RISK FACTORS

           Investing in our Class A ordinary shares involves a high degree of risk. Before making a decision to invest in our Class A ordinary shares, you should carefully consider the following risks, together with all of the other information contained in this prospectus, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes. While we believe that the risks and uncertainties described below are the material risks currently facing us, additional risks that we do not yet know of or that we currently think are immaterial may also arise and harm our business. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be harmed. In that event, the trading price of our Class A ordinary shares could decline, which could cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Our rapid growth makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and may increase the risk that we will not continue to grow at or near historical rates.

          We have been growing rapidly over the last several years, and as a result, our ability to forecast our future results of operations is subject to a number of uncertainties, including our ability to effectively plan for and model future growth. Our recent and historical growth should not be considered indicative of our future performance. We have encountered in the past, and will encounter in the future, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan and operate our business, are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our operating and financial results could differ materially from our expectations, our growth rates may slow and our business would suffer.

We may not be able to sustain our revenue growth rate or maintain profitability in the future.

          Our historical growth rate should not be considered indicative of our future performance and may decline in the future. In future periods, our revenue could grow more slowly than in recent periods or decline for a number of reasons, including any reduction in demand for our products, increase in competition, limited ability to, or our decision not to, increase pricing, contraction of our overall market or our failure to capitalize on growth opportunities. In addition, we expect expenses to increase substantially in the near term, particularly as we continue to make significant investments in research and development and technology infrastructure for our cloud offerings, expand our operations globally and develop new products and features for, and enhancements of, our existing products. In addition, in connection with operating as a public company, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. As a result of these significant investments, and in particular share-based compensation associated with our growth, we do not expect to achieve IFRS profitability in fiscal year 2016 and may not be able to achieve IFRS profitability in future periods. In addition, the additional expenses we will incur may not lead to sufficient additional revenue to maintain historical revenue growth rates and profitability.

The markets in which we participate are intensely competitive, and if we do not compete effectively, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

          The markets for our solutions are fragmented, rapidly evolving and highly competitive, and have relatively low barriers to entry. We face competition from both traditional, larger software vendors offering full collaboration and productivity suites and smaller companies offering point products for features and use cases. Our principal competitors vary depending on the product category and include Microsoft Corporation, IBM, Hewlett-Packard Company, Google, ServiceNow, salesforce.com, Zendesk and several smaller software vendors. In addition, some of our

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competitors have made acquisitions to offer a more comprehensive product or service offering, which may allow them to compete more effectively with our products. We expect this trend to continue as companies attempt to strengthen or maintain their market positions in an evolving industry. Companies resulting from these possible consolidations may create more compelling product offerings and be able to offer more attractive pricing options, making it more difficult for us to compete effectively.

          Our competitors, particularly our larger competitors with greater financial and operating resources, may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements. With the introduction of new technologies, the evolution of our products, and new market entrants, we expect competition to intensify in the future. For example, as we expand our focus into new use cases or other product offerings beyond software development teams, we expect competition to increase. Pricing pressures and increased competition generally could result in reduced sales, reduced margins, losses or the failure of our products to achieve or maintain more widespread market acceptance, any of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

          Many of our current and potential competitors have greater resources than we do with established marketing relationships, large enterprise salesforces, access to larger customer bases, pre-existing customer relationships, and major distribution agreements with consultants, system integrators and resellers. Additionally, some current and potential customers, particularly large organizations, have elected, and may in the future elect, to develop or acquire their own internal collaboration and productivity software tools that would reduce or eliminate the demand for our solutions.

          Our products seek to serve multiple markets, and we are subject to competition from a wide and varied field of competitors. Some competitors, particularly new and emerging companies, could focus all their energy and resources on one product line or use case and, as a result, any one competitor could develop a more successful product or service in a particular market which could decrease our market share and harm our brand recognition and results of operations. For all of these reasons and others we cannot anticipate today, we may not be able to compete successfully against our current and future competitors, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our distribution model of offering and deploying our products via both the cloud and on premises increases our expenses, may impact revenue recognition timing and may pose other challenges to our business.

          We offer and sell our products via both the cloud and on premises using the customer's own infrastructure. Our cloud offering enables quick setup and subscription pricing, while our on-premises offering permits more customization, a perpetual or term license fee structure and complete application control. Historically, our products were developed in the context of the on-premises offering, and we have less operating experience offering and selling our products via our cloud offering. Although a substantial majority of our revenue has historically been generated from customers using our on-premises products, we believe that over time more customers will move to the cloud offering, and the cloud offering will become more central to our distribution model. As more of our customers transition to the cloud, we may be subject to additional competitive pressures, which may harm our business. Further, as more customers elect our cloud offering as opposed to our on-premises offerings, revenues from such customers is typically lower in the initial year, which may impact our near-term revenue growth rates. If our cloud offering does not develop as quickly as we expect, or if we are unable to continue to scale our systems to meet the requirements of a successful large, cloud offering, our business may be harmed. We are directing a significant portion of our financial and operating resources to implement a robust cloud

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offering for our products, but even if we continue to make these investments, we may be unsuccessful in growing or implementing our cloud offering that competes successfully against our current and future competitors and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

Our business depends on our customers renewing their subscriptions and maintenance plans and purchasing additional licenses or subscriptions from us. Any decline in our customer retention or expansion would harm our future results of operations.

          In order for us to maintain or improve our results of operations, it is important that our customers renew their subscriptions and maintenance plans when existing contract terms expire and that we expand our commercial relationships with our existing customers. Our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions or maintenance plans, and our customers may not renew subscriptions or maintenance plans with a similar contract period or with the same or greater number of users. Our customers do not enter into long-term contracts, rather they primarily have monthly or annual terms. Some of our customers have elected not to renew their agreements with us and it is difficult to accurately predict long-term customer retention.

          Our customer retention and expansion may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including our customers' satisfaction with our products, our product support, our prices, the prices of competing software products, reductions in our customers' spending levels, new product releases and changes to packaging of our product offerings, mergers and acquisitions affecting our customer base or the effects of global economic conditions. Although it is important to our business that our customers renew their subscriptions and maintenance plans when existing contract terms expire and that we expand our commercial relationships with our existing customers, given the volume of our customers, we do not track the retention rates of our individual customers. As a result, we may be unable to timely address any retention issues with specific customers, which could harm our results of operations. If our customers do not purchase additional licenses or subscriptions or renew their subscriptions or maintenance plans, renew on less favorable terms or fail to add more users, our revenue may decline or grow less quickly, which would harm our future results of operations and prospects.

If we are not able to develop new products and enhancements to our products that achieve market acceptance and that keep pace with technological developments, our business and results of operations would be harmed.

          Our ability to attract new customers and increase revenue from existing customers depends in large part on our ability to enhance and improve our existing products and to introduce compelling new products that reflect the changing nature of our markets. The success of any enhancement to our products depends on several factors, including timely completion and delivery, competitive pricing, adequate quality testing, integration with existing technologies and our platform and overall market acceptance. Any new product or service that we develop may not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner, may contain bugs, or may not achieve the market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue. If we are unable to successfully develop new products, enhance our existing products to meet customer requirements, or otherwise gain market acceptance, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be harmed.

If we cannot continue to expand the use of our products beyond our initial focus on software developers, our ability to grow our business may be harmed.

          Our ability to grow our business depends in part on our ability to persuade current and future customers to expand their use of our products to additional use cases beyond software developers. If we fail to predict customer demands or achieve further market acceptance of our products within

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these additional areas and teams, or if a competitor establishes a more widely adopted product for these applications, our ability to grow our business may be harmed.

We invest significantly in research and development, and to the extent our research and development investments do not translate into new products or material enhancements to our current products, or if we do not use those investments efficiently, our business and results of operations would be harmed.

          A key element of our strategy is to invest significantly in our research and development efforts to develop new products and enhance our existing products to address additional applications and markets. In fiscal 2014 and 2015, our research and development expenses were 37% and 44% of our revenue, respectively, and during the three months ended September 30, 2014 and 2015, our research and development expenses were 43% and 45% of our revenue, respectively. If we do not spend our research and development budget efficiently or effectively on compelling innovation and technologies, our business may be harmed and we may not realize the expected benefits of our strategy. Moreover, research and development projects can be technically challenging and expensive. The nature of these research and development cycles may cause us to experience delays between the time we incur expenses associated with research and development and the time we are able to offer compelling products and generate revenue, if any, from such investment. Additionally, anticipated customer demand for a product or service we are developing could decrease after the development cycle has commenced, and we would nonetheless be unable to avoid substantial costs associated with the development of any such product or service. If we expend a significant amount of resources on research and development and our efforts do not lead to the successful introduction or improvement of products that are competitive in our current or future markets, it would harm our business and results of operations.

If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business and results of operations could be harmed.

          We have experienced and expect to continue to experience rapid growth, which has placed, and may continue to place, significant demands on our management, operational and financial resources. For example, our headcount has grown from 533 employees as of June 30, 2013 to 769 employees as of June 30, 2014 to 1,259 employees as of June 30, 2015. In addition, we operate globally, sell our products to customers in more than 160 countries, and have employees in Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Japan and Germany. We plan to continue to expand our operations into other countries in the future, which will place additional demands on our resources and operations. We have also experienced significant growth in the number of customers, users, transactions and data that our products and our associated infrastructure support. Finally, our organizational structure is becoming more complex and we may need to scale and adapt our operational, financial and management controls, as well as our reporting systems and procedures to manage this complexity. We will require significant capital expenditures and the allocation of management resources to grow and change in these areas. If we fail to successfully manage our anticipated growth and change, the quality of our products may suffer, which could negatively affect our brand and reputation and harm our ability to retain and attract customers.

If our current marketing model is not effective in attracting new customers, we may need to incur additional expenses to attract new customers and our business and results of operations could be harmed.

          Unlike traditional enterprise software vendors, who rely on direct sales methodologies and face long sales cycles, complex customer requirements and substantial upfront sales costs, we utilize a viral marketing model to target new customers. Through this word-of-mouth marketing, we

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have been able to build our brand with relatively low sales and marketing costs. We also build our customer base through various online marketing activities as well as targeted web-based content and online communications. This strategy has allowed us to build a substantial customer base and community of users who use our products and act as advocates for our brand and solutions, often within their own corporate organizations. Attracting new customers and retaining existing customers requires that we continue to provide high-quality products at an affordable price and convince customers of our value proposition. If we do not attract new customers through word-of-mouth referrals, our revenue may grow more slowly than expected or decline. In addition, high levels of customer satisfaction and market adoption are central to our marketing model. Any decrease in our customers' satisfaction with our products, including as a result of actions outside of our control, could harm word-of-mouth referrals and our brand. If our customer base does not continue to grow through word-of-mouth marketing and viral adoption, we may be required to incur significantly higher sales and marketing expenses in order to acquire new subscribers, which could harm our business and results of operations.

If our security measures are breached or unauthorized access to customer data is otherwise obtained, our products may be perceived as insecure, we may lose existing customers or fail to attract new customers, and we may incur significant liabilities.

          Use of our solutions involve the storage, transmission and processing of our customers' proprietary data, including potentially personal or identifying information. Unauthorized access to, or security breaches of, our products could result in the loss, compromise or corruption of data, loss of business, severe reputational damage adversely affecting customer or investor confidence, regulatory investigations and orders, litigation, indemnity obligations, damages for contract breach, penalties for violation of applicable laws or regulations, significant costs for remediation and other liabilities. We have incurred and expect to incur significant expenses to prevent security breaches, including deploying additional personnel and protection technologies, training employees, and engaging third-party experts and consultants. Our errors and omissions insurance coverage covering certain security and privacy damages and claim expenses may not be sufficient to compensate for all liabilities we incur.

          We have in the past experienced breaches of our security measures and our products are at risk for future breaches as a result of third-party action, or employee, vendor or contractor error or malfeasance.

          Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not identified until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. We may also experience security breaches that may remain undetected for an extended period and, therefore, have a greater impact on the products we offer, the proprietary data contained therein, and ultimately on our business.

One of our marketing strategies is to offer free trials or a limited free version or affordable starter license for certain products, and we may not be able to realize the benefits of this strategy.

          We offer free trials, a limited free version or an affordable starter license for certain products in order to promote additional usage, brand and product awareness and adoption. Historically, a majority of users never convert to a paid version of our products from these free trials or limited free versions or upgrade beyond the starter license. Our marketing strategy also depends in part on persuading users who use the free trials, free version or starter license of our products to convince others within their organization to purchase and deploy our products. To the extent that these users

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do not become, or lead others to become, customers, we will not realize the intended benefits of this marketing strategy, and our ability to grow our business may be harmed.

Our business model relies on a high volume of transactions and affordable pricing. As lower cost, competitive products are introduced into the marketplace, our ability to generate new customers could be harmed.

          Our business model is based in part on selling our products at prices lower than competing products from other commercial vendors. For example, we offer entry-level pricing for certain products for small teams at a price that typically does not require capital budget approval and is orders-of-magnitude less than the price of traditional enterprise software. As a result, our software is frequently purchased by first-time customers to solve specific problems and not as part of a strategic technology purchasing decision. As competitors enter the market with low cost alternatives to our products, it may be increasingly more difficult for us to compete effectively and our ability to garner new customers could be harmed. We may also from time to time increase our prices. Additionally, some customers may consider our products to be discretionary purchases, which may contribute to reduced demand for our offerings in times of economic uncertainty. If we are unable to sell our software in high volume, across new and existing customers, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

We derive, and expect to continue to derive, a substantial majority of our revenue from a limited number of software products.

          We derive, and expect to continue to derive, a substantial majority of our revenue from our JIRA and Confluence products. Revenue generated from our JIRA and Confluence products comprised over two-thirds of our total revenues for each of the prior three fiscal years. As such, the market acceptance of these products is critical to our success. Demand for these products and our other products is affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, such as continued market acceptance of our products by customers for existing and new use cases, the timing of development and release of new products, features and functionality that are lower cost alternatives introduced by us or our competitors, technological changes and developments within the markets we serve and growth or contraction in our addressable markets. If we are unable to continue to meet customer demands or to achieve more widespread market acceptance of our products, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

If the Atlassian Marketplace does not continue to be successful, our business and results of operations could be harmed.

          We operate Atlassian Marketplace, an online marketplace, for selling third-party, as well as Atlassian-built, add-ons and extensions. We rely on the Atlassian Marketplace to supplement our promotional efforts and build awareness of our products, and believe that third-party add-ons and extensions from the Atlassian Marketplace facilitate greater usage and customization of our products. From its inception in 2012 to September 30, 2015, the Atlassian Marketplace has generated over $100 million in revenue, including over $80 million in revenue for these third-party vendors. As a result, we have generated over $20 million in revenue from the Atlassian Marketplace during this period. If these vendors and developers stop developing or supporting these add-ons and extensions that they sell on Atlassian Marketplace, our business could be harmed. In addition, third-party add-ons and extensions may not meet the same quality standards that we apply to our own development efforts and, to the extent they contain bugs or defects, they may create disruptions in our customers' use of our products, lead to data loss, damage our brand and reputation and affect the continued use of our products, any of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Interruptions or performance problems associated with our technology and infrastructure may harm our business and results of operations.

          Our continued growth depends in part on the ability of our existing and potential customers to access our solutions at any time and within an acceptable amount of time. In addition, we rely almost exclusively on our websites for the downloading and payment of all our products. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions, data loss, outages and other performance problems with our infrastructure and websites due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, introductions of new functionality, human or software errors, capacity constraints, denial of service attacks or other security-related incidents. In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these performance problems within an acceptable period of time. It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our performance, especially during peak usage times and as our products and websites become more complex and our user traffic increases. If our products and websites are unavailable or if our users are unable to access our products within a reasonable amount of time, or at all, our business would be harmed. Moreover, we depend on services from various third parties, such as Amazon Web Services and NTT Communications, to maintain our infrastructure and distribute our products via the Internet. Any disruptions in these services, including as a result of actions outside of our control, would significantly impact the continued performance of our products. In the future, these services may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use any of these services could result in decreased functionality of our products until equivalent technology is either developed by us or, if available from another provider, is identified, obtained and integrated into our infrastructure. To the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed, and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

Real or perceived errors, failures, vulnerabilities or bugs in our products could harm our business and results of operations.

          Errors, failures, vulnerabilities or bugs may occur in our products, especially when updates are deployed or new products are rolled out. Our solutions are often used in connection with large-scale computing environments with different operating systems, system management software, equipment and networking configurations, which may cause errors or failures of products, or other aspects of the computing environment into which they are deployed. In addition, deployment of our products into complicated, large-scale computing environments may expose errors, failures, vulnerabilities or bugs in our products. Any such errors, failures, vulnerabilities or bugs may not be found until after they are deployed to our customers. Real or perceived errors, failures, vulnerabilities or bugs in our products could result in negative publicity, loss of customer data, loss of or delay in market acceptance of our products, loss of competitive position, or claims by customers for losses sustained by them, all of which could harm our business and results of operations.

Any failure to offer high-quality product support may harm our relationships with our customers and our financial results.

          In deploying and using our products, our customers depend on our product support teams to resolve complex technical and operational issues. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in customer demand for product support. We also may be unable to modify the nature, scope and delivery of our product support to compete with changes in product support services provided by our competitors. Increased customer demand for product support, without corresponding revenue, could increase costs and harm our results of operations. In addition, as we continue to grow our operations and reach a global and vast customer base, we

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need to be able to provide efficient product support that meets our customers' needs globally at scale. The number of our customers has grown significantly and that will put additional pressure on our support organization. For example, the number of our customers has grown from 37,250 as of June 30, 2014 to 51,636 as of September 30, 2015. In order to meet these needs, we have relied in the past and will continue to rely on third-party contractors and self-service product support to resolve common or frequently asked questions, which supplement our customer support teams. If we are unable to provide efficient product support globally at scale, including through the use of third-party contractors and self-service support, our ability to grow our operations may be harmed and we may need to hire additional support personnel, which could harm our results of operations. Our sales are highly dependent on our business reputation and on positive recommendations from our existing customers. Any failure to maintain high-quality product support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality product support, could harm our reputation, our ability to sell our products to existing and prospective customers, and our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our lack of a direct salesforce may impede the growth of our business.

          We do not have a direct salesforce and our sales model does not include traditional, quota-carrying sales personnel. Although we believe our business model can continue to scale without a large enterprise salesforce, our viral marketing model may not continue to be as successful as we anticipate and the absence of a direct sales function may impede our future growth. As we continue to scale our business, a sales infrastructure could assist in reaching larger enterprise customers and growing our revenue. Identifying and recruiting qualified sales personnel and training them would require significant time, expense and attention and would significantly impact our business model. In addition, adding sales personnel would considerably change our cost structure and results of operations, and we may have to reduce other expenses, such as our research and development expenses, in order to accommodate a corresponding increase in sales and marketing expenses and maintain our profitability. If our lack of a direct salesforce limits us from reaching larger enterprise customers and growing our revenue and we are unable to hire, develop and retain talented sales personnel in the future, our revenue growth and results of operations may be harmed.

Our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.

          Our quarterly financial results may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. If our quarterly financial results fall below the expectations of investors or any securities analysts who follow us, the price of our Class A ordinary shares could decline substantially. Factors that may cause our revenue, results of operations and cash flows to fluctuate from quarter to quarter include, but are not limited to:

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our ability to attract new customers, retain and increase sales to existing customers, and satisfy our customers' requirements;



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changes in our or our competitors' pricing policies and offerings;



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new products, features, enhancements or functionalities introduced by our competitors;



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the amount and timing of operating costs and capital expenditures related to the operations and expansion of our business;



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significant security breaches, technical difficulties or interruptions to our products;



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the number of new employees added;

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•

changes in foreign currency exchange rates or adding additional currencies in which our sales are denominated;



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the amount and timing of acquisitions or other strategic transactions;



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extraordinary expenses such as litigation or other dispute-related settlement payments;



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general economic conditions that may adversely affect either our customers' ability or willingness to purchase additional licenses, subscriptions and maintenance plans, delay a prospective customer's purchasing decision, reduce the value of new license, subscription or maintenance plans or affect customer retention;



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the impact of new accounting pronouncements; and



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the timing of the grant or vesting of equity awards to employees, directors or consultants.

          Many of these factors are outside of our control, and the occurrence of one or more of them might cause our revenue, results of operations and cash flows to vary widely. As such, we believe that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our revenue, results of operations and cash flows may not be meaningful and should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance.

If we are unable to develop and maintain successful relationships with channel partners, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

          We have established relationships with certain channel partners to distribute our products. We believe that continued growth in our business is dependent upon identifying, developing and maintaining strategic relationships with our existing and potential channel partners that can drive substantial revenue and provide additional valued-added services to our customers. Our agreements with our existing channel partners are non-exclusive, meaning our channel partners may offer customers the products of several different companies, including products that compete with ours. They may also cease marketing our products with limited or no notice and with little or no penalty. We expect that any additional channel partners we identify and develop will be similarly non-exclusive and not bound by any requirement to continue to market our products. If we fail to identify additional channel partners, in a timely and cost-effective manner, or at all, or are unable to assist our current and future channel partners in independently distributing and deploying our products, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed. If resellers do not effectively market and sell our products, or fail to meet the needs of our customers, our reputation and ability to grow our business may also be harmed.

If we are not able to maintain and enhance our brand, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be harmed.

          We believe that maintaining and enhancing our reputation as a differentiated and category-defining company is critical to our relationships with our existing customers and to our ability to attract new customers. The successful promotion of our brand attributes will depend on a number of factors, including our channel partners' marketing efforts, our ability to continue to develop high-quality products and our ability to successfully differentiate our products from competitive products. In addition, independent industry analysts often provide reviews of our products, as well as the products offered by our competitors, and perception of the relative value of our products in the marketplace may be significantly influenced by these reviews. If these reviews are negative, or less positive as compared to those of our competitors' products, our brand may be harmed.

          The promotion of our brand requires us to make substantial expenditures, and we anticipate that the expenditures will increase as our market becomes more competitive, as we expand into new markets, and as more sales are generated through our channel partners. To the extent that these activities yield increased revenue, this revenue may not offset the increased expenses we

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incur. If we do not successfully maintain and enhance our brand, our business may not grow, we may have reduced pricing power relative to competitors, and we could lose customers or fail to attract potential customers, any of which would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our global operations subject us to risks that can harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

          A key element of our strategy is to operate globally and sell our products to customers across the world. Operating globally requires significant resources and management attention and will subject us to regulatory, economic, geographic and political risks. In particular, our global operations subject us to a variety of additional risks and challenges, including:

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increased management, travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with having operations in many countries;



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difficulties in enforcing contracts, including so-called "clickwrap" contracts that are entered into online, on which we have historically relied as part of our product licensing strategy, but which may be subject to additional legal uncertainty in some foreign jurisdictions;



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increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;



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requirements or preferences for domestic products, and difficulties in replacing products offered by more established or known regional competitors;



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differing technical standards, existing or future regulatory and certification requirements and required features and functionality;



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communication and integration problems related to entering and serving new markets with different languages, cultures and political systems;



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compliance with foreign privacy and security laws and regulations and the risks and costs of non-compliance;



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compliance with laws and regulations for foreign operations, including anti-bribery laws (such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.S. Travel Act, and the U.K. Bribery Act), import and export control laws, tariffs, trade barriers, economic sanctions, and other regulatory or contractual limitations on our ability to sell our products in certain foreign markets, and the risks and costs of non-compliance;



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heightened risks of unfair or corrupt business practices in certain geographies that may impact our financial results and result in restatements of our consolidated financial statements;



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fluctuations in currency exchange rates and related effects on our results of operations;



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difficulties in repatriating or transferring funds from or converting currencies in certain countries;



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weak economic conditions in each country or region and general economic uncertainty around the world;



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differing labor standards, including restrictions related to, and the increased cost of, terminating employees in some countries;



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difficulties in recruiting and hiring employees in certain countries;



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the preference for localized software and licensing programs;



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the preference for localized language support;

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•

reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries and practical difficulties of enforcing rights abroad; and



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compliance with the laws of numerous foreign taxing jurisdictions, including withholding obligations, and overlapping of different tax regimes.

          Compliance with laws and regulations applicable to our global operations substantially increases our cost of doing business in foreign jurisdictions. We may be unable to keep current with changes in government requirements as they change from time to time. Failure to comply with these regulations could harm our business. In many countries, it is common for others to engage in business practices that are prohibited by our internal policies and procedures or other regulations applicable to us. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with these laws and policies, there can be no assurance that all of our employees, contractors, partners and agents will comply with these laws and policies. Violations of laws or key control policies by our employees, contractors, partners or agents could result in delays in revenue recognition, financial reporting misstatements, enforcement actions, reputational harm, disgorgement of profits, fines, civil and criminal penalties, damages, injunctions, other collateral consequences or the prohibition of the importation or exportation of our products and could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We depend on our executive officers and other key employees and the loss of one or more of these employees or an inability to attract and retain highly skilled employees could harm our business.

          Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our executive officers and key employees. We rely on our leadership team and other key employees in the areas of research and development, products, operations, security, marketing, IT, support and general and administrative functions. From time to time, there may be changes in our executive management team resulting from the hiring or departure of executives, which could disrupt our business. In October 2015, our former Chief Financial Officer, Erik Bardman, resigned from the company to focus on matters related to a past employer, including an investigation of certain accounting practices entirely with respect to such past employment. Murray Demo was appointed as our new Chief Financial Officer in October 2015 to replace Mr. Bardman. While Mr. Demo has served on our board of directors since December 2011, including as the chair of our audit committee, he has been our Chief Financial Officer and an executive officer for a short period of time prior to this offering. In addition, we do not have employment agreements with our executive officers or other key personnel that require them to continue to work for us for any specified period and, therefore, they could terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of one or more of our executive officers, especially our co-chief executive officers, or key employees could harm our business.

          In addition, in order to execute our growth plan, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for these personnel in Sydney, Australia, the San Francisco Bay Area, and in other locations where we maintain offices, is intense, especially for engineers experienced in designing and developing software and SaaS applications. We have, from time to time experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining employees with appropriate qualifications. In particular, recruiting and hiring senior product engineering personnel to work in our Sydney, Australia office, where our product team is concentrated, has been, and we expect to continue to be, challenging. If we are unable to hire talented product engineering personnel, we may be unable to scale our operations or release new products in a timely fashion and, as a result, customer satisfaction with our products may decline.

          Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have. If we hire employees from competitors or other companies, these employers may attempt to assert that the employees or we have breached certain legal obligations,

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resulting in a diversion of our time and resources. In addition, job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the value or perceived value of our equity awards declines, it may harm our ability to recruit and retain highly skilled employees. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

Acquisitions of other businesses, products or technologies could disrupt our business, and we may be unable to integrate acquired businesses and technologies successfully or achieve the expected benefits of such acquisitions.

          We have completed a number of acquisitions and expect to evaluate and consider additional strategic transactions, including acquisitions of, or investments in, businesses, technologies, services, products, and other assets in the future. We also may enter into relationships with other businesses to expand our products, which could involve preferred or exclusive licenses, additional channels of distribution, discount pricing or investments in other companies.

          Any acquisition, investment or business relationship may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. In particular, we may encounter difficulties assimilating or integrating the businesses, technologies, products, personnel or operations of the acquired companies, particularly if the key personnel of the acquired companies choose not to work for us, their software and services are not easily adapted to work with our products, or we have difficulty retaining the customers of any acquired business due to changes in ownership, management or otherwise. Acquisitions may also disrupt our business, divert our resources and require significant management attention that would otherwise be available for development of our existing business. We may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired technology or personnel, or accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition transaction, including accounting charges. Moreover, the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, investment or business relationship may not be realized or we may be exposed to unknown risks or liabilities.

          In the future, we may not be able to find other suitable acquisition candidates, and we may not be able to complete acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. Our previous and future acquisitions may not achieve our goals, and any future acquisitions we complete could be viewed negatively by users, customers, developers or investors.

          Negotiating these transactions can be time consuming, difficult and expensive, and our ability to complete these transactions may often be subject to approvals that are beyond our control. Consequently, these transactions, even if announced, may not be completed. For one or more of those transactions, we may:

•

issue additional equity securities that would dilute our existing shareholders;



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use cash that we may need in the future to operate our business;



•

incur large charges, expenses or substantial liabilities;



•

incur debt on terms unfavorable to us or that we are unable to repay;



•

encounter difficulties retaining key employees of the acquired company or integrating diverse software codes or business cultures; and



•

become subject to adverse tax consequences, substantial depreciation, impairment or deferred compensation charges.

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Our corporate culture has contributed to our success, and if we cannot maintain this culture as we grow, we could lose the innovative approach, creativity and teamwork fostered by our culture and our business could be harmed.

          We believe that a critical contributor to our success has been our corporate culture, which we believe fosters innovation, teamwork and an emphasis on customer-focused results. In addition, we believe that our culture creates an environment that drives and perpetuates our product strategy and low-cost distribution approach. As we grow and develop the infrastructure of a public company, we may find it difficult to maintain our corporate culture. Any failure to preserve our culture could harm our future success, including our ability to retain and recruit personnel, innovate and operate effectively and execute on our business strategy.

We face exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.

          While we sell our products exclusively in U.S. dollars, we incur expenses in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, which exposes us to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. Because a large percentage of our expenses are denominated in the Australian dollar and due to the Australian dollar's recent weakening position relative to the U.S. dollar, our results of operations were positively impacted by foreign currency rate fluctuations in recent periods. However, this may not continue, and future fluctuations could negatively impact our results of operations. In addition, in the future, we may transact in non-U.S. dollar currencies for our products, and, accordingly, future changes in the value of non-U.S. dollar currencies relative to the U.S. dollar could affect our revenue and results of operations due to transactional and translational remeasurements that are reflected in our results of operations.

          We do not currently maintain a meaningful program to hedge exposures in non-U.S. dollar currencies. Moreover, other than our U.S. subsidiaries, our subsidiaries maintain net assets that are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. In the future, we may use derivative instruments, such as non-U.S. dollar currency forward and option contracts, to hedge certain exposures to fluctuations in non-U.S. dollar currency exchange rates. The use of such hedging instruments may not fully offset the adverse financial effects of unfavorable movements in non-U.S. dollar exchange rates over the limited time the hedges are in place. Moreover, the use of hedging instruments may introduce additional risks if we are unable to structure effective hedges with such instruments.

We are subject to government regulation, including import, export, economic sanctions and anti-corruption laws and regulations, that may expose us to liability and increase our costs.

          Various of our products are subject to U.S. export controls, including the U.S. Department of Commerce's Export Administration Regulations and economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Controls. These regulations may limit the export of our products and provision of our services outside of the United States, or may require export authorizations, including by license, a license exception or other appropriate government authorizations, including annual or semi-annual reporting and the filing of an encryption registration. Export control and economic sanctions laws may also include prohibitions on the sale or supply of certain of our products to embargoed or sanctioned countries, regions, governments, persons and entities. In addition, various countries regulate the importation of certain products, through import permitting and licensing requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to distribute our products. The exportation, reexportation, and importation of our products and the provision of services, including by our partners, must comply with these laws or else we may be adversely affected, through reputational harm, government investigations, penalties, and a denial or curtailment of our ability to export our products or provide services. Complying with export control and sanctions laws may be time consuming and may result in the

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delay or loss of sales opportunities. Although we take precautions to prevent our products from being provided in violation of such laws, we are aware of previous exports of certain of our products to a small number of persons and organizations that are the subject of U.S. sanctions or located in countries or regions subject to U.S. sanctions. If we are found to be in violation of U.S. sanctions or export control laws, it could result in substantial fines and penalties for us and for the individuals working for us. Changes in export or import laws or corresponding sanctions, may delay the introduction and sale of our products in international markets, or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our products to certain countries, regions, governments, persons or entities altogether, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

          We are also subject to various domestic and international anti-corruption laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act, as well as other similar anti-bribery and anti-kickback laws and regulations. These laws and regulations generally prohibit companies and their employees and intermediaries from authorizing, offering or providing improper payments or benefits to officials and other recipients for improper purposes. We rely on certain third parties to support our sales and regulatory compliance efforts and can be held liable for their corrupt or other illegal activities, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. Although we take precautions to prevent violations of these laws, our exposure for violating these laws increases as our international presence expands and as we increase sales and operations in foreign jurisdictions.

We recognize certain revenue streams over the term of our subscription and maintenance contracts. Consequently, downturns in new sales may not be immediately reflected in our results of operations and may be difficult to discern.

          We generally recognize subscription and maintenance revenue from customers ratably over the terms of their contracts. As a result, a significant portion of the revenue we report in each quarter is derived from the recognition of deferred revenue relating to subscription and maintenance plans entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed licenses, subscriptions and maintenance plans in any single quarter may only have a small impact on our revenue results for that quarter. However, such a decline will negatively affect our revenue in future quarters. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in sales and market acceptance of our products, and potential changes in our pricing policies or rate of expansion or retention, may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. We may also be unable to reduce our cost structure in line with a significant deterioration in sales. In addition, a significant majority of our costs are expensed as incurred, while a significant portion of our revenue is recognized over the life of the agreement with our customer. As a result, increased growth in the number of our customers could continue to result in our recognition of more costs than revenue in the earlier periods of the terms of certain of our customer agreements. Our subscription and maintenance revenue also makes it more difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenue through additional sales in any period, as revenue from certain new customers must be recognized over the applicable term.

If we fail to integrate our products with a variety of operating systems, software applications, platforms and hardware that are developed by others, our products may become less marketable, less competitive, or obsolete and our results of operations would be harmed.

          Our products must integrate with a variety of network, hardware, and software platforms, and we need to continuously modify and enhance our products to adapt to changes in hardware, software, networking, browser and database technologies. In particular, we have developed our products to be able to easily integrate with third-party SaaS applications, including the applications of software providers that compete with us, through the interaction of application programming interfaces, or APIs. In general, we rely on the fact that the providers of such software systems continue to allow us access to their APIs to enable these customer integrations. To date, we have

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not relied on a long-term written contract to govern our relationship with these providers. Instead, we are subject to the standard terms and conditions for application developers of such providers, which govern the distribution, operation and fees of such software systems, and which are subject to change by such providers from time to time. Our business may be harmed if any provider of such software systems:

•

discontinues or limits our access to its APIs;



•

modifies its terms of service or other policies, including fees charged to, or other restrictions on us or other application developers;



•

changes how customer information is accessed by us or our customers;



•

establishes more favorable relationships with one or more of our competitors; or



•

develops or otherwise favors its own competitive offerings over ours.

          We believe a significant component of our value proposition to customers is the ability to optimize and configure our products with these third-party SaaS applications through our respective APIs. If we are not permitted or able to integrate with these and other third-party SaaS applications in the future, demand for our products could be harmed and our business and results of operations would be harmed.

          In addition, an increasing number of individuals within organizations are utilizing mobile devices to access the Internet and corporate resources and to conduct business. We have designed and continue to design mobile applications to provide access to our products through these devices. If we cannot provide effective functionality through these mobile applications as required by organizations and individuals that widely use mobile devices, we may experience difficulty attracting and retaining customers. Failure of our products to operate effectively with future infrastructure platforms and technologies could also reduce the demand for our products, resulting in customer dissatisfaction and harm to our business. If we are unable to respond to changes in a cost-effective manner, our products may become less marketable, less competitive or obsolete and our results of operations may be harmed.

Because our products can be used to collect and store personal information, global privacy and data security concerns could result in additional costs and liabilities to us or inhibit sales of our products.

          Personal privacy and data security have become significant issues in the United States, Europe and in many other jurisdictions where we offer our products. The regulatory framework for privacy and security issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Many federal, state and foreign government bodies and agencies have adopted, or are considering adopting, laws and regulations regarding the collection, use and disclosure of personal information. In the United States, these include rules and regulations promulgated under the authority of federal agencies and state attorneys general and consumer protection agencies. Globally, virtually every jurisdiction in which we operate has established its own data security and privacy legal framework with which we or our customers must comply, including the Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, or the Data Protection Directive, established in the European Union and data protection legislation of the individual member states subject to the Directive. The Data Protection Directive will likely be replaced in time with the pending European General Data Protection Regulation which may impose additional obligations and risk upon our business. In many jurisdictions enforcement actions and consequences for non-compliance are also rising.

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          If we are not able to comply with certain regulations or produce various certifications, such as SOC2, which is an audited report on the effectiveness of a service organization's internal controls regarding the security, availability, processing integrity, confidentiality and data privacy maintained by the organization, our business and reputation may be harmed. As a result of the October 6, 2015 European Union Court of Justice ("ECJ") opinion in Schrems v. Data Protection Commissioner which invalidated the U.S.-EU Safe Harbor Framework as a means of legitimizing transfers of personal data from the European Economic Area ("EEA") to the United States, we may be unsuccessful in establishing legitimate means for transferring personal data from the EEA to our locations in the United States, or we may experience hesitancy, reluctance or refusal by European or multi-national customers to continue to use our services due to the perceived potential risk exposure and additional costs to such customers. We and our customers are at risk of enforcement actions taken by an European Union data protection authority until such point in time that we ensure that all data transfers to us from the EEA are legitimized. Despite actions we have taken or will be taking to address the changes brought on by the ECJ opinion, we may be unsuccessful in establishing a conforming means of transferring data from the EEA due to ongoing legislative activity that could vary the current data protection landscape. As we expand into new industries and grow our customer base, we will need to comply with these and other new requirements. If we cannot comply or if we incur a violation in one or more of these requirements, some customers may be limited in their ability to purchase our products, our growth could be harmed and we could incur significant liabilities.

          In addition to government regulation, privacy advocates and industry groups may propose new and different self-regulatory standards that either legally or contractually apply to us. Further, our customers may require us to comply with more stringent privacy and data security contractual requirements or obtain certifications that we do not currently have and any failure to obtain these certifications could reduce the demand for our products. If we were required to obtain additional industry certifications, we would incur significant additional expenses and we would have to divert resources which could slow the release of new products, all of which could harm our ability to effectively compete.

          Because the interpretation and application of many privacy and data protection laws are uncertain, it is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices or the features of our products. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits and other claims and penalties, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our products, which could harm our business. Any inability to adequately address privacy and data security concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable privacy or data security laws, regulations and policies, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales and harm our business.

          Furthermore, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, the laws, regulations and policies that are applicable to the businesses of our customers may limit the adoption and use of, and reduce the overall demand for, our products.

We may be sued by third parties for alleged infringement or misappropriation of their proprietary rights.

          There is considerable patent and other intellectual property development activity in our industry. Our future success depends in part on not infringing upon or misappropriating the intellectual property rights of others. From time to time, our competitors or other third parties may claim that we are infringing upon or misappropriating their intellectual property rights, and we may be found to be infringing upon or misappropriating such rights. We may be unaware of the intellectual property rights of others that may cover some or all of our technology, or technology

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that we obtain from third parties. Any claims or litigation could cause us to incur significant expenses and, if successfully asserted against us, could require that we pay substantial damages or ongoing royalty payments, prevent us from offering our products or using certain technologies, require us to implement expensive work-arounds or require that we comply with other unfavorable terms. In the case of infringement or misappropriation caused by technology that we obtain from third parties, any indemnification or other contractual protections we obtain from such third parties, if any, may be insufficient to cover the liabilities we incur as a result of such infringement or misappropriation. We may also be obligated to indemnify our customers or business partners in connection with any such litigation and to obtain licenses, modify our products or refund fees, which could further exhaust our resources. In addition, we may incur substantial costs to resolve claims or litigation, whether or not successfully asserted against us, which could include payment of significant settlement, royalty or license fees, modification of our products or refunds to customers of fees. Even if we were to prevail in the event of claims or litigation against us, any claim or litigation regarding our intellectual property could be costly and time-consuming and divert the attention of our management and other employees from our business operations and disrupt our business.

Indemnity provisions in various agreements potentially expose us to substantial liability for intellectual property infringement and other losses.

          Our agreements with customers and other third parties may include indemnification or other provisions under which we agree to indemnify or otherwise be liable to them for losses suffered or incurred as a result of claims of intellectual property infringement, damages caused by us to property or persons, or other liabilities relating to or arising from our products or other acts or omissions. The term of these contractual provisions often survives termination or expiration of the applicable agreement. Large indemnity payments or damage claims from contractual breach could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Although we normally contractually limit our liability with respect to such obligations, we may still incur substantial liability related to them. Any dispute with a customer with respect to such obligations could have adverse effects on our relationship with that customer and other current and prospective customers, reduce demand for our products, and harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We use open source software in our products that may subject our products to general release or require us to re-engineer our products, which may harm our business.

          We use open source software in our products and expect to continue to use open source software in the future. There are uncertainties regarding the proper interpretation of and compliance with open source software licenses. Consequently, there is a risk that the owners of the copyrights in such open source software may claim that the open source licenses governing their use impose certain conditions or restrictions on our ability to use the software that we did not anticipate. Such owners may seek to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license, including by demanding release of the source code for the open source software, derivative works of such software, or, in some cases, our proprietary source code that uses or was developed using such open source software. These claims could also result in litigation, require us to purchase a costly license or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our products, any of which could result in reputational harm and would harm our business and results of operations. In addition, if the license terms for the open source software we utilize change, we may be forced to re-engineer our products or incur additional costs to comply with the changed license terms or to replace the affected open source software. Although we have implemented policies and tools to regulate the use and incorporation of open source software into our products, we cannot be certain that we have not incorporated open source software in our products in a manner that is inconsistent with such policies.

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Any failure to protect our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and our brand.

          Our success and ability to compete depend in part upon our intellectual property. We primarily rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trade secret and trademark laws, trade secret protection and confidentiality or license agreements with our employees, customers, partners and others to protect our intellectual property rights. However, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property rights may be inadequate. We make business decisions about when to seek patent protection for a particular technology and when to rely upon trade secret protection, and the approach we select may ultimately prove to be inadequate. Even in cases where we seek patent protection, there is no assurance that the resulting patents will effectively protect every significant feature of our products. In addition, we believe that the protection of our trademark rights is an important factor in product recognition, protecting our brand and maintaining goodwill. If we do not adequately protect our rights in our trademarks from infringement, any goodwill that we have developed in those trademarks could be lost or impaired, which could harm our brand and our business. In any event, in order to protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect these rights.

          For example, in order to promote the transparency and adoption of our downloadable software, we provide our customers with the ability to request a copy of the source code of those products, which they may customize for their internal use under limited license terms, subject to confidentiality and use restrictions. If any of our customers misuses or distributes our source code in violation of our agreements with them, or anyone else obtains access to our source code, it could cost us significant time and resources to enforce our rights and remediate any resulting competitive harms.

          Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time consuming and distracting to management. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights, which could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property rights. Our failure to secure, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could harm our brand and our business.

We may require additional capital to support our operations or the growth of our business and we cannot be certain that we will be able to secure this capital on favorable terms, or at all.

          We may require additional capital to respond to business opportunities, challenges, acquisitions, a decline in the level of license, subscription or maintenance revenue for our products, or unforeseen circumstances. We may not be able to timely secure debt or equity financing on favorable terms, or at all. Any debt financing obtained by us could involve restrictive covenants relating to financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity, convertible debt securities or other securities convertible into equity, our existing shareholders could suffer significant dilution in their percentage ownership of our company, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our Class A ordinary shares. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to grow or support our business and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited.

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Taxing authorities may successfully assert that we should have collected or in the future should collect sales and use, value added or similar taxes, and we could be subject to liability with respect to past or future sales, which could harm our results of operations.

          We do not collect sales and use, value added and similar taxes in all jurisdictions in which we have sales, based on our understanding that such taxes are not applicable. Sales and use, value added and similar tax laws and rates vary greatly by jurisdiction. Certain jurisdictions in which we do not collect such taxes may assert that such taxes are applicable, which could result in tax assessments, penalties, and interest, and we may be required to collect such taxes in the future. Such tax assessments, penalties and interest, or future requirements may harm our results of operations.

Our global operations and structure subject us to potentially adverse tax consequences.

          We generally conduct our global operations through subsidiaries and report our taxable income in various jurisdictions worldwide based upon our business operations in those jurisdictions. A change in our global operations could result in higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows and lower overall profitability. In particular, our intercompany relationships are subject to complex transfer pricing regulations administered by taxing authorities in various jurisdictions. The relevant revenue and taxing authorities may disagree with positions we have taken generally, or our determinations as to the value of assets sold or acquired or income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a disagreement were to occur, and our position were not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows and lower overall profitability of our operations.

          We restructured our corporate entities in 2014 and, as a result, our parent entity is now a company organized in the United Kingdom. Certain government agencies in jurisdictions where we and our affiliates do business have had an extended focus on issues related to the taxation of multinational companies. In addition, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has initiated a base erosion and profit shifting project which seeks to establish certain international standards for taxing the worldwide income of multinational companies. As a result of these developments, the tax laws of certain countries in which we and our affiliates do business could change on a prospective or retroactive basis, and any such changes could increase our liabilities for taxes, interest and penalties, and therefore could harm our cash flows, results of operations and financial position.

Certain estimates of market opportunity, forecasts of market growth and our operating metrics included in this prospectus may prove to be inaccurate.

          Market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate. The estimates and forecasts in this prospectus relating to the size and expected growth of our target market may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the markets in which we compete meet the size estimates and growth forecasted in this prospectus, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all. In addition, our monthly active user metric is calculated using internal analytics and is subject to a number of assumptions and extrapolations, and as a result, the actual number of monthly active users may be different than our disclosed numbers.

Changes in laws and regulations related to the Internet or changes in the Internet infrastructure itself may diminish the demand for our products, and could harm our business.

          The future success of our business depends upon the continued use of the Internet as a primary medium for commerce, communication, and business applications. Federal, state, or

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foreign government bodies or agencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, laws or regulations affecting the use of the Internet as a commercial medium. Changes in these laws or regulations could require us to modify our products in order to comply with these changes. In addition, government agencies or private organizations have imposed and may impose additional taxes, fees, or other charges for accessing the Internet or commerce conducted via the Internet. These laws or charges could limit the growth of Internet-related commerce or communications generally, or result in reductions in the demand for Internet-based products such as ours. In addition, the use of the Internet as a business tool could be harmed due to delays in the development or adoption of new standards and protocols to handle increased demands of Internet activity, security, reliability, cost, ease-of-use, accessibility, and quality of service. The performance of the Internet and its acceptance as a business tool has been harmed by "viruses", "worms", and similar malicious programs and the Internet has experienced a variety of outages and other delays as a result of damage to portions of its infrastructure. If the use of the Internet is adversely affected by these issues, demand for our products could decline.

Catastrophic events may disrupt our business.

          Natural disasters or other catastrophic events may cause damage or disruption to our operations, international commerce and the global economy, and thus could harm our business. We have a large employee presence in San Francisco, California and we operate or utilize data centers that are located in northern California and Virginia. The west coast of the United States contains active earthquake zones. In the event of a major earthquake, hurricane or catastrophic event such as fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, cyber-attack, war or terrorist attack, we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, delays in our application development, lengthy interruptions in our products, breaches of data security and loss of critical data, all of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

          Additionally, we rely on our network and third-party infrastructure and applications, internal technology systems, and our websites for our development, marketing, operational support, hosted services and sales activities. If these systems were to fail or be negatively impacted as a result of a natural disaster or other event, our ability to deliver products to our customers would be impaired.

          As we grow our business, the need for business continuity planning and disaster recovery plans will grow in significance. If we are unable to develop adequate plans to ensure that our business functions continue to operate during and after a disaster, and successfully execute on those plans in the event of a disaster or emergency, our business and reputation would be harmed.

Adverse economic conditions could negatively impact our business.

          Our results of operations may vary based on the impact of changes in our industry or the global economy on us or our customers. Our business depends on demand for business software applications generally and for collaboration software solutions in particular. In addition, the market adoption of our products and our revenue is dependent on the number of users of our products. To the extent that weak economic conditions reduce the number of personnel providing development or engineering services or that limit the available budgets within organizations for software products, demand for our products may be harmed. If economic conditions deteriorate, our customers and prospective customers may elect to decrease their information technology budgets, which would limit our ability to grow our business and harm our results of operations.

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Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Ordinary Shares and this Offering

The dual class structure of our ordinary shares has the effect of concentrating voting control with certain shareholders, in particular, our co-chief executive officers and their affiliates, which will limit your ability to influence the outcome of important transactions, including a change in control.

          Our Class B ordinary shares have ten votes per share, and our Class A ordinary shares, which are the shares we are selling in this offering, have one vote per share. Upon the completion of this offering, shareholders who hold our Class B ordinary shares will collectively hold         % of the voting power of our outstanding share capital and in particular, our co-chief executive officers, Messrs. Cannon-Brookes and Farquhar, will collectively hold         % of the voting power of our outstanding share capital. After the completion of this offering, the holders of our Class B ordinary shares will collectively continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our share capital and therefore be able to control substantially all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval so long as our Class B ordinary shares represent at least 10% of all of our outstanding Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. These holders of our Class B ordinary shares may also have interests that differ from yours and may vote in a way with which you disagree and which may be adverse to your interests. This concentrated control may have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control of our company, could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and might ultimately affect the market price of our Class A ordinary shares.

          Future transfers by holders of our Class B ordinary shares will generally result in those shares converting into our Class A ordinary shares, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected for estate planning purposes. The conversion of our Class B ordinary shares into our Class A ordinary shares will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B ordinary shares who retain their shares in the long term. If, for example, Messrs. Cannon-Brookes and Farquhar retain a significant portion of their holdings of our Class B ordinary shares for an extended period of time, they will control a significant portion of the voting power of our share capital for the foreseeable future. As members of our board of directors, Messrs. Cannon-Brookes and Farquhar each owe statutory and fiduciary duties to us and must act in good faith and in a manner they consider would be most likely to promote the success of the company for the benefit of shareholders as a whole. As shareholders, Messrs. Cannon-Brookes and Farquhar are entitled to vote their shares in their own interests, which may not always be in the interests of our shareholders generally. For a description of the dual class structure, see "Description of Share Capital".

There has been no prior market for our Class A ordinary shares and an active market may not develop or be sustained and investors may not be able to resell their shares at or above the initial public offering price.

          There has been no public market for our Class A ordinary shares prior to this offering. The initial public offering price for our Class A ordinary shares will be determined through negotiations between the underwriters and us and may vary from the market price of our Class A ordinary shares following this offering. If you purchase our Class A ordinary shares in this offering, you may not be able to resell those shares at or above the initial public offering price, if at all. An active or liquid market in our Class A ordinary shares may not develop following this offering or, if it does develop, it may not be sustainable.

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The market price of our Class A ordinary shares may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the initial public offering price.

          The trading price of our Class A ordinary shares is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely regardless of our operating performance. The market price of our Class A ordinary shares may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our results of operations;



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the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in these projections or our failure to meet these projections;



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failure of securities analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of our company, changes in financial estimates or ratings changes by any securities analysts who follow our company or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;



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announcements by us or our competitors of significant technical innovations, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;



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changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, or those in our industry in particular;



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price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time, including as a result of trends in the economy as a whole;



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changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles;



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actual or anticipated developments in our business or our competitors' businesses or the competitive landscape generally;



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announced or completed acquisitions of businesses or technologies by us or our competitors;



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developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or our products, or third-party proprietary rights;



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new laws or regulations, new interpretations of existing laws, or the new application of existing regulations to our business;



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any major change in our board of directors or management;



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additional Class A ordinary shares being sold into the market by us or our existing shareholders or the anticipation of such sales;



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changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of technology companies in our industry;



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lawsuits threatened or filed against us; and



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other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism, or responses to these events.

          In addition, the stock markets, and in particular the market on which our Class A ordinary shares will be listed, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many technology companies. Stock prices of many technology companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, shareholders have instituted securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of

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management from operating our business, and harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Substantial future sales of our Class A ordinary shares could cause the market price of our Class A ordinary shares to decline.

          The market price of our Class A ordinary shares could decline as a result of substantial sales of our Class A ordinary shares, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers and significant shareholders, a large number of our Class A ordinary shares becoming available for sale or the perception in the market that holders of a large number of shares intend to sell their shares. After this offering, we will have                          outstanding Class A ordinary shares and 155,803,022 Class B ordinary shares, based on the number of shares outstanding as of September 30, 2015. This includes the Class A ordinary shares offered in this offering, which may be resold in the public market immediately. The remaining shares are currently restricted as a result of market stand-off agreements and provisions in our articles of association restricting their sale for a period of up to 180 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, certain of these shares are subject to lock-up agreements with the underwriters, and Goldman, Sachs & Co. and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, as representatives of the underwriters, may, in their sole discretion, permit our officers, directors, employees and current shareholders who are subject to lock-up agreements to sell shares prior to the expiration of the lock-up agreements.

          Additionally, the shares subject to outstanding options and RSU awards under our equity incentive plans and the shares reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans will become eligible for sale in the public market in the future, subject to certain legal and contractual limitations. See "Shares Eligible for Future Sale" for a more detailed description of sales that may occur in the future.

          Upon completion of this offering, shareholders owning an aggregate of 13,385,820 Class A ordinary shares and 154,190,520 Class B ordinary shares will be entitled, under contracts providing for registration rights, to require us to register their shares for public sale in the United States. We also intend to register Class A ordinary shares that we may issue under our employee equity incentive plans and ESPP. Once we register these shares, they will be able to be sold freely in the public market upon issuance, subject to certain market stand-off or lock-up agreements.

          Sales of our Class A ordinary shares as restrictions end or pursuant to registration rights may make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. These sales also could cause the market price of our Class A ordinary shares to fall and make it more difficult for you to sell our Class A ordinary shares.

We are an "emerging growth company" and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Class A ordinary shares less attractive to investors.

          We are an "emerging growth company", as defined in the federal securities laws, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not "emerging growth companies" including, but not limited to, not being immediately required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We cannot predict if investors will find our Class A ordinary shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Class A ordinary shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A ordinary shares and our share price may be more volatile. We may remain an "emerging growth company" until the last day of the fiscal year following the five-year

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anniversary of the completion of this offering, although if the market value of our Class A ordinary shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of the second quarter of a fiscal year prior to the five-year anniversary, we would cease to be an "emerging growth company" as of the following December 31.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management's attention, and affect our ability to attract and retain executive officers and qualified board members.

          As a public company, we will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, the listing requirements of the exchange upon which our shares are listed and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming, or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources, particularly after we are no longer an "emerging growth company" or if we were to lose our status as a "foreign private issuer" as discussed below. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual reports with respect to our business and results of operations. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In order to maintain and, if required, improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant resources and management oversight may be required. We will be required to disclose changes made in our internal control and procedures on a quarterly basis and we will be required to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for the first fiscal year beginning after the effective date of this offering. However, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to formally audit and attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 until the later of the year following our first annual report required to be filed with the SEC, or the date we are no longer an "emerging growth company". As a result of the complexity involved in complying with the rules and regulations applicable to public companies, our management's attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the pressures of operating a public company may divert management's attention to delivering short-term results, instead of focusing on long-term strategy.

          We also expect that being a public company will make it more expensive for us to maintain adequate director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee and compensation and leadership development committee, and qualified executive officers.

If we are unable to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our Class A ordinary shares may be harmed.

          As a public company, we will be required to maintain internal controls over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls. We will also be required to furnish a report by management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We are in the process of designing, implementing, and testing the internal control over financial reporting required to comply with this obligation, which process is time consuming, costly, and complicated. If we identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner or assert that our internal control over financial

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reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of Class A ordinary shares could be negatively affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

We may invest or spend the proceeds of this offering or our future operating profits in ways with which you may not agree or in ways which may not yield a return.

          Our management will have considerable discretion in the application of the net proceeds, and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. The net proceeds may be used for corporate purposes that do not increase the value of our business, which could cause our share price to decline.

          Moreover, we have in the past and intend to continue in the future, to donate on an annual basis a portion of our operating profit, all revenues associated with our starter licenses for on-premises products and a portion of our employee time to non-profit and charitable causes, which may not increase the value of our business. We donated an aggregate of $1.2 million, $1.3 million and $1.5 million in fiscal 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, which represented 0.8%, 0.6% and 0.5% of our revenues and 11%, 7% and 23% of our net income in those years, respectively.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.

          The trading market for our Class A ordinary shares will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If few securities analysts commence coverage of us, or if industry analysts cease coverage of us, the trading price for our Class A ordinary shares would be harmed. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our Class A ordinary shares or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our Class A ordinary share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our Class A ordinary shares could decrease, which might cause our Class A ordinary share price and trading volume to decline.

We do not expect to declare dividends in the foreseeable future.

          We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business, and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return to shareholders will therefore be limited to the increase, if any, of our share price, which may never occur.

Risks Related to Investing in a Foreign Private Issuer or an English Company

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to report our financial results under IFRS, are exempt from certain rules under the U.S. securities laws and are permitted to file less information with the SEC than a U.S. company and our Class A ordinary shares are not listed, and we do not intend to list our shares, on any market in the United Kingdom, our country of incorporation. This may limit the information available to holders of our Class A ordinary shares.

          We are a "foreign private issuer", as defined in the SEC's rules and regulations and, consequently, we are not subject to all of the disclosure requirements applicable to public

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companies organized within the United States. For example, we are exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act that regulate disclosure obligations and procedural requirements related to the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations applicable to a security registered under the Exchange Act, including the U.S. proxy rules under Section 14 of the Exchange Act. In addition, our officers and directors are exempt from the reporting and "short-swing" profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and related rules with respect to their purchases and sales of our securities. Moreover, while we expect to submit quarterly interim consolidated financial data to the SEC under cover of the SEC's Form 6-K, we will not be required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. public companies and will not be required to file quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K under the Exchange Act. We cannot predict if investors will find our Class A ordinary shares less attractive because of these exemptions. If some investors find our Class A ordinary shares less attractive, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A ordinary shares and our share price may be more volatile.

          Furthermore, our shares are not listed and we do not currently intend to list our shares on any market in the United Kingdom, our country of incorporation. As a result, we are not subject to the reporting and other requirements of companies listed in the United Kingdom. Accordingly, there will be less publicly available information concerning our company than there would be if we were a public company organized in the United States.

          In addition, we report our financial statements under IFRS. There have been and there may in the future be certain significant differences between IFRS and generally accepted accounting principles adopted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP"), including differences related to revenue recognition, share-based compensation expense, income tax and earnings per share. As a result, our financial information and reported earnings for historical or future periods could be significantly different if they were prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. As a result, you may not be able to meaningfully compare our financial statements under IFRS with those companies that prepare financial statements under U.S. GAAP.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices in lieu of certain requirements under the NASDAQ listing standards. This may afford less protection to holders of our Class A ordinary shares than U.S. regulations.

          As a foreign private issuer whose shares are expected to be listed on the NASDAQ Global Market, we are permitted to follow English corporate law and the Companies Act 2006 ("Companies Act") with regard to certain aspects of corporate governance in lieu of certain requirements under the NASDAQ listing standards.

          A foreign private issuer must disclose in its annual reports filed with the SEC each requirement under the NASDAQ listing standards with which it does not comply, followed by a description of its applicable home country practice. Our home country practices differ in significant respects from the corporate governance requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers listed on the NASDAQ Global Market and may, therefore, afford less protection to holders of our Class A ordinary shares.

          We may rely on exemptions available under the NASDAQ listing standards to a foreign private issuer and follow our home country practices in the future, and as a result, you may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of the NASDAQ listing standards.

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We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional cost and expense.

          In order to maintain our current status as a foreign private issuer, either (1) a majority of voting power of our shares must be either directly or indirectly owned of record by non-residents of the United States or (2) (a) a majority of our executive officers or directors must not be U.S. citizens or residents, (b) more than 50% of our assets cannot be located in the United States, and (c) our business must be administered principally outside the United States. If we lost this status, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. We would also be required under current SEC rules to prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP and modify certain of our corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC rules and the NASDAQ listing standards. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws if we are required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer may be higher than the cost we would incur as a foreign private issuer. As a result, we expect that a loss of foreign private issuer status would increase our legal and financial compliance costs. We also expect that if we were required to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, it would make it more difficult and expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance. These rules and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors.

Provisions contained in our articles of association and under the laws of England may frustrate or prevent an attempt to obtain control of us.

          Provisions in our articles of association, as amended and restated in connection with this offering, may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. Our amended and restated articles of association include provisions that:

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specify that general meetings of our shareholders can be called only by our board of directors, the chair of our board of directors, or one of our co-chief executive officers (or otherwise by shareholders in accordance with the Companies Act); and



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provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum.

          Provisions of the laws of England may also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. The Companies Act includes provisions that:

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require that any action to be taken by our shareholders be effected at a duly called general meeting (including the annual general meeting) and not by written consent; and



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require the approval of the holders of at least 75% of our outstanding shares to amend the provisions of our articles of association.

          These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for shareholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management.

          In addition, because we are a public limited company whose registered office is in the United Kingdom, we may become subject to the U.K. City Code on Takeovers and Mergers ("Takeover Code") which is issued and administered by the U.K. Panel on Takeovers and Mergers ("Takeover Panel"). The Takeover Code applies, among other things, to an offer for a public company whose registered office is in the United Kingdom and whose securities are admitted to trading on a regulated market or multilateral trading facility in the United Kingdom (and for these purposes NASDAQ does not fall within the definition of regulated market or multilateral trading facility), or to

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an offer for a public company whose registered office is in the United Kingdom if the company is considered by the Takeover Panel to have its place of central management and control in the United Kingdom. Although we believe that the Takeover Code does not apply to us, the Takeover Panel will be responsible for determining whether we have our place of central management and control in the United Kingdom by looking at various factors, including the structure of our board of directors and where they are resident.

          If at the time of a takeover offer the Takeover Panel determines that we have our place of central management and control in the United Kingdom, or if at that time we have our shares admitted to trading on a regulated market or multilateral trading facility in the United Kingdom (or a regulated market in one or more member states of the European Economic Area), we would be subject to a number of rules and restrictions, including but not limited to the following: (1) our ability to enter into deal protection arrangements with a bidder would be extremely limited; (2) we may not, without the approval of our shareholders, be able to perform certain actions that could have the effect of frustrating an offer, such as issuing shares or carrying out acquisitions or disposals; and (3) we would be obliged to provide equality of information to all bona-fide competing bidders.

The rights of our shareholders may differ from the rights typically offered to shareholders of a U.S. corporation.

          We are incorporated under English law. The rights of holders of Class A ordinary shares are governed by English law, including the provisions of the Companies Act, and by our articles of association. These rights differ in certain respects from the rights of shareholders in typical U.S. corporations organized under Delaware law. See "Description of Share Capital—Differences in Corporate Law" for a description of the principal differences between the provisions of the Companies Act applicable to us and the Delaware General Corporation Law relating to shareholders' rights and protections.

Shareholders in certain jurisdictions may not be able to exercise their pre-emptive rights if we increase our share capital.

          Under the Companies Act, our shareholders generally have the right to subscribe and pay for a sufficient number of our shares to maintain their relative ownership percentages prior to the issuance of any new shares in exchange for cash consideration. Shareholders in certain jurisdictions may not be able to exercise their pre-emptive rights unless securities laws have been complied with in such jurisdictions with respect to such rights and the related shares, or an exemption from the requirements of the securities laws of these jurisdictions is available. We currently do not intend to register the Class A ordinary shares under the laws of any jurisdiction other than the United States, and no assurance can be given that an exemption from the securities laws requirements of other jurisdictions will be available to shareholders in these jurisdictions. To the extent that such shareholders are not able to exercise their pre-emptive rights, the pre-emptive rights would lapse and the proportional interests of such shareholders would be reduced.

          Further, the Companies Act provides that in certain circumstances the pre-emptive rights available to shareholders can be overridden, including where there is an issue of shares for non-cash consideration or the disapplication of the pre-emptive rights is approved by the holders of at least 75% of our outstanding shares. Our shareholders have approved prior to this offering the disapplication of these pre-emptive rights for a period of five years from our fiscal 2015 annual shareholder meeting.

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U.S. holders of our shares could be subject to material adverse tax consequences if we are considered a "passive foreign investment company" for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

          We do not believe that we are a passive foreign investment company, and we do not expect to become a passive foreign investment company. However, our status in any taxable year will depend on our assets, income and activities in each year, and because this is a factual determination made annually after the end of each taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a passive foreign investment company for the current taxable year or any future taxable years. If we were a passive foreign investment company for any taxable year while a taxable U.S. holder held our shares, such U.S. holder would generally be taxed at ordinary income rates on any sale of our shares and on any dividends treated as "excess distributions". An interest charge also generally would apply based on any taxation deferred during such U.S. holder's holding period in the shares. See "Taxation—Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders".

U.S. investors may have difficulty enforcing civil liabilities against us, our directors or executive officers.

          Under English law, a director owes various statutory and fiduciary duties to us, and not, except in certain limited circumstances, to shareholders. This means that under English law generally we, rather than the shareholders, are the proper claimant in an action in respect of a wrong done to us by a director. Notwithstanding this general position, the Companies Act provides that a court may allow a shareholder to bring a derivative claim, which is an action in respect of and on behalf of us, in respect of a cause of action arising from a director's negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust. The ability to bring a derivative claim is, however, subject to compliance with a number of procedural requirements which may in practice be difficult for shareholders to comply with.

          We are a public limited company incorporated under the laws of England. Certain of our directors and executive officers and experts named in this prospectus reside outside the United States. In addition, a substantial portion of our assets and a substantial portion of the assets of such directors and executive officers, are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for an investor to serve legal process on us or our directors and executive officers or have any of them appear in a U.S. court.

          It may not be possible to bring proceedings or enforce a judgment of a U.S. court in respect of civil liabilities predicated on the U.S. federal securities laws in England. The English courts will not enforce, either directly or indirectly, a penal, revenue or other public law of a foreign state. In addition, awards of punitive damages in actions brought in the United States or elsewhere may be unenforceable in England. An award of damages is usually considered to be punitive if it does not seek to compensate the claimant for loss or damage suffered and is instead intended to punish the defendant. In addition to public policy aspects of enforcement, the enforceability of any judgment in England will depend on the particular facts of the case such as the nature of the judgment and whether the English court considered the U.S. court to have had jurisdiction. It will also depend on the laws and treaties in effect at that time. The United States and the United Kingdom do not currently have a treaty or convention providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments, other than arbitration awards, in civil and commercial matters. Therefore, to enforce a judgment of a U.S. court, the party seeking to enforce the judgment must bring an action at common law in respect of the amount due under the judgment.

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