INDEX TO FORM 10

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Results of Operations

Results of Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2018.

The following table summarizes changes in the various components of our net income during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018.

Product Revenue: Product revenue consists of revenue recognized from sales of MTI Instruments' products.

Product revenue during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018 decreased by $1.5 million, or 18.5%, to $6.6 million from $8.1 million. The primary reasons for the decrease in product revenue was a $0.9 million decline in U.S. Air Force purchases caused by federal resources not being apportioned to funded delivery orders under its existing multi-year contract with us, a 12% sales decline in the semiconductor industry, per the Semiconductor Industry Association, which translated into a $0.3 million drop in sales to a manufacturer of semiconductor equipment in Asia, and international trade conditions that made it difficult to ship U.S. products to Asia because of delays in export approvals and Asian customers unwillingness to purchase U.S. products, which resulted in a $0.3 million decline in sales to our Asian distributors. As further discussed in "Item 1. Business," we are dependent on a limited number of customers for a significant portion of our sales, including the U.S. Air Force, which accounted for 20.8% and 28.0% of our annual product revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.  This can cause significant fluctuations in our product sales, and as a result, revenue, from one fiscal period to the next.  We may sell a significant amount of our products to one or a few customers for various short-term projects in one period, and then have markedly decreased sales in following periods as these projects end or customers have the products they require for the foreseeable future. The fact that we sell a significant amount of our products to a limited number of customers also results in a customer concentration risk. The loss of any significant portion of such customers or a material adverse change in the financial condition of any one of these customers could have a material adverse effect on our revenues.  Further, Air Force sales can change as a result of a potential redeployment of, or cuts in, government funding, as was the case in 2019.

Information regarding government contracts included in product revenue is as follows:

Cost of Product Revenue; Gross Margin: Cost of product revenue includes the direct material and labor cost as well as an allocation of overhead costs that relate to the manufacturing of the products we sell. Cost of product revenue also includes the labor and material costs incurred for product maintenance, replacement parts, and service under our contractual obligations.

Cost of product revenue decreased by $122 thousand, or 5.2%, to $2.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2019, from $2.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2018. The primary reason for the decrease in the cost of product revenue was the reduction in sales of our products during 2019, as discussed above in "Product Revenue." Gross profit as a percentage of product revenue decreased from 71.1% during the year ended December 31, 2018 to 66.4% during the year ended December 31, 2019 due primarily to changes in the product mix, which in 2019 was more concentrated on vibration system accessories and repairs (27% versus 22%) and our capacitance based systems (27% vs 25%), both of which have higher labor and material costs, and, to a lesser extent, $76 thousand in obsolete/slow moving inventory write-offs primarily associated with first generation digital capacitance systems that have been replaced by newer products such that we can no longer sell them and excessive quantities of laser components. 

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Research and Product Development Expenses: Research and product development expenses includes the costs of materials to build development and prototype units, cash and non-cash compensation and benefits for the engineering and related staff, expenses for contract engineers, fees paid to outside suppliers for subcontracted components and services, fees paid to consultants for services provided, materials and supplies consumed, facility related costs such as computer and network services, and other general overhead costs associated with our research and development activities, to the extent not reimbursed by our customers.

Research and product development expenses increased $145 thousand during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018 due primarily to increased staffing driving the current development of our next generation capacitance and engine vibration balancing systems. This work is expected to continue at similar spending levels throughout 2020 and into 2021 as we introduce these next generation products to the market.

The Company expects to periodically fund EcoChain with respect to its development and construction of the pilot cryptocurrency mining facility pursuant to budgets agreed upon with Soluna under the Operating and Management Agreement. The Company expects to spend approximately $750 thousand on such funding of EcoChain during 2020. This initial funding will be a combination of fixed assets and operating expenses pursuant to an investment, operations and management plan that Soluna will deliver to EcoChain. As a result, we are unable to predict at this time the extent to which this anticipated funding will be reflected as research and product development expenses or selling, general and administrative expenses during 2020.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses: Selling, general and administrative expenses includes cash and non-cash compensation, benefits, and related costs in support of our general corporate functions, including general management, finance and accounting, human resources, selling and marketing, information technology, and legal services.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 decreased by $250 thousand, or 8.4%, to $2.7 million in 2019 from $3.0 million in 2018. This decrease is primarily the result of a $77 thousand decrease in the variable portion of executive compensation due to the drop in revenue and profitability during 2019 compared to the prior year, $65 thousand of sales staff resources being allocated to product development initiatives, a $45 thousand reduction in legal fees, which were higher in 2018 due to the de-registration of the Company’s common stock under Section 12 of the Exchange Act and the attendant cessation of the filing of periodic and current reports and annual proxy statements with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), and $40 thousand lower sales commission expense consistent with the decrease in product sales during 2019. We expect selling, general and administrative expenses to increase in 2020 and generally going forward as a result of the re-registration of our common stock under the Exchange Act and the resulting resumption of reports and filings with the SEC.

In addition, as discussed above a portion of our expected funding of EcoChain may be reflected as selling, general and administrative expenses during 2020.

Operating Income (Loss): Operating income was $259 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to operating income of $1.5 million in 2018. This $1.3 million decrease was a result of the factors noted above, that is, reductions in revenue and gross margins, along with an increase in research and development which was partially offset by a decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses.

Other Income: Other income was $36 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2019 and was primarily related to the disposal of the tensile product line and related three-year royalty agreement and interest income on operating cash balances. Other income was $21 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2018 and primarily consisted of interest income on operating cash balances.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense): Income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $28 thousand and was primarily a result of a $33 thousand income tax benefit due to a refund associated with the repeal of the federal alternative minimum tax for C corporation. Our effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2019 was (9)%. Income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $392 thousand and was primarily a result of the release of a portion of our valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets. The partial release of the valuation allowance caused us to recognize an incremental tax benefit of $395 thousand in the fourth quarter of 2018. Our effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2018 was (26)%.

Net Income (Loss): Net income for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $323 thousand compared to net income of $1.9 million in 2018. The decrease in net income during 2019 was attributable to reductions in revenue and gross margins, along with an increase in research and development, partially offset by a decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses.

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The Company has historically incurred significant losses primarily due to its past efforts to fund direct methanol fuel cell product development and commercialization programs and had a consolidated accumulated deficit of approximately $119.7 million as of December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had working capital of approximately $3.1 million, no debt, $6 thousand in outstanding commitments for capital expenditures, and approximately $2.5 million of cash available to fund its operations.

Based on business developments, including changes in production levels, staffing requirements, and network infrastructure improvements, additional capital equipment may be required in the foreseeable future. We expect to spend approximately $150 thousand on capital equipment and $1.6 million in research and development on MTI Instruments' products during 2020. We expect to finance any future expenditures and continue funding our operations from our current cash position and our projected 2020 cash flows pursuant to management's plans. We may also seek to supplement our resources by obtaining credit facilities to fund operational working capital and capital expenditure requirements. Any additional financing, if required, may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

The Company is obligated to purchase an additional $250 thousand of Class A Preferred Shares of Soluna in the event certain development milestones are achieved with respect to EcoChain and EcoChain's pilot cryptocurrency mining facility. The Company expects these development milestones to be achieved during 2020. Furthermore, the Company expects to periodically fund EcoChain with respect to its development and construction of the pilot cryptocurrency mining facility pursuant to budgets agreed upon with Soluna under the Operating and Management Agreement. The Company expects to spend approximately $750 thousand on such funding of EcoChain during 2020. This initial funding will be a combination of fixed assets and operating expenses pursuant to an investment, operations and management plan that Soluna will deliver to EcoChain. Funding of the $750 thousand will come from MTI's currently available cash resources and will be reflected in the consolidated balance sheet and income statement beginning in the first quarter of 2020.

While it cannot be assured, management believes that, due in part to our current working capital level, projected cash requirements for operations and capital expenditures, its current available cash of approximately $2.5 million, and its projected 2020 cash flow pursuant to management's plans, management believes we will have adequate resources to fund operations and capital expenditures for the year ending December 31, 2020 and through at least the end of the first quarter of 2021.

However, if our revenue estimates are off either in timing or amount, or if cash generated from operations is insufficient to satisfy the Company's operational working capital and capital expenditure requirements, the Company may need to implement additional steps to ensure liquidity including, but not limited to, the deferral of planned capital spending and/or delaying existing or pending product development initiatives, or the Company may be required to obtain credit facilities, if available, to fund these initiatives. The Company has no other formal commitments for funding future needs of the organization at this time and any additional financing during 2020, if required, may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. Such steps, if required, could potentially have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

No Debt

We had no credit facilities available or debt outstanding at either December 31, 2019 or December 31, 2018.

Backlog, Inventory, and Accounts Receivable

At December 31, 2019, the Company's order backlog was $721 thousand, compared to $621 thousand at December 31, 2018. The increase in backlog was due to orders from our largest European customer with scheduled deliveries throughout 2020 and into 2021.

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Our inventory turnover ratios and average accounts receivable days outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and their changes are as follows:

The decrease in inventory turns is due to a 15% increase in average inventory balances on an 18% decline in comparable annual sales volume due to accelerated inventory purchases made in 2019 for orders that are delayed until 2020.

The average accounts receivable days' outstanding decreased three days during 2019 compared to the prior year due to improved internal collection efforts.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

The prior discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Note 2 of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10 includes a summary of our most significant accounting policies. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosure of assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to revenue recognition, inventories, income taxes, and share-based compensation. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Periodically, our management reviews our critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.

The significant accounting policies that we believe are most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial statements include the following:

Revenue Recognition, Accounts Receivable, and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Product revenue consists of revenue recognized from MTI Instruments' product lines. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

If a customer requires that that we provide installation of a purchased product, all revenue related to the product is deferred and recognized upon the completion of the installation. If the terms of our contract with the customer or the customer's purchase order requires specific customer acceptance criteria with respect to a product, such as on-site customer acceptance and/or acceptance after install, then revenue is deferred until customer acceptance occurs or the acceptance provisions lapse, unless we can objectively and reliably demonstrate that the criteria specified in the acceptance provisions is satisfied. We may also record unearned revenues, which include payments for other offerings for which we have been paid in advance. The resulting revenue would be earned when we transfer control of the product or service.

MTI Instruments currently has distributor agreements in place for the international sale of general instrument and semiconductor products in certain global regions. Such agreements grant a distributor the right of first refusal to act as distributor for such products in the distributor's territory. In return, the distributor agrees to not market products that are considered by MTI Instruments to be in direct competition with MTI Instruments' products. The distributor is allowed to purchase MTI Instruments' equipment at a price that is discounted off the published domestic/international list prices. Such list prices can be adjusted by MTI Instruments during the term of the distributor agreement. Generally, payment terms with the distributor are standard net 30 days, but, on occasion, we have granted extended payment terms. Title and risk of loss of the product passes to the distributor upon delivery to the independent carrier (standard "free-on-board" factory), and the distributor is responsible for any required training and/or service with the end-user. The sale of products to our distributors (and their subsequent payment to us) is completed upon delivery and is not contingent upon the distributors' resale of the products. Distributor sales are covered by MTI Instruments' standard one-year warranty and there are no special return policies for distributors.

Our contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. We determine the standalone selling price ("SSP") for each distinct performance obligation. Since we sell products and services separately, the SSP is directly observable.

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Trade accounts receivable are stated at the invoiced amount billed to customers and do not bear interest. An allowance for doubtful accounts, if necessary, represents our best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in our existing accounts receivable. We determine the allowance based on historical write-off experience and current exposures identified. We review our allowance for doubtful accounts monthly. We review past due balances over 90 days and over a specified amount individually for collectability. We review all other balances on a pooled basis by type of receivable. We charge off account balances against the allowance when we believe it is probable the receivable will not be recovered. We do not have any off-balance-sheet credit exposure related to our customers.

Inventories. We value inventories at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or net realizable value. We periodically review inventory quantities on hand and record a provision for excess, slow moving, and obsolete inventory based primarily on our estimated forecast of product demand, as well as based on historical usage. We also provide estimated inventory allowances for inventory whose carrying value is in excess of net realizable value. Demand and usage for products and materials can fluctuate significantly. A significant decrease in demand for our products could result in a short-term increase in the cost of inventory purchases and an increase of excess inventory quantities on hand. Although we make every effort to assure the accuracy of our forecasts of future product demand, any significant unanticipated changes in demand could have a significant impact on the value of our inventory and our reported operating results. If changes in market conditions result in reductions in the estimated net realizable value of our inventory below our previous estimate, we would increase our reserve in the period in which we made such a determination and record a charge to cost of product revenue.

Share-Based Payments. We grant options to purchase our common stock and award restricted stock to our employees and directors under our equity incentive plans. The benefits provided under these plans are share-based payments and we account for stock-based awards exchanged for employee service in accordance with the appropriate share-based payment accounting guidance. Stock-based compensation represents the cost related to stock-based awards granted to employees and directors. We measure stock-based compensation cost at grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award, and recognize the cost as expense on a straight-line basis in accordance with the vesting of the options (net of estimated forfeitures) over the option's requisite service period. We estimate the fair value of stock-based awards on the grant date using a Black-Scholes valuation model. We use the fair value method of accounting with the modified prospective application, which provides for certain changes to the method for valuing share-based compensation. The valuation provisions apply to new awards and to awards that are outstanding on the effective date and subsequently modified.

The determination of the fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model is affected by our stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include our expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends.

Theoretical valuation models and market-based methods are evolving and may result in lower or higher fair value estimates for share-based compensation. The timing, readiness, adoption, general acceptance, reliability, and testing of these methods is uncertain. Sophisticated mathematical models may require voluminous historical information, modeling expertise, financial analyses, correlation analyses, integrated software and databases, consulting fees, customization, and testing for adequacy of internal controls.

For purposes of estimating the fair value of stock options granted using the Black-Scholes model, we use the historical volatility of our stock for the expected volatility assumption input to the Black-Scholes model, consistent with the accounting guidance. The risk-free interest rate is based on the risk-free zero-coupon rate for a period consistent with the expected option term at the time of grant. We paid a special dividend during the year ended December 31, 2019 and did not pay any dividends during the year ended December 31, 2018. We are required to assume a dividend yield as an input to the Black-Scholes model. Since the 2019 dividend was a special dividend and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, we therefore use an expected dividend yield of zero in the option valuation model. The expected option term is calculated based on our historical forfeitures and cancellation rates.

Income Taxes. We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. (federal and state). As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we calculate income taxes for each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This involves estimating actual current taxes due together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment for tax and accounting purposes that are recorded as deferred tax assets and liabilities, loss carryforwards, and tax credit carryforwards, for which income tax benefits are expected to be realized in future years. Deferred tax assets are reported net of a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date.

Significant management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, our deferred tax assets and liabilities, and any valuation allowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets. We considered all available evidence, both positive and negative, such as historical levels of income and future forecasts of taxable income amongst other items in determining our valuation allowance. In addition, our assessment requires us to schedule future taxable income in accordance with accounting standards that address income taxes to assess the appropriateness of a valuation allowance, which further requires the exercise of significant management judgment.

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We account for taxes in accordance with the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, we must recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution. The impact of our reassessment of our tax positions for these standards did not have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.

We are also currently subject to audit in various jurisdictions, and these jurisdictions may assess additional income tax liabilities against us. Developments in an audit, litigation, or in applicable laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations could have a material effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods in which such developments occur, as well as for prior and in subsequent periods.

Tax laws, regulations, and administrative practices in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without notice, due to economic, political, and other conditions, and significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating our provision and accruals for these taxes. There are many transactions that occur during the ordinary course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Our effective tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, such as intercompany transactions, earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, the applicability of special tax regimes, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which we are not able to realize the related tax benefit, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, entry into new businesses and geographies, changes to our existing businesses and operations, acquisitions and investments and how they are financed, changes in our stock price, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation, and changes in the relevant tax, accounting, and other laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations.

Item 3:          Properties

We lease approximately 17,400 square feet of office, manufacturing and research and development space at 325 Washington Avenue Extension, Albany, NY 12205. The current lease agreement expires on November 30, 2024. We believe our facilities are generally well-maintained and adequate for our current needs and for expansion, if required.

Item 4:          Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management

The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock at December 31, 2019 by each of our directors and our executive officer and by our executive officer and all of our directors as a group. We have also included information with respect to persons or groups that, to our knowledge, beneficially own more than 5% of our common stock at December 31, 2019.

(1)          Unless otherwise indicated, each of the stockholders has sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by the stockholder.

(2)          The number of shares beneficially owned by each stockholder is determined under rules promulgated by the SEC and includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Under these rules, beneficial ownership includes any shares as to which the individual or entity has sole or shared voting power or investment power and includes any shares as to which the individual or entity has the right to acquire beneficial ownership within 60 days after December 31, 2019 through the exercise of any warrant, stock option, or other right. The inclusion in this schedule of such shares, however, does not constitute an admission that the named stockholder is a direct or indirect beneficial owner of such shares. The number of shares of Common Stock outstanding used in calculating the percentage for each listed person includes the shares of Common Stock underlying options held by such person that are exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2019, but excludes shares of Common Stock underlying options held by any other person.

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(3)          Includes 82,250 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of stock options exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2019.

(4)          Includes 35,125 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of stock options exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2019.

(5)          Includes 31,750 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of stock options exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2019.

(6)          Includes 89,125 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of stock options exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2019.

(7)          Includes 1,875 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of stock options exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2019.

(8)          Includes 243,875 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of stock options exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2019.

(9)          Representatives of Brookstone Partners Acquisition XXIV, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Brookstone XXIV”), have provided us the following information: As the Manager of Brookstone XXIV, Brookstone Partners I.A.C. may be deemed to beneficially own the shares of common stock owned directly by Brookstone. Michael Toporek is President of Brookstone Partners I.A.C. and Matthew Lipman is Secretary of Brookstone Partners I.A.C. and share voting and dispositive power over the shares of common stock owned by Brookstone XXIV. The address of each of Brookstone XXIV, Brookstone Partners I.A.C., Michael Toporek and Matthew Lipman is 232 Madison Avenue, Suite 600, New York, New York 10016.

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Item 5:          Directors and Executive Officers

Information about Our Directors

Set forth below is certain information about our directors.

Edward R. Hirshfield has served as a director since October 2016. In 2018, Mr. Hirshfield joined the restructuring group at B Riley FBR, Inc. where he advises stressed and distressed companies and their constituencies. From 2015 until 2018, Mr. Hirshfield served as a partner at Steppingstone Group, LLC, a special situations private equity fund located in New York. Mr. Hirshfield's responsibilities in this role included business development activities, conducting extensive credit analysis on target companies, as well as portfolio management. Mr. Hirshfield began his career as a loan officer at CIT Group Inc. and then became a restructuring advisor at a boutique investment bank, CDG Group. In 2003, Mr. Hirshfield moved over to the buy side and joined Longacre Fund Management, LLC, a $2.5 billion distressed debt fund. Mr. Hirshfield continued as a distressed investor at Del Mar Asset Management, LP, Ramius LLC and most recently CRG, LLC from 2012 through 2014. At CRG, LLC, Mr. Hirshfield was responsible for identifying and managing investments in distressed situations and conducting extensive research on potential investments. Mr. Hirshfield has a B.S. in Applied Mathematics from Union College and an M.B.A. from Fordham University Graduate School of Business. Mr. Hirshfield brings over 20 years of experience understanding and analyzing public and private companies. He has an expertise in providing operational and investment recommendations as well as providing extensive valuation and credit analysis, which the Board believes qualifies him to serve as a director.

Matthew E. Lipman has served as a director since October 2016. Since 2004, Mr. Lipman has served as Managing Director of Brookstone Partners, a lower middle market private equity firm based in New York and an affiliate of Brookstone Partners Acquisition XXIV, LLC. Mr. Lipman's responsibilities at Brookstone Partners include identifying and evaluating investment opportunities, performing transaction due diligence, managing the capital structure of portfolio companies and working with management teams to implement operational and growth strategies. In addition, Mr. Lipman is responsible for executing add-on acquisitions and other portfolio company-related strategic projects. From July 2001 through June 2004, Mr. Lipman was an analyst in the mergers and acquisitions group at UBS Financial Services Inc. responsible for formulating and executing on complex merger, acquisition and financing strategies for Fortune 500 companies in the industrial, consumer products and healthcare sectors. Mr. Lipman currently serves on the Board of Directors of Instone, LLC, Denison Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Virginia Abrasives Corporation, and Capstone Therapeutics Corp. Mr. Lipman has a B.S. in Business Administration from Babson College. Mr. Lipman brings over 18 years of experience working with companies to establish growth strategies and execute acquisitions, is proficient in reading and understanding financial statements, generally accepted accounting principles and internal controls as a direct result of his investment experience evaluating companies for potential investments, the management of financial reporting and capital structure for three portfolio companies, as well as relevant experience in board service, which the Board believes qualifies him to serve as a director.

Thomas J. Marusak has served as a director since December 2004. Since 1986, Mr. Marusak has served as President of Comfortex Corporation, a manufacturer of window blinds and specialty shades. He was a member of the Advisory Board of Directors for Key Bank of New York from 1996 through 2004. In 2019, Mr. Marusak retired from the Board of Directors of the Capital District Physician's Health Plan, Inc., in Albany, where he had served for the prior eight years and had participated as a member of the board's Finance, Compensation, Audit, Investment, and Executive Committees. Mr. Marusak received a B.S. in Engineering from Pennsylvania State University and an M.S. in Engineering from Stanford University. Mr. Marusak brings technical development, manufacturing experience, product development and introduction, financial accounting, and human resources expertise to the Board, as well as relevant experience in committee and board service, which the Board believes qualifies him to serve as a director.

David C. Michaels has served as our Chairman of the Board since January 2017, and as a director since August 2013. Mr. Michaels served as the Chief Financial Officer of the American Institute for Economic Research, Inc., an internationally recognized economics research and education organization, from October 2008 to May 2018. Mr. Michaels served as Chief Financial Officer at Starfire Systems, Inc. from December 2006 to September 2008. Mr. Michaels worked at Albany International Corp. from March 1987 to December 2006 as Vice President, Treasury and Tax and Chief Risk Officer. Mr. Michaels also worked at Veeco Instruments from May 1979 to March 1987 in various roles including Controller and Tax Manager. Mr. Michaels is a member of the Board of Directors and Chair of the Audit Committee of Iverson Genetic Diagnostics, Inc. Mr. Michaels also serves as a member of the Board of Governors and Treasurer of the Country Club of Troy. Mr. Michaels served as the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Starfire Systems, Inc. from January 2009 through December 2009. Mr. Michaels has a Bachelor of Science degree with dual majors in Accounting and Finance and a minor in Economics from the University at Albany. Mr. Michaels completed graduate-level coursework at the C.W. Post campus of Long Island University. Mr. Michaels also completed the Leadership Institute Program at the Lally School of Management & Technology at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Mr. Michaels contributes more than 30 years of international financial and operating experience in a wide variety of roles in both public and private organizations to the Board, which the Board believes qualifies him to serve as a director.

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William P. Phelan has served as a director since December 2004 and as Special Vice-President, Strategic Transactions since December 2019. Mr. Phelan is the co-founder and Chief Executive Officer of Bright Hub, Inc., a software company founded in 2005, which focuses on the development of online software for commerce. In May 1999, Mr. Phelan founded OneMade, Inc., an electronic commerce marketplace technology systems and tools provider. Mr. Phelan served as Chief Executive Officer of OneMade, Inc. from May 1999 to May 2004, including for a year after it was sold to, and remained a subsidiary of, America Online. Mr. Phelan serves on the Board of Trustees and is a Finance Committee member and an Investment Committee Chair for Capital District Physician's Health Plan, Inc. Mr. Phelan also serves on the Board of Trustees and Chairman of the Audit Committee of the Paradigm Mutual Fund Family. He has also held numerous executive positions at Fleet Equity Partners, Cowen & Company, First Albany Corporation, and UHY Advisors Inc., formerly Urbach Kahn & Werlin, PC. Mr. Phelan has a B.A. in Accounting and Finance from Siena College, an M.S. in Taxation from City College of New York, and is a Certified Public Accountant. Mr. Phelan contributes leadership, capital markets experience, strategic insight as well as innovation in technology to the Board, which the Board believes qualifies him to serve as a director.

Michael Toporek has served as a director since October 2016. Since 2003, Mr. Toporek has served as the Managing General Partner of Brookstone Partners, a lower middle market private equity firm based in New York and an affiliate of Brookstone Partners Acquisition XXIV, LLC. Prior to founding Brookstone Partners in 2003, Mr. Toporek was both an active principal investor and an investment banker. Mr. Toporek began his career in Chemical Bank's Investment Banking Group, later joined Dillon, Read and Co., which became UBS Warburg Securities Ltd. during his tenure, and SG Cowen and Company. Mr. Toporek currently serves on the Board of Trustees of Harlem Academy and on the Board of Directors of Capstone Therapeutics Corp. Mr. Toporek has a B.A. in Economics and an M.B.A. from the University of Chicago. Mr. Toporek brings strategic and financial expertise to the Board as a result of his experience with Brookstone Partners, which the Board believes qualifies him to serve as a director.

Information about Our Executive Officer

Frederick W. Jones, age 52, was appointed our President and Chief Executive Officer in January 2017 and has also served as our Chief Financial Officer since June 2009. In addition, Mr. Jones was appointed our Secretary in June 2009. He was promoted to Vice President of Finance and Operations of MTI Instruments, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, in April 2010, from the Senior Director of Finance and Operations at MTI Instruments, which position he had held since May 2007. Since joining the Company in 1993, Mr. Jones has held a variety of roles at MTI and its subsidiaries, including Staff Accountant, Controller, and Director of Finance and Administration. In his current capacity, Mr. Jones supervises the financial reporting, treasury, human resources, and risk management for MTI. Prior to his employment with MTI, Mr. Jones served as Controller for both Hobbs Management Corporation and Galesi Management Corporation. Mr. Jones received a bachelor's degree in Business Administration and Accounting from Siena College.

There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers.

Item 6:          Executive Compensation

Compensation Philosophy

The primary objectives of our compensation policies are to attract, retain, motivate, develop, and reward our management team for executing our strategic business plan, thereby enhancing stockholder value, while recognizing and rewarding individual and Company performance. These compensation policies include: (i) an overall management compensation program that is competitive with companies of similar size or within our industry; and (ii) long-term incentive compensation in the form of stock-based compensation that is aimed towards encouraging management to continue to focus on stockholder returns. Our executive compensation program ties a substantial portion of our executive's overall compensation to key strategic, financial, and operational goals, including: establishing and maintaining customer relationships; signing original equipment manufacturer agreements; meeting revenue targets and profit and expense targets; introducing new products; progressing products towards manufacturing; and improving operational efficiency.

We believe that potential equity ownership in our Company is important to provide executive officers with incentives to build value for our stockholders. We believe that equity awards provide executives with a strong link to our short-term and long-term performance while creating an ownership culture to maintain the alignment of interests between our executives and our stockholders. When implemented responsibly, we also believe these equity incentives can function as a powerful executive retention tool.

Our Compensation Committee, consisting entirely of independent directors, administers our compensation plans and policies, including the establishment of policies that govern base salary as well as short-term and long-term incentives for our executive management team.

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Summary of Cash and Other Compensation

The following table sets forth the total compensation received for services rendered in all capacities to the Company during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 by our "named executive officers," namely Frederick W. Jones, who served as our Chief Executive and Chief Financial Officer during 2019 and 2018. We had no other executive officers during these years.

(1)         The amounts shown in this column represent the grant date fair values of any stock option awards awarded in each of the past two years. The assumptions we used in calculating these amounts are discussed in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10.

(2)          The amounts shown in this column represent accruals made pursuant to the successful completion of certain performance objectives.

(3)          "All Other Compensation" consists of matching contributions to our 401(k) plan.

Base Salary and Cash Incentives of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer

On May 5, 2017, the Company entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Jones to serve as its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. The agreement provides for an initial term ending December 31, 2018, and, unless either party provides written notice that the agreement will not be renewed, is renewed for an additional year on December 31, 2018 and each subsequent December 31; such non-renewal may be for any or for no stated reason.

The agreement provides that Mr. Jones will receive an annual base salary of $182,310 or such higher figure as may be agreed upon from time to time by the Board. Mr. Jones is also eligible to receive an annual bonus in accordance with MTI's executive bonus program, which is established annually by the Board at its sole discretion, and may also receive, at MTI's sole discretion, an additional, discretionary bonus in connection with his annual evaluation by the Board. Mr. Jones is also eligible to receive options to purchase MTI's common stock or other equity awards under MTI's equity incentive plans in such amounts as may be determined by the Board, and is entitled to such employee benefits, if any, as are generally provided to MTI's full-time employees.

Under the agreement, Mr. Jones' employment terminates immediately upon his death. In addition, MTI may terminate Mr. Jones' employment for Cause or upon his Disability, both as defined in the agreement, and Mr. Jones may terminate his employment for Good Reason, as defined in the agreement. If Mr. Jones' employment is terminated pursuant to his death or Disability, then he, his beneficiary or his estate, as applicable, will receive a bonus in the amount corresponding to the milestone targets achieved, if any, under MTI's executive bonus program in effect as of the date of his termination. If MTI terminates Mr. Jones' employment other than for Cause or Disability or Mr. Jones terminates his employment for Good Reason, then, assuming Mr. Jones has, within 21 days of termination, signed the release agreement attached as an exhibit to the agreement and not revoked such release agreement within seven days thereafter, then Mr. Jones will receive: (i) his then-current base salary for a period of 12 months from the date of termination, regardless of whether he obtains alternative employment; (ii) a bonus in the amount corresponding to the milestone targets achieved, if any, under MTI's executive bonus program in effect as of the date of his termination; and (iii) if he elects continuation coverage pursuant to the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, as amended ("COBRA"), reimbursement of his COBRA premiums for health, dental and optical coverage, for a period of 12 months from the earlier of his date of termination or until he becomes eligible to obtain health insurance coverage elsewhere. If Mr. Jones' employment is involuntarily terminated other than for Cause or Disability, or he terminates his employment for Good Reason, in anticipation of, in connection with, or during the 12 months following a Change in Control, as defined in the Agreement, then Mr. Jones will receive the payments provided for in (i) and (ii) of the prior sentence.

The agreement also contains non-disparagement, non-solicitation, and confidentiality provisions.

In January 2019, the Compensation Committee increased Mr. Jones' annual base salary to $193,125. The Compensation Committee approved a $25,000 payment for Mr. Jones for his additional responsibilities and duties relative to the Company's initiative to establish another operating subsidiary and associated investment in the field of vertically integrated energy production and crypto mining. As such, we accrued for Mr. Jones, as of December 31, 2019, a $25,000 payment. This accrual was paid in full during January 2020.

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In January 2018, the Compensation Committee increased Mr. Jones' annual base salary to $187,500. The Compensation Committee approved a $100,000 payment for Mr. Jones under our executive bonus program based on the criteria the Board established under this program for 2018. As such, we accrued for Mr. Jones, as of December 31, 2018, a $100,000 payment. This accrual was paid in full during February 2019.

In addition to base salary compensation, we consider short-term cash incentives to be an important tool in motivating and rewarding near-term performance against established short-term goals. We do not utilize a specific formula, but executive management is eligible for cash awards contingent upon achievement of individual, financial, or Company-wide performance criteria. The criteria are established to ensure that a reasonable portion of an executive's total annual compensation is performance-based.

We believe that the higher an executive's level of responsibility, the greater the portion of that executive's total earnings potential should be tied to the achievement of critical technological, operational and financial goals. We believe this strategy places the desired proportionate level of risk and reward on performance by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and, when applicable, our other executive officers.

While performance targets are established at levels that are intended to be achievable, we believe that we have structured these incentives so that maximum bonus payouts would require a substantial level of both individual and Company performance.

Long-Term Equity Incentive Compensation

Equity awards typically take the form of stock options, although the Company has the ability to award restricted stock grants under its equity compensation plan and did so in January 2020. Authority to make equity awards to executive officers rests with our Compensation Committee. In determining the size of awards for new or current executives, we consider the competitive market, strategic plan performance, contribution to future initiatives, benchmarking of comparative equity ownership for executives in comparable positions at similar companies, individual option history, and recommendations of our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman.

We generally base our criteria for performance-based equity awards on one or more of the following long-term measurements:

• procurement and maintenance of original equipment manufacturer alliance/strategic agreements;

• manufacturing readiness;

• financing targets;

• gross revenue and profit goals;

• operating expense improvements; and

• product launches, new product introductions or improvements to existing products or product-intent prototypes.

These performance measurements support various initiatives identified by the Board as critical to our future success, and are either expressed as absolute in terms of success or failure, or will be measured in more qualitative terms.

The timing of all equity awards for our named executive officers have coincided with either employment anniversary dates or our annual meeting dates, or such equity awards are granted at the next scheduled meeting of the Compensation Committee following the completion or assignment of the applicable objectives. We do not time option grants to our executives in coordination with the release of material non-public information, nor do we impose any equity ownership guidelines on our executives.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the options held and value of our named executive officer's unexercised options as of December 31, 2019.

 (1)         The options vest at the rate of 25% on each of the first four anniversaries of the date of the award, with first vest occurring on December 12, 2019, becoming fully exercisable on December 12, 2022.

At December 31, 2019, there were no unvested stock awards held by our named executive officer.

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Equity Awards to Officers

Equity awards were not granted during 2019.

MTI Equity Incentive Plans

As of December 31, 2019, we had three equity compensation plans: 1) the Amended and Restated 2006 Equity Incentive Plan; 2) the Amended and Restated 2012 Equity Incentive Plan; and 3) the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan. The Compensation Committee administers all of our equity compensation plans and has the authority to determine the terms and conditions of the awards granted under equity plans.

2006 Equity Incentive Plan

The 2006 Equity Incentive Plan, or 2006 Plan, was adopted by the Board on March 16, 2006 and approved by our stockholders on May 18, 2006. The 2006 Plan was amended and restated by the Board in 2009 to increase the number of shares of Common Stock issuable under the 2006 Plan from 250,000 shares to 600,000 shares, in 2011 to increase such number of shares issuable under thereunder to 1,200,000, and in 2016 to allow for the award agreement or another agreement entered into between the Company and the award grantee to vary the method of exercise of options issued under the 2006 Plan. The number of shares that could be awarded under the 2006 Plan and any outstanding awards has been adjusted for stock splits and other similar events. In connection with seeking stockholder approval of the 2012 Plan, the Company agreed not to make further awards under the 2006 Plan. As of December 31, 2019, options to purchase 23,000 shares of Common Stock were outstanding under the 2006 Plan, all of which were exercisable, with no shares reserved for future grants under the 2006 Plan.

2012 Equity Incentive Plan

The 2012 Equity Incentive Plan, or 2012 Plan, was adopted by the Board on April 14, 2012 and approved by our stockholders on June 14, 2012. The 2012 Plan was amended and restated by the Board effective October 20, 2016 to (i) permit the award agreement or another agreement entered into between the Company and the award grantee to vary the method of exercise of options issued under the 2012 Plan and (ii) permit another agreement entered into between the Company and the award grantee, in addition to the award agreement, to vary the provisions governing expiration of options or other awards under the 2012 Plan following termination of the award recipient's service with the Company. The 2012 Plan provides an aggregate of 600,000 shares of Common Stock that may be awarded or issued pursuant to the 2012 Plan. The number of shares that may be awarded under the 2012 Plan and awards outstanding may be subject to adjustment on account of any recapitalization, reclassification, stock split, reverse stock split and other dilutive changes in Common Stock. Under the 2012 Plan, the Board is authorized to issue stock options (incentive and nonqualified), stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards to employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors of the Company and its subsidiaries. Incentive stock options may only be granted to employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2019, options to purchase 203,375 shares of Common Stock were outstanding under the 2012 Plan, of which 146,625 were exercisable, with 67,930 shares reserved for future grants of equity awards under the 2012 Plan.

2014 Equity Incentive Plan

The 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, or 2014 Plan, was adopted by the Board on March 12, 2014 and approved by our stockholders on June 11, 2014. The 2014 Plan provides an aggregate number of 500,000 shares of Common Stock that may be awarded or issued under the 2014 Plan. The number of shares that may be awarded under the 2014 Plan and awards outstanding may be subject to adjustment on account of any stock dividend, spin-off, stock split, reverse stock split, split-up, recapitalization, reclassification, reorganization, combination or exchange of shares, merger, consolidation, liquidation, business combination, exchange of shares or the like. Under the 2014 Plan, the Board-appointed administrator of the 2014 Plan is authorized to issue stock options (incentive and nonqualified), stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, phantom stock, performance awards and other stock-based awards to employees, officers and directors of, and other individuals providing bona fide services to or for, the Company or any affiliate of the Company. Incentive stock options may only be granted to employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2019, options to purchase 301,500 shares of Common Stock were outstanding under the 2014 Plan, of which 222,750 were exercisable, with 1,000 shares reserved for future grants of equity awards under the 2014 Plan.

Perquisites and Other Benefits

Our executive officers are eligible to participate in similar benefit plans available to all our other employees including medical, dental, vision, group life, disability, accidental death and dismemberment, paid time off, and 401(k) plan benefits.

We also maintain a standard directors and officers liability insurance policy with coverage similar to the coverage typically provided by other small publicly held technology companies.

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Severance, Change in Control and Non-Compete Arrangements

The terms of Mr. Jones' employment agreement that provide for certain payments and other benefits upon his termination of employment, including in conjunction with a change in control, are described above under "-Base Salary and Cash Incentives of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.

In addition, a change in control will accelerate the vesting of outstanding stock options issued under the 2012 and 2014 Plans; vesting of options outstanding under the 2006 Plan, however, will not be automatically accelerated upon a change in control unless provided for in an employment agreement.

We believe these severance and change in control arrangements are reasonable and mitigate some of the risk that exists for executives working in small technology companies by maintaining employee engagement and encouraging retention in an environment with substantial challenges and changes. This is especially true considering that Mr. Jones has signed a Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement limiting future opportunities in the event his employment is terminated for any reason. This agreement specifies that Mr. Jones will not compete with our businesses for a period of one year following such termination.

Directors' Compensation

Directors who are also our employees, if any, are not compensated for serving on the Board.

On January 14, 2019, the Compensation Committee authorized non-employee directors to continue to receive cash compensation of $10,000 per year, with additional consideration for the Lead Independent Director of $15,000 per year. The Committee reviewed and reaffirmed the Board's prior approval of stock option compensation for board members, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and select professional staff.

Future director compensation will be determined by the Compensation Committee.

(1)     As of December 31, 2019, Mr. Hirshfield had 7,500 options outstanding, 1,875 of which were exercisable.

(2)     As of December 31, 2019, Mr. Lipman had 7,500 options outstanding, 1,875 of which were exercisable.

(3)     As of December 31, 2019, Mr. Marusak had 44,500 options outstanding, 35,125 of which were exercisable.

(4)     As of December 31, 2019, Mr. Michaels had 43,000 options outstanding, 31,750 of which were exercisable.

(5)     As of December 31, 2019, Mr. Phelan had 98,500 options outstanding, 89,125 of which were exercisable.

(6)     As of December 31, 2019, Mr. Toporek had 7,500 options outstanding, 1,875 of which were exercisable.

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Item 7:          Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The following is a summary of transactions among related parties that occurred since January 1, 2019, and any ongoing related party relationships:

Legal Services

During the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company incurred $54 thousand and $10 thousand, respectively, to Couch White, LLP for legal services associated with contract review. A partner at Couch White, LLP is an immediate family member of Thomas J. Marusak, one of our Directors. We expect to continue using Couch White for certain legal services during 2020 as well.

Soluna Transactions

     We have entered into relationships with Soluna and a Soluna-affiliated entity, as discussed in the Business section of this Form 10. Two of our directors have various affiliations with Soluna.

     Director Michael Toporek (i) owns 90% of the equity of Soluna Technologies Investment I, LLC, which owns 62.5% of Soluna and (ii) owns 100% of the equity of MJT Park Investors, Inc., which owns 3.2% of Soluna, in each case on a fully-diluted basis. Mr. Toporek does not own directly, or indirectly, equity interest in Tera Joule, LLC, which owns 3.2% of Soluna; however, as a result of his 100% ownership of Brookstone IAC, Inc., which is the manager of Tera Joule, LLC, he has dispositive power over the equity interests Tera Joule owns in Soluna.

     Director Matthew E. Lipman serves as a director and as acting Secretary and Treasurer of Soluna. Mr. Lipman does not own directly, or indirectly, equity interest in Tera Joule, LLC, which owns 3.2% of Soluna; however, as a result of his 100% ownership of Brookstone IAC, Inc., which is the manager of Tera Joule, LLC, he has dispositive power over the equity interests Tera Joule owns in Soluna.

     As a result, the approximate dollar value of the amount of Mr. Toporek’s and Mr. Lipman’s interest in the Company’s transactions with Soluna are $485 thousand and $0, respectively.

Director Independence

The Board has determined that Messrs. Hirshfield, Marusak, and Michaels are "independent directors," as defined by the listing standards of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC.

Item 8:          Legal Proceedings

At any point in time, we may be involved in various lawsuits or other legal proceedings. Such lawsuits could arise from the sale of products or services or from other matters relating to our regular business activities, compliance with various governmental regulations and requirements, or other transactions or circumstances.

We have been named as a party in the December 19, 2019 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Demand Letter regarding the Malta Rocket Fuel Area Superfund Site ("Site") located in Malta and Stillwater, New York, in connection with an alleged release of hazardous materials into the environment. The EPA is seeking reimbursement of response costs from all named parties in the amount of approximately $358,000 plus interest in connection with the investigation and disposal activities associated with the various drum caches discovered at the Site, issuance of the Explanation of Significant Differences ("ESD") of the Site, and implementation of the work contemplated by the ESD. We consider the likelihood of a material adverse outcome with respect to this matter to be remote and do not currently anticipate that any expense or liability that we may incur as a result of this matter in the future will be material to the Company's business or financial condition.

Item 9:          Market Price of and Dividends on the Registrant's Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters

Market Information

Our common stock is quoted on the OTC Markets Group quotation system on the OTC Pink - Current Information tier under the symbol "MKTY"; prior to March 20, 2018, our common stock quoted on the OTC Markets' OTCQB venture stage marketplace for early stage and developing U.S. and international companies. Investors can find Real-Time quotes and market information for the Company on www.otcmarkets.com. The following table sets forth the high and low bid information for our common stock as reported on the OTC Market Group quotation system for the periods indicated:

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The bid information set forth above was obtained from OTC Markets Group and reflects inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down, or commission, and may not represent actual transactions.

Holders

We have one class of common stock, par value $.01, and are authorized to issue 75,000,000 shares of common stock. At December 31, 2019, there were 9,570,677 shares of common stock issued and outstanding. At December 31, 2019, there were approximately 271 shareholders of record of the Company's common stock. The number of shareholders of record does not reflect the number of persons whose shares are held in nominee or "street" name accounts through brokers.

Dividends

Dividends are recorded when declared by our Board of Directors. During 2019, we declared and paid a special dividend of $3.4 million or $0.37 per common share. A portion of dividends were charged against paid in capital because the Company does not have sufficient retained earnings.

Other than 2019, we have never declared or paid dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate or contemplate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to use all available funds to develop our business. We can give no assurance that we will ever have excess funds available to pay dividends. Any future determination as to the payment of dividends will depend upon critical requirements and limitations imposed by our credit agreements, if any, and such other factors as our Board of Directors may consider.

Equity Compensation Plans

As of December 31, 2019, we have three equity compensation plans, each of which was originally approved by our stockholders; the Mechanical Technology Incorporated 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2006 Plan"), the Mechanical Technology Incorporated 2012 Equity Incentive Plan and the Mechanical Technology Incorporated 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (collectively, the "Plans"). The 2006 Plan was amended and restated and approved by our Board of Directors in 2011 and 2009. See "Item 6. Executive Compensation - MTI Equity Incentive Plans" and Note 11 of our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10 for a description of the Plans.

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The following table presents information regarding these plans as of December 31, 2019:

(1)      The securities available under the Plans for issuance and issuable pursuant to exercises of outstanding options may be adjusted in the event of a change in outstanding stock by reason of stock dividend, stock splits, reverse stock splits, etc.

(2)      No awards can currently be made out of the 2006 Plan.

(3)      Includes options outstanding under the 2006 Plan, which was amended by our Board of Directors without stockholder approval in 2009 and 2011 to increase the number of shares available for issuance thereunder. Under the 2006 Plan, the Board of Directors is authorized to issue stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, and other stock-based incentives to officers, employees, and others.

Item 10:       Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Not applicable.

Item 11:       Description of Registrant's Securities to be Registered

General

The Company is authorized to issue up to 75,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had outstanding 9,570,677 shares of common stock. The holders of the Company’s common stock are entitled to one vote per share held and have the right and power to vote on all matters on which a vote of shareholders is taken. Shareholders do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors. The election of the board of directors of the Company is decided by plurality vote and all other questions are decided by majority vote of shareholders present in person or by proxy, except as otherwise required by the New York Business Corporation Law (“NYBCL”) or the Company’s certificate of incorporation. The Company’s certificate of incorporation provides that, except in instances of removal for cause, the shareholders of the Corporation may only remove a director of the Company from service as a director after the affirmative vote of 75% or more of outstanding shares of stock. The NYBCL provides, among other things, that (1) the above discussed provision regarding removal of Company directors may only be altered, amended, or repealed by the affirmative vote of more than 75% of the outstanding shares of stock, (2) a plan of merger or consolidation involving the Company must be approved by two-thirds of all the outstanding shares of stock, (3) a sale or disposition of substantially all of the assets of the Company must be approved by two-thirds of all the outstanding shares of stock, and (4) any dissolution of the Company must be approved by two-thirds of all the outstanding shares of stock.

The board of directors of the Company is divided into three classes, with each class consisting, as nearly as may be possible, of one-third of the total number of directors, with the terms of the classes scheduled to expire in successive years. At each annual meeting of the shareholders of the Company, the shareholders elect the members of a single class of directors for three-year terms.

Holders of the Company’s common stock are entitled to receive dividends when, as, and if declared by the board of directors of the Company, out of funds legally available therefore. Upon liquidation, dissolution, or the winding up of the Company, common shareholders are entitled to receive any remaining assets of the Company in proportion to the respective number of shares held after payment of and reservation for Company liabilities. The holders of common shares do not have any preemptive right to subscribe for or purchase any shares of any class of stock of the Company. The outstanding shares of common stock are not subject to redemption by the Company and are fully paid and non-assessable. To the extent that the Company issues additional shares of common stock, the relative interest in the Company of existing shareholders will likely be diluted.

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Certain Provisions of Our Restated Certificate of Incorporation, Amended and Restated By-Laws

Our certificate of incorporation, our By-Laws, and a Section 382 Rights Plan of the Company, dated October 6, 2016 (“Rights Plan”), contain provisions and terms that may delay, defer, or prevent a tender offer or change in control of the Company that a shareholder might consider to be in its best interests, including attempts that might result in a premium being paid over the market price for the shares held by shareholders. The Company expects that such provisions and terms will operate to discourage extraordinary corporate transactions with respect to the Company, such as takeover bids, and will instead encourage any potential acquiror of the Company to first correspond with the Company’s board of directors. The Rights Plan is additionally intended to preserve the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) and to act as a deterrent to any person (together with all affiliates and associates of such person) acquiring beneficial ownership of 4.99% or more of outstanding shares of common stock of the Company without approval of the board of directors of the Company (such person, an “Acquiring Person”). These provisions and terms include:

• Special meetings of shareholders may only be called by the Chief Executive Officer, President, or Secretary of the Company or otherwise by resolution of the board of directors of the Company; shareholders have no right to call special meetings thereof.
   

• The Company maintains a classified board of directors that is divided into three classes serving for respective three-year terms. As a result, it would take at least two successive annual meetings of shareholders to replace a majority of our board of directors.
   

• Vacancies on the Company’s board of directors may be filled only by majority vote of remaining directors then in office, even if less than a quorum, with the individual elected to serve for the remainder of the unexpired term.
   

• Except in instances of removal for cause, a director of the Company may be removed from service as a director only after the affirmative vote of 75% or more of outstanding shares of stock or 75% of the entire board of directors.
   

• Our Certificate of Incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 75,000,000 shares of common stock, 9,570,677 of which are outstanding on March 2, 2020. Under New York law, our board of directors is permitted, in its discretion, at any time, and from time to time, without any action by the shareholders of the Company, to issue shares of our common stock (except to the extent such issuance would be violative of  fiduciary duties, so dilutive to existing holders that it would be the equivalent of a sale of the Company, or otherwise prohibited by select provisions of the NYBCL). The issuance of shares of authorized but unissued stock could, under certain circumstances, have an anti-takeover effect, for example, by diluting the stock ownership of a person seeking to effect a change in the composition of our board of directors or contemplating a tender offer or other transaction for the acquisition of the Company.
   

• The Rights Plan resulted in the Company declaring, on October 19, 2016, a dividend distribution of one right under the Rights Plan (a “Right”) for each share of Company common stock. In the event, (1) any person becomes an Acquiring Person without the consent of the board of directors or (2) the Company is otherwise acquired by, consolidates with or sells more than 50% of its assets, cash flow or earning power to another person, holders of Rights may exercise their Rights for shares of Company common stock having a market value of $10.00 (subject to adjustment under the Rights Plan) following payment to the Company of $5.00 (subject to adjustment under the Rights Plan) per applicable share. The board of directors of the Company may redeem the Rights at a price of $0.001 per Right any time prior to October 19, 2026 and may cause the Rights to expire to the extent the Rights are no longer material to the Company’s preservation of its NOLs. The board of directors of the Company may also exchange the Rights at an exchange ratio of one share of common stock per Right (subject to adjustment) at any time after a person becomes an Acquiring Person.

Item 12:       Indemnification of Directors and Officers

The NYBCL generally provides that a New York corporation may indemnify any person made, or threatened to be made, a party to an action or proceeding by reason of the fact that such person was a director or officer of the corporation against judgments, fines, amounts paid in settlement, and reasonable expenses, including attorneys’ fees actually and necessarily incurred, if such director or officer acted in good faith, for a purpose which he or she reasonably believed to be in the best interests of the corporation and, in criminal actions or proceedings, in addition, had no reasonable cause to believe that his or her conduct was unlawful. In connection with actions by or in right of a corporation, the NYBCL prohibits such indemnification for (1) pending or threatened actions that are settled or otherwise disposed of and (2) any claim, issue, or matter for which the applicable person is adjudged to be liable to the corporation (in each case, unless a court of competent jurisdiction determines such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnification). The NYBCL further provides that any such indemnifiable person who has been successful on the merits in the defense of an applicable action or proceeding shall be affirmatively entitled to the foregoing indemnity. The NYBCL additionally permits a corporation to advance expenses incurred by a director or officer in defending an action or proceeding prior to final disposition upon receipt of an undertaking by the applicable person to repay such advanced amount if the advancement is ultimately found to not be permitted by law or otherwise.

In addition to the above, the Company, pursuant to its certificate of incorporation, has determined to indemnify any person made, or threatened to be made, a party to an action or proceeding (including if in the right of the Company) by reason of the fact that such person was a director or officer of the corporation against judgments, fines, amounts paid in settlement, and expenses, including attorneys’ fees actually incurred, if such director or officer acted in good faith for a purpose which he or she reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company and, in criminal actions or proceedings, in addition, had no reasonable cause to believe that his or her conduct was unlawful. Despite the foregoing, this specific indemnity from the Company is not available to such a director or officer if a judgment or other final adjudication adverse to the director or officer establishes that his or her acts were in bad faith or were the result of active and deliberate dishonesty and were material to the applicable cause of action, or that he or she personally gained a financial profit or other advantage to which he or she was not legally entitled. The Company’s certificate of incorporation also states that director of the Company shall not be liable to the Company or its shareholders for any breach of duty unless (1) a judgement or other final adjudication establishes that his or her acts or omissions involved bad faith, intentional misconduct, a knowing violation of law, or the personal gain of a financial profit or other advantage to which he or she was not legally entitled or (2) the acts involved certain declaration of dividends, purchase of Company shares, distribution of Company assets, or making of loans prohibited by the NYBCL.

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Item 13:       Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Our Consolidated Financial Statements begin on page F-1 and are incorporated in this Item 13 by reference.

Item 14:       Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Not applicable.

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10.12	Form of Incentive Stock Option Grant Agreement under the Mechanical Technology, Incorporated 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.4 of the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-196989) filed with the Commission on June 24, 2014). *
10.13	Lease dated August 10, 1999 between Carl E. Touhey and Mechanical Technology, Inc. (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.38 of the Company's Form 10-K Report for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1999).
10.14	Amendment No. 1 to Lease Agreement Between Mechanical Technology Inc. and Carl E. Touhey dated September 29, 2009 (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.166 of the Company's Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2009).
10.15	Amendment No. 2 to Lease Agreement Between MTI Instruments Inc. and Carl E. Touhey dated May 2, 2014 (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended March 31, 2014).
10.16#	Contract dated July 1, 2016 between Mechanical Technology, Incorporated and the U.S. Air Force (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Form 10-Q Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2016).
10.17	Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of October 21, 2016, by and between Mechanical Technology, Incorporated and Brookstone Partners Acquisition XXIV, LLC (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.22 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed October 21, 2016).
10.18	Registration Rights Agreement dated as of October 21, 2016, by and between Mechanical Technology, Incorporated and Brookstone Partners Acquisition XXIV, LLC (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.23 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed October 21, 2016).
10.19	Form of Option Exercise and Stock Transfer Restriction Agreement between the Company and its Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Non-Employee Directors (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.24 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed October 21, 2016).
10.20	Operating and Management Agreement between Soluna Technologies, Ltd. and EcoChain, Inc. dated January 13, 2020.
10.21	Class A Preferred Share Purchase Agreement dated January 13, 2020, among Soluna Technologies, Ltd., Mechanical Technology, Incorporated, and the other investors set forth on Exhibit A thereto.
10.22	Contingent Rights Agreement dated January 13, 2020, by and between Soluna Technologies, Ltd. and Mechanical Technology, Incorporated.
10.23	Side Letter Agreement dated January 13, 2020, by and between Soluna Technologies, Ltd. and Mechanical Technology, Incorporated.
10.24	Executive Employment Agreement, dated May 5, 2017, by and between Mechanical Technology, Incorporated and Frederick Jones (Incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Form 8-K Report filed May 5, 2017). *
21	Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
All exhibits for which no other filing information is given are filed herewith.
# Certain portions of this exhibit have been omitted based upon a request for confidential treatment. The omitted portions have been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to our application for confidential treatment. The items are identified in the exhibit with "**".
*    Represents management contract or compensation plan or arrangement.
28

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

29

F-1

INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of

Mechanical Technology, Incorporated and Subsidiaries

We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Mechanical Technology, Incorporated and Subsidiaries (the "Company"), which comprise the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements. 

Management's Responsibility for the Financial Statements

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America; this includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. 

Auditor's Responsibility

Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit.  We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America.  Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free from material misstatement. 

An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.  The procedures selected depend on the auditor's judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error.  In making those assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the Company's preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control.  Accordingly, we express no such opinion.  An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. 

We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion. 

Opinion

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Mechanical Technology, Incorporated and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. 

/s/ Wojeski & Company CPAs, P.C.

Albany, New York

February 18, 2020

F-2

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-3

Mechanical Technology, Incorporated and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Operations

For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-4

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1.                   Nature of Operations

Description of Business

Mechanical Technology, Incorporated (MTI or the Company), a New York corporation, was incorporated in 1961. The Company's core business is conducted through MTI Instruments, Inc. (MTI Instruments), a wholly-owned subsidiary.

MTI Instruments was incorporated in New York on March 8, 2000 and is a supplier of precision linear displacement solutions, vibration measurement and balancing systems, and wafer inspection tools. Our products consist of electronic gauging instruments for position, displacement and vibration application within the industrial manufacturing markets, as well as in the research, design and process development markets, and engine vibration analysis systems for both military and commercial aircraft. These tools, systems and solutions are developed for markets and applications that require the precise measurements and control of products, processes, and the development and implementation of automated manufacturing, assembly, and consistent operation of complex machinery.

Liquidity

The Company has historically incurred significant losses primarily due to its past efforts to fund direct methanol fuel cell product development and commercialization programs and had a consolidated accumulated deficit of approximately $119.7 million as of December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had working capital of approximately $3.1 million, no debt, $6 thousand in outstanding commitments for capital expenditures, and approximately $2.5 million of cash available to fund our operations.

Based on the Company's projected cash requirements for operations and capital expenditures, its current available cash of approximately $2.5 million and its projected 2020 cash flow pursuant to management's plans, management believes it will have adequate resources to fund operations and capital expenditures for the year ending December 31, 2020 and through the end of the first quarter of 2021. If cash generated from operations is insufficient to satisfy the Company's operational working capital and capital expenditure requirements, the Company may be required to obtain credit facilities, if available, to fund these initiatives. The Company has no other formal commitments for funding future needs of the organization at this time and any additional financing during 2020, if required, may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

2.                   Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, MTI Instruments. All intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with United States of America Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAAP), which require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or net realizable value. The Company periodically reviews inventory quantities on hand and records a provision for excess, slow moving and obsolete inventory based primarily on our estimated forecast of product demand, as well as based on historical usage. The Company also provides estimated inventory allowances for inventory whose carrying value is in excess of net realizable value. Demand and usage for products and materials can fluctuate significantly. A significant decrease in demand for our products could result in a short-term increase in the cost of inventory purchases and an increase of excess inventory quantities on hand. Although the Company makes every effort to assure the accuracy of our forecasts of future product demand, any significant unanticipated changes in demand could have a significant impact on the value of our inventory and our reported operating results. If changes in market conditions result in reductions in the estimated net realizable value of our inventory below our previous estimate, the Company would increase our reserve in the period in which we made such a determination and record a charge to cost of product revenue.

F-7

Property, Plant, and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives as follows:

Significant additions or improvements extending assets' useful lives are capitalized; normal maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred. The costs of fully depreciated assets remaining in use are included in the respective asset and accumulated depreciation accounts. When items are sold or retired, related gains or losses are included in net (loss) income.

Income Taxes

The Company is subject to income taxes in the U.S. (federal and state). As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, the Company calculates income taxes for each of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. This involves estimating actual current taxes due together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment for tax and accounting purposes that are recorded as deferred tax assets and liabilities, loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards, for which income tax benefits are expected to be realized in future years. A valuation allowance has been established to reduce deferred tax assets, if it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of such deferred tax assets will not be realized. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date.

Significant management judgment is required in determining the Company's provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and any valuation allowance recorded against the Company's net deferred tax assets. The Company considers all available evidence, both positive and negative, such as historical levels of income and future forecasts of taxable income amongst other items in determining the Company's valuation allowance. In addition, the Company's assessment requires the Company to schedule future taxable income in accordance with accounting standards that address income taxes to assess the appropriateness of a valuation allowance, which further requires the exercise of significant management judgment.

The Company accounts for taxes in accordance with the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, the Company must recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution. The impact of the Company's reassessment of its tax positions for these standards did not have a material impact on its results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.

The Company is currently subject to audit in various jurisdictions, and these jurisdictions may assess additional income tax liabilities against us. Developments in an audit, litigation, or in applicable laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations could have a material effect on the Company's operating results or cash flows in the period or periods in which such developments occur, as well as for prior and in subsequent periods.

Tax laws, regulations, and administrative practices in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without notice, due to economic, political, and other conditions, and significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating the Company's provision and accruals for these taxes. There are many transactions that occur during the ordinary course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. The Company's effective tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, such as intercompany transactions, earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where the Company has lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where the Company has higher statutory rates, the applicability of special tax regimes, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which the Company is not able to realize the related tax benefit, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, entry into new businesses and geographies, changes to its existing businesses and operations, acquisitions and investments and how they are financed, changes in the Company's stock price, changes in its deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation, and changes in the relevant tax, accounting, and other laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations.

F-8

Equity Method Investments

The Company's consolidated net income (loss) will include our proportionate share, if any, of the net income or loss of our equity method investee. When the Company records its proportionate share of net income, it increases equity income (loss), net in our consolidated statements of operations and our carrying value in that investment. Conversely, when the Company records its proportionate share of a net loss, it decreases equity income (loss), net in our consolidated statements of operations and our carrying value in that investment. When the Company's carrying value in an equity method investee company has been reduced to zero, no further losses are recorded in the Company's financial statements unless the Company guaranteed obligations of the investee company or has committed additional funding. When the investee company subsequently reports income, the Company will not record its share of such income until it equals the amount of its share of losses not previously recognized.

The Company records its investment in MeOH Power, Inc. using the equity method of accounting. The fair value of the Company's interest in MeOH Power, Inc. has been determined to be $0 as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, based on MeOH Power, Inc.'s net position and expected cash flows. As of December 31, 2019, the Company retained its ownership of approximately 47.5% of MeOH Power, Inc.'s outstanding common stock, or 75,049,937 shares. The number of shares of MeOH Power, Inc.'s common stock authorized for issuance is 240,000,000 as of December 31, 2019.

Fair Value Measurement

The estimated fair value of certain financial instruments, including cash, accounts receivable and short-term debt approximates their carrying value due to their short maturities and varying interest rates. "Fair value" is the price that would be received to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Based on the observability of the inputs used in the valuation methods, the Company is required to provide the following information according to the fair value accounting standards. These standards established a fair value hierarchy as specified that ranks the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair values. Financial assets and liabilities are classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

Level 1:        Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities, which includes listed equities.

Level 2:        Observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data. These items are typically priced using models or other valuation techniques. These models are primarily financial industry-standard models that consider various assumptions, including the time value of money, yield curves, volatility factors, as well as other relevant economic measures.

Level 3:        These use unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data. These values are generally estimated based upon methodologies utilizing significant inputs that are generally less observable from objective sources.

Revenue Recognition, Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Product revenue consists of revenue recognized from MTI Instruments' product lines. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those products or services. The Company enters into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

If the product requires that the Company provide installation, all revenue related to the product is deferred and recognized upon the completion of the installation. If the product requires specific customer acceptance criteria, such as on-site customer acceptance and/or acceptance after install, then revenue is deferred until customer acceptance occurs or the acceptance provisions lapse, unless the Company can objectively and reliably demonstrate that the criteria specified in the acceptance provisions is satisfied. The Company may also record unearned revenues, which include payments for other offerings for which we have been paid in advance. The resulting revenue would be earned when we transfer control of the product or service. As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had no deferred or unearned revenue.

F-9

MTI Instruments currently has distributor agreements in place for the international sale of general instrument and semiconductor products in certain global regions. Such agreements grant a distributor the right of first refusal to act as distributor for such products in the distributor's territory. In return, the distributor agrees to not market other products which are considered by MTI Instruments to be in direct competition with MTI Instruments' products. The distributor is allowed to purchase MTI Instruments' equipment at a price which is discounted off the published domestic/international list prices. Such list prices can be adjusted by MTI Instruments during the term of the distributor agreement. Generally, payment terms with the distributor are standard net 30 days; however, on occasion, extended payment terms have been granted. Title and risk of loss of the product passes to the distributor upon delivery to the independent carrier (standard "free-on-board" factory), and the distributor is responsible for any required training and/or service with the end-user. The sale (and subsequent payment) between MTI Instruments and the distributor is not contingent upon the successful resale of the product by the distributor. Distributor sales are covered by MTI Instruments' standard one-year warranty and there are no special return policies for distributors.

The Company's contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. The Company determines the standalone selling price (SSP) for each distinct performance obligation. Since the Company sells products and services separately, the SSP is directly observable.

Trade accounts receivable are stated at the invoiced amount billed to customers and do not bear interest. An allowance for doubtful accounts, if necessary, represents the Company's best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in its existing accounts receivable. The Company determines the allowance based on historical write-off experience and current exposures identified. The Company reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts monthly. Past due balances over 90 days and over a specified amount are reviewed individually for collectability. All other balances are reviewed on a pooled basis by type of receivable. Account balances are charged off against the allowance when the Company believes it is probable the receivable will not be recovered. The Company does not have any off-balance-sheet credit exposure related to its customers. The Company's allowance for doubtful accounts was $0 at December 31, 2019 and $2 thousand December 31, 2018.

Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although terms generally include a requirement of payment within 30 days. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, we have determined our contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The primary purpose of the Company's invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing our products and services, not to receive financing from its customers.

The Company recognizes an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer, if the Company expects the benefit of those costs to be longer than one year. As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company has recorded no capitalized costs to obtain a contract.

The Company applies the practical expedient to expense costs as incurred for costs to obtain a contract when the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs include our internal sales force compensation programs as we have determined annual compensation is commensurate with annual sales activities.

Cost of Product Revenue

Cost of product revenue includes material, labor, overhead and shipping and handling costs.

Warranty

The Company accrues a warranty liability at the time product revenue is recorded based on historical experience. The liability is reviewed during the year and is adjusted, if appropriate, to reflect new product offerings or changes in experience. Actual warranty claims are tracked by product line. Warranty liability was $16 thousand and $24 thousand at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Warranty expense was $1 thousand and $33 thousand for 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Long-Lived Assets

The Company accounts for impairment or disposal of long-lived assets in accordance with accounting standards that address the financial accounting and reporting for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets, specify how impairment will be measured, and how impaired assets will be classified in the consolidated financial statements. On a quarterly basis, the Company analyzes the status of its long-lived assets at each subsidiary for potential impairment. As of December 31, 2019, the Company does not believe that any of its long-lived assets have suffered any type of impairment that would require an adjustment to that asset's recorded value.

F-10

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of less than three months.

Net Income (Loss) per Share

The Company computes basic income (loss) per common share by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted income (loss) per share reflects the potential dilution, if any, computed by dividing income (loss) by the combination of dilutive common share equivalents, comprised of shares issuable under outstanding investment rights, warrants and the Company's share-based compensation plans, and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Dilutive common share equivalents include the dilutive effect of in-the-money stock options, which are calculated based on the average share price for each period using the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, the exercise price of a stock option and the amount of compensation cost, if any, for future service that the Company has not yet recognized are assumed to be used to repurchase shares in the current period.

Share-Based Payments

The Company grants options to purchase our common stock and award restricted stock to our employees and directors under our equity incentive plans. The benefits provided under these plans are share-based payments and the Company accounts for stock-based awards exchanged for employee service in accordance with the appropriate share-based payment accounting guidance. Stock-based compensation represents the cost related to stock-based awards granted to employees and directors. The Company measures stock-based compensation cost at grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award, and recognizes the cost as expense on a straight-line basis in accordance with the vesting of the options (net of estimated forfeitures) over the option's requisite service period. The Company estimates the fair value of stock-based awards on the grant date using a Black- Scholes valuation model. The Company uses the fair value method of accounting with the modified prospective application, which provides for certain changes to the method for valuing share-based compensation. The valuation provisions apply to new awards and to awards that are outstanding on the effective date and subsequently modified. Under the modified prospective application, prior periods are not revised for comparative purposes. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded in the lines titled "Cost of product revenue," "Selling, general and administrative expenses" and "Research and product development expenses" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations based on the employees' respective functions.

The Company records deferred tax assets for awards that potentially can result in deductions on the Company's income tax returns based on the amount of compensation cost that would be recognized upon issuance of the award and the Company's statutory tax rate. All income tax effects of awards, including excess tax benefits, recognized on stock-based compensation expense are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of the provision for income taxes on a prospective basis.

The determination of the fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model is affected by the Company's stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include the Company's expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends.

Theoretical valuation models and market-based methods are evolving and may result in lower or higher fair value estimates for share-based compensation. The timing, readiness, adoption, general acceptance, reliability, and testing of these methods is uncertain. Sophisticated mathematical models may require voluminous historical information, modeling expertise, financial analyses, correlation analyses, integrated software and databases, consulting fees, customization, and testing for adequacy of internal controls.

For purposes of estimating the fair value of stock options granted using the Black-Scholes model, the Company uses the historical volatility of its stock for the expected volatility assumption input to the Black-Scholes model, consistent with the accounting guidance. The risk-free interest rate is based on the risk-free zero-coupon rate for a period consistent with the expected option term at the time of grant. The Company paid a special dividend during the year ended December 31, 2019 and did not pay any dividends during the year ended December 31, 2018. The Company is required to assume a dividend yield as an input to the Black-Scholes model. Since the 2019 dividend was a special dividend and the Company does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, the Company therefore uses an expected dividend yield of zero in the option valuation model. The expected option term is calculated based on our historical forfeitures and cancellation rates.

F-11

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk principally consist of cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. The Company's trade accounts receivable are primarily from sales to commercial customers, the U.S. government and state agencies. The Company does not require collateral and has not historically experienced significant credit losses related to receivables from individual customers or groups of customers in any particular industry or geographic area.

The Company has cash deposits in excess of federally insured limits but does not believe them to be at risk.

Research and Development Costs

The Company expenses research and development costs as incurred. The Company incurred research and development costs of approximately $1.4 million and $1.2 million, which was entirely related to MTI Instruments, for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Advertising Costs

The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. The Company incurred advertising costs of approximately $45 and $33 thousand, which was entirely related to MTI Instruments, for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Other Comprehensive Income

The Company had no other comprehensive income (loss) items for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets and operating lease liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company did not have any finance leases as of December 31, 2019 or December 31, 2018.

Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The operating lease ROU assets also include any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. The Company's lease terms may include options to extend or terminate its leases when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise those options. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. For real estate leases, the Company accounts for lease components together with non-lease components (e.g. common-area maintenance).

Accounting Updates Not Yet Effective

Changes to U.S. GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the FASB) in the form of accounting standard updates (ASUs) to the FASB's Accounting Standards Codification (ASC). The Company considered the applicability and impact of all ASUs. ASUs not mentioned below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 (Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326)) and its subsequent amendments to the initial guidance within ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-10 and ASU 2019-11, respectively (collectively, Topic 326). Topic 326 changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not accounted for at fair value through net income. This standard replaces the existing incurred credit loss model and establishes a single credit loss framework based on a current expected credit loss model for financial assets carried at amortized cost, including loans and held-to- maturity debt securities. The current expected loss model requires an entity to estimate credit losses expected over the life of the credit exposure upon initial recognition of that exposure when the financial asset is originated or acquired, which will generally result in earlier recognition of credit losses. This standard also requires expanded credit quality disclosures. For available-for-sale debt securities, entities will be required to record allowances rather than reduce the carrying amount, as they do today under the other-than-temporary impairment model. This standard also simplifies the accounting model for purchased credit-impaired debt securities and loans. This standard will affect loans, debt securities, trade receivables, net investments in leases, off balance sheet credit exposures, reinsurance receivables, and any other financial assets not excluded from the scope that have the contractual right to receive cash. ASU 2018-19 clarifies that receivables arising from operating leases are accounted for using lease guidance and not as financial instruments. ASU 2019-04 clarifies that equity instruments without readily determinable fair values for which an entity has elected the measurement alternative should be remeasured to fair value as of the date that an observable transaction occurred. ASU 2019-05 provides an option to irrevocably elect to measure certain individual financial assets at fair value instead of amortized cost. This standard should be applied on either a prospective transition or modified-retrospective approach depending on the subtopic. This standard will be effective for the Company for annual and interim reporting periods beginning on or after December 15, 2022, and while early adoption is permitted, the Company does not expect to elect that option. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on its consolidated financial statements, including assessing and evaluating assumptions and models to estimate losses. Upon adoption of this standard on January 1, 2023, the Company will be required to record a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings for the impact as of the date of adoption. The impact will depend on the Company's portfolio composition and credit quality at the date of adoption, as well as forecasts at that time.

F-12

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12 (Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes). This standard removes exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 for allocating tax expense between financial statement components, accounting basis differences stemming from an ownership change in foreign investments and interim period income tax accounting for year-to-date losses that exceed projected losses. The standard will be effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020 and interim periods within those fiscal years, and while early adoption is permitted, the Company does not expect to elect that option. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on its consolidated financial statements. At this time, the Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Accounting Updates Recently Adopted by the Company

On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2016-02 (Leases (Topic 842)) and its subsequent amendments to the initial guidance within ASU 2018-01, ASU 2018-10, ASU 2018-11 and ASU 2018-20, ASU 2019-01, respectively (collectively, Topic 842). Topic 842 was issued to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring lessees to recognize most leases on the balance sheet (other than leases that meet the definition of a short-term lease). Most prominent among the changes in the standard is the recognition of ROU assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases. For income statement purposes, this standard retains a dual model similar to ASC 840, requiring leases to be classified as either operating or finance. For lessees, operating leases will result in straight-line expense (similar to current accounting by lessees for operating leases under ASC 840) while finance leases will result in a front-loaded expense pattern (similar to current accounting by lessees for capital leases under ASC 840). Topic 842 includes disclosures that are required to meet the objective of enabling users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The Company elected the available practical expedients and adopted this standard on a cumulative effect adjustment approach, which required prospective application at the adoption date. As of January 1, 2019, the impact on the consolidated balance sheet was the recognition of operating ROU asset of $198 thousand and operating lease liabilities of $198 thousand. The adoption of this standard did not change the recognition, measurement or presentation of lease expense within the Company's consolidated statements of operations or the consolidated statements of cash flows.

The Company did not have any finance leases as of December 31, 2019 or December 31, 2018. See Note 12 for further information.

There have been no other significant changes in the Company's reported financial position or results of operations and cash flows as a result of its adoption of new accounting pronouncements or changes to its significant accounting policies that were disclosed in its consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

3.                   Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivables consist of the following at:

F-13

4.                   Inventories

Inventories consist of the following at:

5.                   Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment consist of the following at:

Depreciation expense was $87 thousand and $96 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Repairs and maintenance expense was $18 thousand and $21 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

6.                   Income Taxes

Income tax benefit (expense) for each of the years ended December 31 consists of the following:

The significant components of deferred income tax benefit (expense) from operations for each of the years ended December 31 consists

F-14

The Company's effective income tax rate from operations differed from the Federal statutory rate for each of the years ended December 31 as follows:

Valuation Allowance:

The Company believes that the accounting estimate for the valuation of deferred tax assets is a critical accounting estimate, because judgment is required in assessing the likely future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. The Company based the estimate of deferred tax assets and liabilities on current tax laws and rates and, in certain cases, business plans and other expectations about future outcomes.

As a result of its assessment in 2018, the Company released a portion of its valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. The partial release of the valuation allowance caused an incremental tax benefit of $395 thousand to be recognized in the fourth quarter of 2018. The release of a portion of the valuation allowance was based upon the Company's recent cumulative income history causing the Company to evaluate what portion of the Company's deferred tax assets it believes are more likely than not to be realized. The Company has determined that it will generate sufficient levels of pre-tax earnings in the future to realize the net deferred tax assets recorded on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2019. The Company has projected such pre-tax earnings utilizing a combination of historical and projected results, taking into consideration existing levels of permanent differences, non-deductible expense and the reversal of significant temporary differences.

F-15

The valuation allowance at December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $10.4 million and $10.5 million, respectively. Activity in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is as follows as of December 31:

Net operating losses:

At December 31, 2019, the Company has unused Federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $50 million. Of these, approximately $300 thousand will expire in 2020, with the remainder expiring through 2035.

The Company's and/or its subsidiaries' ability to utilize their net operating loss carryforwards may be significantly limited by Section 382 of the IRC of 1986, as amended, if the Company or any of its subsidiaries undergoes an "ownership change" as a result of changes in the ownership of the Company's or its subsidiaries' outstanding stock pursuant to the exercise of the warrants or otherwise.

Unrecognized tax benefits:

The Company has $824 thousand unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2019 and 2018. These unrecognized tax benefits relate to former subsidiaries of the Company and a prior investment in a partnership.

In future periods, if these unrecognized benefits become supportable, the Company may not recognize a change in its effective tax rate as long as it remains in a partial valuation allowance position. Additionally, the Company does not have uncertain tax positions that it expects will increase or decrease within twelve months of this reporting date. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of tax expense. The Company did not recognize any interest or penalties in 2019 and 2018.

The Company files income tax returns, including returns for its subsidiaries, with federal and state jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to IRS or state examinations for any periods prior to 2016, although carryforward attributes that were generated prior to 2016 may still be adjusted upon examination by the IRS if they either have been or will be used in a future period.

7.                   Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consist of the following at:

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8.                   Stockholders' Equity

Common Stock

The Company has one class of common stock, par value $.01. Each share of the Company's common stock is entitled to one vote on all matters submitted to stockholders. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were 9,570,677 and 9,437,177 shares of common stock issued and outstanding, respectively.

Dividends

Dividends are recorded when declared by the Company's Board of Directors. During 2019, the Company declared and paid a special dividend of $3.4 million or $0.37 per common share. A portion of dividends are charged against paid in capital because the Company does not have sufficient retained earnings.

9.                   Retirement Plan

The Company maintains a voluntary savings and retirement plan under IRC Section 401(k) covering substantially all employees. Employees must complete six months of service and have attained the age of twenty-one prior to becoming eligible for participation in the plan. The Company plan allows eligible employees to contribute a percentage of their compensation on a pre-tax basis and the Company matches employee contributions, on a discretionary basis, currently in an amount equal to 100% of the first 3% and 50% of the next 2% of the employee's salary, subject to annual tax deduction limitations. Effective January 1, 2017, Company matching contributions are vested immediately. Company matching contributions were $81 thousand and $83 thousand for 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company may also make additional discretionary contributions in amounts as determined by management and the Board of Directors. There were no additional discretionary contributions by the Company for the years 2019 or 2018.

10.                Income (Loss) per Share

The following table sets forth the reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted per share computations for continuing operations for the years ended December 31:

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Not included in the computation of earnings per share, assuming dilution, for the year ended December 31, 2019, were options to purchase 313,000 shares of the Company's common stock. These potentially dilutive items were excluded even though the average market price of the common stock exceeded the exercise prices for a portion of the options because the calculation of incremental shares resulted in an anti-dilutive effect.

Not included in the computation of earnings per share, assuming dilution, for the year ended December 31, 2018, were options to purchase 430,749 shares of the Company's common stock. These potentially dilutive items were excluded even though the average market price of the common stock exceeded the exercise prices for a portion of the options because the calculation of incremental shares resulted in an anti-dilutive effect.

11.                Stock Based Compensation

Stock-based incentive awards are provided to employees and directors under the terms of the Company's 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (2006 Plan), which was amended and restated effective June 30, 2011, September 16, 2009 and October 20, 2016, 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2012 Plan), which was amended and restated as of October 20, 2016, and 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2014 Plan) (collectively, the Plans). Awards under the Plans have generally included at-the-money options and restricted stock grants.

Stock options are awards which allow holders to purchase shares of the Company's common stock at a fixed price. Stock options issued to employees and non-employee members of the MTI Board of Directors generally vest at a rate of 25% on each of the first four anniversaries of the date of the award. Certain options granted may be fully or partially exercisable immediately, may vest on other than a four year schedule or vest upon attainment of specific performance criteria. Restricted stock awards generally vest one year after the date of grant; however, certain awards may vest immediately or vest upon attainment of specific performance criteria. Option exercise prices are generally equivalent to the closing market price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. Unexercised options generally terminate either seven or ten years after date of grant.

The 2006 Plan was adopted by the Company's Board of Directors on March 16, 2006 and approved by stockholders on May 18, 2006. The 2006 Plan was amended and restated by the Board of Directors effective September 16, 2009, June 30, 2011 and October 20, 2016. The September 16, 2009 amendment increased the initial aggregate number of 250,000 shares of common stock that may be awarded or issued to 600,000, the June 30, 2011 amendment increased the aggregate number of shares of common stock that may be awarded or issued under the 2006 Plan to 1,200,000, and the October 2016 amendment allowed for the award agreement or another agreement entered into between the Company and the award grantee to vary the method of exercise of options issued under the 2006 Plan and the provisions governing expiration of options or other awards under the 2006 Plan following termination of the award recipient. The number of shares that may be awarded under the 2006 Plan and awards outstanding has been adjusted for stock splits and other similar events. Under the 2006 Plan, the Board of Directors is authorized to issue stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, and other stock-based incentives to officers, employees and others. In connection with seeking stockholder approval of the 2012 Plan, the Company agreed not to make further awards under the 2006 Plan.

The 2012 Plan was adopted by the Company's Board of Directors on April 14, 2012 and approved by its stockholders on June 14, 2012. The 2012 Plan was amended and restated by the Board of Directors effective October 20, 2016. The October 2016 amendment allowed for the award agreement or another agreement entered into between the Company and the award grantee to vary the method of exercise of options issued under the 2012 Plan and an agreement entered into between the Company and the award grantee to vary the provisions governing expiration of options or other awards under the 2012 Plan following termination of the award recipient. The 2012 Plan provides an initial aggregate number of 600,000 shares of common stock that may be awarded or issued. The number of shares that may be awarded under the 2012 Plan and awards outstanding may be subject to adjustment on account of any recapitalization, reclassification, stock split, reverse stock split and other dilutive changes in our common stock. Under the 2012 Plan, the Board of Directors is authorized to issue stock options (incentive and nonqualified), stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards to employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors of the Company and its subsidiaries. Incentive stock options may only be granted to employees of the Company and its subsidiaries.

The 2014 Plan was adopted by the Company's Board of Directors on March 12, 2014 and approved by its stockholders on June 11, 2014. The 2014 Plan provides an initial aggregate number of 500,000 shares of common stock that may be awarded or issued. The number of shares that may be awarded under the 2014 Plan and awards outstanding may be subject to adjustment on account of any stock dividend, spin-off, stock split, reverse stock split, split-up, recapitalization, reclassification, reorganization, combination or exchange of shares, merger, consolidation, liquidation, business combination, exchange of shares or the like. Under the 2014 Plan, the Board-appointed administrator of the 2014 Plan is authorized to issue stock options (incentive and nonqualified), stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, phantom stock, performance awards and other stock-based awards to employees, officers and directors of, and other individuals providing bona fide services to or for, the Company or any affiliate of the Company. Incentive stock options may only be granted to employees of the Company and its subsidiaries.

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In connection with the sale of shares of common stock to Brookstone, the Company entered into an Option Exercise and Stock Transfer Restriction Agreement (collectively, the Option and Transfer Agreements) with its Chief Executive Officer, its Chief Financial Officer and each of its non-employee directors (collectively, the Insiders). The Option and Transfer Agreements amend the stock option grant agreements between the Company and each Insider with respect to an option granted under, and modify the terms of any option to purchase Common Stock held by each such Insider (collectively, Options) granted under, the Plans. The Option and Transfer Agreements restrict the aggregate amount of shares of Common Stock for which the Insiders may exercise Options during calendar years 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019, and provide for a modified procedure for exercising Options in order to ensure the limit on the aggregate amount of Options that may be exercised in any such year is not exceeded. Such amendments and modifications also operate to, except with respect to the termination of Options in connection with an Insider's termination of employment or service in connection with misconduct as described in the Option and Transfer Agreements, (i) remove all references to an expiration of the exercisability of such Options within a special, delineated time period following the termination of service to or employment by the Company, and (ii) provide that all vested Options are exercisable by the Insider until default expiration under the applicable Plan (i.e., ten years from the date of grant). If an Option and Transfer Agreement is terminated, the limitations on Option exercises described above will terminate, but the exercisability of the Insider's vested Options until default expiration under the applicable Plan and stock option agreement (i.e., ten years from the date of grant) will survive indefinitely.

During 2019, the Company granted options to purchase 15,000 shares of the Company's common stock from the 2014 Plan, which generally vest 25% on each of the first four anniversaries of the date of the award. The exercise price of these options is $0.83 per share and was based on the closing market price of the Company's common stock on the day prior to the date of grant. Using a Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model, the weighted average fair value of these options is $0.66 per share and was estimated at the date of grant.

During 2018, the Company granted options to purchase 85,000 shares of the Company's common stock from the 2014 Plan, which generally vest 25% on each of the first four anniversaries of the date of the award. The exercise price of these options is $0.90 per share and was based on the closing market price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. Using a Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model, the weighted average fair value of these options is $0.74 per share and was estimated at the date of grant.

During 2018, the Company granted options to purchase 75,000 shares of the Company's common stock from the 2012 Plan, which generally vest 25% on each of the first four anniversaries of the date of the award. The exercise price of these options is $0.90 per share and was based on the closing market price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. Using a Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model, the weighted average fair value of these options is $0.74 per share and was estimated at the date of grant.

Stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was generated from stock option awards. Stock options are awards that allow holders to purchase shares of the Company's common stock at a fixed price. Under the 2014 and 2012 Plans, stock options issued to employees generally vest 25% over four years. Options issued to non-employee members of the MTI Board of Directors generally vest 25% over four years. Certain options granted may be fully or partially exercisable immediately, may vest on other than a four year schedule or vest upon attainment of specific performance criteria. Restricted stock awards generally vest one year after the date of grant, although certain awards may vest immediately or vest upon attainment of specific performance criteria. Option exercise prices are generally equivalent to the closing market value price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. Unexercised options generally terminate ten years after date of grant.

The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used for options granted under the 2014 Plan:

The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used for options granted under the 2012 Plan:

Share-based compensation expense recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, therefore, awards are reduced for estimated forfeitures. The revised accounting standard requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

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Total share-based compensation expense, related to all of the Company's share-based awards, recognized for the years ended December 31, was comprised as follows:

Total unrecognized compensation costs related to non-vested awards as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 is $96 thousand and $93 thousand, respectively, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining vesting period of approximately 3.02 years and 3.94 years, respectively.

Presented below is a summary of the Company's stock option plans' activity for the years ended December 31:

The weighted average exercise price for the Plans is as follows for each of the years ended December 31: