1. The Company and Description of Business

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Quest Resource Holding Corporation (“QRHC”) and its subsidiaries, Quest Resource Management Group, LLC (“Quest”), Landfill Diversion Innovations, LLC (“LDI”), Youchange, Inc. (“Youchange”), Quest Vertigent Corporation (“QVC”), Quest Vertigent One, LLC (“QV One”), Quest Sustainability Services, Inc. (“QSS”), RWS Facility Services, LLC (“RWS”), Sustainable Solutions Group, LLC (“SSG”), and Sequoia Waste Management Solutions, LLC (“Sequoia”) (collectively, “we,” “us,” or “our company”).

Operations – We are a national provider of waste and recycling services to customers from across multiple industry sectors that are typically larger, multi-location businesses. We create customer-specific programs and perform the related services for the collection, processing, recycling, disposal, and tracking of waste streams and recyclables. In addition, we offer products such as antifreeze and windshield washer fluid and other minor ancillary services. We also provide information and data that tracks and reports the detailed transactional and environmental results of our services and provides actionable data to improve business operations. The data we generate also enables our customers to address their environmental and sustainability goals and responsibilities.

On February 10, 2022, we acquired an independent environmental services company that primarily services customers in the northeast region of the United States. See Note 3 for more information regarding the acquisitions.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3. Acquisitions

On February 10, 2022, we acquired an independent environmental services company that primarily services customers in the northeast region of the United States for approximately $3.35 million. This acquisition was paid in cash and was financed with a draw down on the term loan pursuant to the Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 8). The purchase price was allocated to the acquired assets, primarily customer relationship intangibles and goodwill.

4. Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts

Our receivables, which are recorded when billed or when services are performed, are claims against third parties that will generally be settled in cash. The carrying value of our receivables, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts, represents the estimated net

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realizable value. We estimate our allowance for doubtful accounts based on consideration of a number of factors, including the length of time trade accounts are past due, our previous loss history, the creditworthiness of individual customers, economic conditions affecting specific customer industries, and economic conditions in general. We write off past-due receivable balances after all reasonable collection efforts have been exhausted. We credit payments subsequently received on such receivables to bad debt expense in the period we receive the payment.

5. Property and Equipment, net, and Other Assets

We compute depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the property and equipment. Depreciation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $238,163, including $84,123 of depreciation expense reflected within “Cost of revenue” in our condensed consolidated statements of operations as it related to assets used in directly servicing customer contracts. Depreciation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $173,573, including $72,348 of depreciation expense reflected within “Cost of revenue.”

We recorded right-of-use operating lease assets related to our office leases in accordance with ASC 842. Refer to Note 9, Leases for additional information.

6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

We compute amortization using the straight-line method over the useful lives of the finite lived intangible assets. Amortization expense related to finite lived intangible assets was $2.3 million and $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

We have no indefinite-lived intangible assets other than goodwill. $69.2 million of the goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes, while $15.0 million of goodwill is deductible over its tax-basis life.

We performed our annual impairment analysis for goodwill and other intangible assets in the third quarter of 2022 with no impairment recorded.

7. Current Liabilities

Refer to Note 9, Leases for additional disclosure related to the operating lease liability.

8. Notes Payable

We capitalize financing costs we incur related to implementing our debt arrangements. We record these debt issuance costs associated with our revolving credit facility and our term loan as a reduction of long-term debt, net and amortize them over the contractual life of the related debt arrangements. The table below summarizes changes in debt issuance costs.

Revolving Credit Facility

On August 5, 2020, QRHC and certain of its domestic subsidiaries entered into a Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement (the “PNC Loan Agreement”), which was subsequently amended on October 19, 2020, December 7, 2021 and December 2, 2022, with BBVA USA (which was subsequently succeeded in interest by PNC Bank, National Association (“PNC”)), as a lender, and as administrative agent, collateral agent, and issuing bank, which provides for a credit facility (the “ABL Facility”) comprising the following:

As of March 31, 2023, the ABL Facility borrowing base availability was $19,044,729, of which $9,969,976 principal was outstanding.

Monroe Term Loan

On October 19, 2020, QRHC and certain of its domestic subsidiaries entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), dated as of October 19, 2020, which was subsequently amended on September 3, 2021, December 1, 2021, December 7, 2021, August 9, 2022, and December 2, 2022, with Monroe Capital Management Advisors, LLC (“Monroe Capital”), as administrative agent for the lenders thereto. Among other things, the Credit Agreement provides for the following:

At the same time as the borrowing of the initial $11.5 million under the Credit Agreement in October 2020, in a separate agreement, we issued Monroe Capital a warrant to purchase 500,000 shares of QRHC’s common stock exercisable immediately. For the delayed draw term loan facility, we issued a separate warrant to purchase 350,000 shares upon drawing on this facility on October 19, 2021. Both warrants have an exercise price of $1.50 per share and an expiration date of March 19, 2028. We estimated the value of the warrants issued using the Black Scholes option pricing model and recorded a debt discount (“OID”) of approximately $766,000 in 2020 for the 500,000-share warrant and $536,000 in 2021 for the 350,000-share warrant which are being amortized over the term of the Credit Agreement. We also executed a letter agreement that provides that the warrant holder will receive minimum net proceeds of $1 million less any net proceeds received from the sale of the warrant shares, which is conditional on the full exercise and sale of all the warrant shares at the same time and upon a date two years after the closing date of such agreement.

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Green Remedies Promissory Note

On October 19, 2020, we issued an unsecured subordinated promissory note to Green Remedies in the aggregate principal amount of $2,684,250, payable commencing on January 1, 2021 in quarterly installments through October 1, 2025 and subject to an interest rate of 3.0% per annum.

Interest Expense

The amount of interest expense related to borrowings for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was $1,956,089 and $1,233,319, respectively. Interest expense related to amortization of debt issuance fees, and debt discount costs as well as interest related to vendor supply chain financing programs totaled $486,939 and $323,266, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Our leases are primarily related to office space and are classified as operating leases.

Lease Costs

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 we recorded approximately $190,000 and $245,000, respectively, of fixed cost operating lease expense.

Cash paid for operating leases approximated operating lease expense and non-cash right of use asset amortization for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. We did not obtain any new operating lease right-of-use assets in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

10. Revenue

Operating Revenues

We provide businesses with services to reuse, recycle, and dispose of a wide variety of waste streams and recyclables generated by their operations. Service revenues are primarily generated from fees charged for our collection, transfer, disposal and recycling services and from sales of commodities by our recycling operations. In addition, we have product sales and other revenue primarily from sales of products such as antifreeze and windshield washer fluid, as well as minor ancillary services.

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Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue as services are performed or products are delivered. For example, we recognize revenue as waste and recyclable material are collected or when products are delivered. We recognize revenue net of any contracted pricing discounts or rebate arrangements.

We generally recognize revenue for the gross amount of consideration received as we are generally the primary obligor (or principal) in our contracts with customers as we hold complete responsibility to the customer for contract fulfillment. Depending on the key terms of the arrangement, which may include situations in which we are not primarily obligated, we do not have credit risk, or we determine amounts earned using fixed percentage or fixed fee schedules, we may record the revenue net of certain cost amounts. We had certain management fee contracts accounted for under the net basis method with net revenue of $71,236 and $160,320 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We record amounts collected from customers for sales tax on a net basis.

Contract Balances

Our incremental direct costs of obtaining a customer contract are generally deferred and amortized to selling, general, and administrative expense or as a reduction to revenue (depending on the nature of the cost) over the estimated life of the customer contract. We classify our contract acquisition costs as current or noncurrent based on the timing of when we expect to recognize the amortization and are included in other assets.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $566,667 and $566,667 of deferred contract costs, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we amortized $100,000 and $102,500, respectively, of deferred contract costs to selling, general, and administrative expense.

We bill certain customers in advance, and, accordingly, we defer recognition of related revenues as a contract liability until the services are provided and control is transferred to the customer. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $2,554,046 and $2,731,350, respectively, of deferred revenue which was classified in “Other current liabilities.”

11. Income Taxes

Our statutory income tax rate is anticipated to be approximately 26%. We had income tax expense of $368,504 and $166,815 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which was attributable to state tax obligations for states with no net operating loss carryforwards, and the continuing reserve against the benefit of net operating loss carryforwards at the federal level.

We compute income taxes using the asset and liability method in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. Under the asset and liability method, we determine deferred income tax assets and liabilities based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and measure them using currently enacted tax rates and laws. We provide a valuation allowance to reduce the amount of deferred tax assets that, based on available evidence, is more likely than not to be realized. Realization of our net operating loss carryforward was not reasonably assured as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and we had recorded a valuation allowance of $14,604,000 and $13,999,000, respectively, against deferred tax assets in excess of deferred tax liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had federal income tax net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $5,500,000 and $5,600,000, respectively, which expire at various dates ranging from 2034-2037.

12. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Our financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, deferred revenue, and notes payable. We do not believe that we are exposed to significant currency or credit risks arising from these financial instruments. Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk as all of the borrowings under the senior secured credit facilities bear interest at variable rates. The fair values of our financial instruments approximate their carrying values, based on their short maturities or, for notes payable, based on borrowing rates currently available to us for loans with similar terms and

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maturities. Contingent liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair value measurements are generally determined using unobservable inputs and are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

13. Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock – Our authorized preferred stock consists of 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.001, of which no shares have been issued or are outstanding.

Common Stock – Our authorized common stock consists of 200,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $0.001, of which 19,724,172 and 19,696,006 shares were issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan – On September 17, 2014, our stockholders approved our 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (as amended, the “ESPP”). We recorded expense of $22,910 and $11,370 related to the ESPP for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Warrants – The following table summarizes the warrants issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2023:

Stock Options – We recorded stock option expense of $250,254 and $183,419 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The following table summarizes the stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023:

Deferred Stock Units – Effective September 1, 2019, nonemployee directors can elect to receive all or a portion of their annual retainers in the form of deferred stock units (“DSUs”). The DSUs are recognized at their fair value on the date of grant. Each DSU represents the right to receive one share of our common stock following the completion of a director’s service. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we granted 1,509 DSUs and recorded director compensation expense of $9,934 related to the grants. In addition, during the three months ended March 31, 2023, we granted 2,307 DSUs to executive employees and recorded compensation expense of $15,333, which includes an accrual of anticipated bonus expense to be paid in DSUs for certain executive employees.

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, we granted 1,507 DSUs and recorded director compensation expense of $9,638 related to the grants. In addition, during the three months ended March 31, 2022, we recorded compensation expense of $54,212, which includes an accrual of anticipated bonus expense to be paid in DSUs for certain executive employees. We had 215,231 and 211,415 DSUs outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

14. Net Loss per Share

We compute basic net loss per share using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding plus the number of common stock equivalents for DSUs during the period. We compute diluted net income per share using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, adjusted for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents. In periods where losses are reported, the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding excludes common stock equivalents because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. Dilutive potential common shares consist of the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options and warrants. Dilutive potential securities are excluded from the computation of earnings per share if their effect is antidilutive. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and warrants is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method.