,707
9,744,288
10,464,565
9,743,718
9,587,988
11,369,423
10,691,555
10,337,802
20,692,598
19,561,884
18,995,369
12,220,349
11,723,790
11,428,145
23,377,924
23,463,147
23,024,491
88,874,078
85,246,801
83,118,083
December 31,
2002
June 30, 2003
(unaudited)
$
9,439,995
$
9,439,995
56,686,155
56,686,155
240,000
240,000
15,760,000
15,760,000
$
82,126,150
$
82,096,150
4.
Related Party Transactions
Table of Contents
Six Months Ended
Year Ended December 31,
June 30,
2002
2001
2000
2003
2002
(unaudited)
$
1,059,867
$
1,463,900
$
1,308,966
$
535,730
$
545,082
122,734
257,593
55,234
32,113
77,616
299,766
338,476
213,287
215,994
144,000
191,266
366,082
306,771
127,800
127,476
Six Months Ended
Year Ended December 31,
June 30,
2002
2001
2000
2003
2002
(unaudited)
$
276,528
$
259,299
$
854,593
$
148,473
$
148,953
286,381
252,630
743,450
180,128
149,090
96,016
82,841
314,756
54,711
51,598
5.
Commitments
Franchise Fees
Restricted Cash
Management Fees
Capital Lease
Table of Contents
December 31,
June 30,
2002
2003
(unaudited)
$
200,845
$
100,423
183,366
183,366
165,886
165,886
153,483
153,483
29,065
38,755
732,645
641,913
111,294
112,994
621,351
528,919
146,256
153,323
$
475,095
$
375,596
6.
Owners Equity
Nomura Settlement
Special Limited Partner
Table of Contents
Allocation of Net Income and
Losses
Distributions
7.
Segment Information
2002
2001
2000
Total
Total
Total
Revenues
Net Income
Assets
Revenues
Net Income
Assets
Revenues
Net Income
Assets
5,188,580
(332,753
)
12,176,924
5,562,098
(629,045
)
12,664,256
6,854,620
578,397
12,881,146
5,070,499
(531,472
)
11,364,990
5,500,490
(575,226
)
12,155,600
6,414,085
527,987
13,385,130
6,066,674
151,521
12,522,697
5,976,899
(295,997
)
12,863,714
7,131,751
845,355
13,990,452
8,498,924
(85,578
)
21,693,805
7,988,836
(439,970
)
23,230,333
8,265,792
(1,086,430
)
24,044,404
5,465,609
(979,432
)
12,833,108
5,244,998
(1,417,053
)
13,190,046
636,976
(152,587
)
12,745,101
5,067,495
(1,315,204
)
24,824,922
5,942,325
450,798
25,897,356
35,357,781
(3,092,918
)
95,416,446
36,215,646
(2,906,493
)
100,001,305
29,303,224
712,722
77,046,233
8.
Subsequent Events
Table of Contents
COL. A
COL. B
COL. C
COL. D
Cost Capitalized
Subsequent to Acquisition
Initial Cost to Company
Carrying
Buildings and
Building
Costs at
Improvements,
Improvements,
Close of
Description
Encumbrances
Land
etc.
etc.
Period
12,400,000
1,200,000
11,530,843
302,590
8,862,710
12,560,000
1,871,445
10,960,080
381,706
7,872,272
14,040,000
1,298,023
11,774,941
388,392
9,393,532
16,000,000
3,299,935
20,055,302
310,835
16,261,948
9,274,995
2,095,200
10,019,994
739,756
9,628,589
17,851,155
5,744,752
17,013,635
2,149,710
17,718,395
82,126,150
15,509,355
81,354,795
4,272,989
69,737,446
COL. A
COL. E
COL. F
COL. G
COL. H
COL. I
Gross Amount at Which
Carried at Close of Period
Life on Which
Depreciation in
Buildings
Latest Income
and
Accumulated
Date of
Date
Statements Is
Description
Land
Improvements
Total
Depreciation
Construction
Acquired
Computed
39 yrs
(1)
, 15 yrs
(2)
,
1,200,000
11,833,433
13,033,433
2,970,723
Aug-98
5 yrs
(3)
, 3 yrs
(4)
39 yrs
(1)
, 15 yrs
(2)
,
1,871,445
11,341,786
13,213,230
3,469,514
Dec-98
5 yrs
(3)
, 3 yrs
(4)
39 yrs
(1)
, 15 yrs
(2)
,
1,298,023
12,163,333
13,461,356
2,769,801
Dec-98
5 yrs
(3)
, 3 yrs
(4)
39 yrs
(1)
, 15 yrs
(2)
,
3,299,935
20,366,136
23,666,072
4,104,189
May-99
5 yrs
(3)
, 3 yrs
(4)
39 yrs
(1)
, 15 yrs
(2)
,
2,095,200
10,759,750
12,854,950
1,131,160
Nov-00
5 yrs
(3)
, 3 yrs
(4)
39 yrs
(1)
, 15 yrs
(2)
,
5,744,752
19,163,345
24,908,097
1,444,950
Jan-01
5 yrs
(3)
, 3 yrs
(4)
15,509,355
85,627,783
101,137,138
(5)
15,890,337
(1) | Estimated useful life for buildings |
(2) | Estimated useful life for building improvements |
(3) | Estimated useful life for furniture and fixtures |
(4) | Estimated useful life for computer hardware and software |
(5) | Represents aggregate cost for federal income tax purposes |
F-18
SCHEDULE III REAL ESTATE
AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
Year Ended December 31,
2002
2001
2000
$
100,057,314
$
75,158,028
$
62,379,647
1,079,824
24,899,286
12,778,381
$
101,137,138
$
100,057,314
$
75,158,028
$
11,183,236
$
6,865,786
$
3,668,901
4,707,101
4,317,450
3,196,885
$
15,890,337
$
11,183,236
$
6,865,786
F-19
No dealer, salesperson or other individual has been authorized to give any information or to make any representation other than those contained in this prospectus and, if given or made, such information or representations must not be relied upon as having been authorized by us or the underwriters. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy an securities in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or solicitation is not authorized or in which the person making such offer or solicitation is not qualified to do so, or to any person to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation. Neither the delivery of this prospectus nor any sale made hereunder shall, under any circumstances, create any implication that there has been no change in our affairs or that information contained herein is correct as of any time subsequent to the date hereof.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page | ||||
|
||||
Prospectus Summary
|
1 | |||
Risk Factors
|
16 | |||
A Warning About Forward-Looking Statements
|
35 | |||
Use of Proceeds
|
36 | |||
Capitalization
|
37 | |||
Distribution Policy
|
38 | |||
Dilution
|
39 | |||
Our Company
|
40 | |||
Business and Properties
|
52 | |||
Selected Financial Information
|
73 | |||
Unaudited Pro Forma Combined Financial Information
|
75 | |||
Managements Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Conditions and Results of Operations
|
82 | |||
Management
|
91 | |||
Policies and Objectives With Respect to Certain
Activities
|
103 | |||
Certain Relationships and Transactions
|
106 | |||
Principal Stockholders
|
115 | |||
Description of Capital Stock
|
115 | |||
Material Provisions of Maryland Law and of Our
Charter and Bylaws
|
120 | |||
Shares Available for Future Sale
|
124 | |||
Partnership Agreement
|
125 | |||
Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status as
a REIT
|
129 | |||
Underwriting
|
149 | |||
Experts
|
152 | |||
Reports to Stockholders
|
152 | |||
Legal Matters
|
152 | |||
Where You Can Find More Information
|
152 | |||
Index to Financial Statements
|
F-1 |
Until , 2003, 25 days after the date of this prospectus, all dealers that buy, sell or trade our common stock, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This requirement is in addition to the dealers obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.
35,000,000 Shares
Common Stock
PROSPECTUS
Friedman Billings Ramsey
Legg Mason Wood Walker
Credit Lyonnais Securities
, 2003
PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN
PROSPECTUS
The following table itemizes the expenses
incurred by us in connection with the issuance and registration
of the securities being registered hereunder. All amounts shown
are estimates except the Securities and Exchange Commission
registration fee.
We will pay all of the costs identified above.
None
Upon our formation, Mr. Montgomery Bennett
was issued 100 shares of our common stock for total
consideration of $1,000 in cash in order to provide our initial
capitalization. We will repurchase these shares at cost upon
completion of this offering. Simultaneously with the completion
of this offering, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett
will acquire directly from us in a privately negotiated
transaction 500,000 shares of our common stock. The
issuance of all such shares were effected in reliance upon an
exemption from registration provided by Section 4(2) under
the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
In connection with the formation transactions,
5,657,916 units of limited partnership in our operating
partnership, which are convertible on a one-for-one basis into
our shares of common stock, will be issued to certain persons,
including certain of our directors and officers, in exchange for
interests in the property entities and certain other assets to
us in consideration of the transfer of such interests and other
assets. All of such persons irrevocably committed to the
transfer of such interest and assets prior to the filing of this
Registration Statement, and are accredited investors
as defined under Regulation D of the Securities Act. The
issuance of such units will be effected in reliance upon an
exemption from registration provided by Section 4(2) under
the Securities Act.
In addition, upon consummation of the offering,
931,500 restricted shares of common stock with an aggregate
value of $9.3 million will be issued to our executive
officers, pursuant to the terms of their respective employment
agreements and to other employees at the discretion of our
board. See Management Employment
Agreements. The issuance of such shares will be effected
in reliance upon an exemption from registration under
Section 4(2) of the Securities Act. The actual number of
shares of
II-1
Our charter and the partnership agreement provide
for indemnification of our officers and directors against
liabilities to the fullest extent permitted by the MGCL, as
amended from time to time.
The MGCL requires a corporation (unless its
charter provides otherwise, which our companys charter
does not) to indemnify a director or officer who has been
successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the defense of any
proceeding to which he or she is made a party by reason of his
or her service in that capacity. The MGCL permits a corporation
to indemnify its present and former directors and officers,
among others, against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements
and reasonable expenses actually incurred by them in connection
with any proceeding to which they may be made a party by reason
of their service in those or other capacities unless it is
established that:
However, under the MGCL, a Maryland corporation
may not indemnify for an adverse judgment in a suit by or in the
right of the corporation or for a judgment of liability on the
basis that personal benefit was improperly received, unless in
either case a court orders indemnification and then only for
expenses. In addition, the MGCL permits a corporation to advance
reasonable expenses to a director or officer upon the
corporations receipt of:
The MGCL permits a Maryland corporation to
include in its charter a provision limiting the liability of its
directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders
for money damages except for liability resulting from actual
receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or
services or active and deliberate dishonesty established by a
final judgment as being material to the cause of action. Our
charter contains such a provision which eliminates such
liability to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law.
II-2
Our bylaws obligate us, to the fullest extent
permitted by Maryland law in effect from time to time, to
indemnify and, without requiring a preliminary determination of
the ultimate entitlement to indemnification, pay or reimburse
reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a
proceeding to:
Our charter and bylaws also permit us to
indemnify and advance expenses to any person who served a
predecessor of ours in any of the capacities described above and
to any employee or agent of our company or a predecessor of our
company.
The partnership agreement of our operating
partnership provides that we, as general partner, and our
officers and directors are indemnified to the fullest extent
permitted by law. See Description of the Partnership
Agreement Indemnification and Limitation of
Liability.
Insofar as the foregoing provisions permit
indemnification of directors, officers or persons controlling us
for liability arising under the Securities Act, we have been
informed that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange
Commission, this indemnification is against public policy as
expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
None
(a)
Financial Statements.
See Index
to Pro Forma Condensed and Combined Financial Statements
(b)
Exhibits.
The following exhibits
are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this
registration statement on Form S-11:
II-3
II-4
The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that:
The undersigned registrant hereby further
undertakes to:
The undersigned registrant hereby further
undertakes to provide to the underwriter at the closing
specified in the underwriting agreements certificates in such
denominations and registered in such names as required by the
underwriter to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.
II-5
Item 31.
Other Expenses of Issuance and
Distribution.
$
32,563
150,000
150,000
920,000
775,000
5,000
155,400
200,000
67,500
71,000
223,537
$
2,750,000
*
To be filed by amendment.
Item 32.
Sales to Special Parties
Item 33.
Recent Sales of Unregistered
Securities.
Table of Contents
Item 34.
Indemnification of Directors and
Officers.
an act or omission of the director or officer was
material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and:
was committed in bad faith; or
was the result of active and deliberate
dishonesty;
the director or officer actually received an
improper personal benefit in money, property or services; or
in the case of any criminal proceeding, the
director or officer had reasonable cause to believe that the act
or omission was unlawful.
a written affirmation by the director or officer
of his good faith belief that he has met the standard of conduct
necessary for indemnification by the corporation; and
a written undertaking by the director or on the
directors behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by
the corporation if it is ultimately determined that the director
did not meet the standard of conduct.
Table of Contents
any present or former director or officer who is
made a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service
in that capacity; or
any individual who, while a director or officer
of our company and at our request, serves or has served another
corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint
venture, trust, employee benefit plan or any other enterprise as
a director, officer, partner or trustee of such corporation,
real estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust,
employee benefit plan or other enterprise and who is made a
party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that
capacity.
Item 35.
Treatment of Proceeds from Stock Being
Registered.
Item 36.
Financial Statements and
Exhibits.
Exhibit
Number
Description of Exhibit
*1
.1
Form of Underwriting Agreement among Ashford
Hospitality Trust, Inc. and Friedman Billings Ramsey
**3
.1
Articles of Amendment and Restatement
**3
.2
Amended and Restated Bylaws
*4
.1
Form of Certificate for Common Stock
**5
.1
Opinion of Hogan & Hartson with respect to
the legality of the shares being registered
*8
.1
Opinion of Andrews & Kurth LLP with respect
to tax matters
**10
.1
Form of Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited
Partnership of Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership
**10
.2
Form of Registration Rights Agreement among
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and the persons named therein
**10
.3
Form of 2003 Stock Plan of Ashford Hospitality
Trust, Inc.
**10
.4
Non-Compete Agreement between Ashford Hospitality
Trust, Inc. and Archie Bennett, Jr.
**10
.5
Employment Agreement between Ashford Hospitality
Trust, Inc. and Montgomery J. Bennett
**10
.6
Employment Agreement between Ashford Hospitality
Trust, Inc. and Douglas Kessler
**10
.7
Employment Agreement between Ashford Hospitality
Trust, Inc. and David A. Brooks
Table of Contents
Exhibit
Number
Description of Exhibit
**10
.8
Employment Agreement between Ashford Hospitality
Trust, Inc. and David Kimichik
**10
.9
Employment Agreement between Ashford Hospitality
Trust, Inc. and Mark Nunneley
**10
.10
Form of Management Agreement between Remington
Lodging and Ashford TRS Corporation
**10
.11
Form of Lease Agreement between Ashford
Hospitality Limited Partnership and Ashford TRS Corporation
**10
.12
Omnibus Option Agreement between Ashford
Hospitality Limited Partnership, Remington Suites Austin, L.P.,
Remington Suites Dallas, L.P., Remington Suites Dulles, L.P.,
Remington Suites Las Vegas, L.P., Chicago Illinois Hotel Limited
Partnership and Remington Long Island Hotel, L.P., dated as of
May 15, 2003
**10
.13
Option Agreement between Ashford Hospitality
Limited Partnership and Ashford Financial Corporation, dated as
of May 15, 2003
**10
.14
Asset Management and Consulting Agreement by and
between Remington Hospitality, Inc. and Ashford Financial
Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003
**10
.15
Asset Management and Consulting Agreement by and
between Remington Indianapolis Employers Corporation and Ashford
Financial Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003
**10
.16
Asset Management and Consulting Agreement by and
between Remington Milford Hotel Employers Corporation and
Ashford Financial Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003
**10
.17
Asset Management and Consulting Agreement by and
between Remington Suites Hotel Corporation and Ashford Financial
Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003
**10
.18
Asset Management and Consulting Agreement by and
between Remington Employers Corporation and Ashford Financial
Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003
**10
.19
Asset Management and Consulting Agreement by and
between Remington Employers Management Corporation and Ashford
Financial Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003
**10
.20
Asset Management and Consulting Agreement by and
between Remington Orlando Management Corporation and Ashford
Financial Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003
**10
.21
Asset Management and Consulting Agreement by and
between Remington Ventura Employers Corporation and Ashford
Financial Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003
**10
.22
Form of Mutual Exclusivity Agreement by and
between Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, Ashford
Hospitality Trust, Inc., Remington Hotel Corporation and
Remington Lodging and Hospitality, L.P.
**10
.23
Subscription Agreement between Ashford
Hospitality Trust, Inc. and Montgomery J. Bennett
**10
.24
Subscription Agreement between Ashford
Hospitality Trust, Inc. and Archie Bennett
**10
.25
Form of Tax Indemnification Agreement between
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and the persons named therein
**10
.26
Form of Guaranty by Ashford Financial Corporation
in favor of Ashford Hospitality Trust Limited Partnership
**21
.1
List of Subsidiaries
**23
.1
Consent of Hogan & Hartson (included in
Exhibit 5.1)
*23
.2
Consent of Andrew & Kurth LLP (included in
Exhibit 8.1)
*23
.3
Consent of Ernst & Young LLP
**24
.1
Power of Attorney (included on the Signature Page)
**99
.1
Consent of Martin Edelman to be named as a
proposed director
**99
.2
Consent of W.D. Minami to be named as a proposed
director
**99
.3
Consent of Michael Murphy to be named as a
proposed director
**99
.4
Consent of Charles P. Toppino to be named as a
proposed director
**99
.5
Consent of Philip S. Payne to be named as a
proposed director
Table of Contents
*
Filed herewith
**
Previously filed
Item 37.
Undertakings.
(1) for purposes of determining any
liability under the Securities Act of 1933, the information
omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this
registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and
contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant
pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4), or 497(h) under the
Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration
statement as of the time it was declared effective.
(2) for purposes of determining any
liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each post-effective
amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to
be a new registration statement relating to the securities
offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that
time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering
thereof.
(1) file a sticker supplement pursuant to
Rule 424(c) under the Securities Act of 1933 during the
distribution period describing each property not identified in
the prospectus at such time as there arises a reasonable
probability that such property will be acquired and to
consolidate all such stickers into a post-effective amendment
filed at least once every three months, with the information
contained in such amendment provided simultaneously to the
existing stockholders. Each sticker supplement should disclose
all compensation and fees received by the manager and its
affiliates in connection with any such acquisition. The
post-effective amendment shall include audited financial
statements meeting the requirements of Rule 3-14 of
Regulation S-X only for properties acquired during the
distribution period.
(2) file, after the end of the distribution
period, a current report on Form 8-K containing the
financial statements and any additional information required by
Rule 3-14 of Regulation S-X, to reflect each
commitment (
i.e.
, the signing of a binding purchase
agreement) made after the end of the distribution period
involving the use of 10% or more (on a cumulative basis) of the
net proceeds of the offering and to provide the information
contained in such report to the stockholders at least once each
quarter after the distribution period of the offering has ended.
Table of Contents
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that the registrant meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-11 and has duly caused this Amendment No. 3 to Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Dallas, State of Texas, on this 19th day of August, 2003.
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. | |
/s/ DAVID KIMICHIK | |
|
|
David Kimichik | |
Chief Financial Officer |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature | Title | Date | ||||
|
|
|
||||
*
Archie Bennett, Jr. |
Chairman of the Board of Directors | August 19, 2003 | ||||
*
Montgomery J. Bennett |
Chief Executive Officer, President and Director (Principal Executive Officer) | August 19, 2003 | ||||
/s/ DAVID KIMICHIK
David Kimichik |
Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) | August 19, 2003 | ||||
*
Mark Nunneley |
Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) | August 19, 2003 | ||||
* |
/s/ DAVID KIMICHIK
David Kimichik Attorney-In-Fact |
II-6
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit | ||||
Number | Description of Exhibit | |||
|
|
|||
*1.1 | Form of Underwriting Agreement among Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and Friedman Billings Ramsey | |||
**3.1 | Articles of Amendment and Restatement | |||
**3.2 | Amended and Restated Bylaws | |||
*4.1 | Form of Certificate for Common Stock | |||
**5.1 | Opinion of Hogan & Hartson with respect to the legality of the shares being registered | |||
*8.1 | Opinion of Andrews & Kurth LLP with respect to tax matters | |||
**10.1 | Form of Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership | |||
**10.2 | Form of Registration Rights Agreement among Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and the persons named therein | |||
**10.3 | Form of 2003 Stock Plan of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. | |||
**10.4 | Non-Compete Agreement between Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and Archie Bennett, Jr. | |||
**10.5 | Employment Agreement between Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and Montgomery J. Bennett | |||
**10.6 | Employment Agreement between Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and Douglas Kessler | |||
**10.7 | Employment Agreement between Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and David A. Brooks | |||
**10.8 | Employment Agreement between Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and David Kimichik | |||
**10.9 | Employment Agreement between Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and Mark Nunneley | |||
**10.10 | Form of Management Agreement between Remington Lodging and Ashford TRS Corporation | |||
**10.11 | Form of Lease Agreement between Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership and Ashford TRS Corporation | |||
**10.12 | Omnibus Option Agreement between Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, Remington Suites Austin, L.P., Remington Suites Dallas, L.P., Remington Suites Dulles, L.P., Remington Suites Las Vegas, L.P., Chicago Illinois Hotel Limited Partnership and Remington Long Island Hotel, L.P., dated as of May 15, 2003 | |||
**10.13 | Option Agreement between Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership and Ashford Financial Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003 | |||
**10.14 | Asset Management and Consulting Agreement by and between Remington Hospitality, Inc. and Ashford Financial Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003 | |||
**10.15 | Asset Management and Consulting Agreement by and between Remington Indianapolis Employers Corporation and Ashford Financial Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003 | |||
**10.16 | Asset Management and Consulting Agreement by and between Remington Milford Hotel Employers Corporation and Ashford Financial Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003 | |||
**10.17 | Asset Management and Consulting Agreement by and between Remington Suites Hotel Corporation and Ashford Financial Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003 | |||
**10.18 | Asset Management and Consulting Agreement by and between Remington Employers Corporation and Ashford Financial Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003 | |||
**10.19 | Asset Management and Consulting Agreement by and between Remington Employers Management Corporation and Ashford Financial Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003 | |||
**10.20 | Asset Management and Consulting Agreement by and between Remington Orlando Management Corporation and Ashford Financial Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003 | |||
**10.21 | Asset Management and Consulting Agreement by and between Remington Ventura Employers Corporation and Ashford Financial Corporation, dated as of May 15, 2003 | |||
**10.22 | Form of Mutual Exclusivity Agreement by and between Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., Remington Hotel Corporation and Remington Lodging and Hospitality, L.P. | |||
**10.23 | Subscription Agreement between Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and Montgomery J. Bennett |
Exhibit | ||||
Number | Description of Exhibit | |||
|
|
|||
**10.24 | Subscription Agreement between Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and Archie Bennett | |||
**10.25 | Form of Tax Indemnification Agreement between Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and the persons named therein | |||
**10.26 | Form of Guaranty by Ashford Financial Corporation in favor of Ashford Hospitality Trust Limited Partnership | |||
**21.1 | List of Subsidiaries | |||
**23.1 | Consent of Hogan & Hartson (included in Exhibit 5.1) | |||
*23.2 | Consent of Andrew & Kurth LLP (included in Exhibit 8.1) | |||
*23.3 | Consent of Ernst & Young LLP | |||
**24.1 | Power of Attorney (included on the Signature Page) | |||
**99.1 | Consent of Martin Edelman to be named as a proposed director | |||
**99.2 | Consent of W.D. Minami to be named as a proposed director | |||
**99.3 | Consent of Michael Murphy to be named as a proposed director | |||
**99.4 | Consent of Charles P. Toppino to be named as a proposed director | |||
**99.5 | Consent of Philip S. Payne to be named as a proposed director |
* | Filed herewith |
** | Previously filed |
EXHIBIT 1.1
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC.
SHARES OF COMMON STOCK
UNDERWRITING AGREEMENT
August __, 2003
FRIEDMAN, BILLINGS, RAMSEY & CO., INC.
LEGG MASON WOOD WALKER, INCORPORATED
CREDIT LYONNAIS SECURITIES (USA) INC.
as Representatives of the several Underwriters
c/o Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc.
1001 19th Street North
Arlington, Virginia 22209
Dear Sirs:
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the "Company")
and Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership (the
"Operating Partnership"), each confirms its agreement with each of the
Underwriters listed on Schedule II hereto (collectively, the "Underwriters"),
for whom Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc., Legg Mason Wood Walker,
Incorporated and Credit Lyonnais Securities (USA) Inc. are acting as
Representatives (in such capacity, the "Representatives"), with respect to (i)
the sale by the Company of [35,000,000] shares (the "Initial Shares") of common
stock, par value $.01 per share, of the Company ("Common Stock"), and the
purchase by the Underwriters, acting severally and not jointly, of the
respective number of shares of Common Stock set forth opposite the names of the
Underwriters in Schedule I hereto, and (ii) the grant of the option described in
Section 1(b) hereof to purchase all or any part of [5,250,000] additional shares
of Common Stock to cover over-allotments (the "Option Shares"), if any, from the
Company to the Underwriters, acting severally and not jointly, in the respective
numbers of shares of Common Stock set forth opposite the names of the
Underwriters in Schedule I hereto. The [35,000,000] Initial Shares and all or
any part of the [5,250,000] Option Shares are hereinafter called, collectively,
the "Shares."
At or before the Closing Time (as defined herein) for the purchase and sale of the Initial Shares, the Company and the Operating Partnership will complete a series of transactions described in the Preliminary Prospectus (as defined herein) and the Prospectus (as defined herein) under the captions "Summary - Formation Transactions" and "Certain Relationships and Transactions - Contribution of Initial Properties" (such transactions, the "Formation Transactions"). As part of the Formation Transactions, (i) six partnerships (the "Contributing Partnerships") will each contribute or sell one property and related assets to the Operating Partnership in exchange for units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership ("Units"), shares of Common Stock or cash or a combination of the foregoing, (ii) Ashford Financial Corporation ("AFC") will contribute eight asset management and consulting agreements (the "Asset Management Agreements") to the Operating Partnership in exchange for Units, (iii) the Company, in
exchange for Units, will contribute to the Operating Partnership the net
proceeds from the sale of the Initial Shares to the several Underwriters, (iv)
the Operating Partnership will assume certain liabilities relating to the six
properties and obligations arising after such Closing Time under the eight asset
management and consulting agreements and satisfy certain assumed obligations for
borrowed money, and (v) Archie Bennett, Jr. ("A. Bennett") and Montgomery J.
Bennett ("M. Bennett") will each acquire 250,000 shares of Common Stock from the
Company. In addition, to the extent any or all of the Option Shares are
purchased by the several Underwriters, the Company, at the Closing Time for such
purchase will contribute to the Operating Partnership the net proceeds from the
sale of such Option Shares. As used in this Agreement, the term "Formation
Agreements" means (i) the omnibus option agreement, described in the Prospectus,
among the Operating Partnership and the Contributing Partnerships dated May 15,
2003 (the "Omnibus Option Agreement"); (ii) the option agreement, described in
the Prospectus, dated May 15, 2003, between the Operating Partnership and AFC
(the "AFC Option Agreement"); (iii) each of the Asset Management Agreements,
(iv) the mutual exclusivity agreement, described in the Prospectus, among the
Company, the Operating Partnership, Remington Hotel Corporation and Remington
Lodging and Hospitality, L.P. ("Remington Lodging"), which is consented and
agreed to by A. Bennett and M. Bennett, as affiliates, (v) the lease agreements,
described in the Prospectus, between the Operating Partnership and Ashford TRS
Corporation ("Ashford TRS") with respect to the properties to be contributed
pursuant to the Formation Transactions, (vi) the subscription agreement dated
May 15, 2003, between the Company and A. Bennett, (vii) the subscription
agreement dated May 15, 2003, between M. Bennett and the Company, (viii) the
guaranty, described in the Prospectus, by AFC in favor of the Company with
respect to the Asset Management Agreements, and (ix) registration rights
agreement, described in the Prospectus, among the Company, the Operating
Partnership, the Contributing Partnerships, Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co.,
Inc., A. Bennett and M. Bennett (the "Registration Rights Agreement").
The Company understands that the Underwriters propose to make a public offering of the Shares as soon as the Underwriters deem advisable after this Agreement has been executed and delivered.
The Company has filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the Commission"), a registration statement on Form S-11 (No. 333-105277) and a related preliminary prospectus for the registration of the Shares under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and the rules and regulations thereunder (the "Securities Act Regulations"). The Company has prepared and filed such amendments thereto, if any, and such amended preliminary prospectuses, if any, as may have been required to the date hereof, and agrees to file such additional amendments thereto and such amended prospectuses as may hereafter be required. The registration statement, as amended at the time it became effective (including all information deemed to be a part of the registration statement at the time it becomes effective pursuant to Rule 430A of the Securities Act Regulations), is hereinafter called the "Registration Statement," except that, if the Company files a post-effective amendment to such registration statement that becomes effective prior to the Closing Time, "Registration Statement" shall refer to such registration statement as so amended. Any registration statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) of the Securities Act Regulations is hereinafter called the "Rule 462(b)
Registration Statement," and after such filing the term "Registration Statement" shall include the 462(b) Registration Statement. The term "Preliminary Prospectus" means the preliminary prospectus, dated July 31, 2003, relating to the Shares, as such prospectus shall have been amended or supplemented from time to time prior to the date of the Prospectus. The term "'Prospectus" means the final prospectus, as first filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act Regulations, and any amendments thereof or supplements thereto.
The Company, the Operating Partnership and the Underwriters agree as follows:
1. Sale and Purchase:
(a) Initial Shares. Upon the basis of the warranties and representations and other terms and conditions herein set forth, at the purchase price per share of [$________], the Company agrees to sell to the Underwriters the Initial Shares, and each Underwriter agrees, severally and not jointly, to purchase from the Company the number of Initial Shares set forth in Schedule I opposite such Underwriter's name, plus any additional number of Initial Shares that such Underwriter may become obligated to purchase pursuant to the provisions of Section 8 hereof, subject in each case, to such adjustments among the Underwriters as the Representatives in their sole discretion shall make to eliminate any sales or purchases of fractional shares.
(b) Option Shares. In addition, upon the basis of the warranties and representations and other terms and conditions herein set forth, at the purchase price per share set forth in paragraph (a), the Company hereby grants an option to the Underwriters, acting severally and not jointly, to purchase from the Company, all or any part of the Option Shares, plus any additional number of Option Shares that such Underwriter may become obligated to purchase pursuant to the provisions of Section 8 hereof. The option hereby granted will expire 30 days after the date hereof and may be exercised in whole or in part from time to time only for the purpose of covering over-allotments which may be made in connection with the offering and distribution of the Initial Shares upon notice by the Representatives to the Company setting forth the number of Option Shares as to which the several Underwriters are then exercising the option and the time and date of payment and delivery for such Option Shares. Any such time and date of delivery (a "Date of Delivery") shall be determined by the Representatives, but shall not be later than five full business days after the exercise of such option, nor in any event prior to the Closing Time, as hereinafter defined. If the option is exercised as to all or any portion of the Option Shares, the Company will sell that number of Option Shares then being purchased, and each of the Underwriters, acting severally and not jointly, will purchase that proportion of the total number of Option Shares then being purchased which the number of Initial Shares set forth in Schedule I opposite the name of such Underwriter bears to the total number of Initial Shares, subject in each case to such adjustments among the Underwriters as the Representatives in their sole discretion shall make to eliminate any sales or purchases of fractional shares.
2. Payment and Delivery
(a) Initial Shares. The Shares to be purchased by each Underwriter hereunder, in definitive form, and in such authorized denominations and registered in such names as
the Representatives may request upon at least 48 hours' prior notice to the Company shall be delivered by or on behalf of the Company to the Representatives, including, at the option of the Representatives, through the facilities of The Depository Trust Company ("DTC") for the account of such Underwriter, against payment by or on behalf of such Underwriter of the purchase price therefor by wire transfer of Federal (same-day) funds to the account specified in writing to the Representatives by the Company upon at least 48 hours' prior notice. The Company will cause the certificates representing the Initial Shares to be made available for checking and packaging at least 24 hours prior to the Closing Time (as defined below) with respect thereto at the office of Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., 1001 19th Street North, Arlington, Virginia 22209, or at the office of DTC or its designated custodian, as the case may be (the "Designated Office"). The time and date of such delivery and payment shall be 9:30 a.m., New York City time, on the third (fourth, if pricing occurs after 4:30 p.m., New York City time) business day after the date hereof (unless another time and date shall be agreed to by the Representatives and the Company). The time at which such payment and delivery are actually made is hereinafter sometimes called the "Closing Time" and the date of delivery of both Initial Shares and Option Shares is hereinafter sometimes called the "Date of Delivery."
(b) Option Shares. Any Option Shares to be purchased by each Underwriter hereunder, in definitive form, and in such authorized denominations and registered in such names as the Representatives may request upon at least 48 hours' prior notice to the Company shall be delivered by or on behalf of the Company to the Representatives, including, at the option of the Representatives, through the facilities of DTC for the account of such Underwriter, against payment by or on behalf of such Underwriter of the purchase price therefor by wire transfer of Federal (same-day) funds to the account specified in writing to the Representatives by the Company upon at least 48 hours' prior notice. The Company will cause the certificates representing the Option Shares to be made available for checking and packaging at least 24 hours prior to the Date of Delivery with respect thereto at the Designated Office. The time and date of such delivery and payment shall be 9:30 a.m., New York City time, on the date specified by the Representatives in the notice given by the Representatives to the Company of the Underwriters' election to purchase such Option Shares or on such other time and date as the Company and the Representatives may agree upon in writing.
(c) Directed Shares. It is understood that approximately [__________] shares of the Initial Shares ("Directed Shares") initially will be reserved by the Underwriters for offer and sale to employees and persons having business relationships with the Company ("Directed Share Participants") upon the terms and conditions set forth in the Prospectus and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. (the "Directed Share Program"). Under no circumstances will the Representatives or any Underwriter be liable to the Company or to any Directed Share Participant for any action taken or omitted to be taken in good faith in connection with such Directed Share Program. To the extent that any Directed Shares are not affirmatively reconfirmed for purchase by any Directed Share Participant on or immediately after the date of this Agreement, such Directed Shares may be offered to the public as part of the public offering contemplated herein.
3. Representations and Warranties of the Company and the Operating Partnership: The Company and the Operating Partnership, jointly and severally, represent and warrant to the Underwriters that:
(a) the Company has an authorized capitalization, and will have immediately after the Closing Time for the purchase and sale of the Initial Shares, an actual capitalization, as set forth in the Prospectus; the outstanding shares of capital stock or, as applicable partnership or membership interests, of the Company and each subsidiary of the Company, including the Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries (each, a "Subsidiary"), have been duly and validly authorized and issued and are fully paid and, with respect to shares of capital stock, membership interests and limited partnership interests, non-assessable (except to the to the extent such non-assessability may be affected by Section 17-607 of the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act or Section 18-607 of the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act), and all of the outstanding shares of capital stock or partnership or membership interests of the Subsidiaries are directly or indirectly owned of record and beneficially by the Company, free and clear of any pledge, lien, encumbrance, security interest or other claim, and, except as disclosed in the Prospectus, there are no outstanding (i) securities or obligations of the Company or any of the Subsidiaries convertible into or exchangeable or redeemable for any capital stock or other equity interests of the Company or any such Subsidiary, (ii) warrants, rights or options to subscribe for or purchase from the Company or any such Subsidiary any such capital stock or other equity interests or any such convertible or exchangeable securities or obligations, or (iii) obligations of the Company or any such Subsidiary to issue any shares of capital stock or other equity interests, any such convertible or exchangeable or redeemable securities or obligation, or any such warrants, rights or options;
(b) each of the Company and the Subsidiaries (all of which Subsidiaries are named in Exhibit 21 to the Registration Statement) has been duly incorporated or organized and is validly existing as a corporation, limited partnership or limited liability company, as applicable, in good standing under the laws of its respective jurisdiction of incorporation or organization with full corporate or other power and authority to own its respective properties and to conduct its respective businesses as described in the Registration Statement and Prospectus and, in the case of each of the Company, the Operating Partnership and Ashford TRS, to execute and deliver this Agreement and the Formation Agreements to which it is a party and to consummate the transactions contemplated herein and therein;
(c) each of the Company and the Subsidiaries is duly qualified or licensed and is in good standing in each jurisdiction in which the nature or conduct of its business requires such qualification or license and in which the failure, individually or in the aggregate, to be so qualified or licensed could reasonably be expected have a material adverse effect on the assets, business, operations, earnings, properties or condition (financial or otherwise) of the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole (a "Material Adverse Effect"); except as disclosed in the Prospectus, no Subsidiary is prohibited or restricted, directly or indirectly, from paying dividends to the Company, or from making any other distribution with respect to such Subsidiary's capital stock or other equity interests or from repaying to the Company or any other Subsidiary any
amounts that may from time to time become due under any loans or advances to such Subsidiary from the Company or such other Subsidiary, or from transferring any such Subsidiary's property or assets to the Company or to any other Subsidiary; other than as disclosed in the Prospectus, the Company does not own, directly or indirectly, any capital stock or other equity securities of any other corporation or any ownership interest in any partnership, joint venture or other association;
(d) the Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Operating Partnership (the "Partnership Agreement") has been duly and validly authorized, executed and delivered by or on behalf of the partners of the Operating Partnership and constitutes a valid and binding agreement of the parties thereto, enforceable in accordance with its terms, except as enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally or by general principles of equity;
(e) upon completion of the offering of the Shares (i) Ashford OP Limited Partner, LLC (the "Limited Partner") will be a holder of Units representing an ownership interest in the Operating Partnership in the amount described in the Prospectus, (ii) Ashford OP General Partner, LLC (the "General Partner") will be the holder of the sole general partner interest in the Operating Partnership, and (iii) the Company will own a 100% membership interest in the General Partner and in the Limited Partner, in case free and clear of any pledge, lien, encumbrance, security interest or other claim;
(f) the Company and the Subsidiaries are, and will be upon consummation of the Formation Transactions, in compliance with all applicable federal, state, local or foreign laws, regulations, rules, decrees, judgments and orders, including those relating to transactions with affiliates, except where any failures to be in compliance could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect;
(g) neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in breach of or in default under (nor has any event occurred which with notice, lapse of time, or both would constitute a breach of, or default under) its respective organizational documents, or in the performance or observance of any obligation, agreement, covenant or condition contained in any license, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan or credit agreement or other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any Subsidiary is a party or by which any of them or their respective properties is bound, except for such breaches or defaults that, individually or in the aggregate, could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect;
(h) the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the Formation Agreements, and consummation of the transactions contemplated herein or therein will not (A) conflict with, or result in any breach of, or constitute a default under (nor constitute any event which with notice, lapse of time, or both would constitute a breach of, or default under), (i) any provision of the organizational documents of the Company or any Subsidiary, or (ii) any provision of any license, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan or credit agreement or other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any Subsidiary is a party or by which any of them or their respective assets or properties (including those to be acquired upon consummation of the Formation Transactions) may be bound or affected, or under any federal, state, local or foreign law,
regulation or rule or any decree, judgment or order applicable to the Company or any Subsidiary, except in the case of this clause (ii) for such breaches or defaults that, individually or in the aggregate, could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; or (B) result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge, claim or encumbrance upon any property or asset of the Company or any Subsidiary or any of the properties or assets to be acquired pursuant to the Formation Transactions;
(i) this Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by
the Company and the Operating Partnership and is a legal, valid and binding
agreement of the Company enforceable in accordance with its terms, except as may
be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws
affecting creditors' rights generally, and by general equitable principles, and
except to the extent that the indemnification and contribution provisions of
Section 9 hereof may be limited by federal or state securities laws and public
policy considerations in respect thereof;
(j) no approval, authorization, consent or order of or filing with any
federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory commission, board,
body, authority or agency or any other third party is required in connection
with the Company's or the Operating Partnership's execution, delivery and
performance of this Agreement, their consummation of the transactions
contemplated herein or the Company's sale and delivery of the Shares or in
connection with the execution, delivery and performance of the Formation
Agreements or the consummation of the transactions contemplated therein by any
party thereto, other than (i) such as have been obtained, or will have been
obtained at the Closing Time or the relevant Date of Delivery, as the case may
be, under the Securities Act and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the
"Exchange Act"), (ii) such approvals as have been obtained in connection with
the approval of the listing of the Shares on the New York Stock Exchange, (iii)
any necessary qualification under the securities or blue sky laws of the various
jurisdictions in which the Shares are being offered by the Underwriters, and
(iv) such approvals, authorizations, consents or orders or filings, the absence
of which could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect,
individually or in the aggregate;
(k) each of the Company and the Subsidiaries has, and will have upon consummation of the Formation Transactions, all necessary licenses, authorizations, consents and approvals and has made all necessary filings required under any federal, state, local or foreign law, regulation or rule, and has obtained all necessary authorizations, consents and approvals from other persons, required in order to conduct their respective businesses as described in the Prospectus, except to the extent that any failure to have any such licenses, authorizations, consents or approvals, to make any such filings or to obtain any such authorizations, consents or approvals could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries is in violation of, in default under, or has received any notice regarding a possible violation, default or revocation of any such license, authorization, consent or approval or any federal, state, local or foreign law, regulation or rule or any decree, judgment or order applicable to the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, the effect of which could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect; and no such license, authorization, consent or approval contains a materially burdensome restriction that is not adequately disclosed in the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus; neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries is required by any applicable law to obtain accreditation or certification from any governmental agency or authority in order to provide the products and services that it currently provides or that it proposes to provide as set forth in the Prospectus except to the extent that any failure to have such accreditation or certification could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect;
(l) each of the Registration Statement and any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement has become effective under the Securities Act and no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement has been issued under the Securities Act and no proceedings for that purpose have been instituted or are pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, are threatened by the Commission, and, to the knowledge of the Company, the Company has complied to the Commission's satisfaction with any request on the part of the Commission for additional information;
(m) the Preliminary Prospectus and the Registration Statement comply, and the Prospectus and any further amendments or supplements thereto will, when they have become effective or are filed with the Commission, as the case may be, comply, in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Securities Act Regulations; the Registration Statement did not, and any amendment thereto will not, in each case as of the applicable effective date, contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; and the Preliminary Prospectus does not, and the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto will not, as of the applicable filing date and at the Closing Time and on each Date of Delivery (if any), contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; provided, however, that the Company makes no warranty or representation with respect to any statement contained in the Registration Statement, the Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus, in reliance upon and in conformity with the information concerning the Underwriters and furnished in writing by or on behalf of the Underwriters through the Representatives to the Company expressly for use in the Registration Statement, the Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus (that information being limited to that described in the penultimate sentence of the first paragraph of Section 9(b) hereof);
(n) the Preliminary Prospectus was and the Prospectus delivered to the Underwriters for use in connection with this offering will be identical to the respective version of the Preliminary Prospectus or Prospectus created to be transmitted to the Commission under the Securities Act for filing via the Electronic Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval System ("EDGAR"), except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T;
(o) there are no actions, suits, proceedings, inquiries or investigations pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened against the Company or any Subsidiary or any of their respective officers and directors or to which the properties, assets or rights
of any such entity (including any to be acquired upon consummation of the Formation Transactions) are subject, at law or in equity, before or by any federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory commission, board, body, authority, arbitral panel or agency, where in any such case (A) there is a reasonable possibility that such action, suit or proceeding will be determined adversely to the Company or such Subsidiary and (B) if so determined adversely, could reasonably be expected to result in a judgment, decree, award or order having a Material Adverse Effect;
(p) the financial statements, including the related supporting schedules and notes, included in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus present fairly the consolidated financial position of the entities to which such financial statements relate (the "Covered Entities") as of the dates indicated and the consolidated results of operations and changes in financial position and cash flows of the Covered Entities for the periods specified; such financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles as applied in the United States and on a consistent basis during the periods involved (except as may be expressly stated in the related notes thereto) and in accordance with Regulation S-X promulgated by the Commission; the financial data in the Prospectus under the captions "Summary - Summary Selected Financial Information," and "Selected Financial Information" fairly present the information shown therein and have been compiled on a basis consistent with the financial statements included in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus; no other financial statements or supporting schedules are required to be included in the Registration Statement; the unaudited pro forma financial information (including the related notes) included in the Prospectus complies as to form in all material respects with the applicable accounting requirements of the Securities Act and the Securities Act Regulations, and management of the Company believes that the assumptions underlying the pro forma adjustments are reasonable; such pro forma adjustments have been properly applied to the historical amounts in the compilation of the information and such information fairly presents with respect to the Company and the Subsidiaries, the financial position, results of operations and other information purported to be shown therein at the respective dates and for the respective periods specified; no other pro forma financial information is required to be included in the Registration Statement;
(q) Ernst & Young LLP, whose reports on the consolidated financial statements of the Contributing Partnerships are filed with the Commission as part of the Registration Statement and Prospectus or are incorporated by reference therein and any other accounting firm that has certified financial statements of the Contributing Partnerships and delivered its reports with respect thereto, are, and were during the periods covered by their reports, independent public accountants as required by the Securities Act and the Securities Act Regulations;
(r) subsequent to the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, and except as may be otherwise stated in the Registration Statement or Prospectus (including the description of the Formation Transactions contained therein), there has not been (i) any change, or any development or event that reasonably could be expected to result in a change, that has or reasonably could be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, whether or not arising in the ordinary course of business, (ii) any transaction that is material to the Company and the
Subsidiaries taken as a whole entered into or agreed to be entered into by the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, (iii) any obligation, contingent or otherwise, directly or indirectly incurred by the Company or any Subsidiary that is material to the Company and Subsidiaries taken as a whole or (iv) any dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made by the Company on any class of its capital stock or by the Operating Partnership on any of its partnership interests;
(s) the Shares and the Units to be issued in the Formation Transactions conform in all material respects to the description thereof contained in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus;
(t) there are no persons with registration or other similar rights to have any equity or debt securities, including securities that are convertible into or exchangeable or redeemable for equity securities, registered pursuant to the Registration Statement or otherwise registered by the Company or the Operating Partnership under the Securities Act except for those registration or similar rights that have been waived with respect to the offering contemplated by this Agreement, all of which registration or similar rights are fairly summarized in the Prospectus;
(u) the Shares have been duly authorized and, when issued and duly delivered against payment therefor as contemplated by this Agreement, will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable, free and clear of any pledge, lien, encumbrance, security interest or other claim, and the issuance and sale of the Shares by the Company is not subject to preemptive or other similar rights arising by operation of law, under the organizational documents of the Company or under any agreement to which the Company or any Subsidiary is a party or otherwise;
(v) the Common Stock and the Units to be issued in the Formation
Transactions have been duly authorized and, when issued and duly delivered
against payment therefor as contemplated by the Omnibus Option Agreement or the
AFC Option Agreement (to the extent applicable), will be validly issued, fully
paid and, except to the to the extent such non-assessability may be affected by
Section 17-607 of the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act,
non-assessable, free and clear of any pledge, lien, encumbrance, security
interest or other claim, and the issuance and sale of such Common Stock by the
Company and such Units by the Operating Partnership is not subject to preemptive
or other similar rights arising by operation of law, under the organizational
documents of the Company or the Operating Partnership or under any agreement to
which the Company or any Subsidiary is a party or otherwise;
(w) the Shares have been registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act and approved for listing on the New York Stock Exchange, subject to official notice of issuance;
(x) the Company has not taken, and will not take, directly or indirectly, any action that is designed to or that has constituted or that might reasonably be expected to cause or result in stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Shares;
(y) neither the Company nor any of its affiliates (i) is required to register as a "broker" or "dealer" in accordance with the provisions of the Exchange Act, or the rules and regulations thereunder (the "Exchange Act Regulations"), or (ii) directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or has any other association with (within the meaning of Article I of the By-laws of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. (the "NASD")) any member firm of the NASD;
(z) the Company has not relied upon the Representatives or legal counsel for the Representatives for any legal, tax or accounting advice in connection with the offering and sale of the Shares;
(aa) any certificate signed by any officer of the Company or any Subsidiary delivered to the Representatives or to counsel for the Underwriters pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement shall be deemed a representation and warranty by the Company to each Underwriter as to the matters covered thereby;
(bb) the form of certificate used to evidence the Common Stock complies in all material respects with all applicable statutory requirements, with any applicable requirements of the organizational documents of the Company and the requirements of the New York Stock Exchange;
(cc) upon consummation of the Formation Transactions, the Company and the Subsidiaries will have good and indefeasible title in fee simple to, or a valid leasehold interest in, all real property described in the Prospectus, and good title to all personal property owned (or to be owned upon consummation of the Formation Transactions) by them, in each case free and clear of all liens, security interests, pledges, charges, encumbrances, encroachments, restrictions, mortgages and defects, except such as are disclosed in the Prospectus or such as do not materially and adversely affect the value of such property and do not interfere with the use made or proposed to be made of such property by the Company and the Subsidiaries; any real property improvements, equipment and personal property held under lease (or to be held under lease upon the consummation of the Formation Transactions) by the Company or any Subsidiary will be held under valid, existing and enforceable leases, with such exceptions as are disclosed in the Prospectus or are not material and do not interfere with the use made or proposed to be made of such property improvements, equipment and personal property by the Company or such Subsidiary; the Company or a Subsidiary will have obtained an owner's or leasehold title insurance policy, from a title insurance company licensed to issue such policy, on any real property owned in fee or leased (or to be so owned or leased upon the consummation of the Formation Transactions), as the case may be, by the Company or any Subsidiary, that insures the Company's or the Subsidiary's fee or leasehold interest, as the case may be, in such real property, which policies include only commercially reasonable exceptions, and with coverages in amounts at least equal to amounts that are generally deemed in the Company's industry to be commercially reasonable in the markets where the Company's properties are located, or a lender's title insurance policy insuring the lien of its mortgage securing the real property with coverage equal to the maximum aggregate principal amount of any indebtedness held by the Company or a Subsidiary and secured by the real property;
(cc) all real property owned or leased by the Company or a Subsidiary (or to be owned or leased upon consummation of the Formation Transactions) is free of material structural defects and all building systems contained therein are in good working order in all material respects, subject to ordinary wear and tear or, in each instance, the Company has created an adequate reserve to effect reasonably required repairs, maintenance and capital expenditures; to the knowledge of the Company and the Operating Partnership, water, storm water, sanitary sewer, electricity and telephone service are all available at the property lines of such property over duly dedicated streets or perpetual easements of record benefiting such property; except as described in the Prospectus, to the knowledge of the Company and the Operating Partnership, there is no pending or threatened special assessment, tax reduction proceeding or other action that, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to increase or decrease the real property taxes or assessments of any of such property, that, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect;
(dd) the mortgages and deeds of trust encumbering, or upon consummation of the Formation Transactions to be encumbering, any real property owned in fee or leased by the Company or a Subsidiary (or to be owned or leased upon consummation of the Formation Transactions) (i) are not convertible (in the absence of foreclosure) into an equity interest in the Real Property or in the Company, the Operating Partnership or any Subsidiary, and none of the Company, the Operating Partnership or the Subsidiaries hold a participating interest therein, (ii) except as set forth in the Prospectus, are not and will not be cross-defaulted to any indebtedness other than indebtedness of the Company or any of the Subsidiaries and (iii) are not and will not be cross-collateralized to any property not owned by the Company, the Operating Partnership or any of the Subsidiaries;
(ee) the descriptions in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus of the legal or governmental proceedings, contracts, leases and other legal documents therein described present fairly the information required to be shown, and there are no legal or governmental proceedings, contracts, leases, or other documents of a character required to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement that are not described or filed as required; all agreements between the Company or any of the Subsidiaries and third parties expressly referenced in the Prospectus are legal, valid and binding obligations of the Company or one or more of the Subsidiaries, enforceable in accordance with their respective terms, except to the extent enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally and by general equitable principles and, to the knowledge of the Company and the Operating Partnership, no party is in breach or default under any such agreements;
(ff) the Company and each Subsidiary owns or possesses, and upon completion of the Formation Transactions will own or possess, adequate licenses or other rights to use all patents, trademarks, service marks, trade names, copyrights, software and design licenses, trade secrets, manufacturing processes, other intangible property rights and know-how (collectively "Intangibles") necessary to entitle the Company and each Subsidiary to conduct its business as described in the Prospectus, and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received notice of infringement of or conflict with (and
the Company knows of no such infringement of or conflict with) asserted rights of others with respect to any Intangibles that, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect;
(gg) the Company and each of the Subsidiaries maintain a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management's general or specific authorizations; (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles as applied in the United States and to maintain asset accountability; (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management's general or specific authorization; and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences;
(hh) each of the Company, the Operating Partnership and the Subsidiaries has filed on a timely basis (including in accordance with any applicable extensions) all necessary federal, state, local and foreign income and franchise tax returns required to be filed through the date hereof or have properly requested extensions thereof, and have paid all taxes shown as due thereon, and if due and payable, any related or similar assessment, fine or penalty levied against the Company, the Operating Partnership or any of the Subsidiaries; no tax deficiency has been asserted against any such entity, and the Company and the Subsidiaries do not know of any tax deficiency that is likely to be asserted against any such entity that, individually or in the aggregate, if determined adversely to any such entity, could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; all tax liabilities are adequately provided for on the respective books of the Company and the Subsidiaries;
(ii) each of the Company and the Subsidiaries maintains insurance (issued by insurers of recognized financial responsibility) of the types and in the amounts generally deemed adequate for their respective businesses and consistent with insurance coverage maintained by similar companies in similar businesses, including, but not limited to, insurance covering real and personal property owned or leased by the Company and the Subsidiaries against theft, damage, destruction, environmental liabilities, acts of vandalism, terrorism, earthquakes, flood and all other risks customarily insured against, all of which insurance is in full force and effect;
(jj) neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries is in violation, or has received notice of any violation with respect to, any applicable environmental, safety or similar law, regulation or rule applicable to the business of the Company or any of the Subsidiaries; the Company and the Subsidiaries have received, and will have upon completion of the Formation Transactions, all permits, licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable federal and state occupational safety and health and environmental laws, regulations and rules to conduct their respective businesses, and the Company and the Subsidiaries are in compliance with all terms and conditions of any such permit, license or approval, except any such violation of law, regulation or rule, failure to receive required permits, licenses or other approvals or failure to comply with the terms and conditions of such permits, licenses or approvals that, individually or in the aggregate, could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect;
(kk) neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in violation of or has received notice of any violation with respect to any federal or state law, regulation or rule relating to discrimination in the hiring, termination, promotion, employment or pay of employees, nor any applicable federal or state wages and hours law, nor any state law, regulation or rule precluding the denial of credit due to the neighborhood in which a property is situated, the violation of any of which, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect;
(ll) the Company and each of the Subsidiaries are in compliance in all material respects with all presently applicable provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, including the regulations and published interpretations thereunder ("ERISA"); no "reportable event" (as defined in ERISA) has occurred with respect to any "pension plan" (as defined in ERISA) for which the Company or any of the Subsidiaries would have any material liability; the Company and each of the Subsidiaries have not incurred and do not expect to incur material liability under (i) Title IV of ERISA with respect to termination of, or withdrawal from, any "pension plan" or (ii) Section 412 or 4971 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, including the regulations and published interpretations thereunder ("Code"); and each "pension plan" for which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries would have any material liability that is intended to be qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code is so qualified in all material respects and nothing has occurred, whether by action or by failure to act, that would cause the loss of such qualification;
(mm) neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries nor, to the Company's knowledge, any officer or director purporting to act on behalf of the Company or any of the Subsidiaries has at any time (i) made any payment outside the ordinary course of business to any investment officer or loan broker or person charged with similar duties of any entity to which the Company or any of the Subsidiaries sells or from which the Company or any of the Subsidiaries buys loans or servicing arrangements for the purpose of influencing such agent, officer, broker or person to buy loans or servicing arrangements from or sell loans to the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, or (ii) engaged in any transactions, maintained any bank account or used any corporate funds except for transactions, bank accounts and funds which have been and are reflected in the normally maintained books and records of the Company and the Subsidiaries;
(nn) except as otherwise disclosed in the Prospectus, there are no material outstanding loans or advances or material guarantees of indebtedness by the Company or any of the Subsidiaries to or for the benefit of any of the officers or directors of the Company or any of the Subsidiaries or any of the members of the families of any of them;
(oo) neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries nor, to the knowledge of the Company or the Operating Partnership, any employee or agent of the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, has made any payment of funds of the Company or of any Subsidiary or received or retained any funds in violation of any law, rule or regulation or of a character required to be disclosed in the Prospectus;
(pp) all securities issued by the Company, any of the Subsidiaries or any trusts established by the Company or any Subsidiary, have been issued and sold in compliance
with (i) all applicable federal and state securities laws and the laws of the applicable jurisdiction of incorporation of the issuing entity, except as, individually or in the aggregate, could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, and (ii) to the extent applicable to the issuing entity, the requirements of the New York Stock Exchange; and the issuance and sale of the Common Stock and Units to be issued in the Formation Transactions will be exempt from registration or qualification under the Securities Act and state securities laws;
(qq) except as otherwise disclosed in the Prospectus, (i) none of the Operating Partnership, the Company, the Subsidiaries, the Contributing Partnerships or, to the knowledge of the Operating Partnership and the Company, any other owners of the property at any time or any other party has at any time, handled, stored, treated, transported, manufactured, spilled, leaked, or discharged, dumped, transferred or otherwise disposed of or dealt with, Hazardous Materials (as hereinafter defined) on, in, under, to or from any real property leased, owned or controlled or to be leased, owned or controlled upon consummation of the Formation Transactions, including any real property underlying any loan held or to be held by the Company or the Subsidiaries (collectively, the "Real Property"), except in connection with the ordinary use of residential, retail or commercial properties owned by the Operating Partnership and other than by any such action taken in compliance with all applicable Environmental Statutes (hereinafter defined); (ii) the Operating Partnership and the Company do not intend to use the Real Property or any subsequently acquired properties for the purpose of using, handling, storing, treating, transporting, manufacturing, spilling, leaking, discharging, dumping, transferring or otherwise disposing of or dealing with Hazardous Materials except in connection with the ordinary use of residential, retail or commercial properties owned by the Operating Partnership, and other than by any such action taken in compliance with all applicable Environmental Statues; (iii) none of the Operating Partnership, the Company, the Contributing Partnerships or the Subsidiaries knows of any seepage, leak, discharge, release, emission, spill, or dumping of Hazardous Materials into waters on or adjacent to the Real Property or any other real property owned or occupied by any such party, or onto lands from which Hazardous Materials might seep, flow or drain into such waters; (iv) none of the Operating Partnership, the Company, the Contributing Partnerships or the Subsidiaries has received any notice of, or has any knowledge of any occurrence or circumstance that, with notice or passage of time or both, would give rise to a claim under or pursuant to any federal, state or local environmental statute, regulation or rule under common law, pertaining to Hazardous Materials on or originating from any of the Real Property or any assets described in the Prospectus or any other real property owned or occupied by any such party or arising out of the conduct of any such party, including without limitation a claim under or pursuant to any Environmental Statute; (v) the Real Property is not included or, to the Company's and the Operating Partnership's knowledge, proposed for inclusion on the National Priorities List issued pursuant to CERCLA (as hereinafter defined) by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (the "EPA") or, to the Operating Partnership's and the Company's knowledge, proposed for inclusion on any similar list or inventory issued pursuant to any other Environmental Statute or issued by any other Governmental Authority (as hereinafter defined); (vi) in the operation of the Company's and the Operating Partnership's businesses, the Company acquires, before acquisition of any real property, an environmental assessment of the real property and, to the extent they become
aware of any condition that could reasonably be expected to result in liability associated with the presence or release of a Hazardous Material, or any violation or potential violation of any Environmental Statute, the Company and the Operating Partnership take all commercially reasonable action necessary or advisable (including any capital improvements) for clean-up, closure or other compliance with such Environmental Statute;
as used herein, "Hazardous Material" includes, without limitation any flammable explosives, radioactive materials, hazardous materials, hazardous wastes, toxic substances, or related materials, asbestos or any hazardous material as defined by any federal, state or local environmental law, regulation or rule, including, without limitation, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, as amended, 42 U.S.C. Sections 9601-9675 ("CERCLA"), the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, as amended, 49 U.S.C. Sections 1801-1819, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. Sections 6901-6992K, the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, 42 U.S.C. Sections 11001-11050, the Toxic Substances Control Act, 15 U.S.C. Sections 2601-2671, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, 7 U.S.C. Sections 136-136y, the Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. Sections 7401-7642, the Clean Water Act (Federal Water Pollution Control Act), 33 U.S.C. Sections 1251-1387, the Safe Drinking Water Act, 42 U.S.C. Sections 300f-300j-26, and the Occupational Safety and Health Act, 29 U.S.C. Sections 651-678, as any of the above statutes may be amended from time to time, and in the regulations promulgated pursuant to each of the foregoing (individually, an "Environmental Statute" and collectively the "Environmental Statutes") or by any federal, state or local governmental authority having or claiming jurisdiction over the properties and assets described in the Prospectus (a "Governmental Authority");
(rr) there are no costs or liabilities associated with the Real Property pursuant to any Environmental Statute (including, without limitation, any capital or operating expenditures required for clean-up, closure of properties or compliance with any Environmental Statute or any permit, license or approval, any related constraints on operating activities and any potential liabilities to third parties) that, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect;
(ss) none of the entities that prepared Phase I or other environmental assessments with respect to the Real Property was employed for such purpose on a contingent basis or has any substantial interest in the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, and none of their directors, officers or employees is connected with the Company or any of the Subsidiaries as a promoter, selling agent, trustee, officer, director or employee;
(tt) (i) none of the Operating Partnership, the Company, any Subsidiary or the Contributing Partnership knows of any violation of any municipal, state or federal law, rule or regulation (including those pertaining to environmental matters) concerning the Real Property or any part thereof that, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; (ii) the Real Property complies with all applicable zoning laws, ordinances, regulations and deed restrictions or other covenants in all material respects and, if and to the extent there is a failure to comply, such failure
does not materially impair the value of any of the Real Property and will not result in a forfeiture or reversion of title; (iii) none of the Company, the Operating Partnership, the other Subsidiaries or the Contributing Partnerships has received from any governmental authority any written notice of any condemnation of or zoning change affecting the Real Property or any part thereof, and none of the Company, the Operating Partnership, the other Subsidiaries or the Contributing Partnerships knows of any such condemnation or zoning change that is threatened and that, individually or in the aggregate, if consummated could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; (iv) all liens, charges, encumbrances, claims, or restrictions on or affecting the properties and assets (including the Real Property and any other assets to be acquired upon the Formation Transactions) of the Company, the Operating Partnership or any of the Subsidiaries that are required to be described in the Prospectus are disclosed therein; (v) no lessee of any portion of any of the Real Property is in default under any leases and there is no event that, but for the passage of time or the giving of notice or both would constitute a default under any of such leases, except such defaults that, individually or in the aggregate, could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; and (vi) no tenant under any lease pursuant to which the Real Property is leased has an option or right of first refusal to purchase the premises leased thereunder or the building of which such premises are a part, except as such options or rights of first refusal that, individually or in the aggregate, if exercised, could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect;
(uu) in connection with this offering, the Company has not offered and will not offer its Common Stock or any other securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable or redeemable for Common Stock in a manner in violation of the Securities Act; the Company has not distributed and will not distribute any Prospectus or other offering material, other than the Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus, in connection with the offer and sale of the Shares;
(vv) the Company has not incurred any liability for any finder's fees or similar payments in connection with the transactions herein contemplated;
(ww) no relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company or any of the Subsidiaries on the one hand, and the directors, officers, stockholders, customers or suppliers of the Company or any of the Subsidiaries on the other hand, that is required by the Securities Act and the Securities Act Regulations to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and that is not so described;
(xx) neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries is and, after giving effect to the offering and sale of the Shares, will be an "investment company" or an entity "controlled" by an "investment company", as such terms are defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "Investment Company Act");
(yy) there are no existing or, to the knowledge of the Company or the Operating Partnership, threatened labor disputes with the employees of the Company or any of the Subsidiaries that could reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect;
(zz) the execution and delivery and performance of the Formation Agreements and each of the documents, agreements and instruments executed and delivered in connection therewith, and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the foregoing, has been duly authorized by all necessary corporate or other action by the Company, the Subsidiaries, the Contributing Partnerships and AFC, including, but not limited to, any vote of the stockholders or other holders of equity interests that may be required by applicable organizational document, state law or the requirements of the New York Stock Exchange; the Formation Agreements are in full force and effect on the date hereof and are the legal, valid and binding agreements of the parties thereto enforceable in accordance with their respective terms, except as may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally and by general equitable principles, and neither the Company nor any of the other parties thereto is in breach or default of its obligations thereunder (nor has any event occurred that with notice, lapse of time, or both would constitute a breach of, or default thereunder); the Formation Agreements are sufficient to effect the valid transfer to the Operating Partnership of all real property and other assets described in the Prospectus or specified in the Formation Agreements, upon payment of the consideration therefor;
(aaa) no consent, approval, authorization or order of, or qualification with, any governmental body or agency, other than those obtained, is required in connection with the offering of the Directed Shares in any jurisdiction where the Directed Shares are being offered; the Company has not offered, or caused the Representatives to offer, Shares to any person pursuant to the Directed Share Program with the specific intent to unlawfully influence (i) a customer, borrower, tenant or supplier of the Company to alter the customer's or supplier's level or type of business with the Company or (ii) a trade journalist or publication to write or publish favorable information about the Company or its business;
(bbb) the statistical and market related data included in the Prospectus and the Registration Statement are based on or derived from sources that the Company believes to be reliable and accurate;
(ccc) commencing with the taxable year ending December 31, 2003, the Company will be organized and operated in conformity with the requirements for qualification as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") under the Code, and the current and proposed method of operation of the Company and the Subsidiaries as described in the Prospectus will enable the Company to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code, and the Operating Partnership is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes and not as a corporation or association taxable as a corporation; the Company intends to continue to qualify as a REIT under the Code for all subsequent years, and the Company does not know of any event that could reasonably be expected to cause the Company to fail to qualify as a REIT under the Code at any time; Remington Lodging is an "eligible independent contractor" within the meaning of the Code; and
(ddd) the conduct of business by the Company and the Subsidiaries as presently and proposed to be conducted is not subject to continuing oversight, supervision, regulation or examination by any governmental official or body of the United States or any other jurisdiction wherein the Company or the Subsidiaries conducts or proposes to
conduct such business, except as described in the Prospectus and except such regulation as is applicable to commercial enterprises generally.
4. Certain Covenants:
The Company and the Operating Partnership hereby, jointly and severally, agree with each Underwriter:
(a) to furnish such information as may be required and otherwise to cooperate in qualifying the Shares for offering and sale under the securities or blue sky laws of such jurisdictions (both domestic and foreign) as the Representatives may designate and to maintain such qualifications in effect as long as requested by the Representatives for the distribution of the Shares; provided that neither the Company nor the Operating Partnership shall be required to qualify as a foreign corporation or to take any action that would subject it to general service of process in any such jurisdiction where it is not presently qualified or where it would be subject to taxation as a foreign corporation or partnership;
(b) if, at the time this Agreement is executed and delivered, it is necessary for a post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement to be declared effective before the offering of the Shares may commence, the Company will endeavor to cause such post-effective amendment to become effective as soon as possible and will advise the Representatives promptly and, if requested by the Representatives, will confirm such advice in writing, when such post-effective amendment has become effective;
(c) to prepare the Prospectus in a form reasonably approved by the
Underwriters and file such Prospectus with the Commission pursuant to Rule
424(b) under the Securities Act not later than 10:00 a.m. (New York City time),
on the second day following the execution and delivery of this Agreement or on
such other day as the parties may mutually agree and to furnish promptly (and
with respect to the initial delivery of such Prospectus, not later than 10:00
a.m. (New York City time)) on the second day following the execution and
delivery of this Agreement, or on such other day as the parties may mutually
agree, to the Underwriters copies of the Prospectus (or of the Prospectus as
amended or supplemented if the Company shall have made any amendments or
supplements thereto after the effective date of the Registration Statement) in
such quantities and at such locations as the Underwriters may reasonably request
for the purposes contemplated by the Securities Act Regulations, which
Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto furnished to the
Underwriters will be identical to the version created to be transmitted to the
Commission for filing via EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation
S-T;
(d) to advise the Representatives promptly and, if requested by the Representatives, to confirm such advice in writing, when the Registration Statement has become effective and when any post-effective amendment thereto becomes effective under the Securities Act Regulations;
(e) to advise the Representatives immediately, and, if requested by the Representatives, confirming such advice in writing, of (i) the receipt of any comments from, or any request by, the Commission for amendments or supplements to the
Registration Statement or Prospectus or for additional information with respect thereto, or (ii) the issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or of any order preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus, or of the suspension of the qualification of the Shares for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, or of the initiation or threatening of any proceedings for any of such purposes and, if the Commission or any other government agency or authority should issue any such order, to make every reasonable effort to obtain the lifting or removal of such order as soon as possible; and to advise the Representatives promptly of any proposal to amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus and to file no such amendment or supplement to which the Representatives shall reasonably object in writing;
(f) to furnish to the Underwriters for a period of five years from the date of this Agreement (i) as soon as available, copies of all annual, quarterly and current reports or other communications supplied to holders of shares of Common Stock not publicly available, (ii) as soon as practicable after the filing thereof, copies of all reports filed by the Company with the Commission, the NASD or any securities exchange not publicly available and (iii) such other information not publicly available as the Underwriters may reasonably request regarding the Company, the Operating Partnership and the Subsidiaries;
(g) to advise the Underwriters promptly of the happening of any event known to the Company or the Operating Partnership within the time during which a Prospectus relating to the Shares is required to be delivered under the Securities Act or the Securities Act Regulations that, in the judgment of the Company or in the reasonable opinion of the Representatives or counsel for the Underwriters, would require the making of any change in the Prospectus then being used so that the Prospectus would not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, or if it is necessary at any time to amend or supplement the Prospectus to comply with the Securities Act and the Securities Act Regulations and, during such time, to promptly prepare and furnish to the Underwriters copies of the proposed amendment or supplement before filing any such amendment or supplement with the Commission and thereafter promptly furnish at the Company's own expense to the Underwriters and to dealers, copies in such quantities and at such locations as the Representatives may from time to time reasonably request of an appropriate amendment to the Registration Statement or supplement to the Prospectus so that the Prospectus as so amended or supplemented will not, in the light of the circumstances when it is so delivered, be misleading, or so that the Prospectus will comply with the Securities Act and the Securities Act Regulations;
(h) to file promptly with the Commission any amendment to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any supplement to the Prospectus that may, in the judgment of the Company or the Representatives, be required by the Securities Act or requested by the Commission;
(i) prior to filing with the Commission any amendment to the Registration Statement or supplement to the Prospectus or any Prospectus pursuant to Rule 424 under the Securities Act, to furnish for review a copy thereof to the Representatives and counsel
for the Underwriters and not to file any such proposed amendment or supplement to which the Representatives reasonably object;
(j) to furnish promptly to the Representatives a signed copy of the Registration Statement, as initially filed with the Commission, and of all amendments or supplements thereto (including all exhibits filed therewith or incorporated by reference therein) and such number of conformed copies of the foregoing as the Representatives may reasonably request;
(k) to furnish to the Representatives, not less than one business day before filing with the Commission subsequent to the effective date of the Prospectus and during the period in which a Prospectus relating to the Shares is required to be delivered under the Securities Act or the Securities Act Regulations, a copy of any document proposed to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14, or 15(d) of the Exchange Act and during such period to file all such documents in the manner and within the time periods required by the Exchange Act and the Exchange Act Regulations;
(l) to apply the net proceeds of the sale of the Shares in accordance with its statements under the caption "Use of Proceeds" in the Prospectus;
(m) to make generally available to its security holders and to deliver to the Representatives as soon as practicable, but in any event not later than 45 days after the end of the fiscal quarter first occurring after the first anniversary of the effective date of the Registration Statement (or later than 90 days, if such fiscal quarter is the last fiscal quarter of the Company's fiscal year) an earnings statement satisfying the provisions of Section 11(a) of the Securities Act (in such form, at the option of the Company, as complies with Rule 158 under the Securities Act Regulations) covering a period of 12 months beginning after the effective date of the Registration Statement;
(n) to use its best efforts to maintain the listing of the Shares on the New York Stock Exchange and to file with the New York Stock Exchange all documents and notices required by the New York Stock Exchange of companies that have securities that are traded on the New York Stock Exchange;
(o) to engage and maintain, at its expense, a registrar and transfer agent for the Shares;
(p) to refrain during a period of 180 days from the date of the Prospectus, without the prior written consent of the Representatives, from, directly or indirectly, (i) offering, pledging, selling, contracting to sell, selling any option or contract to purchase, purchasing any option or contract to sell, granting any option for the sale of, or otherwise disposing of or transferring (or entering into any transaction or device which is designed to, or could be expected to, result in the disposition by any person at any time in the future of), any share of Common Stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock (including Units), or filing any registration statement under the Securities Act with respect to any of the foregoing, or (ii) entering into any swap or any other agreement or any transaction that transfers, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, the economic consequence of ownership of Common Stock, whether any such swap or transaction described in clause (i) or (ii) above is to be settled by delivery of
Common Stock or such other securities, in cash or otherwise; provided, however, that the foregoing shall not apply to (A) grants of stock options or restricted stock to employees, consultants or directors pursuant to an employee benefit plan in existence on the date hereof and described in the Prospectus, provided that the grantees thereof agree not to sell, offer, dispose of or otherwise transfer any such stock options (or the shares underlying such options) or Common Stock during such 180-day period without the prior written consent of the Representatives, or (B) issuances of Common Stock or Units or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock as consideration for the Company's acquisition of real property or loans with respect to real property;
(q) not to, and to use its best efforts to cause its officers, directors and affiliates not to, (i) take, directly or indirectly, prior to termination of the underwriting syndicate contemplated by this Agreement, any action designed to stabilize or manipulate the price of any security of the Company, or which may cause or result in, or which might in the future reasonably be expected to cause or result in, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company, to facilitate the sale or resale of any of the Shares, (ii) sell, bid for, purchase or pay anyone any compensation for soliciting purchases of the Shares or (iii) pay or agree to pay to any person any compensation for soliciting any order to purchase any other securities of the Company;
(r) to cause A. Bennett and M. Bennett and each executive officer and director of the Company to furnish to the Representatives, prior to the first Date of Delivery, a letter or letters, substantially in the form of Exhibit B hereto;
(s) that the Company shall (i) obtain or maintain, as appropriate,
Directors and Officers liability insurance in the minimum amount of [$_______]
which shall apply to the offering contemplated herein and (ii) cause the
Representatives to be added to such policy such that up to [$________] of its
expenses pursuant to Section 9(a) shall be paid directly by such insurer and
(iii) shall cause the Representatives to be added as additional insureds to such
policy in respect of the offering contemplated herein;
(t) that the Company will comply with all of the provisions of any undertakings in the Registration Statement and will file with the Commission such reports as may be required pursuant to Rule 463 of the Securities Act Regulations;
(u) that the Company will use its best efforts to meet the requirements to qualify as a REIT under the Code for each of the taxable years in the period ending December 31, 2008;
(v) that the Company will not invest, or otherwise use the proceeds received by the Company from its sale of the Shares in such a manner as would require the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act; and
(w) that, in connection with the Directed Share Program, the Company will ensure that the Directed Shares will be restricted from sale, transfer, assignment, pledge or hypothecation (i) to the extent required by the NASD or the NASD rules and (ii) for a minimum period of 180 days following the date of the effectiveness of the Registration Statement; and that the Company will direct the transfer agent to place stop transfer
restrictions upon such securities for such period of time; and that, should the Company release, or seek to release, from such restrictions any of the Directed Shares, the Company agrees to reimburse the Underwriters for any reasonable expenses (including, without limitation, legal expenses) they incur in connection with such release.
5. Payment of Expenses:
(a) The Company agrees to pay all costs and expenses incident to the performance of its obligations under this Agreement, whether or not the transactions contemplated hereunder are consummated or this Agreement is terminated, including expenses, fees and taxes in connection with: (i) the preparation and filing of the Registration Statement, the Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus, and any amendments or supplements thereto, and the printing and furnishing of copies of each thereof to the Underwriters and to dealers (including costs of mailing and shipment); (ii) the preparation, issuance and delivery of the certificates for the Shares to the Underwriters, including any stock or other transfer taxes or duties payable upon the sale of the Shares to the Underwriters; (iii) the printing of this Agreement and any dealer agreements and furnishing of copies of each to the Underwriters and to dealers (including costs of mailing and shipment); (iv) the qualification of the Shares for offering and sale under state laws that the Company and the Representatives have mutually agreed are appropriate and the determination of their eligibility for investment under state law as aforesaid (including reasonable legal fees and other disbursements of counsel for the Underwriters, not to exceed $5,000 related thereto), and the printing and furnishing of copies of any blue sky surveys or legal investment surveys to the Underwriters and to dealers; (v) filing for review of the public offering of the Shares by the NASD (including reasonable legal fees and filing fees and other disbursements of counsel for the Underwriters, not to exceed $5,000, relating thereto); (vi) the fees and expenses of any transfer agent or registrar for the Shares and miscellaneous expenses referred to in the Registration Statement; (vii) the fees and expenses incurred in connection with the inclusion of the Shares in the New York Stock Exchange; (viii) all costs and expenses incident to the travel and accommodation of employees of the Company; (ix) preparing and distributing bound volumes of transaction documents for the Representatives and their legal counsel; and (x) the performance of the Company's and the Operating Partnership's other obligations hereunder. Upon the request of the Representatives, the Company will provide funds in advance for filing fees.
(b) The Company agrees to reimburse the Representatives for their expenses, up to a maximum amount of $200,000 (or, in the event that this Agreement is terminated, the lesser of (i) $100,000 and (ii) 25% of the actual amount of such expenses) in connection with the performance of its activities under this Agreement, including, but not limited to, costs such as printing, facsimile, courier service, direct computer expenses, accommodations and travel, including the fees and expenses of the Underwriters' outside legal counsel and any other advisors, accountants, appraisers, etc. (other than the fees and expenses of counsel with respect to state securities or blue sky laws and obtaining the filing for review of the public offering of the Shares by the NASD, all of which shall be reimbursed by the Company pursuant to the provisions of subsection (a) above).
6. Conditions of the Underwriters' Obligations:
The obligations of the Underwriters hereunder to purchase Shares at the Closing Time or on each Date of Delivery, as applicable, are subject to the accuracy of the representations and warranties on the part of the Company and the Operating Partnership hereunder on the date hereof and at the Closing Time and on each Date of Delivery, as applicable, the performance by the Company and the Operating Partnership of their respective obligations hereunder and the satisfaction of the following further conditions at the Closing Time or on each Date of Delivery, as applicable:
(a) The Company shall furnish to the Underwriters at the Closing Time and on each Date of Delivery an opinion of Andrews & Kurth L.L.P., counsel for the Company and the Subsidiaries, addressed to the Underwriters and dated the Closing Time and each Date of Delivery and in form and substance satisfactory to Alston & Bird LLP, counsel for the Underwriters, stating that:
(i) the outstanding shares of capital stock, partnership interests, membership interests or other equity interests, as applicable, of the Subsidiaries have been duly and validly authorized and issued and are fully paid and, with respect to shares of capital stock, limited partnership interests and membership interests, non-assessable (except to the to the extent such non-assessability may be affected by Section 17-607 of the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act or Section 18-607 of the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act), and all of the outstanding shares of capital stock, partnership interests, membership interests or other equity interests, as applicable, of the Subsidiaries are directly or indirectly owned of record and beneficially by the Company, free and clear of any perfected security interest, except as disclosed in the Prospectus; except as disclosed in the Prospectus, and to such counsel's knowledge, there are no outstanding (a) securities or obligations of the Company or any of the Subsidiaries convertible into or exchangeable for any capital stock, partnership interests, membership interests or other equity interests, as applicable, of the Company or any such Subsidiary, (b) warrants, rights or options to subscribe for or purchase from the Company or any such Subsidiary any such capital stock, partnership interests, membership interests or other equity interests, as applicable, or any such convertible or exchangeable securities or obligations, or (c) obligations of the Company or any such Subsidiary to issue any shares of capital stock, partnership interests, membership interests or other equity interests, as applicable, or any such convertible or exchangeable securities or obligation, or any such warrants, rights or options;
(ii) each of the Subsidiaries (all of which are named in an exhibit to the Registration Statement) has been duly incorporated or formed and is validly existing as a corporation, limited partnership or limited liability company, as the case may be, in good standing under the laws of its respective jurisdiction of incorporation or formation with full corporate, limited partnership or limited liability company power and authority to own its respective properties and to conduct its respective businesses as described in the Prospectus and, as applicable, to execute and deliver this Agreement and the Formation Agreements
and to consummate the transactions described in this Agreement and the Formation Agreements;
(iii) the Company and each of the Subsidiaries are duly qualified and are in good standing in each jurisdiction set forth opposite their respective names on a schedule to counsel's opinion letter; except as disclosed in the Prospectus, no Subsidiary is prohibited or restricted, directly or indirectly, from paying dividends to the Company, or from making any other distribution with respect to such Subsidiary's capital stock, partnership interests, membership interests or other equity interests, as applicable, or from repaying to the Company or any other Subsidiary any amounts which may from time to time become due under any loans or advances to such Subsidiary from the Company or such other Subsidiary, or from transferring any such Subsidiary's property or assets to the Company or to any other Subsidiary; other than the Subsidiaries or as disclosed in the Prospectus and to such counsel's knowledge, the Company does not own, directly or indirectly, any capital stock or other equity securities of any other corporation or any ownership interest in any partnership, joint venture or other association;
(iv) to such counsel's knowledge, neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries is in violation of any term or provision of its organizational documents, is in breach of, or in default under (nor has any event occurred which with notice, lapse of time, or both would constitute a breach of, or default under), any license, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan or credit agreement or any other agreement or instrument identified on a schedule to such counsel's opinion or under any law, regulation or rule or any decree, judgment or order applicable to the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, except such breaches or defaults that would not have a Material Adverse Effect;
(v) the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the Formation Agreements by the Company and the Subsidiaries (to the extent a party thereto) and the consummation by the Company and the Subsidiaries of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the Formation Agreements (to the extent a party thereto) do not and will not conflict with, or result in any breach of, or constitute a default under (nor constitute any event which with notice, lapse of time, or both would constitute a breach of or default under), (i) any provisions of the charter or bylaws or other organizational documents of the Company, the Operating Partnership or any other Subsidiary, (ii) any provision of any license, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan credit or other agreement or instrument identified on a schedule to such counsel's opinion, (iii) any law or regulation binding upon or applicable to the Company, the Operating Partnership or any other Subsidiary or any of their respective properties or assets, or (iv) any decree, judgment or order known to such counsel to be applicable to the Company, the Operating Partnership or any other Subsidiary;
(vi) this Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Operating Partnership; each of the Formation Agreements has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Operating Partnership and the Subsidiaries (to the extent a party thereto); and each of the Formation Agreements is a legal, valid and binding agreement of the Company, the Operating Partnership
and the Subsidiaries (to the extent a party thereto) enforceable in accordance with its terms, except as may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally, and by general principles of equity;
(vii) no approval, authorization, consent or order of or filing with any federal or state governmental or regulatory commission, board, body, authority or agency is required in connection with the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement or the Formation Agreements, the consummation of the transactions contemplated herein or therein, and the sale and delivery of the Shares by the Company as contemplated herein, other than such as have been obtained or made under the Securities Act and the Securities Act Regulations and the Exchange Act and Exchange Act Regulations, and except as (A) may be required under the state securities or blue sky laws of the various jurisdictions in which the Shares are being offered by the Underwriters, or (B) may be required by the NASD;
(viii) the Company is not subject to registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will not cause the Company to become an "investment company" or a company "controlled" by an investment company within the meaning of the Investment Company Act;
(ix) the issuance and sale of the Initial Shares (or the Option Shares, as applicable) by the Company is not subject to preemptive or other similar rights arising under any agreement known to such counsel to which the Company or any of the Subsidiaries is a party;
(x) all of the issued and outstanding Units have been duly authorized and validly issued, and are fully paid in accordance with the Partnership Agreement; none of such Units will have been issued or sold in violation of preemptive or similar rights arising by operation of law, under the Partnership Agreement or under any other agreement known to such counsel to which the Operating Partnership is a party; and the Units and general partner interest to be issued in connection with the Formation Transactions have been duly authorized, and upon payment of any consideration therefor contemplated in the Omnibus Option Agreement and AFC Option Agreement, will be validly issued and fully paid in accordance with the Partnership Agreement, and the issuance and sale of such Units is not subject to preemptive or similar rights arising by operation of law, under the Partnership Agreement or under any other agreement known to such counsel to which the Operating Partnership is a party;
(xi) except as provided for in the Registration Rights Agreement or disclosed in the Prospectus, to such counsel's knowledge, there are no persons with registration or other similar rights to have any equity or debt securities, including securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for equity securities, registered pursuant to the Registration Statement or otherwise registered by the Company under the Securities Act, except for those registration or similar rights
that have been waived with respect to the offering contemplated by this Agreement;
(xii) the Units issued in the Formation Transactions conform in all material respects to the descriptions thereof contained in the Registration Statement and Prospectus;
(xiii) the Shares have been approved for listing on the New York Stock Exchange, subject only to official notice of issuance;
(xiv) the form of certificate used to evidence the Common Stock complies in all material respects with the requirements of the New York Stock Exchange;
(xv) the Registration Statement has been declared effective under the Securities Act and, to such counsel's knowledge, no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement has been issued and, to such counsel's knowledge, no proceedings with respect thereto have been commenced or threatened; any required filing of the Prospectus or any supplement thereto pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act has been made in the manner and the time period required by Rule 424(b);
(xvi) as of the effective date of the Registration Statement, the Registration Statement and, as of its issue date, the Prospectus (except as to the financial statements, notes and related schedules and other related financial and accounting data contained therein, as to which such counsel need express no opinion) complied as to form in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act, and the Securities Act Regulations (including Form S-11);
(xvii) the statements under the captions "Risk Factors--Risks Related to Our Business--Conflicts of interest could result in our management acting other than in our stockholders' best interest," "Risk Factors--Risks Related to Our Business--Tax indemnification obligations that apply in the event that we sell certain properties could limit our operating flexibility," "Risk Factors--Risks Related to Our Business--We rely on Remington Lodging to operate our hotels and for our cash flow," "Risk Factors--Risks Related to the Real Estate Industry--Mortgage debt obligations expose us to increased risk of property losses, which could be harm our financial condition, cash flow and ability to satisfy our other debt obligations and pay dividends," "Risk Factors--Risks Related to the Real Estate Industry--The costs of compliance with or liabilities under environmental laws may harm our operating results," "Risk Factors--Risks Related to the Real Estate Industry--Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act and fire, safety and other regulations may require us to make unintended expenditures that adversely impact our operating results," "Risk Factors--Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT," "Risk Factors--Risk Factors Related to This Offering and Our Corporate Structure--Failure to maintain an exemption from the Investment
Company Act would adversely affect our results of operations," "Our Company--Our Operating Partnership," "Business and Properties--Asset Management and Consulting Agreements," "Business and Properties--Leases," "Business and Properties--Management Agreement," "Business and Properties--Mutual Exclusivity Agreement," "Business and Properties--Environmental Matters," "Management--Employment Agreements," "Management--Non-Compete Agreement," "Management--The Stock Plan," "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions," "Shares Available for Future Sale," "Partnership Agreement," and "Federal Income Tax Consequences of our Status as a REIT" in the Prospectus, insofar as such statements constitute a summary of the legal matters, proceedings or documents referred to therein, constitute accurate summaries thereof in all material respects;
(xviii) to such counsel's knowledge, there are no actions, suits or proceedings, inquiries, or investigations pending or threatened against the Company or any of the Subsidiaries or any of their respective officers and directors or to that the properties, assets or rights of any such entity are subject, at law or in equity, before or by any federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory commission, board, body, authority, arbitral panel or agency that are required to be disclosed in the Prospectus but are not so disclosed;
(xix) to such counsel's knowledge, there are no contracts or documents of a character that are required to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement or required to be described in the Prospectus that have not been so filed or described, and all such descriptions, in all material respects, fairly and accurately set forth the information called for with respect to such contracts and documents;
(xx) the offer and sale of the 500,000 shares of Common Stock sold by the Company to A. Bennett and M. Bennett and of the Common Stock and Units sold in connection with the Formation Transactions were exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act;
(xxi) commencing with its taxable year ending December 31, 2003, the Company will be organized in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code, and its present and proposed method of operation will enable it to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code; and
(xxii) the Operating Partnership is classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes and not as an association taxable as a corporation or a "publicly traded partnership" taxable as a corporation under the Code.
In addition, such counsel shall state that they have participated in conferences with officers and other representatives of the Company, independent public accountants of the Company, and representatives of the Representatives, at which the contents of the Registration Statement and Prospectus were discussed and, although such counsel is not passing upon and does not assume responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or fairness of the statements contained in the Registration Statement or Prospectus (except
as and to the extent expressly specified above, and based on the foregoing (relying as to factual matters in respect of the determination of materiality upon the statements of fact made by officers and other representatives of the Company), no facts have come to such counsel's attention that have led such counsel to believe that the Registration Statement, at the time such Registration Statement became effective, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading or that, as of its date or as of the date of such counsel's opinion, the Prospectus contained an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. Such counsel, however, need not express a belief with respect to the financial statements and notes and related schedules and other related financial and accounting data included in the Registration Statement or in the Prospectus or any further amendment or supplement thereto.
(b) The Company shall furnish to the Underwriters at the Closing Time and on each Date of Delivery an opinion of Hogan & Hartson LLP, special Maryland counsel of the Company, addressed to the Underwriters and dated the Closing Time and each Date of Delivery and in form and substance satisfactory to Alston & Bird LLP, counsel for the Underwriters, stating that:
(i) the Company is a corporation duly incorporated and, as of the date of the certificate delivered at Closing, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of Maryland;
(ii) the Company has the corporate power to own its properties and to conduct its businesses as described in the Prospectus and, as applicable, to execute, deliver and perform this Agreement and the Formation Agreements;
(iii) the authorized capital stock of the Company is as set forth under the caption "Capitalization" in the Prospectus; all outstanding shares of Common Stock (other than the Shares) are duly authorized and, assuming the receipt of consideration therefor as provided in resolutions of the Company's Board of Directors authorizing issuance thereof, are validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable; to the knowledge of such counsel, the Company has not issued any outstanding stock or any outstanding securities convertible into or exchangeable for, or outstanding options, warrants or other rights to purchase or to subscribe for, any shares of stock or other securities of the Company, except as described in the Prospectus;
(iv) the Initial Shares (or Option Shares, as applicable) have been duly authorized and, when issued in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable;
(v) the shares of Common Stock to be issued in the Formation Transactions have been duly authorized and, when issued in accordance with the provisions of the Formation Agreements and the Omnibus Option Agreement and the resolutions of the Company's Board of Directors authorizing issuance thereof, will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable;
(vi) no holder of outstanding shares of Common Stock has any statutory preemptive right under the Maryland General Corporation Law or any similar right under the charter or bylaws of the Company to subscribe for any of the Shares;
(vii) this Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered on behalf of the Company; and each of the Formation Agreements to which the Company is a party has been duly authorized, executed and delivered on behalf of the Company;
(viii) the form of certificate evidencing the Shares complies with the requirements of Section 2-211 of the Maryland General Corporation Law and the Company's charter and bylaws;
(ix) the Common Stock conforms as to legal matters in all material respects to the description thereof set forth in the Prospectus under the caption "Description of Capital Stock--Common Stock"; the statements under the captions "Summary--Conflicts of Interest", "Risk Factors--Risk Factors Related to This Offering and Our Corporate Structure--Our charter does not permit ownership in excess of 9.8% of our capital stock, and attempts to acquire our capital stock in excess of the 9.8% limit without prior approval from our board of directors are void," "Risk Factors--Risk Factors Related to This Offering and Our Corporate Structure--Because provisions contained in Maryland law and our charter may have an anti-takeover effect, investors may be prevented from receiving a 'control premium' for their shares," "Policies and Objectives with Respect to Certain Activities--Conflict of Interest Policy", "Description of Capital Stock" and "Material Provisions of Maryland Law and of our Charter and Bylaws" in the Prospectus and under Item 34 of the Registration Statement, to the extent that such information constitutes matters or summaries of law or summaries of the Company's charter or bylaws or constitutes legal conclusions, has been reviewed by us, and is correct in all material respects;
(x) the execution, delivery and performance on the date hereof by the Company of this Agreement and the Formation Agreements to which it is a party do not (i) violate the Maryland General Corporation Law or the charter or bylaws of the Company, (ii) violate any provision of the Maryland General Corporation Law, or (iii) violate any court or administrative order, judgment, or decree listed on a schedule to be delivered with the opinion that names the Company and is specifically directed to it or any of its property; and
(xi) no approval or consent of, or registration or filing with, any Maryland regulatory agency is required to be obtained or made by the Company under the Maryland General Corporation Law in connection with the execution, delivery and performance on the date hereof by the Company of the Agreement and the Formation Agreements to which it is a party.
(c) The Company shall furnish to the Underwriters at the Closing Time and on each Date of Delivery a letter permitting the underwriters to rely upon the opinions rendered by Andrews & Kurth L.L.P. or the General Counsel of the Company, as the case
may be, in connection with the Formation Transactions, which opinions and reliance letters shall be in form and substance satisfactory to Alston & Bird LLP, counsel for the Underwriters.
(d) The Representatives shall have received from Ernst & Young LLP, letters dated, respectively, as of the date of this Agreement, the Closing Time and each Date of Delivery, as the case may be, addressed to the Representatives, in form and substance satisfactory to the Representatives, relating to the combined financial statements, including pro forma financial statements, of the Company (and its accounting predecessor), and such other matters customarily covered by comfort letters issued in connection with registered public offerings.
(e) The Representatives shall have received at the Closing Time and on each Date of Delivery the favorable opinion of Alston & Bird LLP, dated the Closing Time or such Date of Delivery, addressed to the Representatives and in form and substance satisfactory to the Representatives.
(f) No amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus shall have been filed to which the Underwriters shall have reasonably objected in writing.
(g) Prior to the Closing Time and each Date of Delivery (i) no stop
order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any order
preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus or Prospectus has
been issued, and no proceedings for such purpose shall have been initiated or
threatened, by the Commission, and no suspension of the qualification of the
Shares for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, or the initiation or
threatening of any proceedings for any of such purposes, has occurred; (ii) all
requests for additional information on the part of the Commission shall have
been complied with to the reasonable satisfaction of the Representatives; and
(iii) the Registration Statement and the Prospectus shall not contain an untrue
statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be
stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the
circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.
(h) All filings with the Commission required by Rule 424 and Rule 430A under the Securities Act to have been filed by the Closing Time shall have been made within the applicable time period prescribed for such filing by such Rule.
(i) Between the time of execution of this Agreement and the Closing Time or the relevant Date of Delivery there shall not have been any change, or any development or event that reasonably could reasonably be expected to result in a change, that has or reasonably could be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, whether or not arising in the ordinary course of business, and (ii) no transaction that is material and unfavorable to the Company shall have been entered into by the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, in each case, that in the Representatives' sole judgment, makes it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the public offering of the Shares as contemplated by the Registration Statement.
(j) The Shares shall have been approved for listing on the New York Stock Exchange, subject only to official notice of issuance.
(k) The NASD shall not have raised any objection with respect to the fairness and reasonableness of the underwriting terms and arrangements.
(l) The Representatives shall have received lock-up agreements from each executive officer and director of the Company in the form of EXHIBIT B attached hereto, and such letter agreements shall be in full force and effect.
(m) The Representatives shall have received at or before the applicable Closing Time and on the applicable Date of Delivery, a certificate of the Company's Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer, President, Chief Operating Officer or Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer or Chief Financial Officer, to the effect that:
(i) the representations and warranties of the Company and the Operating Partnership in this Agreement are true and correct, as if made on and as of such date, and the Company and the Operating Partnership have complied with all the agreements and satisfied all the conditions on their part to be performed or satisfied at or prior to the date hereof;
(ii) no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto has been issued and no proceedings for that purpose have been instituted or are pending or threatened under the Securities Act; and
(iii) subsequent to the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement and Prospectus, there has not been (a) any change, or any development or event that reasonably could be expected to result in a change, that has or reasonably could be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, whether or not arising in the ordinary course of business, (b) any transaction that is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries considered as one enterprise (other than the Formation Transactions), (c) any obligation, direct or contingent, that is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, incurred by the Company or the Subsidiaries, except pursuant to the Formation Transactions, (d) any change in the capital stock or outstanding indebtedness of the Company or any Subsidiary that is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, (e) any dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made on the capital stock or other equity interests of the Company or any Subsidiary, or (f) any loss or damage (whether or not insured) to the property of the Company or any Subsidiary (including the properties to be contributed as part of the Formation Transactions) that has been sustained or will have been sustained that has or may reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.
(n) The Company and the Operating Partnership shall have furnished to the Underwriters such other documents and certificates as to the accuracy and completeness of any statement in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the representations, warranties and statements of the Company or the Operating Partnership contained herein, and the performance by the Company and the Operating Partnership of their covenants contained herein, and the fulfillment of any conditions contained herein, as of the Closing Time or any Date of Delivery, as the Underwriters may reasonably request.
7. Termination:
The obligations of the several Underwriters hereunder shall be subject to termination in the absolute discretion of the Representatives, at any time prior to any Closing Time or Date of Delivery, (i) if any of the conditions specified in Section 6 shall not have been fulfilled when and as required by this Agreement to be fulfilled, or (ii) if, in the judgment of the Representatives, there has been since the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement, any change, or any development or event that reasonably could be expected to result in a change, that has or reasonably could be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, or any material change in management of the Company or any Subsidiary, whether or not arising in the ordinary course of business, or (iii) if there has occurred any outbreak or escalation of hostilities or other national or international calamity or crisis (including, without limitation, any terrorist or similar attack) or change in national or international economic, political or other conditions, the effect of which on the financial markets of the United States is such as to make it, in the judgment of the Representatives, impracticable to market the Shares or enforce contracts for the sale of the Shares, or (iv) if trading in any securities of the Company has been suspended by the Commission or by the New York Stock Exchange, or if trading generally on the New York Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange or in the Nasdaq over-the-counter market has been suspended (including an automatic halt in trading pursuant to market-decline triggers, other than those in which solely program trading is temporarily halted), or limitations on prices for trading (other than limitations on hours or numbers of days of trading) have been fixed, or maximum ranges for prices for securities have been required, by such exchange or the NASD or the over-the-counter market or by order of the Commission or any other governmental authority or (v) a general banking moratorium shall have been declared by any federal, Maryland, New York or Texas authorities, or (vi) if there has been any downgrade in the rating of any of the Company's debt securities or preferred stock by any "nationally recognized statistical rating organization" (as defined for purposes of Rule 436(g) under the Securities Act), or (vii) any federal or state statute, regulation, rule or order of any court or other governmental authority has been enacted, published, decreed or otherwise promulgated that, in the reasonable opinion of the Representatives, will have a Material Adverse Effect.
If the Representatives elect to terminate this Agreement as provided in this Section 7, the Company and the Underwriters shall be notified promptly by telephone, promptly confirmed by facsimile.
If the sale to the Underwriters of the Shares, as contemplated by this Agreement, is not carried out by the Underwriters for any reason permitted under this Agreement or if such sale is not carried out because the Company shall be unable to comply in all material respects with any of the terms of this Agreement, the Company shall not be under any obligation or liability under this Agreement (except to the extent provided in Sections 5 and 9 hereof) and the Underwriters shall be under no obligation or liability to the Company under this Agreement (except to the extent provided in Section 9 hereof) or to one another hereunder.
8. Increase in Underwriters' Commitments:
If any Underwriter shall default at the Closing Time or on a Date of Delivery in its obligation to take up and pay for the Shares to be purchased by it under this Agreement on such date, the Representatives shall have the right, within 48 hours after such default, to make arrangements for one or more of the non-defaulting Underwriters, or any other underwriters, to purchase all, but not less than all, of the Shares which such Underwriter shall have agreed but failed to take up and pay for (the "Defaulted Shares"). Absent the completion of such arrangements within such 48-hour period, (i) if the total number of Defaulted Shares does not exceed 10% of the total number of Shares to be purchased on such date, each non-defaulting Underwriter shall take up and pay for (in addition to the number of Shares which it is otherwise obligated to purchase on such date pursuant to this Agreement) the portion of the total number of Shares agreed to be purchased by the defaulting Underwriter on such date in the proportion that its underwriting obligations hereunder bears to the underwriting obligations of all non-defaulting Underwriters; and (ii) if the total number of Defaulted Shares exceeds 10% of such total, the Representatives may terminate this Agreement by notice to the Company, without liability of any party to any other party (other than the defaulting Underwriter), except that the provisions of Sections 5 and 9 hereof shall at all times be effective and shall survive such termination.
Without relieving any defaulting Underwriter from its obligations hereunder, the Company agrees with the non-defaulting Underwriters that it will not sell any Shares hereunder on such date unless all of the Shares to be purchased on such date are purchased on such date by the Underwriters (or by substituted Underwriters selected by the Representatives with the approval of the Company or selected by the Company with the approval of the Representatives).
If a new Underwriter or Underwriters are substituted for a defaulting Underwriter in accordance with the foregoing provision, the Company or the non-defaulting Underwriters shall have the right to postpone the Closing Time or the relevant Date of Delivery for a period not exceeding five business days in order that any necessary changes in the Registration Statement and Prospectus and other documents may be effected.
The term "Underwriter" as used in this Agreement shall refer to and include any Underwriter substituted under this Section 8 with the same effect as if such substituted Underwriter had originally been named in this Agreement.
9. Indemnity and Contribution by the Company, the Operating Partnership and the Underwriters:
(a) The Company and the Operating Partnership, jointly and severally, agree to indemnify, defend and hold harmless each Underwriter and any person who controls any Underwriter within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, from and against any loss, expense, liability, damage or claim (including the reasonable cost of investigation) that, jointly or severally, any such Underwriter or controlling person may incur under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or otherwise, insofar as such loss, expense, liability, damage or claim arises out of or is based upon (A)
any breach of any representation, warranty or covenant of the Company or the Operating Partnership contained herein, (B) any failure on the part of the Company or the Operating Partnership to comply with any applicable law, rule or regulation relating to the offering of securities being made pursuant to the Prospectus, (C) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement (or in the Registration Statement as amended by any post-effective amendment thereof by the Company), the Prospectus (the term Prospectus for the purpose of this Section 9 being deemed to include the Preliminary Prospectus and any other preliminary prospectus, the Prospectus and any prospectus wrapper material distributed to residents of Canada), or (D) any omission or alleged omission to state a material fact required to be stated in any such Registration Statement or Prospectus or necessary to make the statements made therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; except insofar as any such loss, expense, liability, damage or claim arises out of or is based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission of a material fact contained in and in conformity with information furnished in writing by the Underwriters through the Representatives to the Company expressly for use in such Registration Statement or Prospectus; and except that, with respect to the Preliminary Prospectus or other preliminary prospectus, the foregoing indemnity agreement shall not inure to the benefit of any Underwriter from whom the person asserting any loss, expense, liability, damage or claim purchased Shares, or any person controlling such Underwriter, if copies of the Prospectus were timely delivered to the Underwriter pursuant to Section 1 hereof and a copy of the Prospectus (as then amended or supplemented if the Company shall have furnished any amendments or supplements thereto) was not sent or given by or on behalf of such Underwriter to such person, if required by law so to have been delivered, at or prior to the written confirmation of the sale of the Shares to such person, and if the Prospectus (as so amended or supplemented) would have cured the defect giving rise to such loss, expense, liability, damage or claim. The indemnity agreement set forth in this Section 9(a) shall be in addition to any liabilities that the Company and the Operating Partnership may otherwise have.
If any action is brought against an Underwriter or controlling person in respect of which indemnity may be sought against the Company pursuant to the foregoing paragraph, such Underwriter shall promptly notify the Company in writing of the institution of such action, and the Company and the Operating Partnership shall assume the defense of such action, including the employment of counsel and payment of expenses; provided, however, that any failure or delay to so notify the Company will not relieve the Company or the Operating Partnership of any obligation hereunder, except to the extent that their ability to defend is actually impaired by such failure or delay. Such Underwriter or controlling person shall have the right to employ its or their own counsel in any such case, but the fees and expenses of such counsel shall be at the expense of such Underwriter or such controlling person unless the employment of such counsel shall have been authorized in writing by the Company in connection with the defense of such action, or the Company and the Operating Partnership shall not have employed counsel to have charge of the defense of such action within a reasonable time or such indemnified party or parties shall have reasonably concluded (based on the advice of counsel) that there may be defenses available to it or them which are different from or additional to those available to the Company and the Operating Partnership (in which case neither the Company nor the Operating Partnership shall have the right to direct the defense of such
action on behalf of the indemnified party or parties), in any of which events such fees and expenses shall be borne by the Company and the Operating Partnership and paid as incurred (it being understood, however, that the Company shall not be liable for the expenses of more than one separate firm of attorneys for the Underwriters or controlling persons in any one action or series of related actions in the same jurisdiction (other than local counsel in any such jurisdiction) representing the indemnified parties who are parties to such action).
(b) Each Underwriter agrees, severally and not jointly, to indemnify, defend and hold harmless the Company, the Operating Partnership, the Company's directors, the Company's officers that signed the Registration Statement, and any person who controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, from and against any loss, expense, liability, damage or claim (including the reasonable cost of investigation) that, jointly or severally, the Company, the Operating Partnership or any such person may incur under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or otherwise, but only insofar as such loss, expense, liability, damage or claim arises out of or is based upon (A) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in and in conformity with information furnished in writing by such Underwriter through the Representatives to the Company expressly for use in the Registration Statement (or in the Registration Statement as amended by any post-effective amendment thereof by the Company) or the Prospectus, or (B) any omission or alleged omission to state a material fact in connection with such information required to be stated either in such Registration Statement or Prospectus or necessary to make such information, in the light of the circumstances under which made, not misleading; provided, however, that the statements set forth in the table in the first paragraph, the first two sentences of the seventh paragraph, the 10th through 15th paragraphs, the seventeenth paragraph and the 20th paragraph under the caption "Underwriting" in the Prospectus (to the extent such statements relate to the Underwriters) constitute the only information furnished by or on behalf of any Underwriter through the Representatives to the Company for purposes of Section 3(m) and this Section 9. The indemnity agreement set forth in this Section 9(b) shall be in addition to any liabilities that such Underwriter may otherwise have.
If any action is brought against the Company, the Operating Partnership or any such person in respect of which indemnity may be sought against any Underwriter pursuant to the foregoing paragraph, the Company, the Operating Partnership or such person shall promptly notify the Representatives in writing of the institution of such action and the Representatives, on behalf of the Underwriters, shall assume the defense of such action, including the employment of counsel and payment of expenses. The Company, the Operating Partnership or such person shall have the right to employ its own counsel in any such case, but the fees and expenses of such counsel shall be at the expense of the Company, the Operating Partnership or such person unless the employment of such counsel shall have been authorized in writing by the Representatives in connection with the defense of such action or the Representatives shall not have employed counsel to have charge of the defense of such action within a reasonable time or such indemnified party or parties shall have reasonably concluded (based on the advice of counsel) that there may be defenses available to it or them that are different from or additional to those available to the Underwriters (in which case the Representatives shall
not have the right to direct the defense of such action on behalf of the indemnified party or parties), in any of which events such fees and expenses shall be borne by such Underwriter and paid as incurred (it being understood, however, that the Underwriters shall not be liable for the expenses of more than one separate firm of attorneys in any one action or series of related actions in the same jurisdiction (other than local counsel in any such jurisdiction) representing the indemnified parties who are parties to such action).
(c) The indemnifying party under this Section 9 shall not be liable for
any settlement of any proceeding effected without its written consent, but if
settled with such consent or if there be a final judgment for the plaintiff, the
indemnifying party agrees to indemnify (to the extent provided in this Section
9) the indemnified party against any loss, claim, damage, liability or expense
by reason of such settlement or judgment. No indemnifying party shall, without
the prior written consent of the indemnified party, effect any settlement,
compromise or consent to the entry of judgment in any pending or threatened
action, suit or proceeding in respect of which any indemnified party is or could
have been a party and indemnity was or could have been sought hereunder by such
indemnified party, unless such settlement, compromise or consent includes an
unconditional release of such indemnified party from all liability on claims
that are the subject matter of such action, suit or proceeding.
(d) If the indemnification provided for in this Section 9 is unavailable or insufficient to hold harmless an indemnified party under subsections (a), (b) or (c) of this Section 9 in respect of any losses, expenses, liabilities, damages or claims referred to therein, then each applicable indemnifying party, in lieu of indemnifying such indemnified party, shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by such indemnified party as a result of such losses, expenses, liabilities, damages or claims (i) in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company and the Operating Partnership and by the Underwriters from the offering of the Shares or (ii) if (but only if) the allocation provided by clause (i) above is not permitted by applicable law, in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in clause (i) above, but also the relative fault of the Company and the Operating Partnership and of the Underwriters in connection with the statements or omissions that resulted in such losses, expenses, liabilities, damages or claims, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative benefits received by the Company and the Operating Partnership and by the Underwriters shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total proceeds from the offering (net of underwriting discounts and commissions but before deducting expenses) received by the Company (which, for purposes of this subsection, account for the relative benefits received by the Operating Partnership) bear to the underwriting discounts and commissions received by the Underwriters. The relative fault of the Company and the Operating Partnership and of the Underwriters shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission relates to information supplied by the Company or the Operating Partnership or by the Underwriters and the parties' relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The amount paid or payable by a party as a result of the losses, claims, damages and liabilities referred to above shall be deemed to include any legal or other fees or expenses reasonably incurred by such party in connection with investigating or defending any claim or action.
(e) The Company, the Operating Partnership and the Underwriters agree
that it would not be just and equitable if contribution pursuant to this Section
9 were determined by pro rata allocation (even if the Underwriters were treated
as one entity for such purpose) or by any other method of allocation that does
not take account of the equitable considerations referred to in clause (i) and,
if applicable clause (ii), of subsection (d) above. Notwithstanding the
provisions of this Section 9, no Underwriter shall be required to contribute any
amount in excess of the underwriting discounts and commissions applicable to the
Shares purchased by such Underwriter. No person guilty of fraudulent
misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act)
shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such
fraudulent misrepresentation. The Underwriters' obligations to contribute
pursuant to this Section 9 are several in proportion to their respective
underwriting commitments and not joint. For purposes of this Section 9, each
officer and employee of an Underwriter and each person, if any, who controls an
Underwriter within the meaning of the Section 15 of the Securities Act and
Section 20 of the Exchange Act shall have the same rights to contribution as
such Underwriter, and each director of the Company, each officer of the Company
who signed the Registration Statement, and each person, if any, who controls the
Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act and Section 20 of
the Exchange Act shall have the same rights to contribution as the Company.
(f) The Company and the Operating Partnership, jointly and severally, agree to indemnify and hold harmless each Underwriter and its affiliates and each person, if any, who controls any Underwriter or its affiliates within the meaning of either Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, from and against any and all losses, claims, damages and liabilities (including, without limitation, any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with defending or investigating any such action or claim) (i) caused by any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in any material prepared by or with the consent of the Company for distribution to participants in connection with the Directed Share Program, or caused by any omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; (ii) as a result of the failure of any participant to pay for and accept delivery of Directed Shares that the participant has agreed to purchase; or (iii) related to, arising out of, or in connection with the Directed Share Program.
10. Survival:
The indemnity and contribution agreements contained in Section 9 and the covenants, warranties and representations of the Company and the Operating Partnership contained in Sections 3, 4 and 5 of this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect regardless of any investigation made by or on behalf of any Underwriter, or any person who controls any Underwriter within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, or by or on behalf of the Company, its directors and officers, the Operating Partnership or any person who controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, and shall survive any termination of this Agreement or the sale and delivery of the Shares. That certain letter agreement dated March 11, 2003, between Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co. and Remington Hotel Corporation, as it may be subsequently amended, shall survive
the execution, delivery, performance and termination of this Agreement (except as otherwise provided therein), and the Company agrees to the appointment of Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc. contained in Section 2 thereof and to issue the Common Stock contemplated to be issued, assuming the Closing Time occurs, to Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc. in Section 7 thereof (the "Restricted Shares"). In accordance with the provisions of Rule 2710(c)(7)(A) of the Rules of Conduct of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc. agrees not to sell, transfer, assign, pledge or hypothecate the Restricted Shares for a period of one year from the effective date of the Registration Statement, except as may be otherwise expressly permitted by such rule. The Company, the Operating Partnership and each Underwriter agree promptly to notify the others of the commencement of any litigation or proceeding against it and, in the case of the Company, against any of the Company's officers and directors, in connection with the sale and delivery of the Shares, or in connection with the Registration Statement or Prospectus.
11. Notices:
Except as otherwise herein provided, all statements, requests, notices
and agreements shall be in writing or by telegram and, if to the Underwriters,
shall be sufficient in all respects if delivered to Friedman, Billings, Ramsey &
Co., Inc., 1001 19th Street North, Arlington, Virginia 22209, Attention:
Syndicate Department; or if to the Company or the Operating Partnership shall be
sufficient in all respects if delivered to the Company at the offices of the
Company at 14180 Dallas Parkway, 9th Floor, Dallas, Texas 75254.
12. Governing Law; Headings:
THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY, AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH, THE LAWS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA, WITHOUT REGARD TO CONFLICTS OF LAWS PRINCIPLES. The section headings in this Agreement have been inserted as a matter of convenience of reference and are not a part of this Agreement.
13. Parties at Interest:
The Agreement herein set forth has been and is made solely for the benefit of the Underwriters, the Company, the Operating Partnership and the controlling persons, directors and officers referred to in Sections 9 and 10 hereof, and their respective successors, assigns, executors and administrators. No other person, partnership, association or corporation (including a purchaser, as such purchaser, from any of the Underwriters) shall acquire or have any right under or by virtue of this Agreement.
14. Counterparts and Facsimile Signatures:
This Agreement may be signed by the parties in counterparts which together shall constitute one and the same agreement among the parties. A facsimile signature shall constitute an original signature for all purposes.
If the foregoing correctly sets forth the understanding among the Company, the Operating Partnership and the Underwriters, please so indicate in the space provided below for the purpose, whereupon this Agreement shall constitute a binding agreement among the Company, the Operating Partnership and the Underwriters.
Very truly yours,
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC.
Title:
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP
By: Ashford OP General Partner LLC,
its sole general partner
By: Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc.,
its sole member
Title:
Accepted and agreed to as
of the date first above written:
FRIEDMAN, BILLINGS, RAMSEY & CO., INC.
LEGG MASON WOOD WALKER, INCORPORATED
CREDIT LYONNAIS SECURITIES (USA) INC.
For themselves and as Representatives of the other Underwriters named on Schedule I hereto.
Schedule I
Number of Initial Underwriter Shares to be Purchased Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc. [ ] Legg Mason Wood Walker, Incorporated [ ] Credit Lyonnais Securities (USA) Inc. [ ] Total................................................. [35,000,000] |
EXHIBIT B
FORM OF LOCK-UP LETTER
August ___, 2003
Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Company, Inc.
1001 19th Street North
10th Floor
Arlington, Virginia 22209
Dear Sirs:
The undersigned understands that Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Company, Inc. (the "Representative") proposes to enter into an Underwriting Agreement (the "Underwriting Agreement"), as representative of several underwriters (the "Underwriters"), with Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the "Company"), providing for the public offering (the "Public Offering") by (inter alia) the Underwriters of shares (the "Shares") of Common Stock of the Company (the "Common Stock").
To induce the Underwriters to continue its efforts in connection with
the Public Offering, the undersigned hereby agrees that, without the prior
written consent of the Representative, it will not, during the period commencing
on the date hereof and ending on the 180-day anniversary of the date of the
final prospectus relating to the Public Offering (such period, the "Lock-Up
Period" and such prospectus, the "Prospectus"), (1) offer, pledge, sell, loan,
contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option
or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, or
otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of the following
(whether now owned by the undersigned or hereafter acquired): (i) Common Stock,
(ii) any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for any
shares of Common Stock, including any limited partnership units issued by
Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership (the "Operating Partnership") or (iii)
any rights to purchase or otherwise acquire Common Stock held by the undersigned
or acquired by the undersigned after the date hereof, or that may be deemed to
be beneficially owned by the Undersigned; (2) enter into any swap or other
arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic
consequences of ownership of the Common Stock or such units, whether any such
transaction described in clause (1) or (2) above is to be settled by delivery of
Common Stock or such other securities, in cash or otherwise; or (3) redeem any
limited partnership units issued by the Operating Partnership. The undersigned
further agrees that it will not publicly disclose the intention to make any such
offer, sale, pledge, redemption or disposition or to enter into any transaction
described in the preceding sentence during the Lock-Up Period without, in each
case, the prior written consent of the Representative. In addition, the
undersigned agrees that, without prior written consent of the Representative, it
will not, during the Lock-Up Period, make any demand for or exercise any right
with respect to, the registration under
the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), of any shares of Common Stock or any security convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the undersigned shall not be restricted from distributing any of the Company's securities to the undersigned's equity holders provided that prior to and as a condition to the effectiveness of any such distribution such equity holders execute a lock-up agreement substantially in the form hereof in favor of the Representative.
In furtherance of the foregoing, the Company and its transfer agent and registrar are hereby authorized to decline to make any transfer that would constitute a violation or breach of this letter. This letter shall be binding on the undersigned and the respective successors, heirs, personal representatives and assigns of the undersigned.
Whether or not the Public Offering actually occurs depends on a number of factors, including market conditions. Any Public Offering will only be made pursuant to an Underwriting Agreement, the terms of which are subject to agreement between the Company and the Representative. The terms of this Lock-Up letter shall expire in the event the Public Offering is not consummated on or before December 31, 2003.
Very truly yours,
--------------------------- (SEAL)
EXHIBIT 4.1
INCORPORATED UNDER THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND
COMMON STOCK
(ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST LOGO)
COMMON STOCK
NUMBER
SHARES
BC
THIS CERTIFICATE IS TRANSFERABLE IN
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC.
SEE REVERSE FOR
NEW YORK, NEW YORK
CERTAIN DEFINITIONS
CUSIP 044103 10 9
THIS CERTIFIES THAT |
is the owner of |
FULLY PAID AND NON-ASSESSABLE SHARES OF THE COMMON STOCK STOCK, PAR VALUE $.01 PER SHARE, OF
CERTIFICATE OF STOCK
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC., transferable on the books of the Corporation by the holder hereof in person or by duly authorized attorney upon surrender of this certificate properly endorsed. This Certificate is not valid until countersigned by the Transfer Agent and registered by the Registrar.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the duly authorized officers of the Corporation have hereunto subscribed their names.
Countersigned and Registered:
EquiServe Trust Company, N.A.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
By Authorized Signature
Dated
(Signature)
Secretary |
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. CORPORATE SEAL, MARYLAND |
(Signature)
President |
EXHIBIT 8.1
August 19, 2003
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc.
14180 Dallas Parkway, 9th Floor
Dallas, Texas 75254
Ladies and Gentlemen:
We have acted as counsel to Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the "Company"), in connection with the preparation of a Form S-11 registration statement (the "Registration Statement") filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on May 15, 2003 (No. 333-105277), as amended through the date hereof, with respect to the offering and sale (the "Offering") of 40,250,000 common shares of beneficial interest, par value $0.01 per share, of the Company (the "Common Shares"). You have requested our opinion as to certain United States federal income tax matters in connection with the Offering.
In connection with our opinion, we have examined and relied upon the following:
1. the Company's Articles of Amendment and Restatement, in the form filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement;
2. The Company's Amended and Restated Bylaws, in the form filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement;
3. the Registration Statement, including the prospectus (the "Prospectus") contained as a part thereof;
4. the Limited Partnership Agreement of the Operating Partnership between Ashford OP General Partner LLC, as the general partner, and Ashford OP Limited Partner LLC, and certain officers, directors and others as the limited partners (the "Operating Partnership Agreement"), in the form filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement;
5. the Omnibus Option Agreement between Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, Ashford Financial Corporation, Remington Suites Austin, L.P., Remington Suites Dallas, L.P., Remington Suites Dulles, L.P., Remington Suites Las Vegas, L.P., Chicago Illinois Hotel Limited Partnership and Remington Long Island Hotel, L.P., dated as of May 15, 2003, which was filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement;
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc.
August 19, 2003
6. the Leases, a form of which is attached to the Officer's Certificate (as defined below);
7. the articles of incorporation, bylaws and stock ownership information of each corporation in which the Company directly or indirectly owns an interest, as set forth on Schedule 1 attached hereto (the "Corporate Subsidiaries");
8. the certificate of formation, if applicable, and the partnership agreement or limited liability company operating agreement, as applicable, of each partnership or limited liability company in which the Company directly or indirectly owns an interest, as set forth on Schedule 2 attached hereto (the "Partnership/Limited Liability Company Subsidiaries"); and
9. such other documents, records and matters of law as we have deemed necessary or appropriate for rendering this opinion.
In our examination, we have assumed (i) the authenticity and
completeness of all original documents reviewed by us in original or copy form,
(ii) the conformity to the original documents of all documents reviewed by us as
copies, including electronic copies, (iii) the authority and capacity of the
individual or individuals who executed any document on behalf of any person or
entity to so execute such document, (iv) the genuineness of all signatures on
documents examined by us, and (v) the accuracy and completeness of all records
made available to us. We have assumed that each unexecuted document submitted to
us for our review will be executed in a form materially identical to the form we
reviewed. In connection with the opinion rendered below, we also have relied
upon the correctness of the factual representations contained in the Officer's
Certificate and have assumed that all representations made "to the best
knowledge of" any person will be true, correct and complete as if made without
that qualification. We have also assumed, with your consent, that:
1. during its short taxable year ending December 31, 2003 and future taxable years, the Company will operate in a manner that will make the representations contained in a certificate, dated August 19, 2003 and executed by a duly appointed officer of the Company (the "Officer's Certificate"), true for such years;
2. the Company will not make any amendments to its organization documents or allow amendments to the Operating Partnership Agreement or partnership agreements of the Partnership Subsidiaries after the date of this opinion that would affect its qualification as a real estate investment trust (a "REIT") under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), for any taxable year; and
3. no action will be taken by the Company, the Operating Partnership, the Partnership Subsidiaries or the Corporate Subsidiaries after the date hereof that would have the effect of altering the facts upon which the opinion set forth below is based.
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc.
August 19, 2003
Based on the documents and assumptions set forth above, the representations set forth in the Officer's Certificate, and the discussion in the Prospectus under the caption "Federal Income Tax Consequences Of Our Status As A REIT" (which is incorporated herein by reference), we are of the opinion that:
(a) commencing with the Company's short taxable year ending on December 31, 2003, the Company will qualify to be taxed as a REIT pursuant to sections 856 through 860 of the Code, and the Company's organization and proposed method of operation will enable it to continue to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code; and
(b) the descriptions of the law and the legal conclusions contained in the Prospectus under the caption "Federal Income Tax Consequences Of Our Status As A REIT" are correct in all material respects, and the discussion thereunder expresses the opinion of Andrews & Kurth L.L.P. insofar as it relates to matters of United States federal income tax law and legal conclusions with respect to those matters.
We will not review on a continuing basis the Company's compliance with the documents or assumptions set forth above, or the representations set forth in the Officer's Certificate. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the actual results of the Company's operations for any given taxable year will satisfy the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT.
The foregoing opinions are limited to the United States federal income tax matters addressed herein, and no other opinions are rendered with respect to other United States federal tax matters or to any issues arising under the tax laws of any other country, or any state or locality. The foregoing opinions are based on current provisions of the Code and the Treasury regulations thereunder (the "Regulations"), published administrative interpretations thereof, and published court decisions, all of which are subject to change and new interpretation, both prospectively and retroactively. The Internal Revenue Service has not issued Regulations or administrative interpretations with respect to various provisions of the Code relating to REIT qualification. No assurance can be given that the law will not change in a way that will prevent the Company from qualifying as a REIT. Although the conclusions set forth herein represent our best judgment as to the probable outcome on the merits of such matters, the Internal Revenue Service and the courts are not bound by, and may disagree with, the conclusions set forth herein. This opinion is rendered only as of the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update our opinion to address other facts or any changes in law or interpretation thereof that may hereafter occur or hereafter come to our attention. If any one of the statements, representations, warranties or assumptions that we have relied upon to issue these opinions is incorrect in a material respect, our opinions might be adversely affected and may not be relied upon.
We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement. We also consent to the references to Andrews & Kurth L.L.P. under the
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc.
August 19, 2003
captions "Federal Income Tax Consequences Of Our Status As A REIT" and "Legal Matters" in the Prospectus. In giving this consent, we do not admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required by Section 7 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder by the SEC.
Very truly yours,
/s/ Andrews & Kurth L.L.P. |
SCHEDULE 1
Corporate Subsidiaries
NAME JURISDICTION OF FORMATION/INCORPORATION ---- --------------------------------------- Ashford TRS Corporation Delaware Austin Embassy Beverage, Inc. Texas |
Schedule 1
SCHEDULE 2
Partnership/Limited Liability Company Subsidiaries
NAME JURISDICTION OF FORMATION/INCORPORATION ---- --------------------------------------- Ashford OP General Partner LLC Delaware Ashford OP Limited Partner LLC Delaware Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership Delaware Ashford Properties General Partner LLC Delaware Ashford Dulles LP Delaware Ashford Las Vegas LP Delaware Ashford Dallas LP Delaware Ashford Austin LP Delaware Ashford Covington LP Delaware Ashford Holtsville LP Delaware |
Schedule 2
EXHIBIT 23.3
Consent of Independent Auditors
We consent to the reference to our firm under the caption "Experts" and to the use of our report dated May 8, 2003 (except for Note 8, as to which the date is May 13, 2003) in Amendment No. 3 to the Registration Statement (Form S-11 No. 333-105277) and related Prospectus of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. for the Registration of 40,250,000 shares of its common stock.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP Dallas, TX August 19, 2003 |