As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 25, 2003

 

 

1933 Act File No. 333-105495

1940 Act File No. 811-21357

 

U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

Form N-2

 

ý

REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

ý

Pre-Effective Amendment No. 3

 

o

Post-Effective Amendment No.      

 

 

 

 

 

and

 

 

 

ý

REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940

 

ý

Amendment No. 3

 

Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Declaration of Trust)

 

c/o Franklin Advisers, Inc.
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, California 94403-1906
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
(Number, Street, City, State, Zip Code)

 

(650) 312-2000

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, including Area Code)

 

Murray L. Simpson, Esq.
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, California 94403-1906
(Name and Address (Number, Street, City, State, Zip Code) of Agent for Service)

 

With a copy to:
David A. Hearth, Esq.
Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker LLP
55 Second Street, 24th Floor
San Francisco, California 94105

 

Approximate Date of Proposed Public Offering:
As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement

 


 

If any of the securities being registered on this form will be offered on a delayed or continuous basis in reliance on Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered in connection with a dividend reinvestment plan, check the following box. o

 

It is proposed that this filing will become effective (check appropriate box)

 

ý   when declared effective pursuant to section 8(c)

 


 

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

Title of Securities Being Registered

 

Amount Being
Registered

 

Proposed Maximum
Offering Price Per
Unit

 

Proposed Maximum
Aggregate
Offering Price /1/

 

Amount of
Registration Fee /2/

 

Common Shares

 

25,000,000 shares

 

$

15.00

 

$

375,000,000

 

$

30,338.00

 

 


/1/ Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee.

 

/2/ $6,076.21 of which was previously paid.

 

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such dates as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

 

 


FRANKLIN TEMPLETON LIMITED DURATION INCOME TRUST

 

CONTENTS OF THE PRE-EFFECTIVE AMENDMENT

 

This Pre-Effective Amendment to the registration statement of the Registrant contains the following documents:

 

 

Facing Sheet

 

Contents of the Post-Effective Amendment

 

Part A – Prospectus for Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust (the “Fund”)

 

Part B – Statement of Additional Information for the Fund

 

Part C – Other Information

 

Signature Page

 

Exhibits

 

2


PART A

 

PROSPECTUS FOR

 

FRANKLIN TEMPLETON LIMITED DURATION INCOME TRUST

 


The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

 

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED AUGUST 25, 2003

 

PROSPECTUS

[FRANKLIN TEMPLETON INVESTMENTS LOGO]

 

  ,000,000 Shares

Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust

Common Shares

$15.00 per share

 

Investment Objectives . The Fund is a newly organized, diversified, closed-end management investment company. The Fund’s primary investment objective is to seek high current income. Its secondary objective is to seek capital appreciation to the extent it is possible and is consistent with the Fund’s primary objective.

 

No Prior History .  Because the Fund is newly organized, its common shares have no history of public trading. Shares of closed-end investment companies frequently trade at a discount from their net asset value, which creates a risk of loss for the investors purchasing shares in the initial public offering. The Fund expects that its common shares will be listed on the American Stock Exchange under the symbol “FTF.”

 

Duration and Credit Quality . Under normal market conditions, Franklin Advisers, Inc., the Fund’s investment adviser, expects the Fund to maintain an estimated average portfolio duration of between two and five years (including the effect of anticipated leverage). Initially, the Fund is expected to have an estimated average portfolio duration of approximately three years (including the effect of anticipated leverage). Under normal market conditions, the Fund expects to maintain a weighted average portfolio credit quality of investment grade.

 

Main Investment Strategies . Under normal market conditions, the Fund will seek to achieve its investment objectives by investing in debt securities and other income-producing instruments, allocated primarily among three distinct investment categories: (1) mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities; (2) bank loans made to corporate and other business entities; and (3) below investment grade debt securities and other income-producing instruments. There is no limitation on the percentage of the Fund’s assets that may be allocated to each of these investment categories; provided that, under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 25% of its total assets in each category. Under normal circumstances, the Fund’s allocation to the investment category of mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities will be primarily composed of investments in mortgage-backed securities.

 

(continued on inside cover page)

 


 

Investing in the fund involves risks that you should carefully consider before investing in the fund. Please see “Risks” beginning on page 33 of this prospectus.

 

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 


 

 

 

Per Share

 

Total (2)

 

Public Offering Price

 

$

15.00

 

$

 

 

Sales Load

 

$

0.675

 

$

 

 

Estimated Offering Expenses (1)

 

$

0.03

 

$

 

 

Proceeds to the Fund

 

$

14.295

 

$

 

 


 

(1)                                   Franklin Advisers, Inc. has agreed to pay (i) all of the Fund’s offering costs (other than the sales load) and (ii) all of the Fund’s organizational expenses, which are estimated to be a total of $846,000. The Fund has agreed to reimburse Franklin Advisers, Inc. for such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses, from the proceeds of the offering,  to the extent that the aggregate of such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses does not exceed $0.03 per share.

 

(2)                                   The Underwriters have been granted an option to purchase up to            additional Common Shares at the public offering price less the sales load within 45 days of the date of this prospectus, solely to cover over-allotments, if any. If such option is exercised in full, the total public offering price, sales load, estimated offering expenses and proceeds to the Fund will be $          , $          , $           and $          , respectively. See “Underwriting.”

 

The Underwriters (defined below) expect to deliver the Common Shares to purchasers on or about           , 2003.

 

CITIGROUP
MERRILL LYNCH & CO.
UBS INVESTMENT BANK
WACHOVIA SECURITIES
ADVEST, INC.
H&R BLOCK FINANCIAL ADVISORS, INC.
FERRIS, BAKER WATTS INCORPORATED
J.J.B. HILLIARD, W.L. LYONS, INC.
JANNEY MONTGOMERY SCOTT LLC
QUICK & REILLY, INC.
RBC CAPITAL MARKETS
STIFEL, NICOLAUS & COMPANY INCORPORATED
WELLS FARGO SECURITIES, LLC

 

          , 2003

 



 

(continued from previous page)

 

Debt securities and income-producing instruments include all varieties of fixed-income securities, including bonds, mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities, convertible securities, bank loans, and other instruments described in this prospectus.

 

The Fund anticipates that, under current market conditions, at least 25% of its initial portfolio will consist of below investment grade debt securities and other income-producing instruments. Below investment grade bonds, commonly referred to as “junk bonds,” are bonds that are rated below investment grade by each of the nationally-recognized statistical rating organizations (each, a “Rating Agency”) such as Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services (“S&P”),  Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (Moody’s), or Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), that cover the security, or, if unrated, are determined to be of comparable quality by the portfolio managers.  A debt security rated below the top four ratings categories by a Rating Agency will be considered below investment grade. Securities of below investment grade quality are regarded as having predominantly speculative characteristics with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal. The Fund’s strategies may result in an above average amount of risk and volatility or loss of principal. The Fund cannot ensure that it will achieve its investment objectives.

 

The Fund will not invest more than 10% of its total assets in securities that are rated CCC/Caa or lower by each Rating Agency rating the security or that are unrated but judged by the portfolio managers to be of comparable quality. The Fund may invest in debt securities or other obligations whose issuers are in default. However, under normal conditions, the Fund will not invest more than 5% of its total assets in debt securities or other obligations whose issuers are in default at the time of purchase. The Fund may use swaps and other derivative instruments. The Fund may invest in issuers located anywhere in the world; however, the Fund will not invest more than 15% of its total assets in securities or other income-producing instruments issued by companies and governments in any foreign country. The Fund may also invest up to 5% of its total assets in securities or other income-producing instruments denominated in foreign currencies.

 

Because the Fund’s holdings will fluctuate in price, the value of your investment in the Fund will go up and down. This means you could lose money over short or even extended periods.

 

Leverage. The Fund presently intends to use leverage by issuing preferred shares representing approximately 33% of the Fund’s Managed Assets (as defined on page four of this prospectus), although the Fund is permitted to use leverage representing up to 38% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. The Fund may also enter into transactions that may give rise to a form of leverage, including among others: loans of portfolio securities, swap contracts and other derivative instruments, reverse repurchase agreements, as well as when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions. The Fund will segregate liquid assets against or otherwise cover its future obligations under such transactions, in order to provide that, immediately after entering into such a transaction, the Fund’s future commitments that it has not segregated liquid assets against or otherwise covered, together with any outstanding preferred shares, will not exceed 38% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. By using leverage, the Fund will seek to obtain a higher return for holders of common shares than if the Fund did not use leverage. Leveraging is a speculative technique and there are special risks involved. There can be no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be used or that it will be successful during any period in which it is employed. See “Preferred Shares and Related Leverage” and “Risks – Leverage Risk.”

 

1



 

You should read this prospectus, which contains important information about the Fund, before deciding whether to invest, and retain it for future reference. A Statement of Additional Information dated               2003, as it may be supplemented (the “Statement of Additional Information”), containing additional information about the Fund, has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and is incorporated by reference in its entirety into this prospectus, which means that it is part of the prospectus for legal purposes. You can review the table of contents of the Statement of Additional Information on page 58 of this prospectus. You may request a free copy of the Statement of Additional Information by calling 1-800/DIAL BEN(R) (1-800/342-5236), TDD (Hearing Impaired) 1-800/851-0637, or by writing to the Fund. You can obtain copies of this information, after paying a duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC’s Public Reference Section, Washington, D.C. 20549-0102 or by electronic request at the following e-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov. You also can obtain information about the Fund by visiting the SEC’s Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. (phone 1-202/942-8090) or the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s Internet site at http://www.sec.gov.

 

THE INFORMATION IN THIS PROSPECTUS IS NOT COMPLETE AND MAY BE CHANGED. WE MAY NOT SELL THESE SECURITIES UNTIL THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT FILED WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION IS EFFECTIVE. THIS PROSPECTUS IS NOT AN OFFER TO SELL OR SOLICITING AN OFFER TO BUY THE SHARES HEREIN DESCRIBED IN ANY STATE, JURISDICTION OR COUNTRY IN WHICH THE OFFERING IS NOT PERMITTED.

 

NO SALES REPRESENTATIVE, DEALER, OR OTHER PERSON IS AUTHORIZED TO GIVE ANY INFORMATION OR MAKE ANY REPRESENTATIONS OTHER THAN THOSE CONTAINED IN THIS PROSPECTUS. You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. The Fund has not, and the Underwriters have not, authorized anyone to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front of this prospectus. The Fund’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.


 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

Page

Summary

1

Summary of Fund Expenses

15

The Fund

16

Use of Proceeds

16

Investment Objectives and Strategies

17

Portfolio Contents and Other Information

19

Preferred Shares and Related Leverage

31

Risks

33

How the Fund Manages Risk

42

Management of the Fund

45

Net Asset Value

46

Distributions

47

Dividend Reinvestment Plan

47

Description of Shares

49

Anti-Takeover and Other Provisions in the Declaration of Trust

51

Repurchase of Common Shares; Conversion to Open-End Fund

52

Tax Matters

53

Underwriting

55

Custodian

57

Shareholder Servicing Agent and Transfer Agent

57

Administrator

58

Legal Matters

58

Table of Contents for the Statement of Additional Information

58

 



 

SUMMARY

 

This is only a summary. This summary does not contain all of the information that you should consider before investing in the Fund’s shares.  You should review the more detailed information contained elsewhere in this prospectus and in the Statement of Additional Information, especially the information under the heading “Risks.”

 

The Fund

 

Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust (the “Fund”) is a newly organized, diversified, closed-end management investment company. See “The Fund.”

 

 

 

The Offering

 

The Fund is offering           common shares of beneficial interest (the “Common Shares”) at $15.00 per share through a group of underwriters (the “Underwriters”) led by Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, UBS Securities LLC, Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC, Advest, Inc., H&R Block Financial Advisors, Inc., Ferris, Baker Watts, Incorporated, J.J.B. Hilliard, W.L. Lyons, Inc., Janney Montgomery Scott LLC, Quick & Reilly, Inc. A FleetBoston Financial Company, RBC Dain Rauscher, Inc., Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC.  You must purchase at least 100 Common Shares. The Underwriters have been granted an option to purchase up to            additional Common Shares at the public offering price less the sales load within 45 days of the date of this prospectus, solely to cover over-allotments, if any. See “Underwriting.” Franklin Advisers, Inc., the Fund’s investment adviser (the “Manager”), has agreed to pay (i) all of the Fund’s offering costs (other than the sales load) and (ii) all of the Fund’s organizational expenses, which are estimated to be a total of $846,000. The Fund has agreed to reimburse Franklin Advisers, Inc. for such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses, from the proceeds of the offering, to the extent that the aggregate of such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses does not exceed $0.03 per share.

 

 

 

 

 

Investment Objectives

 

The Fund’s primary investment objective is to seek high current income. Its secondary objective is to seek capital appreciation to the extent it is possible and is consistent with the Fund’s primary objective. Under normal market conditions, the Fund will seek to achieve its investment objectives by investing in debt securities and other income-producing instruments, allocated primarily among three distinct investment categories: (1) mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities; (2) bank loans made to corporate and other business entities; and (3) below “investment grade” debt securities and other income-producing instruments. There is no limitation on the percentage of the Fund’s assets that may be allocated to each of these investment categories; provided that, under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 25% of its total assets in each category. Under normal circumstances, the Fund’s allocation to the investment category of mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities will be primarily composed of investments in mortgage-backed securities.

 

1



 

 

 

 

Limited Duration

 

Under normal market conditions, the Manager expects the Fund to maintain an estimated average portfolio duration of between two and five years (including the effect of anticipated leverage). This duration policy may only be changed following provision of 60 days’ prior notice to holders of Common Shares (“Common Shareholders”). Initially, the Fund is expected to have an estimated average portfolio duration of approximately three years (including the effect of anticipated leverage). In comparison to maturity (which is the date on which a debt instrument ceases and the issuer is obligated to repay the principal amount), duration is a measure of the price volatility of a debt instrument as a result of changes in market rates of interest, based on the weighted average timing of the instrument’s expected principal and interest payments. Duration differs from maturity in that it considers a security’s yield, coupon payments, principal payments and call features in addition to the amount of time until the security finally matures. As the value of a security changes over time, so will its duration. Prices of securities with longer durations tend to be more sensitive to interest rate changes than securities with shorter durations. In general, a portfolio of securities with a longer duration can be expected to be more sensitive to interest rate changes than a portfolio with a shorter duration.

 

 

 

Sector Allocation Strategy

 

The Fund will use an active sector allocation strategy to try to achieve its goals of income and capital appreciation. This means the Fund will allocate its assets among securities in various market sectors based on the Manager’s assessment of changing economic, global market, industry, and issuer conditions. Consequently, the Fund, from time to time, may have significant positions in particular sectors. There can be no assurance that the Manager’s assessments will be correct. See “Investment Objectives and Strategies – Portfolio Management Strategies.”

 

 

 

Credit Quality

 

Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 25% of its assets in debt securities or other instruments rated below investment grade, sometimes called “junk bonds.” The Fund may also invest in investment grade debt securities. Investment grade debt securities are rated in one of the top four ratings categories by a nationally-recognized statistical rating organization (a “Rating Agency”) such as S&P, Moody’s or Fitch. A debt security rated below the top four ratings categories by each Rating Agency rating the security will be considered below investment grade. The Fund may also buy unrated debt securities or other income-producing instruments.

 

 

 

 

 

The Manager will monitor the credit quality and price of the Fund’s holdings, as well as other investments that are available to the Fund. Under normal market conditions, the Fund expects to maintain a weighted average portfolio credit quality of investment

 

2



 

 

 

grade, as determined by the Manager based on the credit quality of the Fund’s portfolio holdings (as rated by the Rating Agencies or, if unrated, as determined by the Manager). For this purpose, when a portfolio holding is rated by more than one of these rating agencies, the Manager generally will use the highest rating.

 

 

 

 

 

The Fund will not invest more than 10% of its total assets in securities that are, at the time of purchase, rated CCC/Caa or lower by each Rating Agency rating the security or that are unrated but judged by the portfolio managers to be of comparable quality. The Fund may invest in securities or other instruments whose issuers are in default or bankruptcy. Under normal conditions, the Fund will not invest more than 5% of its total assets in debt securities or other obligations whose issuers are in default at the time of purchase.

 

 

 

Independent Credit Analysis

 

The Manager will rely heavily on its own analysis of the credit quality and risks associated with individual debt obligations considered for the Fund, rather than relying exclusively on rating agencies or third-party research. The Manager will use this information in an attempt to minimize credit risk and identify issuers, industries or sectors that are undervalued or that offer attractive yields relative to the Manager’s assessment of their credit characteristics. The Fund’s success in achieving its investment objectives may depend more heavily on the Manager’s credit analysis than if the Fund invested solely in higher-quality and rated securities.

 

 

 

Diversification

 

Subject to the availability of suitable investment opportunities, the Manager will seek to diversify the Fund’s investments broadly in an attempt to minimize the portfolio’s sensitivity to credit and other risks associated with a particular issuer, industry or sector, or to the impact of a single economic, political or regulatory event.

 

 

 

Portfolio Contents

 

The Fund’s portfolio may include bonds, debentures, notes and other similar types of debt instruments, such as asset-backed securities, as well as bank loans and loan participations, commercial and agency-issued mortgage securities, payment-in-kind securities, zero-coupon securities, bank certificates of deposit, fixed time deposits and bankers’ acceptances, structured notes and other hybrid instruments, preferred shares, municipal or U.S. government securities, debt securities issued by foreign corporations or supra-national government agencies, mortgage-backed securities issued on a public or private basis, and other types of asset-backed securities. The rate of interest on an income-producing security may be fixed, floating or variable. The Fund may use swaps and other derivative instruments. The Fund will not invest in inverse floating rate instruments or interest-only or principal-only mortgage securities.

 

3



 

 

 

 

 

 

The Fund may hold equity securities; however, under ordinary circumstances, such investments will be limited to convertible securities, dividend-paying common or preferred stocks, or equity securities acquired in connection with a restructuring, bankruptcy, default, or the exercise of a conversion or purchase right.

 

 

 

 

 

Since the Fund is diversified, with respect to 75% of its investment portfolio, the Fund generally may not hold more than 5% of its assets in the securities of a single issuer or hold more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of an issuer. The Fund generally will not invest more than 25% of its total assets in securities of issuers in any one industry.  See “How the Fund Manages Risk – Investment Limitations.”

 

 

 

Proposed Offering of Preferred Shares and Other
Forms of Leverage

 

Subject to market conditions, approximately one to three months after completion of this offering, the Fund intends to offer preferred shares of beneficial interest (“Preferred Shares”) representing approximately 33% of the Fund’s Managed Assets, although the Fund is permitted to use leverage representing up to 38% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. “Managed Assets” means the total assets of the Fund (including any assets attributable to leverage) minus the sum of accrued liabilities (other than debt representing financial leverage).  The issuance of Preferred Shares will leverage your investment in Common Shares. Leverage involves special risks. There can be no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be used or that it will be successful during any period in which it is employed. See “Risks – Leverage Risk.” The net proceeds the Fund obtains from selling the Preferred Shares will be invested in accordance with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies as described in this prospectus. The Preferred Shares are expected to pay dividends based on short-term interest rates which would be reset periodically through an auction or remarketing procedure, although the terms of the Preferred Shares may also enable the Fund to lengthen such intervals. So long as the rate of return, net of applicable Fund expenses, on the debt obligations and other investments purchased by the Fund exceeds Preferred Share dividend rates, the investment of the proceeds of the Preferred Shares will generate more income than will be needed to pay dividends on the Preferred Shares. If so, the excess will be used to pay higher dividends to Common Shareholders than if the Fund were not so leveraged through the issuance of Preferred Shares.

 

 

 

 

 

The Fund may also enter into transactions that may give rise to a form of leverage, including among others: loans of portfolio securities, swap contracts and other derivative instruments, reverse repurchase agreements, as well as when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions. The Fund will

 

 

4



 

 

 

segregate liquid assets against or otherwise cover its future obligations under such transactions, in order to provide that, immediately after entering into such a transaction, the Fund’s future commitments that it has not segregated liquid assets against or otherwise covered, together with any outstanding Preferred Shares, will not exceed 38% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. By using leverage, the Fund will seek to obtain a higher return for Common Shareholders than if the Fund did not use leverage. Leveraging is a speculative technique and there are special risks involved.

 

 

 

 

 

The Fund’s use of derivative instruments (other than swaps) will also be limited by the Fund’s 15% limit on illiquid investments to the extent they are determined to be illiquid. See “Investment Objectives and Strategies – Portfolio Contents and Other Information” and “Risks – Liquidity Risk.” The Fund cannot assure you that the issuance of Preferred Shares or the use of other forms of leverage will result in a higher yield on your Common Shares. Once Preferred Shares are issued and/or other forms of leverage are used, the net asset value and market price of the Common Shares and the yield to Common Shareholders will be more volatile. See “Preferred Shares and Related Leverage,” “Description of Shares – Preferred Shares” and “Risks – Leverage Risk.” In addition, fees and expenses paid by the Fund are borne entirely by the Common Shareholders (and not by Preferred Shareholders, if any). These include costs associated with any offering of Preferred Shares by the Fund (which costs are estimated to be approximately 1.20% of the total dollar amount of a Preferred Share offering), which will be borne immediately by Common Shareholders (as will the costs associated with any borrowings or other forms of leverage utilized by the Fund) and result in a reduction of the net asset value of the Common Shares.

 

 

Investment Adviser

 

Franklin Advisers, Inc. (the “Manager”) serves as the investment adviser of the Fund. Subject to the supervision of the Board of Trustees, the Manager is responsible for managing the investment activities of the Fund. for which it will receive an annual fee, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 0.50% of the average daily value of the Fund’s Managed Assets. The Manager and its affiliates (collectively known as “Franklin Templeton Investments”) provide investment management and advisory services to closed-end and open-end investment company clients, as well as private accounts. As of July 31, 2003, Franklin Templeton Investments had approximately $289 billion in assets under management for more than five million mutual fund shareholder and other accounts.

 

 

 

5



 

 

 

 

Administrator

 

In addition to the fee paid to the Manager, the Fund pays a monthly fee equal to an annual rate of 0.20% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets to Franklin Templeton Services, LLC (“FT Services”), an affiliate of the Manager. FT Services is the Fund’s administrator and provides certain administrative services and facilities for the Fund. See “Administrator.”

 

 

 

Portfolio Management Team

 

Christopher Molumphy, CFA, Eric G. Takaha, CFA, Roger Bayston, CFA, and Richard C. D’Addario will serve as the portfolio management team responsible for managing the Fund’s portfolio investments. They are sometimes referred to herein as the “portfolio managers.” Each of them has experience managing mutual funds and private accounts with Franklin Templeton Investments. See “Management of the Fund – Portfolio Management Team.”

 

 

 

Distributions

 

Commencing with the Fund’s first dividend, the Fund intends to make regular monthly cash distributions to Common Shareholders based on the projected performance of the Fund. The dividend rate that the Fund pays on its Common Shares will depend on a number of factors, including dividends payable on any Preferred Shares and the expenses of any other leveraging transactions. As portfolio and market conditions change, the rate of dividends on the Common Shares and the Fund’s dividend policy could change. At least annually, the Fund intends to distribute to Common Shareholders their pro rata share of any available net capital gains. Your initial distribution is expected to be declared within approximately 45 days, and paid within approximately 60 to 75 days, from the completion of this offering, depending on market conditions. The amount of any distributions will vary, and there is no guarantee the Fund will pay either income dividends or capital gain distributions. Unless you elect to receive distributions in cash, all of your distributions will be automatically reinvested in additional Common Shares under the Fund’s Dividend Reinvestment Plan. See “Distributions” and “Dividend Reinvestment Plan.”

 

 

 

Dividend Reinvestment Plan

 

Under the Fund’s Dividend Reinvestment Plan, all Common Shareholders whose shares are registered in their own names will have all dividends, including any capital gain distributions, reinvested automatically in additional Common Shares by PFPC, Inc., unless the Common Shareholder “opts out” of the plan and elects to receive cash. See “Dividend Reinvestment Plan.”

 

 

 

Listing

 

The Common Shares are expected to be listed on the American Stock Exchange (the “AMEX”) under the symbol “FTF.” See “Description of Shares – Common Shares.”

 

 

 

 

6



 

 

 

 

Custodian

 

The Bank of New York acts as custodian of the Fund’s securities and other assets. See “Custodian.”

 

 

 

Shareholder Servicing Agent and Transfer Agent

 

PFPC, Inc. is the Fund’s shareholder servicing agent and acts as the Fund’s transfer agent and dividend-paying agent. See “Shareholder Servicing Agent and Transfer Agent.”

 

 

 

Market Price of Shares

 

Shares of closed-end investment companies frequently trade at prices lower than net asset value. The Fund cannot assure you that the Common Shares will trade at a price higher than net asset value in the future. The Fund’s net asset value will be reduced immediately following the offering by the sales load and the amount of organization and offering expenses paid by the Fund, and immediately following any offering of Preferred Shares by the costs of that offering paid by the Fund. See “Use of Proceeds.” In addition to net asset value, market price may be affected by such factors relating to the Fund or its portfolio holdings as dividend levels (which are in turn affected by expenses, including the costs of leverage), dividend stability, portfolio credit quality and liquidity and call protection and market supply and demand. See “Preferred Shares and Related Leverage,” “Risks,” “Description of Shares,” and “Repurchase of Common Shares; Conversion to Open-End Fund” in this prospectus, and the Statement of Additional Information under “Repurchase of Common Shares; Conversion to Open-End Fund.” The Common Shares are designed primarily for long-term investors, and you should not view the Fund as a vehicle for trading purposes.

 

 

 

Special Risk Considerations

 

 

 

Lack of Operating History

 

The Fund is a newly organized, diversified, closed-end management investment company with no history of operations.

 

 

 

Market Discount Risk

 

As with any stock, the price of the Common Shares will fluctuate with market conditions and other factors. If Common Shares are sold, the price received may be more or less than the original investment. The Common Shares may trade at a price that is less than the initial offering price or at a discount from their net asset value. This risk may be greater for investors who sell their shares relatively shortly after completion of the initial offering. The Common Shares are designed for long-term investors.

 

 

 

Credit Risk

 

An issuer of a debt security may be unable to make interest payments and repay principal. Changes in an issuer’s financial strength or in a security’s credit rating may affect a security’s value and, thus, impact Fund performance. See “Risks – Credit Risk.”

 

7



 

 

 

 

Mortgage-Related Risk

 

Rising interest rates tend to extend the duration of mortgage-related securities, which in turn could lengthen the average duration of the Fund’s portfolio, making the portfolio more sensitive to changes in interest rates, and may reduce the market value of the portfolio’s mortgage-related securities. This possibility is often referred to as extension risk. In addition, mortgage-related securities are subject to prepayment risk – the risk that borrowers may pay off their mortgages sooner than expected, particularly when interest rates decline. See “Risks – Mortgage-Related Risk.”

 

 

 

Loan Risk

 

Bank loans, loan participations and assignments involve credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, and the risks of being a lender, as well as other risks. If the Fund purchases a loan, it may be able to enforce its rights only through the lender, and may assume the credit risk of both the lender and the borrower.

 

 

 

 

 

Corporate loans in which the Fund may invest may be unrated and generally will not be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) or listed on a securities exchange. Because the amount of public information available with respect to corporate loans generally is less extensive than that available for more widely rated, registered and exchange-listed securities, corporate loans can be more difficult to value. See “Risks – Loan Risk.”

 

 

 

High Yield Risk

 

The Fund may invest in debt securities and other income-producing instruments that are rated below investment grade or unrated. These securities and instruments generally have more credit risk than higher-rated securities. The issuers of such securities or instruments typically do not have the track record needed to receive an investment grade rating, have borrowed to finance acquisitions or to expand their operations, are seeking to refinance their debt at lower rates, or have been downgraded due to financial difficulties. Due to the risks involved in investing in high yield debt securities and other income-producing instruments, an investment in the Fund should be considered speculative.

 

 

 

 

 

Companies issuing high yield, fixed-income securities are not as strong financially as those issuing securities with higher credit ratings. These companies are more likely to encounter financial difficulties and are more vulnerable to changes in the economy, such as a recession or a sustained period of rising interest rates, that could affect their ability to make interest and principal payments. The high yield market has experienced a large number of defaults in recent years. If a company defaults because it stops making interest and/or principal payments, payments on the securities may never resume because such securities are generally unsecured and are often subordinated to other creditors of the

 

8



 

 

 

issuer. These securities may be worthless and the Fund could lose its entire investment.

 

 

 

 

 

The prices of high yield, fixed-income securities fluctuate more than higher-quality debt securities. Prices are especially sensitive to developments affecting the company’s business and to changes in the ratings assigned by rating agencies. Prices often are closely linked with the company’s stock prices and typically rise and fall in response to factors that affect stock prices. In addition, the entire high yield securities market can experience sudden and sharp price swings due to changes in economic conditions, stock market activity, large sustained sales by major investors, a high-profile default, or other factors.

 

 

 

 

 

High yield securities generally are less liquid than higher-quality securities. Many of these securities do not trade frequently, and when they do their prices may be significantly higher or lower than expected. See “Risks – High Yield Risk.”

 

 

 

Interest Rate Risk

 

Changes in interest rates may present risks to the Fund. When interest rates rise, debt security prices generally fall. The opposite is also true: debt security prices generally rise when interest rates fall. Because market interest rates are currently near their lowest levels in many years, there is a great risk that the Fund’s investments will decline in value.

 

 

 

 

 

The prices of fixed-rate securities with longer durations tend to be more sensitive to changes in interest rates than securities with shorter durations, usually making them more volatile. Because the Fund will normally have an estimated average portfolio duration of between two and five years (including the effects of anticipated leverage), the Common Shares’ net asset value and market price will tend to fluctuate more in response to changes in market interest rates than if the Fund invested mainly in short-term debt securities and less than if the Fund invested mainly in longer-term debt securities.

 

 

 

 

 

The Preferred Shares, if any are issued, are expected to pay dividends based on certain interest rates. If the Preferred Share dividend rate exceeds the rate of return on the debt obligations and other investments held by the Fund that were acquired during periods of generally lower interest rates, the returns to Common Shareholders may be reduced. The Fund’s use of leverage, as described in the prospectus, will tend to increase Common Share interest rate risk.

 

 

 

 

 

The Fund may employ certain strategies for the purpose of reducing the interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio and decreasing the Fund’s exposure to interest rate risk, although

 

9



 

 

 

there is no assurance that it will do so or that such strategies will be successful. See “Risks – Interest Rate Risk.”

 

 

 

Inflation Risk

 

Inflation risk is the risk that the value of assets or income from the Fund’s investments will be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the value of money.

 

 

 

Leverage Risk

 

The Fund’s use of leverage through the issuance of Preferred Shares, the lending of portfolio securities, and the use of swaps, other derivatives, reverse repurchase agreements, and when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions, creates the opportunity for increased Common Share net income, but also creates special risks for Common Shareholders. To mitigate leverage risk from such transactions, the Fund will segregate liquid assets against or otherwise cover its future obligations under such transactions.

 

 

 

 

 

So long as the Fund’s securities portfolio provides a higher rate of return (net of Fund expenses) than the Preferred Share dividend rate, the leverage will allow Common Shareholders to receive a higher current rate of return than if the Fund were not leveraged. If, however, interest rates rise, which may be likely because interest rates are currently near their lowest levels in many years, the Preferred Share dividend rate could exceed the rate of return on the debt obligations and other investments held by the Fund that were acquired during periods of generally lower interest rates, reducing return to Common Shareholders. Preferred Shares are expected to pay cumulative dividends, which may increase leverage risk.

 

 

 

 

 

The Fund’s use of leverage may, during periods of rising interest rates, adversely affect the Fund’s income, distributions and total returns to Common Shareholders. Leverage creates two major types of risks for Common Shareholders:

 

 

 

the likelihood of greater volatility of net asset value and market price of Common Shares, because changes in the value of the Fund’s portfolio of income-producing securities (including securities bought with the proceeds of the Preferred Shares offering) are borne entirely by the Common Shareholders; and

 

 

 

 

 

 

the possibility either that Common Share income will fall if the Preferred Share dividend rate rises, or that Common Share income will fluctuate because the Preferred Share dividend rate varies. Because the fees received by the Manager are based on the Managed Assets of the Fund (including assets attributable to any Preferred Shares that may be outstanding), the Manager has a financial incentive for the Fund to issue

 

10



 

 

 

 

Preferred Shares, which may create a conflict of interest between the Manager and the Common Shareholders.

 

 

 

 

 

By using leverage, the Fund will seek to obtain a higher return for holders of Common Shares than if the Fund did not use leverage. Leveraging is a speculative technique and there are special risks involved. There can be no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be used or that it will be successful during any period in which it is employed. The Fund’s use of leverage strategies could result in larger losses than if the strategies were not used.

 

 

 

Portfolio Security Issuer Risk

 

The value of the Fund’s investments may decline for a number of reasons that directly relate to the issuer, such as management performance, financial leverage and performance and factors affecting the issuer’s industry.

 

 

 

Management Risk

 

The Fund is subject to management risk because it is an actively managed portfolio. The Manager will apply investment techniques and risk analyses in making investment decisions for the Fund, but there can be no guarantee that they will produce the desired results.

 

 

 

Foreign (Non-U.S.) Investment Risk

 

Investing in foreign securities, including securities of foreign governments, typically involves more risks than investing in U.S. securities. These risks can increase the potential for losses in the Fund and may include, among others, currency risks, country risks (political, diplomatic, regional conflicts, terrorism, war, social and economic instability, currency devaluations and policies that have the effect of limiting or restricting foreign investment or the movement of assets), different trading practices, less government supervision, less publicly available information, limited trading markets and greater volatility.  See “Risks – Foreign (Non-U.S.) Investment Risk.” Investing in securities of issuers based in developing or emerging markets entails all of the risks of investing in securities of foreign issuers to a heightened degree as well as other risks. See “Risks – Foreign (Non-U.S.) Investment Risk – Developing Countries and Emerging Markets.”

 

 

 

 

 

Debt issued by foreign governments, their agencies or instrumentalities, or other government-related entities, is subject to several risks, such as the fact that there are generally no bankruptcy proceedings similar to those in the United States by which defaulted sovereign debt may be collected. Other risks include: potential limits on the flow of capital; political and economic risk; the extent and quality of financial regulations; tax risk; and the potential expropriation or nationalization of foreign

 

11



 

 

 

issuers. See “Risks – Foreign (Non-U.S.) Investment Risk – Sovereign Issuers.”

 

 

 

Derivatives Risk

 

Derivatives (such as futures contracts and options thereon, options, swaps and short sales) are subject to a number of risks such as liquidity risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, leverage risk, volatility risk and management risk. They also involve the risk of mispricing or improper valuation, the risk of ambiguous documentation, and the risk that changes in the value of a derivative may not correlate perfectly with an underlying asset, interest rate or index. There can be no assurance that the Fund will engage in suitable derivative transactions to reduce exposure to other risks when that would be beneficial. See “Risks – Derivatives Risk.”

 

 

 

Counterparty Risk

 

The Fund will be subject to credit risk with respect to the counterparties to any derivative contracts purchased by the Fund. If a counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations under a derivative contract due to financial difficulties, the Fund may experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery under the derivative contract. See “Risks – Counterparty Risk.”

 

 

 

Volatility Risk

 

The market values for some or all of the Fund’s holdings may be volatile. The Fund’s investment grade or long-term debt securities, will generally be more sensitive to changing interest rates and less sensitive to changes in the economic environment. The Fund’s investments may also be subject to liquidity constraints and as a result, higher price volatility. The Fund’s use of leverage may increase the volatility of the Fund’s investment portfolio. See “Risks – Volatility Risk.”

 

 

 

Reinvestment Risk

 

The Fund may distribute or reinvest the proceeds from matured, traded or called debt obligations. If the Fund reinvests such proceeds at lower interest rates, the market price or the overall return of the Common Shares may decline. See “Risks – Reinvestment Risk.”

 

 

 

Call Risk

 

A debt security may be prepaid (called) before maturity. An issuer is more likely to call its securities when interest rates are falling, because the issuer can issue new securities with lower interest payments. If a debt security is called, the Fund may have to replace it with a lower-yielding security. At any time, the Fund may have a large amount of its assets invested in securities subject to call risk. A call of some or all of these securities may lower the Fund’s income and yield and its distributions to shareholders. See “Risks – Call Risk.”

 

 

 

Liquidity Risk

 

The Fund may invest up to 15% of its total assets in securities (excluding swaps) which are illiquid at the time of investment

 

12



 

 

 

( i.e. , securities that cannot be disposed of within seven days in the ordinary course of business at approximately the value at which the Fund has valued the securities). Illiquid securities may trade at a discount from comparable, more liquid investments, and may be subject to wide fluctuations in market value. Also, the Fund may not be able to dispose of illiquid securities when that would be beneficial at a favorable time or price. See “Risks – Liquidity Risk.”

 

 

 

Income Risk

 

Because the Fund can distribute only what it earns, the Fund’s distributions to shareholders may decline.  See “Risks – Income Risk.”

 

 

 

Zero-Coupon Securities Risk

 

Zero-coupon securities are especially sensitive to changes in interest rates, and their prices generally are more volatile than debt securities that pay interest periodically. Lower quality zero-coupon bonds are generally subject to the same risks as high yield debt securities. The Fund typically will not receive any interest payments on these securities until maturity. If the issuer defaults, the Fund may lose its entire investment, which will affect the Fund’s share price.  See “Risks – Zero-Coupon Securities Risk.”

 

 

 

Smaller Company Risk

 

Although the Fund does not presently intend to invest a significant portion of its assets in smaller companies, the Fund may invest some of its assets in such companies. These companies may be subject to greater levels of credit, market and issuer risk than companies with larger market capitalizations. Also, securities of smaller companies may trade less frequently and in lesser volume than more widely held securities and their values may fluctuate more sharply than other securities. See “Risks – Smaller Company Risk.”

 

 

 

Real Estate Risk

 

Since the Fund may invest in real estate investment trusts and mortgage securities secured by real estate, the Fund may be subject to risks similar to those associated with the direct ownership of real estate. These risks include declines in the value of real estate, general and local economic risk, management risk, interest rate risk, possible lack of availability of mortgage funds, overbuilding, extended vacancies of properties, increased competition, increases in property taxes and operating expenses, changes in zoning laws, environmental risk, casualty or condemnation losses, and rent controls. See “Risks – Real Estate Risk.”

 

 

 

Market Disruption and Geopolitical Risk

 

The war with Iraq, its aftermath, the continuing occupation of Iraq, terrorism and related geopolitical risks have led, and may in the future lead. to increased short-term market volatility and may

 

13



 

 

 

have adverse effects on U.S. and, world economies and markets generally. These risks could also adversely affect individual issuers and securities markets, interest rates, auctions, secondary trading, ratings, credit risk, inflation and other factors relating to the Common Shares. See “Risks – Market Disruption and Geopolitical Risk.”

 

 

 

Anti-Takeover Provisions

 

The Fund’s Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust, dated June 19, 2003 (the “Declaration”), includes provisions that could limit the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund or convert the Fund to open-end status. Also, these provisions could have the effect of depriving the Common Shareholders of opportunities to sell their Common Shares at a premium over the then-current market price of the Common Shares. See “Anti-Takeover and Other Provisions in the Declaration of Trust.”

 

14



 

SUMMARY OF FUND EXPENSES

 

The following table and the expenses shown assume the issuance of Preferred Shares in an amount equal to 33% of the Fund’s Managed Assets, and show Fund expenses as a percentage of Managed Assets attributable only to Common Shares. Footnote 3 to the table also shows Fund expenses as a percentage of Managed Assets attributable to Common Shares, but assumes that no Preferred Shares are issued or outstanding (such as will be the case prior to the Fund’s expected issuance of Preferred Shares).

 

Shareholder Transaction Expenses

 

 

 

Sales Load (as a percentage of offering price)

 

4.50

%

Dividend Reinvestment Plan Fees

 

None

(1)

 

 

 

Percentage of Managed
Assets Attributable to
Common Shares (Assuming
the Issuance of
Preferred Shares) (3)

 

 

 

 

 

Annual Expenses

 

 

 

Management Fees

 

0.75

%

Other Expenses

 

0.46

% (2), (4)

Total Annual Expenses

 

1.21

% (5)

 


(1)    You will pay brokerage charges if you direct the plan agent to sell your Common Shares held in a dividend reinvestment account.

(2)    Other expenses include an administrative services fee of 0.20% of the Fund’s Managed Assets, payable to FT Services, an affiliate of the Manager.

(3)    The table presented below in this footnote estimates what the Fund’s annual expenses would be, stated as percentages of the Fund’s Managed Assets attributable to Common Shares but, unlike the table above, assumes that no Preferred Shares are issued or outstanding. This will be the case, for instance, prior to the Fund’s expected issuance of Preferred Shares. In accordance with these assumptions, the Fund’s expenses would be estimated to be as follows:

 

 

 

Percentage of Managed Assets
Attributable to
Common Shares (Assuming
No Preferred Shares
Are Issued or Outstanding)

 

 

 

 

 

Annual Expenses

 

 

 

Management Fees

 

0.50

%

Other Expenses

 

0.30

% (2), (4)

Total Annual Expenses

 

0.80

% (5)

 


(4)    If the Fund offers Preferred Shares, costs of that offering, estimated to be approximately 1.20% of the total dollar amount of the Preferred Share offering, will be borne immediately by Common Shareholders and result in a reduction of the net asset value of the Common Shares. Assuming the issuance of Preferred Shares in an amount equal to 33% of the Fund’s Managed Assets (calculated after their issuance), these offering costs are estimated to be approximately 0.60% of the offering price. These offering costs are not included among the expenses shown in this table.

(5)    The Manager has agreed to pay (i) all of the Fund’s offering costs (other than the sales load) and (ii) all of the Fund’s organizational expenses, which are estimated to be a total of $846,000. The Fund has agreed to reimburse Franklin Advisers, Inc. for such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses, from the proceeds of the offering, to the extent that the aggregate of such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses does not exceed $0.03 per share. The offering costs to be paid by the Fund are not included among the expenses shown in the table. However, these expenses will be borne by Common Shareholders and result in a reduction of the net asset value of the Common Shares.

 

15



 

The purpose of the table above is to help you understand all fees and expenses that you, as a Common Shareholder, would bear directly or indirectly. The Other Expenses shown in the table and related footnotes are based on estimated amounts for the Fund’s first year of operations and assume that the Fund issues approximately 33 million Common Shares. If the Fund issues fewer Common Shares, all other things being equal, these expenses would increase. See “Management of the Fund” and “Dividend Reinvestment Plan.”

 

As required by relevant SEC regulations, the following example illustrates the expenses (including the sales load of $0.675 per Common Share, estimated offering expenses of this offering of $0.03 per Common Share, and the estimated offering costs of issuing Preferred Shares assuming the Fund issues Preferred Shares representing 33% of the Fund’s capital (calculated after their issuance) of approximately $0.09 per Common Share) that you would pay on a $1,000 investment in Common Shares, assuming the sales load and the offering expenses listed in the parenthetical above, and (a) total net annual expenses of 1.21% of net assets attributable to Common Shares (assuming the issuance of Preferred Shares) in years one through ten, and (b) a 5% annual return (1) :

 

 

 

1 Year

 

3 Years

 

5 Years

 

10 Years

 

Total Expenses Incurred

 

$

63

 

$

88

 

$

115

 

$

191

 

 


(1)           The example above should not be considered a representation of future expenses. Actual expenses may be higher or lower than those shown. The example assumes that the estimated Other Expenses set forth in the Annual Expenses table are accurate and that all dividends and distributions are reinvested at net asset value. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those assumed. Moreover, the Fund’s actual rate of return may be greater or less than the hypothetical 5% annual return shown in the example.

 

THE FUND

 

The Fund is a newly organized, diversified, closed-end management investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (the “1940 Act”). The Fund was organized as a Delaware statutory trust on May 8, 2003, pursuant to the Declaration, which is governed by the laws of the State of Delaware. As a newly organized entity, the Fund has no operating history. The Fund’s principal office is located at One Franklin Parkway, San Mateo, California 94403-1906, and its telephone number is 1-800/DIAL-BEN (1-800/342-5236).

 

USE OF PROCEEDS

 

The net proceeds of the offering of Common Shares will be approximately $           (or $          if the Underwriters exercise the over-allotment option in full) after payment of the estimated organizational and offering costs. The Manager has agreed to pay (i) all of the Fund’s offering costs (other than the sales load) and (ii) all of the Fund’s organizational expenses, which are estimated to be a total of $846,000. The Fund has agreed to reimburse Franklin Advisers, Inc. for such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses, from the proceeds of the offering, to the extent that the aggregate of such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses does not exceed $0.03 per share. The Fund will invest the net proceeds of the offering in accordance with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies as stated below. It is presently anticipated that the Fund will be able to invest substantially all of the net proceeds in debt obligations and other investments that meet its investment objectives and policies within three months after the completion of the offering. Pending such investment, it is anticipated that the proceeds will be invested in high quality, short-term securities.

 

16



 

INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES

 

Investment Objectives

 

The Fund’s primary investment objective is to seek high current income. Its secondary objective is to seek capital appreciation to the extent it is possible and is consistent with the Fund’s primary objective. Under normal market conditions, the Fund will seek to achieve its investment objectives by investing in debt securities and other income-producing instruments, allocated primarily among three distinct investment categories: (1) mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities; (2) bank loans made to corporate and other business entities; and (3) below investment grade debt securities and other income-producing instruments, as described under “Portfolio Contents and Other Information.” The Manager has broad discretion to allocate the Fund’s assets among the three principal investment categories. There is no limitation on the percentage of the Fund’s assets that may be allocated to each of these investment categories; provided that, under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 25% of its total assets in each category. Under normal circumstances, the Fund’s allocation to the investment category of mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities will be primarily composed of investments in mortgage-backed securities. The Fund cannot assure you that it will achieve its investment objectives.

 

Under normal market conditions, the Fund expects to maintain a weighted average portfolio credit quality of investment grade, which will be determined by the Manager based on the credit quality of the Fund’s portfolio holdings (as rated by the Rating Agencies, or if unrated, as determined by the Manager). For this purpose, when a portfolio holding is rated by more than one of these rating agencies, the Manager generally will use the highest rating.

 

Under normal market conditions, the Manager expects the Fund to maintain an estimated average portfolio duration of between two and five years (including the effect of anticipated leverage). This duration policy may only be changed following provision of 60 days’ prior notice to Common Shareholders. Initially, the Fund is expected to have an estimated average portfolio duration of approximately three years (including the effect of anticipated leverage). In comparison to maturity (which is the date on which a debt instrument ceases and the issuer is obligated to repay the principal amount), duration is a measure of the price volatility of a debt instrument as a result of changes in market rates of interest, based on the weighted average timing of the instrument’s expected principal and interest payments. Duration differs from maturity in that it considers a security’s yield, coupon payments, principal payments and call features in addition to the amount of time until the security finally matures. As the value of a security changes over time, so will its duration. Prices of securities with longer durations tend to be more sensitive to interest rate changes than securities with shorter durations. In general, a portfolio of securities with a longer duration can be expected to be more sensitive to interest rate changes than a portfolio with a shorter duration.

 

The Fund cannot change its investment objectives without the approval of the holders of a “majority of the outstanding” Common Shares and any Preferred Shares voting together as a single class, and of the holders of a “majority of the outstanding” Preferred Shares voting as a separate class. A “majority of the outstanding” shares (whether voting together as a single class or voting as a separate class) means (i) 67% or more of such shares present at a meeting, if the holders of more than 50% of those shares are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of such shares, whichever is less. See “Description of Shares – Voting Rights” for additional information with respect to the voting rights of holders of Preferred Shares.

 

The Fund may not necessarily be leveraged at all times and the amount of borrowing or leverage, if any, may vary depending upon a variety of factors, including the Manager’s outlook for the market for debt securities and other income-producing instruments and the costs that the Fund would incur as a result of such leverage.

 

The Fund presently intends to use leverage by issuing Preferred Shares representing approximately 33% of the Fund’s Managed Assets (calculated after their issuance), although the Fund is permitted to use leverage

 

17



 

representing up to 38% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. The Fund may also enter into transactions that may give rise to a form of leverage, including among others: loans of portfolio securities, swap contracts and other derivative instruments, reverse repurchase agreements, as well as when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions. The Fund will segregate liquid assets against or otherwise cover its future obligations under such transactions, in order to provide that, immediately after entering into such a transaction, the Fund’s future commitments that it has not segregated liquid assets against or otherwise covered, together with any outstanding Preferred Shares, will not exceed 38% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. The Fund’s use of derivative instruments (other than swaps) will also be limited by the Fund’s 15% limit on illiquid investments to the extent they are determined to be illiquid. See “Preferred Shares and Related Leverage” and “Risks – Liquidity Risk.”

 

By using leverage, the Fund will seek to obtain a higher return for holders of Common Shares than if the Fund did not use leverage. Leveraging is a speculative technique and there are special risks involved. There can be no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be used or that it will be successful during any period in which it is employed.

 

Portfolio Management Strategies

 

The Fund will use an active sector allocation strategy to try to achieve its goals of income and capital appreciation. This means the Fund allocates its assets among securities in various market sectors based on the Manager’s assessment of changing economic, global market, industry, and issuer conditions. Consequently, the Fund, from time to time, may have significant positions in particular sectors. The Manager will use a “top-down” analysis of macroeconomic trends combined with a “bottom-up” fundamental analysis of market sectors, industries, and issuers to try to take advantage of varying sector reactions to economic events. The Manager will evaluate business cycles, yield curves, and values between and within markets, as well as country risk and currency risk. The Fund’s ability to achieve its investment goals depends in part upon the Manager’s skill in determining the Fund’s asset allocation mix and sector weightings. There can be no assurance that the Manager’s analysis of the outlook for the economy and the business cycle will be correct.

 

The Manager also intends to utilize a research driven, fundamental strategy that relies on a team of analysts to provide in-depth industry expertise and that uses both qualitative and quantitative analysis to evaluate companies. Employing a “bottom-up” investment strategy, the Manager intends to focus on individual securities. In selecting securities for the Fund’s investment portfolio, the Manager will not rely principally on the ratings assigned by rating agencies, but will perform its own independent investment analysis to evaluate the creditworthiness of the issuer. The Manager will consider a variety of factors, including the issuer’s experience and managerial strength, its sensitivity to economic conditions, and its current financial condition.

 

At the same time, the Manager will use a variety of techniques, described below and elsewhere in the prospectus, designed to evaluate risk and manage the Fund’s exposure to investments that the Manager believes are more likely to default or otherwise depreciate in value over time and detract from the Fund’s overall return to investors. The Fund cannot assure you that such securities will ultimately continue to pay current income or be paid in full at maturity.

 

When the Manager believes market or economic conditions are unfavorable for investors, the Manager may invest up to 100% of the Fund’s assets in a temporary defensive manner by holding all or a substantial portion of its assets in cash, cash equivalents or other high quality short-term investments. Temporary defensive investments generally may include U.S. government securities, commercial paper, repurchase agreements and other money market securities. The Manager also may invest in these types of securities or hold cash while looking for suitable investment opportunities or to maintain liquidity. In these circumstances, the Fund may be unable to achieve its investment goals.

 

18



 

PORTFOLIO CONTENTS AND OTHER INFORMATION

 

This section provides additional information regarding the types of securities and other instruments in which the Fund will ordinarily invest. A more detailed discussion of these and other instruments and investment techniques that may be used by the Fund is provided under “Investment Objectives and Policies” in the Statement of Additional Information.

 

The Fund will invest in a diversified portfolio of debt securities and other income-producing instruments of varying maturities. These may include bonds, debentures, notes and other similar types of debt instruments, such as asset-backed securities, as well as convertible securities, bank loans and loan participations, commercial and agency-issued mortgage securities, payment-in-kind securities, zero-coupon securities, bank certificates of deposit, fixed time deposits and bankers’ acceptances, structured notes and other hybrid instruments, real estate investment trusts, preferred shares, U.S. government securities, municipal securities, debt securities issued by foreign corporations or supra-national government agencies, mortgage-backed securities issued on a public or private basis, and other types of asset-backed securities. The Fund will not invest in inverse floaters or interest-only or principal-only mortgage securities.

 

Certain debt instruments, such as convertible bonds, also may include the right to participate in equity appreciation, and the Manager will generally evaluate those instruments based primarily on their debt characteristics. The Fund may hold equity securities; however, under ordinary circumstances, such investments will be limited to convertible securities, dividend-paying common or preferred stocks, or equity securities acquired in connection with a restructuring, a bankruptcy, a default, or the exercise of a conversion or purchase right. See “Additional Investment Practices – Equity Securities.”

 

The rate of interest on an income-producing security may be fixed, floating or variable. The principal and/or interest rate on some debt instruments may be determined by reference to the performance of a benchmark asset or market, such as an index of securities, or the differential performance of two assets or markets, such as the level of exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and a foreign currency or currencies.

 

The Fund may invest in debt securities and other income-producing instruments that are rated below investment grade. The Fund may invest up to 15% of its total assets in securities or other income-producing instruments issued by companies and governments in any foreign country, including developed or developing countries.

 

The Fund also may invest up to 5% of its total assets in securities or other income-producing instruments denominated in foreign currencies, including obligations of non-U.S. governments and their respective sub-divisions, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises. The Fund also may utilize a variety of derivative instruments for hedging, duration management, investment and risk management purposes, such as options, futures contracts, swap agreements and short sales, and may seek to obtain market exposure to the securities in which it primarily invests by entering into a series of purchase and sales contracts.

 

The Fund may invest up to 15% of its total assets in illiquid securities ( i.e. , securities that cannot be disposed of within seven days in the ordinary course of business at approximately the value at which the Fund has valued the securities). Given the current structure of the markets for Rule 144A securities, the Fund may treat some of these securities as illiquid, except that Rule 144A securities may be deemed liquid by the Manager under guidelines adopted by the Board of Trustees. Although structured notes, bank loans and loan participations are not necessarily illiquid, to the extent such investments are deemed to be illiquid by the Manager, they will be subject to the Fund’s restrictions on investments in illiquid securities. The Fund’s investment in swaps will not be included as illiquid investments for purposes of determining compliance with the 15% limit on illiquid investments. Accordingly, the Fund may invest more than 15% of its total assets in swaps. However, the Fund’s use of derivative instruments (other than swaps) will be limited by the Fund’s 15% limit on illiquid investments to the extent such derivatives are determined to be illiquid.

 

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Commercial and Other Mortgage-Related and Asset-Backed Securities

 

Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 25% of its assets in mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities. Mortgage-related securities are debt instruments which provide periodic payments consisting of interest and/or principal that are derived from or related to payments of interest and/or principal on underlying mortgages. Additional payments on mortgage-related securities may be made out of unscheduled prepayments of principal resulting from the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, net of fees or costs that may be incurred. Under normal conditions, the Fund’s allocation to the investment category of mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities will be primarily composed of investments in mortgage-backed securities.

 

The Fund may invest a significant portion of its assets in commercial mortgage-related securities issued by corporations. These are securities that represent an interest in, or are secured by, mortgage loans secured by commercial property, such as industrial and warehouse properties, office buildings, retail space and shopping malls, multifamily properties and cooperative apartments, hotels and motels, nursing homes, hospitals, and senior living centers. They may pay fixed or adjustable rates of interest. The commercial mortgage loans that underlie commercial mortgage-related securities have certain distinct risk characteristics. Commercial mortgage loans generally lack standardized terms, which may complicate their structure. Commercial properties themselves tend to be unique and difficult to value. Commercial mortgage loans tend to have shorter maturities than residential mortgage loans, and may not be fully amortizing, meaning that they may have a significant principal balance, or “balloon” payment, due on maturity. In addition, commercial properties, particularly industrial and warehouse properties, are subject to environmental risks and the burdens and costs of compliance with environmental laws and regulations.

 

Other mortgage-related securities in which the Fund may invest include mortgage pass-through securities, mortgage dollar rolls, and other securities that directly or indirectly represent a participation in, or are secured by and payable from, mortgage loans on real property. The Fund will not invest in interest-only or principal-only mortgage securities.

 

The Fund may invest in securities issued by trusts and special purpose corporations with principal and interest payouts backed by, or supported by, any of various types of assets. These assets typically include receivables related to the purchase of manufactured housing, automobiles, credit card loans, and home equity loans. These securities generally take the form of a structured type of security, including pass-through, pay-through and senior subordinated payout structures.

 

The Fund may invest in other types of asset-backed securities that are offered in the marketplace, including Enhanced Equipment Trust Certificates (“EETCs”). Although any entity may issue EETCs, to date, U.S. airlines are the primary issuers. An airline EETC is an obligation secured directly by aircraft or aircraft engines as collateral. EETCs tend to be less liquid than bonds. Other asset-backed securities may be collateralized by the fees earned by service providers. The value of asset-backed securities may be substantially dependent on the servicing of the underlying asset pools and are therefore subject to risks associated with the negligence of, or defalcation by, their servicers. In certain circumstances, the mishandling of related documentation may also affect the rights of the security holders in and to the underlying collateral. The insolvency of entities that generate receivables or that utilize the assets may result in added costs and delays in addition to losses associated with a decline in the value of the underlying assets.

 

Please see “Investment Restrictions and Additional Investment Information – Mortgage-Related and Other Asset-Backed Securities” in the Statement of Additional Information and “Risks – Mortgage-Related Risk” in this prospectus for a more detailed description of the types of mortgage-related and other asset-backed securities in which the Fund may invest and their related risks.

 

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Bank Loans and Loan Participations

 

Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 25% of its total assets in bank loans made to corporate and other business entities. Such bank loans typically pay interest at rates which are re-determined periodically on the basis of a floating base lending rate such as the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) plus a premium. The Fund may acquire loan participations and other related direct or indirect bank debt obligations (bank loans or loan participations), in which the Fund will buy from a lender a portion of a larger loan that the lender has made to a borrower. The Manager generally considers loan participations to be liquid. To the extent loan participations are deemed to be liquid by the Manager, they will not be subject to the Fund’s restrictions on investments in illiquid securities.

 

Generally, loan participations are sold without guarantee or recourse to the lending institution and are subject to the credit risks of both the borrower and the lending institution. Loan participations, however, may enable the Fund to acquire an interest in a loan from a financially strong borrower which it could not do directly. While loan participations generally trade at par value, the Fund may be permitted to buy loan participations that sell at a discount because of the borrower’s credit problems or other issues associated with the credit risk of the loan. To the extent the credit problems are resolved, loan participations may appreciate in value.

 

Indebtedness of companies whose creditworthiness is poor involves substantially greater risks, and may be highly speculative. Some companies may never pay off their indebtedness, or may pay only a small fraction of the amount owed. Consequently, when investing in indebtedness of companies with poor credit, the Fund bears a substantial risk of losing the entire amount invested. If the Fund purchases a loan, it may only be able to enforce its rights through the lender, and may assume the credit risk of both the lender and the borrower.

 

Bank loans and other floating-rate debt instruments are subject to the risk of non-payment of scheduled interest or principal. Such non-payment would result in a reduction of income to the Fund, a reduction in the value of the investment and a potential decrease in the net asset value of the Fund. Some bank loans may be secured by collateral; however, there can be no assurance that the liquidation of any collateral securing a bank loan would satisfy the borrower’s obligation in the event of non-payment of scheduled interest or principal payments, or that such collateral could be readily liquidated. In the event of bankruptcy of a borrower, the Fund could experience delays or limitations with respect to its ability to realize the benefits of any collateral securing a bank loan. Collateral securing a bank loan may lose all or substantially all of its value in the event of bankruptcy of a borrower. Some bank loans are subject to the risk that a court, pursuant to fraudulent conveyance or other similar laws, could subordinate the bank loans to presently existing or future indebtedness of the borrower or take other action detrimental to the holders of the bank loans including, in certain circumstances, invalidating such bank loans or causing interest previously paid to be refunded to the borrower. If interest were required to be refunded, it could negatively affect the Fund’s performance.

 

Many bank loans in which the Fund will invest may not be rated by a Rating Agency, will not be registered with the SEC or any state securities commission and will not be listed on any national securities exchange. The amount of public information available with respect to bank loans will generally be less extensive than that available for registered or exchange listed securities. In evaluating the creditworthiness of borrowers, the Manager will consider, and may rely in part, on analyses performed by others. Borrowers may have outstanding debt obligations that are rated below investment grade by a Rating Agency. A portion, and potentially all, of the bank loans in the Fund may be assigned ratings below investment grade by a Rating Agency, or unrated but judged by the Manager to be of comparable quality.

 

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No active trading market may exist for some bank loans and some loans may be subject to restrictions on resale. A secondary market may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads and extended trade settlement periods, which may impair the ability to realize full value and thus cause a material decline in the Fund’s net asset value. In addition, the Fund may not be able to readily dispose of its bank loans at prices that approximate those at which the Fund could sell such loans if they were more widely-traded and, as a result of such illiquidity, the Fund may have to sell other investments or engage in borrowing transactions if necessary to raise cash to meet its obligations. During periods of limited supply and liquidity of bank loans, the Fund’s yield may be lower. See “Risks – Liquidity Risk.”

 

High Yield Investments

 

Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 25% of its total assets in debt securities and other income-producing instruments that are rated below investment grade by Moody’s, S&P or Fitch (below Baa by Moody’s, below BBB by S&P or Fitch) or that are unrated but judged by the portfolio managers to be of comparable quality. These debt securities are sometimes referred to as “high yield” securities or “junk bonds.” Investing in high yield securities and instruments involves greater risks (in particular, greater risk of default) and special risks in addition to the risks associated with investments in investment grade debt obligations. While offering a greater potential opportunity for capital appreciation and higher yields, high yield investments typically entail greater potential price volatility and default risk and may be less liquid than higher-rated securities. Compared to issuers of higher-rated securities, issuers of high yield securities or other income-producing instruments may be perceived to have greater difficulty meeting principal and interest payments. They also may be more susceptible to real or perceived adverse economic and competitive conditions related to the issuer’s industry than higher-rated securities. High yield investments may be less liquid than higher rated securities. The Fund may also invest in debt securities or other obligations whose issuers are in bankruptcy. See “Risks – Liquidity Risk.”

 

The market values of high yield investments tend to reflect individual developments of the issuer to a greater extent than do higher-quality securities, which tend to react mainly to fluctuations in the general level of interest rates. In addition, lower-quality debt securities tend to be more sensitive to economic conditions. Certain “emerging market” governments that issue high yield securities are among the largest debtors to commercial banks, foreign governments and supra-national organizations such as the World Bank, and may not be able or willing to make principal and/or interest payments as they come due.

 

The Fund may purchase unrated securities (which are not rated by a rating agency) if the Manager determines that the securities are of comparable quality to rated securities that the Fund may purchase. Unrated securities may be less liquid than comparable rated securities and involve the risk that the Manager may not accurately evaluate the security’s comparative credit rating.

 

The Fund will not invest more than 10% of its total assets in securities that are, at the time of purchase, rated CCC/Caa or lower by each Rating Agency rating the security or that are unrated but judged by the portfolio managers to be of comparable quality. Lower rated securities generally provide higher yields than more highly rated securities to compensate investors for the higher risk. The Fund will seek to invest in securities offering the highest yield and expected total return without taking on an excessive amount of risk. These lower rated securities may also include defaulted securities for which payments of interest or principal or both are unpaid and overdue or for which other defaults have occurred. Under normal conditions, the Fund will not invest more than 5% of its total assets in debt securities or other obligations whose issuers are in default at the time of purchase.

 

Because the securities the Fund holds fluctuate in price, the value of your investment in the Fund will go up and down. This means you could lose money over short or even extended periods.

 

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Credit Ratings and Unrated Securities. Rating Agencies are private services that provide ratings of the credit quality of debt obligations, including convertible securities, based on an assessment of default risk. Appendix A to the Statement of Additional Information describes the various ratings assigned to debt obligations by Moody’s, S&P and Fitch. Ratings assigned by a Rating Agency are the individual agency’s opinion of credit quality and do not evaluate market risks. Rating Agencies may fail to make timely changes in credit ratings or may make an inaccurate assessment of the factors affecting credit quality, and an issuer’s current financial condition may be better or worse than a rating indicates. The Fund will not necessarily sell a security when its rating is reduced below its rating at the time of purchase. As described below under “– Independent Credit Analysis,” the Manager does not rely solely on credit ratings, and develops its own analysis of issuer credit quality. The ratings of a debt security may change over time. The Rating Agencies monitor and evaluate the ratings assigned to securities on an ongoing basis. As a result, debt instruments held by the Fund could receive a higher rating (which would tend to increase their value) or a lower rating (which would tend to decrease their value) during the period in which they are held.

 

Independent Credit Analysis. The Manager will rely heavily on its own analysis of the credit quality and risks associated with individual debt obligations considered for the Fund, rather than relying exclusively on rating agencies or third-party research. The Manager will use this information in an attempt to minimize credit risk and identify issuers, industries or sectors that are undervalued or that offer attractive yields relative to the Manager’s assessment of their credit characteristics. The Manager will monitor the creditworthiness of the Fund’s portfolio. Analysis of the creditworthiness of issuers of high yield securities may be more complex than for issuers of higher-quality debt obligations. The Fund’s success in achieving its investment objectives may depend more heavily on the Manager’s credit analysis than if the Fund invested solely in higher-quality and rated securities.

 

Additional Investment Practices

 

Swaps

 

As described under “Preferred Shares and Related Leverage,” the Fund may enter into swap contracts for hedging purposes, to change the duration of the overall portfolio, to mitigate default risk, or to add leverage to the portfolio; such swaps may include but are not limited to interest rate swaps, credit default swaps or currency swaps. When used for hedging purposes, the Fund would be the buyer of a swap contract. When the Fund is the seller of a swap contract, the Fund will segregate assets in the form of cash and cash equivalents in an amount equal to the aggregate market value of such swaps, marked to market on a daily basis. The Fund’s investment in swaps will not be included as illiquid investments for purposes of determining compliance with the 15% limit on illiquid investments. Accordingly, the Fund may invest more than 15% of its total assets in swaps. However, the Fund’s use of derivative instruments (other than swaps) will be limited by the Fund’s 15% limit on illiquid investments to the extent such derivatives are determined to be illiquid.

 

Interest Rate Swaps. An interest rate swap is the transfer between two counterparties of interest rate obligations. One obligation has an interest rate fixed to maturity while the other has an interest rate that changes with changes in a designated benchmark, such as LIBOR, prime, commercial paper, or other benchmarks. The obligations to make repayment of principal on the underlying securities are not transferred. These transactions generally require the participation of an intermediary, frequently a bank. The entity holding the fixed rate obligation will transfer the obligation to the intermediary, and the entity will then be obligated to pay to the intermediary a floating rate of interest, generally including a fractional percentage as a commission for the intermediary. The intermediary also makes arrangements with a second entity that has a floating-rate obligation that substantially mirrors the obligation desired by the first entity. In return for assuming a fixed obligation, the second entity will pay the intermediary all sums that the intermediary pays on behalf of the first entity, plus an

 

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arrangement fee and other agreed upon fees. To the extent the Fund does not own the underlying obligation, the Fund will maintain, in a segregated account with its custodian bank, cash or liquid debt securities with an aggregate value equal to the amount of the Fund’s outstanding swap obligation.

 

Interest rate swaps permit the party seeking a floating rate obligation the opportunity to acquire the obligation at a lower rate than is directly available in the credit market, while permitting the party desiring a fixed rate obligation the opportunity to acquire a fixed rate obligation, also frequently at a price lower than is available in the capital markets. The success of the transaction depends in large part on the availability of fixed rate obligations at a low enough coupon rate to cover the cost involved.

 

Credit Default Swaps. The Fund may purchase credit default swaps. In that case, the Fund would be entitled to receive the par (or other agreed-upon) value of a referenced debt obligation from the counterparty to the contract in the event of a default by a third party, such as a U.S. or foreign issuer, on the debt obligation. In return, the Fund would pay to the counterparty a periodic stream of payments over the term of the contract provided that no event of default has occurred. If no default occurs, the Fund would have spent the stream of payments and received no benefit from the contract. When the Fund is the seller of a swap contract, it receives the stream of payments but is obligated to pay upon default of the referenced debt obligation. As the seller, the Fund would effectively add leverage to its portfolio because, in addition to its total assets, the Fund would be subject to investment exposure on the notional amount of the swap.

 

Commercial Paper

 

Commercial paper represents short-term unsecured promissory notes issued in bearer form by corporations such as banks or bank holding companies and finance companies. The rate of return on commercial paper may be linked or indexed to the level of exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and a foreign currency or currencies.

 

Bank Obligations

 

The Fund may invest in certain bank obligations, including certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances, and fixed time deposits. Certificates of deposit are negotiable certificates issued against funds deposited in a commercial bank for a definite period of time and earning a specified return. Bankers’ acceptances are negotiable drafts or bills of exchange, normally drawn by an importer or exporter to pay for specific merchandise, which are “accepted” by a bank, meaning, in effect, that the bank unconditionally agrees to pay the face value of the instrument on maturity. Fixed time deposits are bank obligations payable at a stated maturity date and bearing interest at a fixed rate. Fixed time deposits may be withdrawn on demand by the investor, but may be subject to early withdrawal penalties, which vary depending upon market conditions and the remaining maturity of the obligation.

 

Zero-Coupon Securities

 

Zero-coupon or deferred interest securities are debt obligations that make no periodic interest payments before maturity or a specified date when the securities begin paying current interest (the cash payment date), and therefore are generally issued and traded at a discount from their face amount or par value. The discount varies depending on the time remaining until maturity or the cash payment date, as well as prevailing interest rates, liquidity of the security, and the perceived credit quality of the issuer. The discount, in the absence of financial difficulties of the issuer, typically decreases as the final maturity or cash payment date approaches.

 

Because of the lack of current income, the value of zero-coupon securities is generally more volatile than the value of other fixed-income securities that pay interest periodically. Zero-coupon securities are also likely to respond to changes in interest rates to a greater degree than other fixed-income securities having similar maturities and credit quality. For federal income tax purposes, holders of these bonds, such as the Fund, are

 

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deemed to receive interest over the life of the bonds and are taxed as if interest were paid on a current basis although the holder does not receive cash interest payments until the bonds mature. Accordingly, during times when the Fund does not receive any cash interest payments on its zero-coupon or deferred interest securities, it may have to sell portfolio securities to meet distribution requirements and these sales may be subject to the risk factors discussed above. The Fund is not limited in the amount of its assets that may be invested in these types of securities.

 

Pay-in-kind Securities

 

Pay-in-kind securities pay interest by issuing more bonds. The Fund is deemed to receive interest over the life of these bonds and is treated as if the interest were paid on a current basis for federal income tax purposes, although the Fund does not receive any cash interest payments until maturity or the cash payment date. Accordingly, during times when the Fund does not receive any cash interest payments on its pay-in-kind securities, it may have to sell portfolio securities to meet distribution requirements and these sales may be subject to the risk factors discussed above. The Fund is not limited in the amount of its assets that may be invested in pay-in-kind securities.

 

Foreign (Non-U.S.) Investments and Currencies

 

The Fund may invest up to 15% of its total assets in securities or other income-producing instruments issued by companies and governments in any foreign country, developed or developing. Foreign investments held by the Fund generally will be traded on U.S. markets.

 

The Fund also may invest up to 5% of its total assets in securities or other income-producing instruments denominated in foreign currencies, including obligations of non-U.S. governments and their respective sub-divisions, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises. Investing in foreign securities involves special risks and considerations not typically associated with investing in U.S. securities. See “Risks – Foreign (Non-U.S.) Investment Risk.”

 

Foreign Currencies and Related Transactions. The Fund’s investments in securities that trade in, or receive revenues in, foreign currencies will be subject to currency risk, which is the risk that fluctuations in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies may negatively affect any investment. The Fund may engage in a variety of transactions involving foreign currencies in order to hedge against foreign currency risk, to increase exposure to a foreign currency, or to shift exposure to foreign currency fluctuations from one currency to another. For instance, the Fund may purchase foreign currencies on a spot (cash) basis and enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts, foreign currency futures contracts and options on foreign currencies and futures. Suitable hedging transactions may not be available in all circumstances and there can be no assurance that the Fund will engage in such transactions at any given time or from time to time. Also, these transactions may not be successful and may eliminate any chance for the Fund to benefit from favorable fluctuations in relevant foreign currencies. The Fund will normally seek to hedge at least 75% of its exposure to foreign currencies.

 

Please see “Investment Objectives and Policies – Foreign (Non-U.S.) Securities,” “Investment Objectives and Policies – Foreign Currency Transactions” and “Investment Objectives and Policies – Foreign Currency Exchange-Related Securities” in the Statement of Additional Information for a more detailed description of the types of foreign investments and foreign currency transactions in which the Fund may invest and their related risks.

 

Derivatives

 

The Fund may invest in a variety of derivatives without limit for hedging purposes, and may invest up to 25% (but not more than 10% within 90 days of the date of the prospectus) of its total assets in derivatives for

 

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non-hedging purposes. Generally, derivatives are financial contracts whose value depends upon, or is derived from, the value of an underlying asset, reference rate or index, and may relate to individual debt instruments, interest rates, currencies or currency exchange rates, commodities, and related indexes. Examples of derivative instruments that the Fund may use include options contracts, futures contracts, options on futures contracts and swap agreements. The Fund’s use of derivative instruments (other than swaps) will be limited by the Fund’s 15% limit on illiquid investments to the extent they are determined to be illiquid. The Fund’s use of derivative instruments involves risks different from, or possibly greater than, the risks associated with investment directly in securities and other more traditional investments. See “Risks – Derivatives Risk.” Certain types of derivative instruments that the Fund may utilize with some frequency are described elsewhere in this section, including those described under “– Structured Notes and Related Instruments” and “– Swaps.” Please see “Investment Objective and Policies – Derivative Instruments” in the Statement of Additional Information for additional information about these and other derivative instruments that the Fund may use and the risks associated with such instruments. There is no assurance that these derivative strategies will be available at any time or that the Manager will determine to use them for the Fund or, if used, that the strategies will be successful. In addition, the Fund may be subject to certain restrictions on its use of derivative strategies imposed by guidelines of one or more Rating Agencies that may issue ratings for Preferred Shares issued by the Fund.

 

Equity Securities

 

The Fund may invest in equity securities. The purchaser of an equity security typically receives an ownership interest in the company as well as certain voting rights. The owner of an equity security may participate in a company’s success through the receipt of dividends which are distributions of earnings by the company to its owners; however, the Fund may hold equity securities that do not issue dividends. Equity security owners may also participate in a company’s success or lack of success through increases or decreases in the value of the company’s shares as traded in the public trading market for such shares. Equity securities generally take the form of common stock or preferred stock. Preferred stockholders typically receive greater dividends but may receive less appreciation than common stockholders and may have greater voting rights as well. Equity securities may also include convertible securities, warrants or rights. Warrants or rights give the holder the right to purchase a common stock at a given time for a specified price.

 

The Fund’s equity investments generally will be limited to convertible securities and dividend-paying common or preferred stocks. The Fund may also acquire equity securities in connection with the Fund’s other investment activities, including through: the restructuring of loans or other debt securities; the resolution of a bankruptcy or a default; the entry of an issuer into receivership, a corporate or securities transaction by the issuer that affects securities held by the Fund; or the exercise by the Fund of conversion or purchase rights associated with a convertible or other fixed-income security purchased by the Fund. These equity securities may have risk and other characteristics of stocks or of both stocks and bonds. By holding and investing in equity securities, the Fund may expose an investor to certain risks that could cause the investor to lose money, particularly if there is a sudden decline in a holding’s share price or an overall decline in the stock market. The value of an investment in the Fund could decline because of equity securities held by the Fund based on the day-to-day fluctuation or the decline in their value related to movements in the stock market, as well as in response to the activities of individual companies. In addition, some of the equity securities that the Fund would obtain as a result of the special circumstances described above could be subject to restrictions on transfer or sale that may reduce their market value compared to freely tradable securities.

 

Preferred Stocks. Preferred stock represents an equity interest in a company that generally entitles the holder to receive, in preference to the holders of other stocks such as common stocks, dividends and a fixed share of the proceeds resulting from liquidation of the company. Some preferred stocks also entitle their holders to receive additional liquidation proceeds on the same basis as holders of a company’s common stock, and thus also represent an ownership interest in the company. Some preferred stocks offer a fixed rate of return with no maturity date. Because they never mature, these preferred stocks act like long-term bonds and can be more

 

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volatile than other types of preferred stocks and may have heightened sensitivity to changes in interest rates. Other preferred stocks have a variable dividend, generally determined on a quarterly or other periodic basis, either according to a formula based upon a specified premium or discount to the yield on particular U.S. Treasury securities or based on an auction process, involving bids submitted by holders and prospective purchasers of such stocks. Because preferred stocks represent an equity ownership interest in a company, their value usually will react more strongly than bonds and other debt instruments to actual or perceived changes in a company’s financial condition or prospects, or to fluctuations in the equity markets.

 

Convertible Securities and Synthetic Convertible Securities . The Fund may invest in convertible securities, which are generally a debt obligation or preferred stock that may be converted within a specified period of time into a certain amount of common stock of the same or a different issuer. A convertible security provides a fixed income stream and the opportunity, through its conversion feature, to participate in the capital appreciation resulting from a market price advance in its underlying common stock. As with a straight fixed-income security, a convertible security tends to increase in market value when interest rates decline and decrease in value when interest rates rise. Like a common stock, the value of a convertible security also tends to increase as the market value of the underlying stock rises, and it tends to decrease as the market value of the underlying stock declines. Because both interest rate and market movements can influence its value, a convertible security is not as sensitive to interest rates as a similar fixed-income security, nor is it as sensitive to changes in share price as its underlying stock.

 

Collateralized Obligations

 

The Fund may invest in senior classes of collateralized bond obligations (“CBOs”), collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) and other collateralized debt obligations (“CDOs”), which are debt instruments backed solely by a pool of other debt securities. The risks of an investment in a CBO, CLO or other CDO depend largely on the type of the collateral securities (which would have the risks described elsewhere in this document for that type of security) and the class of the CBO, CLO or other CDO in which the Fund invests. Some CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs have credit ratings, but are typically issued in various classes with various priorities. Normally, CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs are privately offered and sold (that is, not registered under the securities laws) and may be characterized by the Fund as illiquid securities, but an active dealer market may exist for CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs that qualify for Rule 144A transactions. In addition to the normal interest rate, default and other risks of fixed income securities discussed elsewhere in this document, CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs carry additional risks, including the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will not be adequate to make interest or other payments, the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default, volatility in values, and the complex structure of the security may not be fully understood at the time of investment and produce disputes with the issuer or unexpected investment results. The Fund will not invest in the equity classes of CBOs, CLOs or other CDOs or in their junior classes that are subordinate to their senior classes.

 

Repurchase Agreements

 

The Fund generally will have a portion of its assets in cash or cash equivalents for a variety of reasons, such as waiting for a suitable investment opportunity or taking a defensive position. To earn income on this portion of its assets, the Fund may enter into repurchase agreements. Under a repurchase agreement, the Fund agrees to buy securities guaranteed as to payment of principal and interest by the U.S. government or its agencies from a qualified bank or broker-dealer and then to sell the securities back to the bank or broker-dealer after a short period of time (generally, less than seven days) at a higher price. The bank or broker-dealer must transfer to the Fund’s custodian securities with an initial market value of at least 102% of the dollar amount invested by the Fund in each repurchase agreement. The Manager will monitor the value of such securities daily to determine that the value equals or exceeds the repurchase price. Repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days are considered to be illiquid securities.

 

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Repurchase agreements may involve risks in the event of default or insolvency of the bank or broker-dealer, including possible delays or restrictions upon the Fund’s ability to sell the underlying securities. The Fund will enter into repurchase agreements only with parties who meet certain creditworthiness standards, i.e., banks or broker-dealers that the Manager has determined present no serious risk of becoming involved in bankruptcy proceedings within the time frame contemplated by the repurchase transaction.

 

Reverse Repurchase Agreements

 

As described under “Preferred Shares and Related Leverage,” the Fund may utilize reverse repurchase agreements in order to add leverage to the portfolio. In a reverse repurchase agreement, the Fund sells securities to a bank or broker-dealer and agrees to repurchase the securities at a mutually agreed date and price. Generally, the effect of such a transaction is that the Fund can recover and reinvest all or most of the cash invested in the portfolio securities involved during the term of the reverse repurchase agreement and still be entitled to the returns associated with those portfolio securities. Such transactions are advantageous if the interest cost to the Fund of the reverse repurchase transaction is less than the returns it obtains on investments purchased with the cash.

 

Unless the Fund covers its positions in reverse repurchase agreements (by segregating liquid assets at least equal in amount to the forward purchase commitment), its obligations under the agreements will be subject to the Fund’s limitations on borrowings. Reverse repurchase agreements involve leverage risk and also the market risk based on the value of the securities that the Fund is obligated to repurchase. In the event the buyer of securities under a reverse repurchase agreement files for bankruptcy or becomes insolvent, the Fund’s use of the proceeds of the agreement may be restricted pending a determination by the other party, or its trustee or receiver, whether to enforce the Fund’s obligation to repurchase the securities.

 

U.S. Government Securities

 

The Fund may invest in U.S. Government securities, which are obligations of, or guaranteed by, the U.S. Government, its agencies or government-sponsored enterprises. U.S. Government securities include a variety of securities that differ in their interest rates, maturities and dates of issue. Securities issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. Government may or may not be supported by the full faith and credit of the United States or by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury.

 

Municipal Bonds

 

Municipal bonds are generally issued by states, municipalities and other political subdivisions, agencies, authorities and instrumentalities of states and multi-state agencies or authorities. Like other debt obligations, municipal bonds are subject to interest rate, credit and market risk. The ability of a municipal issuer to make payments could be affected by litigation, legislation or other political events or the bankruptcy of the issuer. Municipal bonds are either general obligation or revenue bonds and typically are issued to finance public projects (such as roads or public buildings), to pay general operating expenses or to refinance outstanding debt. General obligation bonds are backed by the full faith and credit, or taxing authority, of the issuer and may be repaid from any revenue source; revenue bonds may be repaid only from the revenues of a specific facility or source. The Fund also may purchase municipal bonds that represent lease obligations. These carry special risks because the issuer of the bonds may not be obligated to appropriate money annually to make payments under the lease. The Fund also may invest in securities issued by entities whose underlying assets are municipal bonds.

 

When Issued, Delayed Delivery and Forward Commitment Transactions

 

The Fund may buy debt securities on a “when-issued” or “delayed delivery” basis. These transactions are arrangements under which the Fund buys securities with payment and delivery scheduled for a future time.

 

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Purchases of debt securities on a when-issued or delayed delivery basis are subject to market fluctuation and to the risk that the value or yields at delivery may be more or less than the purchase price or the yields available when the transaction was entered into. Although the Fund will generally buy debt securities on a when-issued basis with the intention of acquiring such securities, it may sell them before the settlement date if it deems the sale to be advisable. The Fund will not enter into these transactions for investment leverage. When the Fund is the buyer in such a transaction, it will maintain, in a segregated account with its custodian bank, cash or high-grade marketable securities having an aggregate value equal to the amount of its purchase commitments until payment is made.

 

In when-issued and delayed delivery transactions, the Fund relies on the seller to complete the transaction. The other party’s failure may cause the Fund to miss a price or yield considered advantageous. Securities purchased on a when-issued or delayed delivery basis do not generally earn interest until their scheduled delivery date. The Fund is not subject to any percentage limit on the amount of its assets which may be invested in when-issued debt securities.

 

Structured Notes and Related Instruments

 

The Fund may invest in “structured” notes and other related instruments, which are privately negotiated debt obligations where the principal and/or interest is determined by reference to the performance of a benchmark asset, market or interest rate (an “embedded index”), such as selected securities, an index of securities or specified interest rates, or the differential performance of two assets or markets, such as indexes reflecting bonds. Structured instruments may be issued by corporations, including banks, as well as by governmental agencies. Structured instruments frequently are assembled in the form of medium-term notes, but a variety of forms are available and may be used in particular circumstances. The terms of such structured instruments normally provide that their principal and/or interest payments are to be adjusted upwards or downwards (but ordinarily not below zero) to reflect changes in the embedded index while the structured instruments are outstanding. As a result, the interest and/or principal payments that may be made on a structured product may vary widely, depending on a variety of factors, including the volatility of the embedded index and the effect of changes in the embedded index on principal and/or interest payments. The rate of return on structured notes may be determined by applying a multiplier to the performance or differential performance of the referenced index(es) or other asset(s). Application of a multiplier involves leverage that will serve to magnify the potential for gain and the risk of loss.

 

The Manager may utilize structured instruments for investment purposes and also for risk management purposes, such as to reduce the duration and interest rate sensitivity of the Fund’s portfolio. While structured instruments may offer the potential for a favorable rate of return from time to time, they also entail certain risks. Structured instruments may be less liquid than other debt securities, and the price of structured instruments may be more volatile. In some cases, depending on the terms of the embedded index, a structured instrument may provide that the principal and/or interest payments may be adjusted below zero. Structured instruments also may involve significant credit risk and risk of default by the counterparty. Certain issuers of structured instruments may be deemed to be “investment companies” as defined in the 1940 Act. As a result, the Fund’s investment in these structured instruments may be limited by the restrictions contained in the 1940 Act. Although structured notes, bank loans and loan participations are not necessarily illiquid, to the extent such investments are deemed to be illiquid by the Manager, they will be subject to the Fund’s restrictions on investments in illiquid securities. Like other sophisticated strategies, the Fund’s use of structured instruments may not work as intended. If the value of the embedded index changes in a manner other than that expected by the Manager, principal and/or interest payments received on the structured instrument may be substantially less than expected. Also, if the Manager uses structured instruments to reduce the duration of the Fund’s portfolio, this may limit the Fund’s return when having a longer duration would be beneficial (for instance, when interest rates decline).

 

29



 

Short Sales

 

A short sale is a transaction in which the Fund sells an instrument that it does not own in anticipation that the market price will decline. The Fund may use short sales for investment and risk management purposes. When the Fund engages in a short sale, it must borrow the security sold short and deliver it to the counterparty. The Fund may have to pay a fee to borrow particular securities and would often be obligated to pay over any payments received on such borrowed securities. The Fund’s obligation to replace the borrowed security will be secured by collateral deposited with the lender, which is usually a broker-dealer, and/or with the Fund’s custodian. The Fund may not receive any payments (including interest) on its collateral. Short sales expose the Fund to the risk that it will be required to cover its short position at a time when the securities have appreciated in value, thus resulting in a loss to the Fund. The Fund may engage in so-called “naked” short sales where it does not own or have the immediate right to acquire the security sold short at no additional cost, in which case the Fund’s losses could theoretically be unlimited, provided that the Fund will not engage in such naked short sales in excess of 5% of the Fund’s total assets.

 

Dollar Roll Transactions

 

The Fund may enter into mortgage dollar roll transactions. In a mortgage dollar roll, the Fund sells mortgage-backed securities for delivery in the current month and simultaneously contracts to repurchase substantially similar (name, type, coupon, and maturity) securities on a specified future date. During the period between the sale and repurchase (the “roll period”), the Fund forgoes principal and interest paid on the mortgage-backed securities. The Fund is compensated by the difference between the current sales price and the lower forward price for the future purchase (often referred to as the “drop”), as well as by the interest earned on the cash proceeds of the initial sale.

 

For each mortgage dollar roll transaction, the Fund will segregate on its books an offsetting cash position or a position of liquid securities of equivalent value. The manager will monitor the value of such securities daily to determine that the value equals or exceeds the mortgage dollar roll contract price.

 

The Fund could suffer a loss if the contracting party fails to perform the future transaction and the Fund is therefore unable to buy back the mortgage-backed securities it initially sold.

 

The Fund intends to enter into mortgage dollar rolls only with high quality government securities dealers and member banks of the Federal Reserve System as approved by the Fund’s board of trustees. As a matter of non-fundamental policy, the Fund does not consider the purchase and/or sale of a mortgage dollar roll to be a borrowing, for purposes of the Fund’s fundamental restrictions.

 

Real Estate Investment Trusts

 

The Fund may invest in the equity or debt securities of publicly traded and private real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). A REIT is an entity that concentrates its assets in investments related to equity real estate and/or interests in mortgages on real estate. The shares of publicly traded REITs are traded on a national securities exchange or in the OTC market. Shares of private REITs are not publicly traded, and will be treated as illiquid securities. The Fund will limit its investments in illiquid securities, including private REITs, to 15% of its total assets.

 

Other Investment Companies

 

The Fund may invest in the securities of other investment companies to the extent that such investments are consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and policies and permissible under the 1940 Act. Under the 1940 Act, the Fund may not acquire the securities of other domestic or non-U.S. investment companies if, as a result,

 

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(i) more than 10% of the Fund’s total assets would be invested in securities of other investment companies, (ii) such purchase would result in more than 3% of the total outstanding voting securities of any one investment company being held by the Fund, or (iii) more than 5% of the Fund’s total assets would be invested in any one investment company. These limitations do not apply to the purchase of shares of any investment company in connection with a merger, consolidation, reorganization or acquisition of substantially all the assets of another investment company. Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent permitted by exemptive orders received from the SEC, the Fund may invest cash balances in shares of other money market funds advised by the Manager or its affiliates in amounts up to 25% of the Fund’s total assets. The Fund, as a holder of the securities of other investment companies, will bear its pro rata portion of the other investment companies’ expenses, including advisory fees. These expenses are in addition to the direct expenses of the Fund’s own operations.

 

Please see “Investment Objectives and Policies” in the Statement of Additional Information for additional information regarding the investments of the Fund and their related risks.

 

PREFERRED SHARES AND RELATED LEVERAGE

 

Subject to market conditions, approximately one to three months after the completion of the offering of the Common Shares, the Fund presently intends to offer Preferred Shares representing approximately 33% of the Fund’s Managed Assets (calculated after their issuance), although the Fund is permitted to use leverage representing up to 38% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. The Fund may also enter into transactions that may give rise to a form of leverage, including among others: loans of portfolio securities, swap contracts and other derivative instruments, reverse repurchase agreements, as well as when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions. The Fund will segregate liquid assets against or otherwise cover its future obligations under such transactions, in order to provide that, immediately after entering into such a transaction, the Fund’s future commitments that it has not segregated liquid assets against or otherwise covered, together with any outstanding Preferred Shares, will not exceed 38% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. By using leverage, the Fund will seek to obtain a higher return for holders of Common Shares than if the Fund did not use leverage. Leveraging is a speculative technique and there are special risks involved. There can be no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be used or that it will be successful during any period in which it is employed.

 

The Preferred Shares will have complete priority upon distribution of assets over the Common Shares. The issuance of Preferred Shares will leverage the Common Shares. Although the timing and other terms of the offering of the Preferred Shares will be determined by the Fund’s Board of Trustees, the Fund expects to invest the net proceeds of the Preferred Shares in debt obligations and other instruments in accordance with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies. The Preferred Shares are expected to pay dividends based on short-term interest rates which would be reset periodically through an auction or remarketing procedure, although the terms of the Preferred Shares may also enable the Fund to lengthen such intervals.

 

So long as the Fund’s portfolio is invested in securities that provide a higher rate of return than the dividend rate of the Preferred Shares (after taking expenses into consideration), the leverage will allow Common Shareholders to receive a higher current rate of return than if the Fund were not leveraged.

 

Changes in the value of the Fund’s portfolio (including investments bought with the proceeds of the Preferred Shares offering) will be borne entirely by the Common Shareholders. If there is a net decrease (or increase) in the value of the Fund’s investment portfolio, the leverage will decrease (or increase) the net asset value per Common Share to a greater extent than if the Fund were not leveraged. During periods in which the Fund is using leverage, the fees paid to the Manager will be higher than if the Fund did not use leverage because the fees paid will be calculated on the basis of the Fund’s Managed Assets, including the proceeds from the issuance of Preferred Shares. Thus, the Manager has a financial incentive for the Fund to issue Preferred Shares, which may result in a conflict of interest between the Manager and the Common Shareholders. Fees and expenses paid by the Fund are borne entirely by the Common Shareholders (and not by Preferred Shareholders, if any).

 

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These include costs associated with any offering of Preferred Shares by the Fund (which costs are estimated to be approximately 1.20% of the total dollar amount of a Preferred Share offering), which will be borne immediately by Common Shareholders, as will the costs associated with any borrowings or other forms of leverage utilized by the Fund.

 

The Fund presently anticipates that any Preferred Shares that it intends to issue would be initially given a rating of Aa/AA or better by Moody’s, S&P and/or Fitch, but no assurance can be given that such ratings will be obtained. No minimum rating is required for the issuance of Preferred Shares by the Fund. Moody’s, S&P and Fitch receive fees in connection with their ratings issuances. The Fund may be subject to certain restrictions imposed by guidelines of one or more rating agencies that may issue ratings for Preferred Shares issued by the Fund. These guidelines may impose asset coverage or portfolio composition requirements that are more stringent than those imposed on the Fund by the 1940 Act. It is not anticipated that these covenants or guidelines will impede the Manager from managing the Fund’s portfolio in accordance with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies.

 

Assuming that the Preferred Shares will represent approximately 33% of the Fund’s Managed Assets and pay dividends at an annual average rate of 1.35%, the income generated by the Fund’s portfolio (net of expenses) would have to exceed 0.45% in order to cover such dividend payments. Of course, these numbers are merely estimates, used for illustration purposes only. Actual Preferred Share dividend rates will vary frequently and may be significantly higher or lower than the rate identified above.

 

The following table is furnished in response to requirements of the SEC. It is designed to illustrate the effect of leverage on the total return of the Common Shares, assuming investment portfolio total returns (consisting of income and changes in the value of investments held in the Fund’s portfolio) of -10%, -5%, 0%, 5% and 10%. These assumed investment portfolio returns are hypothetical figures and are not necessarily indicative of the investment portfolio returns expected to be experienced by the Fund. The table further assumes the issuance of Preferred Shares representing approximately 33% of the Fund’s Managed Assets and the Fund’s currently projected annual Preferred Share dividend rate of 1.35%. See “Risks.”

 

Assumed Portfolio Total Return

 

-10.00

%

-5.00

%

0.00

%

5.00

%

10.00

%

Common Share Total Return

 

-15.67

%

-8.17

%

-0.67

%

6.82

%

14.32

%

 

Common Share total return is composed of two elements: the Common Share dividends paid by the Fund (the amount of which is largely determined by the net investment income of the Fund after paying dividends on Preferred Shares) and gains or losses on the value of the securities the Fund owns. As required by SEC rules, the table assumes that the Fund is more likely to suffer capital losses than to enjoy capital appreciation. For example, to assume a total return of 0%, the Fund must assume that the interest it receives on its investments is entirely offset by losses in the value of those investments.

 

Other Forms of Leverage and Borrowings

 

The Fund may borrow money in order to repurchase its shares or as a temporary measure for extraordinary or emergency purposes, including for the payment of dividends or the settlement of securities transactions which otherwise might require untimely dispositions of Fund securities.

 

In addition to the issuance of Preferred Shares, the Fund may use a variety of additional strategies that may give rise to a form of leverage. These include lending portfolio securities, using swap contracts and other derivative instruments, reverse repurchase agreements, and when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions. By adding additional leverage, these strategies have the potential to increase returns to Common Shareholders, but also involve additional risks. Additional leverage will increase the volatility of the Fund’s investment portfolio and could result in larger losses than if the strategies were not used. The Fund may engage in

 

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additional transactions of the type described above and similar investment management techniques which provide leverage. However, the Fund will segregate liquid assets against or otherwise cover its future obligations under such transactions, in order to provide that, immediately after entering into such a transaction, the Fund’s future commitments that it has not segregated liquid assets against or otherwise covered, together with any outstanding Preferred Shares, will not exceed 38% of the Fund’s Managed Assets.

 

Although the Fund expects that the total liquidation value of Preferred Shares issued by the Fund will represent approximately 33% (and no more than 38%) of the Fund’s Managed Assets, the 1940 Act imposes certain potentially broader asset coverage requirements which also apply to the Fund. The following is a summary of the applicable asset coverage requirements of the 1940 Act.

 

Under the 1940 Act, the Fund is not permitted to issue Preferred Shares unless immediately after such issuance the value of the Fund’s total net assets is at least 200% of the liquidation value of the outstanding Preferred Shares plus the aggregate amount of any senior securities of the Fund representing indebtedness ( i.e. , such liquidation value plus the aggregate amount of senior securities representing indebtedness may not exceed 50% of the Fund’s total net assets). In addition, the Fund is not permitted to declare any cash dividend or other distribution on its Common Shares unless, at the time of such declaration, the value of the Fund’s total net assets satisfies the above-referenced 200% coverage requirement. If Preferred Shares are issued, the Fund intends, to the extent possible, to purchase or redeem Preferred Shares from time to time to the extent necessary in order to maintain net asset coverage of at least 200%. If the Fund has Preferred Shares outstanding, two of the Fund’s Trustees will be elected by the holders of Preferred Shares, voting separately as a class. The remaining Trustees of the Fund will be elected by holders of Common Shares and Preferred Shares voting together as a single class. In the event the Fund were to fail to pay dividends on Preferred Shares for two years or other defaults, Preferred Shareholders would be entitled to elect a majority of the Trustees of the Fund.

 

Under the 1940 Act, the Fund generally is not permitted to engage in borrowings (including through the use of reverse repurchase agreements, swaps and other derivatives to the extent that these instruments constitute senior securities) unless immediately after a borrowing the value of the Fund’s total assets less liabilities (other than the borrowing) is at least 300% of the principal amount of such borrowing ( i.e. , such principal amount may not exceed 33 1/3% of the Fund’s total assets). In addition, the Fund is not permitted to declare any cash dividend or other distribution on Common Shares unless, at the time of such declaration, the value of the Fund’s total assets, less liabilities other than borrowing, is at least 300% of such principal amount. If the Fund borrows, it intends, to the extent possible, to prepay all or a portion of the principal amount of the borrowing to the extent necessary in order to maintain the required asset coverage. Failure to maintain certain asset coverage requirements could result in an event of default and entitle Preferred Shareholders to elect a majority of the Trustees of the Fund. Derivative instruments used by the Fund will not constitute senior securities (and will not be subject to the Fund’s limitations on borrowings) to the extent that the Fund segregates liquid assets at least equal in amount to its obligations under the instruments, or enters into offsetting transactions or owns positions covering its obligations. For instance, the Fund may cover its position in a reverse repurchase agreement by segregating liquid assets at least equal in amount to its forward purchase commitment.

 

RISKS

 

The net asset value of the Common Shares will fluctuate with and be affected by, among other things, the Fund’s lack of operating history, market discount risk, credit risk, mortgage-related risk, loan risk, high yield risk, interest rate risk, inflation risk, leverage risk, portfolio security issuer risk, management risk, foreign (non-U.S.) investment risk, derivatives risk, counterparty risk, volatility risk, reinvestment risk, call risk, liquidity risk, income risk, zero-coupon securities risk, smaller company risk, real estate risk, and market disruption and geopolitical risk. An investment in Common Shares will also be subject to the risk associated with the fact that the Fund is newly organized. These risks are summarized below.

 

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Lack of Operating History

 

The Fund is a newly organized, diversified, closed-end management investment company and has no operating history.

 

Market Discount Risk

 

As with any stock, the price of the Fund’s shares will fluctuate with market conditions and other factors. If shares are sold, the price received may be more or less than the original investment. Net asset value will be reduced immediately following the initial offering by a sales load and organizational and selling expenses paid by the Fund and immediately following any offering of Preferred Shares by the costs of that offering paid by the Fund. The Common Shares are designed for long-term investors and should not be treated as trading vehicles. Shares of closed-end management investment companies frequently trade at a discount from their net asset value. The Fund’s shares may trade at a price that is less than the initial offering price. This risk may be greater for investors who sell their shares relatively shortly after completion of the initial offering.

 

Credit Risk

 

An issuer of a debt security, including a governmental issuer, may be unable to make interest payments and repay principal. The Fund could lose money if the issuer of a debt obligation, or the counterparty to a derivatives contract, repurchase agreement, loan of portfolio securities or other obligation, is, or is perceived to be, unable or unwilling to make timely principal and/or interest payments, or to otherwise honor its obligations. The downgrade of a security may further decrease its value. For mortgage-backed securities, factors contributing to these risks include the effects of general and local economic conditions on home values, the financial conditions of homeowners, and other market factors. This risk is mitigated by a U.S. government agency’s or instrumentality’s guarantee of the underlying debt obligation.

 

Mortgage-Related Risk

 

The Fund may invest in a variety of mortgage-related securities, including commercial mortgage securities and agency-issued securities and other mortgage-backed instruments. Rising interest rates tend to extend the duration of mortgage-related securities, which in turn could lengthen the average duration of the Fund’s portfolio, making the portfolio more sensitive to changes in interest rates, and may reduce the market value of the portfolio’s mortgage-related securities. This possibility is often referred to as extension risk. Extending the average life of a mortgage-related security increases the risk of depreciation due to future increases in market interest rates. In addition, mortgage-related securities are subject to prepayment risk – the risk that borrowers may pay off their mortgages sooner than expected, particularly when interest rates decline. This can reduce the Fund’s returns because the Fund may have to reinvest that money at lower prevailing interest rates. The Fund’s investments in other asset-backed securities are subject to risks similar to those associated with mortgage-backed securities, as well as additional risks associated with the nature of the assets and the servicing of those assets.

 

Certain government agencies or instrumentalities, such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”), the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”), and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”), provide a guarantee as to timely payment of principal and interest for mortgage-backed instruments each entity issues, backs or otherwise guarantees. Guarantees may or may not be backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.

 

Loan Risk

 

Bank loans, loan participations and assignments involve credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, and the risks of being a lender. Indebtedness of companies whose creditworthiness is poor involves substantially greater

 

34



 

risks, and may be highly speculative. Some companies may never pay off their indebtedness, or may pay only a small fraction of the amount owed. Consequently, when investing in indebtedness of companies with poor credit, the Fund bears a substantial risk of losing the entire amount invested. If the Fund purchases a loan, it may only be able to enforce its rights through the lender, and may assume the credit risk of both the lender and the borrower.

 

Corporate loans in which the Fund may invest may be unrated and generally will not be registered with the SEC or listed on a securities exchange. In addition, the amount of public information available with respect to corporate loans generally will be less extensive than that available for more widely rated, registered and exchange-listed securities. As a result, corporate loans generally are more difficult to value than more widely rated, registered and exchange-listed securities.

 

High Yield Risk

 

In general, lower rated debt securities carry a greater degree of risk that the issuer will be unable to make interest and principal payments when due, which could have a negative impact on the Fund’s net asset value or dividends. The Fund may invest in debt securities and other income-producing instruments that are rated below investment grade by each Rating Agency rating the security (below Baa by Moody’s or below BBB by S&P or Fitch) or that are unrated but judged by the portfolio managers to be of comparable quality, including debt securities or other income-producing instruments that are in default or the issuers of which are in bankruptcy. The prices of these lower grade bonds and income-producing instruments are more sensitive to negative developments, such as a decline in the issuer’s revenues or a general economic downturn, than are the prices of higher grade securities. In addition, the secondary market on which high yield securities or similar instruments are traded may be less liquid than the market for investment grade securities, meaning these holdings are subject to greater liquidity risk than investment grade securities. Because the Fund may invest a significant portion of its assets in below investment grade debt securities and income-producing instruments, the Manager’s investment decisions and analytical capabilities in this area will be particularly important. The Fund will not invest more than 10% of its total assets in securities that are, at the time of purchase, rated CCC/Caa or lower by each Rating Agency rating the security or that are unrated but judged by the portfolio managers to be of comparable quality. The Fund may invest in debt securities or other obligations that are in default or the issuers of which are in bankruptcy. Under normal conditions, the Fund will not invest more than 5% of its total assets in debt securities or other obligations whose issuers are in default at the time of purchase.

 

Interest Rate Risk

 

Changes in interest rates may present risks to the Fund. When interest rates rise, debt security prices generally fall. The opposite is also true: debt security prices generally rise when interest rates fall. Because market interest rates are currently near their lowest levels in many years, there is a great risk that the Fund’s portfolio will decline in value. Generally, debt securities will decrease in value when interest rates rise and increase in value when interest rates decline. This means that the net asset value of the Common Shares may fluctuate with interest rate changes and the corresponding changes in the value of the Fund’s holdings. Because market interest rates are currently near their lowest levels in many years, there is a greater risk that the Fund’s portfolio will decline in value. The prices of short-term debt obligations generally fluctuate less than the prices of long-term debt obligations as interest rates change.

 

The prices of fixed-rate securities with longer durations tend to be more sensitive to changes in interest rates than securities with shorter durations, usually making them more volatile. Because the Fund will normally have an estimated dollar-weighted average duration of between two and five years (including the effects of anticipated leverage), the Common Shares’ net asset value and market price will tend to fluctuate more in response to changes in market interest rates than if the Fund invested mainly in short-term debt securities and less than if the Fund invested mainly in longer-term debt securities.

 

35



 

The Preferred Shares, if any are issued, are expected to pay dividends based on certain interest rates. If the Preferred Share dividend rate exceeds the rate of return on the debt obligations and other investments held by the Fund that were acquired during periods of generally lower interest rates, the returns to Common Shareholders may be reduced.

 

The Fund’s use of leverage, as described above, will tend to increase Common Share interest rate risk. The Fund may utilize certain strategies, including investments in structured notes and interest rate swaps and caps, for the purposes of changing the duration of the overall portfolio, reducing the interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio or decreasing the Fund’s exposure to interest rate risk, although there is no assurance that the Fund will do so or that such strategies will be successful. See “How the Fund Manages Risk – Hedging and Related Strategies.”

 

The Fund may utilize certain strategies, including but not limited to purchasing shorter duration or floating rate securities, or investing in structured notes or interest rate swap or cap transactions, for the purpose of reducing the interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio and decreasing the Fund’s exposure to interest rate risk, although there is no assurance that it will do so or that such strategies will be successful. The Fund’s use of leverage, as described below, will tend to increase Common Share interest rate risk.

 

Inflation Risk

 

Inflation risk is the risk that the value of assets or income from the Fund’s investments will be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the value of money. As inflation increases, the real value of the Common Shares and distributions thereon can decline. In addition, during any periods of rising inflation, dividend rates of Preferred Shares, if any are issued, would likely increase, which would tend to further reduce returns to Common Shareholders. This risk is mitigated to some degree by the Fund’s investments in bank loans made to corporate and other business entities.

 

Leverage Risk

 

Leverage risk includes the risk associated with the issuance of the Preferred Shares, if any, or lending of portfolio securities, the use of swaps, other derivatives, reverse repurchase agreements, and when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions. There can be no assurance that the Fund’s leveraging strategies involving Preferred Shares or other leverage vehicles will be successful. Once the Preferred Shares are issued or other forms of leverage are used, the net asset value and market value of Common Shares will be more volatile, and the yield and total return to Common Shareholders will tend to fluctuate more in response to changes in interest rates and with changes in the short-term dividend rates on the Preferred Shares. The Fund anticipates that the Preferred Shares, at least initially, would likely pay cumulative dividends at rates determined over relatively short-term periods (such as seven or 28 days), by providing for the periodic redetermination of the dividend rate through an auction or remarketing procedures. See “Description of Shares – Preferred Shares.” The rates of return on intermediate- and long-term debt obligations are typically, although not always, higher than the rates of return on short-term debt obligations. If the dividend rate on the Preferred Shares approaches the net rate of return on the Fund’s investment portfolio, the benefit of leverage to Common Shareholders will be reduced. If the dividend rate on the Preferred Shares exceeds the net rate of return on the Fund’s portfolio, the leverage will result in a lower rate of return to Common Shareholders than if the Fund were not leveraged. Because the longer-term bonds included in the Fund’s portfolio will typically pay fixed rates of interest while the dividend rate on the Preferred Shares will be adjusted periodically, this could occur even when both long-term and short-term interest rates rise. In addition, the Fund will pay (and Common Shareholders will bear) any costs and expenses relating to the issuance and ongoing maintenance of the Preferred Shares. The Fund cannot assure you that it will issue Preferred Shares or use other forms of leverage or, if used, that these strategies will result in a higher yield or return to Common Shareholders.

 

36



 

Similarly, any decline in the net asset value of the Fund’s investments will be borne entirely by Common Shareholders. Therefore, if the market value of the Fund’s portfolio declines, any leverage will result in a greater decrease in net asset value to Common Shareholders than if the Fund were not leveraged. Such greater net asset value decrease will also tend to cause a greater decline in the market price for the Common Shares. The Fund might be in danger of failing to maintain the required 200% asset coverage or of losing its expected ratings of Aa/AA or better on the Preferred Shares or, in an extreme case, the Fund’s current investment income might not be sufficient to meet the dividend requirements on the Preferred Shares (See “Preferred Shares and Related Leverage”). In order to counteract such an event, or in order to meet its other obligations, including obligations under swaps, the Fund might need to liquidate investments in order to fund a redemption of some or all of the Preferred Shares. Liquidation at times of low debt obligation prices may result in capital loss and may reduce returns to Common Shareholders. The Fund will seek to mitigate this risk by segregating assets in the form of cash and cash equivalents in an amount equal to the aggregate market value of the swaps of which it is the seller, marked to market on a daily basis.

 

While the Fund may from time to time consider reducing leverage in response to actual or anticipated changes in interest rates in an effort to mitigate the increased volatility of current income and net asset value associated with leverage, there can be no assurance that the Fund will actually reduce leverage in the future or that any reduction, if undertaken, will benefit the Common Shareholders. Changes in the future direction of interest rates are very difficult to predict accurately. If the Fund were to reduce leverage based on a prediction about future changes to interest rates, and that prediction turned out to be incorrect, the reduction in leverage would likely operate to reduce the income and/or total returns to Common Shareholders relative to the circumstance if the Fund had not reduced leverage. The Fund may decide that this risk outweighs the likelihood of achieving the desired reduction to volatility in income and Common Share price if the prediction were to turn out to be correct, and determine not to reduce leverage as described above.

 

Because the fees received by the Manager are based on the Managed Assets of the Fund (including assets attributable to any Preferred Shares that may be outstanding), the Manager has a financial incentive for the Fund to issue Preferred Shares, which may create a conflict of interest between the Manager and the holders of the Common Shares.

 

Portfolio Security Issuer Risk

 

The value of the Fund’s investments may decline for a number of reasons that directly relate to the issuer,  such as management performance, financial leverage and performance and factors affecting the issuer’s industry (such as reduced demand for the issuer’s goods and services).

 

Management Risk

 

The Fund is subject to management risk because it is an actively managed investment portfolio. The Manager will apply investment techniques and risk analyses in making investment decisions for the Fund, but there can be no guarantee that these will produce the desired results.

 

Foreign (Non-U.S.) Investment Risk

 

Investing in securities or other income-producing instruments issued by companies and governments in foreign countries typically involves more risks than investing in U.S. securities. Certain of these risks also may apply to securities of U.S. companies with significant foreign operations. These risks can increase the potential for losses in the Fund and affect its share price. The political, economic and social structures of some foreign countries may be less stable and more volatile than those in the U.S. It is possible that a government may take over the assets or operations of a company or impose restrictions on the exchange or export of currency or other

 

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assets. Some countries also may have different legal systems that may make it difficult for the Fund to pursue legal remedies with respect to its foreign investments.

 

You should consider carefully the substantial risks involved in securities of companies of foreign nations, which are in addition to the usual risks inherent in domestic investments. The Fund may buy foreign securities that are traded in the U.S. or securities of U.S. issuers that are denominated in a foreign currency. The Fund may invest up to 15% of its total assets in securities or other income-producing instruments issued by companies and governments in any foreign country, including developed or developing countries. The Fund also may invest up to 5% of its total assets in securities or other income-producing instruments denominated in foreign currencies, including obligations of non-U.S. governments and their respective sub-divisions, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises.

 

There may be less publicly available information about foreign companies comparable to the reports and ratings published about companies in the U.S. Foreign companies are not generally subject to uniform accounting or financial reporting standards, and auditing practices and requirements may not be comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. The Fund, therefore, may encounter difficulty in obtaining market quotations for purposes of valuing its portfolio and calculating its net asset value. Foreign markets have substantially less volume than the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) and securities of some foreign companies are less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. companies. Commission rates in foreign countries, which are generally fixed rather than subject to negotiation as in the U.S., are likely to be higher. In many foreign countries there is less government supervision and regulation of stock exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the U.S.

 

Developing Countries and Emerging Markets. Investments in companies domiciled in developing countries or based in underdeveloped emerging markets may be subject to potentially higher risks than investments in developed countries or mature markets. These risks include: (i) greater risks of expropriation, confiscatory taxation, nationalization, and less social, political, and economic stability; (ii) the small current size of the markets for such securities and the currently low or nonexistent volume of trading, which result in a lack of liquidity and in greater price volatility; (iii) certain national policies which may restrict the Fund’s investment opportunities, including restrictions on investment in issuers or industries deemed sensitive to national interests; (iv) foreign taxation; (v) the absence of developed legal structures governing private or foreign investment or allowing for judicial redress for injury to private property; and (vi) the absence or early stage of development of a capital market structure or market-oriented economy.

 

In addition, many countries in which the Fund may invest have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation for many years. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had and may continue to have negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain countries. Moreover, the economies of some developing countries may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross domestic product, rate of inflation, currency depreciation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, and balance of payments position.

 

Foreign Currency . The Fund’s management endeavors to buy and sell foreign currencies on as favorable a basis as practicable. Some price spread on currency exchange (to cover service charges) may be incurred, particularly when the Fund changes investments from one country to another or when proceeds of the sale of shares in U.S. dollars are used for the purchase of securities in foreign countries. Also, some countries may adopt policies that would prevent the Fund from transferring cash out of the country or withhold portions of interest and dividends at the source. There is the possibility of cessation of trading on national exchanges, expropriation, nationalization, or confiscatory taxation, withholding, and other foreign taxes on income or other amounts, foreign exchange controls (which may include suspension of the ability to transfer currency from a given country), default in foreign government

 

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securities, political or social instability, or diplomatic developments that could affect investments in securities of issuers in foreign nations.

 

The Fund may be affected either favorably or unfavorably by fluctuations in the relative rates of exchange between the currencies of different nations, by exchange control regulations, and by indigenous economic and political developments. Some countries in which the Fund may invest may also have fixed or managed currencies that are not free-floating against the U.S. dollar. Further, certain currencies may not be internationally traded.

 

Certain of these currencies have experienced a steady devaluation relative to the U.S. dollar. Any devaluations in the currencies in which the Fund’s portfolio securities are denominated may have a detrimental impact on the Fund. Through the Fund’s flexible policy, management endeavors to avoid unfavorable consequences and to take advantage of favorable developments in particular nations where, from time to time, it places the Fund’s investments.

 

The exercise of this flexible policy may include decisions to purchase securities with substantial risk characteristics and other decisions such as changing the emphasis on investments from one nation to another and from one type of security to another. Some of these decisions may later prove profitable and others may not. No assurance can be given that profits, if any, will exceed losses.

 

Forward Currency Exchange Contracts . The Fund may enter into forward currency exchange contracts (forward contracts) to attempt to minimize the risk to the Fund from adverse changes in the relationship between currencies or to enhance income. A forward contract is an obligation to buy or sell a specific currency for an agreed price at a future date which is individually negotiated and is privately traded by currency traders and their customers. The Fund will either cover its position in such a transaction or maintain, in a segregated account with its custodian bank, cash or high-grade marketable securities having an aggregate value equal to the amount of any such commitment until payment is made.

 

Sovereign Issuers. The Fund also may invest in sovereign debt issued by foreign governments, their agencies or instrumentalities, or other government-related entities, including debt of developing or “emerging market” issuers. As a holder of sovereign debt, the Fund may be requested to participate in the rescheduling of such debt and to extend further loans to governmental entities. In addition, there are generally no bankruptcy proceedings similar to those in the United States by which defaulted sovereign debt may be collected. Sovereign debt is subject to other risks, including: the possibility that a sovereign country might prevent capital, in the form of U.S. dollars, from flowing across its borders; adverse political and economic developments; the extent and quality of government regulation of financial markets and institutions; the imposition of foreign withholding taxes; and the expropriation or nationalization of foreign issuers.

 

Derivatives Risk

 

Derivatives are financial contracts whose value depends on, or is derived from, the value of an underlying asset, reference rate or index (or relationship between two indexes). The Fund may invest in a variety of derivative instruments, such as options, futures contracts, swap agreements and short sales. The Fund may use derivatives as a substitute for taking a position in an underlying debt instrument or other asset and/or as part of a strategy designed to reduce exposure to other risks, such as interest rate or currency risk. The Fund also may use derivatives to add leverage to the portfolio or to manage the duration of the portfolio. The Fund’s use of derivative instruments involves risks different from, and possibly greater than, the risks associated with investing directly in securities and other traditional investments. Derivatives are subject to a number of risks described elsewhere in this prospectus, such as liquidity risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, leverage risk, volatility risk, the risk of

 

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ambiguous documentation, and management risk. They also involve the risk of mispricing or improper valuation and the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly with the underlying asset, rate or index. If the Fund invests in a derivative instrument, it could lose more than the principal amount invested. Also, suitable derivative transactions may not be available in all circumstances and there can be no assurance that the Fund will engage in these transactions to reduce exposure to other risks when that would be beneficial. The use of derivatives also may increase the amount of taxes payable by shareholders. In addition to the risks applicable to derivatives generally, swaps involve special risks because they are difficult to value, are highly susceptible to liquidity and credit risk, and generally provide a return to the party that has paid the premium only in the event of an actual default by the issuer of the underlying obligation (as opposed to a credit downgrade or other indication of financial difficulty).

 

Counterparty Risk

 

The Fund will be subject to credit risk with respect to the counterparties to the derivative contracts purchased by the Fund. If a counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations under a derivative contract due to financial difficulties, the Fund may experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery under the derivative contract in a bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding. The Fund may obtain only a limited recovery or may obtain no recovery in such circumstances.

 

Volatility Risk

 

The market values for some or all of the Fund’s holdings may be volatile. The Fund’s investment grade or long-term debt securities, will generally be more sensitive to changing interest rates and less sensitive to changes in the economic environment. The Fund’s high yield investments will typically be less sensitive to changing interest rates than investment grade debt securities, but they may be more sensitive to a deteriorating economic environment. The Fund’s investments may be subject to liquidity constraints and as a result, higher price volatility. The Fund’s use of leverage may increase the volatility of the Fund’s investment portfolio and could result in larger losses than if the strategies were not used.

 

Reinvestment Risk

 

The Fund may reinvest the proceeds from matured, traded or called debt obligations. If the Fund reinvests such proceeds at lower interest rates, the market price or the overall return of the Common Shares may decline. Reinvestment risk is the risk that income from the Fund’s bond portfolio will decline if and when the Fund invests the proceeds from matured, traded or called bonds at market interest rates that are below the portfolio’s current earnings rate. A decline in income could affect the Common Shares’ market price or their overall returns.

 

Call Risk

 

A debt security may be prepaid (called) before maturity. An issuer is more likely to call its securities when interest rates are falling, because the issuer can issue new securities with lower interest payments. If a debt security is called, the Fund may have to replace it with a lower-yielding security. High-yield bonds frequently have call features that allow the issuer to redeem the security at dates prior to its stated maturity at a specified price only if certain prescribed conditions are met (“call protection”). An issuer may redeem a high-yield bond if, for example, the issuer can refinance the debt at a lower cost due to declining interest rates or an improvement in the credit standing of the issuer. Corporate loans and mortgage-related securities typically have no such call protection. For premium bonds (bonds acquired at prices that exceed their par or principal value) purchased by the Fund, call risk may be enhanced. At any time, the Fund may have a large amount of its assets invested in securities subject to call risk. A call of some or all of these securities may lower the Fund’s income and yield and its distributions to shareholders.

 

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Liquidity Risk

 

The Fund may invest up to 15% of its total assets in securities (excluding swaps) which are illiquid at the time of investment. The term “illiquid securities” for this purpose is determined using the SEC’s standard applicable to open-end investment companies, i.e. , securities that cannot be disposed of within seven days in the ordinary course of business at approximately the value at which the Fund has valued the securities. Illiquid securities may be subject to wide fluctuations in market value. The Fund may be subject to significant delays in disposing of illiquid securities. Accordingly, the Fund may be forced to sell these securities at less than fair market value or may not be able to sell them when the Manager believes it is desirable to do so. Illiquid securities also may entail registration expenses and other transaction costs that are higher than those for liquid securities. Restricted securities, i.e. , securities subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale, may also be illiquid. However, some restricted securities (such as securities issued pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933 and certain commercial paper) may be treated as liquid for these purposes. To the extent the Manager determines there is a liquid institutional or other market for these securities, the Fund considers them to be liquid securities. The Board of Trustees will review any determination by the Manager to treat a restricted security as a liquid security on an ongoing basis, including the Manager’s assessment of current trading activity and the availability of reliable price information. In determining whether a restricted security is properly considered a liquid security, the Manager and the Fund’s board of trustees will take into account the following factors: (i) the frequency of trades and quotes for the security; (ii) the number of dealers willing to buy or sell the security and the number of other potential buyers; (iii) dealer undertakings to make a market in the security; and (iv) the nature of the security and the nature of the marketplace trades (e.g., the time needed to dispose of the security, the method of soliciting offers, and the mechanics of transfer). To the extent the Fund invests in restricted securities that are deemed liquid, the general level of illiquidity in the Fund may increase if qualified institutional buyers become uninterested in buying these securities or the market for these securities contracts.

 

The Fund may invest in securities that are not deemed “illiquid” but that are currently traded on a limited basis. The value of such securities may fluctuate more sharply than securities that are traded more widely. Although the Fund may be able to dispose of such securities in a short period of time, the Fund may lose money on such sales.

 

Income Risk

 

Because the Fund can distribute only what it earns, the Fund’s distributions to shareholders may decline. The income investors receive from the Fund is based primarily on the interest it earns from its investments, which can vary widely over the short- and long-term. If prevailing market interest rates drop, investors’ income from the Fund over time could drop as well. The Fund’s income could also be affected already when prevailing short-term interest rates increase and the Fund is utilizing leverage, although this risk is mitigated by the Fund’s investment in bank loans made to corporate and other business entities.

 

Zero-Coupon Securities Risk

 

Zero-coupon securities are especially sensitive to changes in interest rates, and their prices generally are more volatile than debt securities that pay interest periodically. Lower quality zero-coupon bonds are generally subject to the same risks as high yield debt securities. The Fund typically will not receive any interest payments on these securities until maturity. If the issuer defaults, the Fund may lose its entire investment, which will affect the Fund’s share price.

 

Smaller Company Risk

 

Although under current market conditions the Fund does not presently intend to invest a significant portion of its assets in smaller companies, as market conditions change over time, the Fund may invest more of its assets

 

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in such companies. The general risks associated with income-producing securities are particularly pronounced for securities issued by companies with smaller market capitalizations. These companies may have limited product lines, markets or financial resources or they may depend on a few key employees. As a result, they may be subject to greater levels of credit, market and issuer risk. Securities of smaller companies may trade less frequently and in lesser volume than more widely held securities and their values may fluctuate more sharply than other securities. Companies with medium-sized market capitalizations may have risks similar to those of smaller companies.

 

Real Estate Risk

 

Since the Fund may invest in REITs and mortgage securities secured by real estate, the Fund may be subject to risks similar to those associated with the direct ownership of real estate (in addition to securities markets risks). These risks include declines in the value of real estate, risks related to general and local economic conditions, dependency on management skill, increases in interest rates, possible lack of availability of mortgage funds, overbuilding, extended vacancies of properties, increased competition, increases in property taxes and operating expenses, changes in zoning laws, losses due to costs resulting from the clean-up of environmental problems, casualty or condemnation losses, limitations on rents, and changes in neighborhood values and the appeal of properties to tenants.

 

Rising interest rates may cause investors in REITs to demand a higher annual yield from future distributions, which may in turn decrease market prices for equity securities issued by REITs. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of the Fund’s investments to decline. During periods of declining interest rates, certain mortgage REITs may hold mortgages that the mortgagors elect to prepay, and such prepayment may diminish the yield on securities issued by such mortgage REITs. In addition, mortgage REITs may be affected by the borrowers’ ability to repay when due the debt extended by the REIT, and equity REITs may be affected by the tenants’ ability to pay rent.

 

Market Disruption and Geopolitical Risk

 

The war with Iraq, its aftermath and the continuing occupation of Iraq are likely to have a substantial impact on the U.S. and world economies and securities markets. The nature, scope and duration of the occupation cannot be predicted with any certainty. Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001 closed some of the U.S. securities markets for a four-day period and the occurrence of similar events in the future cannot be ruled out. The war and occupation, terrorism and related geopolitical risks have led, and may in the future lead to, increased short-term market volatility and may have adverse long-term effects on U.S. and world economies and markets generally. Those events could also have an acute effect on individual issuers or related groups of issuers. These risks could also adversely affect individual issuers and securities markets, interest rates, auctions, secondary trading, ratings, credit risk, inflation and other factors relating to the Common Shares.

 

HOW THE FUND MANAGES RISK

 

Investment Limitations

 

The Fund has adopted certain investment limitations designed to limit investment risk and maintain portfolio diversification. These limitations (two of which are listed below) are fundamental and may not be changed without the approval of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Common Shares and, if issued, Preferred Shares voting together as a single class, and the approval of the holders of a majority of the Preferred Shares voting as a separate class. The Fund may not:

 

              Concentrate its investments in a particular “industry,” as that term is used in the 1940 Act and as interpreted, modified, or otherwise permitted by regulatory authority having jurisdiction, from time to

 

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                time (this limitation does not apply to securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities); and

 

              With respect to 75% of the Fund’s total assets, purchase the securities of any issuer, except securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities or securities of other investment companies, if, as a result, (i) more than 5% of the Fund’s total assets would be invested in the securities of that issuer, or (ii) the Fund would hold more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of that issuer. For the purpose of this restriction, each state and each separate political subdivision, agency, authority or instrumentality of such state, each multi-state agency or authority, and each obligor, if any, is treated as a separate issuer of municipal bonds.

 

The Fund would be deemed to “concentrate” its investments in a particular industry if it invested more than 25% of its total assets in that industry. The Fund’s industry concentration policy does not preclude it from focusing investments in issuers in a group of related industrial sectors (such as different types of utilities).

 

The Fund may become subject to guidelines which are more limiting than the investment restrictions set forth above and other restrictions set forth in the Statement of Additional Information in order to obtain and maintain ratings from Moody’s, S&P and/or Fitch on the Preferred Shares that it intends to issue. The Fund does not anticipate that such guidelines would have a material adverse effect on the Fund’s Common Shareholders or the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objectives. See “Investment Objectives and Policies” and “Investment Restrictions” in the Statement of Additional Information for information about these guidelines and a complete list of the fundamental investment policies of the Fund.

 

Limited Issuance of Preferred Shares

 

Under the 1940 Act, the Fund could issue Preferred Shares having a total liquidation value (original purchase price of the shares being liquidated plus any accrued and unpaid dividends) of up to one-half of the value of the total assets of the Fund, less liabilities. To the extent that the Fund has outstanding any senior securities representing indebtedness (such as through the use of reverse repurchase agreements, swaps and other derivative instruments that constitute senior securities), the aggregate amount of such senior securities will be added to the total liquidation value of any outstanding Preferred Shares for purposes of this asset coverage requirement. If the total liquidation value of the Preferred Shares plus the aggregate amount of such other senior securities were ever more than one-half of the value of the Fund’s total net assets, the Fund would not be able to declare dividends on the Common Shares until such liquidation value and/or aggregate amount of other senior securities, as a percentage of the Fund’s total assets, were reduced.

 

The Fund presently intends to issue Preferred Shares representing approximately 33% (but not more than 38%) of the Fund’s Managed Assets (calculated after their issuance) approximately one to three months after the completion of the offering of Common Shares. This higher than required margin of net asset value provides a cushion against later fluctuations in the value of the Fund’s portfolio and will subject Common Shareholders to less income and net asset value volatility than if the Fund were more highly leveraged through Preferred Shares. No assurance can be given that this cushion will not be reduced or eliminated. It also gives the Fund flexibility to utilize other forms of leverage in addition to Preferred Shares from time to time in accordance with the 1940 Act asset coverage requirements (such as reverse repurchase agreements, swaps and other derivatives) that may be more efficient or cost effective sources of leverage than Preferred Shares under the circumstances.

 

The Fund may engage in additional transactions of the type described above and similar investment management techniques which provide leverage. However, the Fund will segregate liquid assets against or otherwise cover its future obligations under such transactions, in order to provide that, immediately after entering into such a transaction, the Fund’s future commitments that it has not segregated liquid assets against or otherwise covered, together with any outstanding Preferred Shares, will not exceed 38% of the Fund’s Managed Assets.

 

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The Fund intends to purchase or redeem Preferred Shares, if necessary, to keep the liquidation value of the Preferred Shares plus the aggregate amount of other senior securities representing indebtedness below one-half of the value of the Fund’s total net assets.

 

Management of Investment Portfolio and Capital Structure to Limit Leverage Risk

 

The Fund may take certain actions if short-term interest rates increase or market conditions otherwise change (or the Fund anticipates such an increase or change) and the Fund’s leverage begins (or is expected) to adversely affect Common Shareholders. In order to attempt to offset such a negative impact of leverage on Common Shareholders, the Fund may shorten the average maturity or duration of its investment portfolio (by investing in short-term, high quality securities or implementing certain hedging strategies) or may extend the maturity of outstanding Preferred Shares. The Fund also may attempt to reduce leverage by redeeming or otherwise purchasing Preferred Shares or by reducing any holdings in other instruments that create leverage. As explained above under “Risks – Leverage Risk,” the success of any such attempt to limit leverage risk depends on the Manager’s ability to accurately predict interest rate or other market changes. Because of the difficulty of making such predictions, the Fund may not be successful in managing its interest rate exposure in the manner described above.

 

If market conditions suggest that additional leverage would be beneficial, the Fund may sell previously unissued Preferred Shares or Preferred Shares that the Fund previously issued but later repurchased, or utilize other forms of leverage, such as swaps and other derivative instruments. The Fund’s investment in swaps will not be included as illiquid investments for purposes of determining compliance with the 15% limit on illiquid investments. Accordingly, the Fund may invest more than 15% of its total assets in swaps. However, the Fund’s use of derivative instruments (other than swaps) will be limited by the Fund’s 15% limit on illiquid investments to the extent such derivatives are determined to be illiquid. See “Portfolio Contents and Other Information” and “Risks – Liquidity Risk.”

 

Hedging and Related Strategies

 

The Fund may use various investment strategies designed to limit the risk of price fluctuations of its portfolio securities and to preserve capital. For instance, the Fund may purchase credit default swap contracts for the purpose of hedging the Fund’s exposure to certain issuers and, thereby, decreasing its exposure to credit risk, and it may invest in structured notes or interest rate swap or cap transactions for the purpose of reducing the interest rate sensitivity of the Fund’s portfolio and, thereby, decreasing the Fund’s exposure to interest rate risk. See “Investment Objectives and Strategies – Swaps,” and “Investment Objectives and Strategies – Structured Notes and Related Instruments” in this prospectus. Other hedging strategies that the Fund may use include: financial futures contracts; short sales; other types of swap agreements or options thereon; options on financial futures; and options based on either an index or individual debt securities whose prices, the Manager believes, correlate with the prices of the Fund’s investments. Income earned by the Fund from many hedging activities will be distributed to shareholders in taxable distributions. If effectively used, hedging strategies will offset in varying percentages losses incurred on the Fund’s investments due to adverse interest rate changes. There is no assurance that these hedging strategies will be available at any time or that the Manager will determine to use them for the Fund or, if used, that the strategies will be successful. In addition, the Fund may be subject to certain restrictions on its use of hedging strategies imposed by guidelines of one or more rating agencies that may issue ratings for Preferred Shares issued by the Fund.

 

In order to reduce the interest rate risk inherent in the Fund’s underlying investments and capital structure, the Fund may enter into interest rate swap or cap transactions. For example, the Fund may enter into interest rate swaps that are intended to approximate the Fund’s variable rate payment obligation on Preferred Shares, if such Preferred Shares are issued. The Fund also may use an interest rate cap, which would require the Fund to pay a premium to the counterparty and would entitle the Fund, to the extent that a specified variable rate index exceeds

 

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a predetermined fixed rate, to receive from the counterparty payment of the difference based on the notional amount. The Fund may use interest rate swaps or caps with the intent to reduce or eliminate the risk that an increase in short-term interest rates could pose for the performance of the Common Shares as a result of leverage, and also may use these instruments for other hedging or investment purposes. The Fund may choose or be required to redeem some or all of the Preferred Shares. This redemption would likely result in the Fund seeking to terminate early all or a portion of any swap or cap transaction. Such early termination of a swap could result in a termination payment by or to the Fund. Any termination of a cap could result in a termination payment to the Fund.

 

MANAGEMENT OF THE FUND

 

Trustees and Officers

 

The Board of Trustees is responsible for the management of the Fund, including supervision of the duties performed by the Manager. There are currently nine Trustees of the Fund, three of whom are currently treated by the Fund as an “interested person” (as defined in the 1940 Act). The names and business addresses of the Trustees and officers of the Fund and their principal occupations and other affiliations during the past five years are set forth under “Management of the Fund” in the Statement of Additional Information.

 

Investment Adviser

 

Franklin Advisers, Inc. (the “Manager”) serves as the investment adviser of the Fund. Subject to the supervision of the Board of Trustees, the Manager is responsible for managing the investment activities of the Fund and the Fund’s business affairs and other administrative matters. The Manager is located at One Franklin Parkway, San Mateo, California 94403-1906. Franklin Resources, Inc. (“Franklin”), is the parent company of the Manager and the Fund’s administrator. Founded in 1947, Franklin is one of the oldest mutual fund organizations. In 1992, Franklin, a leader in managing fixed-income mutual funds and an innovator in creating domestic equity funds, joined forces with Templeton, a pioneer in international investing.

 

The Manager and its affiliates (collectively known as “Franklin Templeton Investments”) provide investment management and advisory services to closed-end and open-end investment company clients, as well as private accounts. As of July 31, 2003, Franklin Templeton Investments had approximately $289 billion in assets under management for more than five million mutual fund shareholder and other accounts.

 

Portfolio Management Team

 

Christopher Molumphy, CFA, Eric G. Takaha, CFA, Roger Bayston, CFA, and Richard C. D’Addario will serve as the portfolio management team responsible for managing the Fund’s portfolio investments. They are sometimes referred to herein as the “portfolio managers.” Each of them has experience managing Franklin mutual funds and private accounts.

 

Mr. Molumphy has been a portfolio manager of the Franklin Strategic Income Fund since 1994, the Franklin AGE High Income Fund since 1991, and the Franklin Total Return Fund since 1998. He has been an employee of the Manager since 1988.

 

Mr. Takaha has been a portfolio manager of the Franklin Strategic Income Fund since 1997, and an employee of the Manager since 1989.

 

Mr. Bayston has been a portfolio manager of the Franklin U.S. Government Fund and the Franklin Strategic Mortgage Portfolio since 1993, and the Franklin Total Return Fund since 1998. He has been an employee of the Manager since 1991.

 

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Mr. D’Addario has been a portfolio manager of the Franklin Floating Rate Trust and the Franklin Floating Rate Daily Access Fund since 2000, and an employee of the Manager since 1996.

 

Investment Management Agreement

 

Pursuant to an investment management agreement between the Manager and the Fund (the “Investment Management Agreement”), the Fund has agreed to pay the Manager an annual fee, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 0.50% of the average daily value of the Fund’s Managed Assets for the investment management services it provides.

 

In addition to the fees of the Manager, the Fund pays all other costs and expenses of its operations, including compensation of its Trustees (other than those affiliated with the Manager), custodial expenses, shareholder servicing expenses, transfer agency and dividend disbursing expenses, legal fees, expenses of independent auditors, expenses of repurchasing shares, expenses of issuing any Preferred Shares, expenses of preparing, printing and distributing prospectuses, shareholder reports, notices, proxy statements and reports to governmental agencies, and taxes, if any. The ordinary “Other Expenses” of the Fund, which are estimated above, may, and are likely to, vary from the Fund’s actual expenses. See “Summary of Fund Expenses.”

 

Because the fees received by the Manager are based on the Managed Assets of the Fund (including assets attributable to Preferred Shares and any leverage created thereby), the Manager has a financial incentive for the Fund to issue Preferred Shares, which may create a conflict of interest between the Manager and the holders of the Fund’s Common Shares.

 

NET ASSET VALUE

 

The net asset value (“NAV”) of the Fund equals the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets, less any liabilities. For purposes of calculating NAV, portfolio securities and other assets for which market quotes are available are stated at market value. Market value is generally determined on the basis of the last reported sales price (or the NASDAQ official closing price for NASDAQ-reported securities, if such price is provided by the Fund’s accountant), or if no sales are reported, based on quotes obtained from a quotation reporting system, established market makers, or pricing services. Certain securities or investments for which market quotations are not readily available may be valued, pursuant to guidelines established by the Board of Trustees, with reference to other securities or indexes. For instance, a pricing service may recommend a fair market value based on prices of comparable securities. Short-term investments having a maturity of 60 days or less are generally valued at amortized cost. Exchange traded options, futures and options on futures are valued at the settlement price determined by the exchange. Other securities for which market quotes are not readily available are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by the Board of Trustees or persons acting at their direction.

 

The NAV of the Fund will be determined as of the close of regular trading on the NYSE (normally 4:00 p.m., Eastern time) (the “NYSE Close”) on each day the NYSE is open. Domestic debt securities and foreign securities are normally priced using data reflecting the earlier closing of the principal markets for those securities. Information that becomes known to the Fund or its agent after the Fund’s NAV has been calculated on a particular day will not be used to retroactively adjust the price of a security or the Fund’s NAV determined earlier that day.

 

Investments initially valued in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are converted to U.S. dollars using exchange rates obtained from pricing services. As a result, the NAV of the Fund’s shares may be affected by changes in the value of currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar. The value of securities traded in markets outside the United States or denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar may be affected significantly on a day that the NYSE is closed.

 

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In unusual circumstances, instead of valuing securities in the usual manner, the Fund may value securities at fair value as determined in good faith by the Board of Trustees, generally based upon recommendations provided by the Manager. Fair valuation also may be required due to material events that occur after the close of the relevant market but prior to the NYSE Close.

 

Shares of closed-end investment companies may frequently trade on an exchange at prices lower than NAV; accordingly, the Fund may trade on an exchange at prices lower than its NAV.

 

DISTRIBUTIONS

 

Commencing with the Fund’s first dividend, the Fund intends to make regular monthly cash distributions to Common Shareholders at a rate based upon the projected performance of the Fund. Distributions can only be made from net investment income after paying any accrued dividends to Preferred Shareholders. The dividend rate that the Fund pays on its Common Shares will depend on a number of factors, including dividends payable on the Preferred Shares, the income from portfolio securities and the expenses of any other leveraging transactions. As portfolio and market conditions change, the rate of dividends on the Common Shares and the Fund’s dividend policy could change. The net income of the Fund consists of all income accrued on portfolio assets less all expenses of the Fund. Expenses of the Fund are accrued each day. Over time, substantially all the net investment income of the Fund will be distributed. At least annually, the Fund also intends to distribute to Common Shareholders their pro rata share of any available net capital gains. Initial distributions to Common Shareholders are expected to be declared within approximately 45 days, and paid within approximately 60 to 75 days, from the completion of this offering, depending on market conditions. The amount of any distributions will vary, and there is no guarantee the Fund will pay either income dividends or capital gain distributions.

 

Unless you elect to receive distributions in cash, all of your distributions will be automatically reinvested in additional Common Shares under the Fund’s Dividend Reinvestment Plan. See “Distributions” and “Dividend Reinvestment Plan.”

 

Although it does not now intend to do so, the Board of Trustees may change the Fund’s dividend policy and the amount or timing of the distributions, based on a number of factors, including the amount of the Fund’s undistributed net investment income and historical and projected investment income and the amount of the expenses and dividend rates on any outstanding Preferred Shares.

 

To permit the Fund to maintain a more stable monthly distribution, the Fund will initially distribute less than the entire amount of net investment income earned in a particular period. The undistributed net investment income would be available to supplement future distributions. As a result, the distributions paid by the Fund for any particular monthly period may be more or less than the amount of net investment income actually earned by the Fund during the period. Undistributed net investment income will be added to the Fund’s net asset value and, correspondingly, distributions from undistributed net investment income will be deducted from the Fund’s net asset value. Unless you elect to receive distributions in cash, all of your distributions will be automatically reinvested in additional Common Shares under the Fund’s Dividend Reinvestment Plan. See “Dividend Reinvestment Plan.”

 

DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN

 

Pursuant to the Fund’s Dividend Reinvestment Plan (the “Plan”), all Common Shareholders whose shares are registered in their own names will have all dividends, including any capital gain dividends, reinvested automatically in additional Common Shares by PFPC, Inc., as agent for the Common Shareholders (the “Plan Agent”), unless the Common Shareholder “opts out” of the Plan and elects to receive cash. An election to receive cash may be revoked or reinstated at the option of the Common Shareholder. In the case of record Common Shareholders such as banks, brokers or other nominees that hold Common Shares for others who are the beneficial owners, the Plan Agent will administer the Plan on the basis of the number of Common Shares

 

47



 

certified from time to time by the record Common Shareholder as representing the total amount registered in such Common Shareholder’s name and held for the account of beneficial owners who are to participate in the Plan. Common Shareholders whose shares are held in the name of a bank, broker or nominee should contact the bank, broker or nominee for details. Such Common Shareholders may not be able to transfer their shares to another bank or broker and continue to participate in the Plan. All distributions to Common Shareholder who elect not to participate in the Plan (or whose broker or nominee elects not to participate on the Common Shareholder’s behalf), will be paid in cash by check mailed, in the case of direct Common Shareholders, to the record holder by the Plan Agent, in its capacity as the Fund’s dividend disbursement agent.

 

Unless you elect (or your broker or nominee elects) not to participate in the Plan, the number of Common Shares you will receive will be determined as follows:

 

(1) If Common Shares are trading at or above net asset value on the payment date, the Fund will issue new shares at the greater of (i) the net asset value per Common Share on the payment date or (ii) 95% of the market price per Common Share on the payment date; or

 

(2) If Common Shares are trading below net asset value (minus estimated brokerage commissions that would be incurred upon the purchase of Common Shares on the open market) on the payment date, the Plan Agent will receive the dividend or distribution in cash and will purchase Common Shares in the open market, on the AMEX or elsewhere, for the participants’ accounts. It is possible that the market price for the Common Shares may increase before the Plan Agent has completed its purchases. Therefore, the average purchase price per share paid by the Plan Agent may exceed the market price on the payment date, resulting in the purchase of fewer shares than if the dividend or distribution had been paid in Common Shares issued by the Fund. The Plan Agent will use all dividends and distributions received in cash to purchase Common Shares in the open market on or shortly after the payment date, but in no event later than the ex-dividend date for the next distribution. Interest will not be paid on any uninvested cash payments.

 

You may withdraw from the Plan at any time by giving written notice to the Plan Agent. If you withdraw or the Plan is terminated, you will receive a certificate for each whole share in your account under the Plan and you will receive a cash payment for any fraction of a share in your account. If you wish, the Plan Agent will sell your shares and send you the proceeds, minus brokerage commissions.

 

The Plan Agent maintains all shareholders’ accounts in the Plan and gives written confirmation of all transactions in the accounts, including information you may need for tax records. The Plan Agent will also furnish each person who buys Common Shares with written instructions detailing the procedures for electing not to participate in the Plan and to instead receive distributions in cash. Common Shares in your account will be held by the Plan Agent in non-certificated form. Any proxy you receive will include all Common Shares you have received under the Plan.

 

There is no brokerage charge for reinvestment of your dividends or distributions in Common Shares. However, all participants will pay a pro rata share of brokerage commissions incurred by the Plan Agent when it makes open market purchases.

 

Automatically reinvested dividends and distributions are taxed in the same manner as cash dividends and distributions.

 

The Fund and the Plan Agent reserve the right to amend or terminate the Plan. There is no direct service charge to participants in the Plan; however, the Fund reserves the right to amend the Plan to include a service charge payable by the participants. Additional information about the Plan may be obtained from PFPC, Inc., P.O. Box 43027, Providence, RI 02940-3027.

 

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DESCRIPTION OF SHARES

 

Common Shares

 

The Declaration authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of Common Shares. All Common Shares have equal rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon liquidation. Common Shares will, when issued, be fully paid and, subject to matters discussed in “Anti-Takeover and Other Provisions in the Declaration of Trust,” non-assessable, and will have no pre-emptive or conversion rights or rights to cumulative voting. Whenever Preferred Shares are outstanding, Common Shareholders will not be entitled to receive any distributions from the Fund unless all accrued dividends on Preferred Shares have been paid, and unless asset coverage (as defined in the 1940 Act) with respect to Preferred Shares would be at least 200% after giving effect to the distributions. See “– Preferred Shares” below.

 

The Common Shares are expected to be listed on the AMEX. The Fund intends to hold annual meetings of shareholders so long as the Common Shares are listed on a national securities exchange and such meetings are required as a condition to such listing.

 

The Fund’s net asset value per share generally increases when interest rates decline, and generally decreases when interest rates rise, and these changes are likely to be greater because the Fund intends to have a leveraged capital structure. Net asset value will be reduced immediately following the offering by the amount of the sales load and organization and offering expenses paid by the Fund. The Manager has agreed to pay (i) all of the Fund’s offering costs (other than the sales load) and (ii) all of the Fund’s organizational expenses, which are estimated to be a total of $846,000. The Fund has agreed to reimburse Franklin Advisers, Inc. for such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses, from the proceeds of the offering, to the extent that the aggregate of such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses does not exceed $0.03 per share.

 

Unlike open-end funds, closed-end funds like the Fund do not continuously offer shares and do not provide daily redemptions. Rather, if a shareholder determines to buy additional Common Shares or sell shares already held, the shareholder may do so by trading on the exchange through a broker or otherwise. Shares of closed-end investment companies may frequently trade on an exchange at prices lower than net asset value. Shares of closed-end investment companies, like the Fund, that invest predominantly in debt obligations have during some periods traded at prices higher than net asset value and during other periods have traded at prices lower than net asset value. The Fund’s Declaration limits the ability of the Fund to convert to open-end status. See “Anti-Takeover and Other Provisions in the Declaration of Trust.”

 

Because the market value of the Common Shares may be influenced by such factors as dividend levels (which are in turn affected by expenses), call protection, dividend stability, portfolio credit quality, net asset value, relative demand for and supply of such shares in the market, general market and economic conditions, and other factors beyond the control of the Fund, the Fund cannot assure you that the Common Shares will trade at a price equal to or higher than net asset value in the future. The Common Shares are designed primarily for long-term investors, and investors in the Common Shares should not view the Fund as a vehicle for trading purposes. See “Preferred Shares and Related Leverage” and the Statement of Additional Information under “Repurchase of Common Shares; Conversion to Open-End Fund.”

 

Preferred Shares

 

The Declaration authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of Preferred Shares. The Preferred Shares may be issued in one or more classes or series, with such par value and rights as determined by the Board of Trustees, by action of the Board of Trustees without the approval of the Common Shareholders.

 

The Fund’s Board of Trustees has indicated its intention to authorize an offering of Preferred Shares (representing approximately 33%, but not more than 38%, of the Fund’s Managed Assets calculated after the

 

49



 

Preferred Shares are issued) approximately one to three months after completion of the offering of Common Shares. The terms of the Preferred Shares may provide that they are redeemable at certain times, in whole or in part, at the original purchase price per share plus accumulated dividends.

 

Any decision by the Board to authorize an offering of Preferred Shares is subject to market conditions and to the Board’s continuing belief that leveraging the Fund’s capital structure through the issuance of Preferred Shares is likely to achieve the benefits to the Common Shareholders described in this prospectus. Although the terms of the Preferred Shares will be determined by the Board of Trustees (subject to applicable law and the Fund’s Declaration) if and when it authorizes a Preferred Shares offering, the Board has determined that the Preferred Shares, at least initially, would likely pay cumulative dividends at rates determined over relatively short-term periods (such as seven or 28 days), by providing for the periodic redetermination of the dividend rate through an auction or remarketing procedure. The Board of Trustees has indicated that the preference on distribution, liquidation preference, voting rights and redemption provisions of the Preferred Shares will likely be as stated below.

 

As used in this prospectus, unless otherwise noted, the Fund’s “net assets” include assets of the Fund attributable to any outstanding Preferred Shares, with no deduction for the liquidation preference of the Preferred Shares. Solely for financial reporting purposes, however, the Fund is required to exclude the liquidation preference of Preferred Shares from “net assets,” so long as the Preferred Shares have redemption features that are not solely within the control of the Fund. For all regulatory and tax purposes, the Fund’s Preferred Shares will be treated as stock (rather than indebtedness).

 

Limited Issuance of Preferred Shares. Under the 1940 Act, the Fund could issue Preferred Shares with an aggregate liquidation value of up to one-half of the value of the Fund’s total net assets (total assets less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by “senior securities,” as defined in the 1940 Act), measured immediately after issuance of the Preferred Shares. “Liquidation value” means the original purchase price of the shares being liquidated plus any accrued and unpaid dividends. In addition, the Fund is not permitted to declare any cash dividend or other distribution on its Common Shares unless the liquidation value of the Preferred Shares is less than one-half of the value of the Fund’s total net assets (determined after deducting the amount of such dividend or distribution) calculated immediately after the distribution. The liquidation value of the Preferred Shares is expected to be approximately 33% (but not more than 38%) of the value of the Fund’s total net assets. The Fund intends to purchase or redeem Preferred Shares, if necessary, to keep that fraction below one-half.

 

Distribution Preference. The Preferred Shares have complete priority over the Common Shares as to distribution of assets.

 

Liquidation Preference. In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Fund, holders of Preferred Shares will be entitled to receive a preferential liquidating distribution (expected to equal the original purchase price per share plus accumulated and unpaid dividends thereon, whether or not earned or declared) before any distribution of assets is made to holders of Common Shares.

 

Voting Rights . Preferred Shares are required to be voting shares. Except as otherwise provided in the Declaration or the Fund’s Bylaws or otherwise required by applicable law, holders of Preferred Shares will vote together with Common Shareholders as a single class.

 

 

50



 

Holders of Preferred Shares, voting as a separate class, will also be entitled to elect two of the Fund’s Trustees. The remaining Trustees will be elected by Common Shareholders and holders of Preferred Shares, voting together as a single class. In the unlikely event that two full years of accrued dividends are unpaid on the Preferred Shares, the holders of all outstanding Preferred Shares, voting as a separate class, will be entitled to elect a majority of the Fund’s Trustees until all dividends in arrears have been paid or declared and set apart for payment.

 

Redemption, Purchase and Sale of Preferred Shares. The terms of the Preferred Shares may provide that they are redeemable at certain times, in whole or in part, at the original purchase price per share plus accumulated dividends. The terms also may state that the Fund may tender for or purchase Preferred Shares and resell any shares so tendered. Any redemption or purchase of Preferred Shares by the Fund will reduce the leverage applicable to Common Shares, while any resale of Preferred Shares by the Fund will increase such leverage. See “Preferred Shares and Related Leverage.”

 

The discussion above describes the Board of Trustees’ present intention with respect to a possible offering of Preferred Shares. If the Board of Trustees determines to authorize such an offering, the terms of the Preferred Shares may be the same as, or different from, the terms described above, subject to applicable law and the Fund’s Declaration and Bylaws.

 

ANTI-TAKEOVER AND OTHER PROVISIONS IN THE DECLARATION OF TRUST

 

The Declaration includes provisions that could limit the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund or to convert the Fund to open-end status. The Fund’s Trustees are divided into three classes. At each annual meeting of shareholders, the term of one class will expire and each Trustee elected to that class will hold office for a term of three years. The classification of the Board of Trustees in this manner could delay for an additional year the replacement of a majority of the Board of Trustees. In addition, the Declaration provides that a Trustee may be removed only for cause and only by action of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the outstanding shares of the classes or series of shares entitled to vote for the election of such Trustee.

 

The Declaration requires the approval of the Board of Trustees and the affirmative vote of the holders of 75% of the Fund’s shares (including Common and Preferred Shares) entitled to vote to approve, adopt or authorize certain Fund transactions not in the ordinary course of business, including (i) a merger or consolidation or sale or transfer of the Fund and (ii) conversion of the Fund from a closed-end to an open-end investment company, unless such action was previously approved, adopted or authorized by the affirmative vote of 66 2/3% of the Board of Trustees, in which case such action must be approved by the holders of a “majority of the outstanding” Common Shares and any Preferred Shares voting together as a single class, and of the holders of a “majority of the outstanding” Preferred Shares voting as a separate class. A “majority of the outstanding” shares (whether voting together as a single class or voting as a separate class) means (i) 67% or more of such shares present at a meeting, if the holders of more than 50% of those shares are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of such shares, whichever is less. See “Anti-Takeover and Other Provisions in the Declaration of Trust” in the Statement of Additional Information for a more detailed summary of these provisions.

 

The Trustees may from time to time grant other voting rights to shareholders with respect to these and other matters in the Fund’s Bylaws.

 

The overall effect of these provisions is to render more difficult the accomplishment of a merger or the assumption of control by a third party. They provide, however, the advantage of potentially requiring persons seeking control of the Fund to negotiate with its management regarding the price to be paid and facilitating the continuity of the Fund’s investment objective and policies. The provisions of the Declaration described above could have the effect of depriving the Common Shareholders of opportunities to sell their Common Shares at a premium over the then current market price of the Common Shares by discouraging a third party from seeking to obtain control of the Fund in a tender offer or similar transaction. The Board of Trustees of the Fund has

 

51



considered the foregoing anti-takeover provisions and concluded that they are in the best interests of the Fund and its Common Shareholders.

 

The foregoing is intended only as a summary and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Declaration and the Fund’s Bylaws, both of which are on file with the SEC.

 

The Declaration contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for debts or obligations of the Fund and requires that notice of such limited liability be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by the Fund or the Trustees. The Declaration further provides for indemnification out of the assets and property of the Fund for all loss and expense of any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Fund. Thus, the risk of a shareholder incurring financial loss on account of shareholder liability is limited to circumstances in which the Fund would be unable to meet its obligations. The Fund believes that the likelihood of such circumstances is remote.

 

REPURCHASE OF COMMON SHARES; CONVERSION TO OPEN-END FUND

 

The Fund is a closed-end investment company and as such its shareholders will not have the right to cause the Fund to redeem their shares. Instead, the Common Shares will trade in the open market at a price that will be a function of several factors, including dividend levels (which are in turn affected by expenses), net asset value, call protection, dividend stability, portfolio credit quality, relative demand for and supply of such shares in the market, general market and economic conditions and other factors. Shares of a closed-end investment company may frequently trade at prices lower than net asset value. The Fund’s Board of Trustees will regularly monitor the relationship between the market price and net asset value of the Common Shares. If the Common Shares were to trade at a substantial discount to net asset value for an extended period of time, the Board may consider the repurchase of its Common Shares on the open market or in private transactions, the making of a tender offer for such shares, or the conversion of the Fund to an open-end investment company. The Fund cannot assure you that its Board of Trustees will decide to take or propose any of these actions, or that share repurchases or tender offers will actually reduce market discount.

 

The Declaration requires the affirmative vote or consent of a majority of the Board of Trustees and the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the Fund’s shares (including Common and Preferred Shares) entitled to vote to approve, unless the conversion has been authorized by a the affirmative vote or consent of two-thirds (66 2/3%) of the Board of Trustees, in which case shareholders would have only the minimum voting rights required by the 1940 Act with respect to the conversion.

 

If the Fund were to convert to an open-end company, it would be required to redeem all Preferred Shares then outstanding (requiring in turn that it liquidate a portion of its investment portfolio), and the Common Shares would no longer be listed on the AMEX. In contrast to a closed-end investment company, shareholders of an open-end investment company may require the company to redeem their shares at any time (except in certain circumstances as authorized by or under the 1940 Act) at their net asset value, less any redemption charge that is in effect at the time of redemption.

 

Before deciding whether to take any action to convert the Fund to an open-end investment company, the Board would consider all relevant factors, including the extent and duration of the discount, the liquidity of the Fund’s portfolio, the impact of any action that might be taken on the Fund or its shareholders, and market considerations. Based on these considerations, even if the Fund’s shares should trade at a discount, the Board of Trustees may determine that, in the interest of the Fund and its shareholders, no action should be taken. See the Statement of Additional Information under “Repurchase of Common Shares; Conversion to Open-End Fund” for a further discussion of possible action to reduce or eliminate such discount to net asset value.

 

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TAX MATTERS

 

Federal Income Tax Matters

 

The following federal income tax discussion is based on the advice of Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker, counsel to the Fund, and reflects provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), existing Treasury regulations promulgated under the Code, rulings published by the Internal Revenue Service, and other applicable authority, as of the date of this prospectus. These authorities are subject to change by legislative or administrative action, possibly with retroactive effect. The following discussion is only a summary of some of the important tax considerations generally applicable to investments in the Fund. For more detailed information regarding tax considerations, see the Statement of Additional Information. There may be other tax considerations applicable to particular investors. In addition, income earned through an investment in the Fund may be subject to state, local and foreign taxes.

 

The Fund intends to qualify each year for taxation as a regulated investment company eligible for treatment under the provisions of Subchapter M of the Code. If the Fund so qualifies and satisfies certain distribution requirements, the Fund will not be subject to federal income tax on income distributed in a timely manner to its shareholders in the form of dividends or capital gain distributions.

 

To satisfy the distribution requirement applicable to regulated investment companies, amounts paid as dividends by the Fund to its shareholders, including holders of its Preferred Shares, must qualify for the dividends-paid deduction. In certain circumstances, the Internal Revenue Service could take the position that dividends paid on the Preferred Shares constitute preferential dividends under Section 562(c) of the Code, and thus do not qualify for the dividends-paid deduction. The Fund believes this position, if asserted, would be unlikely to prevail.

 

If at any time when Preferred Shares are outstanding the Fund does not meet applicable asset coverage requirements, it will be required to suspend distributions to Common Shareholders until the requisite asset coverage is restored. Any such suspension may cause the Fund to pay a 4% federal excise tax (imposed on regulated investment companies that fail to distribute for a given calendar year, generally, at least 98% of their net investment income and capital gain net income) and income tax on undistributed income or gains, and may, in certain circumstances, prevent the Fund from qualifying for treatment as a regulated investment company. The Fund may redeem Preferred Shares in an effort to comply with the distribution requirement applicable to regulated investment companies and to avoid income and excise taxes.

 

The Fund’s investments in certain debt obligations may cause the Fund to recognize taxable income in excess of the cash generated by such obligations. Thus, the Fund could be required at times to liquidate other investments in order to satisfy its distribution requirements.

 

For federal income tax purposes, distributions of investment income generally are taxable as ordinary income to the extent of the Fund’s earnings and profits. Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long the Fund owned the investments that generated such capital gains, rather than how long a shareholder has owned his or her shares. Distributions of gains from the sale of investments that the Fund owned for more than one year and that are properly designated by the Fund as capital gain distributions will be taxable as long-term capital gains. Distributions of gains from the sale of investments that the Fund owned for one year or less will be taxable as ordinary income; such distributions will not qualify for any reduced tax rates otherwise available to corporate dividends. A distribution of an amount in excess of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits is treated as a non-taxable return of capital that reduces a shareholder’s tax basis in his or her shares; any such distributions in excess of his or her basis are treated as gain from the sale of such shares. Distributions are taxable to shareholders even if they are paid from income or gains earned by the Fund before a shareholder’s investment (and thus were included in the price paid by the shareholder). Distributions are taxable whether shareholders receive them in cash or reinvest them in additional shares through the Dividend

 

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Reinvestment Plan. Any gain resulting from the sale or exchange of Fund shares generally will be taxable as a capital gain, either short-term or long-term, depending on the length of time the shareholder has held the shares.

 

For calendar years 2003 through 2008, distributions of investment income designated by the Fund as derived from “qualified dividend income” will be taxed in the hands of individuals at the rates applicable to long-term capital gain, provided holding period and other requirements are met. The Fund does not expect a significant portion of Fund distributions to be derived from qualified dividend income.

 

Long-term capital gain rates for individuals have been temporarily reduced to 15% (with lower rates for individuals in the 10% and 15% rate brackets) for capital gain distributions derived from sales of portfolio securities after May 5, 2003, and for sales of fund shares after that date and on or before December 31, 2008.

 

The Internal Revenue Service currently requires that a regulated investment company that has two or more classes of stock allocate to each such class proportionate amounts of each type of its income (such as ordinary income and capital gains) based upon the percentage of total dividends distributed to each class for the tax year. Accordingly, the Fund intends each year to allocate capital gain dividends between and among its Common Shares and any series of its Preferred Shares in proportion to the total dividends paid to each class with respect to such tax year. Dividends qualifying and not qualifying for (a) treatment as qualified dividend income and (b) the dividends received deduction, if any, will similarly be allocated between and among any such classes.

 

The Fund’s investments in foreign securities may be subject to foreign withholding taxes. In that case, the Fund’s yield on those securities would be decreased. In addition, the Fund’s investments in foreign securities or foreign currencies may increase or accelerate the Fund’s recognition of ordinary income and may affect the timing or amount of the Fund’s distributions.

 

Under current law, the backup withholding tax rate is 28% for amounts paid through 2010 and will be 31% for amounts paid after December 31, 2010. The Fund may be required to apply backup withholding to taxable distributions payable to a shareholder. Please see “Tax Matters” in the Statement of Additional Information for additional information about backup withholding.

 

This section relates only to federal income tax consequences of investing in the Fund; the consequences under other tax laws may differ. You should consult your tax advisor as to the possible application of foreign, state and local income tax laws to Fund distributions. Please see “Tax Matters” in the Statement of Additional Information for additional information regarding the tax aspects of investing in the Fund.

 

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UNDERWRITING

 

Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, UBS Securities LLC, Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC, Advest, Inc., H&R Block Financial Advisors, Inc., Ferris, Baker Watts, Incorporated, J.J.B. Hilliard, W.L. Lyons, Inc., Janney Montgomery Scott LLC, Quick & Reilly, Inc. A FleetBoston Financial Company, RBC Dain Rauscher, Inc., Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC are acting as representatives of the Underwriters named below. Subject to the terms and conditions stated in the Fund’s underwriting agreement dated           , 2003 (the “Underwriting Agreement”), each Underwriter named below has severally agreed to purchase, and the Fund has agreed to sell to such Underwriter, the number of Common Shares set forth opposite the name of such Underwriter.

 

Underwriter

 

Number of
Common Shares

 

 

Citigroup Global Markets Inc.

 

 

 

Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated

 

 

 

UBS Securities LLC

 

 

 

Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC

 

 

 

Advest, Inc.

 

 

 

H&R Block Financial Advisors, Inc.

 

 

 

Ferris, Baker Watts, Incorporated

 

 

 

J.J.B. Hilliard, W.L. Lyons, Inc.

 

 

 

Janney Montgomery Scott LLC

 

 

 

Quick & Reilly, Inc. A FleetBoston Financial Company

 

 

 

RBC Dain Rauscher, Inc.

 

 

 

Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated

 

 

 

Wells Fargo Securities, LLC

 

 

 

Total

 

 

 

 

The Underwriting Agreement provides that the obligations of the Underwriters to purchase the Common Shares included in this offering are subject to approval of legal matters by counsel and to other conditions. The Underwriters are obligated to purchase all the Common Shares (other than those covered by the over-allotment option described below) if they purchase any of the Common Shares.

 

The Underwriters propose to offer some of the Common Shares directly to the public at the public offering price set forth on the cover page of this prospectus and some of the Common Shares to dealers at the public offering price less a concession not to exceed $           per Common Share. The sales load the Fund will pay of $0.675 per Common Share is equal to 4.50% of the initial offering price. The Underwriters may allow, and such dealers may reallow, a concession not to exceed $           per Common Share on sales to certain other dealers. If all of the Common Shares are not sold at the initial offering price, the representatives may change the public offering price and other selling terms. Investors must pay for any Common Shares purchased on or before           , 2003. The representatives have advised the Fund that the Underwriters do not intend to confirm any sales to any accounts over which they exercise discretionary authority.

 

The Fund has granted to the Underwriters an option, exercisable for 45 days from the date of this prospectus, to purchase up to            additional Common Shares at the public offering price less the sales load. The Underwriters may exercise such option solely for the purpose of covering over-allotments, if any, in connection with this offering. To the extent such option is exercised, each Underwriter will be obligated, subject to certain conditions, to purchase a number of additional Common Shares approximately proportionate to such Underwriter’s initial purchase commitment.

 

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The Fund and the Manager have agreed that, for a period of 180 days from the date of this prospectus, they will not, without the prior written consent of Citigroup Global Markets Inc., on behalf of the Underwriters, dispose of or hedge any Common Shares or any securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Shares. Citigroup Global Markets Inc., in its sole discretion, may release any of the securities subject to these agreements at any time without notice.

 

Prior to the offering, there has been no public market for the Common Shares. Consequently, the initial public offering price for the Common Shares was determined by negotiation among the Fund, the Manager and the representatives. There can be no assurance, however, that the price at which the Common Shares will sell in the public market after this offering will not be lower than the price at which they are sold by the Underwriters or that an active trading market in the Common Shares will develop and continue after this offering. The Common Shares are expected to be listed on the AMEX.

 

In the Underwriting Agreement, the Fund and the Manager have each agreed to indemnify the several Underwriters or contribute to losses arising out of certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

 

The Manager has agreed to pay (i) all of the Fund’s offering costs (other than the sales load) and (ii) all of the Fund’s organizational expenses, which are estimated to be a total of $846,000. The Fund has agreed to reimburse Franklin Advisers, Inc. for such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses, from the proceeds of the offering, to the extent that the aggregate of such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses does not exceed $0.03 per share.

 

The Manager (and not the Fund) has agreed to pay to certain Underwriters a fee at an aggregate annual rate equal to 0.15% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. This fee will be divided among such Underwriters based on the number of Common Shares each sells in this offering and will be payable in arrears at the end of each calendar quarter during the continuance of the Investment Management Agreement or other advisory agreement between the Manager and the Fund. The sum of this fee and the amounts paid by the Fund to reimburse certain Underwriter expenses will not exceed 4.50% of the total price to the public of the Common Shares offered hereby. The Underwriters that will receive fees as per above have agreed to provide certain after-market services to the Manager designed to maintain the visibility of the Fund on an ongoing basis and to provide relevant information, studies or reports regarding the Fund and the closed-end investment company industry.

 

In addition, the Fund has agreed to reimburse the Underwriters for certain expenses incurred by the Underwriters in the offering.

 

In connection with the requirements for listing the Common Shares on the AMEX, the Underwriters have undertaken to sell lots of 100 or more Common Shares to a minimum of 400 beneficial owners in the United States. The minimum investment requirement is 100 Common Shares.

 

Certain Underwriters may make a market in the Common Shares after trading in the Common Shares has commenced on the AMEX. No Underwriter is, however, obligated to conduct market-making activities and any such activities may be discontinued at any time without notice, at the sole discretion of the Underwriter. No assurance can be given as to the liquidity of, or the trading market for, the Common Shares as a result of any market-making activities undertaken by any Underwriter. This prospectus is to be used by any Underwriter in connection with the offering and, during the period in which a prospectus must be delivered, with offers and sales of the Common Shares in market-making transactions in the over-the-counter market at negotiated prices related to prevailing market prices at the time of the sale.

 

The Underwriters have advised the Fund that, pursuant to Regulation M under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, certain persons participating in the offering may engage in transactions, including stabilizing bids, covering transactions or the imposition of penalty bids, which may have the effect of stabilizing or maintaining the market price of the Common Shares at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the

 

56



 

open market. A “stabilizing bid” is a bid for or the purchase of the Common Shares on behalf of an Underwriter for the purpose of fixing or maintaining the price of the Common Shares. A “covering transaction” is a bid for or purchase of the Common Shares on behalf of an Underwriter to reduce a short position incurred by the Underwriters in connection with the offering. A “penalty bid” is a contractual arrangement whereby if, during a specified period after the issuance of the Common Shares, the Underwriters purchase Common Shares in the open market for the account of the underwriting syndicate and the Common Shares purchased can be traced to a particular Underwriter or member of the selling group, the underwriting syndicate may require the Underwriter or selling group member in question to purchase the Common Shares in question at the cost price to the syndicate or may recover from (or decline to pay to) the Underwriter or selling group member in question any or all compensation (including, with respect to a representative, the applicable syndicate management fee) applicable to the Common Shares in question. As a result, an Underwriter or selling group member and, in turn, brokers may lose the fees that they otherwise would have earned from a sale of the Common Shares if their customer resells the Common Shares while the penalty bid is in effect. The Underwriters are not required to engage in any of these activities, and any such activities, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time. These transactions may be effected on the AMEX or otherwise.

 

The Underwriting Agreement provides that it may be terminated in the absolute discretion of the representatives, without liability on the part of any Underwriter to the Fund or the Manager, by notice to the Fund or the Manager if, prior to the delivery of and payment for the Common Shares, (i) trading in the Common Shares shall have been suspended by the SEC or the AMEX or trading in securities generally on the NYSE shall have been suspended or limited or minimum prices shall have been established on either of the exchanges, (ii) a banking moratorium shall have been declared either by Federal or New York State authorities, or (iii) there shall have occurred any outbreak or escalation of hostilities, declaration by the United States of a national emergency or war, or other calamity or crisis, the effect of which on financial markets is such as to make it, in the sole judgment of the Underwriters, impractical or inadvisable to proceed with the offering or delivery of the Common Shares as contemplated by this prospectus (exclusive of any supplement hereto).

 

The Fund anticipates that from time to time the representatives of the Underwriters and certain other Underwriters may act as brokers or dealers in connection with the execution of the Fund’s portfolio transactions after they have ceased to be Underwriters and, subject to certain restrictions, may act as brokers while they are Underwriters.

 

The Manager has purchased Common Shares from the Fund in an amount satisfying the net worth requirements of Section 14 (a) of the 1940 Act.

 

The principal business address of Citigroup Global Markets Inc. is 388 Greenwich Street, New York, NY 10013.

 

CUSTODIAN

 

The Bank of New York, Mutual Funds Division, 90 Washington Street, New York, NY 10286, acts as custodian of the Fund’s securities and other assets.

 

SHAREHOLDER SERVICING AGENT AND TRANSFER AGENT

 

PFPC, Inc., is the Fund’s shareholder servicing agent and acts as the Fund’s transfer agent and dividend-paying agent. Please send all correspondence to PFPC, Inc., which is located at P.O. Box 43027, Providence, RI 02940-3027.

 

For its services, PFPC, Inc. receives a fixed fee per account. The Fund also will reimburse PFPC, Inc. for certain out-of-pocket expenses, which may include payments by PFPC, Inc. to entities, including affiliated

 

57



 

entities, that provide sub-shareholder services, recordkeeping and/or transfer agency services to beneficial owners of the Fund. The amount of reimbursements for these services per benefit plan participant Fund account per year will not exceed the per account fee payable by the Fund to PFPC, Inc. in connection with maintaining shareholder accounts.

 

ADMINISTRATOR

 

Franklin Templeton Services, LLC (“FT Services”) has an agreement with the Fund to provide certain administrative services and facilities for the Fund. FT Services is an affiliate of the Manager, both of which are subsidiaries of Franklin Resources. FT Services is located at One Franklin Parkway, San Mateo, CA 94403-1906.

 

The administrative services FT Services provides include but are not limited to preparing and maintaining books, records, and tax and financial reports, and monitoring compliance with regulatory requirements. The Fund will pay FT Services a monthly fee equal to an annual rate of 0.20% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets.

 

LEGAL MATTERS

 

Certain legal matters in connection with the Common Shares will be passed upon for the Fund by Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker LLP, and for the Underwriters by Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR THE STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

 

Use of Proceeds

3

Investment Objectives and Policies

3

Investment Restrictions and Additional Investment Information

3

Management of the Fund

34

Investment Adviser

41

Portfolio Transactions

43

Code of Ethics

44

Distributions

45

Proxy Voting Policy

48

Description of Shares

48

Anti-Takeover and Other Provisions in the Declaration of Trust

51

Repurchase of Common Shares; Conversion to Open-End Fund

52

Tax Matters

55

Performance Related and Comparative Information

59

Custodian

60

Shareholder Servicing Agent and Transfer Agent

60

Independent Accountants

60

Registration Statement

60

Report of Independent Auditors

61

Financial Statements

62

Appendix A – Description of Securities Ratings

A-1

Appendix B – Performance Related and Comparative and Other Information

B-1

 

58



 

      ,000,000 Shares

 

 

Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust

 

Common Shares

 


 

PROSPECTUS

 

          , 2003

 

CITIGROUP
MERRILL LYNCH & CO.
UBS INVESTMENT BANK
WACHOVIA SECURITIES
ADVEST, INC.
H&R BLOCK FINANCIAL ADVISORS, INC.
FERRIS, BAKER WATTS INCORPORATED
J.J.B. HILLIARD, W.L. LYONS, INC.
JANNEY MONTGOMERY SCOTT LLC
QUICK & REILLY, INC.
RBC CAPITAL MARKETS
STIFEL, NICOLAUS & COMPANY INCORPORATED
WELLS FARGO SECURITIES, LLC

 

SEC File Nos.:

 

811-21357

 

 

333-105495

 

Until                   , 2003 (25 days after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade the common shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers’ obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

 

 


 

 

 

 


 

PART B

 

STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR

 

FRANKLIN TEMPLETON LIMITED DURATION INCOME TRUST

 


 

 

 



 

The information in this Statement of Additional Information is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This Statement of Additional Information is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

 

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION - DATED AUGUST      , 2003

FRANKLIN TEMPLETON LIMITED DURATION INCOME TRUST
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
             , 2003

 

Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust (the “Fund”) is a newly organized, diversified closed-end management investment company.

 

This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) relating to common shares of the Fund (“Common Shares”) is not a prospectus, and should be read in conjunction with the Fund’s prospectus relating thereto dated            , 2003, as it may be supplemented from time to time (the “Prospectus”). This SAI does not include all of the information that a prospective investor should consider before purchasing Common Shares, and investors should obtain and read the Prospectus prior to purchasing such shares.  For a free copy of the current prospectus or annual report, contact your investment representative or call 1-800/DIAL BEN (1-800/342-5236). You may also obtain a copy of the Prospectus on the web site (http://www.sec.gov) of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Capitalized terms used but not defined in this SAI have the meanings ascribed to them in the Prospectus.

 

Investment companies:

                  are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Reserve Board, or any other agency of the U.S. government;

                  are not deposits or obligations of, or guaranteed or endorsed by, any bank; and

                  are subject to investment risks, including the possible loss of principal.

 

1



 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

Page

USE OF PROCEEDS

3

 

 

INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES

3

 

 

INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS AND ADDITIONAL INVESTMENT INFORMATION

3

 

 

MANAGEMENT OF THE FUND

34

 

 

INVESTMENT ADVISER

41

 

 

PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS

43

 

 

CODE OF ETHICS

44

 

 

DISTRIBUTIONS

45

 

 

PROXY VOTING POLICY

48

 

 

DESCRIPTION OF SHARES

48

 

 

ANTI-TAKEOVER AND OTHER PROVISIONS IN THE DECLARATION OF TRUST

51

 

 

REPURCHASE OF COMMON SHARES; CONVERSION TO OPEN-END FUND

52

 

 

TAX MATTERS

55

 

 

PERFORMANCE RELATED AND COMPARATIVE INFORMATION

59

 

 

CUSTODIAN

60

 

 

SHAREHOLDER SERVICING AGENT AND TRANSFER AGENT

60

 

 

INDEPENDENT AUDITORS

60

 

 

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

60

 

 

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS

61

 

 

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

62

 

 

APPENDIX A - Description of Securities Ratings

A-1

 

 

APPENDIX B - Performance Related and Comparative and Other Information

B-1

 

This Statement of Additional Information is dated         , 2003.

 

2



 

USE OF PROCEEDS

 

The net proceeds of the offering of Common Shares of the Fund will be approximately $         (or $         if the Underwriters exercise the over-allotment option in full) after payment of organization and offering costs.

 

On behalf of the Fund, Franklin Advisers, Inc., the Fund’s investment adviser (the “Manager”), has agreed to pay (i) all of the Fund’s offering costs (other than the sales load) and (ii) all of the Fund’s organizational expenses, which are estimated to be a total of $846,000.  The Fund has agreed to reimburse Franklin Advisers, Inc. for such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses, from the proceeds of the offering, to the extent that the aggregate of such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses does not exceed $0.03 per share.

 

Pending investment in U.S. dollar-denominated debt obligations and other securities that meet the Fund’s investment objectives and policies, it is anticipated that the net proceeds of the offering will be invested in high quality, short-term securities.

 

INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES

 

The investment objectives and general investment policies of the Fund are described in the Prospectus. The risks of investing in the Fund are described in the Prospectus and in this SAI; in considering such risks, you should read both of these documents carefully.

 

The Fund’s primary investment objective is to seek high current income. Its secondary objective is to seek capital appreciation to the extent it is possible and is consistent with the Fund’s primary objective. See “Investment Objectives and Strategies” in the Prospectus.

 

INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS AND ADDITIONAL INVESTMENT INFORMATION

 

Fundamental Investment Restrictions

 

Generally, the policies and restrictions discussed in this SAI and in the Prospectus apply when the Fund makes an investment. In most cases, the Fund is not required to sell a security because circumstances change and the security no longer meets one or more of the Fund’s policies or restrictions. If a percentage restriction or limitation is met at the time of investment, a later increase or decrease in the percentage due to a change in the value or liquidity of portfolio securities will not be considered a violation of the restriction or limitation.

 

If a bankruptcy or other extraordinary event occurs concerning a particular security the Fund owns, the Fund may receive stock, real estate, or other investments that the Fund would not, or could not, buy. If this happens, the Fund intends to sell such investments as soon as practicable while trying to maximize the return to shareholders.

 

The Fund has adopted certain investment restrictions as fundamental and non-fundamental policies.  A fundamental policy may only be changed if the change is approved by (i) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares or (ii) 67% or more of the Fund’s shares present at a shareholder meeting if more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares are represented at the meeting in person or by proxy, whichever is less.  A non-fundamental policy may be changed by the Board of Trustees without the approval of shareholders.

 

Except as described below, the Fund, as a fundamental policy, may not, without the approval of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Common Shares and, if issued, Preferred Shares voting together as a single class, and of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Preferred Shares voting as a separate class:

 

3



 

(1)                                   Concentrate its investments in a particular “industry,” as that term is used in the 1940 Act and as interpreted, modified, or otherwise permitted by regulatory authority having jurisdiction, from time to time (this limitation does not apply to securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities).

 

(2)                                   With respect to 75% of the Fund’s total assets, purchase the securities of any issuer, except securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities or securities issued by other investment companies, if, as a result, (i) more than 5% of the Fund’s total assets would be invested in the securities of that issuer, or (ii) the Fund would hold more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of that issuer. For the purpose of this restriction, each state and each separate political subdivision, agency, authority or instrumentality of such state, each multi-state agency or authority, and each obligor, if any, is treated as a separate issuer of municipal bonds.

 

(3)                                   Purchase or sell real estate unless acquired as a result of ownership of securities or other instruments and provided that this restriction does not prevent the Fund from investing in issuers which invest, deal, or otherwise engage in transactions in real estate or interests therein, or investing in securities that are secured by real estate or interests therein.

 

(4)                                   Purchase or sell commodities as defined in the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder, unless acquired as a result of ownership of securities or other instruments and provided that this restriction does not prevent the Fund from engaging in transactions involving futures contracts and options thereon or investing in securities that are secured by physical commodities.

 

(5)                                   Borrow money or issue senior securities, except to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act, or any rules, exemptions or interpretations thereunder that may be adopted, granted or issued by the SEC. See “Preferred Shares and Related Leverage” and “Risks—Leverage Risk” in the Prospectus.

 

(6)                                   Make loans to other persons except (a) through the lending of its portfolio securities, (b) through the purchase of debt obligations, loan participations and/or engaging in direct corporate loans in accordance with its investment objectives and policies, and (c) to the extent the entry into a repurchase agreement is deemed to be a loan. The Fund may also make loans to other investment companies to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act or any exemptions therefrom which may be granted by the SEC.

 

(7)                                   Act as an underwriter except to the extent that, in connection with the disposition of portfolio securities, it may be deemed to be an underwriter under applicable securities laws.

 

For purposes of the foregoing and “Description of Shares—Preferred Shares—Voting Rights” below, “majority of the outstanding,” when used with respect to particular shares of the Fund (whether voting together as a single class or voting as separate classes), means (i) 67% or more of such shares present at a meeting, if the holders of more than 50% of such shares are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of such shares, whichever is less.

 

4



 

Non-Fundamental Investment Policies

 

The Fund has adopted certain non-fundamental investment policies, including but not limited to the following:

 

(1)                                   The Fund may invest up to 15% of its total assets in securities (excluding swaps) which are illiquid at the time of investment (as determined by the Manager) See “Illiquid Securities.”

 

Unless otherwise indicated, all limitations applicable to the Fund’s investments (as stated above and elsewhere in this SAI) apply only at the time a transaction is entered into. Any subsequent change in a rating assigned by any rating service to a security (or, if unrated, deemed by the Manager to be of comparable quality), or change in the percentage of the Fund’s total assets invested in certain securities or other instruments, or change in the average maturity or estimated average duration of the Fund’s investment portfolio, resulting from market fluctuations or other changes in the Fund’s total assets, will not require the Fund to dispose of an investment until the Manager determines that it is practicable to sell or close out the investment without undue market or tax consequences to the Fund. In the event that rating agencies assign different ratings to the same security, the Manager will determine which rating it believes best reflects the security’s quality and risk at that time, which may be the higher of the several assigned ratings.

 

Under the 1940 Act, a “senior security” does not include any promissory note or evidence of indebtedness where such loan is for temporary purposes only and in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of the total assets of the issuer at the time the loan is made. A loan is presumed to be for temporary purposes if it is repaid within sixty days and is not extended or renewed.

 

The Fund would be deemed to “concentrate” in a particular industry if it invested more than 25% of its net assets in that industry. The Fund’s industry concentration policy does not preclude it from focusing investments in issuers in a group of related industrial sectors (such as different types of utilities).

 

The Fund may not change its duration policy, which is, under normal market conditions, to maintain an estimated average portfolio duration of between two and five years (including the effect of anticipated leverage), unless it provides 60 days’ prior notice to Common Shareholders .

 

To the extent the Fund covers its commitment under a reverse repurchase agreement, swap or other derivative instrument by the segregation of assets determined by the Manager to be liquid in accordance with procedures adopted by the Trustees, equal in value to the amount of the Fund’s commitment, such instrument will not be considered a “senior security” for purposes of the asset coverage requirements otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund or the Fund’s issuance of Preferred Shares.

 

The Fund interprets its policies with respect to borrowing and lending to permit such activities as may be lawful for the Fund, to the full extent permitted by the 1940 Act or by exemption from the provisions therefrom pursuant to exemptive order of the SEC.

 

The Fund intends to apply for ratings for its Preferred Shares from one of the nationally-recognized statistical rating organizations (“Rating Agencies”) such as Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services (“S&P”), Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”), or Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”). In order to obtain and maintain the required ratings, the Fund may be required to comply with investment quality, diversification and other guidelines established by Moody’s, S&P and/or Fitch. Such guidelines will likely be more restrictive than the restrictions set forth above. The Fund does not anticipate that such guidelines would have a material adverse effect on Common Shareholders or its ability to achieve its investment objectives. The Fund presently anticipates that any Preferred Shares that it intends to issue would be initially given a rating of Aa/AA or better by Moody’s, S&P and/or Fitch, but no assurance can be given that such ratings

 

5



 

will be obtained. No minimum rating is required for the issuance of Preferred Shares by the Fund. Moody’s, S&P and Fitch receive fees in connection with their ratings issuances.

 

Additional information concerning the characteristics of certain of the Fund’s investments is set forth below.

 

Debt Securities and Other Income-Producing Instruments

 

A debt security typically has a fixed payment schedule that obligates the issuer to pay interest to the lender and to return the lender’s money over a certain time period. A company typically meets its payment obligations associated with its outstanding debt securities before it declares and pays any dividend to holders of its equity securities. Bonds, notes, debentures and commercial paper differ in the length of the issuer’s payment schedule, with bonds carrying the longest repayment schedule and commercial paper the shortest.

 

The Fund may invest in senior and subordinated debt securities. Subordinated debt is more risky because its holder will be paid only after the holders of senior debt securities are paid.  The Fund may invest in “zero-coupon securities,” which are debt securities that typically pay interest only at maturity rather than periodically during the life of the security and are issued at a significant discount from their principal amount.

 

The Fund may buy both rated and unrated debt securities and other income-producing instruments. The Fund may invest a significant portion of its assets in investment grade debt securities. Investment grade debt securities are rated in one of the top four ratings categories by the Rating Agencies.

 

Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 25% of its total assets in debt securities and other income-producing instruments that are rated below investment grade. Debt securities that are rated below investment grade are sometimes called “high yield securities” or “junk bonds.” A debt security rated below the top four ratings categories by each of the Rating Agencies that cover the security, or, if unrated, are determined to be of comparable quality by the Manager, will be considered below investment grade. See “High Yield Investments.”

 

The market value of debt securities and other income-producing instruments generally varies in response to changes in interest rates and the financial condition of each issuer. During periods of declining interest rates, the value of these investments generally increases. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the value of such investments generally declines. These changes in market value will be reflected in the Fund’s net asset value per share. Because market interest rates are currently near their lowest levels in many years, there is a great risk that the Fund’s portfolio will decline in value.

 

The Fund may invest in debt securities or other income-producing instruments on which the issuer is not currently making interest payments (defaulted debt securities) or where the issuer is in bankruptcy. The Fund may buy defaulted debt securities or other instruments if, in the opinion of the Manager, it appears likely that the issuer may resume interest payments or other advantageous developments appear likely in the near future. These securities may be illiquid. Under normal conditions, the Fund will not invest more than 5% of its total assets in debt securities or other obligations whose issuers are in default at the time of purchase.

 

An issuer of a debt security may be unable to make interest payments and repay principal.  Changes in an issuer’s financial strength or in a security’s credit rating may affect a security’s value and, thus, impact Fund performance.

 

6



 

Mortgage-Related and Other Asset-Backed Securities

 

Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 25% of its assets in mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities (unrelated to mortgage loans) that are offered to investors currently or in the future. Mortgage-related securities are interests in pools of residential or commercial mortgage loans, including mortgage loans made by savings and loan institutions, mortgage bankers, commercial banks and others. Pools of mortgage loans are assembled as securities for sale to investors by various governmental, government-related and private organizations. The value of some mortgage-related or asset-backed securities in which the Fund may invest may be particularly sensitive to changes in prevailing interest rates, and, like other debt obligations, the ability of the Fund to successfully utilize these instruments may depend in part upon the ability of the Manager to forecast interest rates and other economic factors correctly. See “—Mortgage Pass-Through Securities” below. The Fund will not invest in interest-only or principal-only mortgage securities.

 

Mortgage Pass-Through Securities. Mortgage pass-through securities are securities representing interests in “pools” of mortgage loans secured by residential or commercial real property. Interests in pools of mortgage-related securities differ from other forms of debt obligations, which normally provide for periodic payment of interest in fixed amounts with principal payments at maturity or specified call dates. Instead, these securities provide a monthly payment which consists of both interest and principal payments. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on their residential or commercial mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of such securities. Additional payments are caused by repayments of principal resulting from the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, net of fees or costs which may be incurred. Some mortgage-related securities (such as securities issued by the Government National Mortgage Association (the “GNMA”)) are described as “modified pass-through.” These securities entitle the holder to receive all interest and principal payments owed on the mortgage pool, net of certain fees, at the scheduled payment dates regardless of whether or not the mortgagor actually makes the payment.

 

The rate of prepayments on underlying mortgages will affect the price and volatility of a mortgage-related security, and may have the effect of shortening or extending the effective maturity of the security beyond what was anticipated at the time of purchase. Early repayment of principal on some mortgage-related securities (arising from prepayments of principal due to the sale of the underlying property, refinancing, or foreclosure, net of fees and costs which may be incurred) may expose the Fund to a lower rate of return upon reinvestment of principal. Also, if a security subject to prepayment has been purchased at a premium, the value of the premium would be lost in the event of prepayment. Like other debt obligations, when interest rates rise, the value of a mortgage-related security generally will decline; however, when interest rates are declining, the value of mortgage-related securities with prepayment features may not increase as much as other debt obligations. To the extent that unanticipated rates of prepayment on underlying mortgages increase the effective maturity of a mortgage-related security, the volatility of such security can be expected to increase.

 

Payment of principal and interest on some mortgage pass-through securities (but not the market value of the securities themselves) may be guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government (in the case of securities guaranteed by the GNMA) or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. Government (in the case of securities guaranteed by the Federal National Mortgage Association (the “FNMA”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (the “FHLMC”). The principal governmental guarantor of mortgage-related securities is the GNMA. GNMA is a wholly-owned U.S. Government corporation within the Department of Housing and Urban Development. GNMA is authorized to guarantee, with the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government, the timely payment of principal and interest on securities issued by institutions approved by GNMA (such as savings and loan institutions, commercial banks and mortgage bankers) and backed by pools of mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration (the “FHA”), or guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs (the “VA”).

 

7



 

Government-related guarantors ( i.e. , guarantors not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government) include the FNMA and the FHLMC. FNMA is a government-sponsored corporation owned entirely by private stockholders. It is subject to general regulation by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. FNMA purchases conventional ( i.e. , not insured or guaranteed by any government agency) residential mortgages from a list of approved sellers/servicers which include state and federally chartered savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, commercial banks, and credit unions and mortgage bankers. Pass-through securities issued by FNMA are guaranteed as to timely payment of principal and interest by FNMA but are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. Instead, they are supported only by the discretionary authority of the U.S. Government to purchase the agency’s obligations.

 

FHLMC was created by Congress in 1970 for the purpose of increasing the availability of mortgage credit for residential housing. It is a government-sponsored corporation formerly owned by the twelve Federal Home Loan Banks and now owned entirely by private stockholders. FHLMC issues Participation Certificates (“PCs”) which represent interests in conventional mortgages from FHLMC’s national portfolio. FHLMC guarantees the timely payment of interest and ultimate collection of principal, but PCs are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. Instead, they are supported only by the discretionary authority of the U.S. Government to purchase the agency’s obligations.

 

Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional residential mortgage loans. Such issuers may, in addition, be the originators and/or servicers of the underlying mortgage loans as well as the guarantors of the mortgage-related securities. Pools created by such non-governmental issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than government and government-related pools because there are no direct or indirect government or agency guarantees of payments in such pools. However, timely payment of interest and principal of these pools may be supported by various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit. The insurance and guarantees are issued by governmental entities, private insurers and the mortgage poolers. There can be no assurance that the private insurers or guarantors can meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements. Although the market for such securities is becoming increasingly liquid, securities issued by certain private organizations may not be readily marketable. The Fund will not purchase mortgage-related securities or any other assets which in the Manager’s opinion are illiquid (excluding swaps) if, as a result, more than 15% of the value of the Fund’s total assets (taken at market value at the time of investment) will be invested in illiquid securities.

 

Mortgage-related securities that are issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities, are not subject to the Fund’s industry concentration restrictions (see “Investment Restrictions”) by virtue of the exclusion from that test available to all U.S. Government securities. In the case of privately issued mortgage-related securities, the Fund takes the position that mortgage-related securities do not represent interests in any particular “industry” or group of industries. The assets underlying such securities may be represented by a portfolio of first lien residential mortgages (including both whole mortgage loans and mortgage participation interests) or portfolios of mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by GNMA, FNMA or FHLMC. Mortgage loans underlying a mortgage-related security may in turn be insured or guaranteed by the FHA or the VA. In the case of private issue mortgage-related securities whose underlying assets are neither U.S. Government securities nor U.S. Government-insured mortgages, to the extent that real properties securing such assets may be located in the same geographical region, the security may be subject to a greater risk of default than other comparable securities in the event of adverse economic, political or business developments that may affect such region and, ultimately, the ability of residential homeowners to make payments of principal and interest on the underlying mortgages.

 

Commercial Mortgage-Related Securities. The Fund may invest a significant portion of its assets in commercial mortgage-related securities issued by corporations. These are securities that represent an interest in, or are secured by, mortgage loans secured by commercial property, such as industrial and

 

8



 

warehouse properties, office buildings, retail space and shopping malls, multifamily properties and cooperative apartments, hotels and motels, nursing homes, hospitals, and senior living centers. They may pay fixed or adjustable rates of interest. Many of the risks of investing in commercial mortgage-backed securities reflect the risks of investing in the real estate securing the underlying mortgage loans. These risks reflect the effects of local and other economic conditions on real estate markets, the ability of tenants to make loan payments, and the ability of a property to attract and retain tenants. Commercial mortgage-backed securities may be less liquid and exhibit greater price volatility than other types of mortgage- or asset-backed securities.

 

Commercial mortgage loans generally lack standardized terms, which may complicate their structure. Commercial properties themselves tend to be unique and difficult to value. Commercial mortgage loans tend to have shorter maturities than residential mortgage loans, and may not be fully amortizing, meaning that they may have a significant principal balance, or “balloon” payment, due on maturity. In addition, commercial properties, particularly industrial and warehouse properties, are subject to environmental risks and the burdens and costs of compliance with environmental laws and regulations.

 

Other Mortgage-Related or Asset-Backed Securities. Other mortgage-related securities in which the Fund may invest include mortgage pass-through securities, mortgage dollar rolls, and other securities that directly or indirectly represent a participation in, or are secured by and payable from, mortgage loans on real property.

 

The Fund may invest in securities issued by trusts and special purpose corporations with principal and interest payouts backed by, or supported by, any of various types of assets. These assets typically include receivables related to the purchase of manufactured housing, automobiles, credit card loans, and home equity loans. These securities generally take the form of a structured type of security, including pass-through, pay-through and senior subordinated payout structures.

 

The Fund may invest in other types of asset-backed securities that are offered in the marketplace, including Enhanced Equipment Trust Certificates (“EETCs”). Although any entity may issue EETCs, to date, U.S. airlines are the primary issuers. An airline EETC is an obligation secured directly by aircraft or aircraft engines as collateral. EETCs tend to be less liquid than bonds. Other asset-backed securities may be collateralized by the fees earned by service providers. The value of asset-backed securities may be substantially dependent on the servicing of the underlying asset pools and are therefore subject to risks associated with the negligence of, or defalcation by, their servicers. In certain circumstances, the mishandling of related documentation may also affect the rights of the security holders in and to the underlying collateral. The insolvency of entities that generate receivables or that utilize the assets may result in added costs and delays in addition to losses associated with a decline in the value of the underlying assets.

 

Consistent with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies, the Manager also may invest in other types of asset-backed securities. Other asset-backed securities may be collateralized by the fees earned by service providers. The value of asset-backed securities may be substantially dependent on the servicing of the underlying asset pools and are therefore subject to risks associated with the negligence by, or defalcation of, their servicers. In certain circumstances, the mishandling of related documentation may also affect the rights of the security holders in and to the underlying collateral. The insolvency of entities that generate receivables or that utilize the assets may result in added costs and delays in addition to losses associated with a decline in the value of the underlying assets.

 

Dollar Roll Transactions . In a mortgage dollar roll transaction, the Fund sells mortgage-backed securities for delivery in the current month and simultaneously contracts to repurchase substantially similar (name, type, coupon, and maturity) securities on a specified future date. During the period between the sale and repurchase (the “roll period”), the Fund forgoes principal and interest paid on the mortgage-backed securities. The Fund is compensated by the difference between the current sales price and the lower

 

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forward price for the future purchase (often referred to as the “drop”), as well as by the interest earned on the cash proceeds of the initial sale.

 

For each mortgage dollar roll transaction, the Fund will segregate on its books an offsetting cash position or a position of liquid securities of equivalent value. The Manager will monitor the value of such securities daily to determine that the value equals or exceeds the mortgage dollar roll contract price.

 

The Fund could suffer a loss if the contracting party fails to perform the future transaction and the Fund is therefore unable to buy back the mortgage-backed securities it initially sold.

 

The Fund intends to enter into mortgage dollar rolls only with high quality government securities dealers and member banks of the Federal Reserve System as approved by the Fund’s board of trustees. As a matter of non-fundamental policy, the Fund does not consider the purchase and/or sale of a mortgage dollar roll to be a borrowing, for purposes of the Fund’s investment restrictions.

 

Bank Loans and Loan Participations

 

Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 25% of its total assets bank loans made to corporate and other business entities (corporate loans). To implement that strategy, the Fund may acquire loan participations and other related direct or indirect bank debt obligations (bank loans or loan participations), in which the Fund will buy from a lender a portion of a larger loan that the lender has made to a borrower.

 

The rate of interest payable on corporate loans or other income-producing instruments with floating interest rates is generally established as the sum of a base lending rate plus a specified margin. These base lending rates generally are LIBOR, the Prime Rate of a designated U.S. bank, the CD Rate, or another base lending rate used by lenders loaning money to companies, so-called commercial lenders. The interest rate on Prime Rate-based corporate loans floats daily as the Prime Rate changes, while the interest rate on LIBOR-based and CD-based corporate loans is reset periodically, typically at regular intervals ranging between 30 days and one year.

 

A significant portion of the corporate loans held by the Fund may be issued in highly leveraged transactions. This means that the borrower is assuming large amounts of debt in order to have large amounts of financial resources to attempt to achieve its business objectives. Such business objectives may include: management’s taking over control of a company (leveraged buyout); reorganizing the assets and liabilities of a company (leveraged recapitalization); or acquiring another company. Such corporate loans and similar income-producing instruments present special risks.

 

Corporate loans may be structured to include both term loans, which are generally fully funded at the time of the Fund’s investment, and revolving credit facilities, which would require the Fund to make additional investments in the corporate loans as required under the terms of the credit facility at the borrower’s demand. Such corporate loans also may include receivables purchase facilities, which are similar to revolving credit facilities secured by a borrower’s receivables.

 

The Fund will generally invest in a corporate loan only if the Manager judges that the borrower can meet the scheduled payments on the obligation. The Fund may, however, acquire loans in default. In addition, the Manager will consider other factors it believes are appropriate to the analysis of the borrower and the corporate loan. Such factors may include, but are not limited to, financial ratios of the borrower, such as the interest coverage ratio and leverage ratio. The Manager also will consider the nature of the industry in which the borrower is engaged, the nature of the borrower’s assets and the general quality of the borrower.

 

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When the Manager selects corporate loans for investment by the Fund, it primarily considers the creditworthiness of the borrower. The Manager will not base its selection upon the quality ratings of other debt obligations of a borrower. These other debt obligations are often subordinated to the corporate loans. Instead, the Manager will perform its own independent credit analysis of the borrower, and of the collateral structure for the corporate loan. After the Fund invests in a corporate loan, the Manager will continue to evaluate the corporate loan on an ongoing basis.

 

Indebtedness of companies whose creditworthiness is poor involves substantially greater risks, and may be highly speculative. Some companies may never pay off their indebtedness, or may pay only a small fraction of the amount owed. Consequently, when investing in indebtedness of companies with poor credit, the Fund bears a substantial risk of losing the entire amount invested. If the Fund purchases a loan, it may only be able to enforce its rights through the lender, and may assume the credit risk of both the lender and the borrower.

 

The Fund will be subject to the risk that collateral securing a loan will decline in value or have no value. Such a decline, whether as a result of bankruptcy proceedings or otherwise, could cause the loan to be undercollateralized or unsecured. In most credit agreements there is no formal requirement to pledge additional collateral. In addition, the Fund may invest in loans guaranteed by, or secured by assets of, shareholders or owners, even if the loans are not otherwise collateralized by assets of the borrower; provided, however, that such guarantees are fully secured. There may be temporary periods when the principal asset held by a borrower is the stock of a related company, which may not legally be pledged to secure a loan. On occasions when such stock cannot be pledged, the loan will be temporarily unsecured until the stock can be pledged or is exchanged for or replaced by other assets, which will be pledged as security for the loan. However, the borrower’s ability to dispose of such securities, other than in connection with such pledge or replacement, will be strictly limited for the protection of the holders of loans and, indirectly, loans themselves.

 

If a borrower becomes involved in bankruptcy proceedings, a court may invalidate the Fund’s security interest in the loan collateral or subordinate the Fund’s rights under the loan to the interests of the borrower’s unsecured creditors or cause interest previously paid to be refunded to the borrower. If a court required interest to be refunded, it could negatively affect the Fund’s performance. Such action by a court could be based, for example, on a “fraudulent conveyance” claim to the effect that the borrower did not receive fair consideration for granting the security interest in the loan collateral to the Fund. For loans made in connection with a highly leveraged transaction, consideration for granting a security interest may be deemed inadequate if the proceeds of the loan were not received or retained by the borrower, but were instead paid to other persons (such as shareholders of the borrower) in an amount which left the borrower insolvent or without sufficient working capital. There are also other events, such as the failure to perfect a security interest due to faulty documentation or faulty official filings, which could lead to the invalidation of the Fund’s security interest in loan collateral. If the Fund’s security interest in loan collateral is invalidated or the loan is subordinated to other debt of a borrower in bankruptcy or other proceedings, the Fund would have substantially lower recovery, and perhaps no recovery on the full amount of the principal and interest due on the loan.

 

The Manager generally considers loan participations to be liquid. To the extent loan participations are deemed to be liquid by the Manager, they will not be subject to the Fund’s restrictions on investments in illiquid securities. Generally, loan participations are sold without guarantee or recourse to the lending institution and are subject to the credit risks of both the borrower and the lending institution. Loan participations, however, may enable the Fund to acquire an interest in a loan from a financially strong borrower which it could not do directly. While loan participations generally trade at par value, the Fund may be permitted to buy loan participations that sell at a discount because of the borrower’s credit problems or other issues associated with the credit risk of the loan. To the extent the credit problems are resolved, loan participations may appreciate in value.

 

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High Yield Investments

 

Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 25% of its assets in debt securities and other income-producing instruments that are rated below investment grade by Moody’s, S&P or Fitch (below Baa by Moody’s, below BBB by S&P or Fitch) or that are unrated but judged by the portfolio managers to be of comparable quality. These debt securities are sometimes referred to as “high yield” securities or “junk bonds.” Because the Fund will hold investments that are below investment grade, an investment in the Fund is subject to a higher degree of risk than an investment in a fund that invests primarily or solely in high-rated securities. You should consider the increased risk of loss to principal that is present with an investment in higher risk securities and other income-producing instruments, such as those in which the Fund invests. Accordingly, an investment in the Fund should not be considered a complete investment program and should be carefully evaluated for its appropriateness in light of your overall investment needs and goals.

 

The market value of high yield, lower-quality fixed-income securities and other income-producing instruments tends to reflect individual developments affecting the issuer to a greater degree than the market value of higher-quality securities, which react primarily to fluctuations in the general level of interest rates. Lower-rated or unrated investments also tend to be more sensitive to economic conditions than higher-quality securities.

 

Issuers of high yield, fixed-income securities and other income-producing instruments are often highly leveraged and may not have more traditional methods of financing available to them. Therefore, the risk associated with buying the securities or other instruments of these issuers is generally greater than the risk associated with higher-quality securities. For example, during an economic downturn or a sustained period of rising interest rates, issuers of lower-quality investments may experience financial stress and may not have sufficient cash flow to make interest payments. The issuer’s ability to make timely interest and principal payments may also be adversely affected by specific developments affecting the issuer, including the issuer’s inability to meet specific projected business forecasts or the unavailability of additional financing.

 

The risk of loss due to default may also be considerably greater with lower-quality investments because they are generally unsecured and are often subordinated to other creditors of the issuer. If the issuer of an instrument in the Fund’s portfolio defaults, the Fund may have unrealized losses on the security, which may lower the Fund’s net asset value per share. Defaulted instruments tend to lose much of their value before they default. Thus, the Fund’s net asset value per share may be adversely affected before an issuer defaults. In addition, the Fund may incur additional expenses if it must try to recover principal or interest payments on a defaulted security. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Fund may invest in securities and other instruments where the issuer is in default or bankruptcy.

 

High yield securities or other income-producing instruments frequently have call or buy-back features that allow an issuer to redeem the obligation from the Fund. Although these securities or other income-producing instruments are typically not callable for a period of time, usually for three to five years from the date of issue, if an issuer calls its obligations during periods of declining interest rates, the Manager may find it necessary to replace the investments with lower-yielding securities or other income-producing instruments, which could result in less net investment income for the Fund. The premature disposition of a high yield investment due to a call or buy-back feature, the deterioration of an issuer’s creditworthiness, or a default by an issuer may make it more difficult for the Fund to manage the timing of its income.

 

High yield securities or other income-producing instruments may not be as liquid as higher-quality securities. Reduced liquidity in the secondary market may have an adverse impact on market price of a security or instrument and on the Fund’s ability to sell a security or instrument in response to a specific economic event, such as a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuer, or if necessary to meet the

 

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Fund’s liquidity needs. Reduced liquidity may also make it more difficult to obtain market quotations based on actual trades for purposes of valuing the Fund’s portfolio.

 

The Fund may buy securities that are sold without registration under the federal securities laws and therefore carry restrictions on resale. While many securities have been sold with registration rights, covenants and penalty provisions for delayed registration, if the Fund is required to sell restricted securities before the securities have been registered, it may be deemed an underwriter of the securities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), which entails special responsibilities and liabilities. The Fund may also incur special costs in disposing of restricted securities, although the Fund will generally not incur any costs when the issuer is responsible for registering the securities.

 

The Fund may buy high yield securities during an initial underwriting. These securities involve special risks because they are new issues. The Manager will carefully review their credit and other characteristics. The Fund has no arrangement with its underwriters or any other person concerning the acquisition of these securities.

 

The Fund will rely on the Manager’s judgment, analysis and experience in evaluating the creditworthiness of an issuer. In this evaluation, the Manager will consider, among other things, the issuer’s financial resources, its sensitivity to economic conditions and trends, its operating history, the quality of the issuer’s management and regulatory matters.

 

The credit risk factors above also apply to lower-quality zero-coupon, deferred interest and pay-in-kind securities. These securities have an additional risk, however, because unlike securities that pay interest throughout the time until maturity, the Fund will not receive any cash until the cash payment date. If the issuer defaults, the Fund may not obtain any return on its investment.

 

The Fund may purchase certain high yield securities and other income-producing instruments at a discount to par value. These investments, when held to maturity or retired, may include an element of capital gain. The Fund does not generally intend to hold these investments solely for the purpose of achieving capital gain, but will generally hold them as long as expected returns on the investments remain attractive. The Fund may realize a capital loss when a security or other instrument is purchased at a premium (that is, in excess of its stated or par value) and is held to maturity, or is called or redeemed at a price lower than its purchase price. The Fund may also realize a capital gain or loss upon the sale of securities or instruments, whether purchased at par, a discount, or a premium.

 

Ratings.   Independent rating organizations rate debt investments based upon their assessment of the financial soundness of the issuer. Generally, a lower rating indicates higher risk. Ratings assigned by the rating agencies are based largely on the issuer’s historical financial condition and the rating agencies’ investment analysis at the time of the rating. Credit quality in the high yield debt market, however, can change suddenly and unexpectedly, and credit ratings may not reflect the issuer’s current financial condition. For these reasons, the Manager does not rely principally on the ratings assigned by rating agencies, but performs its own independent investment analysis of securities and other income-producing instruments being considered for the Fund’s portfolio.

 

In its analysis, the Manager considers a variety of factors, including:

 

                  the experience and managerial strength of the issuer;

                  responsiveness to changes in interest rates and business conditions;

                  debt maturity schedules and borrowing requirements;

                  the issuer’s changing financial condition and market recognition of the change; and

                  relative values based on such factors as anticipated cash flow, interest or dividend coverage, asset coverage, and earnings prospects.

 

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Collateralized Obligations

 

The Fund may invest in senior classes of collateralized bond obligations (“CBOs”), collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) and other collateralized debt obligations (“CDOs”), which are debt instruments backed solely by a pool of other debt securities. The Fund will not invest in the equity classes of CBOs, CLOs or other CDOs or in their junior classes that are subordinate to their senior classes. The risks of an investment in a CBO, CLO or other CDO depend largely on the type of the collateral securities (which would have the risks described elsewhere in this document for that type of security) and the class of the CBO, CLO or other CDO in which the Fund invests. Some CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs have credit ratings, but are typically issued in various classes with various priorities. Normally, CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs are privately offered and sold (that is, not registered under the securities laws) and may be characterized by the Fund as illiquid securities, but an active dealer market may exist for CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs that qualify for Rule 144A transactions. In addition to the normal interest rate, default and other risks of fixed income securities discussed elsewhere in this document, CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs carry additional risks, including the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will not be adequate to make interest or other payments, the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default, volatility in values, and the complex structure of the security may not be fully understood at the time of investment and produce disputes with the issuer or unexpected investment results.

 

Zero-Coupon Securities

 

Zero-coupon or deferred interest securities are debt obligations that make no periodic interest payments before maturity or a specified date when the securities begin paying current interest (the cash payment date), and therefore are generally issued and traded at a discount from their face amount or par value. The discount varies depending on the time remaining until maturity or the cash payment date, as well as prevailing interest rates, liquidity of the security, and the perceived credit quality of the issuer. The discount, in the absence of financial difficulties of the issuer, typically decreases as the final maturity or cash payment date approaches. Lower quality zero-coupon securities are generally subject to the same risks as high yield debt securities. The Fund typically will not receive any interest payments on these securities until maturity. If the issuer defaults, the Fund may lose its entire investment, which will affect the Fund’s share price.

 

Commercial Paper

 

Commercial paper represents short-term unsecured promissory notes issued in bearer form by corporations such as banks or bank holding companies and finance companies. The Fund may invest in commercial paper of any credit quality consistent with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies, including unrated commercial paper for which the Manager has made a credit quality assessment. See Appendix A for a description of the ratings assigned by the Rating Agencies to commercial paper. The rate of return on commercial paper may be linked or indexed to the level of exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and a foreign currency or currencies.

 

Foreign (Non-U.S.) Investments and Currencies

 

The Fund may invest in securities or other income-producing instruments issued by companies and governments in any foreign country, developed or developing. Foreign investments held by the Fund generally will be traded on U.S. markets. The Fund may invest up to 15% of its total assets in securities or other income-producing instruments issued by companies and governments in any foreign country, developed or developing. The Fund also may invest up to 5% of its total assets in securities or other income-producing instruments denominated in foreign currencies, including obligations of non-U.S. governments and their respective sub-divisions, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises.

 

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Investing in securities or other income-producing instruments issued by companies and governments in foreign countries typically involves special risks and considerations not typically associated with investing in U.S. securities. Certain of these risks also may apply to securities of U.S. companies with significant foreign operations. These risks can increase the potential for losses in the Fund and affect its share price. The political, economic and social structures of some foreign countries may be less stable and more volatile than those in the U.S. It is possible that a government may take over the assets or operations of a company or impose restrictions on the exchange or export of currency or other assets. Some countries also may have different legal systems that may make it difficult for the Fund to pursue legal remedies with respect to its foreign investments.

 

You should consider carefully the substantial risks involved in securities of companies of foreign nations, which are in addition to the usual risks inherent in domestic investments. The Fund may invest in securities of issuers in any foreign country, developed or developing, and may buy foreign securities that are traded in the U.S. or securities of U.S. issuers that are denominated in a foreign currency.

 

There may be less publicly available information about foreign companies comparable to the reports and ratings published about companies in the U.S. Foreign companies are not generally subject to uniform accounting or financial reporting standards, and auditing practices and requirements may not be comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. The Fund, therefore, may encounter difficulty in obtaining market quotations for purposes of valuing its portfolio and calculating its net asset value. Foreign markets have substantially less volume than the New York Stock Exchange, and securities of some foreign companies are less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. companies. Commission rates in foreign countries, which are generally fixed rather than subject to negotiation as in the U.S., are likely to be higher. In many foreign countries there is less government supervision and regulation of stock exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the U.S.

 

Developing Countries and Emerging Markets.   The Fund may invest in securities or other income-producing instruments issued by companies and governments in “emerging market” countries. Investments in companies domiciled in developing countries or based in underdeveloped emerging markets may be subject to potentially higher risks than investments in developed countries or mature markets. These risks include: (i) greater risks of expropriation, confiscatory taxation, nationalization, and less social, political, and economic stability; (ii) the small current size of the markets for such securities and the currently low or nonexistent volume of trading, which result in a lack of liquidity and in greater price volatility; (iii) certain national policies which may restrict the Fund’s investment opportunities, including restrictions on investment in issuers or industries deemed sensitive to national interests; (iv) foreign taxation; (v) the absence of developed legal structures governing private or foreign investment or allowing for judicial redress for injury to private property; and (vi) the absence or early stage of development of a capital market structure or market-oriented economy.

 

In addition, many countries in which the Fund may invest have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation for many years. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had and may continue to have negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain countries. Moreover, the economies of some developing countries may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross domestic product, rate of inflation, currency depreciation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, and balance of payments position.

 

Foreign Currency.   The Fund’s management endeavors to buy and sell foreign currencies on as favorable a basis as practicable. Some price spread on currency exchange (to cover service charges) may be incurred, particularly when the Fund changes investments from one country to another or when proceeds of the sale of shares in U.S. dollars are used for the purchase of securities in foreign countries. Also, some countries may adopt policies that would prevent the Fund from transferring cash out of the country or withhold portions of interest and dividends at the source. There is the possibility of cessation of trading on national exchanges, expropriation, nationalization, or confiscatory taxation, withholding, and other foreign

 

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taxes on income or other amounts, foreign exchange controls (which may include suspension of the ability to transfer currency from a given country), default in foreign government securities, political or social instability, or diplomatic developments that could affect investments in securities of issuers in foreign nations.

 

The Fund may be affected either favorably or unfavorably by fluctuations in the relative rates of exchange between the currencies of different nations, by exchange control regulations, and by indigenous economic and political developments. Some countries in which the Fund may invest may also have fixed or managed currencies that are not free-floating against the U.S. dollar. Further, certain currencies may not be internationally traded.

 

Certain of these currencies have experienced a steady devaluation relative to the U.S. dollar. Any devaluations in the currencies in which the Fund’s portfolio securities are denominated may have a detrimental impact on the Fund. Through the Fund’s flexible policy, management endeavors to avoid unfavorable consequences and to take advantage of favorable developments in particular nations where, from time to time, it places the Fund’s investments.

 

The exercise of this flexible policy may include decisions to purchase securities with substantial risk characteristics and other decisions such as changing the emphasis on investments from one nation to another and from one type of security to another. Some of these decisions may later prove profitable and others may not. No assurance can be given that profits, if any, will exceed losses.

 

Forward Currency Exchange Contracts .  The Fund may enter into forward currency exchange contracts (forward contracts) to attempt to minimize the risk to the Fund from adverse changes in the relationship between currencies or to enhance income. A forward contract is an obligation to buy or sell a specific currency for an agreed price at a future date which is individually negotiated and is privately traded by currency traders and their customers. The Fund will either cover its position in such a transaction or maintain, in a segregated account with its custodian bank, cash or high-grade marketable securities having an aggregate value equal to the amount of any such commitment until payment is made.

 

Sovereign Debt

 

The Fund may invest in sovereign debt, which can involve a high degree of risk. The governmental entity that controls the repayment of sovereign debt may not be able or willing to repay the principal and/or interest when due in accordance with the terms of the debt. A governmental entity’s willingness or ability to repay principal and interest due in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation, the extent of its foreign reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the governmental entity’s policy toward the International Monetary Fund, and the political constraints to which a governmental entity may be subject. Governmental entities may also depend on expected disbursements from foreign governments, multilateral agencies and others to reduce principal and interest arrearages on their debt. The commitment on the part of these governments, agencies and others to make such disbursements may be conditioned on a governmental entity’s implementation of economic reforms and/or economic performance and the timely service of such debtor’s obligations. Failure to implement such reforms, achieve such levels of economic performance or repay principal or interest when due may result in the cancellation of such third parties’ commitments to lend funds to the governmental entity, which may further impair such debtor’s ability or willingness to service its debts in a timely manner. Consequently, governmental entities may default on their sovereign debt. Holders of sovereign debt (including the Fund) may be requested to participate in the rescheduling of such debt and to extend further loans to governmental entities. There is no bankruptcy proceeding by which sovereign debt on which governmental entities have defaulted may be collected in whole or in part. To the extent the Fund invests in foreign currency-denominated debt obligations and hedging activities, such investments may produce a difference between its book income and its taxable income. This difference may cause a portion of the

 

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Fund’s income distributions to constitute returns of capital for tax purposes or require the Fund to make distributions exceeding book income to qualify as a regulated investment company for federal income tax purposes.

 

Equity Securities

 

The Fund may invest in equity securities. The purchaser of an equity security typically receives an ownership interest in the company as well as certain voting rights. The owner of an equity security may participate in a company’s success through the receipt of dividends which are distributions of earnings by the company to its owners; however, the Fund may hold equity securities that do not issue dividends. Equity security owners may also participate in a company’s success or lack of success through increases or decreases in the value of the company’s shares as traded in the public trading market for such shares. Equity securities generally take the form of common stock or preferred stock. Preferred stockholders typically receive greater dividends but may receive less appreciation than common stockholders and may have greater voting rights as well. Equity securities may also include convertible securities, warrants or rights. Warrants or rights give the holder the right to purchase a common stock at a given time for a specified price.

 

The Fund’s equity investments generally will be limited to convertible securities and dividend-paying common or preferred stocks. The Fund may also acquire equity securities in connection with the Fund’s other investment activities, including through: the restructuring of loans or other debt securities; the resolution of a bankruptcy or a default; the entry of an issuer into receivership, a corporate or securities transaction by the issuer that affects securities held by the Fund; or the exercise by the Fund of conversion or purchase rights associated with a convertible or other fixed-income security purchased by the Fund. These equity securities may have risk and other characteristics of stocks or of both stocks and bonds. By holding and investing in equity securities, the Fund may expose an investor to certain risks that could cause the investor to lose money, particularly if there is a sudden decline in a holding’s share price or an overall decline in the stock market. The value of an investment in a Fund could decline because of equity securities held by the Fund based on the day-to-day fluctuation or the decline in their value related to movements in the stock market, as well as in response to the activities of individual companies. In addition, some of the equity securities that the Fund would obtain as a result of the special circumstances described above could be subject to restrictions on transfer or sale that may reduce their market value compared to freely tradable securities.

 

Preferred Stocks. Preferred stock represents an equity interest in a company that generally entitles the holder to receive, in preference to the holders of other stocks such as common stocks, dividends and a fixed share of the proceeds resulting from liquidation of the company. Some preferred stocks also entitle their holders to receive additional liquidation proceeds on the same basis as holders of a company’s common stock, and thus also represent an ownership interest in the company. Some preferred stocks offer a fixed rate of return with no maturity date. Because they never mature, these preferred stocks act like long-term bonds and can be more volatile than other types of preferred stocks and may have heightened sensitivity to changes in interest rates. In addition, a company’s preferred stock generally pays dividends only after the company makes required payments to holders of its bonds and other debt. For this reason, the value of the preferred stock will usually react more strongly than bonds and other debt to actual or perceived changes in the company’s financial condition or prospects. Other preferred stocks have a variable dividend, generally determined on a quarterly or other periodic basis, either according to a formula based upon a specified premium or discount to the yield on particular U.S. Treasury securities or based on an auction process, involving bids submitted by holders and prospective purchasers of such stocks. Because preferred stocks represent an equity ownership interest in a company, their value usually will react more strongly than bonds and other debt instruments to actual or perceived changes in a company’s financial condition or prospects, or to fluctuations in the equity markets. Preferred stocks of smaller companies may be more vulnerable to adverse developments than those of larger companies.

 

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Convertible Securities and Synthetic Convertible Securities . The Fund may invest in convertible securities, which are generally a debt obligation or preferred stock that may be converted within a specified period of time into a certain amount of common stock of the same or a different issuer. A convertible security provides a fixed-income stream and the opportunity, through its conversion feature, to participate in the capital appreciation resulting from a market price advance in its underlying common stock. As with a straight fixed-income security, a convertible security tends to increase in market value when interest rates decline and decrease in value when interest rates rise. Like a common stock, the value of a convertible security also tends to increase as the market value of the underlying stock rises, and it tends to decrease as the market value of the underlying stock declines. Because both interest rate and market movements can influence its value, a convertible security is not as sensitive to interest rates as a similar fixed-income security, nor is it as sensitive to changes in share price as its underlying stock.

 

A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a predetermined price. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption, the Fund would be required to permit the issuer to redeem the security and convert it to underlying common stock, or would sell the convertible security to a third party, which may have an adverse effect on the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objectives.

 

The Fund may invest in so-called “synthetic convertible securities,” which are composed of two or more different securities whose investment characteristics, taken together, resemble those of convertible securities. For example, the Fund may purchase a non-convertible debt security and a warrant or option. The synthetic convertible security differs from the true convertible security in several respects. Unlike a true convertible security, which is a single security having a unitary market value, a synthetic convertible security comprises two or more separate securities, each with its own market value. Therefore, the “market value” of a synthetic convertible security is the sum of the values of its debt component and its convertible component. For this reason, the values of a synthetic convertible security and a true convertible security may respond differently to market fluctuations.

 

Bank Obligations

 

Bank obligations in which the Fund may invest include certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances, and fixed time deposits. Certificates of deposit are negotiable certificates that are issued against funds deposited in a commercial bank for a definite period of time and that earn a specified return. Bankers’ acceptances are negotiable drafts or bills of exchange, normally drawn by an importer or exporter to pay for specific merchandise, which are “accepted” by a bank, meaning, in effect, that the bank unconditionally agrees to pay the face value of the instrument on maturity. Fixed time deposits are bank obligations payable at a stated maturity date and bearing interest at a fixed rate. Fixed time deposits may be withdrawn on demand by the investor, but may be subject to early withdrawal penalties which vary depending upon market conditions and the remaining maturity of the obligation. There are generally no contractual restrictions on the right to transfer a beneficial interest in a fixed time deposit to a third party, although there is no market for such deposits. The Fund may also hold funds on deposit with its custodian bank in an interest-bearing account for temporary purposes.

 

Subject to the Fund’s limitation on concentration of no more than 25% of its total assets in the securities of issuers in a particular industry, the Fund may invest without limit in U.S. dollar-denominated obligations of foreign banks and up to 5% of its total assets in foreign bank obligations denominated in foreign currencies. Obligations of foreign banks involve certain risks associated with investing in foreign securities described under “—Foreign (Non-U.S.) Investments and Currencies” above, including the possibilities that their liquidity could be impaired because of future political and economic developments, that their obligations may be less marketable than comparable obligations of U.S. banks, that a foreign jurisdiction might impose withholding taxes on interest income payable on those obligations, that foreign deposits may be seized or nationalized, that foreign governmental restrictions such as exchange controls may be adopted which might adversely affect the payment of principal and interest on those obligations and

 

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that the selection of those obligations may be more difficult because there may be less publicly available information concerning foreign banks or the accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements applicable to foreign banks may differ from those applicable to U.S. banks. Foreign banks are not generally subject to examination by any U.S. Government agency or instrumentality.

 

Corporate Bonds

 

The Fund may invest in a wide variety of bonds and related debt obligations of varying maturities issued by U.S. and foreign corporations (including banks) and other business entities. Bonds are fixed or variable rate debt obligations, including bills, notes, debentures, money market instruments and similar instruments and securities. Bonds generally are used by corporations and other issuers to borrow money from investors. The issuer pays the investor a fixed or variable rate of interest and normally must repay the amount borrowed on or before maturity. Certain bonds are “perpetual” in that they have no maturity date. The Fund will invest in U.S. dollar-denominated corporate bonds and may also invest up to 5% of its total assets in bonds denominated in foreign currencies in accordance with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies as described in the Prospectus.

 

The Fund’s investments in corporate bonds are subject to a number of risks described in the Prospectus and elaborated upon elsewhere in this section of the SAI, including interest rate risk, credit risk, high yield risk, issuer risk, foreign (non-U.S.) investment risk, inflation risk, liquidity risk, and management risk.

 

Derivative Instruments

 

In pursuing its investment objectives, the Fund may purchase and sell (write) both put options and call options on securities, swap agreements, and securities indexes, and enter into interest rate and index futures contracts and purchase and sell options on such futures contracts (“futures options”) to add leverage to the portfolio, for hedging purposes or as part of its overall investment strategy. The Fund also may enter into swap agreements with respect to interest rates, currencies, securities indexes and other assets and measures of risk or return. If other types of financial instruments, including other types of options, futures contracts or futures options are traded in the future, the Fund may also use those instruments, provided that the Trustees determine that their use is consistent with the Fund’s investment objectives. The Fund’s use of derivative instruments (other than swaps) will be limited by the Fund’s 15% limit on illiquid investments to the extent they are determined to be illiquid.

 

The value of some derivative instruments in which the Fund may invest may be particularly sensitive to changes in prevailing interest rates, and, like the other investments of the Fund, the ability of the Fund to successfully utilize these instruments may depend in part upon the ability of the Manager to forecast interest rates and other economic factors correctly. If the Manager incorrectly forecasts such factors and has taken positions in derivative instruments contrary to prevailing market trends, the Fund could be exposed to the risk of loss.

 

The Fund might not employ any of the strategies described below, and no assurance can be given that any strategy used will succeed. If the Manager incorrectly forecasts interest rates, market values or other economic factors in utilizing a derivatives strategy for the Fund, the Fund might have been in a better position if it had not entered into the transaction at all. Also, suitable derivative transactions may not be available in all circumstances. The use of these strategies involves certain special risks, including a possible imperfect correlation, or even no correlation, between price movements of derivative instruments and price movements of related investments. While some strategies involving derivative instruments can reduce the risk of loss, they can also reduce the opportunity for gain or even result in losses by offsetting favorable price movements in related investments or otherwise, due to the possible inability of the Fund to purchase or sell a portfolio security at a time that otherwise would be favorable or the possible need to sell a portfolio security at a disadvantageous time because the Fund is required to maintain asset coverage or

 

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offsetting positions in connection with transactions in derivative instruments, and the possible inability of the Fund to close out or to liquidate its derivatives positions. Income earned by the Fund from many derivative strategies will be distributed to shareholders in taxable distributions.

 

Options on Securities, Swap Agreements and Indexes. The Fund may purchase and sell both put and call options on securities, swap agreements or indexes in standardized contracts traded on domestic or other securities exchanges, boards of trade, or similar entities, or quoted on NASDAQ or on an over-the-counter market, and agreements, sometimes called cash puts, which may accompany the purchase of a new issue of debt obligations from a dealer.

 

An option on a security (or an index) is a contract that gives the holder of the option, in return for a premium, the right to buy from (in the case of a call) or sell to (in the case of a put) the writer of the option the security underlying the option (or the cash value of the index) at a specified exercise price at any time during the term of the option. The writer of an option on a security has the obligation upon exercise of the option to deliver the underlying security upon payment of the exercise price or to pay the exercise price upon delivery of the underlying security. Upon exercise, the writer of an option on an index is obligated to pay the difference between the cash value of the index and the exercise price multiplied by the specified multiplier for the index option. (An index is designed to reflect features of a particular securities market, a specific group of financial instruments or securities, or certain economic indicators.)

 

The Fund will write call options and put options only if they are “covered.” In the case of a call option on a debt obligation or other security, the option is “covered” if the Fund owns the security underlying the call or has an absolute and immediate right to acquire that security without additional cash consideration (or, if additional cash consideration is required, cash or other assets determined to be liquid by the Manager in accordance with procedures established by the Board of Trustees, in such amount are segregated by its custodian) upon conversion or exchange of other securities held by the Fund. For a call option on an index, the option is covered if the Fund maintains with its custodian assets determined to be liquid by the Manager in accordance with procedures established by the Board of Trustees, in an amount equal to the contract value of the index. A call option is also covered if the Fund holds a call on the same security or index as the call written where the exercise price of the call held is (i) equal to or less than the exercise price of the call written, or (ii) greater than the exercise price of the call written, provided the difference is maintained by the Fund in segregated assets determined to be liquid by the Manager in accordance with procedures established by the Board of Trustees. A put option on a security or an index is “covered” if the Fund segregates assets determined to be liquid by the Manager in accordance with procedures established by the Board of Trustees equal to the exercise price. A put option is also covered if the Fund holds a put on the same security or index as the put written where the exercise price of the put held is (i) equal to or greater than the exercise price of the put written, or (ii) less than the exercise price of the put written, provided the difference is maintained by the Fund in segregated assets determined to be liquid by the Manager in accordance with procedures established by the Board of Trustees.

 

If an option written by the Fund expires unexercised, the Fund realizes a capital gain equal to the premium received at the time the option was written. If an option purchased by the Fund expires unexercised, the Fund realizes a capital loss equal to the premium paid. Prior to the earlier of exercise or expiration, an exchange-traded option may be closed out by an offsetting purchase or sale of an option of the same series (type, exchange, underlying security or index, exercise price, and expiration). There can be no assurance, however, that a closing purchase or sale transaction can be effected when the Fund desires.

 

The Fund may sell put or call options it has previously purchased, which could result in a net gain or loss depending on whether the amount realized on the sale is more or less than the premium and other transaction costs paid on the put or call option which is sold. Prior to exercise or expiration, an option may be closed out by an offsetting purchase or sale of an option of the same series. The Fund will realize a capital gain from a closing purchase transaction if the cost of the closing option is less than the premium received from writing the option, or, if it is more, the Fund will realize a capital loss. If the premium

 

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received from a closing sale transaction is more than the premium paid to purchase the option, the Fund will realize a capital gain or, if it is less, the Fund will realize a capital loss. The principal factors affecting the market value of a put or a call option include supply and demand, interest rates, the current market price of the underlying security or index in relation to the exercise price of the option, the volatility of the underlying security or index, and the time remaining until the expiration date.

 

The premium paid for a put or call option purchased by the Fund is an asset of the Fund. The premium received for an option written by the Fund is recorded as a deferred credit. The value of an option purchased or written is marked to market daily and is valued at the closing price on the exchange on which it is traded or, if not traded on an exchange or no closing price is available, at the mean between the last bid and asked prices.

 

The Fund may write covered straddles consisting of a combination of a call and a put written on the same underlying security. A straddle will be covered when sufficient assets are deposited to meet the Fund’s immediate obligations. The Fund may use the same liquid assets to cover both the call and put options where the exercise price of the call and put are the same, or the exercise price of the call is higher than that of the put. In such cases, the Fund will also segregate liquid assets equivalent to the amount, if any, by which the put is “in the money.”

 

Risks Associated with Options on Securities and Indexes. There are several risks associated with transactions in options on securities and on indexes. For example, there are significant differences between the securities and options markets that could result in an imperfect correlation between these markets, causing a given transaction not to achieve its objectives. A decision as to whether, when and how to use options involves the exercise of skill and judgment, and even a well-conceived transaction may be unsuccessful to some degree because of market behavior or unexpected events.

 

During the option period, the covered call writer has, in return for the premium on the option, given up the opportunity to profit from a price increase in the underlying security above the exercise price, but, as long as its obligation as a writer continues, has retained the risk of loss should the price of the underlying security decline. The writer of an option has no control over the time when it may be required to fulfill its obligation as a writer of the option. Once an option writer has received an exercise notice, it cannot effect a closing purchase transaction in order to terminate its obligation under the option and must deliver the underlying security at the exercise price. If a put or call option purchased by the Fund is not sold when it has remaining value, and if the market price of the underlying security remains equal to or greater than the exercise price (in the case of a put), or remains less than or equal to the exercise price (in the case of a call), the Fund will lose its entire investment in the option. Also, where a put or call option on a particular security is purchased to hedge against price movements in a related security, the price of the put or call option may move more or less than the price of the related security.

 

There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist when the Fund seeks to close out an option position. If the Fund were unable to close out an option that it had purchased on a security, it would have to exercise the option in order to realize any profit or the option may expire worthless. If the Fund were unable to close out a covered call option that it had written on a security, it would not be able to sell the underlying security unless the option expired without exercise. As the writer of a covered call option, the Fund forgoes, during the option’s life, the opportunity to profit from increases in the market value of the security covering the call option above the sum of the premium and the exercise price of the call.

 

If trading were suspended in an option purchased by the Fund, the Fund would not be able to close out the option. If restrictions on exercise were imposed, the Fund might be unable to exercise an option it has purchased. Except to the extent that a call option on an index written by the Fund is covered by an option on the same index purchased by the Fund, movements in the index may result in a loss to the Fund; however, such losses may be mitigated by changes in the value of the Fund’s securities during the period the option was outstanding.

 

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Foreign Currency Options. The Fund may buy or sell put and call options on foreign currencies for investment purposes or as a hedge against changes in the value of the U.S. dollar (or another currency) in relation to a foreign currency in which the Fund’s securities may be denominated. The Fund may buy or sell put and call options on foreign currencies either on exchanges or in the over-the-counter market. A put option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell a foreign currency at the exercise price until the option expires. A call option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the option expires. Currency options traded on U.S. or other exchanges may be subject to position limits which may limit the ability of the Fund to reduce foreign currency risk using such options.

 

Futures Contracts and Options on Futures Contracts. The Fund may invest in interest rate futures contracts and options thereon (“futures options”). The Fund may also purchase and sell futures contracts on debt obligations (to the extent they are available) and U.S. Government and agency securities, as well as purchase put and call options on such futures contracts.

 

A futures contract provides for the future sale by one party and purchase by another party of a specified quantity of the security or other financial instrument at a specified price and time. A futures contract on an index is an agreement pursuant to which two parties agree to take or make delivery of an amount of cash equal to the difference between the value of the index at the close of the last trading day of the contract and the price at which the index contract was originally written. Although the value of an index might be a function of the value of certain specified securities, physical delivery of these securities is not always made. A public market exists in futures contracts covering a number of indexes as well as financial instruments, including, without limitation: U.S. Treasury bonds; U.S. Treasury notes; GNMA Certificates; three-month U.S. Treasury bills; 90-day commercial paper; bank certificates of deposit; Eurodollar certificates of deposit; the Australian dollar; the Canadian dollar; the British pound; the German mark; the Japanese yen; the French franc; the Swiss franc; the Mexican peso; and certain multinational currencies, such as the euro. It is expected that other futures contracts will be developed and traded in the future.

 

The Fund may purchase and write call and put futures options. Futures options possess many of the same characteristics as options on securities and indexes (discussed above). A futures option gives the holder the right, in return for the premium paid, to assume a long position (call) or short position (put) in a futures contract at a specified exercise price at any time during the period of the option. Upon exercise of a call option, the holder acquires a long position in the futures contract and the writer is assigned the opposite short position. In the case of a put option, the opposite is true.

 

To comply with applicable rules of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) under which the Fund avoids being deemed a “commodity pool” or a “commodity pool operator,” the Fund intends generally to limit its use of futures contracts and futures options to “bona fide hedging” transactions, as such term is defined in applicable regulations, interpretations and practice. For example, the Fund might use futures contracts to hedge against anticipated changes in interest rates that might adversely affect either the value of the Fund’s debt obligations or the price of the debt obligations that the Fund intends to purchase. The Fund’s hedging activities may include sales of futures contracts as an offset against the effect of expected increases in interest rates, and purchases of futures contracts as an offset against the effect of expected declines in interest rates. Although other techniques could be used to reduce the Fund’s exposure to interest rate fluctuations, the Fund may be able to hedge its exposure more effectively and perhaps at a lower cost by using futures contracts and futures options.

 

The Fund may enter into futures contracts and futures options that are standardized and traded on a U.S. or other exchange, board of trade, or similar entity, or quoted on an automated quotation system, and the Fund may also enter into OTC options on futures contracts.

 

When a purchase or sale of a futures contract is made by the Fund, the Fund is required to deposit with its custodian (or broker, if legally permitted) a specified amount of assets determined to be liquid by

 

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the Manager in accordance with procedures established by the Board of Trustees (“initial margin”). The margin required for a futures contract is set by the exchange on which the contract is traded and may be modified during the term of the contract. The initial margin is in the nature of a performance bond or good faith deposit on the futures contract that is returned to the Fund upon termination of the contract, assuming all contractual obligations have been satisfied. The Fund expects to earn taxable interest income on its initial margin deposits. A futures contract held by the Fund is valued daily at the official settlement price of the exchange on which it is traded. Each day the Fund pays or receives cash, called “variation margin,” equal to the daily change in value of the futures contract. This process is known as “marking to market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by the Fund but is instead a settlement between the Fund and the broker of the amount one would owe the other if the futures contract expired. In computing daily net asset value, the Fund will mark to market its open futures positions.

 

The Fund is also required to deposit and maintain margin with respect to put and call options on futures contracts written by it. Such margin deposits will vary depending on the nature of the underlying futures contract (and the related initial margin requirements), the current market value of the option, and other futures positions held by the Fund.

 

Although some futures contracts call for making or taking delivery of the underlying securities, generally these obligations are closed out prior to delivery by offsetting purchases or sales of matching futures contracts (involving the same exchange, underlying security or index, and delivery month). If an offsetting purchase price is less than the original sale price, the Fund realizes a capital gain, or if it is more, the Fund realizes a capital loss. Conversely, if an offsetting sale price is more than the original purchase price, the Fund realizes a capital gain, or if it is less, the Fund realizes a capital loss. The transaction costs must also be included in these calculations.

 

The Fund may write covered straddles consisting of a call and a put written on the same underlying futures contract. A straddle will be covered when sufficient assets are deposited to meet the Fund’s immediate obligations. The Fund may use the same liquid assets to cover both the call and put options where the exercise price of the call and put are the same, or the exercise price of the call is higher than that of the put. In such cases, the Fund will also segregate liquid assets equivalent to the amount, if any, by which the put is “in the money.”

 

Limitations on Use of Futures and Futures Options. As noted above, the Fund generally intends to enter into positions in futures contracts and related options only for “bona fide hedging” purposes. With respect to positions in futures and related options that do not constitute bona fide hedging positions, the Fund will comply with applicable CFTC requirements, as amended. Under current CFTC requirements, with respect to positions in futures and related options that do not constitute bona fide hedging positions, the Fund will not enter into a futures contract or futures option contract unless either (1) immediately thereafter, the aggregate initial margin deposits relating to such positions plus premiums paid by it for open futures option positions, less the amount by which any such options are “in the money,” do not exceed 5% of the Fund’s liquidation value, after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any such contracts into which the Fund has entered or (2) the aggregate notional value of all non-hedge futures contracts including such contract (taken at market value at the time of entering that contract) does not exceed the liquidation value of that Fund’s portfolio. Pending CFTC rule amendments may eliminate the limitations set forth above, in which case the Fund may no longer be subject to such limitations. A call option is “in the money” if the value of the futures contract that is the subject of the option exceeds the exercise price. A put option is “in the money” if the exercise price exceeds the value of the futures contract that is the subject of the option.

 

When purchasing a futures contract, the Fund will maintain with its custodian (and mark to market on a daily basis) assets determined to be liquid by the Manager in accordance with procedures established by the Board of Trustees, that, when added to the amounts deposited with a futures commission merchant as margin, are equal to the market value of the futures contract. Alternatively, the Fund may “cover” its

 

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position by purchasing a put option on the same futures contract with a strike price as high as or higher than the price of the contract held by the Fund.

 

When selling a futures contract, the Fund will maintain with its custodian (and mark to market on a daily basis) assets determined to be liquid by the Manager in accordance with procedures established by the Board of Trustees, that are equal to the market value of the instruments underlying the contract. Alternatively, the Fund may “cover” its position by owning the instruments underlying the contract (or, in the case of an index futures contract, a portfolio with a volatility substantially similar to that of the index on which the futures contract is based), or by holding a call option permitting the Fund to purchase the same futures contract at a price no higher than the price of the contract written by the Fund (or at a higher price if the difference is maintained in liquid assets with the Fund’s custodian).

 

When selling a call option on a futures contract, the Fund will maintain with its custodian (and mark to market on a daily basis) assets determined to be liquid by the Manager in accordance with procedures established by the Board of Trustees, that, when added to the amounts deposited with a futures commission merchant as margin, equal the total market value of the futures contract underlying the call option. Alternatively, the Fund may cover its position by entering into a long position in the same futures contract at a price no higher than the strike price of the call option, by owning the instruments underlying the futures contract, or by holding a separate call option permitting the Fund to purchase the same futures contract at a price not higher than the strike price of the call option sold by the Fund.

 

When selling a put option on a futures contract, the Fund will maintain with its custodian (and mark to market on a daily basis) assets determined to be liquid by the Manager in accordance with procedures established by the Board of Trustees, that equal the purchase price of the futures contract, less any margin on deposit. Alternatively, the Fund may cover the position either by entering into a short position in the same futures contract, or by owning a separate put option permitting it to sell the same futures contract so long as the strike price of the purchased put option is the same as or higher than the strike price of the put option sold by the Fund.

 

To the extent that securities with maturities greater than one year are used to segregate assets to cover the Fund’s obligations under futures contracts and related options, such use will not eliminate the leverage risk arising from such use, which may tend to exaggerate the effect on net asset value of any increase or decrease in the market value of the Fund’s portfolio, and may require liquidation of portfolio positions when it is not advantageous to do so.

 

The requirements for qualification as a regulated investment company also may limit the extent to which the Fund may enter into futures, futures options or forward contracts. See “Tax Matters.”

 

Risks Associated with Futures and Futures Options. There are several risks associated with the use of futures contracts and futures options as hedging techniques. A purchase or sale of a futures contract may result in losses in excess of the amount invested in the futures contract. There can be no guarantee that there will be a correlation between price movements in the hedging vehicle and in the Fund securities being hedged. In addition, there are significant differences between the securities and futures markets that could result in an imperfect correlation between the markets, causing a given hedge not to achieve its objectives. The degree of imperfection of correlation depends on circumstances such as variations in speculative market demand for futures and futures options on securities, including technical influences in futures trading and futures options, and differences between the financial instruments being hedged and the instruments underlying the standard contracts available for trading in such respects as interest rate levels, maturities, and creditworthiness of issuers. A decision as to whether, when and how to hedge involves the exercise of skill and judgment, and even a well-conceived hedge may be unsuccessful to some degree because of market behavior or unexpected interest rate trends.

 

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Futures contracts on U.S. Government securities historically have reacted to an increase or decrease in interest rates in a manner similar to that in which the underlying U.S. Government securities reacted. To the extent, however, that the Fund enters into such futures contracts, the value of such futures will not vary in direct proportion to the value of the Fund’s holdings of debt obligations. Thus, the anticipated spread between the price of the futures contract and the hedged security may be distorted due to differences in the nature of the markets. The spread also may be distorted by differences in initial and variation margin requirements, the liquidity of such markets and the participation of speculators in such markets.

 

Futures exchanges may limit the amount of fluctuation permitted in certain futures contract prices during a single trading day. The daily limit establishes the maximum amount that the price of a futures contract may vary either up or down from the previous day’s settlement price at the end of the current trading session. Once the daily limit has been reached in a futures contract subject to the limit, no more trades may be made on that day at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a particular trading day and therefore does not limit potential losses because the limit may work to prevent the liquidation of unfavorable positions. For example, futures prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days with little or no trading, thereby preventing prompt liquidation of positions and subjecting some holders of futures contracts to substantial losses.

 

There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist at a time when the Fund seeks to close out a futures contract or a futures option position, and the Fund would remain obligated to meet margin requirements until the position is closed. In addition, many of the contracts discussed above are relatively new instruments without a significant trading history. As a result, there can be no assurance that an active secondary market will develop or continue to exist.

 

Additional Risks of Options on Securities, Futures Contracts, Options on Futures Contracts and Forward Currency Exchange Contracts and Options thereon . Options on securities, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, and options on currencies may be traded on foreign exchanges. Such transactions may not be regulated as effectively as similar transactions in the United States, may not involve a clearing mechanism and related guarantees, and are subject to the risk of governmental actions affecting trading in, or the prices of, foreign securities. Some foreign exchanges may be principal markets so that no common clearing facility exists and a trader may look only to the broker for performance of the contract. The value of such positions also could be adversely affected by (i) other complex foreign political, legal and economic factors, (ii) lesser availability than in the United States of data on which to make trading decisions, (iii) delays in the Fund’s ability to act upon economic events occurring in foreign markets during non-business hours in the United States, (iv) the imposition of different exercise and settlement terms and procedures and margin requirements than in the United States and (v) lesser trading volume. In addition, unless the Fund hedges against fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the currencies in which trading is done on foreign exchanges, any profits that the Fund might realize in trading could be eliminated by adverse changes in the exchange rate, or the Fund could incur losses as a result of those changes. The Fund’s use of such instruments may cause the Fund to realize higher amounts of short-term capital gains (generally taxed to shareholders at ordinary income tax rates) than if the Fund had not used such instruments.

 

Swap Agreements

 

The Fund may enter into swap contracts for hedging purposes or to add leverage to the portfolio; such swaps may include but are not limited to interest rate swaps, credit default swaps or currency swaps. When used for hedging purposes, the Fund would be the buyer of a swap contract. When the Fund is the seller of a swap contract, the Fund will segregate assets in the form of cash and cash equivalents in an amount equal to the aggregate market value of such swaps, marked to market on a daily basis.

 

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Swap agreements are two-party contracts entered into primarily by institutional investors for periods ranging from a few weeks to more than one year. In a standard “swap” transaction, two parties agree to exchange the returns (or differentials in rates of return) earned or realized on particular predetermined investments or instruments, which may be adjusted for an interest factor. The gross returns to be exchanged or “swapped” between the parties are generally calculated with respect to a “notional amount,” i.e. , the return on or increase in value of a particular dollar amount invested at a particular interest rate or in a “basket” of securities representing a particular index.

 

The Fund’s investment in swaps will not be included as illiquid investments for purposes of determining compliance with the 15% limit on illiquid investments. Accordingly, the Fund may invest more than 15% of its total assets in swaps. However, the Fund’s use of derivative instruments (other than swaps) will be limited by the Fund’s 15% limit on illiquid investments to the extent such derivatives are determined to be illiquid.

 

Most swap agreements entered into by the Fund would calculate the obligations of the parties to the agreement on a “net basis.” Consequently, the Fund’s current obligations (or rights) under a swap agreement will generally be equal only to the net amount to be paid or received under the agreement based on the relative values of the positions held by each party to the agreement (the “net amount”). The Fund’s current obligations under a swap agreement will be accrued daily (offset against any amounts owed to the Fund).

 

Whether the Fund’s use of swaps will be successful in furthering its investment objectives will depend on the Manager’s ability to predict correctly whether certain types of investments are likely to produce greater returns than other investments. The Fund bears the risk of loss of the amount expected to be received under a swap agreement in the event of the default or bankruptcy of a swap agreement counterparty. The Fund will enter into swap agreements only with counterparties that meet certain standards of creditworthiness. The swaps market is a relatively new market and is largely unregulated. It is possible that developments in the swaps market, including potential government regulation, could adversely affect the Fund’s ability to terminate existing swap agreements or to realize amounts to be received under such agreements. Certain swap agreements are exempt from most provisions of the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) and, therefore, are not regulated as futures or commodity option transactions under the CEA.

 

Interest Rate Swaps. An interest rate swap is the transfer between two counterparties of interest rate obligations. One obligation has an interest rate fixed to maturity while the other has an interest rate that changes with changes in a designated benchmark, such as the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), prime, commercial paper, or other benchmarks. The obligations to make repayment of principal on the underlying securities are not transferred. These transactions generally require the participation of an intermediary, frequently a bank. The entity holding the fixed rate obligation will transfer the obligation to the intermediary, and the entity will then be obligated to pay to the intermediary a floating rate of interest, generally including a fractional percentage as a commission for the intermediary. The intermediary also makes arrangements with a second entity that has a floating-rate obligation that substantially mirrors the obligation desired by the first entity. In return for assuming a fixed obligation, the second entity will pay the intermediary all sums that the intermediary pays on behalf of the first entity, plus an arrangement fee and other agreed upon fees. To the extent the Fund does not own the underlying obligation, the Fund will maintain, in a segregated account with its custodian bank, cash or liquid debt securities with an aggregate value equal to the amount of the Fund’s outstanding swap obligation.

 

Interest rate swaps permit the party seeking a floating rate obligation the opportunity to acquire the obligation at a lower rate than is directly available in the credit market, while permitting the party desiring a fixed rate obligation the opportunity to acquire a fixed rate obligation, also frequently at a price lower than is available in the capital markets. The success of the transaction depends in large part on the availability of fixed rate obligations at a low enough coupon rate to cover the cost involved.

 

26



 

Credit Default Swaps. The Fund may purchase credit default swaps. In that case, the Fund would be entitled to receive the par (or other agreed-upon) value of a referenced debt obligation from the counterparty to the contract in the event of a default by a third party, such as a U.S. or foreign issuer, on the debt obligation. In return, the Fund would pay to the counterparty a periodic stream of payments over the term of the contract provided that no event of default has occurred. If no default occurs, the Fund would have spent the stream of payments and received no benefit from the contract. When the Fund is the seller of a swap contract, it receives the stream of payments but is obligated to pay upon default of the referenced debt obligation. As the seller, the Fund would effectively add leverage to its portfolio because, in addition to its total assets, the Fund would be subject to investment exposure on the notional amount of the swap.

 

Structured Notes and Other Related Instruments

 

The Fund may invest in “structured” notes and other related instruments, which are privately negotiated debt obligations where the principal and/or interest is determined by reference to the performance of a benchmark asset, market or interest rate (an “embedded index”), such as selected securities, an index of securities or specified interest rates, or the differential performance of two assets or markets, such as indexes reflecting bonds. Structured instruments may be issued by corporations, including banks, as well as by governmental agencies. Structured instruments frequently are assembled in the form of medium-term notes, but a variety of forms are available and may be used in particular circumstances. The terms of such structured instruments normally provide that their principal and/or interest payments are to be adjusted upwards or downwards (but ordinarily not below zero) to reflect changes in the embedded index while the structured instruments are outstanding. As a result, the interest and/or principal payments that may be made on a structured product may vary widely, depending on a variety of factors, including the volatility of the embedded index and the effect of changes in the embedded index on principal and/or interest payments. The rate of return on structured notes may be determined by applying a multiplier to the performance or differential performance of the referenced index(es) or other asset(s). Application of a multiplier involves leverage that will serve to magnify the potential for gain and the risk of loss.

 

The Manager may utilize structured instruments for investment purposes and also for risk management purposes, such as to reduce the duration and interest rate sensitivity of the Fund’s portfolio. While structured instruments may offer the potential for a favorable rate of return from time to time, they also entail certain risks. Structured instruments may be less liquid than other debt securities, and the price of structured instruments may be more volatile. In some cases, depending on the terms of the embedded index, a structured instrument may provide that the principal and/or interest payments may be adjusted below zero. Structured instruments also may involve significant credit risk and risk of default by the counterparty. Certain issuers of structured instruments may be deemed to be “investment companies” as defined in the 1940 Act. As a result, the Fund’s investment in these structured instruments may be limited by the restrictions contained in the 1940 Act. Although structured notes, bank loans and loan participations are not necessarily illiquid, to the extent such investments are deemed to be illiquid by the Manager, they will be subject to the Fund’s restrictions on investments in illiquid securities. Like other sophisticated strategies, the Fund’s use of structured instruments may not work as intended. If the value of the embedded index changes in a manner other than that expected by the Manager, principal and/or interest payments received on the structured instrument may be substantially less than expected. Also, if the Manager uses structured instruments to reduce the duration of the Fund’s portfolio, this may limit the Fund’s return when having a longer duration would be beneficial (for instance, when interest rates decline).

 

U.S. Government Securities

 

U.S. Government securities are obligations of, or guaranteed by, the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities. The U.S. Government does not guarantee the net asset value of the Fund’s shares. Some U.S. Government securities, such as Treasury bills, notes and bonds, and securities guaranteed by the GNMA, are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States; others, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S.

 

27



 

Treasury; others, such as those of the FNMA, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. Government to purchase the agency’s obligations; and still others, such as those of the Student Loan Marketing Association, are supported only by the credit of the instrumentality. U.S. Government securities include securities that have no coupons, or have been stripped of their unmatured interest coupons, individual interest coupons from such securities that trade separately, and evidences of receipt of such securities. Such securities may pay no cash income, and are purchased at a deep discount from their value at maturity. See “—Zero-Coupon Securities” and “—Pay-In-Kind Securities.” Custodial receipts issued in connection with so-called trademark zero-coupon securities, such as CATs and TIGRs, are not issued by the U.S. Treasury, and are therefore not U.S. Government securities, although the underlying bond represented by such receipt is a debt obligation of the U.S. Treasury. Other zero-coupon Treasury securities ( e.g. , STRIPs and CUBEs) are direct obligations of the U.S. Government.

 

Municipal Bonds

 

The Fund may invest in municipal bonds which pay interest that, in the opinion of bond counsel to the issuer (or on the basis of other authority believed by the Fund’s portfolio managers to be reliable), is exempt from federal income taxes (“municipal bonds”), although dividends that the Fund pays that are attributable to such interest will not be tax-exempt to shareholders of the Fund.

 

Municipal bonds share the attributes of debt obligations in general, but are generally issued by states, municipalities and other political subdivisions, agencies, authorities and instrumentalities of states and multi-state agencies or authorities. The municipal bonds that the Fund may purchase include general obligation bonds and limited obligation bonds (or revenue bonds), including industrial development bonds issued pursuant to former federal tax law. General obligation bonds are obligations involving the credit of an issuer possessing taxing power and are payable from such issuer’s general revenues and not from any particular source. Limited obligation bonds are payable only from the revenues derived from a particular facility or class of facilities or, in some cases, from the proceeds of a special excise or other specific revenue source. Tax-exempt private activity bonds and industrial development bonds generally are also revenue bonds and thus are not payable from the issuer’s general revenues. The credit and quality of private activity bonds and industrial development bonds are usually related to the credit of the user of the facilities. Payment of interest on and repayment of principal of such bonds is the responsibility of the user (and/or any guarantor).

 

Municipal bonds are subject to credit and market risk. Generally, prices of higher quality issues tend to fluctuate less with changes in market interest rates than prices of lower quality issues and prices of longer maturity issues tend to fluctuate more than prices of shorter maturity issues. Prices and yields on municipal bonds are dependent on a variety of factors, including general money-market conditions, the financial condition of the issuer, general conditions of the municipal bond market, the size of a particular offering, the maturity of the obligation and the rating of the issue. A number of these factors, including the ratings of particular issues, are subject to change from time to time. Information about the financial condition of an issuer of municipal bonds may not be as extensive as that which is made available by corporations whose securities are publicly traded. Obligations of issuers of municipal bonds are subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws, such as the Federal Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, affecting the rights and remedies of creditors. Congress or state legislatures may seek to extend the time for payment of principal or interest, or both, or to impose other constraints upon enforcement of such obligations. There is also the possibility that as a result of litigation or other conditions, the power or ability of issuers to meet their obligations for the payment of interest and principal on their municipal bonds may be materially affected or their obligations may be found to be invalid or unenforceable.

 

When-Issued, Delayed Delivery and Forward Commitment Transactions

 

The Fund may buy debt securities on a “when-issued” or “delayed delivery” basis. These transactions are arrangements under which the Fund buys securities with payment and delivery scheduled

 

28



 

for a future time. Purchases of debt securities on a when-issued or delayed delivery basis are subject to market fluctuation and to the risk that the value or yields at delivery may be more or less than the purchase price or the yields available when the transaction was entered into. Although the Fund will generally buy debt securities on a when-issued basis with the intention of acquiring such securities, it may sell them before the settlement date if it deems the sale to be advisable. The Fund will not enter into these transactions for investment leverage. When the Fund is the buyer in such a transaction, it will maintain, in a segregated account with its custodian bank, cash or high-grade marketable securities having an aggregate value equal to the amount of its purchase commitments until payment is made.

 

In when-issued and delayed delivery transactions, the Fund relies on the seller to complete the transaction. The other party’s failure may cause the Fund to miss a price or yield considered advantageous. Securities purchased on a when-issued or delayed delivery basis do not generally earn interest until their scheduled delivery date. The Fund is not subject to any percentage limit on the amount of its assets which may be invested in when-issued debt securities.

 

Repurchase Agreements

 

The Fund generally will have a portion of its assets in cash or cash equivalents for a variety of reasons, such as waiting for a suitable investment opportunity or taking a defensive position. To earn income on this portion of its assets, the Fund may enter into repurchase agreements. Under a repurchase agreement, the Fund agrees to buy securities guaranteed as to payment of principal and interest by the U.S. government or its agencies from a qualified bank or broker-dealer and then to sell the securities back to the bank or broker-dealer after a short period of time (generally, less than seven days) at a higher price. The bank or broker-dealer must transfer to the Fund’s custodian securities with an initial market value of at least 102% of the dollar amount invested by the Fund in each repurchase agreement. The Manager will monitor the value of such securities daily to determine that the value equals or exceeds the repurchase price.

 

Repurchase agreements may involve risks in the event of default or insolvency of the bank or broker-dealer, including possible delays or restrictions upon the Fund’s ability to sell the underlying securities. The Fund will enter into repurchase agreements only with parties who meet certain creditworthiness standards, i.e. , banks or broker-dealers that the Manager has determined present no serious risk of becoming involved in bankruptcy proceedings within the time frame contemplated by the repurchase transaction.

 

Borrowing

 

The Fund may borrow money to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act as interpreted, modified or otherwise permitted by regulatory authority having jurisdiction, from time to time. The Fund may from time to time borrow money to add leverage to the portfolio. The Fund is permitted to use leverage representing up to 38% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. “Managed Assets” means the total assets of the Fund (including any assets attributable to leverage) minus the sum of accrued liabilities (other than debt representing financial leverage).  The Fund may also borrow money for temporary administrative purposes.

 

Under the 1940 Act, the Fund generally is not permitted to engage in borrowings unless immediately after a borrowing the value of the Fund’s total assets less liabilities (other than the borrowing) is at least 300% of the principal amount of such borrowing ( i.e. , such principal amount may not exceed 33 1/3% of the Fund’s total assets). In addition, the Fund is not permitted to declare any cash dividend or other distribution on Common Shares unless, at the time of such declaration, the value of the Fund’s total assets, less liabilities other than borrowing, is at least 300% of such principal amount. If the Fund borrows it intends, to the extent possible, to prepay all or a portion of the principal amount of the borrowing to the extent necessary in order to maintain the required asset coverage. Failure to maintain certain asset coverage requirements could result in an event of default and entitle the holders of Preferred Shares (“Preferred Shareholders”) to elect a majority of the Trustees of the Fund.

 

29



 

As described elsewhere in this SAI, the Fund also may enter into certain transactions, including swap contracts and other derivative instruments, reverse repurchase agreements, and when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions, although the Fund’s exposure to certain derivative instruments (other than swaps) will be limited by the Fund’s 15% limit on illiquid investments to the extent they are determined to be illiquid. The Fund may enter into these transactions in order to add leverage to the portfolio. See “Investment Objectives and Strategies,” “Risks - Liquidity Risk” and “Preferred Shares and Related Leverage” in the Prospectus. The Fund may (but is not required to) cover its commitment under these instruments by the segregation of assets determined to be liquid by the Manager in accordance with procedures adopted by the Trustees, equal in value to the amount of the Fund’s commitment, or by entering into offsetting transactions or owning positions covering its obligations. In that case, the instruments will not be considered “senior securities” under the 1940 Act for purposes of the asset coverage requirements otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund or the Fund’s issuance of Preferred Shares. Borrowing will tend to exaggerate the effect on net asset value of any increase or decrease in the market value of the Fund’s portfolio. Money borrowed will be subject to interest costs which may or may not be recovered by appreciation of the securities purchased. The Fund also may be required to maintain minimum average balances in connection with such borrowing or to pay a commitment or other fee to maintain a line of credit; either of these requirements would increase the cost of borrowing over the stated interest rate.

 

Reverse Repurchase Agreements

 

The Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements and economically similar transactions in order to add leverage to the portfolio or for hedging or cash management purposes. A reverse repurchase agreement involves the sale of a portfolio-eligible security by the Fund, coupled with its agreement to repurchase the instrument at a specified time and price. Under a reverse repurchase agreement, the Fund continues to receive any principal and interest payments on the underlying security during the term of the agreement. Reverse repurchase agreements involve leverage risk and the risk that the market value of securities retained by the Fund may decline below the repurchase price of the securities sold by the Fund which it is obligated to repurchase. The Fund may (but is not required to) segregate assets determined to be liquid by the Manager in accordance with procedures established by the Board of Trustees, equal (on a daily mark-to-market basis) to its obligations under reverse repurchase agreements. To the extent that positions in reverse repurchase agreements are not so covered, such transactions would be subject to the Fund’s limitations on borrowings, which would, among other things, restrict the aggregate of such transactions (plus any other borrowings) to one-third of the Fund’s Managed Assets.

 

The Fund also may effect simultaneous purchase and sale transactions that are known as “sale-buybacks.” A sale-buyback is similar to a reverse repurchase agreement, except that in a sale-buyback, the counterparty who purchases the security is entitled to receive any principal or interest payments made on the underlying security pending settlement of the Fund’s repurchase of the underlying security.

 

Short Sales

 

The Fund may use short sales for investment and risk management purposes. A short sale is a transaction in which the Fund sells a security it does not own in anticipation that the market price of that security will decline.

 

When the Fund makes a short sale on a security, it must borrow the security sold short and deliver it to the broker-dealer through which it made the short sale as collateral for its obligation to deliver the security upon conclusion of the sale. The Fund may have to pay a fee to borrow particular securities and is often obligated to pay over any accrued interest and dividends on such borrowed securities.

 

If the price of the security sold short increases between the time of the short sale and the time the Fund replaces the borrowed security, the Fund will incur a loss; conversely, if the price declines, the Fund will realize a capital gain. Any gain will be decreased, and any loss increased, by the transaction costs

 

30



 

described above. The successful use of short selling may be adversely affected by imperfect correlation between movements in the price of the security sold short and the securities being hedged.

 

To the extent that the Fund engages in short sales, it will provide collateral to the broker-dealer. A short sale is “against the box” to the extent that the Fund contemporaneously owns, or has the right to obtain at no added cost, securities identical to those sold short. The Fund may also engage in so-called “naked” short sales ( i.e. , short sales that are not “against the box”), in which case the Fund’s losses could theoretically be unlimited, in cases where the Fund is unable for whatever reason to close out its short position. The Fund has the flexibility to engage in short selling to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act and rules and interpretations thereunder.

 

Illiquid Securities

 

The Fund may invest up to 15% of its total assets in securities (excluding swaps) which are illiquid at the time of investment. Generally, an illiquid security is any security that cannot be sold within seven days in the ordinary course of business at approximately the amount at which the Fund has valued it. The Fund’s investment in swaps will not be included as illiquid investments for purposes of determining compliance with the 15% limit on illiquid investments. However, the Fund’s use of derivative instruments (other than swaps) will be limited by the Fund’s 15% limit on illiquid investments to the extent such derivatives are determined to be illiquid.

 

The Fund’s Board of Trustees has authorized the Fund to invest in legally restricted securities (such as those issued pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of the federal securities laws). To the extent the Manager determines there is a liquid institutional or other market for these securities, the Fund considers them to be liquid securities. An example of these securities are restricted securities that may be freely transferred among qualified institutional buyers under Rule 144A of the 1933 Act, and for which a liquid institutional market has developed. The Fund’s Board of Trustees will review any determination by the Manager to treat a restricted security as a liquid security on an ongoing basis, including the Manager’s assessment of current trading activity and the availability of reliable price information. In determining whether a restricted security is properly considered a liquid security, the Manager and the Fund’s Board of Trustees will take into account the following factors: (i) the frequency of trades and quotes for the security; (ii) the number of dealers willing to buy or sell the security and the number of other potential buyers; (iii) dealer undertakings to make a market in the security; and (iv) the nature of the security and the nature of the marketplace trades ( e.g. , the time needed to dispose of the security, the method of soliciting offers, and the mechanics of transfer). To the extent the Fund invests in restricted securities that are deemed liquid, the general level of illiquidity in the Fund may increase if qualified institutional buyers become uninterested in buying these securities or the market for these securities contracts.

 

Real Estate Investment Trusts

 

The Fund may invest in the equity or debt securities of publicly traded and private real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). A REIT is an entity that concentrates its assets in investments related to equity real estate and/or interests in mortgages on real estate. The shares of publicly traded REITs are traded on a national securities exchange or in the OTC market. Shares of private REITs are not publicly traded, and will be treated as illiquid securities. The Fund will limit its investments in illiquid securities, including private REITs, to 15% of its net assets.

 

Other Investment Companies

 

The Fund may invest in the securities of other investment companies to the extent that such investments are consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and policies and permissible under the 1940 Act. Under the 1940 Act, the Fund may not acquire the securities of other domestic or non-U.S.

 

31



 

investment companies if, as a result, (i) more than 10% of the Fund’s total assets would be invested in securities of other investment companies, (ii) such purchase would result in more than 3% of the total outstanding voting securities of any one investment company being held by the Fund, or (iii) more than 5% of the Fund’s total assets would be invested in any one investment company. These limitations do not apply to the purchase of shares of any investment company in connection with a merger, consolidation, reorganization or acquisition of substantially all the assets of another investment company. Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent permitted by exemptive orders received from the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Fund may invest cash balances in shares of other money market funds advised by the Manager or its affiliates in amounts up to 25% of the Fund’s total assets. The Fund, as a holder of the securities of other investment companies, will bear its pro rata portion of the other investment companies’ expenses, including advisory fees. These expenses are in addition to the direct expenses of the Fund’s own operations.

 

Portfolio Trading and Turnover Rate

 

Portfolio trading may be undertaken to accomplish the investment objectives of the Fund in relation to actual and anticipated movements in interest rates. In addition, an investment may be sold and another of comparable quality purchased at approximately the same time to take advantage of what the Manager believes to be a temporary price disparity between the two investments. Temporary price disparities between two comparable investments may result from supply and demand imbalances where, for example, a temporary oversupply of certain bonds may cause a temporarily low price for such bonds, as compared with other bonds of like quality and characteristics. The Fund may also engage in short-term trading consistent with its investment objectives. Investments may be sold in anticipation of a market decline (a rise in interest rates) or purchased in anticipation of a market rise (a decline in interest rates) and later sold, or to recognize a gain.

 

A change in the investments held by the Fund is known as “portfolio turnover.” The Manager manages the Fund without regard generally to restrictions on portfolio turnover. The use of certain derivative instruments with relatively short maturities may tend to exaggerate the portfolio turnover rate for the Fund. Trading in debt obligations does not generally involve the payment of brokerage commissions, but does involve indirect transaction costs. The use of futures contracts may involve the payment of commissions to futures commission merchants. High portfolio turnover ( e.g. , greater than 100%) involves correspondingly greater expenses to the Fund, including brokerage commissions or dealer mark-ups and other transaction costs on the sale of securities and reinvestments in other securities. The higher the rate of portfolio turnover of the Fund, the higher these transaction costs borne by the Fund generally will be. Transactions in the Fund’s portfolio securities may result in realization of taxable capital gains (including short-term capital gains which are generally taxed to shareholders at ordinary income tax rates). The trading costs and tax effects associated with portfolio turnover may adversely affect the Fund’s performance.

 

The portfolio turnover rate of the Fund is calculated by dividing (a) the lesser of purchases or sales of portfolio investments for the particular fiscal year by (b) the monthly average of the value of the portfolio investments owned by the Fund during the particular fiscal year. In calculating the rate of portfolio turnover, there is excluded from both (a) and (b) all investments, including options, whose maturities or expiration dates at the time of acquisition were one year or less.

 

Warrants

 

The Fund may invest in warrants to purchase securities. Debt obligations with warrants attached to purchase equity securities have many characteristics of convertible bonds and their prices may, to some degree, reflect the performance of the underlying stock. Debt obligations also may be issued with warrants attached to purchase additional debt obligations at the same coupon rate. A decline in interest rates would

 

32



 

permit the Fund to buy additional bonds at the favorable rate or to sell the warrants at a profit. If interest rates rise, the warrants would generally expire with no value.

 

Loans of Portfolio Securities

 

To generate additional income, the Fund may lend certain of its portfolio securities to qualified banks and broker-dealers. For each loan, the borrower must maintain with the Fund’s custodian collateral (consisting of any combination of cash, securities issued by the U.S. government and its agencies and instrumentalities, or irrevocable letters of credit) with a value at least equal to 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities. The Fund retains all or a portion of the interest received on investment of the cash collateral or receives a fee from the borrower. The Fund also continues to receive any distributions paid on the loaned securities. The Fund may terminate a loan at any time and obtain the return of the securities loaned within the normal settlement period for the security involved.

 

Where voting rights with respect to the loaned securities pass with the lending of the securities, the Manager intends to call the loaned securities to vote proxies, or to use other practicable and legally enforceable means to obtain voting rights, when the Manager has knowledge that, in its opinion, a material event affecting the loaned securities will occur or the Manager otherwise believes it necessary to vote. As with other extensions of credit, there are risks of delay in recovery or even loss of rights in collateral in the event of default or insolvency of the borrower. The Fund will loan its securities only to parties who meet creditworthiness standards approved by the Fund’s Board of Trustees, i.e. , banks or broker-dealers that the Manager has determined present no serious risk of becoming involved in bankruptcy proceedings within the time frame contemplated by the loan.

 

Participation on Creditors Committees

 

The Fund may from time to time participate on committees formed by creditors to negotiate with the management of financially troubled issuers of securities held by the Fund. Such participation may subject the Fund to expenses such as legal fees and may make the Fund an “insider” of the issuer for purposes of the federal securities laws, and therefore may restrict the Fund’s ability to trade in or acquire additional positions in a particular security when it might otherwise desire to do so. Participation by the Fund on such committees also may expose the Fund to potential liabilities under the federal bankruptcy laws or other laws governing the rights of creditors and debtors. The Fund would participate on such committees only when the Manager believes that such participation is necessary or desirable to enforce the Fund’s rights as a creditor or to protect the value of securities held by the Fund.

 

Short-Term Investments / Temporary Defensive Strategies

 

When the Manager believes market or economic conditions are unfavorable for investors, the Manager may invest up to 100% of the Fund’s assets in a temporary defensive manner by holding all or a substantial portion of its assets in cash, cash equivalents or other high quality short-term investments.  Temporary defensive investments generally may include U.S. government securities, commercial paper, repurchase agreements and other money market securities.  The Manager also may invest in these types of securities or hold cash while looking for suitable investment opportunities or to maintain liquidity.  In these circumstances, the Fund may be unable to achieve its investment goals.

 

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MANAGEMENT OF THE FUND

 

Trustees and Officers

 

The business of the Fund is managed under the direction of the Fund’s Board of Trustees. Subject to the provisions of the Fund’s Agreement and Declaration of Trust (the “Declaration”), its Bylaws and Delaware law, the Trustees have all powers necessary and convenient to carry out this responsibility, including the election and removal of the Fund’s officers.

 

The Trustees and officers of the Fund, their ages, the position they hold with the Fund, their term of office and length of time served, a description of their principal occupations during the past five years, the number of portfolios in the fund complex that the Trustee oversees and any other directorships held by the Trustee are listed in the two tables immediately following. Except as shown, each Trustee’s and officer’s principal occupation and business experience for the last five years have been with the employer(s) indicated, although in some cases the Trustee may have held different positions with such employer(s).  Unless otherwise indicated, the business address of the persons listed below is c/o Franklin Advisers, Inc., One Franklin Parkway, San Mateo, California 94403-1906.

 

INDEPENDENT TRUSTEES

 

Name, Age and Address

 

Position
Held with
Fund

 

Term of
Office (1) /
Length of
Time Served
with the
Fund (2)

 

Number of
Portfolios in
Fund
Complex
Overseen by
Trustee (3)

 

Other Directorships
Held

 

FRANK H. ABBOTT, III (82)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

Trustee

 

1 year / Since inception

 

113

 

Abbott Corporation

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:
President and Director, Abbott Corporation (an investment company); and formerly , Director, MotherLode Gold Mines Consolidated (gold mining) (until 1996) and Vacu-Dry Co. (food processing) (until 1996).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ROBERT F. CARLSON (75)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

Trustee

 

2 years / Since inception

 

52

 

None

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:
Vice President and past President, Board of Administration, California Public Employees Retirement Systems (CALPERS); and formerly , member and Chairman of the Board, Sutter Community Hospitals; member, Corporate Board, Blue Shield of California; and Chief Counsel, California Department of Transportation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HARRIS J. ASHTON (71)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

Trustee

 

1 years / Since inception

 

140

 

Bar-S Foods

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:
Director, Bar-S Foods (meat packing company); and formerly , Director, RBC Holdings, Inc. (bank holding company); President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, General Host Corporation (nursery and craft centers) (until 1998).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

34



 

Name, Age and Address

 

Position
Held with
Fund

 

Term of
Office (1) /
Length of
Time Served
with the
Fund (2)

 

Number of
Portfolios in
Fund
Complex
Overseen by
Trustee (3)

 

Other Directorships
Held

 

S. JOSEPH FORTUNATO (71)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

Trustee

 

2 years / Since inception

 

141

 

None

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:
Formerly,
Member of the law firm of Pitney, Hardin, Kipp & Szuch (until 2003).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FRANK W.T.  LAHAYE (74)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

Trustee

 

3 years / Since inception

 

113

 

Director, The California Center for Land Recycling (redevelopment).

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:
General Partner, Las Olas L.P. (asset management); and formerly , Chairman, Peregrine Venture Management Company (venture capital).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

GORDON S. MACKLIN (75)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

Trustee

 

3 years / Since inception

 

140

 

Director, White Mountains Insurance Group, Ltd. (holding company); Martek Biosciences Corporation; MedImmune, Inc. (biotechnology); Overstock.com (Internet services); Spacelab, Inc. (aerospace services); and formerly , Director, MCI Communication Corporation (subsequently known as MCI WorldCom, Inc. and WorldCom, Inc.) (communications services) (1988-2002).

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:
Deputy Chairman, White Mountains Insurance Group, Ltd. (holding company); and formerly , Chairman, White River Corporation (financial services) (until 1998).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

35



 

INTERESTED TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS

 

Name, Age and Address

 

Position

 

Term of Office
(1) / Length of
Time Served
with the Fund
(2)

 

Number of
Portfolios in
Fund Complex
Overseen by
Trustee (3)

 

Other
Directorships
Held

 

*CHARLES B. JOHNSON (70)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

Trustee and Chairman of the Board

 

3 years / Since inception

 

140

 

None

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:

Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer, Member - Office of the Chairman and Director, Franklin Resources, Inc.; Vice President, Franklin Templeton Distributors, Inc.; and officer and/or director or trustee, as the case may be, of some of the other subsidiaries of Franklin Resources, Inc. and of 46 of the investment companies in Franklin Templeton Investments.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

*RUPERT H. JOHNSON, JR. (63)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

Trustee and Senior Vice President

 

2 years / Since inception

 

123

 

None

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:

Vice Chairman, Member – Office of the Chairman and Director, Franklin Resources, Inc.; Vice President and Director, Franklin Templeton Distributors, Inc.; Executive Vice President, Franklin Advisers, Inc.; Director, Franklin Investment Advisory Services, Inc.; Senior Vice President, Franklin Advisory Services, LLC; and officer and/or director or trustee, as the case may be, of some of the other subsidiaries of Franklin Resources, Inc. and of 49 of the investment companies in Franklin Templeton Investments.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

*MARTIN L. FLANAGAN (43)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

Trustee and Vice President

 

1 year / Since inception

 

4

 

None

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:

President, Franklin Resources, Inc.; Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Franklin Mutual Advisers, LLC; Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Director, Templeton Worldwide, Inc.; Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, Templeton Investment Counsel, LLC; President and Director, Franklin Advisers, Inc.; Executive Vice President, Franklin Investment Advisory Services, Inc. and Franklin Templeton Investor Services, LLC; Chief Financial Officer, Franklin Advisory Services, LLC; Chairman, Franklin Templeton Services, LLC; and officer and/or director or trustee, as the case may be, of some of the other subsidiaries of Franklin Resources, Inc. and of 49 of the investment companies in Franklin Templeton Investments.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHRISTOPHER MOLUMPHY, CFA (41)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

President & Chief Executive Officer — Investment Management

 

Since inception

 

Not Applicable

 

None

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:

Executive Vice President, Franklin Advisers, Inc.; and officer of six of the investment companies in Franklin Templeton Investments.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

36



 

Name, Age and Address

 

Position

 

Term of Office
(1) / Length of
Time Served
with the Fund
(2)

 

Number of
Portfolios in
Fund Complex
Overseen by
Trustee (3)

 

Other
Directorships
Held

 

JIMMY D. GAMBILL (56)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

Senior Vice President & Chief Executive Officer – Finance and Administration

 

Since inception

 

Not Applicable

 

SWIFT Securities Committee

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:

President, Franklin Templeton Services, LLC; Senior Vice President, Templeton Worldwide, Inc.; and officer of 51 of the investment companies in Franklin Templeton Investments.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MURRAY L. SIMPSON (66)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

Vice President and Secretary

 

Since inception

 

Not Applicable

 

None

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:

Executive Vice President and General Counsel, Franklin Resources, Inc.; officer and/or director of some of the subsidiaries of Franklin Resources, Inc.; officer of 51 of the investment companies in Franklin Templeton Investments; and formerly, Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, Templeton Franklin Investment Services (Asia) Limited (until 2000); and Director, Templeton Asset Management Ltd. (until 1999).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HARMON E. BURNS (58)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

Vice President

 

Since inception

 

Not Applicable

 

None

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:

Vice Chairman, Member – Office of the Chairman and Director, Franklin Resources, Inc.; Vice President and Director, Franklin Templeton Distributors, Inc.; Executive Vice President, Franklin Advisers, Inc.; Director, Franklin Investment Advisory Services, Inc.; officer and/or director or trustee, as the case may be, of some of the other subsidiaries of Franklin Resources, Inc.; and officer of 49 of the investment companies in Franklin Templeton Investments.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DAVID P. GOSS (56)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

Vice President

 

Since inception

 

Not Applicable

 

None

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:

Associate General Counsel, Franklin Resources, Inc.; officer and/or director of one of the other subsidiaries of Franklin Resources, Inc.; officer of 51 of the investment companies in Franklin Templeton Investments; and formerly, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director, Property Resources Equity Trust (until 1999) and Franklin Select Realty Trust (until 2000).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

BARBARA J. GREEN (55)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

Vice President

 

Since inception

 

Not Applicable

 

None

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:

Vice President and Deputy General Counsel, Franklin Resources, Inc.; Senior Vice President, Templeton Worldwide, Inc.; Secretary of Franklin Mutual Advisers, LLC; and officer of some of the other subsidiaries of Franklin Resources, Inc. and of 51 of the investment companies in Franklin Templeton Investments; and formerly, Chief Legal Counsel, Atlas Advisers, Inc. (until 2000).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

37



 

Name, Age and Address

 

Position

 

Term of Office
(1) / Length of
Time Served
with the Fund
(2)

 

Number of
Portfolios in
Fund Complex
Overseen by
Trustee (3)

 

Other
Directorships
Held

 

GREGORY E. JOHNSON (42)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

Vice President

 

Since inception

 

Not Applicable

 

Fiduciary Trust Company International; Command Audio Corporation

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:
President, Franklin Resources, Inc.; Chairman of the Board and Director, Franklin Templeton Distributors, Inc.; President, Franklin Agency, Inc.; Vice President and Director, Franklin Advisers, Inc.; officer and/or director of some of the other subsidiaries of Franklin Resources, Inc.; and officer of two of the investment companies in Franklin Templeton Investments; and formerly , President of Franklin Templeton Distributors, Inc.; President of FT Trust Company; and co-manager of Franklin Income Fund and Franklin Utilities Fund.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

KIMBERLEY MONASTERIO (39)
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

 

Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer

 

Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer since inception

 

Not Applicable

 

None

 

Principal Occupation During Past 5 Years:

Senior Vice President, Franklin Templeton Services, LLC; and officer of 51 of the investment companies in Franklin Templeton Investments.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


(1) The Fund’s Trustees normally are elected to a three-year term of office. However, the Fund has a staggered Board and its Trustees are divided into three classes (Class I, Class II and Class III), which have initial terms of one, two and three years, respectively (see “Anti-Takeover and Other Provisions in the Declaration of Trust”). Trustees may be reelected.

 

(2) All of the Independent Trustees have served on the Boards of Trustees of other Funds in the Franklin Templeton Investments fund complex. Their respective length of time served as Trustees in the fund complex are as follows: Frank H. Abbott, III (since 1965); Robert F. Carlson (since 1982); S. Joseph Fortunato (since 1981); Frank W.T. Lahaye (since 1968); Harris J. Ashton (since 1976) and Gordon S. Macklin (since 1982).

 

(3) We base the number of portfolios on each separate series of the registered investment companies comprising the Franklin Templeton Investments fund complex. These portfolios have a common investment adviser or affiliated investment advisers.

 

* Charles B. Johnson and Rupert H. Johnson, Jr. are both considered to be interested persons of the Fund under the federal securities laws because each of them is an officer and director and major shareholder of Franklin Resources, Inc. Martin L. Flanagan is considered to be an interested person of the Fund under the federal securities laws due to his position as an officer and director of Franklin Resources, Inc.

 

For the Trustees who are considered to be an “interested person” of the Fund, as defined in the 1940 Act (the “Interested Trustees”), and the Fund’s officers, positions held with affiliated persons or principal underwriters of the Fund are listed in the table above.

 

38



 

Compensation

 

The Fund has no employees. Its officers are compensated by the Manager. The Fund pays an annual retainer of $7,500 and $810 per meeting attended to each of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Fund as defined in the 1940 Act (the “Independent Trustees”). Independent Trustees who serve on the audit committee of the Trust and other funds in Franklin Templeton Investments receive a flat fee of $2,000 per committee meeting attended, a portion of which is allocated to the Fund. Independent Trustees also may serve as directors or trustees of other funds in Franklin Templeton Investments and may receive fees from these funds for their services. The fees payable to the Independent Trustees by the Fund are subject to reductions resulting from fee caps limiting the amount of fees payable to Trustees who serve on other boards within Franklin Templeton Investments. The following table provides the total fees paid to the Independent Trustees by the Fund and by Franklin Templeton Investments.

 

Name

 

Estimated Fees to be
Received
from the Fund(1)

 

Total Fees Received from
Franklin Templeton
Investments(2)

 

Number of Boards in
Franklin Templeton
Investments on which
Each Serves(3)

 

Frank H. Abbott, III

 

$

7,500

 

$

164,214

 

29

 

Robert F. Carlson

 

$

7,500

 

$

95,070

 

15

 

Harris J. Ashton

 

$

7,500

 

$

372,100

 

46

 

S. Joseph Fortunato

 

$

7,500

 

$

372,941

 

47

 

Frank W.T. LaHaye

 

$

7,500

 

$

164,214

 

29

 

Gordon S. Macklin

 

$

7,500

 

$

363,512

 

46

 

 


(1) Since the Fund has not completed its first full fiscal year, Trustee compensation is estimated based upon future payments to be made by the Fund during the current fiscal year ending March 31, 2004.

 

(2) For the calendar year ended December 31, 2002.

 

(3) We base the number of boards on the number of registered investment companies in Franklin Templeton Investments. This number does not include the total number of series or portfolios within each investment company for which the board members are responsible.

 

Independent board members are reimbursed for expenses incurred in connection with attending board meetings, paid pro rata by each fund in Franklin Templeton Investments for which they serve as director or trustee. No officer or Trustee received any other compensation, including pension or retirement benefits, directly or indirectly from the Fund or other funds in Franklin Templeton Investments. Certain officers or Trustees who are shareholders of Franklin Resources, Inc. may be deemed to receive indirect remuneration by virtue of their participation, if any, in the fees paid to its subsidiaries.

 

Trustee Election

 

In accordance with the Fund’s staggered board (see “Anti-Takeover and Other Provisions in the Declaration of Trust”), the Common Shareholders of the Fund will elect Trustees to fill the vacancies of Trustees whose terms expire at each annual meeting of Common Shareholders, unless any Preferred Shares are outstanding, in which event Preferred Shareholders, voting as a separate class, will elect two Trustees and the remaining Trustee shall be elected by Common Shareholders and Preferred Shareholders, voting together as a single class. Preferred Shareholders will be entitled to elect a majority of the Fund’s Trustees under certain circumstances.

 

39



 

Committees of the Board of Trustees

 

The Board maintains two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Nominating Committee. The Audit Committee is generally responsible for recommending the selection of the Trust’s independent auditors, including evaluating their independence and meeting with such accountants to consider and review matters relating to the Trust’s financial reports and internal accounting. The Audit Committee is comprised of the following Independent Trustees of the Trust: Frank H. Abbott, III and Robert F. Carlson and Frank W. T. LaHaye, Chairman. The Nominating Committee is comprised of the following Independent Trustees of the Trust: Frank H. Abbott, III, Harris J. Ashton, Robert F. Carlson, S. Joseph Fortunato, Frank W. T. LaHaye, and Gordon S. Macklin, Chairman

 

The Trust’s Nominating Committee sets Trustees’ fees and is responsible for the nomination of Trustees to the Board.  When vacancies arise or elections are held, the Committee considers qualified nominees, including those recommended by shareholders who provide a written request to the Board, care of the Trust’s address at: Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust, P.O. Box 997151, Sacramento, CA  95899-9983.

 

Since the Fund is not yet operational, the Audit Committee and the Nominating Committee have not convened any meetings prior to the date of this SAI.

 

Securities Ownership

 

Franklin trustees historically have followed a policy of having substantial investments in one or more of the funds in Franklin Templeton Investments, as is consistent with their individual financial goals. In February 1998, this policy was formalized through adoption of a requirement that each board member invest one-third of fees received for serving as a director or trustee of a Templeton fund in shares of one or more Templeton funds and one-third of fees received for serving as a director or trustee of a Franklin fund in shares of one or more Franklin funds until the value of such investments equals or exceeds five times the annual fees paid such board member. Investments in the name of family members or entities controlled by a board member constitute fund holdings of such board member for purposes of this policy, and a three-year phase-in period applies to such investment requirements for newly elected Trustees. In implementing such policy, a board member’s fund holdings existing on February 27, 1998, are valued as of such date with subsequent investments valued at cost.

 

The following tables provide the dollar range of equity securities beneficially owned by the Trustees of the Trust on December 31, 2002.

 

Independent Board Members

 

Name of Trustee

 

Dollar Range of Equity
Securities in the Fund*

 

Aggregate Dollar Range of Equity
Securities Owned in All Funds
Overseen by the Trustee in the
Franklin Templeton Fund Complex

 

Frank H. Abbott, III

 

None

 

Over $100,000

 

Robert F. Carlson

 

None

 

Over $100,000

 

Harris J. Ashton

 

None

 

Over $100,000

 

S. Joseph Fortunato

 

None

 

Over $100,000

 

Frank W.T. LaHaye

 

None

 

Over $100,000

 

Gordon S. Macklin

 

None

 

Over $100,000

 

 


*Since the Fund was not operational as of December 31, 2002, the Trustees did not own any securities in the Fund as of that date.

 

40



 

Interested Trustees

 

Name of Trustee

 

Dollar Range of Equity
Securities in the Fund*

 

Aggregate Dollar Range of Equity
Securities Owned in All Funds
Overseen by the Trustee in the
Franklin Templeton Fund Complex

 

Charles B. Johnson

 

None

 

Over $100,000

 

Rupert H. Johnson, Jr.

 

None

 

Over $100,000

 

Martin L. Flanagan

 

None

 

Over $100,000

 

 


*Since the Fund was not operational as of December 31, 2002, the Trustees did not own any securities in the Fund as of that date.

 

None of the Independent Trustees or their immediate family members had beneficial ownership of any class of securities in an investment adviser or principal underwriter of the Fund, or a person (other than a registered investment company) directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with an investment adviser or principal underwriter of the Fund as of December 31, 2002.

 

As of August 22, 2003, the Fund’s officers and Trustees as a group owned less than 1% of the outstanding Common Shares.

 

As of August 22, 2003, the Manager owned all of the Fund’s outstanding shares.

 

 

INVESTMENT ADVISER

 

Investment Adviser

 

The Fund’s investment adviser is Franklin Advisers, Inc. (the “Manager”), a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Franklin Resources, Inc., a publicly owned company engaged in the financial services industry through its subsidiaries. Charles B. Johnson and Rupert H. Johnson, Jr. are the principal shareholders of Franklin Resources, Inc. As of July 31, 2003, the Manager and its affiliates had approximately $289 billion in assets under management.

 

The Manager serves as investment adviser to the Fund pursuant to an investment management agreement (the “Investment Management Agreement”) between it and the Fund. The Manager provides investment research and portfolio management services, and selects the securities for the Fund to buy, hold or sell. The Manager also selects the brokers who execute the Fund’s portfolio transactions. The Manager provides periodic reports to the Board, which reviews and supervises the Manager’s investment activities. To protect the Fund, the Manager and its officers, directors and employees are covered by fidelity insurance.

 

Certain Terms of the Investment Management Agreement

 

Under the terms of the Investment Management Agreement, subject to such policies as the Trustees of the Fund may determine, the Manager, at its expense, will furnish continuously an investment program for the Fund and will make investment decisions on behalf of the Fund and place all orders for the purchase and sale of portfolio securities subject always to the Fund’s investment objectives, policies and restrictions.

 

41



 

Subject to the control of the Trustees, the Manager also manages, supervises and conducts the other affairs and business of the Fund, furnishes office space and equipment, provides bookkeeping and certain clerical services (excluding determination of the net asset value of the Fund, shareholder accounting services and the accounting services for the Fund) and pays all salaries, fees and expenses of officers and Trustees of the Fund who are affiliated with the Manager.

 

Pursuant to the Investment Management Agreement, the Fund has agreed to pay the Manager an annual fee, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 0.50% of the average daily value of the Fund’s Managed Assets (including net assets attributable to Preferred Shares), for the services and facilities it provides. All fees and expenses are accrued daily and deducted before payment of dividends to investors.

 

Except as otherwise described in the Prospectus, the Fund pays, in addition to the investment management fee described above, all expenses not assumed by the Manager, including, without limitation, fees and expenses of the Independent Trustees , interest charges, taxes, brokerage commissions, expenses of issue of shares, fees and expenses of registering and qualifying the Fund and its classes of shares for distribution under federal and state laws and regulations, charges of custodians, auditing and legal expenses, expenses of determining net asset value of the Fund, reports to shareholders, expenses of meetings of shareholders, expenses of printing and mailing prospectuses, proxy statements and proxies to existing shareholders, and its proportionate share of insurance premiums and professional association dues or assessments. The Fund is also responsible for such nonrecurring expenses as may arise, including litigation in which the Fund may be a party, and other expenses as determined by the Trustees. The Fund may have an obligation to indemnify its officers and Trustees with respect to such litigation.

 

The Investment Management Agreement will continue in force with respect to the Fund for two years from its initial effective date, and from year to year thereafter, but only so long as its continuance is approved at least annually by (i) vote, cast in person at a meeting called for that purpose, of a majority of those Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Manager or the Fund, and (ii) the majority vote of either the full Board of Trustees or the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of all classes of the Fund.  The Investment Management Agreement automatically terminates on assignment. The Investment Management Agreement may be terminated on not less than 60 days’ notice by the Manager to the Fund or by the Fund to the Manager.

 

The Investment Management Agreement provides that the Manager shall not be subject to any liability in connection with the performance of its services thereunder in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of its obligations and duties.

 

Basis for Approval of the Investment Management Agreement

 

At a meeting on July 17, 2003, the Board, including a majority of the Independent Trustees, approved the Fund’s Investment Management Agreement.  In reaching this decision, the Board took into account information specifically furnished for the Board meeting and information furnished at a prior meeting. Information furnished included reports on the Manager’s investment performance using similar investment strategies, expected expenses of the Fund, expected portfolio composition,, information about the scope and quality of services provided by the Manager and its affiliates, as well as periodic reporting procedures relating to compliance with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions.  In considering such material, the Independent Trustees received assistance and advice from and met separately with independent counsel.

 

The Trustees met with the relevant investment advisory personnel from the Manager and considered information relating to the education, experience and number of investment professionals and other personnel who would provide services under the Investment Management Agreement. See “Management of the Fund” in the Prospectus and this SAI. The Trustees also took into account the time and attention to be devoted by senior management to the Fund and the other funds in the complex. The

 

42



 

Trustees evaluated the level of skill required to manage the Fund and concluded that the human resources to be available at the Manager were appropriate to fulfill effectively the duties of the Manager on behalf of the Fund under the Investment Management Agreement. The Trustees also considered the business reputation of the Manager, its financial resources and professional liability insurance coverage and concluded that the Manager would be able to meet any reasonably foreseeable obligations under the Investment Management Agreement.

 

The Trustees received information concerning the investment philosophy and investment process to be applied by the Manager in managing the Fund. In this regard, the Trustees considered the Manager’s in-house research capabilities as well as other resources available to the Manager’s personnel, including research services available to the Manager as a result of securities transactions effected for the Fund and other investment advisory clients. The Trustees concluded that the Manager’s investment process, research capabilities and philosophy were well suited to the Fund, given the Fund’s investment objectives and policies.

 

The Trustees noted that the Manager’s standard of care was comparable to that found in most investment company advisory agreements. See “—Certain Terms of the Investment Management Agreement” above. The Trustees concluded that the scope of the Manager’s services to be provided to the Fund was consistent with the Fund’s operational requirements, including, in addition to its investment objectives, compliance with the Fund’s investment restrictions, tax and reporting requirements and related shareholder services.

 

The Trustees considered the quality of the services to be provided by the Manager to the Fund. The Trustees also evaluated the procedures of the Manager designed to fulfill its fiduciary duty to the Fund with respect to possible conflicts of interest, including its codes of ethics (regulating the personal trading of its officers and employees) (see “Code of Ethics” below), the procedures by which the Manager allocates trades among its various investment advisory clients, the integrity of the systems in place to ensure compliance with the foregoing and the record of the Manager in these matters. The Trustees also received information concerning standards of the Manager with respect to the execution of portfolio transactions. See “Portfolio Transactions” below.

 

The Trustees also gave substantial consideration to the fees payable under the Investment Management Agreement. The Trustees reviewed information concerning fees paid to investment advisers of similar funds. The Trustees evaluated the Manager’s profitability with respect to the Fund, concluding that such profitability was not inconsistent with levels of profitability that had been determined by courts not to be “excessive.” In evaluating the Fund’s advisory fees, the Trustees also took into account the complexity of investment management for the Fund relative to other types of funds.

 

Based upon its review of such material and information together with such other information as it deemed relevant, the Board, including a majority of Independent Trustees, concluded that the initial approval of the Investment Management Agreement was appropriate and in the best interests of the Fund.

 

PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS

 

The Manager selects brokers and dealers to execute the Fund’s portfolio transactions in accordance with criteria set forth in the management agreement and any directions that the Board may give.

 

When placing a portfolio transaction, the Manager seeks to obtain prompt execution of orders at the most favorable net price. For portfolio transactions on a securities exchange, the amount of commission paid is negotiated between the Manager and the broker executing the transaction. The determination and evaluation of the reasonableness of the brokerage commissions paid are based to a large degree on the professional opinions of the persons responsible for placement and review of the transactions. These opinions are based on the experience of these individuals in the securities industry and information

 

43



 

available to them about the level of commissions being paid by other institutional investors of comparable size. The Manager will ordinarily place orders to buy and sell over-the-counter securities on a principal rather than agency basis with a principal market maker unless the Manager believes that trading on a principal basis will not provide best execution. Purchases of portfolio securities from underwriters will include a commission or concession paid by the issuer to the underwriter, and purchases from dealers will include a spread between the bid and ask price.

 

The Manager may pay certain brokers commissions that are higher than those another broker may charge, if the Manager determines in good faith that the amount paid is reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services it receives. This may be viewed in terms of either the particular transaction or the Manager’s overall responsibilities to client accounts over which it exercises investment discretion. The services that brokers may provide to the Manager include, among others, supplying information about particular companies, markets, countries, or local, regional, national or transnational economies, statistical data, quotations and other securities pricing information, and other information that provides lawful and appropriate assistance to the Manager in carrying out its investment advisory responsibilities. These services may not always directly benefit the Fund. They must, however, be of value to the Manager in carrying out its overall responsibilities to its clients.

 

It is not possible to place a dollar value on the special executions or on the research services the Manager receives from dealers effecting transactions in portfolio securities. The allocation of transactions to obtain additional research services allows the Manager to supplement its own research and analysis activities and to receive the views and information of individuals and research staffs of other securities firms. As long as it is lawful and appropriate to do so, the Manager and its affiliates may use this research and data in their investment advisory capacities with other clients. If the Fund’s officers are satisfied that the best execution is obtained, the sale of Fund shares, as well as shares of other funds in Franklin Templeton Investments, also may be considered a factor in the selection of broker-dealers to execute the Fund’s portfolio transactions.

 

Because Franklin Templeton Distributors, Inc. (“Distributors”) is a member of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., it may sometimes receive certain fees when the Fund tenders portfolio securities pursuant to a tender-offer solicitation. To recapture brokerage for the benefit of the Fund, any portfolio securities tendered by the Fund may be tendered through Distributors if it is legally permissible to do so. In turn, the next management fee payable to the Manager will be reduced by the amount of any fees received by Distributors in cash, less any costs and expenses incurred in connection with the tender.

 

If purchases or sales of securities of the Fund and one or more other investment companies or clients supervised by the Manager are considered at or about the same time, transactions in these securities will be allocated among the several investment companies and clients in a manner deemed equitable to all by the Manager, taking into account the respective sizes of the funds and the amount of securities to be purchased or sold. In some cases this procedure could have a detrimental effect on the price or volume of the security so far as the Fund is concerned. In other cases it is possible that the ability to participate in volume transactions may improve execution and reduce transaction costs to the Fund.

 

Since the Fund was not operational prior to the date of this SAI, the Fund did not pay any brokerage commissions prior to that date. As of the date of this SAI, the Fund did not own securities of its regular broker-dealers.

 

CODE OF ETHICS

 

The Fund and the Manager have each adopted a code of ethics, as required by federal securities laws.  Under the code of ethics, employees who are designated as access persons may engage in personal securities transactions, including transactions involving securities that are being considered for the Fund or

 

44



 

that are currently held by the Fund, subject to certain general restrictions and procedures. The personal securities transactions of access persons of the Fund and its Manager will be governed by the code of ethics.

 

The Manager and its affiliates manage numerous other investment companies and accounts. The Manager may give advice and take action with respect to any of the other funds it manages, or for its own account, that may differ from action taken by the Manager on behalf of the Fund. Similarly, with respect to the Fund, the Manager is not obligated to recommend, buy or sell, or to refrain from recommending, buying or selling any security that the Manager and access persons, as defined by applicable federal securities laws, may buy or sell for its or their own account or for the accounts of any other fund. The Manager is not obligated to refrain from investing in securities held by the Fund or other funds it manages.  The Fund and the Manager have text-only versions of the codes of ethics that can be viewed online or downloaded from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s internet web site at www.sec.gov. You may also review and copy those documents by visiting the SEC’s Public Reference Room in Washington, DC. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 202-942-8090. In addition, copies of the codes of ethics may be obtained, after mailing the appropriate duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC’s Public Reference Section, 450 5th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20549-0102 or by e-mail request at publicinfo@sec.gov.

 

PROXY VOTING POLICY

 

The Board of Trustees of the Fund has delegated the authority to develop policies and procedures relating to proxy voting to the Manager. The Manager has adopted Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures, in which its administrative duties with respect to voting proxies has been assigned to the Proxy Group within Franklin Templeton Companies, LLC (the “Proxy Group”), an affiliate and wholly owned subsidiary of Franklin Resources, Inc.

 

All proxies received by the Proxy Group will be voted based upon the Manager’s instructions and/or policies.  To assist it in analyzing proxies, the Manager subscribes to Institutional Shareholder Services (“ISS”), an unaffiliated third party corporate governance research service that provides in-depth analyses of shareholder meeting agendas, vote recommendations, recordkeeping and vote disclosure services.  Although ISS’ analyses are thoroughly reviewed and considered in making a final voting decision, the Manager does not consider recommendations from ISS or any other third party to be determinative of the Manager’s ultimate decision.  The Manager votes proxies solely in the interests of the Fund and its shareholders.  As a matter of policy, the officers, directors and employees of the Fund, the Manager and the Proxy Group will not be influenced by outside sources whose interests conflict with the interests of the Fund and its shareholders.  In situations where the Manager perceives a material conflict of interest, the Manager may: disclose the conflict to the Fund’s Board of Trustees; defer to the voting recommendation of the Fund’s Board of Trustees, ISS or those of another independent third party provider of proxy services; or take such other action in good faith (in consultation with counsel) which would protect the interests of the Fund and its shareholders.

 

As a matter of practice, the votes with respect to most issues are cast in accordance with the position of the company’s management.  Each issue, however, is considered on its own merits, and the Manager will not support the position of the company’s management in any situation where it deems that the ratification of company management’s position would adversely affect the investment merits of owning that company’s shares.

 

The Proxy Group is part of the Franklin Templeton Companies, LLC Corporate Legal Department and is overseen by legal counsel.  For each shareholder meeting, a member of the Proxy Group will consult with the research analyst that follows the security and will provide the analyst with the meeting notice, agenda, ISS analyses, recommendations, and any other available information.  The Manager’s research analyst and relevant portfolio manager(s) are responsible for making the final voting decision based on

 

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their review of the agenda, ISS analysis, their knowledge of the company and any other information readily available.  The Proxy Group must obtain voting instructions from the Manager’s research analyst, relevant portfolio manager(s) and/or legal counsel prior to submitting the vote.

 

The Manager has adopted general proxy voting guidelines that are reviewed periodically by various members of the Manager’s organization, including portfolio management, legal counsel and the Manager’s officers, and are subject to change.  These guidelines cannot provide an exhaustive list of all the issues that may arise nor can the Manager anticipate all future situations.

 

Manager’s Proxy Voting Policies and Principles

 

The following is a summary of the proxy voting positions that the Manager has developed based on years of experience with proxy voting and corporate governance issues and reflects what the Manager believes to be good corporate governance and responsible behavior:

 

Board of Directors .  Directors are expected to be competent, accountable and responsive to shareholders.  The Manager supports an independent board of directors, and prefers that key committees such as audit, nominating, and compensation committees be comprised of independent directors.  The Manager will generally vote against company management efforts to classify a board and will generally support proposals to declassify the board of directors. The Manager may withhold votes from directors who have attended less than 75% of meetings without a valid reason.  While generally in favor of separating Chairman and CEO positions, the Manager will review this issue as well as proposals to restore or provide for cumulative voting on a case-by-case basis taking into consideration other factors including the company’s corporate governance guidelines and performance.

 

Ratification of auditors .  In light of several high profile accounting scandals, the Manager will closely scrutinize the role and performance of auditors.  On a case-by-case basis, the Manager will examine proposals relating to non-audit relationships and non-audit fees.  The Manager will also consider, on a case-by-case basis, proposals to rotate auditors, and will vote against the ratification of auditors when there is clear and compelling evidence of accounting irregularities or negligence.

 

Management and director compensation .  A company’s equity-based compensation plan should be in alignment with its shareholders’ long-term interests.  The Manager evaluates plans on a case-by-case basis by considering several factors to determine whether the plan is fair and reasonable.  Among other things, the Manager considers the ISS quantitative model utilized to assess such plans.  The Manager will generally oppose plans that have the potential to be excessively dilutive, and will almost always oppose plans that are structured to allow the repricing of underwater options, or plans that have an automatic share replenishment “evergreen” feature.  The Manager will generally support employee stock option plans in which the purchase price is at least 85% of fair market value, and when potential dilution is 10% or less.

 

Severance compensation arrangements will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis, although the Manager will generally oppose excessive “golden parachutes.”  The Manager will normally support proposals that require a percentage of directors’ compensation to be in the form of common stock, as it aligns their interests with those of shareholders.  The Manager will review on a case-by-case basis any shareholder proposals to adopt policies on expensing stock option plans, and will continue to closely monitor future developments in this area.

 

Anti-takeover mechanisms and related issues .  The Manager generally opposes anti-takeover measures since they tend to reduce shareholder rights.  However, as with all proxy issues, a research analyst will conduct an independent review of each anti-takeover proposal.  On occasion, the Manager may vote with management when the research analyst has concluded that the proposal is not onerous and would not harm the Fund or its shareholders’ interests.  The Manager generally supports proposals that require shareholder rights’ plans (poison pills) to be subject to a shareholder vote.  The Manager will closely

 

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evaluate shareholder rights plans on a case-by-case basis to determine whether or not they warrant support. The Manager will generally vote against any proposal to issue stock that has unequal or subordinate voting rights.  In addition, the Manager generally opposes any supermajority voting requirements as well as the payment of “greenmail.”  The Manager generally supports “fair price” provisions and confidential voting.

 

Changes to capital structure .  The Manager realizes that a company’s financing decisions have a significant impact on its shareholders, particularly when they involve the issuance of additional shares in the form of common or preferred stock or the assumption of additional debt.  The Manager will carefully review, on a case-by-case basis, proposals by companies to increase authorized shares and the purpose for the increase.  The Manager will generally not vote in favor of dual-class capital structures to increase the number of authorized shares where that class of stock would have superior voting rights.  The Manager will generally vote in favor of the issuance of preferred stock in cases where the company specifies the voting, dividend, conversion and other rights of such stock and the terms of the preferred stock issuance are deemed reasonable. The Manager will review proposals seeking preemptive rights on a case-by-case basis.

 

Mergers and corporate restructuring .  Mergers and acquisitions will be subject to careful review by the research analyst to determine whether each will be beneficial to shareholders.  The Manager will analyze various economic and strategic factors in making the final decision on a merger or acquisition.  Corporate restructuring and reincorporation proposals are also subject to a thorough examination on a case-by-case basis.

 

Social and corporate policy issues .  As a fiduciary, the Manager is primarily concerned about the financial interests of the Fund and its shareholders.  The Manager will generally give management discretion with regard to social, environmental and ethical issues, although the Manager may vote in favor of those that are believed to have significant economic benefits or implications for the Fund and its shareholders.

 

Global corporate governance .  The Manager is a global manager of investments in countries worldwide.  Many of the tenets discussed above are applied to proxy voting decisions for international companies.  However, the Manager must be more flexible in these instances and must be mindful of the varied market practices of each region.  As experienced global money managers, the Manager’s analysts are skilled in understanding the complexities of the regions in which they specialize and are trained to analyze proxy issues germane to their regions.

 

The Proxy Group is fully cognizant of its responsibility to process proxies and maintain proxy records pursuant to SEC rules and regulations. In addition, the Manager understands its fiduciary duty to vote Fund proxies and that proxy voting decisions may affect the value of shareholdings.  Therefore, the Manager will attempt to process every vote it receives for all domestic and foreign proxies.  However, there may be situations in which the Manager cannot process proxies, for example, where a meeting notice was received too late, or sell orders preclude the ability to vote. In addition, the Manager may abstain from voting under certain circumstances or vote against items such as “Other Business” when the Manager is not given adequate information from the company.

 

The Proxy Group is responsible for maintaining the documentation that supports the Manager’s voting position.  The Proxy Group is also responsible for maintaining appropriate proxy voting supporting documentation and records.  Such records may include, but are not limited to, a copy of all materials returned to the issuer and/or its agent, the documentation described above, listings of proxies voted by issuer and by client, and any other relevant information.  The Proxy Group may use an outside service such as ISS to support this function. All files will be retained for at least five years, the first two of which will be on-site. Shareholders may view the Manager’s complete proxy voting policies and procedures on-line at www.franklintempleton.com. Alternatively, shareholders may request copies of the Fund’s complete proxy voting policies and procedures free of charge by calling the Proxy Group collect at 1-954/847-2268 or by sending a written request to:  Franklin Templeton Companies, LLC, 500 East Broward Boulevard, Suite

 

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1500, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33394, Attention: Proxy Group. Copies of the Fund’s proxy voting records will also be made available on-line at www.franklintempleton.com and posted on the SEC website at http://www.sec.gov no later than August 31, 2004 and will reflect the prior 12 months’ voting record. In addition, the Proxy Group is responsible for ensuring that the proxy voting policies, procedures and records of the Manager are made available as required by law and is responsible for overseeing the filing of such policies, procedures and Fund voting records with the SEC.

 

DISTRIBUTIONS

 

As described in the Prospectus, initial distributions to Common Shareholders are expected to be declared within approximately 45 days, and paid within approximately 60 to 75 days, from the completion of the offering of the Common Shares, depending on market conditions. To permit the Fund to maintain a more stable monthly distribution, the Fund will initially, and may from time to time thereafter, distribute less than the entire amount of net investment income earned in a particular period. Such undistributed net investment income would be available to supplement future distributions, including distributions that might otherwise have been reduced by a decrease in the Fund’s monthly net income due to fluctuations in investment income or expenses, or due to an increase in the dividend rate on the Fund’s outstanding Preferred Shares. As a result, the distributions paid by the Fund for any particular period may be more or less than the amount of net investment income actually earned by the Fund during such period. Undistributed net investment income will be added to the Fund’s net asset value and, correspondingly, distributions from undistributed net investment income will be deducted from the Fund’s net asset value.

 

For tax purposes, the Fund is currently required to allocate net capital gain and other taxable income, if any, between and among Common Shares and any series of Preferred Shares in proportion to total dividends paid to each class for the year in which such net capital gain or other taxable income is realized. For information relating to the impact of the issuance of Preferred Shares on the distributions made by the Fund to Common Shareholders, see the Prospectus under “Preferred Shares and Related Leverage.”

 

While any Preferred Shares are outstanding, the Fund may not declare any cash dividend or other distribution on its Common Shares unless at the time of such declaration (1) all accumulated dividends on the Preferred Shares have been paid and (2) the net asset value of the Fund’s portfolio (determined after deducting the amount of such dividend or other distribution) is at least 200% of the liquidation value of any outstanding Preferred Shares. This latter limitation on the Fund’s ability to make distributions on its Common Shares could cause the Fund to incur income and excise tax and, under certain circumstances, impair the ability of the Fund to maintain its qualification for taxation as a regulated investment company. See “Tax Matters.”

 

DESCRIPTION OF SHARES

 

Common Shares

 

The Fund’s Declaration authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of Common Shares. All Common Shares of the Fund have equal rights as to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon liquidation of the Fund. Common Shares will, when issued, be fully paid and, subject to matters discussed in “Anti-Takeover and Other Provisions in the Declaration of Trust—Shareholder Liability” below, non-assessable, and will have no pre-emptive or conversion rights or rights to cumulative voting. At any time when the Fund’s Preferred Shares are outstanding, Common Shareholders will not be entitled to receive any distributions from the Fund unless all accrued dividends on Preferred Shares have been paid, and unless asset coverage (as defined in the 1940 Act) with respect to Preferred Shares would be at least 200% after giving effect to such distributions. See “—Preferred Shares” below.

 

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The Common Shares are expected to be listed on the American Stock Exchange. The Fund intends to hold annual meetings of shareholders so long as the Common Shares are listed on a national securities exchange and such meetings are required as a condition to such listing.

 

Shares of closed-end investment companies may frequently trade at prices lower than net asset value. Shares of closed-end investment companies like the Fund that may invest a significant portion of their assets in below investment-grade debt obligations have during some periods traded at prices higher than net asset value and during other periods traded at prices lower than net asset value. There can be no assurance that Common Shares or shares of other similar funds will trade at a price higher than net asset value in the future. Net asset value will be reduced immediately following the offering of Common Shares after payment of the sales load and organization and offering expenses and immediately following any offering of Preferred Shares by the costs of that offering paid by the Fund. Net asset value generally increases when interest rates decline, and decreases when interest rates rise, and these changes are likely to be greater in the case of a fund, such as the Fund, having a leveraged capital structure. Whether investors will realize gains or losses upon the sale of Common Shares will not depend upon the Fund’s net asset value but will depend entirely upon whether the market price of the Common Shares at the time of sale is above or below the original purchase price for the shares. Since the market price of the Fund’s Common Shares will be determined by factors beyond the control of the Fund, the Fund cannot predict whether the Common Shares will trade at, below, or above net asset value or at, below or above the initial public offering price. Accordingly, the Common Shares are designed primarily for long-term investors, and investors in the Common Shares should not view the Fund as a vehicle for trading purposes. See “Repurchase of Common Shares; Conversion to Open-End Fund” and the Prospectus under “Preferred Shares and Related Leverage” and “Description of Shares—Common Shares.”

 

Preferred Shares

 

The Declaration authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of Preferred Shares. The Preferred Shares may be issued in one or more classes or series, with such par value and rights as determined by the Board of Trustees of the Fund, by action of the Board of Trustees without the approval of the Common Shareholders.

 

The Fund’s Board of Trustees has indicated its intention to authorize an offering of Preferred Shares (representing approximately 33%, but not more than 38%, of the Fund’s Managed Assets immediately after the time the Preferred Shares are issued) within approximately one to three months after completion of the offering of Common Shares, subject to market conditions and to the Board’s continuing belief that leveraging the Fund’s capital structure through the issuance of Preferred Shares is likely to achieve the benefits to the Common Shareholders described in the Prospectus and this SAI. Although the terms of the Preferred Shares, including their dividend rate, voting rights, liquidation preference and redemption provisions, will be determined by the Board of Trustees (subject to applicable law and the Declaration) if and when it authorizes a Preferred Shares offering, the Board has stated that the initial series of Preferred Shares would likely pay cumulative dividends at relatively short-term periods (such as seven days), by providing for the periodic redetermination of the dividend rate through an auction or remarketing procedure. The liquidation preference, preference on distribution, voting rights and redemption provisions of the Preferred Shares are expected to be as stated below.

 

As used in this SAI, unless otherwise noted, the Fund’s “net assets” include assets of the Fund attributable to any outstanding Preferred Shares, with no deduction for the liquidation preference of the Preferred Shares. Solely for financial reporting purposes, however, the Fund is required to exclude the liquidation preference of Preferred Shares from “net assets,” so long as the Preferred Shares have redemption features that are not solely within the control of the Fund. For all regulatory and tax purposes, the Fund’s Preferred Shares will be treated as stock (rather than indebtedness).

 

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Limited Issuance of Preferred Shares. Under the 1940 Act, the Fund could issue Preferred Shares having a total liquidation value (original purchase price of the shares being liquidated plus any accrued and unpaid dividends) of up to one-half of the value of the total assets of the Fund, less liabilities. “Liquidation value” means the original purchase price of the shares being liquidated plus any accrued and unpaid dividends. To the extent that the Fund has outstanding any senior securities representing indebtedness (such as through the use of reverse repurchase agreements, swaps and other derivative instruments that constitute senior securities), the aggregate amount of such senior securities will be added to the total liquidation value of any outstanding Preferred Shares for purposes of this asset coverage requirement. If the total liquidation value of the Preferred Shares plus the aggregate amount of such other senior securities were ever more than one-half of the value of the Fund’s total net assets, the Fund would not be able to declare dividends on the Common Shares until such liquidation value and/or aggregate amount of other senior securities, as a percentage of the Fund’s total assets, were reduced.

 

The Fund presently intends to issue Preferred Shares representing approximately 33% (but not more than 38%) of the Fund’s Managed Assets (calculated after their issuance) approximately one to three months after the completion of the offering of Common Shares. This higher than required margin of net asset value provides a cushion against later fluctuations in the value of the Fund’s portfolio and will subject Common Shareholders to less income and net asset value volatility than if the Fund were more highly leveraged through Preferred Shares. No assurance can be given that this cushion will not be reduced or eliminated. It also gives the Fund flexibility to utilize other forms of leverage in addition to Preferred Shares from time to time in accordance with the 1940 Act asset coverage requirements (such as reverse repurchase agreements, swaps and other derivatives) that may be more efficient or cost effective sources of leverage than Preferred Shares under the circumstances. The Fund will segregate liquid assets against or otherwise cover its future obligations under such other forms of leverage, to the extent that, immediately after entering into such a transaction, the Fund’s future commitments that it has not segregated liquid assets against or otherwise covered, together with any outstanding Preferred Shares, would exceed 38% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. The Fund intends to purchase or redeem Preferred Shares, if necessary, to keep the liquidation value of the Preferred Shares plus the aggregate amount of other senior securities representing indebtedness below one-half of the value of the Fund’s total net assets.

 

Distribution Preference. The Preferred Shares will have complete priority over the Common Shares as to distribution of assets.

 

Liquidation Preference. In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Fund, Preferred Shareholders will be entitled to receive a preferential liquidating distribution (expected to equal the original purchase price per share plus accumulated and unpaid dividends thereon, whether or not earned or declared) before any distribution of assets is made to holders of Common Shares. After payment of the full amount of the liquidating distribution to which they are entitled, Preferred Shareholders will not be entitled to any further participation in any distribution of assets by the Fund. A consolidation or merger of the Fund with or into any Delaware statutory trust or corporation or a sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Fund shall not be deemed to be a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Fund.

 

Voting Rights. In connection with any issuance of Preferred Shares, the Fund must comply with Section 18(i) of the 1940 Act which requires, among other things, that Preferred Shares be voting shares. Except as otherwise provided in the Declaration or the Fund’s Bylaws or otherwise required by applicable law, Preferred Shareholders will vote together with Common Shareholders as a single class.

 

In connection with the election of the Fund’s Trustees, Preferred Shareholders, voting as a separate class, will also be entitled to elect two of the Fund’s Trustees, and the remaining Trustees shall be elected by Common Shareholders and Preferred Shareholders, voting together as a single class. In addition, if at any time dividends on the Fund’s outstanding Preferred Shares shall be unpaid in an amount equal to two full years’ dividends thereon, the holders of all outstanding Preferred Shares, voting as a separate class,

 

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will be entitled to elect a majority of the Fund’s Trustees until all dividends in arrears have been paid or declared and set apart for payment.

 

The affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Preferred Shares, voting as a separate class, shall be required to approve any action requiring a vote of security holders under Section 13(a) of the 1940 Act including, among other things, changes in the Fund’s investment objectives, the conversion of the Fund from a closed-end to an open-end company, or changes in the investment restrictions described as fundamental policies under “Investment Restrictions.” The class or series vote of Preferred Shareholders described above shall in each case be in addition to any separate vote of the requisite percentage of Common Shares and Preferred Shares necessary to authorize the action in question.

 

The foregoing voting provisions will not apply with respect to the Fund’s Preferred Shares if, at or prior to the time when a vote is required, such shares shall have been (1) redeemed or (2) called for redemption and sufficient funds shall have been deposited in trust to effect such redemption.

 

Redemption, Purchase and Sale of Preferred Shares by the Fund. The terms of the Preferred Shares may provide that they are redeemable at certain times, in whole or in part, at the original purchase price per share plus accumulated dividends, that the Fund may tender for or purchase Preferred Shares and that the Fund may subsequently resell any shares so tendered for or purchased. Any redemption or purchase of Preferred Shares by the Fund will reduce the leverage applicable to Common Shares, while any resale of shares by the Fund will increase such leverage.

 

The discussion above describes the present intention of the Board of Trustees of the Fund with respect to a possible offering of Preferred Shares. If the Board of Trustees determines to authorize such an offering, the terms of the Preferred Shares may be the same as, or different from, the terms described above, subject to applicable law and the Declaration.

 

ANTI-TAKEOVER AND OTHER PROVISIONS IN THE DECLARATION OF TRUST

 

Shareholder Liability

 

The Declaration contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for acts or obligations of the Fund and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by the Fund or the Trustees. The Declaration also provides for indemnification out of the Fund’s property for all loss and expense of any shareholder held personally liable on account of being or having been a shareholder. Thus, the risk of a shareholder incurring financial loss on account of shareholder liability is limited to circumstances in which such disclaimer is inoperative or the Fund is unable to meet its obligations, and thus should be considered remote.

 

Anti-Takeover Provisions

 

As described below, the Declaration includes provisions that could have the effect of limiting the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund or to change the composition of its Board of Trustees, and could have the effect of depriving shareholders of opportunities to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging a third party from seeking to obtain control of the Fund.

 

The Fund’s Trustees are divided into three classes (Class I, Class II and Class III), having initial terms of one, two and three years, respectively. At each annual meeting of shareholders, the term of one class will expire and each Trustee elected to that class will hold office for a term of three years. The classification of the Board of Trustees in this manner could delay for an additional year the replacement of a majority of the Board of Trustees. In addition, the Declaration provides that a Trustee may be removed

 

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only for cause upon the vote of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the outstanding shares of the classes or series of shares entitled to vote for the election of such Trustee.

 

The Declaration requires the approval of the Board of Trustees and the affirmative vote of the holders of 75% of the Fund’s shares (including Common and Preferred Shares) entitled to vote to approve, adopt or authorize certain Fund transactions not in the ordinary course of business, including (i) a merger or consolidation or sale or transfer of the fund expenses, (ii) conversion of the Fund from a closed-end to an open-end investment company, and (iii) termination of the Fund, unless such action was previously approved, adopted or authorized by the affirmative vote of 66 2/3% of the Board of Trustees, in which case such action must be approved by the holders of a “majority of the outstanding” Common Shares and any Preferred Shares voting together as a single class, and of the holders of a “majority of the outstanding” Preferred Shares voting as a separate class. A “majority of the outstanding” shares (whether voting together as a single class or voting as a separate class) means (i) 67% or more of such shares present at a meeting, if the holders of more than 50% of those shares are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of such shares, whichever is less. See “Anti-Takeover and Other Provisions in the Declaration of Trust” in the SAI for a more detailed summary of these provisions.

 

As described above, in certain circumstances, the Declaration also imposes shareholder voting requirements that are more demanding than those required under the 1940 Act in order to authorize a conversion of the Fund from a closed-end to an open-end investment company. See “Repurchase of Common Shares; Conversion to Open-End Fund” below.

 

As noted, the voting provisions described above could have the effect of depriving Common Shareholders of an opportunity to sell their Common Shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging a third party from seeking to obtain control of the Fund in a tender offer or similar transaction. In the view of the Fund’s Board of Trustees, however, these provisions offer several possible advantages, including: (1) requiring persons seeking control of the Fund to negotiate with its management regarding the price to be paid for the amount of Common Shares required to obtain control; (2) promoting continuity and stability; and (3) enhancing the Fund’s ability to pursue long-term strategies that are consistent with its investment objectives and management policies. The Board of Trustees has determined that the voting requirements described above, which are generally greater than the minimum requirements under the 1940 Act, are in the best interests of the Fund’s Common Shareholders generally.

 

The foregoing is intended only as a summary and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Declaration and the Fund’s Bylaws, both of which have been filed as exhibits to the Fund’s registration statement on file with the SEC.

 

Liability of Trustees

 

The Declaration provides that the obligations of the Fund are not binding upon the Trustees of the Fund individually, but only upon the assets and property of the Fund, and that the Trustees shall not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law. Nothing in the Declaration, however, protects a Trustee against any liability to which he would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his office.

 

REPURCHASE OF COMMON SHARES; CONVERSION TO OPEN-END FUND

 

The Fund is a closed-end investment company and as such its shareholders will not have the right to cause the Fund to redeem their shares. Instead, the Fund’s Common Shares will trade in the open market at a price that will be a function of several factors, including dividend levels (which are in turn affected by expenses), net asset value, call protection, price, dividend stability, relative demand for and supply of such shares in the market, general market and economic conditions and other factors. Shares of a closed-end investment company may frequently trade at prices lower than net asset value. The Fund’s Board of

 

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Trustees regularly monitors the relationship between the market price and net asset value of the Common Shares. If the Common Shares were to trade at a substantial discount to net asset value for an extended period of time, the Board may consider the repurchase of its Common Shares on the open market or in private transactions, or the making of a tender offer for such shares. There can be no assurance, however, that the Board of Trustees will decide to take or propose any of these actions, or that share repurchases or tender offers, if undertaken, will reduce market discount. The Fund has no present intention to repurchase its Common Shares and would do so only in the circumstances described in this section.

 

Notwithstanding the foregoing, at any time when the Fund’s Preferred Shares are outstanding, the Fund may not purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire any of its Common Shares unless (1) all accrued dividends on Preferred Shares have been paid and (2) at the time of such purchase, redemption or acquisition, the net asset value of the Fund’s portfolio (determined after deducting the acquisition price of the Common Shares) is at least 200% of the liquidation value of the outstanding Preferred Shares (expected to equal the original purchase price per share plus any accrued and unpaid dividends thereon).

 

Subject to its investment limitations, the Fund may borrow to finance the repurchase of shares or to make a tender offer. Interest on any borrowings to finance share repurchase transactions or the accumulation of cash by the Fund in anticipation of share repurchases or tenders will reduce the Fund’s net income. Any share repurchase, tender offer or borrowing that might be approved by the Board of Trustees would have to comply with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.

 

The Fund’s Board of Trustees may also from time to time consider submitting to the holders of the shares of beneficial interest of the Fund a proposal to convert the Fund to an open-end investment company. In determining whether to exercise its sole discretion to submit this issue to shareholders, the Board of Trustees would consider all factors then relevant, including the relationship of the market price of the Common Shares to net asset value, the extent to which the Fund’s capital structure is leveraged and the possibility of re-leveraging, the spread, if any, between the yields on securities in the Fund’s portfolio and interest and dividend charges on Preferred Shares issued by the Fund and general market and economic conditions.

 

The Declaration requires the affirmative vote or consent of a majority of the Board of Trustees and the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the Fund’s shares (including Common and Preferred Shares) entitled to vote to approve, unless the conversion has been authorized by a the affirmative vote or consent of two-thirds (66 2/3%) of the Board of Trustees, in which case shareholders would have only the minimum voting rights required by the 1940 Act with respect to the conversion.

 

This seventy-five percent (75%) shareholder approval requirement is higher than is required under the 1940 Act. In the event that a conversion is approved by two-thirds (66 2/3%) of the Trustees as described above, the minimum shareholder vote required under the 1940 Act would be necessary to authorize the conversion. Currently, the 1940 Act would require approval of the holders of a “majority of the outstanding” Common Shares and, if issued, Preferred Shares voting together as a single class, and the holders of a “majority of the outstanding” Preferred Shares voting as a separate class, in order to authorize a conversion.

 

If the Fund converted to an open-end company, it would be required to redeem all Preferred Shares then outstanding (requiring in turn that it liquidate a portion of its investment portfolio), and the Fund’s Common Shares likely would no longer be listed on the American Stock Exchange. Shareholders of an open-end investment company may require the company to redeem their shares on any business day (except in certain circumstances as authorized by or under the 1940 Act) at their net asset value, less such redemption charge, if any, as might be in effect at the time of redemption. In order to avoid maintaining large cash positions or liquidating favorable investments to meet redemptions, open-end companies

 

 

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typically engage in a continuous offering of their shares. Open-end companies are thus subject to periodic asset in-flows and out-flows that can complicate portfolio management.

 

The repurchase by the Fund of its shares at prices below net asset value will result in an increase in the net asset value of those shares that remain outstanding. However, there can be no assurance that share repurchases or tenders at or below net asset value will result in the Fund’s shares trading at a price equal to their net asset value. Nevertheless, the fact that the Fund’s shares may be the subject of repurchase or tender offers at net asset value from time to time, or that the Fund may be converted to an open-end company, may reduce any spread between market price and net asset value that might otherwise exist.

 

In addition, a purchase by the Fund of its Common Shares will decrease the Fund’s total assets. This would likely have the effect of increasing the Fund’s expense ratio. Any purchase by the Fund of its Common Shares at a time when Preferred Shares are outstanding will increase the leverage applicable to the outstanding Common Shares then remaining. See the Prospectus under “Risks—Leverage Risk.”

 

Before deciding whether to take any action if the Fund’s Common Shares trade below net asset value, the Board of Trustees would consider all relevant factors, including the extent and duration of the discount, the liquidity of the Fund’s portfolio, the impact of any action that might be taken on the Fund or its shareholders and market considerations. Based on these considerations, even if the Fund’s shares should trade at a discount, the Board of Trustees may determine that, in the interest of the Fund and its shareholders, no action should be taken.

 

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TAX MATTERS

 

Taxation of the Fund. The Fund intends to qualify each year as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”).  In order to qualify for the special tax treatment accorded regulated investment companies and their shareholders, the Fund must, among other things:

 

(a)                                   derive at least 90% of its gross income from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale of stock, securities or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures, or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies;

 

(b)                                  distribute with respect to each taxable year at least 90% of the sum of its investment company taxable income (as that term is defined in the Code without regard to the deduction for dividends paid — generally taxable ordinary income and the excess, if any, of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses) and net tax-exempt interest income for such year; and

 

(c)                                   diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year, (i) at least 50% of the market value of the Fund’s total assets is represented by cash and cash items, U.S. Government securities, securities of other regulated investment companies, and other securities limited in respect of any one issuer to a value not greater than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of the Fund’s total assets is invested in the securities (other than those of the U.S. Government or other regulated investment companies) of any one issuer or of two or more issuers which the Fund controls and which are engaged in the same, similar, or related trades or businesses. If the Fund qualifies as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment, the Fund will not be subject to federal income tax on income distributed in a timely manner to its shareholders in the form of dividends (including Capital Gain Dividends, as defined below).

 

If the Fund failed to qualify as a regulated investment company accorded special tax treatment in any taxable year, the Fund would be subject to tax on its taxable income at corporate rates, and all distributions from earnings and profits, including any distributions of net tax-exempt income and net long-term capital gains, generally would be taxable to shareholders as corporate dividends.  Such distributions generally would be eligible (i) to be treated as qualified dividend income in the case of individual shareholders and (ii) for the dividends received deduction in the case of corporate shareholders. In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment.

 

The Fund intends to distribute at least annually to its shareholders all or substantially all of its investment company taxable income and any net tax-exempt interest, and may distribute its net capital gain. The Fund may also retain for investment its net capital gain. If the Fund does retain any net capital gain or any investment company taxable income, it will be subject to tax at regular corporate rates on the amount retained. If the Fund retains any net capital gain, it may designate the retained amount as undistributed capital gains in a notice to its shareholders who, if subject to federal income tax on long-term capital gains, (i) will be required to include in income for federal income tax purposes, as long-term capital gain, their shares of such undistributed amount, and (ii) will be entitled to credit their proportionate shares of the tax paid by the Fund on such undistributed amount against their federal income tax liabilities, if any, and to claim refunds to the extent the credit exceeds such liabilities. For federal income tax purposes, the tax basis of shares owned by a shareholder of the Fund will be increased by an amount equal under current law to the difference between the amount of undistributed capital gains included in the shareholder’s gross income and the tax deemed paid by the shareholder under clause (ii) of the preceding sentence.

 

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Certain investment strategies of the Fund, such as hedging, the acquisition of securities with original issue discount, the acquisition of higher risk securities and certain other acquisitions may generate more taxable income than book income and may affect the timing and amount of income that must be distributed to the Fund’s shareholders.  In order to generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, the Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio that it otherwise would have continued to hold.

 

If the Fund fails to distribute in a calendar year at least an amount equal to the sum of 98% of its ordinary income for such year and 98% of its capital gain net income for the one-year period ending October 31 of such year, plus any retained amount from the prior year, the Fund will be subject to a 4% excise tax on the undistributed amounts. For these purposes, the Fund will be treated as having distributed any amount for which it is subject to income tax. A dividend paid to shareholders in January of a year generally is deemed to have been paid by the Fund on December 31 of the preceding year, if the dividend was declared and payable to shareholders of record on a date in October, November or December of that preceding year. The Fund intends generally to make distributions sufficient to avoid imposition of the 4% excise tax.

 

Fund Distributions. Distributions from the Fund other than distributions of net capital gains and qualified dividend income generally will be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income to the extent of the Fund’s earnings and profits. Distributions of net capital gains ( i.e. , the excess of net gains from the sale of capital assets held more than one year over net losses from the sale of capital assets held for not more than one year) properly designated as capital gain dividends (“Capital Gain Dividends”) will be taxable to shareholders as long-term capital gain, regardless of how long a shareholder has held the shares in the Fund.  Long-term capital gain rates for individuals have been temporarily reduced to 15% (with lower rates for individuals in the 10% and 15% rate brackets) for taxable years beginning on or before December 31, 2008.

 

Dividends (including Capital Gain Dividends and distributions of qualified dividend income) will be taxable as described above whether received in cash or in shares. A shareholder whose distributions are reinvested in shares will be treated as having received a dividend equal to either (i) the fair market value of the new shares issued to the shareholder, or (ii) if the shares are trading below net asset value, the amount of cash allocated to the shareholder for the purchase of shares on its behalf in the open market.

 

For taxable years beginning on or before December 31, 2008, distributions of investment income designated by the Fund as derived from qualified dividend income will be taxed in the hands of individuals at the rates applicable to long-term capital gain, provided holding period and other requirements are met.  Such distributions, however, even though taxed to individuals at the same rate as long-term capital gains, are not the equivalent of long-term capital gains, which can potentially be fully offset by the capital losses of a taxpayer, whereas qualified dividend income may be offset by a maximum of $3000 in capital losses in any taxable year.  The Fund does not expect a significant portion of Fund distributions to be derived from qualified dividend income.

 

Dividends of net investment income received by corporate shareholders of the Fund will qualify for the 70% dividends received deduction generally available to corporations to the extent of the amount of qualifying dividends received by the Fund from domestic corporations for the taxable year. It is not expected that any significant percentage of the Fund’s distributions will so qualify.

 

The Internal Revenue Service currently requires that a regulated investment company that has two or more classes of stock allocate to each such class proportionate amounts of each type of its income (such as ordinary income and capital gains) based upon the percentage of total dividends distributed to each class for the tax year. Accordingly, the Fund intends each year to allocate Capital Gain Dividends between and among its Common Shares and any series of its Preferred Shares in proportion to the total dividends paid to each class with respect to such tax year. Dividends qualifying and not qualifying for (a) treatment as

 

56



 

qualified dividend income and (b) the dividends received deduction will similarly be allocated between and among such classes.

 

Return of Capital Distributions. If the Fund makes a distribution to a shareholder in excess of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits in any taxable year, the excess distribution will be treated as a return of capital to the extent of such shareholder’s tax basis in his or her shares, and thereafter as capital gain. A return of capital is not taxable, but it reduces a shareholder’s tax basis in his or her shares, thus reducing any loss or increasing any gain on a subsequent taxable disposition by the shareholder of his or her shares. Where one or more such distributions occur in any taxable year of the Fund, the available earnings and profits will be allocated, first, to the distributions made to the holders of Preferred Shares, and only thereafter to distributions made to holders of Common Shares. As a result, the holders of Preferred Shares will receive a disproportionate share of the distributions treated as dividends, and the holders of the Common Shares will receive a disproportionate share of the distributions treated as a return of capital.

 

Dividends and distributions on the Fund’s shares are generally subject to federal income tax as described herein to the extent they do not exceed the Fund’s realized income and gains, even though such dividends and distributions may economically represent a return of a particular shareholder’s investment. Such distributions are likely to occur in respect of shares purchased at a time when the Fund’s net asset value reflects gains that are either unrealized, or realized but not distributed. Such realized gains may be required to be distributed even when the Fund’s net asset value also reflects unrealized losses. Distributions are taxable to a shareholder even if they are paid from income or gains earned by the Fund prior to the shareholder’s investment (and thus included in the price paid by the shareholders). Each January, you will receive a statement that shows the tax status of distributions you received for the previous year.

 

Sale of Shares. The sale of Fund shares by a shareholder may give rise to a gain or loss. For tax purposes, an exchange of your Fund shares for shares of a different Franklin Templeton fund is the same as a sale. In general, any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of shares will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than 12 months. Otherwise, the gain or loss on the taxable disposition of Fund shares will be treated as short-term capital gain or loss. However, any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by the shareholder with respect to the shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if other substantially identical shares of the Fund are purchased within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.

 

From time to time the Fund may make a tender offer for its Common Shares. It is expected that the terms of any such offer will require a tendering shareholder to tender all Common Shares and dispose of all Preferred Shares held, or considered under certain attribution rules of the Code to be held, by such shareholder. Shareholders who tender all Common Shares and dispose of all Preferred Shares held, or considered to be held, by them will be treated as having sold their shares and generally will realize a capital gain or loss. If a shareholder tenders fewer than all of its Common Shares, or retains a substantial portion of its Preferred Shares, such shareholder may be treated as having received a taxable dividend upon the tender of its Common Shares. In such a case, there is a remote risk that non-tendering shareholders will be treated as having received taxable distributions from the Fund. Likewise, if the Fund redeems some but not all of the Preferred Shares held by a Preferred Shareholder and such shareholder is treated as having received a taxable dividend upon such redemption, there is a remote risk that Common Shareholders and non-redeeming Preferred Shareholders will be treated as having received taxable distributions from the Fund. To the extent that the Fund recognizes net gains on the liquidation of portfolio securities to meet such tenders of Common Shares, the Fund will be required to make additional distributions to its Common Shareholders.

 

57



 

Options, Futures, Forward Contracts and Swap Agreements. The Fund’s transactions in options, futures contracts, hedging transactions, forward contracts, swap agreements, straddles and foreign currencies will be subject to special tax rules (including mark-to-market, constructive sale, straddle, wash sale and short sale rules), the effect of which may be to accelerate income to the Fund, defer losses to the Fund, cause adjustments in the holding periods of the Fund’s securities, convert long-term capital gains into short-term capital gains and convert short-term capital losses into long-term capital losses. These rules could therefore affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders. The Fund will monitor its transactions, will make appropriate tax elections and will make appropriate entries in its books and records in order to mitigate the effect of these rules.

 

Foreign Taxation. Income received by the Fund from sources within foreign countries may be subject to withholding and other taxes imposed by such countries. Tax conventions between certain countries and the U.S. may reduce or eliminate such taxes. Although the Fund may be able to claim a credit or deduction with respect to such taxes, shareholders generally will not be entitled to claim a credit or deduction with respect to foreign taxes.

 

Shares Purchased Through Tax-Qualified Plans. Special tax rules apply to investments through defined contribution plans and other tax-qualified plans. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers to determine the suitability of shares of the Fund as an investment through such plans and the precise effect of an investment on their particular tax situation.

 

Backup Withholding. The Fund must withhold a portion of your taxable distributions and sales proceeds unless you:

 

                  provide your correct social security or taxpayer identification number,

 

                  certify that this number is correct,

 

                  certify that you are not subject to backup withholding, and

 

                  certify that you are a U.S. person (including a U.S. resident alien).

 

The Fund also must withhold if the Internal Revenue Service instructs it to do so. The backup withholding tax rate is currently 28% for amounts paid through 2010.

 

In order for a foreign investor to qualify for exemption from the backup withholding tax rates under income tax treaties, the foreign investor must comply with special certification and filing requirements. Foreign investors in the Fund should consult their tax advisers in this regard.

 

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld may be refunded or credited against the shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the appropriate information is furnished to the Internal Revenue Service.

 

Non-U.S. Shareholders. Under U.S. federal tax law, dividends other than Capital Gain Dividends paid on shares beneficially held by a person who is not a “U.S. person” within the meaning of the Code (or a “foreign person”), are, in general, subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30% of the gross dividend, which rate may, in some cases, be reduced by an applicable tax treaty. Dividends are subject to withholding even if they are funded by income or gains (such as portfolio interest, short-term capital gains, or foreign-source dividend and interest income) that, if paid to a foreign person directly, would not be subject to withholding. However, Capital Gain Dividends will not be subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax. If a beneficial holder who is a foreign person has a trade or business in the United States, and the dividends are effectively connected with the conduct by the beneficial holder of a

 

58



 

trade or business in the United States, the dividend will be subject to U.S. federal net income taxation at regular income tax rates.

 

Under U.S. federal tax law, a beneficial holder of shares who is a foreign person is not, in general, subject to U.S. federal income tax on gains (and is not allowed a deduction for losses) realized on the sale of shares of the Fund or Capital Gain Dividends unless (i) such gain or Capital Gain Dividend is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business carried on by such holder within the United States or (ii) in the case of an individual holder, the holder is present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the sale or Capital Gain Dividend and certain other conditions are met.

 

If you are eligible for the benefits of a tax treaty, any effectively connected income or gain will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net basis only if it is also attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by you in the United States.  A beneficial holder of shares who is a foreign person may be subject to state and local tax and to the U.S. federal estate tax in addition to the federal tax on income referred to above.

 

Recent Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations.   Under recently promulgated Treasury regulations, if a shareholder recognizes a loss with respect to the Fund’s share of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder in any single taxable year (or a greater loss over a combination of years), the shareholder must file with the Internal Revenue Service a disclosure statement on Form 8886. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax adviser to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.

 

General . The federal income tax discussion set forth above is for general information only. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisers regarding the specific federal tax consequences of purchasing, holding, and disposing of shares of the Fund, as well as the effects of state, local and foreign tax law and any proposed tax law changes.

 

PERFORMANCE RELATED AND COMPARATIVE INFORMATION

 

The Fund may quote certain performance-related information and may compare certain aspects of its portfolio and structure to other substantially similar closed-end funds as categorized by Lipper, Inc. (“Lipper”), Morningstar Inc. or other independent services. Comparison of the Fund to an alternative investment should be made with consideration of differences in features and expected performance. The Fund may obtain data from sources or reporting services, such as Bloomberg Financial (“Bloomberg”) and Lipper, that the Fund believes to be generally accurate.

 

The Fund, in its advertisements, may refer to pending legislation from time to time and the possible impact of such legislation on investors, investment strategy and related matters. At any time in the future, yields and total return may be higher or lower than past yields and there can be no assurance that any historical results will continue.

 

Past performance is not indicative of future results. At the time Common Shareholders sell their shares, they may be worth more or less than their original investment.

 

See Appendix A for additional performance related and comparative and other information.

 

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CUSTODIAN

 

The Bank of New York,Mutual Funds Division, 90 Washington Street, New York, NY 10286, acts as custodian of the Fund’s securities and other assets.

 

SHAREHOLDER SERVICING AGENT AND TRANSFER AGENT

 

PFPC, Inc. (“Servicing Agent”) is the Fund’s shareholder servicing agent and acts as the Fund’s transfer agent and dividend-paying agent. The Servicing Agent is located at P.O. Box 43027, Providence, RI 02940-3027. Please send all correspondence to PFPC, Inc. at P.O. Box 43027, Providence, RI 02940-3027.

 

For its services, Servicing Agent receives a fixed fee per account. The Fund also will reimburse Servicing Agent for certain out-of-pocket expenses, which may include payments by Servicing Agent to entities, including affiliated entities, that provide sub-shareholder services, recordkeeping and/or transfer agency services to beneficial owners of the Fund. The amount of reimbursements for these services per benefit plan participant Fund account per year will not exceed the per account fee payable by the Fund to Servicing Agent in connection with maintaining shareholder accounts.

 

INDEPENDENT AUDITORS

 

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 333 Market Street, San Francisco, California 94105, serves as independent auditors for the Fund. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP provides audit services, tax return preparation and assistance and consultation in connection with review of SEC filings to the Fund.

 

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

 

A Registration Statement on Form N-2, including any amendments thereto (a “Registration Statement”), relating to the shares of the Fund offered hereby, has been filed by the Fund with the SEC, Washington, D.C. The Prospectus and this SAI do not contain all of the information set forth in the Registration Statement, including any exhibits and schedules thereto. For further information with respect to the Fund and the shares offered or to be offered hereby, reference is made to the Fund’s Registration Statement. Statements contained in the Prospectus and this SAI as to the contents of any contract or other document referred to are not necessarily complete and in each instance reference is made to the copy of such contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement, each such statement being qualified in all respects by such reference. Copies of the Registration Statement may be inspected without charge at the SEC’s principal office in Washington, D.C., and copies of all or any part thereof may be obtained from the SEC upon the payment of certain fees prescribed by the SEC.

 

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS

 

To the Shareholder and Board of Trustees of Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust:

 

In our opinion, the accompanying statement of net assets presents fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust (the “Fund”) at August 19, 2003 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. This financial statement is the responsibility of the Fund’s management; our responsibility is to express an opinion on this financial statement based on our audit. We conducted our audit of this financial statement in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America, which require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statement is free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statement, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 

 

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

New York, New York

August 20, 2003

 

 

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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

FRANKLIN TEMPLETON LIMITED DURATION INCOME TRUST
STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
AUGUST 19, 2003

 

ASSETS:

 

 

 

Cash

 

$100,000

 

 

 

 

 

LIABILITIES:

 

 

 

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 1)

 

 

 

 

 

 

NET ASSETS:

 

$100,000

 

 

 

 

 

NET ASSETS CONSIST OF:

 

 

 

6,981 shares of beneficial interest issued and outstanding; unlimited shares authorized (Note 1)

 

$100,000

 

 

 

 

 

Net asset value per share ($100,000/6,981 shares outstanding)

 

$14.33

 

 

 

 

 

 

Note 1. Organization

 

Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust (the “Fund”) was organized as a statutory trust under the laws of the State of Delaware on May 8, 2003, and is registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, as a closed-end, diversified management investment company and has had no operations other than the sale to Franklin Advisers, Inc. (the “Manager”) of an aggregate of 6,981 shares for $100,000 on August 19, 2003.

 

The Manager has agreed to pay (i) all of the Fund’s offering costs (other than sales load) and (ii) all of the Fund’s organizational expenses (estimated at $21,000), except that the Fund has agreed to reimburse the Manager for such offering costs (other than sales load) and organizational expenses to the extent that the aggregate of such offering costs (other than sales load) and organizational expenses does not exceed $0.03 per share. The Fund’s offering costs are estimated at $846,000.  Offering costs relating to the public offering of the Fund’s shares will be charged to capital at the time such shares of beneficial interest are issued.  The Manager has agreed to pay the amount by which the Fund’s offering costs (other than sales load) exceeds $0.03 per share issued.  The actual number of shares that are sold in the initial public offering, and associated offering costs, may differ significantly from the above estimates.

 

Note 2. Accounting Policies

 

The preparation of the financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Actual results could differ from these estimates. In the normal course of business, the Fund enters into contracts that contain a variety of representations which provide general indemnifications. The Fund’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown as this would involve future claims that may be made against the Fund that have not yet occurred. However, the Fund expects the risk of any loss to be remote.

 

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Note 3. Investment Manager and Related Parties

 

Pursuant to an investment management agreement between the Manager and the Fund, the Fund has agreed to pay the Manager an annual fee, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 0.50% of the average daily value of the Fund’s Managed Assets.  Managed Assets means the total assets of the Fund (including any assets attributable to Preferred Shares and any leverage created thereby) minus the sum of accrued liabilities (other than debt representing financial leverage).  The Manager (and not the Fund) has agreed to pay to certain underwriters of the Fund’s initial public offering a fee at an aggregate annual rate equal to 0.15% of the Fund’s Managed Assets.  Franklin Templeton Services, LLC, an affiliate of the Manager, serves as the Fund’s Administrator for which it receives a monthly fee equal to an annual rate of 0.20% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets.

 

Note 4. Federal Income Taxes

 

The Fund intends to qualify as a “regulated investment company” and as such (and by complying with the applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended) will not be subject to Federal income tax on taxable income (including realized capital gains) that is distributed to shareholders.

 

 

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APPENDIX A

 

DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS

 

The Fund’s investments may range in quality from securities rated in the lowest category to securities rated in the highest category (as rated by Moody’s, S&P, or Fitch, or, if unrated, determined by the Manager to be of comparable quality). The percentage of a Fund’s assets invested in securities in a particular rating category will vary. The following terms are generally used to describe the credit quality of debt securities:

 

High Quality Debt Securities are those rated in one of the two highest rating categories (the highest category for commercial paper) or, if unrated, deemed comparable by the Manager.

 

Investment Grade Debt Securities are those rated in one of the four highest rating categories or, if unrated, deemed comparable by the Manager.

 

Below Investment Grade, High Yield Securities (“Junk Bonds”) are those rated lower than Baa by Moody’s, BBB by S&P or Fitch, and comparable securities. They are deemed predominantly speculative with respect to the issuer’s ability to repay principal and interest.

 

Following is a description of Moody’s, S&P’s, and Fitch’s rating categories applicable to debt securities.

 

Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.

 

Corporate and Municipal Bond Ratings

 

Aaa:  Bonds which are rated Aaa are judged to be of the best quality. They carry the smallest degree of investment risk and are generally referred to as “gilt edge.” Interest payments are protected by a large or by an exceptionally stable margin and principal is secure. While the various protective elements are likely to change, such changes as can be visualized are most unlikely to impair the fundamentally strong position of such issues.

 

Aa:  Bonds which are rated Aa are judged to be of high quality by all standards. Together with the Aaa group they comprise what are generally known as high-grade bonds. They are rated lower than the best bonds because margins of protection may not be as large as in Aaa securities or fluctuation of protective elements may be of greater amplitude or there may be other elements present that make the long-term risks appear somewhat larger than with Aaa securities.

 

A:  Bonds which are rated A possess many favorable investment attributes and are to be considered as upper-medium-grade obligations. Factors giving security to principal and interest are considered adequate, but elements may be present that suggest a susceptibility to impairment sometime in the future.

 

Baa:  Bonds which are rated Baa are considered as medium-grade obligations ( i.e. , they are neither highly protected nor poorly secured). Interest payments and principal security appear adequate for the present but certain protective elements may be lacking or may be characteristically unreliable over any great length of time. Such bonds lack outstanding investment characteristics and in fact have speculative characteristics as well.

 

Ba:  Bonds which are rated Ba are judged to have speculative elements; their future cannot be considered as well-assured. Often the protection of interest and principal payments may be very moderate and thereby not well safeguarded during both good and bad times over the future. Uncertainty of position characterizes bonds in this class.

 

A-1



 

B:  Bonds which are rated B generally lack characteristics of a desirable investment. Assurance of interest and principal payments or of maintenance of other terms of the contract over any long period of time may be small.

 

Caa:  Bonds which are rated Caa are of poor standing. Such issues may be in default or there may be present elements of danger with respect to principal or interest.

 

Ca:  Bonds which are rated Ca represent obligations which are speculative in a high degree. Such issues are often in default or have other marked shortcomings.

 

C:  Bonds which are rated C are the lowest rated class of bonds and issues so rated can be regarded as having extremely poor prospects of ever attaining any real investment standing.

 

Moody’s bond ratings, where specified, are applicable to financial contracts, senior bank obligations and insurance company senior policyholder and claims obligations with an original maturity in excess of one year. Obligations relying upon support mechanisms such as letter-of-credit and bonds of indemnity are excluded unless explicitly rated. Obligations of a branch of a bank are considered to be domiciled in the country in which the branch is located.

 

Unless noted as an exception, Moody’s rating on a bank’s ability to repay senior obligations extends only to branches located in countries which carry a Moody’s Sovereign Rating for Bank Deposits. Such branch obligations are rated at the lower of the bank’s rating or Moody’s Sovereign Rating for the Bank Deposits for the country in which the branch is located. When the currency in which an obligation is denominated is not the same as the currency of the country in which the obligation is domiciled, Moody’s ratings do not incorporate an opinion as to whether payment of the obligation will be affected by the actions of the government controlling the currency of denomination. In addition, risk associated with bilateral conflicts between an investor’s home country and either the issuer’s home country or the country where an issuer branch is located are not incorporated into Moody’s ratings.

 

Moody’s makes no representation that rated bank obligations or insurance company obligations are exempt from registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933 or issued in conformity with any other applicable law or regulation. Nor does Moody’s represent any specific bank or insurance company obligation is legally enforceable or a valid senior obligation of a rated issuer.

 

Moody’s applies numerical modifiers, 1, 2, and 3, in each generic rating classified from Aa through Caa in its corporate bond rating system. The modifier 1 indicates that the security ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates that the issue ranks in the lower end of its generic rating category.

 

Corporate Short-Term Debt Ratings

 

Moody’s short-term debt ratings are opinions of the ability of issuers to repay punctually senior debt obligations. These obligations have an original maturity not exceeding one year, unless explicitly noted.

 

Moody’s employs the following three designations, all judged to be investment grade, to indicate the relative repayment ability of rated issuers:

 

PRIME-1:  Issuers rated Prime-1 (or supporting institutions) have a superior ability for repayment of senior short-term debt obligations. Prime-1 repayment ability will often be evidenced by many of the following characteristics:  leading market positions in well-established industries; high rates of return on funds employed; conservative capitalization structure with moderate reliance on debt and ample asset protection; broad margins in earnings coverage of fixed financial charges and high internal cash generation; and well-established access to a range of financial markets and assured sources of alternate liquidity.

 

A-2



 

PRIME-2:  Issuers rated Prime-2 (or supporting institutions) have a strong ability for repayment of senior short-term debt obligations. This will normally be evidenced by many of the characteristics cited above but to a lesser degree. Earnings trends and coverage ratios, while sound, may be more subject to variation. Capitalization characteristics, while still appropriate, may be more affected by external conditions. Ample alternate liquidity is maintained.

 

PRIME-3:  Issuers rated Prime-3 (or supporting institutions) have an acceptable ability for repayment of senior short-term obligations. The effect of industry characteristics and market compositions may be more pronounced. Variability in earnings and profitability may result in changes in the level of debt protection measurements and may require relatively high financial leverage. Adequate alternate liquidity is maintained.

 

NOT PRIME:  Issuers rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.

 

Standard & Poor’s

 

Issue Credit Rating Definitions

 

A Standard & Poor’s issue credit rating is a current opinion of the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The issue credit rating is not a recommendation to purchase, sell, or hold a financial obligation, inasmuch as it does not comment as to market price or suitability for a particular investor.

 

Issue credit ratings are based on current information furnished by the obligors or obtained by Standard & Poor’s from other sources it considers reliable. Standard & Poor’s does not perform an audit in connection with any credit rating and may, on occasion, rely on unaudited financial information. Credit ratings may be changed, suspended, or withdrawn as a result of changes in, or unavailability of, such information, or based on other circumstances.

 

Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. In the U.S., for example, that means obligations with an original maturity of no more than 365 days – including commercial paper. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. The result is a dual rating, in which the short-term rating addresses the put feature, in addition to the usual long-term rating. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.

 

Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on the following considerations:  likelihood of payment – capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on an obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation; nature of and provisions of the obligation; protection afforded by, and relative position of, the obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights.

 

The issue rating definitions are expressed in terms of default risk. As such, they pertain to senior obligations of an entity. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect the lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation applies when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.) Accordingly, in the case of junior debt, the rating may not conform exactly with the category definition.

 

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Corporate and Municipal Bond Ratings

 

Investment Grade

 

AAA:  An obligation rated AAA has the highest rating assigned by Standard & Poor’s. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong.

 

AA:  An obligation rated AA differs from the highest rated obligations only in small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is very strong.

 

A:  An obligation rated A is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is still strong.

 

BBB:  An obligation rated BBB exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

 

Speculative Grade

 

Obligations rated BB, B, CCC, CC, and C are regarded as having predominantly speculative characteristics with respect to capacity to pay interest and repay principal. BB indicates the least degree of speculation and C the highest. While such debt will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these are outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions.

 

BB:  An obligation rated BB is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions which could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

 

B:  An obligation rated B is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated BB, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor’s capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

 

CCC:  An obligation rated CCC is currently vulnerable to nonpayment, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

 

CC:  An obligation rated CC is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment.

 

C:  A subordinated debt or preferred stock obligation rated C is CURRENTLY HIGHLY VULNERABLE to nonpayment. The C rating may be used to cover a situation where a bankruptcy petition has been filed or similar action taken, but payments on this obligation are being continued. A C also will be assigned to a preferred stock issue in arrears on dividends or sinking fund payments, but that is currently paying.

 

CI:  The rating CI is reserved for income bonds on which no interest is being paid.

 

D:  An obligation rated D is in payment default. The D rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due even if the applicable grace period has not expired, unless Standard & Poor’s believes that such payments will be made during such grace period. The D rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action if payments on an obligation are jeopardized.

 

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Plus (+) or Minus (-):  The ratings from AA to CCC may be modified by the addition of a plus or minus sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories.

 

Provisional ratings:  The letter “p” indicates that the rating is provisional. A provisional rating assumes the successful completion of the project being financed by the debt being rated and indicates that payment of debt service requirements is largely or entirely dependent upon the successful and timely completion of the project. This rating, however, while addressing credit quality subsequent to completion of the project, makes no comment on the likelihood of, or the risk of default upon failure of, such completion. The investor should exercise his own judgment with respect to such likelihood and risk.

 

r:  This symbol is attached to the ratings of instruments with significant noncredit risks. It highlights risks to principal or volatility of expected returns which are not addressed in the credit rating. Examples include:  obligations linked or indexed to equities, currencies, or commodities; obligations exposed to severe prepayment risk — such as interest-only or principal-only mortgage securities; and obligations with unusually risky interest terms, such as inverse floaters.

 

The absence of an “r” symbol should not be taken as an indication that an obligation will exhibit no volatility or variability in total return.

 

N.R.:  This indicates that no rating has been requested, that there is insufficient information on which to base a rating, or that Standard & Poor’s does not rate a particular obligation as a matter of policy.

 

Debt obligations of issuers outside the United States and its territories are rated on the same basis as domestic corporate and municipal issues. The ratings measure the creditworthiness of the obligor but do not take into account currency exchange and related uncertainties.

 

Commercial Paper Rating Definitions

 

A Standard & Poor’s commercial paper rating is a current assessment of the likelihood of timely payment of debt having an original maturity of no more than 365 days. Ratings are graded into several categories, ranging from A for the highest quality obligations to D for the lowest. These categories are as follows:

 

A-1:  A short-term obligation rated A-1 is rated in the highest category by Standard & Poor’s. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on these obligations is extremely strong.

 

A-2:  A short-term obligation rated A-2 is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is satisfactory.

 

A-3:  A short-term obligation rated A-3 exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

 

B:  A short-term obligation rated B is regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties which could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

 

C:  A short-term obligation rated C is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

 

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D:  A short-term obligation rated D is in payment default. The D rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due even if the applicable grace period has not expired, unless Standard & Poor’s believes that such payments will be made during such grace period. The D rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action if payments on an obligation are jeopardized.

 

A commercial paper rating is not a recommendation to purchase, sell or hold a security inasmuch as it does not comment as to market price or suitability for a particular investor. The ratings are based on current information furnished to Standard & Poor’s by the issuer or obtained from other sources it considers reliable. Standard & Poor’s does not perform an audit in connection with any rating and may, on occasion, rely on unaudited financial information. The ratings may be changed, suspended, or withdrawn as a result of changes in or unavailability of such information.

 

Fitch Ratings

 

Bond Ratings

 

The ratings represent Fitch’s assessment of the issuer’s ability to meet the obligations of a specific debt issue or class of debt. The ratings take into consideration special features of the issue, its relationship to other obligations of the issuer, the current financial condition and operative performance of the issuer and of any guarantor, as well as the political and economic environment that might affect the issuer s future financial strength and credit quality.

 

AAA: Bonds rated AAA are considered to be investment grade and of the highest credit quality. The obligor has an exceptionally strong ability to pay interest and repay principal, which is unlikely to be affected by reasonably foreseeable events.

 

AA: Bonds rated AA are considered to be investment grade and of very high credit quality. The obligor’s ability to pay interest and repay principal is very strong, although not quite as strong as bonds rated AAA. Because bonds rated in the AAA and AA categories are not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable future developments, short-term debt of these issuers is generally rated F-1+.

 

A: Bonds rated A are considered to be investment grade and of high credit quality. The obligor’s ability to pay interest and repay principal is considered to be strong, but may be more vulnerable to adverse changes in economic conditions and circumstances than bonds with higher ratings.

 

BBB: Bonds rated BBB are considered to be investment grade and of satisfactory credit quality. The obligor’s ability to pay interest and repay principal is considered to be adequate. Adverse changes in economic conditions and circumstances, however, are more likely to have an adverse impact on these bonds and, therefore, impair timely payment. The likelihood that the ratings of these bonds will fall below investment grade is higher than for bonds with higher ratings.

 

BB: Bonds rated BB are considered speculative. The obligor’s ability to pay interest and repay principal may be affected over time by adverse economic changes. However, business and financial alternatives can be identified which could assist the obligor in satisfying its debt service requirements.

 

B: Bonds rated B are considered highly speculative. While bonds in this class are currently meeting debt service requirements, the probability of continued timely payment of principal and interest reflects the obligor’s limited margin of safety and the need for reasonable business and economic activity throughout the life of the issue.

 

CCC: Bonds rated CCC have certain identifiable characteristics, which, if not remedied, may lead to default. The ability to meet obligations requires an advantageous business and economic environment.

 

A-6



 

CC: Bonds rated CC are minimally protected. Default in payment of interest and/or principal seems probable over time.

 

C: Bonds rated C are in imminent default in payment of interest or principal.

 

DDD, DD and D: Bonds rated DDD, DD and D are in actual default of interest and/or principal payments. Such bonds are extremely speculative and should be valued on the basis of their ultimate recovery value in liquidation or reorganization of the obligor. DDD represents the highest potential for recovery on these bonds and D represents the lowest potential for recovery.

 

Plus (+) and minus (-) signs are used with a rating symbol to indicate the relative position of a credit within the rating category. Plus and minus signs, however, are not used in the AAA category covering 12-36 months.

 

Short-Term Ratings

 

Fitch’s short-term ratings apply to debt obligations that are payable on demand or have original maturities of up to three years, including commercial paper, certificates of deposit, medium-term notes, and municipal and investment notes.

 

Although the credit analysis is similar to Fitch’s bond rating analysis, the short-term rating places greater emphasis than bond ratings on the existence of liquidity necessary to meet the issuer’s obligations in a timely manner.

 

F-1+: Exceptionally strong credit quality. Issues assigned this rating are regarded as having the strongest degree of assurance for timely payment.

 

F-1: Very strong credit quality. Issues assigned this rating reflect an assurance of timely payment only slightly less in degree than issues rated F-1+.

 

F-2: Good credit quality. Issues carrying this rating have a satisfactory degree of assurance for timely payments, but the margin of safety is not as great as the F-l+ and F-1 categories.

 

F-3: Fair credit quality. Issues assigned this rating have characteristics suggesting that the degree of assurance for timely payment is adequate; however, near-term adverse changes could cause these securities to be rated below investment grade.

 

F-S: Weak credit quality. Issues assigned this rating have characteristics suggesting a minimal degree of assurance for timely payment and are vulnerable to near-term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.

 

D: Default. Issues assigned this rating are in actual or imminent payment default.

 

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APPENDIX B

 

PERFORMANCE RELATED AND
COMPARATIVE AND OTHER INFORMATION

 

From time to time, the Fund, the Manager may report to shareholders or to the public in advertisements concerning the performance of the Manager as adviser to clients other than the Fund, or on the comparative performance or standing of the Manager in relation to other money managers. The Manager also may provide current or prospective private account clients, in connection with standardized performance information for the Fund, performance information for the Fund gross of fees and expenses for the purpose of assisting such clients in evaluating similar performance information provided by other investment advisers or institutions. Comparative information may be complied or provided by independent ratings services or by news organizations. Any performance information, whether related to the Fund, the Manager, should be considered in light of the Fund’s investment objectives and policies, characteristics and quality of the Fund, and the market conditions during the time period indicated, and should not be considered to be representative of what may be achieved in the future. Performance information for the Fund may be compared to various unmanaged indexes.

 

[BROCHURE]

 

[Page 1—Cover]

 

                                          Portfolio managed for limited duration

                                          High current income potential

                                          Investment-grade weighted average portfolio credit quality

                                          Investments in asset classes with a record of low correlation of returns

                                          Professional management by Franklin Templeton, a leader in fixed income investing

 

Offering Period:

July 29—August 26, 2003

 

Franklin Templeton

Limited Duration Income Trust

 

Income

 

FUND SYMBOL

FTF

Application with the American

Stock Exchange (AMEX) pending.

 

The information in this document and in the preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be amended or changed. A registration statement relating to these securities has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), but has not yet become effective. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the SEC is effective. This document is not an offer to sell these securities and is not a solicitation to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted. This brochure is accompanied by a preliminary prospectus, which includes more complete information about the Fund, including its risks, fees and expenses. Additional copies of the preliminary prospectus may be obtained by calling

 

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Franklin Templeton Investments at 1-800/DIAL-BEN® (1-800/342-5236). Please read the preliminary prospectus carefully before making any decision to invest in the Fund.

 

Experienced Portfolio

Management Team

 

Christopher Molumphy, CFA

Chief Investment Officer of

Franklin Templeton’s Fixed Income Group

Executive Vice President and

Portfolio Manager

16 years of industry experience

 

Roger Bayston, CFA

Senior Vice President and

Portfolio Manager

15 years of industry experience

 

Richard D’Addario

Chief Investment Officer of

Franklin’s Floating Rate Debt Group

Senior Vice President and

Portfolio Manager

25 years of industry experience

 

Eric Takaha, CFA

Director of High-Yield Research

Vice President and

Portfolio Manager

12 years of industry experience

 

Franklin Templeton:

A Leader In Fixed Income Investing

 

Franklin Advisers, Inc. is the Fund’s investment manager. Founded in 1947, Franklin Advisers, Inc. and its affiliates are known collectively as Franklin Templeton Investments and have grown to be one of the largest investment organizations in the United States with $287 billion in assets under management. (1)

 

Franklin Templeton has been managing fixed income mutual funds since 1970. In that time, the firm has become one of the most respected names in the industry as well as one of the largest fixed income managers in the country. Franklin Templeton’s approach is research intensive—portfolio managers and analysts conduct in-depth proprietary research to determine optimal portfolio allocations. Individual securities are subject to stringent fundamental analysis and are closely monitored by a team of dedicated analysts. Additionally, Franklin Templeton focuses on risk management, using state-of the-art tools to help manage the risk of the firm’s fixed income investments.

 

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Highlights:

Over $110 billion in fixed income assets under management, including: (2)

$16 billion in mortgage-backed securities

$3 billion in floating rate bank loans

$10 billion in high-yield debt

Over 100 portfolio managers, research analysts and traders in the fixed income group, including: (1)

9 in the mortgage-backed securities group

10 in the floating rate bank loan group

15 in the high-yield debt group

 

Manage 5 of the 21 largest non-proprietary U.S. fixed income mutual funds (3)

 


(1). As of 6/30/03.

(2). As of 6/30/03. Includes fixed income, money funds and fixed income portion of hybrid/balanced assets under management.

(3). Source: Strategic Insight. Based on open- and closed-end assets under management (AUM) as of 5/31/03. Most recent data available.

 

Introducing

Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust

 

Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust may be a timely solution for investors searching for the potential for lower return volatility and attractive yields. The Fund will generally have an estimated average duration of between two and five years in an effort to reduce sensitivity to interest rates. Additionally, the Fund will invest primarily in three fixed income asset classes that have historically shown low correlation with one another, which may help to reduce overall portfolio volatility.

 

Investment Objective

The Fund’s primary investment objective is to seek high current income. Capital appreciation is a secondary objective to the extent it is possible and is consistent with the Fund’s primary objective.

 

Primary Investments:

Mortgage-backed securities

Floating rate bank loans

High-yield corporate bonds

Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 25% of its total assets in each asset class.(4)

 

Use of Leverage May Help to Boost Yield

The Fund presently intends to use leverage by issuing shares of preferred stock representing up to 38% of the Fund’s total capital (calculated after their issuance). By using leverage, the Fund will seek to obtain a higher return for shareholders. Special risks are involved with the use of leverage. Please see the “What Are the Risks?” section for a discussion of risks associated with this strategy.

 

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The Advantages of a Closed-End Fund

A closed-end fund is not subject to the unpredictable daily cash flows of open-end funds, which can make managing open-end fund assets more difficult. Also, closed-end funds can take advantage of financial leverage, potentially offering investors enhanced income and total return compared to other fixed income alternatives. However, unlike open-end funds, shares of closed-end funds frequently trade at a discount from their net asset value.

 

It should be noted that special risks are associated with the use of financial leverage. However, the Fund’s structure, which includes investments in floating rate bank loans, may help to limit volatility generally associated with leveraged strategies in a rising rate environment. Because floating rate bank loan rates reset periodically, any increase in leveraging costs due to a rise in interest rates could potentially be offset by a corresponding increase in the yield of the Fund’s floating rate bank loan assets.

 

Benefits To You:

Limited duration. The Fund intends to maintain an estimated average duration within a range of two to five years, with the intent of reducing interest rate risk. Initially, the Fund is expected to have an estimated average duration of approximately three years (including the effect of anticipated leverage).

 

High current income potential. The Fund’s investments in the three primary fixed income asset classes, combined with the utilization of financial leverage, offer the potential for higher current income than other fixed income alternatives.

 

Investment-grade weighted average portfolio credit quality. The Fund expects to maintain a weighted average portfolio credit quality of at least BBB-/Baa3.

 

Historically low correlation. The three primary asset classes have shown low correlations with one another, offering different risk/return characteristics in varying market conditions, which may help to reduce overall portfolio volatility.

 

Investments in asset classes with relatively lower volatility of returns. Historically, both mortgage-backed securities and floating rate bank loans have shown less total return volatility than other fixed income investments, while high-yield bonds have shown less total return volatility than the broad equity markets.

 

Active sector allocation strategy.

The Fund’s portfolio managers proactively allocate investments across various fixed income sectors in an effort to best position the portfolio to achieve its investment goals.

 

Experienced, professional management. Franklin Templeton is recognized as a leader in fixed income investing. The Fund’s portfolio management team has 68 years of combined industry experience.(1)

 

Investment in the Fund involves a number of risks, including the risk of leverage, trading discount and default. The Fund may differ from other investment companies in terms of credit risk, liquidity, charges and expenses, and other important issues. See “What Are the Risks?” on the back of this brochure.

 

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(4). The Fund may also invest in asset-backed securities other than mortgage-backed securities. Such investments will be included for purposes of applying the 25% threshold to mortgage-backed securities.

 

Not FDIC Insured | May Lose Value | No Bank Guarantee

 

Reasons to Invest

 

Low Average Duration May Help to Reduce Volatility in a Rising Rate Environment

 

Bond prices and interest rates tend to have an inverse relationship. Generally, the longer the duration of a bond—a measure of price sensitivity relative to changes in interest rates—the higher the interest rate risk, or the more sensitive its price will be to interest rate changes. The rule of thumb is that for every 1% change in interest rates, the price of a bond will be affected according to the duration. For example, if interest rates go up 1% and the duration of a bond is 9 years, the price of the bond will decrease by approximately 9%, as you can see in the hypothetical example below. The shorter the duration, the less the price of a bond should be affected by a change in interest rates.

 

Change in Bond Prices(5)

 

Duration

 

Interest Rates Decline 1%

 

Interest Rates Increase 1%

 

3 Years

 

+3

%

-3

%

9 Years

 

+9

%

-9

%

 

By generally maintaining an estimated average duration of between two and five years (including the effect of leverage), the Fund is positioned to be potentially less affected solely by a rise in interest rates than a portfolio with a longer duration.

 

High Current Income Potential

Investing in three complementary fixed income asset classes—mortgage-backed securities, floating rate bank loans and high-yield bonds—coupled with the utilization of financial leverage offers the potential for higher current income than many other fixed income alternatives.

 

Investment-Grade Weighted Average Portfolio Credit Quality

The Fund generally expects to maintain a weighted average portfolio credit quality of investment-grade by taking into consideration the Fund’s holdings of high-yield bonds and floating rate bank loans, which are considered below investment-grade credit quality, and averaging them with the Fund’s higher credit quality mortgage-backed securities holdings.

 

Low Correlation of Returns Among Asset Classes May Reduce the Impact of Market Volatility

The returns of the three primary asset classes—mortgage-backed securities, floating rate bank loans and high-yield bonds—have historically shown low correlation with one another. Correlation is an indication of the degree of correspondence in movement among different asset classes, and is an important consideration in constructing a well-diversified portfolio. By investing in asset classes with low correlations, the Fund has the potential to offer a well-diversified portfolio designed to reduce overall volatility.

 

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Low Correlation of Returns(6)

For the 10-Year Period Ended June 30, 2003

 

Asset Category(7)

 

Mortgage-Backed Securities

 

Floating Rate Bank Loans

 

High-Yield Bonds

 

Mortgage-Backed Securities

 

1.00

 

-0.13

 

0.14

 

Floating Rate Bank Loans

 

-0.13

 

1.00

 

0.52

 

High-Yield Bonds

 

0.14

 

0.52

 

1.00

 

 

Correlation: 1 = perfect positive correlation                 0 = no correlation                 -1 = perfect negative correlation

 


(5). This example is intended to show the approximate effect of a change in general interest rates on the price of a hypothetical fixed income security based on its duration. Significant assumptions include that interest rates move in parallel across all maturities, the credit standing and likelihood of prepayment of the hypothetical bond are unchanged, and sufficient buyers and sellers are available for the security to be efficiently priced. For a particular fixed income security, the relationship between duration and interest rate-related price change may differ from the example due to call features, credit considerations or other factors. Because a fixed income security’s own duration will change over time, so too will its price sensitivity to changes in interest rates.

(6). Correlation is the statistical measure of the degree to which the movements of two variables are related. Correlation figures are based on calculations for the 10-year period ended 6/30/03.

(7). Sources: Lehman Brothers, Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB). Mortgage-backed securities are represented by the Lehman Brothers Mortgage Index; high-yield bonds are represented by the CSFB High Yield Index; floating rate bank loans are represented by the CSFB Leveraged Loan Index. Indexes are unmanaged and one cannot invest directly in an index.

 

The Benefits of Investing in Three Distinct Fixed Income Asset Classes

 

Mortgage-backed securities Mortgage-backed securities (MBS) are comprised of pools of home mortgages, which pass through principal and interest to the investor. Historically, mortgage-backed securities have shown relatively lower volatility of returns than other investment-grade, fixed income investments, as shown in the chart below.

 

Lower Volatility(10)

For the 10-Year Period Ended June 30, 2003

 

High credit quality.

Credit risk is considered minimal for mortgages backed by federal agencies or federally sponsored agencies.

 

Low current duration.

The estimated effective duration of mortgage-backed securities as of June 30, 2003, was 1.29 years. Historically, the estimated effective duration has ranged between 0.93 and 4.83 years.(8)

 

High current income potential.

Mortgage-backed securities have typically offered higher yields than Treasuries. As of June 30, 2003, mortgage-backed securities provided a yield of 3.28% versus 1.32% for comparable Treasuries.(9)

 

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(8). Source: Salomon Brothers Mortgage Index, as of 6/30/03. The historical range of duration is for the 10-year period ended 6/30/03. Please be aware that as interest rates rise, the duration of mortgage-backed securities will also increase.

(9). Sources: Salomon Brothers Mortgage Index, Standard & Poor’s Micropal (Federal Reserve H15 Report, 2-Year Constant Maturity Treasury Yield).

(10). Source: Standard & Poor’s Micropal. Mortgage-backed securities are represented by the Lehman Brothers Mortgage Index; agency bonds are represented by the Lehman Brothers Agency Index; Treasuries are represented by the Lehman Brothers Treasury Index; investment-grade corporate bonds are represented by the Lehman Brothers Credit Index. Indexes are unmanaged and one cannot invest directly in an index. Past performance does not guarantee future results.

 

Floating Rate Bank Loans Banks and other financial institutions typically arrange floating rate bank loans for companies for a variety of purposes to finance their business. Unlike fixed income securities, floating rate bank loans are generally less sensitive to interest rate risk because of their rate reset feature, allowing floating rate bank loans to generally maintain a spread over benchmark rates as well as potentially provide solid returns in a rising rate environment, as shown below.

 

A Hedge Against Rising Interest Rates

1994 and 1999 Annual Total Returns

 

Relative price stability.

Bank loan rates reset periodically, so their prices are generally less affected by interest rate changes than comparable fixed-rate securities.

 

Senior and secured.

Because floating rate bank loans are near the top of the capital structure, they are usually first in line for repayment and thus have relatively greater protection from default than comparable fixed-rate securities. They also are generally secured by collateral.

 

High current income potential.

Bank loan yields float at margins above a benchmark lending rate, such as the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). Therefore, in a rising rate environment, they may offer higher yields than comparable fixed-rate securities. Potential to offset financing risk. In a rising rate environment, investments in floating rate bank loans can help to manage the operating risk associated with investment vehicles using floating rate leverage.

 


(12). Source: Standard & Poor’s Micropal (Lehman Brothers Credit Index).

(13). Source: Standard & Poor’s Micropal (Payden & Rygel, 10-Year Treasury Index).

 

High-Yield Bonds High-yield bonds are issued by companies with lower credit ratings and tend to carry some of the highest yields amongst all fixed income asset classes. High-yield bonds have recently appeared attractively valued relative to long-term averages. In fact, the yield spread over comparable Treasuries was approximately 6.76% as of June 30, 2003, whereas the ten-year average was approximately 5.86%.(14)

 

High-Yield Bond Valuations Recently Have Appeared Relatively Attractive

For the 10-Year Period Ended June 30, 2003

 

High current income potential.

 

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Because of their lower credit ratings, high-yield bonds generally offer higher yields than investment-grade bonds in order to compensate investors for higher credit risk.

 

Portfolio diversification.

Historically, high-yield bonds have shown a low correlation to other fixed income and equity asset classes.

 

Total return potential.

In a growing economy, high-yield bonds may benefit as the corporate outlook improves and the risk of defaults starts to diminish.

 

Low interest rate risk.

High-yield bonds tend to react more to changes in the underlying company fundamentals rather than to changes in interest rates.

 


(14). Sources: Standard & Poor’s Micropal (Federal Reserve H15 Report), Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB). As of 6/30/03.

 

Indexes are unmanaged and one cannot invest directly in an index. Treasuries, if held to maturity, offer a fixed rate of return and fixed principal value; interest payments and principal are guaranteed.

 

franklintempleton.com

 

Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust

 

Income

 

One Franklin Parkway, San Mateo, CA 94403-1906

1-800/DIAL BEN® (1-800/342-5236)

TDD (Hearing Impaired) 1-800/851-0637

franklintempleton.com

 

Before investing, please talk to your financial advisor about how the Fund differs from other funds regarding credit risk, liquidity, charges and expenses, and other issues of importance. Please read the prospectus carefully before investing or sending money.

 

What Are the Risks?

Lack of Operating History. The Fund is a newly organized, diversified, closed-end management investment company with no history of operations. High Yield Risk. The Fund’s investments in securities that are rated below investment grade or unrated generally have more credit risk than higher-rated securities. Due to the risks involved in investing in high yield securities, an investment in the Fund should be considered speculative. The prices of high yield, fixed-income securities tend to fluctuate more than higher-quality debt securities. Market Discount Risk. Common shares of closed-end management investment companies frequently trade at a discount from their net asset value. The Fund’s shares may fluctuate with market conditions and may trade at a price that is less than the initial offering price. Credit Risk. An issuer of a debt security, including a governmental issuer, may be unable to make interest payments and repay principal. Changes in an issuer’s financial strength or in a security’s credit rating may affect a security’s value, and thus, impact Fund performance. Interest Rate Risk. Changes in interest rates may

 

B-8



 

present risks to the Fund. Because market interest rates are currently near their lowest levels in many years, there is a risk that the Fund’s portfolio will decline in value. Shares of preferred stock (“Preferred Shares”), if issued, may pay a dividend rate that exceeds the rate of return on the investments held by the Fund, in which case the returns to shareholders of shares of common stock (“Common Shares”) may be reduced. The Fund’s use of leverage will tend to increase Common Share interest rate risk. Inflation Risk. The value of assets or income from the Fund’s investments may be worth less as inflation decreases the value of money. Leverage Risk. The Fund’s use of leverage through the issuance of Preferred Shares or other similar transactions creates special risks for Common Shareholders. The Fund’s use of leverage may, during periods of rising interest rates, adversely affect the Fund’s income, distributions and total returns to Common Shareholders. Leverage creates two major types of risks for Common Shareholders: (1) the likelihood of greater volatility of net asset value and market price of Common Shares (2) the possibility either that Common Share income will fall if the Preferred Share dividend rate rises, or that Common Share income will fluctuate because the Preferred Share dividend rate varies. By using leverage, the Fund will seek to obtain a higher return for holders of Common Shares than if the Fund did not use leverage. Leveraging is a speculative technique and there are special risks involved. There can be no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be used or that it will be successful during any period in which it is employed. Loan Risk. Bank loans involve credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, and other risks. Corporate loans in which the Fund may invest may be unrated and generally will not be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission or listed on a securities exchange. Portfolio Security Issuer Risk. The value of portfolio securities may decline for a number of reasons that directly relate to the issuer, such as management performance, financial leverage and performance and factors affecting the issuer’s industry. Management Risk. The Fund is subject to management risk because it is an actively managed portfolio. The Manager will apply investment techniques and risk analysis in making investment decisions for the Fund, but there can be no guarantee that these will produce the desired results. Foreign (Non-U.S.) Investment Risk. Investing in foreign securities, including securities of foreign governments, typically involves more risks than investing in U.S. securities. These risks can increase the potential for losses in the Fund and may include, among others, currency risks, country risks, different trading practices, less government supervision, less publicly available information, limited trading markets and greater volatility. Developing Markets Risk. Foreign investment risk may be particularly high to the extent that the Fund invests in securities of issuers based in or securities denominated in the currencies of developing or emerging market countries. Derivatives Risk. The Fund may utilize a variety of derivative instruments for hedging, investment or risk management purposes. Derivatives are subject to a number of risks, such as liquidity risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, leverage risk, volatility risk and management risk. Counterparty Risk. If a counterparty fails to perform its obligations under a derivative contract due to financial difficulties, the Fund may obtain only a limited recovery or may obtain no recovery in such circumstances. Volatility Risk. The market values for some or all of the Fund’s holdings may be volatile. The Fund’s use of leverage may increase the volatility of the Fund’s investment portfolio and could result in larger losses than if the strategies were not used. Mortgage-Related Risk. The Fund may invest in a variety of mortgage-related securities. Rising interest rates tend to extend the duration of mortgage-related securities, making them more sensitive to changes in interest rates, and may reduce the market value of the securities. In addition, mortgage-related securities are subject to the risk that borrowers may pay off their mortgages sooner than expected, which can reduce the Fund’s returns because the Fund may have to reinvest that money at lower prevailing interest rates. Reinvestment Risk. If the Fund reinvests the proceeds from matured, traded or called debt obligations at lower interest rates, the

 

B-9



 

market price or the overall return of the Common Shares may decline. Call Risk. A debt security may be prepaid (called) before maturity. If a debt security is called, the Fund may have to replace it with a lower-yielding security. A call of some or all of these securities may lower the Fund’s income and yield and its distributions to shareholders. Liquidity Risk. The Fund may invest in securities which are illiquid at the time of investment. Illiquid securities may trade at a discount from comparable, more liquid investments, and may be subject to wide fluctuations in market value. Also, the Fund may not be able to dispose of illiquid securities when that would be beneficial at a favorable time or price. Income Risk. Because the Fund can distribute only what it earns, the Fund’s distributions to shareholders may decline. Zero Coupon Securities Risk. Zero coupon securities are especially sensitive to changes in interest rates, and their prices generally are more volatile than debt securities that pay interest periodically. Sovereign Issuer Risk. Sovereign debt issued by foreign governments or other government-related entities, including debt of developing or “emerging market” issuers, is subject to several risks, such as, the possibility that a sovereign country might prevent capital from flowing across its borders; adverse political and economic developments; the extent and quality of government regulation of financial markets and institutions; different standards for bankruptcy proceedings; the imposition of foreign withholding taxes; and the expropriation or nationalization of foreign issuers. Smaller Company Risk. Companies with smaller market capitalizations may be subject to greater levels of credit, market and issuer risk. Securities of smaller companies may trade less frequently and in lesser volume than more widely held securities, and their values may fluctuate more sharply than other securities. Real Estate Risk. The Fund may be subject to risks similar to those associated with the direct ownership of real estate (in addition to securities markets risks), including declines in the value of real estate, risks related to general and local economic conditions, dependency on management skill, increases in interest rates, and other general real estate risks. Market Disruption and Geopolitical Risk. The war with Iraq, its aftermath and the continuing occupation of Iraq are likely to have a substantial impact on the U.S. and world economies and securities markets. These events could also adversely affect individual issuers and securities markets, interest rates, auctions, secondary trading, ratings, credit risk, inflation and other factors relating to the Common Shares. Anti-Takeover Provisions. Certain provisions in the Fund’s Declaration of Trust could limit the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund or convert the Fund to open-end status, which could have the effect of depriving the Common Shareholders of opportunities to sell their Common Shares at a premium over the then-current market price of the Common Shares.

 

The information in this document is not complete and may be changed. A registration statement relating to these securities has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission but has not yet become effective. These securities may not be sold, nor may offers to buy be accepted, until the registration statement is effective. This document is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities, nor shall there be any sale of these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted. This is not an offering, which may be made only by a final prospectus. The final prospectus should be read carefully before investing. Please consult the preliminary prospectus for information regarding the Fund, including investment objectives and strategies, risks, charges and expenses and other information. Upon effectiveness of the registration statement, these securities will be offered and sold only by the Fund’s underwriters and their selected dealers as described in the prospectus. For a final prospectus, please call your financial advisor or 1-800/DIAL BEN® (1-800/342-5236).

 

B-10



 

Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated and UBS Securities, LLC are acting as the lead underwriters in connection with this offering.

 

FTF B 07/03

 

B-11


FRANKLIN TEMPLETON LIMITED DURATION INCOME TRUST

 

FORM N-2

 

PART C

 

Part C – Other Information

 

Item 24. Financial Statements and Exhibits

 

(1) Financial Statements:

 

                Included in Part A: none.

 

                Included in Part B:

 

                                Independent Auditor's Report.

                                Statement of Assets and Liabilities as of August 19, 2003.

                                Notes to Financial Statements.

 

(2) Exhibits

 

(a) Charter

 

(1) Amended Certificate of Trust dated June 19, 2003 – previously filed.

 

(2) Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust dated June 19, 2003 – previously filed.

 

(b) Amended and Restated By-Laws of Registrant dated June 19, 2003 – previously filed.

 

(c) Voting Trust Agreement – none.

 

(d)                                  (1) Article III (Shares) and Article V (Shareholders’ Voting Powers and Meetings) of the Agreement and Declaration of Trust –  previously filed.

 

(2) Article II (Meetings of Shareholders) of the Bylaws – previously filed.

 

(e) Form of Dividend Reinvestment Plan – filed herewith.

 

(f) Long-Term Debt Instruments – none.

 

(g) Form of Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and Franklin Advisers, Inc. – previously filed.

 

(h)                                  (1) Form of Underwriting Agreement – filed herewith.

 

(2) Form of Master Selected Dealer Agreement – filed herewith.

 

(3) Form of Master Agreement Among Underwriters – filed herewith.

 

(4) Form of After-Market Services Agreement – filed herewith.

 

(i) Bonus, Profit Sharing, Pension Plans – not applicable.

 

(j) Form of Custody Agreement – previously filed.

 

(k) Other Material Contracts

 

(1) Form of Fund Administration Agreement between the Registrant and Franklin Templeton Services, LLC – previously filed.

 

1



 

(2) Form of Organizational and Offering Expenses Reimbursement Agreement between Registrant and Franklin Advisers, Inc. – filed herewith.

 

(3) Form of Transfer Agency Agreement – filed herewith.

 

(l) Opinion and Consent of Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker LLP – filed herewith.

 

(m) Non-Resident Officers/Directors – none.

 

(n) Other Opinions and Consents – Consent of Registrant’s independent auditors – filed herewith.

 

(o) Omitted Financial Statements – none.

 

(p) Subscription Agreement – none.

 

(q) Model Retirement Plans – none.

 

(r) Code of Ethics – previously filed.

 

Item 25. Marketing Arrangements – See Exhibits h.1, h.2, h.3 and h.4 of Item 24 of this Registration Statement, including Sections 2(m), 6(f), 6(i), 7, 8 and 10 of Exhibit h.1 and Sections 3.1, 9.4, 9.5 and 10.12, and Articles IV, V and XI, of Exhibit h.3.

 

Item 26. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution

 

The following table sets forth the expenses to be incurred in connection with the offering described in this Registration Statement:

 

Securities and Exchange Commission Fees

 

$

30,338

 

National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. Fees

 

$

10,500

 

Printing and Engraving Expenses

 

$

350,000

 

Postage

 

$

80,000

 

Legal Fees

 

$

232,500

 

Listing Fees

 

$

40,000

 

Marketing Expenses

 

$

50,000

 

Accounting Expenses

 

$

30,000

 

Transfer Agent Fees

 

$

3,000

 

Miscellaneous Expenses

 

$

20,000

 

Total

 

$

846,338

 

 

Franklin Advisers, Inc. has agreed to pay (i) all of the Fund’s offering costs (other than the sales load) and (ii) all of the Fund’s organizational expenses, which are estimated to be a total of $846,000.  The Fund has agreed to reimburse Franklin Advisers, Inc. for such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses, from the proceeds of the offering, to the extent that the aggregate of such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses does not exceed $0.03 per share.

 

Item 27. Persons Controlled by or Under Common Control with Registrant – none.

 

Item 28. Number of Holders of Securities as of August 23, 2003

 

Title of Class

 

Number of Record Holders

Common Shares

 

1

 

Item 29. Indemnification.

 

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), may be permitted to Trustees, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such

 

2



 

indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the 1933 Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a Trustee, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such Trustee, officer or controlling person in connection with securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the 1933 Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

 

Reference is made to Article VII of the Registrant’s Agreement and Declaration of Trust, which is incorporated by reference herein.

 

Item 30. Business and Other Connections of Investment Adviser.

 

Franklin Advisers, Inc. (the “Adviser”), an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of Franklin Resources, Inc., serves as the Registrant’s investment adviser. The officers of the Adviser also serve as officers and/or directors/trustees for the Adviser’s corporate parent, Franklin Resources, Inc. and/or other investment companies in Franklin Templeton Investments.

 

Part B and Schedules A and D of Form ADV of the Adviser (SEC File No. 801-26292), incorporated herein by reference, sets forth the officers of the Adviser and information as to any business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by those officers during the past two years.

 

Item 31. Location of Accounts and Records.

 

The accounts, books or other documents required to be maintained by Section 31(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and the rules promulgated thereunder, are kept by the Registrant or its shareholder services agent, PFPC, Inc., at P.O. Box 43027, Providence, RI 02940-3027.

 

Item 32. Management Services – not applicable.

 

Item 33. Undertakings.

 

 (1) Registrant undertakes to suspend the offering of its Common Shares until it amends the prospectus filed herewith if (1) subsequent to the effective date of its registration statement, the net asset value declines more than 10 percent from its net asset value as of the effective date of the registration statement, or (2) the net asset value increases to an amount greater than its net proceeds as stated in the prospectus.

 

 (2) Not Applicable.

 

 (3) Not Applicable.

 

 (4) Not Applicable.

 

 (5) Registrant undertakes that:

 

(a) For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in the form of prospectus filed by the Registrant under Rule 497(h) under the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective; and

 

(b) For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of the securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

 

 (6) The Registrant undertakes to send by first class mail or other means designed to ensure equally prompt delivery, within two business days of receipt of a written or oral request, any Statement of Additional Information.

 

3



 

SIGNATURES

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of San Mateo, and the State of California, on the 25th day of August, 2003.

 

 

FRANKLIN TEMPLETON LIMITED DURATION INCOME TRUST

 

 

 

 

By:

/s/  CHRISTOPHER MOLUMPHY

 

 

 

Christopher Molumphy*

 

 

President & Chief Executive Officer – Investment Management

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

 

Signature

 

Title

 

Date

 

 

 

 

 

CHRISTOPHER MOLUMPHY

 

President & Chief Executive Officer –
Investment Management

 

August 25, 2003

Christopher Molumphy*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

JIMMY D. GAMBILL

 

Senior Vice President & Chief
Executive Officer – Finance and
Administration

 

August 25, 2003

Jimmy D. Gambill*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

KIMBERLEY MONASTERIO

 

Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer

 

August 25, 2003

Kimberley Monasterio*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHARLES B. JOHNSON

 

Chairman of the Board of Trustees

 

August 25, 2003

Charles B. Johnson*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ROBERT F. CARLSON

 

Trustee

 

August 25, 2003

Robert F. Carlson*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HARRIS J. ASHTON

 

Trustee

 

August 25, 2003

Harris J. Ashton*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

S. JOSEPH FORTUNATO

 

Trustee

 

August 25, 2003

S. Joseph Fortunato*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FRANK W.T. LAHAYE

 

Trustee

 

August 25, 2003

Frank W.T. LaHaye*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

GORDON S. MACKLIN

 

Trustee

 

August 25, 2003

Gordon S. Macklin*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FRANK H. ABBOTT, III

 

Trustee

 

August 25, 2003

Frank H. Abbott, III*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

RUPERT H. JOHNSON, JR.

 

Trustee

 

August 25, 2003

Rupert H. Johnson, Jr. *

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MARTIN L. FLANAGAN

 

Trustee

 

August 25, 2003

Martin L. Flanagan*

 

 

 

 

 

*By:

/s/ STEVEN J. GRAY

 

 

Steven J. Gray, Attorney-in-Fact

 

(Pursuant to Power of Attorney previously filed)

 

4



 

INDEX TO EXHIBITS

 

 

Exhibit

 

Exhibit Name

 

 

 

(e)

 

Form of Dividend Reinvestment Plan

 

 

 

(h)(1)

 

Form of Underwriting Agreement

 

 

 

(h)(2)

 

Form of Master Selected Dealer Agreement

 

 

 

(h)(3)

 

Form of Master Agreement Among Underwriters

 

 

 

(h)(4)

 

Form of After-Market Services Agreement

 

 

 

(k)(2)

 

Form of Organizational and Offering Expense Reimbursement Agreement

 

 

 

(k)(3)

 

Form of Transfer Agency Agreement

 

 

 

(l)

 

Opinion and Consent of Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker LLP

 

 

 

(n)

 

Consent of Registrant’s independent auditors

 

5



EXHIBIT 99.e

FRANKLIN TEMPLETON LIMITED DURATION INCOME TRUST

[FORM OF]
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF
DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN

Holders of Shares of Common Stock (the "SHARES") of Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust (the "FUND") who participate (the "PARTICIPANTS") in the Fund's dividend reinvestment plan (the "PLAN") are advised as follows:

1. THE PLAN AGENT. PFPC, Inc. (the "AGENT") will act as Agent for each Participant. The Agent will open an account for each Participant under the Plan in the same name as his or her outstanding shares are registered.

2. CASH OPTION. The Fund will declare its income dividends and capital gains distributions ("DISTRIBUTIONS"), payable in Shares, or, at the option of shareholders, in cash. Therefore, each Participant will have all Distributions on his or her Shares automatically reinvested in additional Shares, unless such Participant elects to receive such Distributions in cash by contacting the Agent.

3. MARKET PREMIUM ISSUANCES. If on the payment date for a distribution, the net asset value per Share is equal to or less than the market price per Share plus estimated brokerage commissions, the Agent shall receive newly issued Shares, including fractions, from the Fund for each Participant's account. The number of additional Shares to be credited shall be determined by dividing the dollar amount of the distribution by the greater of the net asset value per Share on the payment date, or 95% of the then current market price per Share.

4. MARKET DISCOUNT PURCHASES. If the net asset value per Share exceeds the market price plus estimated brokerage commissions on the payment date for a distribution, the Agent (or a broker-dealer selected by the Agent) shall endeavor, for a purchase period of 30 days, to apply the amount of such distribution on each Participant's Shares (less their pro rata share of brokerage commissions incurred) to purchase Shares on the open market. The weighted average price (including brokerage commissions) of all Shares purchased by the Agent as agent shall be the price per Share allocable to each Participant. If, before the Agent has completed its purchases, the market price plus estimated brokerage commissions exceeds the net asset value of the Shares as of the payment date, the purchase price paid by the Agent may exceed the net asset value of the Shares, resulting in the acquisition of fewer Shares than if such Distribution had been paid in Shares issued by the Fund. Participants should note that they will not be able to instruct the Agent to purchase Shares at a specific time or at a specific price. Open-market purchases may be made on any securities exchange where Shares are traded, in the over-the-counter market or in negotiated transactions, and may be on such terms as to price, delivery and otherwise as the Agent shall determine.

5. VALUATION. The market price of Shares on a particular date shall be the last sales price on the American Stock Exchange, or, if there is no sale on such exchange on that date, then the mean between the closing bid and asked quotations on such exchange on such date. The net asset value per Share on a particular date shall be the amount most recently calculated by or on behalf of the Fund as required by law.


6. LIABILITY OF AGENT. The Agent shall at all times act in good faith and agree to use its best efforts within reasonable limits to ensure the accuracy of all services performed under this agreement and to comply with applicable law, but assumes no responsibility and shall not be liable for loss or damage due to errors unless such error is caused by the Agent's negligence, bad faith, or willful misconduct or that of its employees. Each Participant's uninvested funds held by the Agent will not bear interest. The Agent shall have no liability in connection with any inability to purchase Shares within the time provided, or with the timing of any purchases effected. The Agent shall have no responsibility for the value of Shares acquired. For the purpose of cash investments, the Agent may commingle Participants' funds (of the same Fund).

7. RECORDKEEPING. The Agent may hold each Participant's Shares acquired pursuant to the Plan together with the Shares of other shareholders of the Fund acquired pursuant to the Plan in noncertificated form in the Agent's name or that of the Agent's nominee. Upon a Participant's written request, the Agent will deliver to the Participant, without charge, a certificate or certificates for the full Shares. Each Participant will be sent a confirmation by the Agent of each acquisition made for their account as soon as practicable, but not later than 60 days after the date thereof. Although each Participant may from time to time have an undivided fractional interest in a Share of the Fund, no certificates for a fractional Share will be issued. Distributions on fractional Shares will be credited to each Participant's account. In the event of termination of a Participant's account under the Plan, the Agent will adjust for any such undivided fractional interest in cash at the market value of Shares at the time of termination.

Any Share dividends or split Shares distributed by the Fund on Shares held by the Agent for Participants will be credited to their accounts. In the event that the Fund makes available to its shareholders rights to purchase additional Shares of other securities, the Shares held for each Participant under the Plan will be added to other Shares held by the Participant in calculating the number of rights to be issued to each Participant.

8. PROXY MATERIALS. The Agent will forward to each Participant any proxy solicitation material, and will vote any Shares so held for each Participant first in accordance with the instructions set forth on proxies returned by the Participant to the Fund, and then with respect to any proxies not returned by the Participant to the Fund in the same portion as the Agent votes proxies returned by the Participants to the Fund.

9. FEES. The Agent's service fee for handling distributions will be paid by the Fund. Each Participant will be charged their pro rata share of brokerage commissions on all open-market purchases. If a Participant elects by notice to the Agent to have the Agent sell part or all of his or her Shares and remit the proceeds, the Agent is authorized to deduct brokerage commissions from the proceeds.

10. TERMINATION IN THE PLAN. Each registered Participant may terminate his or her account under the Plan by notifying the Agent in writing at P.O. Box ____, Providence, RI 02940-____, or by telephone at 800-___-____. Such termination will be effective with respect to a distribution if the Participant's notice is received by the Agent prior to the distribution record date. The Plan may be terminated by the Agent or the Fund upon notice in writing mailed to each Participant at least 30 days prior to any record date for the payment of any distribution. Upon any termination, the Agent will cause a certificate or certificates to be issued for the full

2

Shares held for each Participant under the Plan and cash adjustment for any fraction to be delivered to them without charge.

11. AMENDMENT OF THE PLAN. These terms and conditions may be amended by the Agent or the Fund at any time or times but, except when necessary or appropriate to comply with applicable law or the rules or policies of the Securities and Exchange Commission or any other regulatory authority, only by mailing to each Participant appropriate written notice at least 30 days prior to the effective date thereof. The amendment shall be deemed to be accepted by each Participant unless, prior to the effective date thereof, the Agent receives notice of the termination of the Participant's account under the Plan. Any such amendment may include an appointment by the Agent of a successor agent.

12. APPLICABLE LAW. These terms and conditions shall be governed by the laws of the State of New York without regard to its conflicts of laws provisions.

3

EXHIBIT 99.h.1

FRANKLIN TEMPLETON LIMITED DURATION INCOME TRUST

_____ COMMON SHARES OF BENEFICIAL INTEREST

[FORM OF] UNDERWRITING AGREEMENT

New York, New York
__, 2003

Citigroup Global Markets Inc.
[Other Underwriters]
As Representatives of the several Underwriters

c/o Citigroup Global Markets Inc.
388 Greenwich Street
New York, New York 10013

Ladies and Gentlemen:

The undersigned, Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust, a Delaware statutory trust (the "Fund") and Franklin Advisers, Inc., a California corporation (the "Adviser"), address you as underwriters and as the representatives (the "Representatives") of each of the several underwriters named on Schedule I hereto (herein collectively called "Underwriters"). The Fund proposes to sell to the Underwriters _____ shares (the "Firm Securities") of its common shares of beneficial interest (the "Common Shares"). The Fund also proposes to sell to the Underwriters, upon the terms and conditions set forth herein, up to an additional _____ Common Shares (the "Option Securities") to cover over-allotments. The Firm Securities and the Option Securities are hereinafter collectively referred to as the "Securities." Unless otherwise stated, the term "you" as used herein means Citigroup Global Markets Inc. individually on its own behalf and on behalf of the other Representatives. Certain terms used herein are defined in Section 18 hereof.

The Fund and the Adviser wish to confirm as follows their agreements with you and the other several Underwriters on whose behalf you are acting in connection with the several purchases of the Securities by the Underwriters.

The Fund has entered into an Investment Management Agreement with the Adviser dated as of _____, 200_, a Custodian Agreement with _____ dated as of _____, 200_, and a Shareholder Transfer Agency and Service Agreement with _____ dated as of _____, 200_,


2

and such agreements are herein referred to as the "Management Agreement," the "Custodian Agreement" and the "Transfer Agency Agreement," respectively. The Adviser has also entered into an Additional Compensation Agreement, dated as of July __, 2003 (the "Additional Compensation Agreement"). Collectively, the Management Agreement, the Custodian Agreement and the Transfer Agency Agreement are herein referred to as the "Fund Agreements." In addition, the Fund has adopted a dividend reinvestment plan (the "Dividend Reinvestment Plan") pursuant to which holders of Common Shares shall have their dividends automatically reinvested in additional Common Shares of the Fund unless they elect to receive such dividends in cash.

1. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF THE FUND AND THE ADVISER. The Fund and the Adviser, jointly and severally, represent and warrant to, and agree with, each Underwriter as set forth below in this Section 1.

(a) The Fund has prepared and filed with the Commission a registration statement (file numbers 333-105495 and 811-21357) on Form N-2, including a related preliminary prospectus (including the statement of additional information incorporated by reference therein), for registration under the Act and the 1940 Act of the offering and sale of the Securities. The Fund may have filed one or more amendments thereto, including a related preliminary prospectus (including the statement of additional information incorporated by reference therein), each of which has previously been furnished to you. The Fund will next file with the Commission one of the following: either (1) prior to the Effective Date of such registration statement, a further amendment to such registration statement (including the form of final prospectus (including the statement of additional information incorporated by reference therein)) or (2) after the Effective Date of such registration statement, a final prospectus (including the statement of additional information incorporated by reference therein) in accordance with Rules 430A and 497. In the case of clause (2), the Fund has included in such registration statement, as amended at the Effective Date, all information (other than Rule 430A Information) required by the Act and the 1940 Act and the Rules and Regulations to be included in such registration statement and the Prospectus. As filed, such amendment and form of final prospectus (including the statement of additional information incorporated by reference therein), or such final prospectus (including the statement of additional information incorporated by reference therein), shall contain all Rule 430A Information, together with all other such required information, and, except to the extent the Representatives shall agree in writing to a modification, shall be in all substantive respects in the form furnished to you prior to the Execution Time or, to the extent not completed at the Execution Time, shall contain only such specific additional information and other changes (beyond that contained in the latest Preliminary Prospectus) as the Fund has advised you, prior to the Execution Time, will be included or made therein.

(b) Each Preliminary Prospectus and Prospectus complied when filed with the Commission in all material respects with the provisions of the Act, the 1940 Act and the Rules and Regulations, except that this representation and warranty does not apply to statements in or omissions from the Registration Statement, the Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus made in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to any Underwriter furnished to the Fund in writing by or on behalf of any Underwriter through


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you expressly for use therein. The Commission has not issued any order preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus.

(c) On the Effective Date, the Registration Statement did or will, and when the Prospectus is first filed (if required) in accordance with Rule 497 and on the Closing Date (as defined herein) and on any date on which Option Securities are purchased, if such date is not the Closing Date (a "settlement date"), the Prospectus (and any supplements thereto) will, and the 1940 Act Notification when originally filed with the Commission and any amendment or supplement thereto when filed with the Commission did or will, comply in all material respects with the applicable requirements of the Act, the 1940 Act and the Rules and Regulations and the Registration Statement did not or will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading; and, on the Effective Date, the Prospectus, if not filed pursuant to Rule 497, will not, and on the date of any filing pursuant to Rule 497 and on the Closing Date and any settlement date, the Prospectus (together with any supplement thereto) will not, include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that the Fund makes no representations or warranties as to the information contained in or omitted from the Registration Statement, or the Prospectus (or any supplement thereto) in reliance upon and in conformity with information furnished in writing to the Fund by or on behalf of any Underwriter through the Representatives specifically for inclusion in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (or any supplement thereto).

(d) The Fund has been duly formed and is validly existing in good standing as a statutory trust under the laws of the State of Delaware, with full power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business as described in the Prospectus, and is duly qualified to do business as a foreign corporation and is in good standing under the laws of each jurisdiction which requires such qualification. The Fund has no subsidiaries.

(e) The Fund's authorized equity capitalization is as set forth in the Prospectus; the capital stock of the Fund conforms in all material respects to the description thereof contained in the Prospectus; all outstanding Common Shares have been duly and validly authorized and issued and are fully paid and nonassessable; the Securities have been duly and validly authorized, and, when issued and delivered to and paid for by the Underwriters pursuant to this Agreement, will be fully paid and nonassessable; the Securities are duly listed, and admitted and authorized for trading, subject to official notice of issuance and evidence of satisfactory distribution, on the American Stock Exchange (the "AMEX"); the certificates for the Securities are in valid and sufficient form; the holders of outstanding Common Shares are not entitled to preemptive or other rights to subscribe for the Securities; and, except as set forth in the Prospectus, no options, warrants or other rights to purchase, agreements or other obligations to issue, or rights to convert any obligations into or exchange any securities for, shares of capital stock of or ownership interests in the Fund are outstanding.


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(f) The Fund's registration statement on Form 8-A under the Exchange Act has become effective.

(g) The Fund, subject to the Registration Statement having been declared effective and the filing of the Prospectus under Rule 497, has taken all required action under the Act, the 1940 Act and the Rules and Regulations to make the public offering and consummate the sale of the Securities as contemplated by this Agreement.

(h) There are no agreements, contracts, indentures, leases or other instruments that are required to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, or to be filed as an exhibit thereto, which are not described or filed as required; and the statements in the Prospectus under the heading "Tax Matters" and "Anti-Takeover and Other Provisions in the Declaration of Trust" fairly summarize the matters therein described.

(i) The execution and delivery of and the performance by the Fund of its obligations under this Agreement and the Fund Agreements have been duly and validly authorized by the Fund and this Agreement and the Fund Agreements have been duly executed and delivered by the Fund and constitute the valid and legally binding agreements of the Fund, enforceable against the Fund in accordance with their terms, except as rights to indemnity and contribution hereunder may be limited by federal or state securities laws and subject to the qualification that the enforceability of the Fund's obligations hereunder and thereunder may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other laws relating to or affecting creditors' rights generally and by general equitable principles.

(j) The Fund is duly registered under the 1940 Act as a closed-end, diversified management investment company and the 1940 Act Notification has been duly filed with the Commission. The Fund has not received any notice from the Commission pursuant to Section 8(e) of the 1940 Act with respect to the 1940 Act Notification or the Registration Statement.

(k) No consent, approval, authorization, filing with or order of any court or governmental agency or body is required in connection with the transactions contemplated herein or in the Fund Agreements, except such as have been made or obtained under the Act and the 1940 Act and such as may be required under the blue sky laws of any jurisdiction in connection with the purchase and distribution of the Securities by the Underwriters in the manner contemplated herein and in the Prospectus.

(l) Neither the issuance and sale of the Securities, the execution, delivery or performance of this Agreement or any of the Fund Agreements by the Fund, nor the consummation by the Fund of the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby (i) conflicts or will conflict with or constitutes or will constitute a breach of the declaration of trust or by-laws of the Fund, (ii) conflicts or will conflict with or constitutes or will constitute a breach of or a default under, any material agreement, indenture, lease or other instrument to which the Fund is a party or by which it or any of its properties may be bound or (iii) violates or will violate any material statute, law, regulation or filing or judgment, injunction, order or decree applicable to the Fund or any of its properties

or


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will result in the creation or imposition of any material lien, charge or encumbrance upon any property or assets of the Fund pursuant to the terms of any agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it may be bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Fund is subject.

(m) No holders of securities of the Fund have rights to the registration of such securities under the Registration Statement.

(n) The financial statements, together with related schedules and notes, included in the Prospectus and the Registration Statement present fairly in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Fund as of the dates and for the periods indicated, comply as to form with the applicable accounting requirements of the Act and the 1940 Act and have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles applied on a consistent basis throughout the periods involved (except as otherwise noted therein); and the other financial and statistical information and data included in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus are accurately derived from such financial statements and the books and records of the Fund.

(o) No action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Fund or its property is pending or, to the best knowledge of the Fund, threatened that (i) could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the performance of this Agreement or the consummation of any of the transactions contemplated hereby or (ii) could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the condition (financial or otherwise), prospects, earnings, business or properties of the Fund, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business, except as set forth in or contemplated in the Prospectus (exclusive of any supplement thereto).

(p) The Fund owns or leases all such properties as are necessary to the conduct of its operations as presently conducted.

(q) The Fund is not (i) in violation of its declaration of trust or by-laws, (ii) in breach or default in the performance of the terms of any indenture, contract, lease, mortgage, deed of trust, note agreement, loan agreement or other agreement, obligation, condition, covenant or instrument to which it is a party or bound or to which its property is subject or
(iii) in violation of any law, ordinance, administrative or governmental rule or regulation applicable to the Fund or of any decree of the Commission, the NASD, any state securities commission, any national securities exchange, any arbitrator, any court or any other governmental, regulatory, self-regulatory or administrative agency or any official having jurisdiction over the Fund.

(r) Since the date as of which information is given in the Prospectus, except as otherwise stated therein, (i) there has been no material, adverse change in the condition (financial or other), business, properties, net assets or results of operations of the Fund or business prospects (other than as a result of a change in the financial markets generally) of the Fund, whether or not arising in the ordinary course of business, (ii) there have been no transactions entered into by the Fund which are material to the Fund other than those


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in the ordinary course of its business as described in the Prospectus and
(iii) there has been no dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made by the Fund on any class of its Common Shares.

(s) Except as disclosed in or contemplated by the Prospectus, subsequent to the date as of which such information is given in the Prospectus, the Fund has not incurred any material liability or material obligation, direct or contingent, or entered into any transaction, not in the ordinary course of business, that is material to the Fund, and there has not been any change in the capitalization, or material increase in the short-term debt or long-term debt, of the Fund, or any material adverse change, or any development involving or which may reasonably be expected to involve, a prospective material adverse change, in the condition (financial or other), assets or results of operations of the Fund, whether or not arising in the ordinary course of business (other than as a result of changes in market conditions generally or the market for securities generally).

(t) [PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP], who have audited the financial statements included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, are independent public accountants with respect to the Fund within the meaning of the Act and the Act Rules and Regulations.

(u) The Fund has not distributed and, prior to the later to occur of
(i) the Closing Date and (ii) completion of the distribution of the Securities, will not distribute any offering material in connection with the offering and sale of the Securities other than the Registration Statement, the Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus or other materials permitted by the Act, the 1940 Act or the Rules and Regulations.

(v) There are no transfer taxes or other similar fees or charges under Federal law or the laws of any state, or any political subdivision thereof, required to be paid in connection with the execution and delivery of this Agreement or the issuance by the Fund or sale by the Fund of the Securities.

(w) The Fund has filed all foreign, federal, state and local tax returns that are required to be filed or has requested extensions thereof (except in any case in which the failure so to file would not have a material adverse effect on the condition (financial or otherwise), prospects, earnings, business or properties of the Fund, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business, except as set forth in or contemplated in the Prospectus (exclusive of any supplement thereto)) and has paid all taxes required to be paid by it and any other assessment, fine or penalty levied against it, to the extent that any of the foregoing is due and payable, except for any such assessment, fine or penalty that is currently being contested in good faith or as would not have a material adverse effect on the condition (financial or otherwise), prospects, earnings, business or properties of the Fund, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business, except as set forth in or contemplated in the Prospectus (exclusive of any supplement thereto).

(x) All advertising, sales literature or other promotional material (including "prospectus wrappers", "broker kits", "road show slides" and "road show scripts"),


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whether in printed or electronic form, authorized in writing by or prepared by the Fund or the Adviser for use in connection with the offering and sale of the Securities (collectively, "sales material") complied and comply in all material respects with the applicable requirements of the Act, the Act Rules and Regulations and the rules and interpretations of the NASD and if required to be filed with the NASD under the NASD's conduct rules were provided to Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, counsel for the Underwriters, for filing. No sales material contained or contains an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted or omits to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.

(y) The Fund's directors and officers/errors and omissions insurance policy and its fidelity bond required by Rule 17g-1 of the 1940 Act Rules and Regulations are in full force and effect; the Fund is in compliance with the terms of such policy and fidelity bond in all material respects; and there are no claims by the Fund under any such policy or fidelity bond as to which any insurance company is denying liability or defending under a reservation of rights clause; the Fund has not been refused any insurance coverage sought or applied for; and the Fund has no reason to believe that it will not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business at a cost that would not have a material adverse effect on the condition (financial or otherwise), prospects, earnings, business or properties of the Fund, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business, except as set forth in or contemplated in the Prospectus (exclusive of any supplement thereto).

(z) The Fund has such licenses, permits, and authorizations of governmental or regulatory authorities ("permits") as are necessary to own its property and to conduct its business in the manner described in the Prospectus; the Fund has fulfilled and performed all its material obligations with respect to such permits and no event has occurred which allows or, after notice or lapse of time, would allow, revocation or termination thereof or results in any other material impairment of the rights of the Fund under any such permit, subject in each case to such qualification as may be set forth in the Prospectus; and, except as described in the Prospectus, none of such permits contains any restriction that is materially burdensome to the Fund.

(aa) The Fund maintains and will maintain a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurances that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management's general or specific authorization and with the investment objectives, policies and restrictions of the Fund and the applicable requirements of the 1940 Act, the 1940 Act Rules and Regulations and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"); (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles, to calculate net asset value, to maintain accountability for assets and to maintain material compliance with the books and records requirements under the 1940 Act and the 1940 Act Rules and Regulations; (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management's general or specific authorization; and (iv) the recorded accountability for


8

assets is compared with existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences.

(bb) The Fund has not taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or that would constitute or that might reasonably be expected to cause or result in, under the Exchange Act or otherwise, stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Fund to facilitate the sale or resale of the Securities, and the Fund is not aware of any such action taken or to be taken by any affiliates of the Fund.

(cc) Neither the Fund nor, to the knowledge of the Fund, any trustee, officer, agent, employee or affiliate of the Fund is aware of or has taken any action, directly or indirectly, that would result in a violation by such persons of the FCPA, including, without limitation, making use of the mails or any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce corruptly in furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay or authorization of the payment of any money, or other property, gift, promise to give, or authorization of the giving of anything of value to any "foreign official" (as such term is defined in the FCPA) or any foreign political party or official thereof or any candidate for foreign political office, in contravention of the FCPA and the Fund, and, to the knowledge of the Fund, its affiliates have conducted their businesses in compliance with the FCPA and have instituted and maintain policies and procedures designed to ensure, and which are reasonably expected to continue to ensure, continued compliance therewith.

"FCPA" means Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder.

(dd) This Agreement and each of the Fund Agreements complies in all material respects with all applicable provisions of the 1940 Act, the 1940 Act Rules and Regulations, the Advisers Act and the Advisers Act Rules and Regulations.

(ee) Except as disclosed in the Prospectus, no trustee of the Fund is an "interested person" (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Fund or an "affiliated person" (as defined in the 1940 Act) of any Underwriter listed in Schedule I hereto.

(ff) The Fund intends to direct the investment of the proceeds of the offering of the Securities in such a manner as to comply with the requirements of Subchapter M of the Code.

(gg) The conduct by the Fund of its business (as described in the Prospectus) does not require it to be the owner, possessor or licensee of any patents, patent licenses, trademarks, service marks or trade names which it does not own, possess or license.

(hh) Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Fund (i) does not have any material lending or other relationship with any bank or lending affiliate of Citigroup Global Markets Holdings Inc. and (ii) does not intend to use any of the proceeds from the sale of the Securities hereunder to repay any outstanding debt owed to any affiliate of Citigroup Global Markets Holdings Inc.


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(ii) There is and has been no failure on the part of the Fund and any of the Fund's trustees or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply with any provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations promulgated in connection therewith (the "Sarbanes-Oxley Act"), including Sections 302 and 906 related to certifications.

(jj) The operations of the Fund are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements of The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970, as amended (including amendments pursuant to the International Money Laundering Abatement and Anti-Terrorist Financing Act of 2001), the money laundering statutes of all jurisdictions, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency (collectively, the "Money Laundering Laws") and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Fund with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the best knowledge of the Fund, threatened.

(kk) Neither the Fund nor, to the knowledge of the Fund, any trustee, officer, agent, employee or affiliate of the Fund is currently subject to any U.S. sanctions administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Treasury Department ("OFAC"); and the Fund will not directly or indirectly use the proceeds of the offering, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any other person or entity, for the purpose of financing the activities of any person currently subject to any U.S. sanctions administered by OFAC.

Any certificate signed by any officer of the Fund and delivered to the Representatives or counsel for the Underwriters in connection with the offering of the Securities shall be deemed a representation and warranty by the Fund, as to matters covered thereby, to each Underwriter.

2. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF THE ADVISER. The Adviser represents and warrants to each Underwriter as follows:

(a) The Adviser has been duly formed and is validly existing in good standing as a corporation under the laws of the State of California, with full corporate power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business as described in the Prospectus, and is duly qualified to do business as a foreign corporation and is in good standing under the laws of each jurisdiction which requires such qualification.

(b) The Adviser is duly registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act and is not prohibited by the Advisers Act, the 1940 Act, the Advisers Act Rules and Regulations or the 1940 Act Rules and Regulations from acting under the Fund Agreements to which it is a party for the Fund or the Additional Compensation Agreement as contemplated by the Prospectus.

(c) The Adviser has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement, the Fund Agreements to which it is a party and the Additional Compensation Agreement, the


10

execution and delivery of, and the performance by the Adviser of its obligations under, this Agreement, the Fund Agreements to which it is a party and the Additional Compensation Agreement have been duly and validly authorized by the Adviser; and this Agreement, the Fund Agreements to which it is a party and the Additional Compensation Agreement have been duly executed and delivered by the Adviser and constitute the valid and legally binding agreements of the Adviser, enforceable against the Adviser in accordance with their terms, except as rights to indemnity and contribution hereunder may be limited by federal or state securities laws and subject to the qualification that the enforceability of the Adviser's obligations hereunder and thereunder may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other laws relating to or affecting creditors' rights generally and by general equitable principles.

(d) The Adviser has the financial resources available to it necessary for the performance of its services and obligations as contemplated in the Prospectus and under this Agreement, the Fund Agreements to which it is a party and the Additional Compensation Agreement.

(e) The description of the Adviser and its business, and the statements attributable to the Adviser, in the Prospectus complied and comply in all material respects with the provisions of the Act, the 1940 Act, the Advisers Act, the Rules and Regulations and the Advisers Act Rules and Regulations and did not and will not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.

(f) No action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Adviser or its property is pending or, to the best knowledge of the Adviser, threatened that (i) could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the ability of the Adviser to fulfill its obligations hereunder or under the Fund Agreements to which it is a party or the Additional Compensation Agreement or (ii) could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the condition (financial or otherwise), prospects, earnings, business or properties of the Adviser, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business, except as set forth in or contemplated in the Prospectus (exclusive of any supplement thereto); and there are no agreements, contracts, indentures, leases or other instruments that are required to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or to be filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement that are not described or filed as required by the Act, the 1940 Act or the Rules and Regulations.

(g) Since the date as of which information is given in the Prospectus, except as otherwise stated therein, (i) there has been no material, adverse change in the condition (financial or other), business, properties, net assets or results of operations or business prospects of the Adviser, whether or not arising from the ordinary course of business and (ii) there have been no transactions entered into by the Adviser which are material to the Adviser other than those in the ordinary course of its business as described in the Prospectus.


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(h) The Adviser has such licenses, permits and authorizations of governmental or regulatory authorities ("permits") as are necessary to own its property and to conduct its business in the manner described in the Prospectus; the Adviser has fulfilled and performed all its material obligations with respect to such permits and no event has occurred which allows, or after notice or lapse of time would allow, revocation or termination thereof or results in any other material impairment of the rights of the Adviser under any such permit.

(i) This Agreement, the Fund Agreements to which the Adviser is a party and the Additional Compensation Agreement comply in all material respects with all applicable provisions of the 1940 Act, the 1940 Act Rules and Regulations, the Advisers Act and the Advisers Act Rules and Regulations.

(j) No consent, approval, authorization, filing with or order of any court or governmental agency or body is required in connection with the transactions contemplated herein or in the Fund Agreements by the Adviser or the Additional Compensation Agreement, except such as have been made or obtained under the Act and the 1940 Act and such as may be required under the blue sky laws of any jurisdiction in connection with the purchase and distribution of the Securities by the Underwriters in the manner contemplated herein and in the Prospectus.

(k) Neither the execution, delivery or performance of this Agreement or any of the Fund Agreements to which the Adviser is a party and the Additional Compensation Agreement, nor the consummation by the Fund or the Adviser of the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby (i) conflicts or will conflict with or constitutes or will constitute a breach of the charter or by-laws of the Adviser, (ii) conflicts or will conflict with or constitutes or will constitute a breach of or a default under, any material agreement, indenture, lease or other instrument to which the Adviser is a party or by which it or any of its properties may be bound or (iii) violates or will violate any material statute, law, regulation or filing or judgment, injunction, order or decree applicable to the Adviser or any of its properties or will result in the creation or imposition of any material lien, charge or encumbrance upon any property or assets of the Adviser pursuant to the terms of any agreement or instrument to which the Adviser is a party or by which the Adviser may be bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Adviser is subject.

(l) Except as stated in this Agreement and in the Prospectus, the Adviser has not taken and nor will it take, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or which should reasonably be expected to cause or result in or which will constitute, stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Fund in violation of federal securities laws and the Adviser is not aware of any such action taken or to be taken by any of its affiliates.

(m) In the event that the Fund or the Adviser makes available any promotional materials intended for use only by qualified broker-dealers and registered representatives thereof by means of an Internet web site or similar electronic means, the Adviser will install and maintain pre-qualification and password-protection or similar procedures which are reasonably designed to effectively prohibit access to such promotional


12

materials by persons other than qualified broker-dealers and registered representatives thereof.

3. PURCHASE AND SALE. (a) Subject to the terms and conditions and in reliance upon the representations and warranties herein set forth, the Fund agrees to sell to each Underwriter, and each Underwriter agrees, severally and not jointly, to purchase from the Fund, at a purchase price of $[_____] per share, the amount of the Underwritten Securities set forth opposite such Underwriter's name in Schedule I hereto.

(b) Subject to the terms and conditions and in reliance upon the representations and warranties herein set forth, the Fund hereby grants an option to the several Underwriters to purchase, severally and not jointly, up to _____ Option Securities at the same purchase price per share as the Underwriters shall pay for the Underwritten Securities. Said option may be exercised only to cover over-allotments in the sale of the Underwritten Securities by the Underwriters. Said option may be exercised in whole or in part at any time and from time to time on or before the 45th day after the date of the Prospectus upon written or telegraphic notice by the Representatives to the Fund setting forth the number of shares of the Option Securities as to which the several Underwriters are exercising the option and the settlement date. The number of Option Securities to be purchased by each Underwriter shall be the same percentage of the total number of shares of the Option Securities to be purchased by the several Underwriters as such Underwriter is purchasing of the Underwritten Securities, subject to such adjustments as you in your absolute discretion shall make to eliminate any fractional shares.

4. DELIVERY AND PAYMENT. Delivery of and payment for the Underwritten Securities and the Option Securities (if the option provided for in Section 3(b) hereof shall have been exercised on or before the third Business Day prior to the Closing Date) shall be made at 10:00 AM, New York City time, on August __, 2003 or at such time on such later date not more than three Business Days after the foregoing date as the Representatives shall designate, which date and time may be postponed by agreement between the Representatives and the Fund or as provided in Section 10 hereof (such date and time of delivery and payment for the Securities being herein called the "Closing Date"). Delivery of the Securities shall be made to the Representatives for the respective accounts of the several Underwriters against payment by the several Underwriters through the Representatives of the purchase price thereof to or upon the order of the Fund by wire transfer payable in same-day funds to an account specified by the Fund. Delivery of the Underwritten Securities and the Option Securities shall be made through the facilities of The Depository Trust Company unless the Representatives shall otherwise instruct.

If the option provided for in Section 3(b) hereof is exercised after the third Business Day prior to the Closing Date, the Fund will deliver the Option Securities (at the expense of the Fund) to the Representatives, at 388 Greenwich St., New York, New York on the date specified by the Representatives (which shall be within three Business Days after exercise of said option) for the respective accounts of the several Underwriters, against payment by the several Underwriters through the Representatives of the purchase price thereof to or upon the order of the Fund by wire transfer payable in same-day funds to an account specified by the Fund. If settlement for the Option Securities occurs after the Closing Date, the Fund will deliver to the Representatives on the settlement date for the Option Securities, and the obligation of the


13

Underwriters to purchase the Option Securities shall be conditioned upon receipt of, supplemental opinions, certificates and letters confirming as of such date the opinions, certificates and letters delivered on the Closing Date pursuant to
Section 7 hereof.

5. OFFERING BY UNDERWRITERS. It is understood that the several Underwriters propose to offer the Securities for sale to the public as set forth in the Prospectus.

6. AGREEMENTS OF THE FUND AND THE ADVISER. The Fund and the Adviser, jointly and severally, agree with the several Underwriters as follows:

(a) The Fund will use its best efforts to cause the Registration Statement, if not effective at the Execution Time, and any amendment thereof, to become effective. Prior to the termination of the offering of the Securities, the Fund will not file any amendment of the Registration Statement or supplement to the Prospectus or any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement unless the Fund has furnished you a copy for your review prior to filing and will not file any such proposed amendment or supplement to which you reasonably object. Subject to the foregoing sentence, if the Registration Statement has become or becomes effective pursuant to Rule 430A, or filing of the Prospectus is otherwise required under Rule 497, the Fund will cause the Prospectus, properly completed, and any supplement thereto to be filed in a form approved by the Representatives with the Commission pursuant to Rule 497 within the time period prescribed and will provide evidence satisfactory to the Representatives of such timely filing. The Fund will promptly advise the Representatives (1) when the Registration Statement, if not effective at the Execution Time, shall have become effective, (2) when the Prospectus, and any supplement thereto, shall have been filed (if required) with the Commission pursuant to Rule 497 or when any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement shall have been filed with the Commission, (3) when, prior to termination of the offering of the Securities, any amendment to the Registration Statement shall have been filed or become effective, (4) of any request by the Commission or its staff for any amendment of the Registration Statement, or any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement, or for any supplement to the Prospectus or for any additional information, (5) of the issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the institution or threatening of any proceeding for that purpose and (6) of the receipt by the Fund of any notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification of the Securities for sale in any jurisdiction or the institution or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose. The Fund will use its best efforts to prevent the issuance of any such stop order or the suspension of any such qualification and, if issued, to obtain as soon as possible the withdrawal thereof.

(b) If, at any time when a prospectus relating to the Securities is required to be delivered under the Act, any event occurs as a result of which, in the judgment of the Fund or in the reasonable opinion of counsel for the Underwriters, the Prospectus as then supplemented would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary to make the statements therein in the light of the circumstances under which they were made not misleading, or if it shall be necessary to amend the Registration Statement or supplement the Prospectus to comply with the Act, the 1940 Act and the Rules and Regulations, the Fund promptly will (1) notify the Representatives


14

of any such event; (2) prepare and file with the Commission, subject to the second sentence of paragraph (a) of this Section 6, an amendment or supplement which will correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance; and (3) supply any supplemented Prospectus to you in such quantities as you may reasonably request.

(c) As soon as practicable, the Fund will make generally available to its security holders and to the Representatives an earnings statement or statements of the Fund which will satisfy the provisions of Section 11(a) of the Act and Rule 158 under the Act.

(d) The Fund will furnish to the Representatives and counsel for the Underwriters signed copies of the Registration Statement (including exhibits thereto) and to each other Underwriter a copy of the Registration Statement (without exhibits thereto) and, so long as delivery of a prospectus by an Underwriter or dealer may be required by the Act, as many copies of each Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus and any supplement thereto as the Representatives may reasonably request.

(e) The Fund will arrange, if necessary, for the qualification of the Securities for sale under the laws of such jurisdictions as the Representatives may designate and will maintain such qualifications in effect so long as required for the distribution of the Securities; provided that in no event shall the Fund be obligated to qualify to do business in any jurisdiction where it is not now so qualified or to take any action that would subject it to service of process in suits, other than those arising out of the offering or sale of the Securities, in any jurisdiction where it is not now so subject.

(f) The Fund will not, without the prior written consent of Citigroup Global Markets Inc., offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge, or otherwise dispose of (or enter into any transaction which is designed to, or might reasonably be expected to, result in the disposition (whether by actual disposition or effective economic disposition due to cash settlement or otherwise) by the Fund or any affiliate of the Fund or any person in privity with the Fund), directly or indirectly, including the filing (or participation in the filing) of a registration statement with the Commission in respect of, or establish or increase a put equivalent position or liquidate or decrease a call equivalent position within the meaning of Section 16 of the Exchange Act, any other Common Shares or any securities convertible into, or exercisable, or exchangeable for, Common Shares; or publicly announce an intention to effect any such transaction for a period of 180 days following the Execution Time, PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that the Fund may issue and sell Common Shares pursuant to any employee stock option plan, stock ownership plan or dividend reinvestment plan of the Fund in effect at the Execution Time and the Fund may issue Common Shares issuable upon the conversion of securities or the exercise of warrants outstanding at the Execution Time.

(g) The Fund will comply with all applicable securities and other applicable laws, rules and regulations, including, without limitation, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and to use its best efforts to cause the Fund's trustees and officers, in their capacities as such, to comply with such laws, rules and regulations, including, without limitation, the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.


15

(h) The Fund and the Adviser will not take, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or that would constitute or that might reasonably be expected to cause or result in, under the Exchange Act or otherwise, stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Fund to facilitate the sale or resale of the Securities.

(i) The Fund agrees to pay the costs and expenses relating to the following matters: (i) the preparation, printing or reproduction and filing with the Commission of the Registration Statement (including financial statements and exhibits thereto), each Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus and the 1940 Act Notification and each amendment or supplement to any of them; (ii) the printing (or reproduction) and delivery (including postage, air freight charges and charges for counting and packaging) of such copies of the Registration Statement, each Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus, any sales material and all amendments or supplements to any of them, as may, in each case, be reasonably requested for use in connection with the offering and sale of the Securities; (iii) the preparation, printing, authentication, issuance and delivery of certificates for the Securities, including any stamp or transfer taxes in connection with the original issuance and sale of the Securities; (iv) the printing (or reproduction) and delivery of this Agreement, any blue sky memorandum, dealer agreements and all other agreements or documents printed (or reproduced) and delivered in connection with the offering of the Securities; (v) the registration of the Securities under the Exchange Act and the listing of the Securities on the AMEX; (vi) any registration or qualification of the Securities for offer and sale under the securities or blue sky laws of the several states (including filing fees and the reasonable fees and expenses of counsel for the Underwriters relating to such registration and qualification); (vii) any filings required to be made with the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. (including filing fees and the reasonable fees and expenses of counsel for the Underwriters relating to such filings); (viii) the transportation and other expenses incurred by or on behalf of Fund representatives in connection with presentations to prospective purchasers of the Securities; (ix) the fees and expenses of the Fund's accountants and the fees and expenses of counsel (including local and special counsel) for the Fund; (x) all other costs and expenses incident to the performance by the Fund of its obligations hereunder; and (xi) $_____ for partial reimbursement of certain Underwriter expenses.

(j) The Fund will direct the investment of the net proceeds of the offering of the Securities in such a manner as to comply with the investment objectives, policies and restrictions of the Fund as described in the Prospectus.

(k) The Fund will comply with the requirements of Subchapter M of the Code to qualify as a regulated investment company under the Code.

(l) The Fund and the Adviser will use their reasonable best efforts to perform all of the agreements required of them by this Agreement and discharge all conditions of theirs to closing as set forth in this Agreement.

7. CONDITIONS TO THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE UNDERWRITERS. The obligations of the Underwriters to purchase the Underwritten Securities and the Option Securities, as the case may be, shall be subject to the accuracy of the representations and warranties on the part of the Fund


16

and the Adviser contained herein as of the Execution Time, the Closing Date and any settlement date pursuant to Section 4 hereof, to the accuracy of the statements of the Fund made in any certificates pursuant to the provisions hereof, to the performance by the Fund or the Adviser of its obligations hereunder and to the following additional conditions:

(a) If the Registration Statement has not become effective prior to the Execution Time, unless the Representatives agree in writing to a later time, the Registration Statement will become effective not later than (i) 6:00 PM New York City time on the date of determination of the public offering price, if such determination occurred at or prior to 3:00 PM New York City time on such date or (ii) 9:30 AM on the Business Day following the day on which the public offering price was determined, if such determination occurred after 3:00 PM New York City time on such date; if filing of the Prospectus, or any supplement thereto, is required pursuant to Rule 497, the Prospectus, and any such supplement, will be filed in the manner and within the time period required by Rule 497; and no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement shall have been issued and no proceedings for that purpose shall have been instituted or threatened.

(b) The Fund shall have requested and caused Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker LLP, counsel for the Fund, to have furnished to the Representatives their opinion, dated the Closing Date and addressed to the Representatives, to the effect that:

(i) The Fund has been duly formed and is validly existing in good standing as a statutory trust under the laws of the State of Delaware, with full power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business as described in the Prospectus, and is duly qualified to do business as a foreign corporation and is in good standing under the laws of each jurisdiction which requires such qualification; and that the Fund has no subsidiaries;

(ii) The Fund's authorized equity capitalization is as set forth in the Prospectus; the capital stock of the Fund conforms in all material respects to the description thereof contained in the Prospectus; all outstanding Common Shares have been duly and validly authorized and issued and are fully paid and nonassessable; the Securities have been duly and validly authorized, and, when issued and delivered to and paid for by the Underwriters pursuant to this Agreement, will be fully paid and nonassessable; the Securities are duly listed, and admitted and authorized for trading, subject to official notice of issuance and evidence of satisfactory distribution, on the AMEX; the certificates for the Securities are in valid and sufficient form; the holders of outstanding Common Shares are not entitled to preemptive or other rights to subscribe for the Securities; and, except as set forth in the Prospectus, no options, warrants or other rights to purchase, agreements or other obligations to issue, or rights to convert any obligations into or exchange any securities for, shares of capital stock of or ownership interests in the Fund are outstanding;

(iii) To the knowledge of such counsel, there is no pending or threatened action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency,


17

authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Fund or its property of a character required to be disclosed in the Registration Statement which is not adequately disclosed in the Prospectus, and there are no agreements, contracts, indentures, leases or other instruments that are required to be described in the Registration Statement or Prospectus, or to be filed as an exhibit thereto, which is not described or filed as required by the Act, the 1940 Act or the Rules and Regulations; and the statements included in the Prospectus under the headings "Tax Matters" and "Anti-Takeover and Other Provisions in the Declaration of Trust" insofar as such statements summarize legal matters, agreements, documents or proceedings discussed therein, are accurate and fair summaries of such legal matters, agreements, documents or proceedings;

(iv) The Registration Statement has become effective under the Act; any required filing of the Prospectus, and any supplements thereto, pursuant to Rule 497 have been made in the manner and within the time period required by Rule 497; to the knowledge of such counsel, no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement has been issued, no proceedings for that purpose have been instituted or threatened and the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (other than the financial statements and other financial and statistical information contained therein, as to which such counsel need express no opinion) comply as to form in all material respects with the applicable requirements of the Act and the Act Rules and Regulations; and such counsel has no reason to believe that on the Effective Date or the date the Registration Statement was last deemed amended the Registration Statement contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading or that the Prospectus as of its date and on the Closing Date included or includes any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted or omits to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading (in each case, other than the financial statements and other financial and statistical information contained therein, as to which such counsel need express no opinion);

(v) The execution and delivery of and the performance by the Fund of its obligations under this Agreement and the Fund Agreements have been duly and validly authorized by the Fund and this Agreement and the Fund Agreements have been duly executed and delivered by the Fund and constitute the valid and legally binding agreements of the Fund, enforceable against the Fund in accordance with their terms, except as rights to indemnity and contribution hereunder may be limited by federal or state securities laws and subject to the qualification that the enforceability of the Fund's obligations thereunder and thereunder may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other laws relating to or affecting creditors' rights generally and by general equitable principles;

(vi) The Fund is duly registered with the Commission under the 1940 Act as a closed-end, diversified management investment company and all action has


18

been taken by the Fund as required by the Act and the 1940 Act and the Rules and Regulations in connection with the issuance and sale of the Securities to make the public offering and consummate the sale of the Securities as contemplated by this Agreement; the Fund Agreements comply in all material respects with all applicable provisions of the Act, the 1940 Act, the Advisers Act, the Rules and Regulations and the Advisers Act Rules and Regulations; and the Fund has not received any notice from the Commission pursuant to Section 8(e) of the 1940 Act with respect to the 1940 Act Notification or the Registration Statement;

(vii) No consent, approval, authorization, filing with or order of any court or governmental agency or body is required in connection with the transactions contemplated herein or in the Fund Agreements, except such as have been made or obtained under the Act and the 1940 Act and such as may be required under the blue sky laws of any jurisdiction in connection with the purchase and distribution of the Securities by the Underwriters in the manner contemplated in this Agreement and in the Prospectus and such other approvals (specified in such opinion) as have been obtained;

(viii) Neither the issuance and sale of the Securities, the execution, delivery or performance of this Agreement or any of the Fund Agreements by the Fund, nor the consummation by the Fund of the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby or the adoption of the Fund's Dividend Reinvestment Plan (i) conflicts or will conflict with or constitutes or will constitute a breach of the declaration of trust or by-laws of the Fund, (ii) conflicts or will conflict with or constitutes or will constitute a breach of or a default under, any material agreement, indenture, lease or other instrument to which the Fund is a party or by which it or any of its properties may be bound or (iii) violates or will violate any material statute, law, regulation or filing or judgment, injunction, order or decree applicable to the Fund or any of its properties or will result in the creation or imposition of any material lien, charge or encumbrance upon any property or assets of the Fund pursuant to the terms of any agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it may be bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Fund is subject; and

(ix) No holders of securities of the Fund have rights to the registration of such securities under the Registration Statement.

In rendering such opinion, such counsel may rely (A) as to matters involving the application of laws of any jurisdiction other than the State of Delaware or the Federal laws of the United States, to the extent they deem proper and specified in such opinion, upon the opinion of other counsel of good standing whom they believe to be reliable and who are satisfactory to counsel for the Underwriters and (B) as to matters of fact, to the extent they deem proper, on certificates of responsible officers of the Fund and public officials. References to the Prospectus in this paragraph (b) shall also include any supplements thereto at the Closing Date.


19

(c) You shall have received on the Closing Date an opinion of Murray L. Simpson, Esq., counsel for the Adviser, dated the Closing Date and addressed to you, as Representatives of the several Underwriters, to the effect that:

(i) The Adviser has been duly formed and is validly existing in good standing as a corporation under the laws of the State of California, with full corporate power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business as described in the Prospectus, and is duly qualified to do business as a foreign corporation and is in good standing under the laws of each jurisdiction which requires such qualification.

(ii) The Adviser is duly registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act and is not prohibited by the Advisers Act, the 1940 Act, the Advisers Act Rules and Regulations or the 1940 Act Rules and Regulations from acting under the Fund Agreements to which it is a party for the Fund or the Additional Compensation Agreement as contemplated by the Prospectus;

(iii) The Adviser has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement, the Fund Agreements to which it is a party and the Additional Compensation Agreement; and this Agreement, the Fund Agreements to which it is a party and the Additional Compensation Agreement have been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Adviser and this Agreement, the Fund Agreements to which the Adviser is a party and the Additional Compensation Agreement are each a valid and legally binding agreement of the Adviser, enforceable against the Adviser in accordance with its terms except as rights to indemnity and contribution hereunder and thereunder may be limited by Federal or state securities laws or principles of public policy and subject to the qualification that the enforceability of the Adviser's obligations thereunder may be limited by bankruptcy, fraudulent conveyance, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, and other laws relating to or affecting creditors' rights generally and by general equitable principles whether enforcement is considered in a proceeding in equity or at law;

(iv) This Agreement, the Fund Agreements to which the Adviser is a party and the Additional Compensation Agreement comply in all material respects with all applicable provisions of the 1940 Act, the 1940 Act Rules and Regulations, the Advisers Act and the Advisers Act Rules and Regulations;

(v) Neither the execution, delivery or performance of this Agreement, the Fund Agreements to which the Adviser is a party or the Additional Compensation Agreement, nor the consummation by the Adviser of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby (A) conflicts or will conflict with, or constitutes or will constitute a breach of or default under, the certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or other organizational documents, of the Adviser or (B) conflicts or will conflict with, or constitutes or will constitute a material breach of or material default under any material agreement, indenture, lease or other instrument to which the Adviser is a party, or will result in the creation or


20

imposition of any material lien, charge or encumbrance upon any material property or material assets of the Adviser, nor will any such action result in any material violation of any law of the State of New York, the Delaware General Corporation Law, the 1940 Act, the Advisers Act or any regulation or judgment, injunction, order or decree applicable to the Adviser or any of its properties;

(vi) The description of the Adviser and its business in the Prospectus complies in all material respects with all requirements of the Act, the 1940 Act and the Rules and Regulations;

(vii) To the best knowledge of such counsel after reasonable inquiry, other than as described or contemplated in the Prospectus, there are no actions, suits or other legal or governmental proceedings pending or threatened against the Adviser or to which the Adviser or any of its property is subject which are required to be described in the Prospectus;

(viii) The Adviser owns, possesses or has obtained and currently maintains all governmental licenses, permits, consents, orders, approvals and other authorizations as are necessary for it to carry on its business as contemplated in the Prospectus;

(ix) No material consent, approval, authorization or order of or registration or filing with any court, regulatory body, administrative or other governmental body, agency or official is required on the part of the Adviser for the performance of this Agreement, the Fund Agreements or the Additional Compensation Agreement by the Adviser or for the consummation by the Adviser of the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby; and

(x) Such counsel shall also state that he has no reason to believe that on the Effective Date or the date the Registration Statement was last deemed amended the Registration Statement contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading or that the Prospectus as of its date and on the Closing Date included or includes any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted or omits to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading (in each case, other than the financial statements and other financial and statistical information contained therein, as to which such counsel need express no opinion).

In rendering such opinion, such counsel may rely (A) as to matters involving the application of laws of any jurisdiction other than the State of California or the Federal laws of the United States, to the extent they deem proper and specified in such opinion, upon the opinion of other counsel of good standing whom they believe to be reliable and who are satisfactory to counsel for the Underwriters and (B) as to matters of fact, to the extent they deem proper, on certificates of responsible officers of the Fund and public


21

officials. References to the Prospectus in this paragraph (c) shall also include any supplements thereto at the Closing Date.

(d) The Representatives shall have received from Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, counsel for the Underwriters, such opinion or opinions, dated the Closing Date and addressed to the Representatives, with respect to the issuance and sale of the Securities, the Registration Statement, the Prospectus (together with any supplement thereto) and other related matters as the Representatives may reasonably require, and the Fund and the Adviser shall have furnished to such counsel such documents as they request for the purpose of enabling them to pass upon such matters.

(e) The Fund shall have furnished to the Representatives a certificate of the Fund, signed by the Chairman of the Board or the President and the principal financial or accounting officer of each of the Fund and the Adviser, dated the Closing Date, to the effect that the signers of such certificate have carefully examined the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any supplements to the Prospectus and this Agreement and that:

(i) The representations and warranties of the Fund and the Adviser in this Agreement are true and correct on and as of the Closing Date with the same effect as if made on the Closing Date and the Fund and the Adviser have complied with all the agreements and satisfied all the conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied at or prior to the Closing Date;

(ii) No stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement has been issued and no proceedings for that purpose have been instituted or, to the Fund's or the Adviser's knowledge, threatened; and

(iii) Since the date of the most recent financial statements included in the Prospectus (exclusive of any supplement thereto), there has been no material adverse effect on the condition (financial or otherwise), prospects, earnings, business or properties of the Fund or the Adviser, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business, except as set forth in or contemplated in the Prospectus (exclusive of any supplement thereto).

(f) The Fund shall have requested and caused [name of accountants] to have furnished to the Representatives, at the Execution Time and at the Closing Date, letters, dated respectively as of the Execution Time and as of the Closing Date, in form and substance heretofore approved by the Representatives.

(g) Subsequent to the Execution Time or, if earlier, the dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement (exclusive of any amendment thereof) and the Prospectus (exclusive of any supplement thereto), there shall not have been (i) any change or decrease specified in the letter or letters referred to in paragraph (f) of this Section 7 or
(ii) any change, or any development involving a prospective change, in or affecting the condition (financial or otherwise), earnings, business or properties of the Fund and the Adviser, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of


22

business, except as set forth in or contemplated in the Prospectus (exclusive of any supplement thereto) the effect of which, in any case referred to in clause (i) or (ii) above, is, in the sole judgment of the Representatives, so material and adverse as to make it impractical or inadvisable to proceed with the offering or delivery of the Securities as contemplated by the Registration Statement (exclusive of any amendment thereof) and the Prospectus (exclusive of any supplement thereto).

(h) The Securities shall have been listed and admitted and authorized for trading on the AMEX, and satisfactory evidence of such actions shall have been provided to the Representatives.

(i) Prior to the Closing Date, the Fund and the Adviser shall have furnished to the Representatives such further information, certificates and documents as the Representatives may reasonably request.

If any of the conditions specified in this Section 7 shall not have been fulfilled when and as provided in this Agreement, or if any of the opinions and certificates mentioned above or elsewhere in this Agreement shall not be reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Representatives and counsel for the Underwriters, this Agreement and all obligations of the Underwriters hereunder may be canceled at, or at any time prior to, the Closing Date by the Representatives. Notice of such cancellation shall be given to the Fund in writing or by telephone or facsimile confirmed in writing.

The documents required to be delivered by this Section 7 shall be delivered at the office of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, counsel for the Underwriters, at 425 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York, 10017, on the Closing Date.

8. REIMBURSEMENT OF UNDERWRITERS' EXPENSES. If the sale of the Securities provided for herein is not consummated because any condition to the obligations of the Underwriters set forth in Section 7 hereof is not satisfied, because of any termination pursuant to Section 11 hereof or because of any refusal, inability or failure on the part of the Fund or the Adviser to perform any agreement herein or comply with any provision hereof other than by reason of a default by any of the Underwriters, the Fund will reimburse the Underwriters severally through Citigroup Global Markets Inc. on demand for all out-of-pocket expenses (including reasonable fees and disbursements of counsel) that shall have been incurred by them in connection with the proposed purchase and sale of the Securities.

9. INDEMNIFICATION AND CONTRIBUTION. (a) The Fund and the Adviser, jointly and severally, agree to indemnify and hold harmless each of you and each other Underwriter, the directors, officers, employees and agents of each Underwriter and each person who controls any Underwriter within the meaning of either the Act or the Exchange Act against any and all losses, claims, damages or liabilities, joint or several (including reasonable costs of investigation), to which they or any of them may become subject under the Act, the Exchange Act or other Federal or state statutory law or regulation, at common law or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Preliminary Prospectus, any sales material (or any amendment or supplement


23

to any of the foregoing), or arise out of or are based upon the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, and agrees to reimburse each such indemnified party, as incurred, for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by them in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage, liability or action; PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that the Fund will not be liable in any such case to the extent that any such loss, claim, damage or liability arises out of or is based upon any such untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made therein in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Fund by or on behalf of any Underwriter through the Representatives specifically for inclusion therein. This indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability which the Fund may otherwise have.

(b) Each Underwriter severally and not jointly agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Fund and the Adviser, each of its trustees, each of its officers who signs the Registration Statement, and each person who controls the Fund or the Adviser within the meaning of either the Act or the Exchange Act, to the same extent as the foregoing indemnity from the Fund and the Adviser to each Underwriter, but only with reference to written information relating to such Underwriter furnished to the Fund by or on behalf of such Underwriter through the Representatives specifically for inclusion in the documents referred to in the foregoing indemnity. This indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability which any Underwriter may otherwise have. The Fund and the Adviser acknowledge that the statements set forth in the last paragraph of the cover page regarding delivery of the Securities and, under the heading "Underwriting,"
(i) the list of Underwriters and their respective participation in the sale of the Securities, (ii) the sentences related to concessions and reallowances and
(iii) the paragraph related to stabilization, syndicate covering transactions and penalty bids in any Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus constitute the only information furnished in writing by or on behalf of the several Underwriters for inclusion in any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus.

(c) Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under this Section 9 of notice of the commencement of any action, such indemnified party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against the indemnifying party under this
Section 9, notify the indemnifying party in writing of the commencement thereof; but the failure so to notify the indemnifying party (i) will not relieve it from liability under paragraph (a) or (b) above unless and to the extent it did not otherwise learn of such action and such failure results in the forfeiture by the indemnifying party of substantial rights and defenses and (ii) will not, in any event, relieve the indemnifying party from any obligations to any indemnified party other than the indemnification obligation provided in paragraph (a) or (b) above. The indemnifying party shall be entitled to appoint counsel of the indemnifying party's choice at the indemnifying party's expense to represent the indemnified party in any action for which indemnification is sought (in which case the indemnifying party shall not thereafter be responsible for the fees and expenses of any separate counsel retained by the indemnified party or parties except as set forth below); PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that such counsel shall be satisfactory to the indemnified party. Notwithstanding the indemnifying party's election to appoint counsel to represent the indemnified party in an action, the indemnified party shall have the right to employ separate counsel (including local counsel), and the indemnifying party shall bear the reasonable fees, costs and expenses of such separate counsel if (i) the use of counsel chosen by the indemnifying party to represent the indemnified party would present such


24

counsel with a conflict of interest, (ii) the actual or potential defendants in, or targets of, any such action include both the indemnified party and the indemnifying party and the indemnified party shall have reasonably concluded that there may be legal defenses available to it and/or other indemnified parties which are different from or additional to those available to the indemnifying party, (iii) the indemnifying party shall not have employed counsel satisfactory to the indemnified party to represent the indemnified party within a reasonable time after notice of the institution of such action or (iv) the indemnifying party shall authorize the indemnified party to employ separate counsel at the expense of the indemnifying party. An indemnifying party will not, without the prior written consent of the indemnified parties, settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment with respect to any pending or threatened claim, action, suit or proceeding in respect of which indemnification or contribution may be sought hereunder (whether or not the indemnified parties are actual or potential parties to such claim or action) unless such settlement, compromise or consent includes an unconditional release of each indemnified party from all liability arising out of such claim, action, suit or proceeding.

(d) In the event that the indemnity provided in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Section 9 is unavailable to or insufficient to hold harmless an indemnified party for any reason, the Fund, the Adviser and the Underwriters severally agree to contribute to the aggregate losses, claims, damages and liabilities (including legal or other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with investigating or defending same) (collectively "Losses") to which the Fund, the Adviser and one or more of the Underwriters may be subject in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Fund and the Adviser on the one hand (treated jointly for this purpose as one person) and by the Underwriters on the other from the offering of the Securities; PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that in no case shall any Underwriter (except as may be provided in any agreement among underwriters relating to the offering of the Securities) be responsible for any amount in excess of the underwriting discount or commission applicable to the Securities purchased by such Underwriter hereunder. If the allocation provided by the immediately preceding sentence is unavailable for any reason, the Fund, the Adviser and the Underwriters severally shall contribute in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only such relative benefits but also the relative fault of the Fund and the Adviser on the one hand (treated jointly for this purpose as one person) and of the Underwriters on the other in connection with the statements or omissions which resulted in such Losses as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. Benefits received by the Fund and the Adviser (treated jointly for this purpose as one person) shall be deemed to be equal to the total net proceeds from the offering (before deducting expenses) received by it, and benefits received by the Underwriters shall be deemed to be equal to the total underwriting discounts and commissions, in each case as set forth on the cover page of the Prospectus. Relative fault shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether any untrue or any alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information provided by the Fund and the Adviser on the one hand (treated jointly for this purpose as one person) or the Underwriters on the other, the intent of the parties and their relative knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such untrue statement or omission. The Fund, the Adviser and the Underwriters agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution pursuant to this Section 9 were determined by pro rata allocation or any other method of allocation which does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to above. Notwithstanding the provisions of this paragraph (d), no person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Act) shall be entitled to


25

contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this Section 9, each person who controls an Underwriter within the meaning of either the Act or the Exchange Act and each director, officer, employee and agent of an Underwriter shall have the same rights to contribution as such Underwriter, and each person who controls the Fund or the Adviser within the meaning of either the Act or the Exchange Act, each officer of the Fund and the Adviser who shall have signed the Registration Statement and each director of the Fund and the Adviser shall have the same rights to contribution as the Fund and the Adviser, subject in each case to the applicable terms and conditions of this paragraph (d). The Underwriters' obligations to contribute pursuant to this Section 9 are several in proportion to the respective number of Firm Securities set forth opposite their names in Schedule I (or such numbers of Firm Securities increased as set forth in Section 10 hereof) and not joint.

(e) No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of the indemnified party, effect any settlement of any pending or threatened action, suit or proceeding in respect of which any indemnified party is or could have been a party and indemnity could have been sought hereunder by such indemnified party, unless such settlement includes an unconditional release of such indemnified party from all liability from claimants on claims that are the subject matter of such action, suit or proceeding.

(f) Any losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses for which an indemnified party is entitled to indemnification or contribution under this
Section 9 shall be paid by the indemnifying party to the indemnified party as such losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses are incurred. The indemnity and contribution agreements contained in this Section 9 and the representations and warranties of the Fund and the Adviser set forth in this Agreement shall remain operative and in full force and effect, regardless of (i) any investigation made by or on behalf of any Underwriter or any person controlling any Underwriter, the Fund, the Adviser or their shareholders, trustees, directors, managers, members or officers or any person controlling the Fund or the Adviser (control to be determined within the meaning of the Act or the Exchange Act), (ii) acceptance of any Securities and payment therefor hereunder and (iii) any termination of this Agreement. A successor to any Underwriter or to the Fund, the Adviser or their shareholders, trustees, directors, managers, members or officers or any person controlling any Underwriter, the Fund or the Adviser shall be entitled to the benefits of the indemnity, contribution and reimbursement agreements contained in this Section 9.

10. DEFAULT BY AN UNDERWRITER. If any one or more Underwriters shall fail to purchase and pay for any of the Securities agreed to be purchased by such Underwriter or Underwriters hereunder and such failure to purchase shall constitute a default in the performance of its or their obligations under this Agreement, the remaining Underwriters shall be obligated severally to take up and pay for (in the respective proportions which the amount of Securities set forth opposite their names in Schedule I hereto bears to the aggregate amount of Securities set forth opposite the names of all the remaining Underwriters or in such other proportion as you may specify in accordance with the Citigroup Global Markets Inc. Master Agreement Among Underwriters) the Securities which the defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters agreed but failed to purchase; PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that in the event that the aggregate amount of Securities which the defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters agreed but failed to purchase shall exceed 10% of the aggregate amount of Securities set forth in Schedule I hereto, the remaining Underwriters shall have the right to purchase all, but shall not be under any obligation to purchase any, of the


26

Securities, and if such nondefaulting Underwriters do not purchase all the Securities, this Agreement will terminate without liability to any nondefaulting Underwriter or the Fund. In the event of a default by any Underwriter as set forth in this Section 10, the Closing Date shall be postponed for such period, not exceeding five Business Days, as the Representatives shall determine in order that the required changes in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus or in any other documents or arrangements may be effected. Nothing contained in this Agreement shall relieve any defaulting Underwriter of its liability, if any, to the Fund and any nondefaulting Underwriter for damages occasioned by its default hereunder. [The term "Underwriter" as used in this Agreement includes, for all purposes of this Agreement, any party not listed in Schedule I hereto who, with your approval and the approval of the Fund, purchases Firm Securities which a defaulting Underwriter agreed, but failed or refused, to purchase.]

11. TERMINATION. This Agreement shall be subject to termination in the absolute discretion of the Representatives, without liability on the part of the Underwriters to the Fund or the Adviser, by notice given to the Fund or the Adviser prior to delivery of and payment for the Securities, if at any time prior to such time (i) trading in the Fund's Common Shares shall have been suspended by the Commission or the AMEX or trading in securities generally on the NYSE shall have been suspended or limited or minimum prices shall have been established on either of the exchanges, (ii) a banking moratorium shall have been declared either by Federal or New York State authorities or (iii) there shall have occurred any outbreak or escalation of hostilities, declaration by the United States of a national emergency or war, or other calamity or crisis the effect of which on financial markets is such as to make it, in the sole judgment of the Representatives, impractical or inadvisable to proceed with the offering or delivery of the Securities as contemplated by the Prospectus (exclusive of any supplement thereto).

12. REPRESENTATIONS AND INDEMNITIES TO SURVIVE. The respective agreements, representations, warranties, indemnities and other statements of the Fund and the Adviser or its officers and of the Underwriters set forth in or made pursuant to this Agreement will remain in full force and effect, regardless of any investigation made by or on behalf of any Underwriter or the Fund or the Adviser or any of the officers, trustees, employees, agents or controlling persons referred to in Section 9 hereof, and will survive delivery of and payment for the Securities. The provisions of Sections 8 and 9 hereof shall survive the termination or cancellation of this Agreement.

13. NOTICES. All communications hereunder will be in writing and effective only on receipt, and, if sent to the Representatives, will be mailed, delivered or telefaxed to the Citigroup Global Markets Inc. General Counsel (fax no.: (212) 816-7912) and confirmed to the General Counsel, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York, 10013, Attention:
General Counsel; or, if sent to the Fund or the Adviser, will be mailed, delivered or telefaxed to Franklin Advisers, Inc. (fax no.: (xxx) xxx-xxxx) and confirmed to it at One Franklin Parkway, San Mateo, California 94403-1906, attention of the Legal Department.

14. SUCCESSORS. This Agreement will inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties hereto and their respective successors and the officers, trustees, directors, employees, agents and controlling persons referred to in Section 9 hereof, and no other person will have any right or obligation hereunder.


27

15. APPLICABLE LAW. This Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York applicable to contracts made and to be performed within the State of New York.

16. COUNTERPARTS. This Agreement may be signed in one or more counterparts, each of which shall constitute an original and all of which together shall constitute one and the same agreement.

17. HEADINGS. The section headings used herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof.

18. DEFINITIONS. The terms which follow, when used in this Agreement, shall have the meanings indicated.

"1940 Act" shall mean the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

"1940 Act Rules and Regulations" shall mean the rules and regulations of the Commission under the 1940 Act.

"1940 Act Notification" shall mean a notification of registration of the Fund as an investment company under the 1940 Act on Form N-8A, as the 1940 Act Notification may be amended from time to time.

"Act" shall mean the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder.

"Act Rules and Regulations" shall mean the rules and regulations of the Commission under the Act.

"Advisers Act" shall mean the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended

"Advisers Act Rules and Regulations" shall mean the rules and regulations adopted by the Commission under the Advisers Act

"Business Day" shall mean any day other than a Saturday, a Sunday or a legal holiday or a day on which banking institutions or trust companies are authorized or obligated by law to close in New York City.

"Commission" shall mean the Securities and Exchange Commission.

"Effective Date" shall mean each date and time that the Registration Statement, any post-effective amendment or amendments thereto and any Rule
462(b) Registration Statement became or become effective.

"Exchange Act" shall mean the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder.


28

"Execution Time" shall mean the date and time that this Agreement is executed and delivered by the parties hereto.

"Preliminary Prospectus" shall mean any preliminary prospectus (including the statement of additional information incorporated by reference therein) referred to in paragraph 1(a) above and any preliminary prospectus (including the statement of additional information incorporated by reference therein) included in the Registration Statement at the Effective Date that omits Rule 430A Information.

"Prospectus" shall mean the prospectus (including the statement of additional information incorporated by reference therein) relating to the Securities that is first filed pursuant to Rule 497 after the Execution Time or, if no filing pursuant to Rule 497 is required, shall mean the form of final prospectus (including the statement of additional information incorporated by reference therein) relating to the Securities included in the Registration Statement at the Effective Date.

"Registration Statement" shall mean the registration statement referred to in paragraph 1(a) above, including exhibits and financial statements, as amended at the Execution Time (or, if not effective at the Execution Time, in the form in which it shall become effective) and, in the event any post-effective amendment thereto or any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement becomes effective prior to the Closing Date, shall also mean such registration statement as so amended or such Rule 462(b) Registration Statement, as the case may be. Such term shall include any Rule 430A Information deemed to be included therein at the Effective Date as provided by Rule 430A.

"Rule 430A" and "Rule 462" refer to such rules under the Act.

"Rule 430A Information" shall mean information with respect to the Securities and the offering thereof permitted to be omitted from the Registration Statement when it becomes effective pursuant to Rule 430A.

"Rule 497" refers to Rule 497(c) or 497(h) under the Act, as applicable.

"Rule 462(b) Registration Statement" shall mean a registration statement and any amendments thereto filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) relating to the offering covered by the registration statement referred to in
Section 1(a) hereof.

"Rules and Regulations" shall mean, collectively, the Act Rules and Regulations and the 1940 Act Rules and Regulations.


29

If the foregoing is in accordance with your understanding of our agreement, please sign and return to us the enclosed duplicate hereof, whereupon this letter and your acceptance shall represent a binding agreement among the Fund, the Adviser and the several Underwriters.

Very truly yours,

FRANKLIN TEMPLETON LIMITED
DURATION INCOME TRUST

By:

Name:


Title:

FRANKLIN ADVISERS, INC.

By:

Name:


Title:


30

The foregoing Agreement is hereby
confirmed and accepted as of the
date first above written.

Citigroup Global Markets Inc.

By:
Name:
Title:

For itself and the other
several Underwriters named in
Schedule I to the foregoing
Agreement.


SCHEDULE I

                                                  NUMBER OF UNDERWRITTEN
                                                     SECURITIES TO BE
UNDERWRITERS                                             PURCHASED
------------                                      ----------------------
Citigroup Global Markets Inc.



                                                        -----------
          Total
                                                        -----------


EXHIBIT 99.h.2

MASTER SELECTED DEALER AGREEMENT

July 1, 1999

Ladies and Gentlemen:

In connection with registered public offerings of securities for which we are acting as manager or co-manager of an underwriting syndicate or unregistered offerings of securities for which we are acting as manager or co-manager of the initial purchasers, you may be offered the right as a selected dealer to purchase as principal a portion of such securities. This will confirm our mutual agreement as to the general terms and conditions applicable to your participation in any such selected dealer group.

1. APPLICABILITY OF THIS AGREEMENT. The terms and conditions of this Agreement shall be applicable to any offering of securities ("Securities"), whether pursuant to a registration statement filed under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), or exempt from registration thereunder, in respect of which Salomon Smith Barney Inc. (acting for its own account or for the account of any underwriting or similar group or syndicate) is responsible for managing or otherwise implementing the sale of the Securities to selected dealers ("Selected Dealers") and has expressly informed you that such terms and conditions shall be applicable. Any such offering of Securities to you as a Selected Dealer is hereinafter called an "Offering". In the case of any Offering where we are acting for the account of any underwriting or similar group or syndicate ("Underwriters"), the terms and conditions of this Agreement shall be for the benefit of, and binding upon, such Underwriters, including, in the case of any Offering where we are acting with others as representatives of Underwriters, such other representatives.

2. CONDITIONS OF OFFERING; ACCEPTANCE AND PURCHASES. Any Offering will be subject to delivery of the Securities and their acceptance by us and any other Underwriters, may be subject to the approval of all legal matters by counsel and the satisfaction of other conditions, and may be made on the basis of reservation of Securities or an allotment against subscription. We will advise you by telecopy, telex or other form of written communication ("Written Communication", which term, in the case of any Offering described in Section 3(a) or 3(b) hereof, may include a prospectus or offering circular) of the particular method and supplementary terms and conditions (including, without limitation, the information as to prices and the offering date referred to in
Section 3(c) hereof) of any Offering in which you are invited to participate. To the extent such supplementary terms and conditions are inconsistent with any provision herein, such terms and conditions shall supersede any such provision. Unless otherwise indicated in any such Written Communication, acceptances and other communications


by you with respect to an Offering should be sent to the appropriate Syndicate Department of Salomon Smith Barney Inc. We may close the subscription books at any time in our sole discretion without notice, and we reserve the right to reject any acceptance in whole or in part.

Unless notified otherwise by us, Securities purchased by you shall be paid for on such date as we shall determine, on one day's prior notice to you, by wire transfer payable in immediately available funds to the order of Salomon Smith Barney Inc., in an amount equal to the Public Offering Price (as hereinafter defined) or, if we shall so advise you, at such Public Offering Price less the Concession (as hereinafter defined). If Securities are purchased and paid for at such Public Offering Price, such Concession will be paid after the termination of the provisions of Section 3(c) hereof with respect to such Securities. Unless notified otherwise by us, payment for and delivery of Securities purchased by you shall be made through the facilities of The Depository Trust Company, if you are a member, unless you have otherwise notified us prior to the date specified in a Written Communication to you from us or, if you are not a member, settlement may be made through a correspondent who is a member pursuant to instructions which you will send to us prior to such specified date.

3. REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES AND AGREEMENTS.

(a) REGISTERED OFFERINGS. In the case of any Offering of Securities which are registered under the Securities Act ("Registered Offering"), we will make available to you as soon as practicable after sufficient copies are made available to us by the issuer of the Securities such number of copies of each preliminary prospectus and of the final prospectus relating thereto as you may reasonably request for the purposes contemplated by the Securities Act and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission thereunder.

You represent and warrant that you are familiar with Rule 15c2-8 under the Exchange Act relating to the distribution of preliminary and final prospectuses and agree that you will comply therewith. You agree to make a record of your distribution of each preliminary prospectus and when furnished with copies of any revised preliminary prospectus, you will promptly forward copies thereof to each person to whom you have theretofore distributed a preliminary prospectus.

You agree that in purchasing Securities in a Registered Offering you will rely upon no statement whatsoever, written or oral, other than the statements in the final prospectus delivered to you by us. You will not be authorized by the issuer or other seller of Securities offered pursuant to a prospectus or by any Underwriters to give any information or to make any representation not contained in the prospectus in connection with the sale of such Securities.

(b) OFFERINGS PURSUANT TO OFFERING CIRCULAR. In the case of any Offering of Securities, other than a Registered Offering, which is made pursuant to an offering circular or other document comparable to a prospectus in a Registered Offering, we will make available to you as soon as practicable after sufficient copies are made available to us by the issuer of the Securities such number of copies of each preliminary offering circular and of the final offering circular relating thereto as you may reasonably request. You agree that you will comply with applicable Federal, state and other laws, and the

2

applicable rules and regulations of any regulatory body promulgated thereunder, governing the use and distribution of offering circulars by brokers or dealers.

You agree that in purchasing Securities pursuant to an offering circular you will rely upon no statements whatsoever, written or oral, other than the statements in the final offering circular delivered to you by us. You will not be authorized by the issuer or other seller of Securities offered pursuant to an offering circular or by any Underwriters to give any information or to make any representation not contained in the offering circular in connection with the sale of such Securities.

(c) OFFER AND SALE TO THE PUBLIC. The Offering of Securities is made subject to the conditions referred to the prospectus or offering circular relating to the Offering and to the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement. With respect to any Offering of Securities, we will inform you by a Written Communication of the public offering price, the selling concession, the reallowance (if any) to dealers and the time when you may commence selling Securities to the public. After such public offering has commenced, we may change the public offering price, the selling concession and the reallowance to dealers. The offering price, selling concession and reallowance (if any) to dealers at any time in effect with respect to an Offering are hereinafter referred to, respectively, as the "Public Offering Price", the "Concession" and the "Reallowance". With respect to each Offering of Securities, until the provisions of this Section 3(c) shall be terminated pursuant to Section 4 hereof, you agree to offer Securities to the public only at the Public Offering Price, except that if a Reallowance is in effect, a Reallowance from the Public Offering Price not in excess of such Reallowance may be allowed as consideration for services rendered in distribution to dealers who are actually engaged in the investment banking or securities business who are either members in good standing of the NASD who agree to abide by the applicable rules of the NASD (see
Section 3(e) below) or foreign banks, dealers or institutions not eligible for membership in the NASD who represent to you that they will promptly reoffer such Securities at the Public Offering Price and will abide by the conditions with respect to foreign banks, dealers and institutions set forth in Section 3(e) hereof.

(d) OVER-ALLOTMENT; STABILIZATION; UNSOLD ALLOTMENTS. We may, with respect to any Offering, be authorized to over-allot in arranging sales to Selected Dealers, to purchase and sell Securities for long or short account and to stabilize or maintain the market price of the Securities. You agree that upon our request at any time and from time to time prior to the termination of the provisions of Section 3(c) hereof with respect to any Offering, you will report to us the amount of Securities purchased by you pursuant to such Offering which then remain unsold by you and will, upon our request at any such time, sell to us for our account or the account of one or more Underwriters such amount of such unsold Securities as we may designate at the Public Offering Price less an amount to be determined by us not in excess of the Concession. If, prior to the later of (a) the termination of the provisions of Section 3(c) hereof with respect to any Offering, or (b) the covering by us of any short position created by us in connection with such Offering for our account or the account of one or more Underwriters, we purchase or contract to purchase for our account or the account of one or more Underwriters in the open market or otherwise any Securities purchased by you under this Agreement as part of such Offering, you agree to pay us on demand for the account of the Underwriters an amount equal to the Concession with respect to such Securities (unless you shall have purchased such Securities pursuant to Section 2 hereof at the Public Offering Price and you have not received or been credited with any Concession, in which case we shall not

3

be obligated to pay such Concession to you pursuant to Section 2) plus transfer taxes and broker's commissions or dealer's mark-up, if any, paid in connection with such purchase or contract to purchase.

(e) NASD. You represent and warrant that you are actually engaged in the investment banking or securities business and either are a member in good standing of the NASD or, if you are not such a member, you are a foreign bank, dealer or institution not eligible for membership in the NASD which agrees to make no sales within the United State, its territories or its possessions or to persons who are citizens thereof or residents therein, and in making other sales to comply with the NASD's interpretation with respect to free-riding and withholding. You further represent, by your participation in an Offering, that you have provided to us all documents and other information required to be filed with respect to you, any related person or any person associated with you or any such related person pursuant to the supplementary requirements of the NASD's interpretation with respect to review of corporate financing as such requirements relate to such Offering.

You agree that, in connection with any purchase or sale of the Securities wherein a selling concession, discount or other allowance is received or granted, you will (a) if you are a member of the NASD, comply with all applicable interpretive material ("IM") and Conduct Rules of the NASD, including, without limitation, IM 2110-1 (relating to Free-Riding and Withholding) and Conduct Rule 2740 (relating to Selling Concessions, Discounts and Other Allowances) or (b) if you are a foreign bank or dealer or institution not eligible for such membership, comply with IM 2110-1 and with Conduct Rules 2730 (relating to Securities Taken in Trade), 2740 (relating to Selling Concessions) and 2750 (relating to Transactions With Related Persons) as though you were such a member and Conduct Rule 2420 (relating to Dealing with Non-Members) as it applies to a non-member broker or dealer in a foreign country.

You further agree that, in connection with any purchase of securities from us that is not otherwise covered by the terms of this Agreement (whether we are acting as manager, as member of an underwriting syndicate or a selling group or otherwise), if a selling concession, discount or other allowance is granted to you, clauses (a) and (b) of the preceding paragraph will be applicable.

(f) RELATIONSHIP AMONG UNDERWRITERS AND SELECTED DEALERS. We may buy Securities from or sell Securities to any Underwriter or Selected Dealer and, with our consent, the Underwriters (if any) and the Selected Dealers may purchase Securities from and sell Securities to each other at the Public Offering Price less all or any part of the Concession. We shall have full authority to take such action as we deem advisable in all matters pertaining to any Offering under this Agreement. You are not authorized to act as agent for us, any Underwriter or the issuer or other seller of any Securities in offering Securities to the public or otherwise. Neither we nor any Underwriter shall be under any obligation to you except for obligations assumed hereby or in any Written Communication from us in connection with any Offering. Nothing contained herein or in any Written Communication from us shall constitute the Selected Dealers an association or partners with us or any Underwriter or with one another. If the Selected Dealers, among themselves or with the Underwriters, should be deemed to constitute a partnership for Federal income tax purposes, then you elect to be excluded from the application of Subchapter K, Chapter 1, Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and agree not to take any position inconsistent with that election. You authorize us, in

4

our discretion, to execute and file on your behalf such evidence of that election as may be required by the Internal Revenue Service. In connection with any Offering you shall be liable for your proportionate amount of any tax, claim, demand or liability that may be asserted against you alone or against one or more Selected Dealers participating in such Offering, or against us or the Underwriters, based upon the claim that the Selected Dealers, or any of them constitute an association, an unincorporated business or other entity, including, in each case, your proportionate amount of any expense incurred in defending against any such tax, claim, demand or liability.

(g) BLUE SKY LAWS. Upon application to us, we shall inform you as to any advice we have received from counsel concerning the jurisdictions in which Securities have been qualified for sale or are exempt under the securities or blue sky laws of such jurisdictions, but we do not assume any obligation or responsibility as to your right to sell Securities in any such jurisdiction.

(h) COMPLIANCE WITH LAW. You agree that in selling Securities pursuant to any Offering (which agreement shall also be for the benefit of the issuer or other seller of such Securities), you will comply with all applicable laws, rules and regulations, including the applicable provisions of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission thereunder, the applicable rules and regulations of the NASD, the applicable rules and regulations of any securities exchange or other regulatory authority having jurisdiction over the Offering and the applicable laws, rules and regulations specified in Section 3(b) hereof. Without limiting the foregoing, (a) you agree that, at all times since you were invited to participate in an Offering of Securities, you have complied with the provisions of Regulation M applicable to such Offering, in each case after giving effect to any applicable exemptions and (b) you represent that your incurrence of obligations hereunder in connection with any Offering of Securities will not result in the violation by you of Rule 15c3-1 under the Exchange Act, if such requirements are applicable to you.

4. TERMINATION; SUPPLEMENTS AND AMENDMENTS. This Agreement shall continue in full force and effect until terminated by a written instrument executed by each of the parties hereto. This Agreement may be supplemented or amended by us by written notice thereof to you, and any such supplement or amendment to this Agreement shall be effective with respect to any Offering to which this Agreement applies after the date of such supplement or amendment. Each reference to "this Agreement" herein shall, as appropriate, be to this Agreement as so amended and supplemented. The terms and conditions set forth in Section 3(c) hereof with regard to any Offering will terminate at the close of business on the 30th day after the commencement of the public offering of the Securities to which such Offering relates, but in our discretion may be extended by us for a further period not exceeding 30 days and in our discretion, whether or not extended, may be terminated at any earlier time.

5. SUCCESSORS AND ASSIGNS. This Agreement shall be binding on, and inure to the benefit of, the parties hereto and other persons specified in Section 1 hereof, and the respective successors and assigns of each of them.

6. GOVERNING LAW. This Agreement and the terms and conditions set forth herein with respect to any Offering together with such supplementary terms and conditions with respect to such Offering as may be contained in any Written Communication from us to you in connection therewith shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the

5

laws of the State of New York applicable to contracts made and to be performed within the State of New York.

Please confirm by signing and returning to us the enclosed copy of this Agreement that your subscription to or your acceptance of any reservation of any Securities pursuant to an Offering shall constitute (i) acceptance of and agreement to the terms and conditions of this Agreement (as supplemented and amended pursuant to Section 4 hereof; together with and subject to any supplementary terms and conditions contained in any Written Communication from us in connection with such Offering, all of which shall constitute a binding agreement between you and us, individually or as representative of any Underwriters, (ii) confirmation that your representations and warranties set forth in Section 3 hereof are true and correct at that time, (iii) confirmation that your agreements set forth in Sections 2 and 3 hereof have been and will be fully performed by you to the extent and at the times required thereby and (iv) in the case of any Offering described in Section 3(a) or 3(b) hereof, acknowledgment that you have requested and received from us sufficient copies of the final prospectus or offering circular, as the case may be, with respect to such Offering in order to comply with your undertakings in Section 3(a) or 3(b) hereof.

Very truly yours,

SALOMON SMITH BARNEY INC.

By:

Name:


Title:

CONFIRMED: 1999


(NAME OF DEALER)

by:
Name:
Title:

Address:


Telephone:

6

Fax:

7

EXHIBIT 99.h.3

MASTER AGREEMENT AMONG UNDERWRITERS

REGISTERED SEC OFFERINGS
(INCLUDING MULTIPLE SYNDICATE OFFERINGS),
STANDBY UNDERWRITINGS AND EXEMPT OFFERINGS
(OTHER THAN OFFERINGS OF MUNICIPAL SECURITIES)

July 1, 1999

Ladies and Gentlemen:

From time to time SALOMON SMITH BARNEY INC. ("SALOMON SMITH BARNEY") may invite you (and others) to participate on the terms set forth herein as an underwriter or an initial purchaser, or in a similar capacity, in connection with certain offerings of securities that are managed solely by us or with one or more other co-managers. If we invite you to participate in a specific offering and sale (an "OFFERING") to which this Master Agreement Among Underwriters (the "SALOMON SMITH BARNEY MASTER AAU") shall apply, we will send the information set forth below in Section 1.1 to you by one or more wires, telexes, facsimile or electronic data transmissions or other written communications (each a "WIRE" and collectively, an "AAU"). Each Wire will indicate that it is a Wire pursuant to the SALOMON SMITH BARNEY MASTER AAU. The Wire inviting you to participate in an Offering is referred to herein as the "INVITATION WIRE". You and we hereby agree that by the terms hereof the provisions of this SALOMON SMITH BARNEY MASTER AAU automatically shall be incorporated by reference in each AAU, EXCEPT THAT ANY SUCH AAU MAY ALSO EXCLUDE OR REVISE ANY PROVISION OF THIS SALOMON SMITH BARNEY MASTER AAU OR MAY CONTAIN SUCH ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS AS MAY BE SPECIFIED IN SUCH AAU.

I. GENERAL

1.1. TERMS OF AAU; CERTAIN DEFINITIONS; CONSTRUCTION. Each AAU shall relate to an Offering and shall identify (i) the securities to be offered in the Offering (the "SECURITIES"), their principal terms, the issuer or issuers (each an "ISSUER") and any guarantor (each a "GUARANTOR") thereof and, if different from the Issuer, the seller or sellers (each a "SELLER") of the Securities, (ii) the underwriting agreement, purchase agreement, standby underwriting agreement, distribution agreement or similar agreement (as identified in such AAU and as amended or supplemented, including a terms agreement or pricing agreement pursuant to any of the foregoing, collectively, the "UNDERWRITING AGREEMENT") providing for the purchase, on a several and not joint basis, of the Securities by the several underwriters, initial purchasers or others acting in a similar capacity on whose behalf the Manager (as defined below) executes the


Underwriting Agreement (including the Manager and the Co-Managers (as defined below), the "UNDERWRITERS"), (iii) if applicable, that the Underwriting Agreement includes an option (an "OVER-ALLOTMENT OPTION") to purchase Additional Securities (as defined below) to cover over-allotments, if any, (iv) if applicable, that the Offering is part of an offering that includes concurrent offerings by two or more syndicates (an "INTERNATIONAL OFFERING"), each of which will offer and sell Securities subject to such restrictions as shall be specified in any Intersyndicate Agreement (as defined below) referred to in such AAU, (v) the price at which the Securities are to be purchased by the several Underwriters from any Issuer or Seller thereof (the "PURCHASE PRICE"), (vi) the offering terms, including, if applicable, the price or prices at which the Securities initially will be offered by the Underwriters (the "OFFERING PRICE"), any selling concession to dealers (the "SELLING CONCESSION"), reallowance (the "REALLOWANCE"), management fee, global coordinators' fee, praecipium or other similar fees, discounts or commissions (collectively, the "FEES AND COMMISSIONS") with respect to the Securities, (vii) the proposed pricing date ("PRICING DATE") and settlement date (the "SETTLEMENT DATE"), (viii) any contractual restrictions on the offer and sale of the Securities pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, Intersyndicate Agreement or otherwise, (ix) any co-managers for such Offering (the "CO-MANAGERS"), (x) your proposed participation in the Offering, (xi) if applicable, the trustee, fiscal agent or similar agent (the "TRUSTEE") for the indenture, trust agreement, fiscal agency agreement or similar agreement (the "INDENTURE") under which such Securities will be issued and (xii) any other principal terms of the Offering.

The term "MANAGER" means SALOMON SMITH BARNEY. The term "UNDERWRITERS" includes the Manager and the Co-Managers. The term "FIRM SECURITIES" means the number or amount of Securities that the several Underwriters are initially committed to purchase under the Underwriting Agreement (which may be expressed as a percentage of an aggregate number or amount of Securities to be purchased by the Underwriters as in the case of a standby Underwriting Agreement). The term "ADDITIONAL SECURITIES" means the Securities, if any, that the several Underwriters have an option to purchase under the Underwriting Agreement to cover over-allotments, if any. The number, amount or percentage of Firm Securities set forth opposite each Underwriter's name in the Underwriting Agreement plus any additional Firm Securities that such Underwriter has become obligated to purchase under the Underwriting Agreement or Article XI hereof is hereinafter referred to as the "ORIGINAL PURCHASE OBLIGATION" of such Underwriter and the ratio which such Original Purchase Obligation bears to the total of all Firm Securities set forth in the Underwriting Agreement (or, in the case of a standby Underwriting Agreement, to 100%) is hereinafter referred to as the "UNDERWRITING PERCENTAGE" of such Underwriter.

References herein to statutory sections, rules, regulations, forms and interpretive materials shall be deemed to include any successor provisions.

1.2. ACCEPTANCE OF AAU. You shall have accepted an AAU for an Offering if we receive your acceptance, prior to the time specified in the Invitation Wire for such Offering, by wire, telex, facsimile or electronic data transmission or other written communication (any such manner of communication being deemed "IN WRITING") (or

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orally, if promptly confirmed In Writing) in the manner specified in the Invitation Wire, of our invitation to participate in the Offering. If we receive your timely acceptance of the invitation to participate, such AAU shall constitute a valid and binding contract between us. Your acceptance of the Invitation Wire shall also constitute acceptance by you of the terms of subsequent Wires to you relating to the Offering unless we receive In Writing, within the time and in the manner specified in such subsequent Wire, a notice from you to the effect that you do not accept the terms of such subsequent Wire, in which case you shall be deemed to have elected not to participate in the Offering.

1.3. UNDERWRITERS' QUESTIONNAIRE. Your acceptance of the Invitation Wire shall confirm that you have no exceptions to the Underwriters' Questionnaire attached as Exhibit A hereto (or to any other questions addressed to you in any Wires relating to the Offering previously sent to you), other than exceptions noted by you In Writing in connection with the Offering and received from you by us before the time specified in the Invitation Wire or any subsequent Wire.

II. OFFERING MATERIALS

2.1. REGISTERED OFFERINGS. In the case of an Offering that will be registered in whole or in part (a "REGISTERED OFFERING") under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "1933 ACT"), you understand that the Issuer has filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "COMMISSION") a registration statement including a prospectus relating to the Securities. The term "REGISTRATION STATEMENT" means such registration statement as amended or deemed to be amended to the effective date of the Underwriting Agreement and, in the event that the Issuer files an abbreviated registration statement to register additional Securities pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the 1933 Act, such abbreviated registration statement. The term "PROSPECTUS" means the prospectus, together with the final prospectus supplement, if any, relating to the Offering first used to confirm sales of Securities and, in the case of a Registered Offering that is an International Offering, the term "PROSPECTUS" shall mean, collectively, each prospectus or offering circular, together with each final prospectus supplement or final offering circular supplement, if any, relating to the Offering, in the respective forms first used or made available for use to confirm sales of Securities. The term "PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS" means any preliminary prospectus relating to the Offering or any preliminary prospectus supplement together with a prospectus relating to the Offering and, in the case of a Registered Offering that is an International Offering, the term "PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS" shall mean, collectively, each preliminary prospectus or preliminary offering circular relating to the Offering or each preliminary prospectus supplement or preliminary offering circular supplement, together with a prospectus or offering circular, respectively, relating to the Offering. As used herein the terms "REGISTRATION STATEMENT", "PROSPECTUS" and "PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS" shall include in each case the material, if any, incorporated by reference therein. The Manager will furnish to you, or make arrangements for you to obtain, copies of each Prospectus and Preliminary Prospectus (but excluding for this purpose, unless otherwise required pursuant to regulations under the 1933 Act, documents incorporated therein by reference) as soon as practicable after sufficient quantities thereof have been made available by the Issuer.

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2.2. UNREGISTERED OFFERINGS. In the case of an Offering other than a Registered Offering, you understand that no registration statement has been filed with the Commission. The term "OFFERING CIRCULAR" means an offering circular or memorandum, if any, or any other written materials authorized by the Issuer to be used in connection with an Offering that is not a Registered Offering. The term "PRELIMINARY OFFERING CIRCULAR" means any preliminary offering circular or memorandum, if any, or any other written preliminary materials authorized by the Issuer to be used in connection with such an Offering. As used herein, the terms "OFFERING CIRCULAR" and "PRELIMINARY OFFERING CIRCULAR" shall include the material, if any, incorporated by reference therein. We will either, as soon as practicable after the later of the date of the Invitation Wire or the date made available to us by the Issuer, furnish to you (or make available for your review in our office) a copy of any Preliminary Offering Circular or any proof or draft of the Offering Circular. In any event, in any Offering involving an Offering Circular, the Manager will furnish to you, or make arrangements for you to obtain, as soon as practicable after sufficient quantities thereof are made available by the Issuer, copies of the final Offering Circular, as amended or supplemented, if applicable (but excluding for this purpose documents incorporated therein by reference).

III. MANAGER'S AUTHORITY

3.1. AUTHORITY OF MANAGER TO DETERMINE FORM OF DOCUMENTS, TERMS OF OFFERING, ETC. You authorize the Manager to act as lead manager of the Offering of the Securities by the Underwriters (the "UNDERWRITERS' SECURITIES") or by the Issuer or Seller pursuant to delayed delivery contracts (the "CONTRACT SECURITIES"), if any, contemplated by the Underwriting Agreement. You authorize the Manager, on your behalf, (a) to determine the form of the Underwriting Agreement, (b) to execute and deliver the Underwriting Agreement to the Issuer, Guarantor or Seller, (c) to determine the form of any agreement or agreements between or among the syndicates participating in the International Offering of which the Offering is a part (each an "INTERSYNDICATE AGREEMENT"), and (d) to execute and deliver any such Intersyndicate Agreement. You authorize the Manager
(i) to exercise any Over-allotment Option for the purchase any of or all the Additional Securities for the accounts of the several Underwriters pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, (ii) to agree, on your behalf and on behalf of the Co-Managers, to any addition to, change in or waiver of any provision of, or the termination of, the Underwriting Agreement or any Intersyndicate Agreement (other than an increase in the Purchase Price or in your Original Purchase Obligation to purchase Securities, in either case from that contemplated by the applicable AAU), (iii) to add or remove prospective Underwriters to or from the syndicate, (iv) to exercise, in the Manager's discretion, all the authority vested in the Manager in the Underwriting Agreement and (v) except as described below in this Section 3.1, to take any other action as may seem advisable to the Manager in respect of the Offering (including, without limitation, actions and communications with the Commission, the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. (the "NASD"), state blue sky or securities commissions, stock exchanges and other regulatory bodies or organizations). If, in accordance with the terms of the applicable AAU, the Offering of the Securities is at varying prices based on prevailing market prices or prices related to prevailing market

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prices or at negotiated prices, you authorize the Manager to determine, on your behalf in the Manager's discretion, any Offering Price and the Fees and Commissions applicable to the Offering from time to time. You authorize the Manager on your behalf to arrange for any currency transactions (including forward and hedging currency transactions) as the Manager deems necessary to facilitate settlement of the purchase of the Securities, but you do not authorize the Manager on your behalf to engage in any other forward or hedging transactions in connection with the Offering unless such transactions are specified in an applicable AAU or are otherwise consented to by you. You further authorize the Manager, subject to the provisions of Section 1.2 hereof, (i) to vary the offering terms of the Securities in effect at any time, including, if applicable, the Offering Price and Fees and Commissions set forth in the applicable AAU, (ii) to determine, on your behalf, the Purchase Price and (iii) to increase or decrease the number, amount or percentage of Securities being offered. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 3.1, the Manager shall notify the Underwriters, prior to the signing of the Underwriting Agreement, of any provision in the Underwriting Agreement that could result in an increase in the amount or percentage of Firm Securities set forth opposite each Underwriter's name in the Underwriting Agreement by more than 25% (or such other percentage as shall have been specified in the applicable Invitation Wire or otherwise consented to by you) as a result of the failure or refusal of another Underwriter or Underwriters to perform its or their obligations thereunder.

3.2. OFFERING DATE. The Offering is to be made as soon after the Underwriting Agreement is entered into by the Issuer, Guarantor or Seller and the Manager as in the Manager's judgment is advisable, on the terms and conditions set forth in the Prospectus or the Offering Circular, as the case may be, and the applicable AAU. You agree not to sell any Securities prior to the time the Manager releases such Securities for sale to purchasers. The date on which such Securities are released for sale is referred to herein as the "OFFERING DATE".

3.3. ADVERTISING; SUPPLEMENTAL OFFERING MATERIAL. Any public advertisement of the Offering shall be made by the Manager on behalf of the Underwriters on such date as the Manager shall determine. You agree not to advertise the Offering prior to the date of the Manager's advertisement thereof without the Manager's consent. If the offering is made in whole or in part in reliance on Rule 144A (or upon another exemption from registration), you agree not to engage in any general solicitation and to abide by any other restrictions in the AAU or the Underwriting Agreement in connection therewith relating to any advertising or publicity. Any advertisement you may make of the Offering after such date will be your own responsibility and at your own expense and risk. In addition to your agreement to comply with restrictions on the Offering pursuant to Sections 10.10 and 10.11 hereof, you also agree that you will not, in connection with the offer and sale of the Securities in the Offering, without the consent of the Manager, give to any prospective purchaser of the Securities or other person not in your employ any written information concerning the Offering, the Issuer, the Guarantor or the Seller, other than information contained in any Preliminary Prospectus, Prospectus, Preliminary Offering Circular or Offering Circular or in any computational materials ("COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS") or other offering materials prepared by or with the consent of the Manager for use by the Underwriters in

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connection with the Offering and, in the case of a Registered Offering, filed with the Commission or the NASD, as applicable (the "SUPPLEMENTAL OFFERING MATERIALS"). You further agree to cease distribution of any COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS on the Offering Date.

3.4. INSTITUTIONAL AND RETAIL SALES. You authorize the Manager to sell to institutions or retail purchasers such Securities purchased by you pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement as the Manager shall determine. The Selling Concession on any such sales shall be credited to the accounts of the Underwriters as the Manager shall determine.

3.5. SALES TO DEALERS. You authorize the Manager to sell to Dealers (as defined below) such Securities purchased by you pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement as the Manager shall determine. A "DEALER" shall be a person who is
(a) a broker or dealer (as defined in the By-Laws of the NASD) actually engaged in the investment banking or securities business and (i) a member in good standing of the NASD or (ii) a foreign bank, broker, dealer or other institution not eligible for membership in the NASD that, in the case of either clause
(a)(i) or (a)(ii), makes the representations and agreements applicable to such institutions contained in Section 10.6 hereof or (b) in the case of Offerings of Securities that are exempt securities under Section 3(a)(12) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "1934 ACT"), and such other Securities as from time to time may be sold by a "bank" (as defined in Section 3(a)(6) of the 1934 Act (a "BANK")), a Bank that is not a member of the NASD and that makes the representations and agreements applicable to such institutions contained in
Section 10.6 hereof. If the price for any such sales by the Manager to Dealers exceeds an amount equal to the Offering Price less the Selling Concession set forth in the applicable AAU, the amount of such excess, if any, shall be credited to the accounts of the Underwriters as the Manager shall determine.

3.6. DIRECT SALES. The Manager will advise you promptly, on the date of the Offering, as to the Securities purchased by you pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement that you shall retain for direct sale. At any time prior to the termination of the applicable AAU, any such Securities that are held by the Manager for sale but not sold, may, on your request and at the Manager's discretion, be released to you for direct sale, and Securities so released to you shall no longer be deemed held for sale by the Manager. You may allow, and Dealers may reallow, a discount on sales to Dealers in an amount not in excess of the Reallowance set forth in the applicable AAU. You may not purchase Securities from, or sell Securities to, any other Underwriter or Dealer at any discount or concession other than the Reallowance, except with the consent of the Manager.

3.7. RELEASE OF UNSOLD SECURITIES. From time to time prior to the termination of the applicable AAU, on the request of the Manager, you shall advise the Manager of the amount of Securities remaining unsold which were retained by or released to you for direct sale and of the amount of Securities and Other Securities (as defined below) purchased for your account remaining unsold which were delivered to you pursuant to Article V hereof or pursuant to any Intersyndicate Agreement, and, on the request of the Manager, you shall release to the Manager any such Securities and

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Other Securities remaining unsold (i) for sale by the Manager to institutions, Dealers or retail purchasers, (ii) for sale by the Issuer or Seller pursuant to delayed delivery contracts or (iii) if, in the Manager's opinion, such Securities or Other Securities are needed to make delivery against sales made pursuant to Article V hereof or any Intersyndicate Agreement.

3.8. INTERNATIONAL OFFERINGS. In the case of an International Offering, you authorize the Manager (i) to make representations on your behalf as set forth in any Intersyndicate Agreement or Underwriting Agreement and (ii) to purchase or sell for your account pursuant to the Intersyndicate Agreement
(a) Securities, (b) any other securities of the same class and series, or any securities into which the Securities may be converted or for which the Securities may be exchanged or exercised and (c) any other securities designated in the applicable AAU or applicable Intersyndicate Agreement (the securities referred to in clauses (b) and (c) above being referred to collectively as the "OTHER SECURITIES").

IV. DELAYED DELIVERY CONTRACTS

4.1. ARRANGEMENTS FOR SALES. You agree that arrangements for sales of Contract Securities will be made only through the Manager acting either directly or through Dealers (including Underwriters acting as Dealers), and you authorize the Manager to act on your behalf in making such arrangements. The aggregate amount of Securities to be purchased by the several Underwriters shall be reduced by the respective amounts of Contract Securities attributed to such Underwriters as hereinafter provided. Subject to the provisions of Section 4.2, the aggregate amount of Contract Securities shall be attributed to the Underwriters as nearly as practicable in their respective Underwriting Percentages, except that, as determined by the Manager in its discretion, (i) Contract Securities directed and allocated by a purchaser to specific Underwriters shall be attributed to such Underwriters and (ii) Contract Securities for which arrangements have been made for sale through Dealers shall be attributed to each Underwriter approximately in the proportion that Securities of such Underwriter held by the Manager for sales to Dealers bear to all Securities so held. The fee with respect to Contract Securities payable to the Manager for the accounts of the Underwriters pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement shall be credited to the accounts of the respective Underwriters in proportion to the Contract Securities attributed to such Underwriters pursuant to the provisions of this Section 4.1, less, in the case of each Underwriter, the concession to Dealers on Contract Securities sold through Dealers and attributed to such Underwriter.

4.2. EXCESS SALES. If the amount of Contract Securities attributable to an Underwriter pursuant to Section 4.1 would exceed such Underwriter's Original Purchase Obligation reduced by the amount of Underwriters' Securities sold by or on behalf of such Underwriter, such excess shall not be attributed to such Underwriter, and such Underwriter shall be regarded as having acted only as a Dealer with respect to, and shall receive only the concession to Dealers on, such excess.

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V. PURCHASE AND SALE OF SECURITIES; FACILITATION OF DISTRIBUTION

5.1. PURCHASE AND SALE OF SECURITIES; FACILITATION OF DISTRIBUTION. In order to facilitate the distribution and sale of the Securities, you authorize the Manager to buy and sell Securities and any Other Securities, in addition to Securities sold pursuant to Article III hereof, in the open market or otherwise (including, without limitation, pursuant to any Intersyndicate Agreement), for long or short account, on such terms as it shall deem advisable, and to over-allot in arranging sales. Such purchases and sales and over-allotments shall be made for the accounts of the several Underwriters as nearly as practicable in their respective Underwriting Percentages or, in the case of an International Offering, such purchases and sales shall be for such accounts as set forth in the applicable Intersyndicate Agreement. Any securities which may have been purchased by the Manager for stabilizing purposes in connection with the Offering prior to the execution of the applicable AAU shall be treated as having been purchased pursuant to this Section 5.1 for the accounts of the several Underwriters or, in the case of an International Offering, for such accounts as are set forth in the applicable Intersyndicate Agreement. Your net commitment pursuant to the foregoing authorization shall not exceed at the close of business on any day an amount equal to 20% of your Underwriting Percentage of the aggregate initial Offering Price of the Firm Securities, it being understood that, in calculating such net commitment, the initial Offering Price shall be used with respect to the Securities so purchased or sold and, in the case of all Other Securities, shall be the purchase price thereof. Your net commitment for short account (I.E., "naked short") shall be calculated by assuming that all Securities that may be purchased upon exercise of any over-allotment option then exercisable are acquired (whether or not actually acquired) and, in the case of an International Offering, after giving effect to the purchase of any Securities or Other Securities that the Manager has agreed to purchase for your account pursuant to any applicable Intersyndicate Agreement. On demand you shall take up and pay for any Securities or Other Securities so purchased for your account and any Securities released to you pursuant to Section 3.7 hereof and you shall deliver to the Manager against payment any Securities or Other Securities so sold or over-allotted for your account or released to you. The Manager agrees to notify you if it engages in any stabilization transaction requiring reports to be filed pursuant to Rule 17a-2 under the 1934 Act and to notify you of the date of termination of stabilization. You agree not to stabilize or engage in any syndicate covering transaction (as defined in Rule 100 of Regulation M under the 1934 Act ("Regulation M")) in connection with the Offering without the prior consent of the Manager. You further agree to provide to Salomon Smith Barney any reports required of you pursuant to Rule 17a-2 not later than the date specified therein and you authorize Salomon Smith Barney to file on your behalf with the Commission any reports required by such Rule.

If the limitations of Rule 101 of Regulation M ("Rule 101") do not apply to you with respect to the Securities, Other Securities or other reference securities (as defined in Rule 100 of Regulation M) because they satisfy the exception for actively-traded securities in subsection (c)(1) of Rule 101 or the exception for Rule 144A securities in subsection (b)(10) of Rule 101, you agree that promptly upon notice from the Manager (or, if later, at the time stated in the notice) you will comply with Rule 101 as though such exception were not available but the other provisions of Rule 101 (as interpreted by

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the Commission and after giving effect to any applicable exemptions) did apply. If the securities in question are NASDAQ securities (as defined in Rule 100 of Regulation M) you may engage in passive market making in accordance with Rule 103 of Regulation M (except that the daily net purchase volume limitation will not apply and the maximum displayed bid size shall be 5,000 shares excluding transactions effected in the SOES system) unless the notice from the Manager also states that passive market making is not permitted.

5.2. PENALTY WITH RESPECT TO SECURITIES REPURCHASED BY THE MANAGER. If pursuant to the provisions of Section 5.1 and prior to the termination of the Manager's authority to cover any short position incurred under the applicable AAU or such other date as the Manager shall specify in a Wire, either (A) the Manager purchases or contracts to purchase for the account of any Underwriter in the open market or otherwise any Securities which were retained by, or released to, you for direct sale or any Securities sold pursuant to Section 3.4 for which you received a portion of the Selling Concession set forth in the applicable AAU, or any Securities which may have been issued on transfer or in exchange for such Securities, and which Securities were therefore not effectively placed for investment or (B) if the Manager has advised you by Wire that trading in the Securities will be reported to the Manager pursuant to the "Initial Public Offering Tracking System" of The Depository Trust Company ("DTC") and the Manager determines, based on notices from DTC, that your customers sold an amount of Securities during any day that exceeds the amount previously notified to you by Wire, then you authorize the Manager either to charge your account with an amount equal to such portion of the Selling Concession set forth in the applicable AAU received by you with respect to such Securities or, in the case of clause (B), such Securities as exceed the amount specified in such Wire or to require you to repurchase such Securities or, in the case of clause (B), such Securities as exceed the amount specified in such Wire, at a price equal to the total cost of such purchase, including transfer taxes, accrued interest, dividends and commissions, if any.

5.3. COMPLIANCE WITH REGULATION M. You represent that, at all times since you were invited to participate in the Offering, you have complied with the provisions of Regulation M applicable to such Offering, in each case as interpreted by the Commission and after giving effect to any applicable exemptions. If you have been notified in a Wire that the Underwriters may conduct passive market making in compliance with Rule 103 of Regulation M in connection with the Offering, you represent that, at all times since your receipt of such Wire, you have complied with the provisions of such Rule applicable to such Offering, as interpreted by the Commission and after giving effect to any applicable exemptions.

5.4. STANDBY UNDERWRITINGS. You authorize the Manager in its discretion, at any time on, or from time to time prior to, the expiration of the conversion right of convertible securities identified in the applicable AAU in the case of securities called for redemption, or the expiration of rights to acquire securities in the case of rights offerings, for which, in either case, standby underwriting arrangements have been made: (i) to purchase convertible securities or rights to acquire Securities for your account, in the open market or otherwise, on such terms as the Manager determines and to convert convertible securities or exercise rights so purchased; and (ii) to offer and

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sell the underlying common stock or depositary shares for your account, in the open market or otherwise, for long or short account (for purposes of such commitment, such common stock or depositary shares being considered the equivalent of convertible securities or rights), on such terms consistent with the terms of the Offering set forth in the Prospectus or Offering Circular as the Manager determines. On demand you shall take up and pay for any securities so purchased for your account or you shall deliver to the Manager against payment any securities so sold, as the case may be. During such period you may offer and sell the underlying common stock or depositary shares, but only at prices set by the Manager from time to time, and any such sales shall be subject to the Manager's right to sell to you the underlying common stock or depositary shares as above provided and to the Manager's right to reserve your Securities purchased, received or to be received upon conversion. You agree not to bid for, purchase, attempt to induce others to purchase, or sell, directly or indirectly, any convertible securities or rights or underlying common stock or depositary shares, PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that no Underwriter shall be prohibited from (a) selling underlying common stock owned beneficially by such Underwriter on the day the convertible securities were first called for redemption, (b) converting convertible securities owned beneficially by such Underwriter on such date or selling underlying common stock issued upon conversion of convertible securities so owned, (c) exercising rights owned beneficially by such Underwriter on the record date for a rights offering or selling the underlying common stock or depositary shares issued upon exercise of rights so owned or (d) purchasing or selling convertible securities or rights or underlying common stock or depositary shares as a broker pursuant to unsolicited orders.

VI. PAYMENT AND SETTLEMENT

6.1. PAYMENT AND SETTLEMENT. You shall deliver to the Manager on the date and at the place and time specified in the applicable AAU (or on such later date and at such place and time as may be specified by the Manager in a subsequent Wire) the funds specified in the applicable AAU, payable to the order of Salomon Smith Barney Inc., for (i) an amount equal to the Offering Price plus (if not included in the Offering Price) accrued interest, amortization of original issue discount or dividends, if any, specified in the Prospectus or Offering Circular, less the applicable Selling Concession in respect of the Firm Securities to be purchased by you, (ii) an amount equal to the Offering Price plus (if not included in the Offering Price) accrued interest, amortization of original issue discount or dividends, if any, specified in the Prospectus or Offering Circular, less the applicable Selling Concession in respect of such of the Firm Securities to be purchased by you as shall have been retained by or released to you for direct sale as contemplated by Section 3.6 hereof or (iii) the amount set forth or indicated in the applicable AAU, as the Manager shall advise. You shall make similar payment as the Manager may direct for Additional Securities, if any, to be purchased by you on the date specified by the Manager for such payment. The Manager will make payment to the Issuer or Seller against delivery to the Manager for your account of the Securities to be purchased by you, and the Manager will deliver to you the Securities paid for by you which shall have been retained by or released to you for direct sale. If the Manager determines that transactions in the Securities are to be settled through the facilities of DTC or other clearinghouse facility, payment for and delivery of Securities

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purchased by you shall be made through such facilities, if you are a member, or, if you are not a member, settlement shall be made through your ordinary correspondent who is a member.

VII. EXPENSES

7.1. MANAGEMENT FEE. You authorize the Manager to charge your account as compensation for the Manager's and Co-Managers' services in connection with the Offering, including the purchase from the Issuer or Seller of the Securities, as the case may be, and the management of the Offering, the amount, if any, set forth as the management fee, global coordinators fee, praecipium or other similar fee in the applicable AAU. Such amount shall be divided among the Manager and any Co-Managers named in the applicable AAU as they may determine.

7.2. GENERAL EXPENSES. You authorize the Manager to charge your account with your Underwriting Percentage of all expenses of a general nature incurred by the Manager and Co-Managers under the applicable AAU in connection with the Offering, including the negotiation and preparation thereof, or in connection with the purchase, carrying, marketing and sale of any securities under the applicable AAU and any Intersyndicate Agreement, including, without limitation, legal fees and expenses, transfer taxes, costs associated with approval of the Offering by the NASD and the costs of currency transactions (including forward and hedging currency transactions) entered into to facilitate settlement of the purchase of Securities permitted under Section 3.1 hereof.

VIII. MANAGEMENT OF SECURITIES AND FUNDS

8.1. ADVANCES; LOANS; PLEDGES. You authorize the Manager to advance the Manager's own funds for your account, charging current interest rates, or to arrange loans for your account for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the applicable AAU and any Intersyndicate Agreement and in connection therewith, to hold or pledge as security therefor all or any securities which the Manager may be holding for your account under the applicable AAU and any Intersyndicate Agreement, to execute and deliver any notes or other instruments evidencing such advances or loans and to give all instructions to the lenders with respect to any such loans and the proceeds thereof. The obligations of the Underwriters under loans arranged on their behalf shall be several in proportion to their respective Original Purchase Obligations and not joint. Any lender is authorized to accept the Manager's instructions as to the disposition of the proceeds of any such loans. In the event of any such advance or loan, repayment thereof shall, in the discretion of the Manager, be effected prior to making any remittance or delivery pursuant to Section 8.2, 8.3 or 9.2 hereof.

8.2. RETURN OF AMOUNT PAID FOR SECURITIES. Out of payment received by the Manager for Securities sold for your account which have been paid for by you, the Manager will remit to you promptly an amount equal to the price paid by you for such Securities.

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8.3. DELIVERY AND REDELIVERY OF SECURITIES FOR CARRYING PURPOSES. The Manager may deliver to you from time to time prior to the termination of the applicable AAU pursuant to Section 9.1 hereof against payment, for carrying purposes only, any Securities or Other Securities purchased by you under the applicable AAU or any Intersyndicate Agreement which the Manager is holding for sale for your account but which are not sold and paid for. You shall redeliver to the Manager against payment any Securities or Other Securities delivered to you for carrying purposes at such times as the Manager may demand.

IX. TERMINATION; INDEMNIFICATION

9.1. TERMINATION. Each AAU shall terminate at the close of business on the later of the date on which the Underwriters pay the Issuer or Seller for the Securities and 45 full days after the applicable Offering Date, unless sooner terminated by the Manager. The Manager may in its discretion by notice to you prior to the termination of such AAU alter any of the terms or conditions of the Offering to the extent permitted by Articles III or IV hereof, or terminate or suspend the effectiveness of Article V hereof, or any part thereof. No termination or suspension pursuant to this paragraph shall affect the Manager's authority under Section 3.1 hereof to take actions in respect of the Offering or under Article V hereof to cover any short position incurred under such AAU or in connection with covering any such short position to require you to repurchase Securities as specified in Section 5.2 hereof.

9.2. DELIVERY OR SALE OF SECURITIES; SETTLEMENT OF ACCOUNTS. Upon termination of each AAU or prior thereto at the Manager's discretion, the Manager shall deliver to you any Securities paid for by you pursuant to Section 6.1 hereof and held by the Manager for sale pursuant to Section 3.4 or 3.5 hereof but not sold and paid for and any Securities or Other Securities that are held by the Manager for your account pursuant to the provisions of Article V hereof or any Intersyndicate Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, at the termination of such AAU, if the aggregate initial Offering Price of any such Securities and the aggregate purchase price of any Other Securities so held and not sold and paid for does not exceed an amount equal to 20% of the aggregate initial Offering Price of the Securities, the Manager may, in its discretion, sell such Securities and Other Securities for the accounts of the several Underwriters, at such prices, on such terms, at such times and in such manner as it may determine. Within the period specified by applicable NASD Rules or, if no period is so specified, as soon as practicable after termination of such AAU, your account shall be settled and paid. The Manager may reserve from distribution such amount as the Manager deems advisable to cover possible additional expenses. The determination by the Manager of the amount so to be paid to or by you shall be final and conclusive. Any of your funds in the Manager's hands may be held with the Manager's general funds without accountability for interest

Notwithstanding any provision of this Master AAU other than Section 10.12, upon termination of each AAU or prior thereto at the Manager's discretion, the Manager (i) may allocate to the accounts of the Underwriters the expenses described in

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Section 7.2 hereof and any losses incurred upon the sale of Securities or Other Securities pursuant to the applicable AAU or any Intersyndicate Agreement (including any losses incurred upon the sale of securities referred to in
Section 5.4(ii) hereof), (ii) may deliver to the Underwriters any unsold Securities or Other Securities purchased pursuant to Section 5.1 hereof or any Intersyndicate Agreement and (iii) may deliver to the Underwriters any unsold Securities purchased pursuant to the applicable Underwriting Agreement, in each case in the Manager's discretion. The Manager shall have full discretion to allocate expenses and Securities to the accounts of any Underwriter as the Manager decides, except that (a) no Underwriter (other than the Manager or a Co-Manager) shall bear more than its share of such expenses, losses or Securities (such share shall not exceed such Underwriter's Underwriting Percentage and shall be determined pro rata among all such Underwriters based on their Underwriting Percentages), (b) no such Underwriter shall receive Securities that, together with any Securities purchased by such Underwriter pursuant to Section 6.1 (but excluding any Securities that such Underwriter is required to repurchase pursuant to Section 5.2) exceed such Underwriter's Original Purchase Obligation and (c) no Co-Manager shall bear more than its share, as among the Manager and the other Co-Managers, of such expenses, losses or Securities (such share to be determined pro rata among the Manager and all Co-Managers based on (1) their relative Underwriting Percentages as a percentage of the total combined Underwriting Percentages of the Manager and all Co-Managers, or (2) if the Manager so determines, their relative Offering Economics (as hereinafter defined) as a percentage of the combined Offering Economics of the Manager and all Co-Managers together. The Manager's or a Co-Manager's "OFFERING ECONOMICS" equals the sum of its Management Fee Share, its Underwriting Fee Share and its Selling Concession Share (each as hereinafter defined). The Manager's or a Co-Manager's "MANAGEMENT FEE SHARE" is the dollar amount of its share, as agreed among the Manager and any Co-Managers, of the amount payable by all Underwriters to some or all of the Manager and any Co-Manager as a global coordinators' fee, praecipium, management fee or other fee. The Manager's or a Co-Manager's "UNDERWRITING FEE SHARE" is the dollar amount of its Underwriting Percentage of the aggregate initial Offering Price of the Firm Securities less the Purchase Price thereof, less the Selling Concession thereon. The Manager's or a Co-Manager's "SELLING CONCESSION SHARE" is the dollar amount of any Selling Concession credited to it on sales from the institutional pot or on sales made for the account of any other Underwriter. If any Securities or Other Securities returned to you pursuant to clause (ii) or
(iii) above were not paid for by you pursuant to Section 6.1 hereof, you shall pay to the Manager an amount per security equal to the amount set forth in
Section 6.1(i), in the case of Securities returned to you pursuant to clause
(iii) above, or the purchase price of such securities, in the case of Securities or Other Securities returned to you pursuant to clause (ii) above.

9.3. POST-SETTLEMENT EXPENSES. Notwithstanding any settlement on the termination of the applicable AAU, you agree to pay any transfer taxes which may be assessed and paid after such settlement on account of any sales or transfers under such AAU or any Intersyndicate Agreement for your account and your Underwriting Percentage of (i) all expenses incurred by the Manager in investigating, preparing to defend or defending against any action, claim or proceeding which is asserted or instituted by any party (including any governmental or regulatory body) relating to (a) the

13

Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus or Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), any Preliminary Offering Circular or Offering Circular (or any amendment or supplement thereto) or Supplemental Offering Materials, (b) the violation of any applicable restrictions on the offer, sale, resale or purchase of Securities or Other Securities imposed by United States Federal or state laws or foreign laws and the rules and regulations of any regulatory body promulgated thereunder or pursuant to the terms of such AAU, the Underwriting Agreement or any Intersyndicate Agreement or (c) any claim that the Underwriters constitute a partnership, an association or an unincorporated business or other separate entity and (ii) any liability, including attorneys' fees, incurred by the Manager in respect of any such action, claim or proceeding, whether such liability shall be the result of a judgment or arbitrator's determination or as a result of any settlement agreed to by the Manager, other than any such expense or liability as to which the Manager actually receives indemnity pursuant to Section 9.4, contribution pursuant to
Section 9.5, indemnity or contribution pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement or damages from an Underwriter for breach of its representations, warranties, agreements, or covenants contained in the applicable AAU. None of the foregoing provisions of this Section 9.3 shall relieve any defaulting or breaching Underwriter from liability for its defaults or breach.

9.4. INDEMNIFICATION. You agree to indemnify and hold harmless each other Underwriter and each person, if any, who controls any such Underwriter within the meaning of either Section 15 of the 1933 Act or Section 20 of the 1934 Act, to the extent and upon the terms which you agree to indemnify and hold harmless any of the Issuer, the Guarantor, the Seller, any person controlling the Issuer, the Guarantor, the Seller, its directors and, in the case of a Registered Offering, its officers who signed the Registration Statement and, in the case of an Offering other than a Registered Offering, its officers, in each case as set forth in the Underwriting Agreement. You further agree to indemnify and hold harmless any investment banking firm identified in a Wire as the qualified independent underwriter as defined in Rule 2720 of the NASD's Conduct Rules ("QIU") for an Offering and each person, if any, who controls such QIU within the meaning of either Section 15 of the 1933 Act or Section 20 of the 1934 Act, from and against any and all losses, claims, damages and liabilities related to, arising out of or in connection with such investment banking firm's activities as QIU for the Offering. You agree with the other Underwriters to reimburse such QIU for all expenses, including fees and expenses of counsel as they are incurred, in connection with investigating, preparing for, or defending any action, claim or proceeding related to, arising out of, or in connection with such QIU's activities as a QIU for the Offering. Each Underwriter shall be responsible for its Underwriting Percentage of any amount due to such QIU on account of the foregoing indemnity. You agree that such QIU shall have no additional liability to any Underwriter or otherwise as a result of its serving as QIU in connection with the Offering. You further agree that to the extent the indemnification provided to a QIU under this Section 9.4 is unavailable to such QIU or insufficient in respect of any losses, claims, damages or liabilities (and expenses relating thereto), whether as a matter of law or public policy or as a result of the default of any Underwriter in performing its obligations under this Section 9.4, you and each other Underwriter shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by such QIU as a result of such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (and expenses relating thereto) in proportion to your Underwriting Percentage.

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9.5. CONTRIBUTION. Notwithstanding any settlement on the termination of the applicable AAU, you agree to pay upon request of the Manager, as contribution, your Underwriting Percentage of any losses, claims, damages or liabilities, joint or several, paid or incurred by any Underwriter to any person other than an Underwriter, arising out of or based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus or Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), any Preliminary Offering Circular or Offering Circular (or any amendment or supplement thereto) or Supplemental Offering Materials or the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading (other than an untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made in reliance upon and in conformity with information furnished to the Company in writing by the Underwriter on whose behalf the request for contribution is being made expressly for use therein) and your Underwriting Percentage of any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by the Underwriter (with the approval of the Manager) on whose behalf the request for contribution is being made in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage or liability or any action in respect thereof; PROVIDED that no request shall be made on behalf of any Underwriter guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the 1933 Act) from any Underwriter who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. None of the foregoing provisions of this Section 9.5 shall relieve any defaulting or breaching Underwriter from liability for its defaults or breach.

9.6. SEPARATE COUNSEL. If any claim is asserted or action or proceeding commenced pursuant to which the indemnity provided in Section 9.4 may apply, the Manager may take such action in connection therewith as it deems necessary or desirable, including retention of counsel for the Underwriters, and in its discretion separate counsel for any particular Underwriter or group of Underwriters, and the fees and disbursements of any counsel so retained shall be allocated among the several Underwriters as determined by the Manager. Any Underwriter may elect to retain at its own expense its own counsel and, on advice of such counsel but only with the consent of the Manager, may settle or consent to the settlement of any such claim, action or proceeding. The Manager may settle or consent to the settlement of any such claim, action or proceeding. Whenever the Manager receives notice of the assertion of any claim, action or proceeding to which the provisions of Section 9.4 would apply, it will give prompt notice thereof to each Underwriter, and whenever you receive notice of the assertion of any claim or commencement of any action or proceeding to which the provisions of Section 9.4 would apply, you will give prompt notice thereof to the Manager. The Manager also will furnish each Underwriter with periodic reports, at such times as it deems appropriate, as to the status of such claim, action or proceeding, and the action taken by it in connection therewith.

9.7. SURVIVAL OF AGREEMENTS. Regardless of any termination of an AAU, your agreements contained in Article V and Sections 3.1, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6 and 11.2 shall remain operative and in full force and effect regardless of (i) any termination of the Underwriting Agreement, (ii) any investigation made by or on behalf of any Underwriter or any person controlling any Underwriter or by or on behalf of the Issuer,

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the Guarantor, the Seller, its directors or officers or any person controlling the Issuer, the Guarantor or the Seller and (iii) acceptance of any payment for any Securities.

X. REPRESENTATIONS AND COVENANTS OF UNDERWRITERS

10.1. KNOWLEDGE OF OFFERING. You understand that it is your responsibility to examine the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or the Offering Circular, as the case may be, relating to the Offering, any amendment or supplement thereto, any Preliminary Prospectus or Preliminary Offering Circular and the material, if any, incorporated by reference therein and any Supplemental Offering Materials and you will familiarize yourself with the terms of the Securities, any applicable Indenture and the other terms of the Offering thereof which are to be reflected in the Prospectus or the Offering Circular, as the case may be, and the applicable AAU and Underwriting Agreement. The Manager is authorized, with the advice of counsel for the Underwriters, to approve on your behalf any amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus or the Offering Circular, as the case may be.

10.2. DISTRIBUTION OF MATERIALS. You will keep an accurate record of the names and addresses of all persons to whom you give copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Preliminary Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) or any Offering Circular or any Preliminary Offering Circular and, when furnished with any subsequent amendment to the Registration Statement, any subsequent Prospectus, any subsequent Offering Circular or any memorandum outlining changes in the Registration Statement or any Prospectus or Offering Circular, you will, upon request of the Manager, promptly forward copies thereof to such persons.

10.3. ACCURACY OF UNDERWRITERS' INFORMATION. You confirm that the information that you have given or are deemed to have given in response to the Underwriters' Questionnaire attached as Exhibit A hereto (and to any other questions addressed to you in the Invitation Wire or other Wires), which information has been furnished to the Issuer for use in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus or the Offering Circular, as the case may be, or has otherwise been relied upon in connection with the Offering, is complete and accurate. You shall notify the Manager immediately of any development before the termination of the applicable AAU which makes untrue or incomplete any information that you have given or are deemed to have given in response to the Underwriters' Questionnaire (or such other questions).

10.4. NAME; ADDRESS. Unless you have promptly notified the Manager in writing otherwise, your name as it should appear in the Prospectus or the Offering Circular and any advertisement, if different, and your address are as set forth on the signature pages hereof.

10.5. CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS. You represent that your commitment to purchase the Securities will not result in a violation of the financial responsibility requirements of Rule 15c3-1 under the 1934 Act or of any similar provision of any applicable rules of any securities exchange to which you are subject or, if you are a financial institution subject to regulation by the Board of Governors of the United States

16

Federal Reserve System, the United States Comptroller of the Currency or the United States Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, will not place you in violation of any applicable capital requirements or restrictions of such regulator or any other regulator to which you are subject.

10.6. COMPLIANCE WITH NASD REQUIREMENTS. You represent that you are a member in good standing of the NASD, a Bank that is not a member of the NASD or a foreign bank or dealer not eligible for membership in the NASD. In making sales of Securities, if you are such a member, you agree to comply with all applicable interpretive material ("IM") and rules of the NASD, including, without limitation, IM-2110-1 (the NASD's interpretation with respect to free-riding and withholding) and Rule 2740 of the NASD's Conduct Rules, or, if you are such a foreign bank or dealer, you agree to comply, as applicable, with IM-2110-1 and Rules 2730, 2740 and 2750 of the NASD's Conduct Rules as though you were such a member and Rule 2420 of the NASD's Conduct Rules as it applies to a nonmember broker or dealer in a foreign country. If you are a Bank, you agree, to the extent required by applicable law or the Conduct Rules of the NASD, that you will not, in connection with the public offering of any Securities that do not constitute "exempted securities" within the meaning of
Section 3(a)(12) of the 1934 Act or such other Securities as from time to time may be sold by a Bank, purchase any Securities at a discount from the Offering Price from any Underwriter or dealer or otherwise accept any Fees and Commissions from any Underwriter or Dealer, and you agree to comply, as applicable, with Rule 2420 of the NASD's Conduct Rules as though you were a member.

10.7. FURTHER STATE NOTICE. The Manager will file a Further State Notice with the Department of State of New York, if required.

10.8. COMPLIANCE WITH RULE 15c2-8. In the case of a Registered Offering and any other Offering to which the provisions of Rule 15c2-8 under the 1934 Act are made applicable pursuant to the AAU or otherwise, you agree to comply with such Rule in connection with the Offering. In the case of an Offering other than a Registered Offering, you agree to comply with applicable Federal and state laws and the applicable rules and regulations of any regulatory body promulgated thereunder governing the use and distribution of offering circulars by underwriters.

10.9. DISCRETIONARY ACCOUNTS. In the case of a Registered Offering of Securities issued by an Issuer that was not, immediately prior to the filing of the Registration Statement, subject to the requirements of Section 13(d) or 15(d) of the 1934 Act, you agree that you will not make sales to any account over which you exercise discretionary authority in connection with such sale except as otherwise permitted by the applicable AAU for such Offering.

10.10. OFFERING RESTRICTIONS. If you are a foreign bank or dealer and you are not registered as a broker-dealer under Section 15 of the 1934 Act, you agree that while you are acting as an Underwriter in respect of the Securities and in any event during the term of the applicable AAU, you will not directly or indirectly effect in, or with persons who are nationals or residents of, the United States, its territories or possessions any transactions (except for the purchases provided for in the Underwriting

17

Agreement and transactions contemplated by Articles III and V hereof) in Securities or any Other Securities.

It is understood that, except as specified in the applicable AAU, no action has been taken by the Manager, the Issuer, the Guarantor or the Seller to permit you to offer Securities in any jurisdiction other than the United States, in the case of a Registered Offering, where action would be required for such purpose.

10.11. REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES AND AGREEMENTS. You agree to make to each other Underwriter participating in an Offering the same representations, warranties and agreements, if any, made by the Underwriters to the Issuer, the Guarantor or the Seller in the applicable Underwriting Agreement or any Intersyndicate Agreement and you authorize the Manager to make such representations, warranties and agreements to the Issuer, the Guarantor or the Seller on your behalf.

10.12. LIMITATION ON THE AUTHORITY OF THE MANAGER TO PURCHASE AND SELL SECURITIES FOR THE ACCOUNT OF CERTAIN UNDERWRITERS. Notwithstanding any provision of this AAU authorizing the Manager to purchase or sell any Securities or Other Securities (including arranging for the sale of Contract Securities) or over-allot in arranging sales of Securities for the accounts of the several Underwriters, the Manager may not, in connection with the Offering of any Securities, make any such purchases, sales and/or over-allotments for the account of any Underwriter that, not later than its acceptance of the Invitation Wire relating to such Offering, has advised the Manager that, due to its status as, or relationship to, a bank or bank holding company such purchases, sales and/or over-allotments are prohibited by applicable law. If any Underwriter so advises the Manager, the Manager may allocate any such purchases, sales and over-allotments (and the related expenses) which otherwise would have been allocated to your account based on your respective Underwriting Percentage to your account based on the ratio of your Original Purchase Obligation to the Original Purchase Obligations of all Underwriters other than the advising Underwriter or Underwriters or in such other manner as the Manager shall determine.

XI. DEFAULTING UNDERWRITERS

11.1. EFFECT OF TERMINATION. If the Underwriting Agreement is terminated as permitted by the terms thereof, your obligations hereunder with respect to the Offering of the Securities shall immediately terminate except (i) as set forth in Section 9.7, (ii) that you shall remain liable for your Underwriting Percentage (or such other percentage as may be specified pursuant to Section 9.2) of all expenses and for any purchases or sales which may have been made for your account pursuant to the provisions of Article V hereof or any Intersyndicate Agreement and (iii) that such termination shall not affect any obligations of any defaulting or breaching Underwriter.

11.2. SHARING OF LIABILITY. If any Underwriter shall default in its obligations (i) pursuant to Section 5.1, 5.2 or 5.4, (ii) to pay amounts charged to its account pursuant to Section 7.1, 7.2 or 8.1 or (iii) pursuant to Section 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5,

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9.6 or 11.1, you will assume your proportionate share (determined on the basis of the respective Underwriting Percentages of the non-defaulting Underwriters) of such obligations, but no such assumption shall relieve any defaulting Underwriter from liability to the non-defaulting Underwriters, the Issuer, the Guarantor or the Seller for its default.

11.3. ARRANGEMENTS FOR PURCHASES. The Manager is authorized to arrange for the purchase by others (including the Manager or any other Underwriter) of any Securities not purchased by any defaulting Underwriter in accordance with the terms of the applicable Underwriting Agreement or, if the applicable Underwriting Agreement does not provide arrangements for defaulting Underwriters, in the discretion of the Manager. If such arrangements are made, the respective amounts of Securities to be purchased by the remaining Underwriters and such other person or persons, if any, shall be taken as the basis for all rights and obligations hereunder, but this shall not relieve any defaulting Underwriter from liability for its default.

XII. MISCELLANEOUS

12.1. OBLIGATIONS SEVERAL. Nothing contained in this Salomon Smith Barney Master AAU or any AAU constitutes you partners with the Manager or with the other Underwriters and the obligations of you and each of the other Underwriters are several and not joint. Each Underwriter elects to be excluded from the application of Subchapter K, Chapter 1, Subtitle A, of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. Each Underwriter authorizes the Manager, on behalf of such Underwriter, to execute such evidence of such election as may be required by the United States Internal Revenue Service.

12.2. LIABILITY OF MANAGER. The Manager shall be under no liability to you for any act or omission except for obligations expressly assumed by the Manager in the applicable AAU.

12.3. TERMINATION OF MASTER AGREEMENT AMONG UNDERWRITERS. This SALOMON SMITH BARNEY Master AAU may be terminated by either party hereto upon five business days' written notice to the other party; PROVIDED that with respect to any Offering for which an AAU was sent prior to such notice, this Salomon Smith Barney Master AAU as it applies to such Offering shall remain in full force and effect and shall terminate with respect to such Offering in accordance with
Section 9.1 hereof.

12.4. GOVERNING LAW. THIS SALOMON SMITH BARNEY MASTER AAU AND EACH AAU SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK APPLICABLE TO CONTRACTS MADE AND TO BE PERFORMED IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK.

12.5. AMENDMENTS. This Salomon Smith Barney Master AAU may be amended from time to time by consent of the parties hereto. Your consent shall be deemed to have been given to an amendment to this Salomon Smith Barney Master AAU, and such amendment shall be effective, five business days following written notice

19

to you of such amendment if you do not notify Salomon Smith Barney in writing prior to the close of business on such fifth business day that you do not consent to such amendment. Upon effectiveness, the provisions of this Salomon Smith Barney Master AAU as so amended shall apply to each AAU thereafter entered into except as otherwise specifically provided in any such AAU.

12.6. NOTICES. Any notice to any Underwriter shall be deemed to have been duly given if mailed, sent by wire, telex, facsimile or electronic transmission or other written communication or delivered in person to such Underwriter at the address which shall have been provided to Salomon Smith Barney as provided in Section 10.4 hereof. Any such notice shall take effect upon receipt thereof.

Please confirm your acceptance of this Salomon Smith Barney Master AAU by signing and returning to us the enclosed duplicate copy hereof.

Very truly yours,

SALOMON SMITH BARNEY INC.

By:

Name:


Title:

CONFIRMED: 1999


(NAME OF UNDERWRITER)

By:
Name:
Title:

(If person signing is not an officer or a partner, please attach instrument of authorization)

Address:



Telephone:

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Fax:

21

EXHIBIT A
JUNE 1, 1999

SALOMON SMITH BARNEY INC.
UNDERWRITERS' QUESTIONNAIRE

In connection with each Offering covered by the Salomon Smith Barney Inc. Master Agreement Among Underwriters dated June 1, 1999, we confirm that except as set forth in a timely reply by us to the Invitation Wire:

(1) Neither we nor any of our directors, officers or partners have a material relationship (as "material" is defined in Regulation C under the 1933 Act) with the Issuer, the Guarantor or any Seller.

(2) (If the offer and sale of the Securities are to be registered under the 1933 Act pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Form F-1:) Neither we nor any "group" (as that term is used in Section 13(d)(3) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")) of which we are a member is the beneficial owner (determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) of more than 5% of any class of voting securities of the Issuer or the Guarantor, nor do we have any knowledge that more than 5% of any class of voting securities of the Issuer or the Guarantor is held or to be held subject to any voting trust or other similar agreement.

(3) Other than as may be stated in the Salomon Smith Barney Master Agreement Among Underwriters dated June 1, 1999, the applicable AAU, the Intersyndicate Agreement or dealer agreement, if any, the Prospectus, the Registration Statement or the Offering Circular, we do not know and have no reason to believe that there is an intention to over-allot or that the price of any security may be stabilized to facilitate the offering of the Securities.

(4) Except as described in the Prospectus or Offering Circular, as the case may, be and the Invitation Wire, we do not know of any discounts or commissions to be allowed or paid to dealers, including all cash, securities, contracts or other consideration to be received by any dealer in connection with the sale of the securities.

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(5) We have not prepared any report or memorandum for external use in connection with the Offering. (If there are any exceptions, (i) furnish four (4) copies of each report and memorandum to Salomon Smith Barney Inc., 388 Greenwich Street, New York, N.Y. 10013, Attention: Investment Banking Department/Transaction Structuring Group, (ii) identify each class of person who received such material and the number of copies distributed to each such class, and (iii) indicate when such distribution commenced and ceased.)

(6) (If the offer and sale of the Securities are to be registered under the 1933 Act pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form S-1 or Form F-1:) We have not within the past twelve months prepared or had prepared for us any engineering, management or similar report or memorandum relating to broad aspects of the business, operations or products of the Issuer or the Guarantor. (The immediately preceding sentence does not apply to reports solely comprised of recommendations to buy, sell or hold the Issuer's or the Guarantor's securities, unless such recommendations have changed within the past six months or to information already contained in documents filed with the Commission. If there are any exceptions, (i) furnish four (4) copies of each report and memorandum to Salomon Smith Barney Inc. 388 Greenwich Street, New York, N.Y. 10013, Attention:
Investment Banking Department/Transaction Structuring Group, (ii) identify each class of persons who received such material and the number of copies distributed to each such class, and (iii) indicate when such distribution commenced and ceased.)

(7) We are not an "affiliate" of the Issuer or the Guarantor for purposes of Rule 2720 of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc.'s ("NASD") Conduct Rules. We understand that under Rule 2720 (except as provided in Rule 2720(b)(1)(C) thereof) two entities are "affiliates" of each other if one entity controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, the second entity and that "control" is presumed to exist if one entity (or, in the case of an NASD member, the entity and all "persons associated with" it (as defined in the NASD By-Laws)) beneficially owns 10% or more of the second entity's outstanding voting securities or, if the second entity is a partnership, if the first entity has a partnership interest in 10% or more of the second entity's distributable profits or losses.

(8) (If the Securities are NOT investment grade debt securities or preferred stock, or equity securities for which there exists a "bona fide independent market" (as defined in Rule 2720(b)(3) of the NASD's Conduct Rules) or otherwise exempted under Rule 2720(b)(7)(D) of the NASD's Conduct Rules:) We do not have a "conflict of interest" with the Issuer or the Guarantor under Rule 2720 of the NASD's Conduct Rules. In that regard, we specifically confirm that we, our "parent" (as defined in Rule 2720), affiliates and "persons associated with" us (as defined in the NASD By-Laws), in the aggregate do not (i) beneficially own 10% or more of the Issuer's or the Guarantor's "common equity", "preferred equity", or "subordinated debt" (as each such term is defined in Rule 2720), or (ii) in the case of an Issuer or Guarantor which is a partnership, beneficially own a general, limited or special partnership interest in 10% or more

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of the Issuer's or Guarantor's distributable profits or losses.

(9) (If filing with the NASD is required:) Neither we nor any of our directors, officers, partners or "persons associated with" us (as defined in the NASD By-Laws) nor, to our knowledge, any "related person" (defined by the NASD to include counsel, financial consultants and advisors, finders, members of the selling or distribution group, any NASD member participating in the offering and any other persons associated with or related to and members of the immediate family of any of the foregoing) or any other broker-dealer, (a) within the last 12 months have purchased in private transactions, or intend before, at or within six months after the commencement of the public offering of the Securities to purchase in private transactions, any securities of the Issuer, the Guarantor or any Issuer Related Party (as hereinafter defined), (b) within the last 12 months had any dealings with the Issuer, the Guarantor, any Seller or any subsidiary or controlling person thereof (other than relating to the proposed Underwriting Agreement) as to which documents or information are required to be filed with the NASD pursuant to its Corporate Financing Rule, or (c) during the 12 months immediately preceding the filing of the Registration Statement (or, if there is none, the Offering Circular), have entered into any arrangement which provided or provides for the receipt of any item of value (including, but not limited to, cash payments and expense reimbursements) and/or the transfer of any warrants, options or other securities from the Issuer, the Guarantor or any Issuer Related Party to us or any related person.

(10) (If filing with the NASD is required:) There is no association or affiliation between us and (i) any officer or director of the Issuer, the Guarantor or any Issuer Related Party, or (ii) any securityholder of five percent or more (or, in the case of an initial public offering of equity securities, any securityholder) of any class of securities of the Issuer, the Guarantor or an Issuer Related Party; it being understood that for purposes of paragraph (9) above and this paragraph (10), the term "Issuer Related Party" includes any Seller, any affiliate of the Issuer the Guarantor or a Seller and the officers or general partners, directors, employees and securityholders thereof. (If there are any exceptions, state the identity of the person with whom the association or affiliation exists and, if relevant, the number of equity securities or the face value of debt securities owned by such person, the date such securities were acquired and the price paid for such securities).

(11) (If the Securities are NOT issued by a real estate investment trust:) No portion of the net offering proceeds from the sale of the Securities will be paid to us or any of our affiliates or "persons associated with" us (as defined in the NASD By-Laws) or members of the immediate family of any such person.

(12) (If the Securities are debt securities and their offer and sale is to be registered under the 1933 Act:) We are not an affiliate (as defined in Rule 0-2 under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939) of the Trustee for the Securities or of its parent, if any. Neither the Trustee nor its parent, if any, nor any of their directors or executive officers is a "director, officer, partner, employee, appointee or

24

representative" of ours (as those terms are defined in the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 or in the relevant instructions to Form T-1). We and our directors, partners, and executive officers, taken as a group, did not on the date specified in the Invitation Wire, and do not, own beneficially 1% or more of the shares of any class of voting securities of the Trustee or of its parent, if any. If we are a corporation, we do not have outstanding and have not assumed or guaranteed any securities issued otherwise than in our present corporate name.

(13) (If the Issuer is a public utility:) We are not a "holding company" or a "subsidiary company" or an "affiliate" of a "holding company" or of a "public-utility company", each as defined in the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935.

(14) If we are, or we are affiliated with, a U.S. or non-U.S. bank, we hereby represent that our participation in the offering of the Securities on the terms contemplated in the applicable AAU and the proposed Underwriting Agreement does not contravene any U.S. or state banking law restricting the exercise of securities powers in the United States.

Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the respective meanings given to them in the applicable AAU.

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EXHIBIT 99.h.4

[FORM OF] AFTER-MARKET SERVICES AGREEMENT

August __, 2003

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS INC.
[OTHER UNDERWRITERS]

c/o Citigroup Global Markets Inc.
388 Greenwich Street
New York, New York 10013

Ladies and Gentlemen:

Reference is made to the Underwriting Agreement dated the date hereof (the "Underwriting Agreement"), by and among Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust (the "Trust"), Franklin Advisers, Inc. (the "Adviser") and each of the Underwriters named therein, with respect to the issue and sale of the Trust's Common Shares, as described therein. Reference is also made to (i) the Investment Management Agreement (the "Investment Management Agreement") between the Adviser and the Trust and (ii) the registration statement on Form N-2 with respect to the Common Shares of the Trust (the "Registration Statement"). Capitalized terms used herein and not otherwise defined shall have the meanings given to them in the Underwriting Agreement.

1. AGREEMENT. The Adviser hereby confirms its agreement with each of Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and [the other underwriters listed in Schedule I] (collectively, the "Primary Underwriters") with respect to the service fees referred to in the "Underwriting" section of the Registration Statement, payable by the Adviser to the Primary Underwriters. The Adviser agrees to pay to the Primary Underwriters a fee (collectively, the "Service Fees") at an aggregate rate of 0.15% per annum of the Trust's Managed Assets (as defined in Section 3(b) hereof); provided, however, that such payments shall not, in the aggregate, exceed the "Maximum Service Fees Amount" (as defined in Section 4 hereof). In exchange for the Service Fees, each Primary Underwriter: (a) will provide to the Adviser certain after-market shareholder support services on an ongoing basis designed to maintain the visibility of the Trust in the investor community, including but not limited to services such as making available public information pertaining to the Trust (such as market price, net asset value, yield and other information if reasonably obtainable) and to communicate to investors and prospective investors the Trust's features and benefits (including periodic seminars or conference calls, responses to questions from current or prospective shareholders and shareholder contact where appropriate); (b) on a periodic basis or at the request of the Adviser or the Trust, will provide relevant statistical, financial, comparative or other information, studies or reports regarding the Trust and other closed-end management investment companies, and the closed-end investment company industry (including but not limited to comparisons of the market performance and net asset values of similar investment companies); and (c) will provide information to and consult with the Adviser with respect to applicable strategies designed to address market value discounts of the Trust, if any (which may


include share repurchases, tender offers, modifications to dividend policies or capital structure, repositioning or restructuring of the Trust, conversion of the Trust to an open-end investment, liquidation or merger; including providing information concerning the use and impact of the above strategic alternatives by other market participants).

2. PRO RATA PERCENTAGE. Each Primary Underwriter shall be assigned a "Pro Rata Percentage" based on the number of Common Shares sold by such Primary Underwriter in the Fund's initial public offering and calculated in the manner listed on Schedule I hereto.

3. PAYMENT OF SERVICE FEES. (a) The Adviser shall pay the Service Fees, payable in arrears at the end of each calendar quarter, as follows: to each Primary Underwriter, Service Fees in an amount equal to such Primary Underwriter's Pro Rata Percentage multiplied by 0.0375% of the Trust's Managed Assets for such quarter; provided, however, that in the event that, at any time after the fifth anniversary of the Closing Date, the contractual advisory fee rate payable by the Trust to the Adviser or such successor or affiliate under the Investment Management Agreement is reduced below an annual rate of 0.50% of the Trust's Managed Assets, the fee payable by the Adviser to such Primary Underwriter shall be reduced in proportion to, and for the period of, such reduction of the advisory fee, and this After-Market Services Agreement shall be deemed to be amended automatically to reflect the same.

(b) For the purposes of this After-Market Services Agreement, "Managed Assets" means the average daily value of the total assets of the Trust (including any assets attributable to leverage) minus the sum of accrued liabilities (other than debt representing financial leverage).

(c) All Service Fees payable hereunder shall be paid to each Primary Underwriter by wire transfer of immediately available funds within 30 days following the end of each calendar quarter to a bank account designated by such Primary Underwriter. At the time of each payment of the Service Fees hereunder, the Adviser shall deliver to each Primary Underwriter receiving an installment of the Service Fees a statement indicating the amount of Managed Assets on which such payment was based.

(d) The initial payments of the Service Fees hereunder shall be with respect to the calendar quarter ending September 30, 2003, pro-rated in respect of the period from the Closing Date to September 30, 2003. In the event that this After-Market Services Agreement terminates prior to the end of a calendar quarter, the Service Fees required to be paid hereunder shall be due and payable within 30 days following the termination hereof and shall be pro-rated in respect of the period prior to such termination. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any payment hereunder would otherwise fall on a day which is not a business day, it shall be due on the next day that is a business day. All Service Fees payable hereunder shall be in addition to any fees paid by the Adviser pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement.

(e) The Adviser shall be permitted to terminate this agreement at any time upon making a prepayment to the Primary Underwriters of amounts otherwise payable hereunder. The amount of any such prepayment will be determined by mutual agreement of the Adviser and the Primary Underwriters.

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(f) Each Primary Underwriter agrees that it shall promptly notify the Adviser in writing if it learns of any material inaccuracy or misstatement in, or material omission from, any written information provided by such Primary Underwriter to the Adviser in connection with the performance of services by such Primary Underwriter under this Agreement. Each Primary Underwriter agrees that in performing its services under this Agreement, it shall comply with all applicable laws, rules and regulations.

4. MAXIMUM SERVICE FEES AMOUNT. The "Maximum Service Fees Amount" payable by the Adviser hereunder shall be four and one-half percent (4.5%) of the aggregate initial public offering price for the Common Shares purchased pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement (including all Firm Securities and Option Securities), minus the amount payable by the Trust to the Underwriters pursuant to Section ___ of the Underwriting Agreement for partial reimbursement of certain Underwriter expenses.

5. TERM. This After-Market Services Agreement shall terminate on the earliest to occur of (a) the payment by the Adviser hereunder of the Maximum Service Fees Amount, (b) the prepayment by the Adviser of an agreed upon amount in accordance with Section 3(e) hereof, (c) the dissolution and winding up of the Trust and (d) the date on which the Investment Management Agreement or other advisory agreement between that Trust and the Adviser or any successor in interest to the Adviser, including but not limited to an affiliate of the Adviser, shall terminate.

6. NOT AN INVESTMENT ADVISER. The Adviser acknowledges that the Primary Underwriters are not providing any advice hereunder as to the value of securities or regarding the advisability of purchasing or selling any securities for the Trust's portfolio. No provision of this Agreement shall be considered as creating, nor shall any provision create, any obligation on the part of any Primary Underwriter, and the Primary Underwriters are not hereby agreeing, to:
(i) furnish any advice or make any recommendations regarding the purchase or sale of portfolio securities or (ii) render any opinions, valuations or recommendations of any kind or to perform any such similar services.

7. NOT EXCLUSIVE. Nothing herein shall be construed as prohibiting any Primary Underwriter or its respective affiliates from acting as an underwriter for any other persons (including other registered investment companies or other investment advisers).

8. ASSIGNMENT. This After-Market Services Agreement may not be assigned by any party without the prior written consent of each other party.

9. AMENDMENT; WAIVER. No provision of this After-Market Services Agreement may be amended or waived except by an instrument in writing signed by the parties hereto.

10. GOVERNING LAW. This After-Market Services Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York.

11. COUNTERPARTS. This After-Market Services Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be an original, and all of which, when taken together, shall constitute one agreement. Delivery of an executed signature page of this After-

3

Market Services Agreement by facsimile transmission shall be effective as delivery of a manually executed counterpart hereof.

12. NOTICE. Notice given pursuant to any provision of this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be delivered (a) if to the Adviser, c/o Franklin Advisers, Inc., One Franklin Parkway, San Mateo, California 94403-1906, Attention: General Counsel; or (b) if to Citigroup Global Markets Inc., as representative of the Primary Underwriters, at Citigroup Capital Markets Inc., 390 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013, Attention: Equity Syndicate Desk.

This Agreement shall be effective as of the date first written above.

[END OF TEXT]

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FRANKLIN ADVISERS, INC.

By:

Name:


Title:

5

Agreed and Accepted:

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS INC.

By:

Authorized Signatory

[OTHER UNDERWRITER]

By:

Authorized Signatory

[OTHER UNDERWRITER]

By:

Authorized Signatory

6

Schedule I

For each Primary Underwriter, the "Pro Rata Percentage" shall be the total number of shares sold by such Primary Underwriter divided by the total number of shares issued by the Trust in the initial public offering (including the amount of shares sold pursuant to an over-allotment option).

To qualify as a Primary Underwriter, an underwriter must have sold at least ___% (the "Minimum Sale Rate") of the total number of shares issued by the Trust in the initial public offering. The Minimum Sale Rate may be adjusted downward by the mutual written consent of the Adviser and Citigroup Capital Markets Inc.

                                                               PRO RATA
NAME OF PRIMARY UNDERWRITER                                    PERCENTAGE
---------------------------                                    ----------
Citigroup Global Markets Inc.

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ORGANIZATIONAL AND
OFFERING EXPENSES REIMBURSEMENT AGREEMENT

This AGREEMENT is made this __th day of ___, 2003, by and between FRANKLIN TEMPLETON LIMITED DURATION INCOME TRUST, a Delaware statutory trust (the "Fund"), and FRANKLIN ADVISERS, INC., a California corporation (the "Adviser").

WHEREAS, the Fund and the Adviser have separately entered into an Investment Management Agreement dated ____, 2003 (the "Management Agreement");

NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants hereinafter contained, and in connection with the establishment and commencement of operations of the Fund, it is hereby agreed by and between the parties hereto as follows:

1. The Adviser agrees to reimburse the Fund for expenses incurred by the Fund in connection with the organization of the Fund if the initial public offering is not completed. The Adviser also agrees that if the initial public offering occurs, the Adviser will pay (i) all of the Fund's offering costs (other than the sales load) and (ii) all of the Fund's organizational expenses, except that the Fund has agreed to reimburse the Adviser for such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses to the extent that the aggregate of such offering costs (other than the sales load) and organizational expenses does not exceed $0.03 per share.

2. The expenses for which the Fund is being reimbursed pursuant to this Agreement do not include (i) management fees payable by the Fund pursuant to the terms of the Management Agreement and (ii) any sales load or underwriting discount paid by shareholders.

3. This Agreement may be terminated by the vote of the Board of Trustees of the Fund, including the majority vote of the members of the Board of Trustees who are not "interested persons" of the Fund within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

4. The Fund's Certificate of Trust, including any amendments thereto, is on file with the Secretary of State of Delaware. This Agreement is executed on behalf of the Fund by the Fund's officers as officers and not individually and the obligations imposed upon the Fund by this Agreement are not binding upon any of the Fund's Trustees, officers or shareholders individually but are binding only upon the assets and property of the Fund.


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Fund and the Adviser have caused this Agreement to be executed on the day and year above written.

FRANKLIN TEMPLETON LIMITED DURATION INCOME TRUST

By:     /s/ [name]


Name: [name] Title: [title]

FRANKLIN ADVISERS, INC.

By:     /s/ [name]


        ---------------------------------------
Name:   [name]
Title:  [title]

2

EXHIBIT 99.k(3)

TRANSFER AGENCY SERVICES AGREEMENT

THIS AGREEMENT is made as of ___________, 2003 by and between PFPC INC., a Massachusetts corporation ("PFPC"), and Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust (the "Fund").

W I T N E S S E T H:

WHEREAS, the Fund is registered as a closed-end management investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "1940 Act"); and

WHEREAS, the Fund wishes to retain PFPC to serve as transfer agent, registrar, dividend disbursing agent and shareholder servicing agent and PFPC wishes to furnish such services.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and mutual covenants herein contained, and intending to be legally bound hereby, the parties hereto agree as follows:

1. DEFINITIONS. AS USED IN THIS AGREEMENT:

(a) "1933 ACT" means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

(b) "1934 ACT" means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

(c) "AUTHORIZED PERSON" means any officer of the Fund and any other person duly authorized by the Fund's Board of Trustees to give Oral Instructions and Written Instructions on behalf of the Fund. An Authorized Person's scope of authority may be limited by setting forth such limitation in a written document signed by both parties hereto.

(d) "CEA" means the Commodities Exchange Act, as amended.

(e) "ORAL INSTRUCTIONS" mean oral instructions received by PFPC from an Authorized Person or from a person reasonably believed by PFPC to be an Authorized Person. PFPC may, in its sole discretion in each separate instance, consider and rely upon


instructions it receives from an Authorized Person via electronic mail as Oral Instructions.

(f) "SEC" means the Securities and Exchange Commission.

(g) "SECURITIES LAWS" mean the 1933 Act, the 1934 Act, the 1940 Act and the CEA.

(h) "SHARES" mean the shares of beneficial interest of any series or class of the Fund.

(i) "WRITTEN INSTRUCTIONS" mean (i) written instructions signed by an Authorized Person and received by PFPC or (ii) trade instructions transmitted (and received by PFPC) by means of an electronic transaction reporting system access to which requires use of a password or other authorized identifier. The instructions may be delivered by hand, mail, tested telegram, cable, telex or facsimile sending device.

2. APPOINTMENT. The Fund hereby appoints PFPC to serve as transfer agent, registrar, dividend disbursing agent and shareholder servicing agent to the Fund in accordance with the terms set forth in this Agreement. PFPC accepts such appointment and agrees to furnish such services.

3. DELIVERY OF DOCUMENTS. The Fund has provided or, where applicable, will provide PFPC with the following:

(a) At PFPC's request, certified or authenticated copies of the resolutions of the Fund's Board of Trustees, approving the appointment of PFPC or its affiliates to provide services to the Fund and approving this Agreement;

(b) A copy of the Fund's most recent effective registration statement;

(c) A copy of the advisory agreement with respect to the Fund;

(d) A copy of the distribution/underwriting agreement with respect to each class of Shares of the Fund;

(e) A copy of the Fund's administration agreements if PFPC is not providing the Fund with such services;

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(f) Copies of any distribution and/or shareholder servicing plans and agreements made in respect of the Fund;

(g) A copy of the Fund's organizational documents, as filed with the state in which the Fund is organized; and

(h) Copies (certified or authenticated where applicable) of any and all amendments or supplements to the foregoing.

4. COMPLIANCE WITH RULES AND REGULATIONS. PFPC undertakes to comply with all applicable requirements of the Securities Laws and any laws, rules and regulations of governmental authorities having jurisdiction with respect to the duties to be performed by PFPC hereunder. Except as specifically set forth herein, PFPC assumes no responsibility for such compliance by the Fund or any other entity.

5. INSTRUCTIONS.

(a) Unless otherwise provided in this Agreement, PFPC shall act only upon Oral Instructions or Written Instructions.

(b) PFPC shall be entitled to rely upon any Oral Instruction or Written Instruction it receives from an Authorized Person (or from a person reasonably believed by PFPC to be an Authorized Person) pursuant to this Agreement. PFPC may assume that any Oral Instruction or Written Instruction received hereunder is not in any way inconsistent with the provisions of organizational documents or this Agreement or of any vote, resolution or proceeding of the Fund's Board of Trustees or of the Fund's shareholders, unless and until PFPC receives Written Instructions to the contrary.

(c) The Fund agrees to forward to PFPC Written Instructions confirming Oral Instructions so that PFPC receives the Written Instructions by the close of business on the same day that such Oral Instructions are received. The fact that

3

such confirming Written Instructions are not received by PFPC or differ from the Oral Instructions shall in no way invalidate the transactions or enforceability of the transactions authorized by the Oral Instructions or PFPC's ability to rely upon such Oral Instructions. Where Oral Instructions or Written Instructions reasonably appear to have been received from an Authorized Person, PFPC shall incur no liability to the Fund in acting in conformance with such Oral Instructions or Written Instructions provided that PFPC's actions comply with the other provisions of this Agreement.

6. RIGHT TO RECEIVE ADVICE.

(a) ADVICE OF THE FUND. If PFPC is in doubt as to any action it should or should not take, PFPC may request directions or advice, including Oral Instructions or Written Instructions, from the Fund.

(b) ADVICE OF COUNSEL. If PFPC shall be in doubt as to any question of law pertaining to any action it should or should not take, PFPC may request advice from counsel of its own choosing (who may be counsel for the Fund, the Fund's investment adviser or PFPC, at the option of PFPC).

(c) CONFLICTING ADVICE. In the event of a conflict between directions or advice or Oral Instructions or Written Instructions PFPC receives from the Fund, and the advice it receives from counsel, PFPC may rely upon and follow the advice of counsel. Reliance on such advice, however, does not excuse PFPC from its duties under this Agreement.

(d) PROTECTION OF PFPC. PFPC shall be protected in any action it takes or does not take in reliance upon directions or advice or Oral Instructions or Written

4

Instructions it receives from the Fund or from counsel and which PFPC believes, in good faith, to be consistent with those directions or advice or Oral Instructions or Written Instructions. Nothing in this section shall be construed so as to impose an obligation upon PFPC (i) to seek such directions or advice or Oral Instructions or Written Instructions, or (ii) to act in accordance with such directions or advice or Oral Instructions or Written Instructions unless, under the terms of other provisions of this Agreement, the same is a condition of PFPC's properly taking or not taking such action.

7. RECORDS; VISITS. The books and records pertaining to the Fund, which are in the possession or under the control of PFPC, shall be the property of the Fund. Such books and records shall be prepared and maintained as required by the 1940 Act and other applicable securities laws, rules and regulations. The Fund and Authorized Persons shall have access to such books and records at all times during PFPC's normal business hours. Upon the reasonable request of the Fund, copies of any such books and records shall be provided by PFPC to the Fund or to an Authorized Person, at the Fund's expense.

8. CONFIDENTIALITY. Each party shall keep confidential any information relating to the other party's business ("Confidential Information"). Confidential Information shall include (a) any data or information that is competitively sensitive material, and not generally known to the public, including, but not limited to, information about product plans, marketing strategies, finances, operations, customer relationships, customer profiles, customer lists, sales estimates, business plans, and internal performance results relating to the past, present or future business activities of the Fund or PFPC, their respective subsidiaries and affiliated companies and the customers, clients and suppliers of any of them; (b) any

5

scientific or technical information, design, process, procedure, formula, or improvement that is commercially valuable and secret in the sense that its confidentiality affords the Fund or PFPC a competitive advantage over its competitors; (c) all confidential or proprietary concepts, documentation, reports, data, specifications, computer software, source code, object code, flow charts, databases, inventions, know-how, and trade secrets, whether or not patentable or copyrightable; and (d) anything designated as confidential. Notwithstanding the foregoing, information shall not be subject to such confidentiality obligations if it: (a) is already known to the receiving party at the time it is obtained and was obtained through some means other than through the performance of an agreement between PFPC and an affiliate of the Fund; (b) is or becomes publicly known or available through no wrongful act of the receiving party;
(c) is rightfully received from a third party who, to the best of the receiving party's knowledge, is not under a duty of confidentiality; (d) is released by the protected party to a third party without restriction; (e) is required to be disclosed by the receiving party pursuant to a requirement of a court order, subpoena, governmental or regulatory agency or law (provided the receiving party will provide the other party written notice of such requirement, to the extent such notice is permitted); (f) is relevant to the defense of any claim or cause of action asserted against the receiving party; or (g) has been or is independently developed or obtained by the receiving party. In addition, PFPC agrees that it will not, at any time during the term of this Agreement or after its termination, reveal, divulge, or make known to any person or entity, unless required by law, any list of shareholders of the Fund or any personal information relating to such shareholders.

6

9. COOPERATION WITH ACCOUNTANTS. PFPC shall cooperate with the Fund's independent public accountants and shall take all reasonable actions in the performance of its obligations under this Agreement to ensure that the necessary information is made available to such accountants for the expression of their opinion, as required by the Fund.

10. PFPC SYSTEM. PFPC shall retain title to and ownership of any and all data bases, computer programs, screen formats, report formats, interactive design techniques, derivative works, inventions, discoveries, patentable or copyrightable matters, concepts, expertise, patents, copyrights, trade secrets, and other related legal rights utilized by PFPC in connection with the services provided by PFPC to the Fund.

11. DISASTER RECOVERY. PFPC shall enter into and shall maintain in effect with appropriate parties one or more agreements making reasonable provisions for emergency use of electronic data processing equipment to the extent appropriate equipment is available. In the event of equipment failures, PFPC shall, at no additional expense to the Fund, take reasonable steps to minimize service interruptions. PFPC shall have no liability with respect to the loss of data or service interruptions caused by equipment failure, provided such loss or interruption is not caused by PFPC's own willful misfeasance, bad faith, negligence or reckless disregard of its duties or obligations under this Agreement.

12. COMPENSATION. As compensation for services rendered by PFPC during the term of this Agreement, the Fund will pay to PFPC a fee or fees as may be agreed to from time to time in writing by the Fund and PFPC. The Fund acknowledges that PFPC may receive float benefits and/or investment earnings in connection with maintaining certain accounts required to provide services under this Agreement.

7

13. INDEMNIFICATION. The Fund agrees to indemnify, defend and hold harmless PFPC and its affiliates, including their respective officers, directors, agents and employees, from all taxes, charges, expenses, assessments, claims and liabilities (including, without limitation, attorneys' fees and disbursements and liabilities arising under the Securities Laws and any state and foreign securities and blue sky laws) arising directly or indirectly from any action or omission to act which PFPC takes in connection with the provision of services to the Fund. Neither PFPC, nor any of its affiliates, shall be indemnified against any liability (or any expenses incident to such liability) caused by PFPC's or its affiliates' own willful misfeasance, bad faith, negligence or reckless disregard of its duties and obligations under this Agreement, provided that in the absence of a finding to the contrary the acceptance, processing and/or negotiation of a fraudulent payment for the purchase of Shares shall be presumed not to have been the result of PFPC's or its affiliates own willful misfeasance, bad faith, negligence or reckless disregard of such duties and obligations. The provisions of this Section 13 shall survive termination of this Agreement.

14. RESPONSIBILITY OF PFPC.

(a) PFPC shall be under no duty to take any action hereunder on behalf of the Fund except as specifically set forth herein or as may be specifically agreed to by PFPC and the Fund in a written amendment hereto. PFPC shall be obligated to exercise customary care and diligence in the performance of its duties hereunder and to act in good faith in performing services provided for under this Agreement. PFPC shall be liable only for any damages arising out of PFPC's failure to perform its duties under this Agreement to the extent such damages arise out of PFPC's

8

willful misfeasance, bad faith, negligence or reckless disregard of such duties.

(b) Without limiting the generality of the foregoing or of any other provision of this Agreement, (i) PFPC shall not be liable for losses beyond its control, including without limitation (subject to Section 11), delays or errors or loss of data occurring by reason of circumstances beyond PFPC's control, provided that PFPC has acted in accordance with the standard set forth in Section 14(a) above and has otherwise fulfilled its obligation under this Agreement; and (ii) PFPC shall not be under any duty or obligation to inquire into and shall not be liable for the validity or invalidity or authority or lack thereof of any Oral Instruction or Written Instruction, notice or other instrument which conforms to the applicable requirements of this Agreement, and which PFPC reasonably believes to be genuine.

(c) Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, (i) neither party nor its affiliates shall be liable for any consequential, special or indirect losses or damages, whether or not the likelihood of such losses or damages was known by the party or its affiliates and (ii) excluding fees owed by the Fund under this Agreement for services rendered by PFPC, a party's cumulative liability for all losses, claims, suits, controversies, breaches or damages for any cause whatsoever (including but not limited to those arising out of or related to this Agreement) and regardless of the form of action or legal theory shall not exceed $200,000 plus reasonable attorney's fees.

(d) Each party shall have a duty to mitigate damages for which the other party may become responsible.

9

(e) The provisions of this Section 14 shall survive termination of this Agreement.

15. DESCRIPTION OF SERVICES.

(a) SERVICES PROVIDED ON AN ONGOING BASIS, IF APPLICABLE.

(i) Maintain shareholder registrations;

(ii) Provide toll-free lines for shareholder and broker-dealer use;

(iii) Provide periodic shareholder lists and statistics;

(iv) Mailing of year-end tax information; and

(v) Periodic mailing of shareholder dividend reinvestment plan account information and Fund financial reports.

(b) DIVIDENDS AND DISTRIBUTIONS. PFPC must receive Written Instructions authorizing the declaration and payment of dividends and distributions. Upon receipt of the resolution, PFPC shall issue the dividends and distributions in cash, or, if the resolution so provides, pay such dividends and distributions in Shares. Such issuance or payment shall be made after deduction and payment of the required amount of funds to be withheld in accordance with any applicable tax laws or other laws, rules or regulations. PFPC shall timely send to the Fund's shareholders tax forms and other information, or permissible substitute notice, relating to dividends and distributions, paid by the Fund as are required to be filed and mailed by applicable law, rule or regulation.

PFPC shall maintain and file with the United States Internal Revenue Service and other appropriate taxing authorities reports relating to all dividends above a stipulated amount (currently $10.00 accumulated yearly dividends) paid by the Fund to its shareholders as required by tax or other law, rule or regulation.

10

In accordance with the Prospectus and such procedures and controls as are mutually agreed upon from time to time by and among the Fund, PFPC and the Fund's Custodian, PFPC shall process applications from Shareholders relating to the Fund's Dividend Reinvestment Plan ("Dividend Reinvestment Plan") and will effect purchases of Shares in connection with the Dividend Reinvestment Plan. As the dividend disbursing agent, PFPC shall, on or before the payment date of any such dividend or distribution, notify the fund accounting agent of the estimated amount required to pay any portion of said dividend or distribution which is payable in cash, and on or before the payment date of such distribution, the Fund shall instruct the custodian to make available to the dividend disbursing agent sufficient funds for the cash amount to be paid out. If a shareholder is entitled to receive additional Shares, by virtue of any distribution or dividend, appropriate credits will be made to his or her account and/or certificates delivered where requested, all in accordance with the Dividend Reinvestment Plan.

(c) COMMUNICATIONS TO SHAREHOLDERS. Upon timely written instructions, PFPC shall mail all communications by the Fund to its shareholders, including:

(i) Reports to shareholders;

(ii) Monthly or quarterly dividend reinvestment plan statements;

(iii) Dividend and distribution notices;

(iv) Proxy material; and

(v) Tax form information.

PFPC will receive and tabulate the proxy cards for the meetings of the Fund's shareholders.

11

(d) RECORDS. PFPC shall maintain records of the accounts for each shareholder showing the following information:

(i) Name, address and United States Tax Identification or Social Security number;

(ii) Number and class of shares held and number and class of shares for which certificates, if any, have been issued, including certificate numbers and denominations;

(iii) Historical information regarding the account of each shareholder, including dividends and distributions paid and the date and price for all transactions on a shareholder's account;

(iv) Any stop or restraining order placed against a shareholder's account;

(v) Any correspondence relating to the current maintenance of a shareholder's account;

(vi) Information with respect to withholdings; and

(vii) Any information required in order for the transfer agent to perform any calculations contemplated or required by this Agreement.

(e) SHAREHOLDER INSPECTION OF STOCK RECORDS. Upon requests from Fund shareholders to inspect stock records, PFPC will notify the Fund and require instructions granting or denying each such request. Unless PFPC has acted contrary to the Fund's instructions, the Fund agrees to release PFPC from any liability for refusal of permission for a particular shareholder to inspect the Fund's shareholder records.

16. DURATION AND TERMINATION. This Agreement shall continue until terminated by the Fund or by PFPC on sixty (60) days' prior written notice to the other party. In the event the Fund gives notice of termination, all expenses associated with movement (or duplication) of records and materials and conversion thereof to a successor transfer agent

12

or other service provider, and all trailing expenses incurred by PFPC directly attributable to termination, will be borne by the Fund.

17. NOTICES. Notices shall be addressed (a) if to PFPC, at 400 Bellevue Parkway, Wilmington, Delaware 19809, Attention: President; (b) if to the Fund, at Franklin Templeton, One Franklin Parkway, San Mateo, California 94403, Attention: _____; or (c) if to neither of the foregoing, at such other address as shall have been given by like notice to the sender of any such notice or other communication by the other party. If notice is sent by confirming telegram, cable, telex or facsimile sending device, it shall be deemed to have been given immediately. If notice is sent by first-class mail, it shall be deemed to have been given three days after it has been mailed. If notice is sent by messenger, it shall be deemed to have been given on the day it is delivered.

18. AMENDMENTS. This Agreement, or any term thereof, may be changed or waived only by a written amendment, signed by the party against whom enforcement of such change or waiver is sought.

19. DELEGATION; ASSIGNMENT. PFPC may assign its rights and delegate its duties hereunder to any majority-owned direct or indirect subsidiary of PFPC or of The PNC Financial Services Group, Inc., provided that PFPC gives the Fund 30 days prior written notice of such assignment or delegation. In addition, PFPC may, in its sole discretion, engage subcontractors to perform any of the obligations contained in this Agreement to be performed by PFPC, provided, however, PFPC shall remain responsible for the acts or omissions of any such sub-contractors.

20. COUNTERPARTS. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the

13

same instrument.

21. FURTHER ACTIONS. Each party agrees to perform such further acts and execute such further documents as are necessary to effectuate the purposes hereof.

22. MISCELLANEOUS.

(a) ENTIRE AGREEMENT. This Agreement embodies the entire agreement and understanding between the parties and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings relating to the subject matter hereof, provided that the parties may embody in one or more separate documents their agreement, if any, with respect to delegated duties.

(b) NO CHANGES THAT MATERIALLY AFFECT OBLIGATIONS. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, the Fund agrees not to make any modifications to its registration statement or adopt any policies which would affect materially the obligations or responsibilities of PFPC hereunder without the prior written approval of PFPC, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.

(c) CAPTIONS. The captions in this Agreement are included for convenience of reference only and in no way define or delimit any of the provisions hereof or otherwise affect their construction or effect.

(d) GOVERNING LAW. This Agreement shall be deemed to be a contract made in Delaware and governed by Delaware law, without regard to principles of conflicts of law.

(e) PARTIAL INVALIDITY. If any provision of this Agreement shall be held or made invalid by a court decision, statute, rule or otherwise, the remainder of this Agreement shall not be affected thereby.

14

(f) SUCCESSORS AND ASSIGNS. This Agreement shall be binding upon and shall inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns.

(g) NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES. Except as expressly provided in this Agreement, each party hereby disclaims all representations and warranties, express or implied, made to the other party or any other person, including, without limitation, any warranties regarding quality, suitability, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or otherwise (irrespective of any course of dealing, custom or usage of trade), of any services or any goods provided incidental to services provided under this Agreement. Each party disclaims any warranty of title or non-infringement except as otherwise set forth in this Agreement.

(h) FACSIMILE SIGNATURES. The facsimile signature of any party to this Agreement shall constitute the valid and binding execution hereof by such party.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed as of the day and year first above written.

PFPC INC.

By:

Title:

FRANKLIN TEMPLETON

By:

Title:

15

Law Offices of Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker LLP 55 Second Street San Francisco, California 94105-3441 Telephone (415) 856-7000 Facsimile (415) 856-7100 Internet www.paulhastings.com

August 25, 2003

Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust One Franklin Parkway

San Mateo, California 94403-1906

Attention: Murray L. Simpson

RE: FRANKLIN TEMPLETON LIMITED DURATION INCOME TRUST
FILE NOS. 333-105495 AND 811-21357

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We are furnishing this opinion of counsel to Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust, a Delaware statutory trust (the "Fund"), in connection with the Registration Statement of the Fund on Form N-2, including all amendments thereto (as amended through the date hereof, the "Registration Statement"), filed by the Fund with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, with respect to the sale and issuance of certain of the Fund's common shares of beneficial interest (the "Shares"). The Shares are to be sold pursuant to an Underwriting Agreement substantially in the form filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement.

In connection with this opinion, we have assumed the authenticity of all records, documents and instruments submitted to us as originals, the genuineness of all signatures, the legal capacity of all natural persons, the conformity to the originals of all records, documents, and instruments submitted to us as copies and the due execution and delivery of all documents where due execution and delivery are a prerequisite to the effectiveness thereof. We have based our opinion on: the Fund's Certificate of Trust as amended; the Fund's Agreement and Declaration of Trust; the By-laws of the Fund; the Registration Statement (including all amendments thereto); and the originals or copies certified to our satisfaction of such documents, records, certificates, memoranda or other instruments as in our judgment are necessary or appropriate to enable us to render the opinion expressed below.

Based on the foregoing, and in reliance thereon, we are of the opinion that the Shares, when issued and paid for in accordance with the Registration Statement, will be validly issued, fully paid, and non-assessable.


Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust August 25, 2003

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We express no opinion with respect to the applicability or effect of the laws of any jurisdiction other than the Delaware Statutory Trust Act, as in effect on the date hereof.

We hereby consent to (i) the reference to our firm as Legal Counsel in the Registration Statement; and (ii) the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement.

Sincerely yours,

/s/ PAUL, HASTINGS, JANOFSKY & WALKER LLP


CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS

We hereby consent to the use in this Registration Statement on Form N-2 of our report dated August 20, 2003, relating to the statement of assets and liabilities of Franklin Templeton Limited Duration Income Trust as of August 19, 2003. We also consent to the reference to us under the heading "Independent Auditors" in such Registration Statement.

Pricewaterhouse Coopers LLP
New York, New York
August 25, 2003